Folk medicinal uses of some plants in Tangail district, Bangladesh

www.wjpps.com Vol 3, Issue 11, 2014.

52

Rahmatullah et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

FOLK MEDICINAL USES OF SOME PLANTS IN TANGAIL

DISTRICT, BANGLADESH

Zahid Kamal, Jacklin Jui Bairage, Moniruzzaman, Protiva Rani Das, Md. Tabibul

Islam, Mohammad Omar Faruque, Md. Rashedul Islam, Prashanta Kumer Paul,

Sadia Moin Mou, Mohammed Rahmatullah*

Department of Pharmacy, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209,

Bangladesh.

ABSTRACT

Background Folk medicine is an important feature of traditional

medicinal practices in Bangladesh. The objective of this study was to

document the medicinal uses of plants by a folk medicinal practitioner

(Kaviraj) of Tangail district, Bangladesh. Methods Interviews of the

Kaviraj were carried out with the help of a semi-structured

questionnaire and the guided field-walk method. Results The Kaviraj

used 12 plants distributed into 12 families in his formulations.

Available ethnomedicinal and scientific reports show that the plants

used by the Kaviraj can be validated in their uses on the basis of either

ethnomedicinal consensus or pharmacological activity studies.

Conclusion The study suggests that the medicinal plants used by the

Kaviraj of Tangail district merit scientific attention towards new drug

discoveries.

Key words: Folk medicine, Kaviraj, Tangail, Bangladesh, ethnomedicinal consensus.

BACKGROUND

Ethnomedicine is the study of medicinal plants used by ethnic groups or indigenous societies

for the treatment and cure of diverse ailments. The practicing of curing diseases dates back to

millennia ago, and it is possible that human beings have discovered the disease-curing

properties of plants either on their own or through watching the plant ingestion behavior of

animals like chimpanzees and other apes. In fact, chimpanzees are known to ingest plants

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Article Received on

09 September 2014,

Revised on 28 September 2014,

Accepted on 20 October

2014

*Correspondence for

Author

Dr. Mohammed

Rahmatullah

Department of Pharmacy,

University of Development

Alternative, Dhanmondi,

Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh.


53


which have ethnomedicinal uses among the people residing in the vicinity of the

chimpanzees. [1]

In recent years, ethnomedicine is gaining much deserved scientific attention,

because the plant kingdom is increasingly considered as a vital source for new compounds to

combat emerging diseases as well as old diseases, whose causative vectors have become

resistant to existing drugs.

The diversity of the plant kingdom is also the cause for ethnic diversity in the use of plants

for treatment of diseases. A given plant may possess dozens of secondary metabolites, each

with their unique pharmacological properties, which can be helpful in the treatment of a

specific disease. A particular ethnic group or a particular traditional practitioner may be

knowledgeable on one or a few such medicinal properties of a plant but not all. As a result,

there is a vital need to document such ethnomedicinal or traditional medicinal practices,

before they get lost either due to tribal extinctions or extinctions of an ethnomedicinally used

plant species. This would be catastrophic for in the United States alone, out of the 150 top

prescription drugs at least 118 are based on natural sources. Less than 1% of tropical plant

species has been screened for potential pharmaceutical applications and medicinal plants are

increasingly becoming endangered if not totally extinct because of loss of forests due to

increased use of that land for human habitat and agriculture. It has been estimated that at the

current extinction rate, the world is losing one potential major drug every two years. [2]

Bangladesh is a unique country with various forms of traditional medicinal systems in

existence. Besides, the country has over 100 tribes, each tribe with their own traditional

medicinal practitioners and their own unique formulations, primarily consisting of medicinal

plants. Towards documenting this traditional uses of medicinal plants we had been

conducting ethnomedicinal surveys among folk medicinal practitioners (they practice within

the mainstream population and are known as Kavirajes) and tribal medicinal practitioners for

a number of years. [3-29]

These surveys are enabling us to build up a comprehensive data base

of the medicinal plants of the country. The objective of this survey was to document the

medicinal plants and formulations of a Kaviraj (folk medicinal practitioner) in Tangail district

of Bangladesh.

METHODS

Prior Informed Consent was first obtained from the Kaviraj, Mohammad Ali, age 45 years,

practicing in Patalbazar village of Tangail district, Bangladesh. The Kaviraj was apprised as

to the nature of our visit and consent obtained to disseminate any information both nationally


54


and internationally. Actual interviews were conducted in the Bengali language, which was

spoken fluently by the Kaviraj as well as the interviewers. The interviews were conducted

with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire and the guided field-walk method of Martin

[30] and Maundu.

[31] In this method the Kaviraj took the interviewers on guided field-walks

through areas from where he collected his medicinal plants, pointed out the plants, and

described their uses. All plant specimens were photographed and collected on the spot,

pressed, dried and brought back to Bangladesh National Herbarium at Dhaka for

identification. Voucher specimens were deposited with the Medicinal Plant Collection Wing

of the University of Development Alternative. During the interview process, the Kaviraj

mentioned that although he did not use many plants, he claimed that his formulations were

effective.

RESULTS

The Kaviraj used a total of 12 plants distributed into 12 families in his formulations. The

various formulations were used to treat diseases like urinary disorders, oral lesions, diabetes,

leucorrhea, pain, gastrointestinal disorders, cuts and wounds, jaundice, helminthiasis, and

coughs. Altogether four formulations were used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders,

which was not surprising considering that gastrointestinal disorders like dysentery, diarrhea,

indigestion or bloating are common among the rural people of Bangladesh because of lack of

quality drinking water and the general unhygienic conditions of living without proper sanitary

facilities. The Kaviraj mainly used simple formulations of plant parts in his treatment. The

results are shown in Table 1.


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Table 1. Medicinal plants and formulations of the Kaviraj from Tangail district

Serial

Number

Scientific Name

Family Name Local Name

Parts

used Disease, Symptoms, Formulations, and Administration

1 Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Kata khoira

mota Root Urinary disorders. Root juice is orally taken.

2 Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Apiaceae Thankuni Leaf Oral lesions, diabetes. Leaf juice is orally taken.

3 Calotropis gigantea R. Br. Apocynaceae Akondo gach Gum

Leucorrhea. Gum is mixed with honey and topically applied to

affected areas of the skin. This is done for several days.

Pain. Warm leaves are applied as poultice on painful areas.

4 Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. Crassulaceae Pathorkuchi Leaf Indigestion, bloating. Leaves are chewed with a little table

salt.

5 Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Persoon Lauraceae Kharajora

gach Leaf

Constipation, dysentery, indigestion. Leaves are soaked in

water and the water taken orally.

6 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae Dubla ghash Leaf To stop bleeding from cuts and wounds. Crushed or chewed

leaves are applied to area of bleeding.

7 Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach Polygonaceae Hati shunr Root To increase frequency of urination. Root juice is orally taken.

8 Ziziphus jujube Mill. Rhamnaceae Choto boroi

gach Root

Waist pain. The soil around the plant is at first loosened on all

sides. Then, facing east, the plant is plucked in one breath on a

Saturday evening. The roots are put inside an amulet made

from seven metals and the amulet is tied to the waist.

9 Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. Rutaceae Motar gach

Bark

of

root,

leaf

Jaundice. One kg of cow milk is at first kept for 1 day. When

the milk becomes dense as yoghurt, bark of root is sliced into

small pieces, mixed with the milk, and taken orally with sugar

and ‘cheera’ (flattened rice flakes) for 3 consecutive days.

Helminthiasis. Leaf paste is orally taken.

10 Scoparia dulcis L. Scrophulariaceae Chini pata Leaf Dysentery. Leaves are soaked in water followed by drinking

the water for 2-3 days.

11 Datura metel L. Solanaceae Dhutra Fruit Whooping cough. Fruits are cut into small pieces, boiled in

water and then held near the throat.

12 Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton

& P. Wilson Verbenaceae Gondho pata Leaf Diarrhea. Leaf paste is orally taken.


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DISCUSSION

It was of interest to evaluate the plants of the Kaviraj for their reported ethnomedicinal uses

and reported pharmacological properties. The roots of Amaranthus spinosus were used by the

Kaviraj to treat urinary disorders. He also used roots of Persicaria orientalis to increase

frequency of urination. The tribal people of Northeast Gujarat, India, also reportedly use roots

of Amaranthus spinosus to cure painful urination and as a diuretic. [32]

Root paste is also used

for urinary troubles in Aravali regions of Rajasthan, India. [33]

Betalains have been reported to

be present in the plant [34]

, and it would be interesting to analyze the effect of these

compounds on urinary retention or other form of urinary tract disorders. The use of

Persicaria orientalis for treatment of urine retention seems to be unique to this Kaviraj and

offers researchers an avenue to further explore this plant. The roots of a related species,

Persicaria senegalensis are used in Agnalazaha littoral forest people of Southeastern

Madagascar to treat malaria. [35]

Persicaria capitata is used in China for urologic disorders.

[36]

Centella asiatica was used by the Kaviraj to treat diabetes; the plant has been shown to give

antidiabetic effect in diabetic model rats. [37]

Although any ethnomedicinal reports on the use

of the plant against oral lesions have not been reported to our knowledge, wound healing

activity of various extracts of the plant in incision and burn wound models in experimental

animals has been reported. [38]

Thus the plant could prove useful in treatment of oral lesions.

The gum of Calotropis gigantea was used by the Kaviraj against leucorrhea and pain. The

roots of the plant are used against cholera in traditional medicines of Chitrakoot region,

Madhya Pradesh, India. [39]

The use of the plant or any of its parts against leucorrhea appears

to be uncommon from the available reported ethnomedicinal uses. However, ethnomedicinal

uses of leaves of the plant against inflammation on the body have been reported from Rewa

district, Madhya Pradesh, India. [40]

Leaves, roots and flowers of the plant are used in

Daudkandi sub-district of Comilla district of Bangladesh by folk medicinal practitioners for

treatment of coughs and dysentery. [7]

Antiinflammatory and analgesic activities have been

reported for ethanolic extract of leaves in scientific studies. [41]

Ethnomedicinal uses of leaves

against pain have also been reported from Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. [28]

Thus, there is a

possibility that the gum may also have analgesic properties.

Leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata were used by the Kaviraj against indigestion and bloating. In

Silakhana village of Bagerhat district, Bangladesh, the leaves are used against indigestion and


57


diarrhea. [42]

Leaves of Litsea monopetala were used by the Kaviraj against constipation,

dysentery and indigestion. The bark of the plant is used against diabetes and gastric troubles

by ethnic communities in Arunachal Pradesh, India. [43]

Bark of the plant is used against

constipation by the Naik clan of the Rajbongshi tribe in Bangladesh. [44]

Leaves of Cynodon

dactylon were used by the Kaviraj to stop bleeding from cuts and wounds. This wound

healing potential has been scientifically validated in both incision and excision wound

healing models. [45, 46]

The plant is also used by folk medicinal practitioners in villages of

Rajshahi district to stop bleeding from cuts and wounds. [28]

The use of Ziziphus jujube roots

to treat waist pain was somewhat unusual. Roots were sealed in an amulet prepared from

seven metals and tied to the waist. While the use of amulets to cure or treat diseases is not

unusual and the practice is present in many countries of the world, [47]

any scientific

validation of such use is yet to be determined.

The hepatoprotective activity of Glycosmis pentaphylla has been scientifically validated; [48]

the Kaviraj used the plant against jaundice. Scoparia dulcis has traditional uses in diarrhea

and dysentery; [49]

the Kaviraj used the plant against dysentery. In Barobazar village of

Jhenaidaha district, Bangladesh, the plant is used for treatment of dysentery in adults. [50]

The

Kaviraj used fruits of Datura metel against whooping cough. The plant has traditional uses in

Nigeria for treatment of coughs. [51]

Leaves of Lippia alba were used by the Kaviraj against

diarrhea. In Colombian traditional medicine, the plant is used against diarrhea. [52]

Although the number of plants used by the Kaviraj was few, which can be sometimes

suggestive of lack of detailed medicinal plant knowledge, the above Discussion clearly shows

that ethnomedicinal consensus regarding use is present on several plants used by the Kaviraj,

while other plants can be seen to be scientifically validated on the basis of available

pharmacological activity studies.

CONCLUSION

The ethnomedicinal consensus and scientific validations of the plants used by the Kaviraj

suggest that these plants merit further studies towards discovery of lead compounds and new

drugs. The study also suggests that the rural Kavirajes of Bangladesh, even if their repertoire

of plants is small, should not be left out for much can be gained from their medicinal

knowledge.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.


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Folk medicinal uses of some plants in Tangail district, Bangladesh

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