Folk Rice Biodiversity: Cultivation and Culture
Transcript of Folk Rice Biodiversity: Cultivation and Culture
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Proceedings of National seminar on ISBN: 978-93-80663-98-2
Recent advances in rice genomics and biotechnology,
Organised by Department of Biotechnology,
Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, March 23-24, 2013
Folk Rice Biodiversity: Cultivation and Culture
Anupam Paul*
Rice –the word:
Asian rice (Oryza sativa) got its name from the Tamil word arisi. It reached the shore of Africa
around 300 BC by the Javanese, Malayan and Indian Soldiers as well as through Arab traders (Deb 2001).
Alexander the Great took Indian rice during his invasion to India during 327 BC. It was believed that
Aristotle was the first European scientist to record rice as oryzon which was derived from the Greek word
oruza and this word has been the source of all European languages for rice (reis-Welsh, Reis-Ger, ryžiai-,
Lith, ryz-Pol, rijst-Dutch, orez-Romanian, ris–French, arroz–Spanish, Oriza- Latin). Arab traders called
rice al-ruz which changed into arroz in Spanish.
The oldest name of rice in Sanskrit is vrihi. The clear relationship between Iranian berenj, Turkish
pirinç and Sanskrit vrihi are consistent with the westward spread of rice and its cultivation from India to
Iran and then Turkey. It is also opined that the word paddy came from Malay word padi meaning un-
husked rice.
Other words for rice grain in Uzbek and Uighur are sholi and shali respectively and are also Iranian
loan words (shal). Iranian influence has been very strong in Central Asia since antiquity and continued up
to modern times, especially among the farmers in the oases. In Bengali Sali land means low-lying (kharif)
rice field and perhaps the Bengali names of rice varieties that are grown in this type of land ends with Sal
like Kabiraj sal, Jhinga sal, Rupsal, etc. Sal is pronounced as Sayl in Bangladesh.
*Corresponding author Assistant Director of Agriculture (Trg), Agricultural Training Centre, Fulia, Nadia, W B, Email: [email protected] Published by Department of Biotechnology, Viswa-Bharati University and PSB, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India 2014
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In China and in Japan the word for Rice is the same word for food. Instead of saying "How are
you?" a typical greeting in Chinese is "Have you had your rice today”? In Japan the grains of rice are
referred to as "little Buddha" to encourage small children to eat. It is believed that rice spread through
Buddhism in the East Asian Countries.
Area:
Rice is a highly adaptable crop. In can be grown 2750 meter above the sea level in Nepal, Bhutan
and 3 meter below the sea level in Wayanad in Kerala. The name Wayanad has been derived from the
expression 'Vayal nadu' - the village of paddy fields.
Today, the majority of all rice produced comes from China, India, Indinesia Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Vietnam, Thiland, Mayanmar Philippines, and Japan. Asian farmers still account for 92% of the world's
total rice production.
Between a quarter and a third of the world’s tapped freshwater resources have already been
developed to irrigate rice, the staple food for 3 billion people. More than 90% of the world’s rice is
produced and consumed in Asia, where rice is a political commodity and where millennia- old practices of
growing rice have resulted in specific rice cultures. These cultures need a collective, community-based
approach to decision making about the investments in rice fields and about their operation and
maintenance. Women participate in various degrees in the cultivation of rice and often have specific tasks
such as transplanting, weeding, or harvesting. In Central and West Africa, women constitute the majority
of upland rice farmers. Increasing water scarcity and technological response options affect women in
different ways.
Nutrition:
On the basis of mean grain yield, rice crops produce more food energy and protein supply per
hectare than wheat and maize. Hence, rice can support more people per unit of land than the two other
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staples. It is, therefore, not surprising to find a close relationship in human history between an expansion in
rice cultivation and a rapid rise in population growth (Chang 1987).
Rice is an excellent food source, low in fat and high in starchy carbohydrate. Rice is packed full of
vitamins and minerals and provides an excellent source of vitamin E, B vitamins (thiamine, niacin) and
potassium. Allergic reactions to rice are rare in the western world, and rice can be an invaluable alternative
source of carbohydrate and energy for anyone allergic to gluten or wheat. Rice has been found to be very
easy to digest. It is low in fat, low in cholesterol, high in starch, and has a high nutritional content. Rice is
also an excellent source of energy.
Table 1. Comparison of major nutrients of rice and other cereals in 100 g
Type of Rice
Energy (cal.)
Protein (g)
Fat (g)
Carb (g)
Fibre (g)
Ca (mg)
Fe (mg)
Thiamin (mg)
Riboflavin (mg)
Niacin (mg)
Raw (milled) 345 6.8 0.5 77.7 0.6 10 3.1 0.06 0.06 1.9
Parboiled (milled) 346 6.4 0.4 77.2 0.2 9 4.0 0.21 0.05 3.8
Flakes 346 6.6 1.2 77.3 8.2 20 20.0 0.21 0.05 4.0 Puffed 325 7.5 0.1 74.0 4.5 20 6.6 0.21 0.01 4.1 Wheat flour 348 11.8 1.5 71.2 1.2 0.05 0.32 0.45 0.17 1.2
Sorghum 349 10.4 1.9 72.4 1.6 0.03 6.2 0.37 0.13 1.8 Kaon (Setaria italica)
334 12.4 4.7 60.6 8.0 0.03 6.3 0.59 0.11 0
Nutritive value of Indian Foods, by Gopalan et al. (1971), Indian Council of Medical Research Publication,
pp.60-114
Another factor in keeping beriberi at bay has been the technique of parboiling rough rice. Rice, which is
low in sodium and fat and is free of cholesterol, serves as an aid in treating hypertension. It is also free
from allergens and now widely used in baby foods (James and McCaskill 1983). Rice starch can also
serve as a substitute for glucose in oral rehydration solution for infants suffering from diarrhea (Juliano
1985). The protein quality of rice (66 percent) ranks only below that of oats (68 percent) and surpasses that
of whole wheat (53 percent) and of corn (49 percent). Milling of brown rice into white rice results in a
nearly 50 percent loss of the vitamin B complex and iron and washing of milled rice prior to cooking
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further reduces the water-soluble vitamin content. However, the amino acids, especially lysine are less
affected by the milling process (Juliano and Bechtel 1985).
Rice is also used as medicine in same part of the world. Black rice is rich in antioxidants and
vitamins grown in Japan and China. In India, Kalabhat, Burma Black and Manipuri Black rice are the
examples of black rice varieties. Rice varieties with red seed coat were very popular in India due to its
nutritional qualities. In Bengal, Kabirajsal is believed to be a medicinal rice as the Ayurvedic doctors used
to prescribe it after prolong illness. Nivara of Kerala is used for healing the neuralgic pain and to prevent
cough and cold during monsoon period. Traditionally, many rice varieties have been used to cure various
ailments such as kidney stones, heart diseases and diabetes. Some of the prominent medicinal rice varieties
include Karibatha, Kalame, Karikalave, Doddabaira nellu, Kari Gajivili and Sannakki. The ‘Dia anna’ a
short for ‘rice for diabetics’, an indigenous rice variety from Nagarkoil in Tamil Nadu, has turned out to be
a big hit among the varieties. The rice is rich in fiber, minerals and Vitamin B and E. Originally known as
‘Thuruvai Kalangi’, this fiber-rich rice digests slowly and releases sugar into the blood at slower pace than
normal rice. A Bangalore Based NGO, Sahaja Samrudha organized a Red Rice Fair in Bangalore on 15th
May 2011 and since then they are instrumental in popularizing the medicinal rice.
Table 2. Nutritional value of medicinal rice in 100 g
Sl. No.
Variety Energy (cal.)
Protein (%)
Fat (%)
Carbone (%)
Crude Fiber ( %)
Ca (mg)
Fe (mg)
Phosphorus (%)
1. Ambe mohor 350.24 6.47 1.0 78.84 0.97 0.29 0.8 0.31 2. Doddabaryra-
nellu 352.9 7.04 2.18 76.28 1.07 0.20 0.8 0.23
3. Navara 364.46 8.12 2.14 78.18 1.05 0.42 1.2 0.48 4. Kagisali 367.05 6.67 1.89 80.84 0.66 0.26 0.6 0.24 5. Karikalave 350.85 5.30 0.29 81.76 0.76 0.30 0.7 0.39 6. Ankura sona
(Polished Hy rice)
363.15 5.86 0.15 84.59 0.16 0.10 0.2 0.09
Source: Sahaja Samrudha Organic Producer Company Limited. Bangalore, 2011
Parboiled rice is popular among the people of Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and
parts of West Africa and amounts to nearly one-fifth of the worlds rice consumed (Bhattacharya 1985).
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People of Eastern part of India use parboiled rice while the rest of states of India prefer raw rice. With the
passage of time, rice has been the main staple food of the eastern and north eastern states.
Rice gruel is a favorite dish of Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha. Gruel of red rice is fed to the
pregnant and lactating mother as it is supposed to contain iron and Vitamin B complex. The gruel of black
rice is obviously black containing rich nutrition. Boiled rice is soaked in water and kept overnight. Most of
water is drained and this Panta it is eaten with onion, chili, and curry during the summer months. Some
varieties were specially cultivated for Panta making. In Assam, Komol rice soaked in cold water for 2-3
hours for making cooked rice without boiling. It is also eaten like Panata or with curd and molasses.
Binni is a group of glutinous rice (sticky rice) grown mostly in Netrokona, Chittagong of
Bangladesh. There were reports of 14 types of Binni rice. Low amylose rice cooks moist and sticky.
Intermediate amylose rice is preferred in most rice growing areas of the word. Rice is boiled in one side-
open bamboo stump having 1.5-2.2 inch diameters along with coconut shreds and ripe banana and eaten as
breakfast Chittagong area. It is also popular in North Eastern states like Arunachal Pradesh. People claim
that it induces sleep. It was also used as starching agent for handloom cotton saris in Tangail district of
Bangladesh. Puffed rice is kneaded with water and lime and smeared over the newly made cotton sari and
Binni was very suitable for this purpose. The puffed rice of Binni is also of great demand because of its
taste. The scented puffed rice of Kanakchur of S 24 Parganas of West Bengal was used for making famous
sweet Joynagarer moya (puffed rice is made with light molasses of made of date palm juice during the
winter months).
Origin and Classification:
There are some opinions on the evolution and origin of present cultivated rice. It is considered that
the genus Oryza belongs to the family Poaceae, consists of two cultivated species groups having
chromosome no 2n= 24 and 21 wild species with 9 tetraploids sp having 2n= 48. The main cultivated sp. is
Oryza sativa, the Asian rice and Oryza glaberrima, the African rice. The possible immediate progenitor of
African rice is Oryza breviligulata (annual) and it came from Oryza longistaminata and O. barthii
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(Vaughan and Morishima 2003). The Asian rice was originated from wild annual Oryza nivara and it came
from perennial Oryza rufipogon. The cultivated species of Oryza may be classified as semi-aquatic plants,
although extreme variants are grown not only in deep water (up to 5 meters) but also on dry land). Oryza
sativa contains two major subspecies: the sticky, short-grained japonica or sinica variety (temperate and
tropical), and the non-sticky, long and short-grained indica variety.
A third subspecies, which is broad-grained and thrives under tropical conditions, is now known as
tropical japonica. Examples of this variety include the medium grain “Tinawon” and “Unoy” cultivars,
which are grown in the high-elevation rice terraces of the Cordillera Mountains of northern Luzon,
Philippines. Rice is known to a variety of colours, including: white, brown, black, purple, and red. Though
Oryza sativa is native to tropical and subtropical southern Asia, it is being grown all over the world.
Glaszmann (1987) sorted Oryza sativa into six groups: japonica, aromatic, indica, aus (from
Bengal), rayada (floating rice of Bangladesh), and ashina (floating rice of India). Garris et al. (2004)
sorted Oryza sativa into five groups; temperate japonica, tropical japonica and aromatic comprise the
japonica varieties, while indica and aus comprise the indica varieties.
Archaeological Evidences:
There are different opinions on the place of origin of cultivated Asian rice, Oryza sativa. Earlier it
was believed that India was the origin of Asian rice, while the discovery in Hemudu sites located at 29º
50´N. Lat (Luo-jia-jiao of Zhejiang Province and Pen-tou-shan of Hunan Province) of East China during
1970s proved that rice was over 3000 years older than that discovered in India (Wikipedia 2011). The
well-preserved rice, including indica rice and japonica rice, was proved to be cultivated rice. Rice
cultivation was slowly domesticated over the course of two or three millennia in the Lower Yangtze region
of Zhejiang, China between 6,900 and 6,600 years ago. In 2011, it has provided the strongest evidence yet
that there is only one single origin of domesticated rice, in the Yangtze Valley of China (Molina et al.
2011) There was a rapid expansion of rice cultivation into across Southeast Asia and westwards across
India and Nepal (Harris 1996).
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The earliest remains of rice in the Indian Subcontinent was found in the Indo-Gangetic plains
dated from 7000–6000 BC though widely accepted time for initiation of rice cultivation was around 3000–
2500 BC belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization.
One of the oldest evidences from India comes from Koldihwa, U P, where rice grains were
embedded in earthen potsherds and rice husks discovered in ancient cow dung. The age of the Chalcolithic
levels was estimated between 6570 and 4530 B C ( Sharma et al. 1980), but the actual age of the rice
remains may be as recent as 1500 B.C. (Chang 1987). Another old grain sample came from Mohenjodaro
of Pakistan and dates from about 2500 B.C. (Andrus and Mohammed 1958). Rice cultivation probably
began in the upper and middle Ganges between 2000 and 1500 B.C. (Candolle 1884). It expanded quickly
after irrigation works spread from Odisha State to the adjoining areas of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
in the Iron Age around 300 B.C. (Randhawa 1980)
In fact, rice cultivation may have reached India by 4000 BC and may have originated somewhere in
south-east Asia as early as 7000 BC. It was also found in the first phase of excavation of Pandu Rajar
Dhibi (After Mahabharat’s King Pandu) dates back to 2100–1400 BC. While it was the first Chalcolithic or
Copper Age site to be discovered, a number of other sites have been discovered in an area spread over the
districts of Birbhum, Bardhaman, Bankura, Midnapore and interspersed by rivers like Brahmani,
Mayurakshi, Kopai, Ajoy, Kunur ,Damodar, Darkeswar, Shialbati and Rupanarayan. Pandu Raiar Dhibi
reveals the non-Aryan origin of the Bengalis. The excavation at Pandu Rajar Dhibi has provided evidence
for the gradual growth of a Chalcolithic culture and its displacement by iron-using people. Paddy rice
charcoal is found at Mahishadala (now in Purba Medinipore district), radio carbon dates it to 1380–855
B.C. (Abbasi 2001).
The second stage there, however, shows potters' wheel and looks related to the culture at Chirand
of Saran district of Bihar. They cultivated rice, wheat, barley, and lentils like green gram and lentil; and
lived in straw huts, had precious stones like chalcedony and agate, and had glazed pottery made on wheels.
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Zohary and Hopf (2000) reported that O. sativa was recovered from a grave at Susa in Iran (dated back to
1st century AD), at one end of the ancient world indicating another domestication of rice in South Asia.
In Indonesia, evidence of wild Oryza was found on the island of Sulawesi dates from 3000 BCE.
The evidence for the earliest cultivation, however, comes from eighth century stone inscriptions from Java,
which show kings levied taxes in rice. Rice production in Indonesian history is linked to the development
of iron tools and the domestication of water buffalo for cultivation of fields and manuring. Once covered in
dense forest, much of the Indonesian landscape has been gradually cleared for permanent fields and
settlements as rice cultivation developed over the last fifteen hundred years.
Spreading of Rice:
After 15th century, rice spread throughout Italy and then France, later propagating to all the
continents during the age of European exploration. The Moors brought Asian rice to the Iberian Peninsula
in the 10th century. Records indicated it was grown in Valencia and Majorca. In Majorca, rice cultivation
seems to have stopped after the Christian conquest, although historians are not certain (Vaughan et al.
2008).
Muslims also brought rice to Sicily. Rice cultivation is well documented further north in
Mesopotamia, in Cilicia, the Jordan and Nile valleys, the southern shores of the Caspian, and north-central
Anatolia, all before 1500. The two phase model of rice establishment, with a first phase in southern
Mesopotamia starting in the period 400 BC-100 AD, and a second phase linked to the expansion of Islam
after 1000 AD, seems reasonable.
The rice grown in Central Asia belongs mainly to the sub-species japonica and many cultivars still
exist. The UN General Assembly’s declaration of the International Year of the Rice in 2004 was also
sponsored by Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, together with many of the large rice producing
countries in Africa, Asia and America signifying the importance given to the rice crop in the national
economies of Central Asian countries (Nesbit et al. 2010).
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African rice has been cultivated for 3500 years. Between 1500 and 800 BC, Oryza glaberrima
propagated from its original centre, the Niger River Delta, and extended to Senegal. However, it never
developed far from its original region. Its cultivation even declined in favor of the Asian sp. This wild rice
grows in sub-Saharan Africa, and is found in savanna woodland. Oryza barthii grows in deep water,
seasonally flooded land, stagnant water, and slowly flowing water or pools; it prefers clay or black cotton
soils, and is found in open habitats. It is the progenitor of cultivated African rice, O. glaberrima. (African
Rice 1996).
Until the recent introduction of Asian rice, African rice (Oryza glaberrima) has been an important
staple for peoples across much of West Africa. According to Science Daily (May 21, 2010) the African
rice--known scientifically as Oryza glaberrima was domesticated about 3,500 years ago in West Africa,
where it thrived for centuries. But today it is grown only in scattered pockets nearing the extinction. Most
African rice farmers have abandoned their native varieties for high-yielding Asian rice (O. sativa), which
was introduced to the continent through European trade with Asia via Africa about 450 years ago. African
rice generally yields better than Asian rice under harsh conditions, where pests and other stresses are
intense. Had the problems of grain shattering and lodging been overcome, it could have given a quite
acceptable yield of 5-6 tons per hectare in more favorable, rain-fed lowland environments. Nerica (New
Rice for Africa) rice varieties, a cross between African and Asian rice, are being hailed as a “miracle crop”
that can bring Africa its long-promised green revolution in rice. But outside the laboratories, Nerica is not
living up to the hype (Grain 2009).
This species possibly brought to the African continent by Arabs coming from the east coast
between the 6th and 11th centuries CE. It helped Africa conquer its famine of 1203 (African rice 1996). In
1694, rice arrived in South Carolina, probably originating from Madagascar. Rice cultivation began in
California during the California Gold Rush, when an estimated 40,000 Chinese labourers immigrated to
the state and grew small amounts of the grain for their own consumption. It was introduced into Hawaii by
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Chinese immigrants between 1853 and 1862, but it did not thrive as an agro-industry in competition with
sugarcane and pineapple (Lu and Chang 1980).
Experimental planting of rice in Australia took place in New South Wales in 1892, although other
introductions into the warmer areas of Queensland and the Northern Territories could have come earlier.
Commercial planting in New South Wales began in 1923 (Grist 1975). The island of New Guinea began
growing rice in the nineteenth century (Bertin et al. 1971).
The dissemination of Asian rice from one place to another took place for serendipitous reasons.
Mexico, for example, received its first lot of rice seed around 1522 in a cargo mixed with wheat. South
Carolina’s early plantings of rice around 1685-94 allegedly used rice salvaged from a wrecked ship whose
last voyage began in Madagascar (Grist 1975; Lu and Chang 1980).
In addition, the deliberate introduction of rice has produced other unexpected benefits. This
occurred when the Champa rice of central Vietnam were initially brought to the coastal areas of South
China. In 1011-12 the Emperor Chen-Tsung of the Sung Dynasty decreed the shipment of 30,000 bushels
of seed from Fukien Province into the lower Yangtze basin because of the grain’s early maturing and
drought-escaping characteristics. But its subsequent widespread use in China paved the way for the double
cropping of rice and the multiple cropping of rice and other crops (Ho 1956; Chang 1987).
Cooking Preferences:
Consumer preference for cooked rice and other rice products varies greatly from region to region
and is largely a matter of personal preference based on upbringing. Different kinds of cooked rice are
distinguished by cohesiveness or dryness, tenderness or hardness, whiteness or other colours, flavour or
taste, appearance, and aroma (or its absence). Of these features, cohesiveness or dryness is the most
important varietal characteristic: High amylose (25 to 30 percent) of the starchy endosperm results in dry
and fluffy kernels; intermediate amylose content (15 to 25 percent) produces tender and slightly cohesive
rice; low amylose content (10 to 15 percent) leads to soft cohesive (aggregated) rice; and glutinous or
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waxy endosperm (0.8 to 1.3 percent amylose) produces highly sticky rice. Amylopectin is the other and the
major fraction of rice starch in the endosperm.
Most residents of Shanghai prefer the cohesive keng (Sinica) rice, whereas people in Nanjing
about 270 kilometres away in the same province prefer the drier hsien (Indica) type. Tribal people of
Burma, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam eat glutinous rice three times a day a habit unthinkable to the people
on the plains. Indians and Pakistanis pay a higher price for the basmati rice, which elongate markedly upon
cooking and have a strong aroma. Jasmine rice, a counterpart of Basmati rice of Thailand has worldwide
acceptability. People of South Asia generally prefer slender-shaped rice, but many Sri Lankans fancy the
short, roundish samba rice, like Pachaperumal which also have red seed coats. Red rice is also prized by
tribal people of Southeast Asia (Kiple and Ornelas 2000) and by numerous Asians during festivities. It
appears that the eye appeal of red or purple rice stems from the symbolic meaning given the colour red
throughout Asia, which is "good luck".
Milling:
The pestle and mortar were doubtless the earliest implements used to mill rice grains. The milling
machines of more recent origin use rollers that progressed from stone to wood to steel and then to rubber-
wrapped steel cylinders. Wooden Dheki was widely used for manual dehusking. Modern rice mills and
husking mills has replaced all Dhekis and also taken away the jobs of odd female workers in the village.
The women folk used to sing while dehusking paddy in Dekhi and other manual dehusking tools.
Religious rites and culture:
Unlike Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism, Buddhism has less rigid dietary laws defining what people
can eat and with whom they can dine. However, fasting and feasting are integral parts of most religious
traditions, and Buddhism is no exception. In rice-growing Asian communities where Buddhism is
practiced, food in rituals reflects the rhythms of food production, including its scarcity or abundance
during the year. Both paddy and rice are the integral part of various communities and religions. The first-
solid-food-giving ceremony (Annaparashan in Sanskrit means feeding rice) of a Hindu baby begins with
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eating Payaesh at 6 months after birth. The baby is gradually introduced to solid foods following this
ceremony. Paddy along with grass twigs (Cynodon dactylon) is used for blessings, marriage ceremony,
worshipping the Gods and Goddesses. It is a custom to place paddy along with the twigs of grass at the
mouth of a dying cow. During the panicle initiation stage of rice at the end of the month of Aaswin (15
September to 15 the October), farmers visit their field after taking a bath and place the amaranth plants,
elephants foot, zinger, mustard seed, flowers of Asoka (Saraca indica), raw rice etc in the field and they
pray for good health of the pregnant rice plant.
The Goddess Lakshmi symbolizes wealth and prosperity through grains. Bengalee Hindus replace
old paddy with newly harvested paddy during the month of Pous (December 15 to Jan 15) in the sacred pot
made of cane stick (Kunke) placed at the feet of the Goddess.
Nabanna (it means new grain in Bengali) is celebrated by all the communities of India. It marks the
harvest festival of rice in Bengal during the full moon of Agrhayan (15th Nov-15th Dec). Newly harvested
rice is boiled with date palm molasses to make Payesh. Some early maturing rice varieties are preferred for
this festival.
Pous Parban (festival at the end of the Pous month) is also an extension of harvest festival of
Bengal, celebrated widely by the Hindus and Muslims. Different rice cakes (pithe, puli, ras bara, saru
chakli etc) are prepared with the rice flour of newly harvested rice, scented rice is in great demand. Earlier
there were more than 50 types of rice cakes were in vogue but with advent of fast food these cultures are
fast vanishing. Tribes like Saontals celebrate it as Janbar/Baoui festival. It is worth mentioning that the
speakers of Austric language (Saontali, Ho, Mundari etc) developed the rice cultivation technique in the
eastern part of India.
The Jagannath Temple of Puri used to make 365 types of Mahprasda from 365 different rice
varieties grown by the farmers cultivating around the temple. The conserving the folk rice variety was
linked to religious rites.
Vanishing Wealth:
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From a single sp of Oryza sativa, more than 82000 (NBPGR, 2007-08) rice varieties were selected
by the farmers of Indian subcontinent. It took several centuries. These are region specific indigenous or
folk varieties. A survey during 1930 revealed that the Bengal (east and west) had 15000 folk rice varieties
(UBINIG 2010). On the other hand, nearly 600 modern rice varieties were developed in India by crossing
indica and japonica or selection from the cross.
International Rice Research Institute of Manila, Philippines has the largest collection folk rice
varieties from different countries. One record reveals that Rice Research Station, Chinsurah, West Bengal
has sent more than 3500 varieties to IRRI during 1975-1983 (Deb 2005). Mostly these are not well
maintained by the donor countries. These are not easy accessible to the donor countries. This is the primary
source of hybridization but the farmers or the farmers' group maintaining them over the centuries are not
getting share of the newly produced HYV seeds out of their folk varieties. Meanwhile most of the region
specific folk rice varieties have been pushed into extinction due to input intensive modern varieties in the
name of Green Revolution. Out of 5500 folk varieties of West Bengal, only a handful of folk rice are
extant in farmers' fields. It has been lost forever along with the unique genetic makeup. It is a loss for the
entire human civilization.
Table 3. List of the countries that sent the rice germplasm to IRRI, Philippines
Sl. No. Country from where the seed collected No of folk varieties 1. India 16013 2. Laos 15280 3. Indonesia 8993 4. China 8507 5. Thailand 5985 6. Bangladesh 5923 7. Philippines 5515 8. Cambodia 4908 9. Malaysia 4028 10. Myanmar 3335 11. Vietnam 3039 12. Nepal 2545 13. Sri Lanka 2123
Source: FAO 2003, Published in Amader Dhan Boichitra (In Bengali), 2010, UBINIG, Dhaka, pp36
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Agriculture becomes agribusiness:
The traditional agriculture of India continued over thousands of years has been fully organic and it
has been one of the oldest and advanced forms of food production based on the principles of mixed
cropping, crop rotation, use of region specific crop varieties, and incorporation of organic inputs along
with Indigenous Technological Knowledge. Farmers, over the centuries maintained and nurtured entire
food production system and crop bio-diversity as well. It has proved to be inherently sustainable over
centuries along with its crop-diversity and indigenous technological knowledge (Howard 1940; reprint
2001, Shiva 2004).
American method of industrial agriculture in the name of green revolution (GR) during mid 60s
ushered a novel era in the field of Indian agriculture by replacing all the region specific folk rice varieties
in most of the areas and the related culture as well. The GR has replaced the cropping pattern of rice after-
legume-rotation by introducing boro in place of rabi pulse crop which require very less amount of water
and management. It was presumed that this western method was the only method of producing more grains
within shortest possible time for combating the perceived threat of famine. However, the miracle High
Yielding Varieties (HYV) seeds with chemical fertilizers and pesticides gave remarkable yield during the
initial years of green revolution. A series of miracle HYV seeds followed, all of which were replaced with
successive releases, mostly by the International Rice Research Institute of Philippines. Social scientists,
scientists, politicians, economists and ecologists were critical of GR and opined that it would be a major
blow to the unique stable agricultural production system.
With the passage of time, the consequences of GR with industrial chemicals have manifested. The
apprehensions were proved to be true when the current industrial farming practices have depleted the
fertility of the soil and 35% of the earth’s severely degraded lands have further been damaged by the
highly mechanized chemical intensive agricultural practices. The importance of indigenous crop varieties
has been ignored in the mainstream industrial agriculture. The craze for development in the media has
never pointed out that the HYVs are in fact not high yielding if productivity is measured as yield per unit
RECENT ADVANCES IN RICE GENOMICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
55
of water input (ton / k lit) and that folk varieties are more cost effective and ecologically sustainable than
most HYVs (Shiva 1991; Deb 2004 and 2005).The GR has never estimated the importance of biodiversity
(crop, fish, insects, mammals and birds) and disappearance of locally consumed food. Although the initial
productivity of the crop increased but it showed a plateau or diminishing trend during the last two decades
(Shiva 2002; Deb 2005; Kukal et al. 2008; Oonyu, 2011).
Food availability deficit:
The primary aim of the GR was to feed the teeming millions. Lack of food is rarely the reason
people go hungry (Sundaram 2010). Even now, there is enough food in the world, but more people cannot
afford to buy their required food. In India huge amount of food grain rot in the go-downs while a large
section of people remain unfed. Prof Amarty Sen has proved that famines did not occur due lack of food
and increase in food production does not necessarily guarantee the availability of food; rather it is the
question of distribution and purchasing power of the people (Sen 1981)
Crop diversity-a neglected affair:
Agricultural biodiversity constitutes a significant portion of the global biodiversity that has direct use
value. Indeed the existence of the entire economy is pivoted on the ago biodiversity of the country (Brown
1997).
But the importance of indigenous crop varieties has consistently been ignored in the mainstream
industrial agriculture (IA) presuming that all the indigenous varieties were low yielder. The primary thrust
of IA is on grain yield, not on other ecological functions, region specificity, qualities like taste, aroma,
fineness, nutritive value of grain and straw. The necessity of evaluation and conservation of folk rice has
received very scant attention by the formal agricultural institutes.
A faint need was felt to document the characters of the crop varieties after an American company
getting patents of Indian Basmati rice. During the regime of WTO- TRIPS, the folk crops are to be well
documented in order to protect it from bio-piracy. Conceiving this, Govt. of India has enacted Biodiversity
act 2002 and state biodiversity board has been formed in most states. However, the Decade of
RECENT ADVANCES IN RICE GENOMICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
56
Biodiversity (2011-2020) declared by the UN is a move towards awareness generation against biodiversity
destruction. It is known that biodiversity signifies greater food security. India is one of the 12 mega-
diverse countries in the world.
During the 99th Session of the Indian Science Congress recognized the Traditional Agricultural
System of Koraput (Odisha, India) as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) site.
This region is famous for its rich agricultural biodiversity of global importance. The genetic diversity of
Asian cultivated rice and has been considered as the centre of origin of aus ecotype of rice. The landraces
or traditional varieties growing here are thought to be harboring dominant genes for biotic and abiotic
stresses, aroma and palatability, and hold promise for their utilization in future crop improvement
programme. Apart from Jeypore tract, (Koraput) in some areas of tropical Asia, the Batticoloa district of
Sri Lanka and the forested areas of north Thailand, free-shattering grains from wild rice can still be
witnessed today (Chang 1976b; Higham 1989).
Rice is under crisis:
Almost one third of the world population is depended on rice and it is one of the important staple
crops in the world including India. It is being cultivated in more than 100 countries in Asia, Africa, Latin
America and Caribbean Islands The most important staple crop of the world is in crisis. Recent
publications of Green Peace-Future of Rice (Emerlito and Deb 2006) and Rice Industry in Crisis (2007) give
an overview of the crisis. The region specific varieties are fast vanishing from the fields due to massive
propaganda for HYV. Recently, it is further aggravated by aggressive marketing of Hybrid rice. Hybrid
rice would jeopardize the rice seed sovereignty of the farmers. The average grain yield of hybrid rice is not
consistent and it varies from 3t–6t/ha. and it cannot be grown without heavy application of agrochemicals.
The Indo US Knowledge Initiative of 2005 that focuses on further industrialization of agriculture is also a
blow to our own rich biodiversity-based traditional agricultural system as opined by different experts
across India.
Heir-loom rice diversity and farmers:
RECENT ADVANCES IN RICE GENOMICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
57
The rice diversity of India is very unique and the special grain qualities and morphological
characters of rice have almost been forgotten with the advent of high yielding varieties. The folk rice is
quite synonymous to livelihood, culture, and rituals of the Indian farmers. Besides grain, straw is very
useful by-product for cattle-feed and roofing material. Along with the application of fertilizers, HYVs are
meant for giving grain output only. Farmers have also been lured by the initial high grain yields but it
declines with the passage of time despite heavy application of agro-chemicals. Now a section of farmers,
institutional scientists, and workers have realized the colossal loss crop biodiversity and felt the necessity
of crop conservation. Meanwhile, the demand for folk rice varieties among the progressive farmers are on
the rise.
As the cost of production of folk varieties under organic management is low, fetches more profit,
maintains soil health and gives sustainable yield. Grain yield of Kerala Sundari, Baghurupi, Bangla
Patnai, Kesab Sal and Baurani vary from 5-6 ton/ha. in different edapho-climatological conditions.
Agricultural Training Centre, Fulia has conducted four year long extensive research on comparative study
of chemical and organic nutrient management of rice during kharif season and found that the folk variety
Kerala Sundari under organic management gave more yield than chemically grown MTU 7029 and the
scented variety Radhatilak fetches more price than non-scented varieties (Paul et al 2011). It was also
observed that low available phosphate and potash does not hamper the folk rice growth and organic plots
had more saprozoic nematodes and CFUs (Colony forming units) of bacteria and fungi (Paul 2011).
After devastating AILA in Sundarban of 2009, farmers of Jogeshgunj area of Hingalgunj block
have taken up true salt tolerant varieties like Talmugur, Hogla, Lalgetu, Sadagetu etc. Meanwhile, salt
tolerant varieties like Matla and Hamiltan are no longer found in those areas and not even in the nearby
institutions and farms. Prior to AILA they used to grow modern salt tolerant varieties like Lunishree and
other HYVs like CR, 1009.1017, 1018.SR 26B. The traditional salt tolerant varieties can cope up with the
prevailing saline and deep water condition. After the breach of river bank during AILA, the field became
more salty and the farmers need to use region specific folk rice varieties which has natural resistant to
RECENT ADVANCES IN RICE GENOMICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
58
insect pest and diseases. Seeds of folk varieties can be continued for years together (unlike HYVs) even for
1000 years (for e.g. Basmati rice) provided the seed conservation technique is maintained. The unique
characters of folk rice are not included in the syllabus of Agronomy in the agricultural universities of
India. WWiitthhiinn ffeeww yyeeaarrss,, tthheessee pprreecciioouuss vvaarriieettiieess wwoouulldd bbee vvaanniisshheedd iiff pprrooppeerr ccaarree ffoorr ccoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn iiss nnoott
ttaakkeenn uupp aanndd oobbvviioouussllyy nnoo sscciieennttiisstt iinn tthhee wwoorrlldd wwoouulldd bbrriinngg bbaacckk tthheemm..
TTaabbllee 44.. AA rreepprreesseennttaattiivvee lliisstt ooff ffoollkk rriiccee vvaarriieettiieess hhaavviinngg uunniiqquuee cchhaarraacctteerrss
Sl. No.
Unique characters Folk Varieties
1. TToolleerraattee ddrroouugghhtt aanndd hhiigghh tteemmppeerraattuurree ooff BBaannkkuurraa aanndd PPuurruulliiaa ,,ggrroowwnn ggeenneerraallllyy dduurriinngg pprree--kkhhaarriiff
KKeellaass,, AAssnnaalliiyyaa,, BBhhuuttmmuurrii
2. AAuuss vvaarriieettiieess ggrroowwnn dduurriinngg pprree--kkhhaarriiff SShhaattiikkaa,, KKeellaass,, BBaannssggaajjaall,, BBhhuuttmmuurrii 3. TToolleerraattee ssaalliinniittyy iinn SSuunnddaarrbbaann aarreeaa
MMaattllaa**,, TTaallmmuugguurr,, HHooggllaa,, KKaannttaarraannggii,, NNoonnaa bbookkrraa,, LLaallggeettuu,, SSaaddaa ggeettuu
4 RRiiccee ffoorr mmiixxeedd ccrrooppppiinngg-- sseeeeddss ooff ttwwoo vvaarriieettiieess aarree mmiixxeedd uupp aanndd bbrrooaaddccaasstteedd iinn llooww llyyiinngg aarreeaass dduurriinngg eeaarrllyy JJaaiisstthhyyaa (( MMaayy –– JJuunnee))
BBiirrppaannaa,, BBeennaajjhhuuppii((116666 ddaayyss)) hhaarrvveesstteedd oonn mmoonntthh aappaarrtt
5. CCoolldd ttoolleerraanntt rriiccee iinn DDaarrjjeeeelliinngg ddiissttrriicctt Himal 6. RRiiccee ffoorr ffiisshh ccuumm ppaaddddyy ccuullttuurree iinn llooww llyyiinngg ssaallii llaanndd
dduurriinngg kkhhaarriiff sseeaassoonn--aa lloott ooff vvaarriieettiieess Jabra, Koijuri, Paniklas, Pantaras, Lalkalam, Meghi, Dorangi
7. LLoonngg aanndd bboolldd ggrraaiinn Kabirajsal, Lalbahal, Moulo,Patnai 8. SShhoorrtt aanndd bboolldd ggrraaiinn Dorangi, Kalomota, Talmugur ,
Bahurupi, Kerala Sundari 9. SScceenntteedd-- lloonngg ggrraaiinn Basmati, Dehradun, Karnal local 10. SScceenntteedd-- mmeeddiiuumm lloonngg Dehradun gandheswari, Kalonunia 11. SScceenntteedd ––sshhoorrtt aanndd bboolldd Lilabati, Kaminibhog, Kanakchur, Tulsa,
Tulsimukul,Mohonbhog 12. SScceenntteedd ––sshhoorrtt aanndd ssmmaallll,, mmaaiinnllyy uusseedd aass ooffffeerriinnggss ttoo
GGoodd//GGooddddeessss.. UUsseedd ffoorr mmaakkiinngg PPaayyeess aanndd ootthheerr sswweeeettss.. Radhatilak,Gobindobhog,Tulaipanji, Lalbadshabhog,Kataribhog, Dudheswar, Kalojira.
13. FFiinnee-- lloonngg ggrraaiinn;; mmaaiinnllyy uusseedd ffoorr gguueessttss
Sitasal, Chamarmani, Patnai Banskhati,Rupsal, Nagra sal, Nagra patnai,Lalkamini,Lalsaroo,Jhingasal
14. LLoonnggeesstt rriiccee ,, lloonnggeerr tthhaann BBaassmmaattii ggrraaiinn Dokra dekhri ( Chatisgarh) 14 mm long 15. NNoonn llooddggiinngg hhaabbiitt –– aallll ffoollkk vvaarriieettiieess nneecceessssaarriillyy mmeeaann
llooddggiinngg hhaabbiitt.. HHYYVVss aallssoo llooddggee ssoommeettiimmeess dduuee ttoo hheeaavvyy NN ffeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn oorr hheeaavvyy rraaiinn aafftteerr ddoouugghh ssttaaggee..
Pari, Para, Gheos, Bahurupi, Boubhog, Cheena pakri, Lalsita,
16. PPaanniiccllee bbeeaarrss ppaanniiccllee iinn cclluusstteerr.. Khejurchri, Narkelchari, Thubi, Hatidhan
17. WWiitthhssttaanndd ddeeeepp wwaatteerr ooff 1188 ffeeeett Laksmi dighal, Panidhan. 18. Tolerate submergence ;1-1.5 ft water above Jaljabra, Sadajabra, Panidhan,
Lakshidighal, Panikalas 19. Rice grows along with the rising water level Laljabra, Sadajabra, Bajal,Jalkamini,
Harmanona 20. Deep water paddy in 3ft water, seedlings along with a
mud ball thrown in the low lying areas from small boat Kumragore, Laljabra, Sadajabra, Bajal, Tilakkachari, Bakui,Lalkalam
21. Deep water boro paddy- no rice is grown during kharif Kaloboro- fish cam paddy culture
RECENT ADVANCES IN RICE GENOMICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
59
due to water 22. Boro paddy -partial photo insensitive Guligati*,Lalboro, Sadaboro, Kaloboro,
Lathisal,Dudheswar, 23. IInniittiiaallllyy ddrroouugghhtt ttoolleerraanntt aanndd llaatteerr fflloooodd ttoolleerraanntt GGaammrraahh iinn BBaassttaarr ddiissttrriicctt ooff BBiihhaarr 24. PPooppppeedd rriiccee(( mmuurrii)) MMaarriicchhssaall,, MMoouulloo,, KKaalloommoottaa,,HHaammaaii,,
KKaabbiirraajjssaall,, DDhhaarriiaall,,KKaallaamm,,BBhhuuttiiaa 25. FFllaatttteenneedd rriiccee (( cchhiirree)) PPaattnnaaii,, BBoorrnnii,, BBaannkkcchhuurr,, JJhhiinnggaassaall,,
KKaallmmaa,, AAggnniibbaann,, 26. PPuuffffeedd rriiccee MMoouulloo,, PPaanniidduubbaa,, BBaallaamm,, PPaattnnaaii,,
BBiinnnnii((BBaannggllaaddeesshh)),,MMoottaaddhhuussaarrii,, KKaannaakkcchhuurr ((sscceenntteedd)),, LLaakkssmmiicchhuurr..
27. GGrruueell--rriiccee (( ffeennaa bbhhaatt)) AAllll tthhee ffoollkk rriiccee vvaarrss.. hhaavviinngg rreedd kkeerrnneell 28. WWaatteerr--ssooaakkeedd rriiccee (( PPaannttaa)) KKaaooiijjhhuurrii,, BBhhuurriissaall,, PPaanniikkaallaass 29. RRoottii rriiccee-- fflloouurr iiss uusseedd ffoorr mmaakkiinngg rroottii DDaammpphhaa (( MMaahhaarraassttrraa)) 30. DDoouubbllee ggrraaiinneedd--ttwwoo kkeerrnneellss JJuuggaall // RRaamm-- BBaallaarraamm // GGoouurr ––NNeettaaii 31. TTrriippllee ggrraaiinneedd –– tthhrreeee kkeerrnneellss SSaatteeeenn 32. TTaassttyy bboolldd rriiccee BBhhuurriissaall,, KKooiijjhhuurrii,,KKaammiinniibbhhoogg,,
KKaabbiirraajjssaall,,AAggnniibbaann,,BBaallaammssaall
33. TTaassttyy ffiinnee rriiccee CChhaammaarrmmaannii,, JJhhiinnggaassaall,, SSiittaassaall,, DDuuddhheesswwaarr,,RRaammssaall,,KKaattaarriibbhhoogg,, BBaannsskktthhaaii,, DDeehhrraadduunn ggaannddhheesswwaarrii
34. NNoo bbooiilliinngg rriiccee --33 ttyyppeess ffoouunndd iinn AAssssaamm KKoommooll (( AAgghhaanniibboorraa)) 35. LLooww bbooiilliinngg ttiimmee AAllll sscceenntteedd rriiccee,, TTuullaaiippaannjjii,, DDuuddhheesswwaarr 36. KKhhiicchhuurrii ((bbooiilliinngg ooff rriiccee aanndd ppuullssee wwiitthh ssppiicceess)) rriiccee,, iitt sspplliittss
lloonnggiittuuddiinnaallllyy aafftteerr ccooookkiinngg,, sscceenntteedd BBaannsspphhuull ((IInn BBaannggllaaddeesshh))
37. MMeeddiicciinnaall rriiccee-- rreedd aanndd bbllaacckk rriiccee ccoonnttaaiinniinngg vviitt BB aanndd iirroonn aanndd ootthheerrss RRiiccee wwiitthh CCaammpphhoorr ssmmeellll **
RReedd rriiccee ––AAggnniibbaann,, DDwwrraakkaassaall,, BBhhuurriissaall,,SShhaattiiaa,, KKuutteeppaattnnaaii,, NNiivvaarraa (( KKeerraallaa)),, TTeenndduupphhuull,, KKaabbiirraajjssaall,, LLoohhaaggoorraahh,, KKaallaabbhhaatt(( BBllaacckk))
38. RReedd rriiccee –– rreedd sseeeedd ccooaatt AAggnniibbaann,, DDwwrraakkaassaall,, BBhhuurriissaall,, SShhaattiiaa,, KKuutteeppaattnnaaii,, NNiivvaarraa(( KKeerraallaa))
39. EEaarrllyy ssaattiieettyy rriiccee,, lleessss rriiccee iiss rreeqquuiirreedd uusseedd ffoorr oonnccee aa ddaayy-- mmeeaall
BBhhuuttmmuurrii,, SSaaddaammoottaa,, TTiillaakkkkaacchhaarrii
40. HHiigghh yyiieelldd ffoollkk rriiccee,, ggiivveess ggrraaiinn yyiieelldd --44..22--55..44 tt // hhaa ;; ccoommppaarraabbllee wwiitthh HHYYVVss..
KKeerraallaa SSuunnddaarrii,, BBaahhuurruuppii,, BBaakkuullpphhuull,, JJhhuullii,, PPaattnnaaii,, KKeessaabbssaall,, RRaabbaann ssaall,, SSaabbiittaa
41. SShhoorrtt dduurraattiioonn vvaarriieettyy(( DDaayyss))--sseeeedd ttoo sseeeedd SShhaattiiaa((7755)),,DDeehhrraadduunn GGaannddhheesswwaarrii ((112200)) PPaarrii(( 8855)),,TTuullssaa ((111100)),, KKeellaass((111100)),, KKeerraallaa SSuunnddaarrii(( 113300))
42. LLoonngg dduurraattiioonn vvaarriieettyy,, mmoorree tthhaann 116600 ddaayyss KKaajjaallddeekkhhii(( 116633))..JJaattaa lleettaa,, MMeegghhii((116655)) SSaall((117722)),, JJaallkkaammiinnii((116600)),, LLaallppaattnnaaii((116655))
43. RRiiccee wwiitthh ppuurrppllee lleeaaff KKhhaarraa (( OOrriissssaa)) 44. EElloonnggaatteedd --gglluummee eenncciirrcclliinngg tthhee sseeeedd RRaammiiggeellllii
Source: After Deb (2005), Biodiversity Conservation Farm, ATC, Fulia and other sources, * Not found in farmers’ fields.
These unique characters are not found in any of the HYVs as these traits are mostly polygenic in
nature and it cannot be inserted in the breeding programme. Even after insertion, the characters are not
stable for obvious reasons. Salt tolerant HYVs, deep water HYVs and scented HYVs etc are oxymoron.
RECENT ADVANCES IN RICE GENOMICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
60
Conservation effort and Farmers Acceptance:
The region specific high yielding folk rice varieties are not propagated as it does not involve any
seed replacement (hence no seed business prosperity), fertilizers and pesticides and herbicides (hence no
industrial growth). While some of the folk varieties can outperform the modern varieties in terms of grain
yield and pest resistance properties. Mainstream agricultural research does not promote any of them so
modern biotech business and agro-chemical industries prosper. The availability of folk varieties is severely
limited. Barring a few individual efforts in Govt farms, no appreciable governmental infrastructure has yet
been geared to safeguard and distribute heirloom seeds for resource poor farmers. Farmers are beginning to
understand the fallacy of high grain yield of HYVs and they have begun to choose folk rice varieties which
would usher in a new hope for the future of the State's agriculture.
The VRIHI of Bankura has started the pioneering work on folk rice conservation and
characterization work in 1997 and at present, it maintains more than 900 folk rice varieties at Raygada
district of Odisha (www.cintdis/basudha.org). This is the largest nongovernmental seed exchange bank in
east India. The Agricultural Training Centre of Fulia has supplied folk rice varieties to Rice Research
Station, Chinsurah, other Govt farms, and the farmers across the state. Its Biodiversity Conservation Farm
is maintaining (300 varieties) and distributing folk rice varieties among the farmers. During 2009, the
centre distributed 45 folk rice varieties among 130 farmers. During 2013, the centre distributed 126
varieties among 80 farmers, research scholars across the state setting a new record among the state run
farms of India. No Govt. farm has ever distributed so many folk varieties in a year. This apart, several
farmers, civil societies are also engaged in conservation of folk rice varieties in order to ensure future food
security and to have sustainable yield. Many farmers become interested to grow the folk varieties as the
cost of cultivation of HYV escalates with declining trend in grain yield. During 2010, farmers of Ausgram
Block of Burdwan district have grown more than 30 ha of folk varieties like Kerala Sundari and Bahurupi
by replacing the popular HYV MTU 7029. More than 165 folk varieties are being maintained Richaria
Conservation Centre at Avirampur village of Ausgram II block, Burdwan district. Farmers under Paschim
RECENT ADVANCES IN RICE GENOMICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
61
Sridhar Kathi Unnayn Sanghaya of Jogeshgunj area of Hingalgung Block, N 24 Parganas are conserving,
distributing and cultivating more than 300 folk rice varieties. In 2013, the folk variety Bahurupi yielding 5-
6 ton/ha has covered a substantial area of 60 ha in the remotest part of West Bengal.
Spreading of rice
Panicles of Bahurupi Different rice grains Pora Binni and Sada Binni
Komol -No boiling Rice Nivra – medicinal rice Khara
RECENT ADVANCES IN RICE GENOMICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
62
Red Clum of Bhutia Folk Rice conservation at ATC Fulia
Profuse Tillers Comparison between MTU 7029 and folk rice
2009 September ATC Fulia
RECENT ADVANCES IN RICE GENOMICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
63
Table 5. Yield of some folk rice varieties under organic management at ATC Fulia (Averages of three years)
The varieties were sown following single plant transplanting method. All the varieties did not respond equally in each year. Tillering habit of the varieties varied and it were not equal for all the years. The average soil status were as follows- pH-7.1, OC % 0.6, P2O5 44 kg / ha, K2O 98 kg / ha with available micronutrients and 670 saprozoic nematode in 200 cc of soil. Apparent low status of nutrient does not affect the yield of folk rice as the soil is living with soil microbes. Modern varieties under organic management system did not give desired yield but the farmers of Burdwan district are getting an average of 4000kg / ha. under chemically managed plots. Hills were selected randomly and 25 hills were selected out of each plot of varieties and yield parameters were determined.
Sl. No. Variety Effective tillers (no)
Duration (days)
Straw wt /hill (g)
Grain weight/ hill (g)
1000 grain weight (g)
Yield /ha (kg)
Yield / bigha (md)
Remarks
1. Keralasundari 16 130-136 43 39 21 4200 14 Bold 2. Bahurupi 13 139-141 38 38 20 4500 15 Bold 3. Agniban 13 130 40 32 22.5 4000 13.3 Bold 4. Sabita 15 145 51 31 22 4500 15 Bold 5. Jhuli 15 148 54 29 19.5 4000 13.3 Medium 6. Lathisal 15 150 53 28 18 3500 11.6 Bold 7. Bangla patnai 17 155 55 31 20 5000 16.6 Bold 8. Kabirajsal 13 152 48 29 18.5 4000 13.3 Bold 9. Lalbahal 14 150-151 43 28 19.5 4000 13.3 Bold 10. Banspata 13 155 47 30 27.2 4200 14 Bold 11. Chamarmoni 14 147 48 29 17.5 4100 13.6 Fine 12. MTU7029
(modern variety) 14 130-135 37 36 19.5 3700 12.3 Bold
13. Gobindobhog 15 145 45 21.5 10.5 2900 9.6 Scented 14. Kaminibhog 12 146 44 23 14.5 3000 10 Scented 15. Radhatilak 15 148-151 45 21.5 11.5 3400 11.3 Scented 16. Dehradun
Gandheswari 14 124 44 24 15.7 3500 11.6 Scented
17. Kalonunia 10 151 41 22 14.5 2900 9.6 Scented
RECENT ADVANCES IN RICE GENOMICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
64
However, the average grain and straw yield of folk varieties are better in farmers’ filed under organically managed plots in
S and N 24 Parganas, Hoogly and Burdwan districts. But the grain yield was not same for all the years. The grain yield
of most of the varieties were equal to 4000 kg / ha and it is above the state level average of 3 t / ha.
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