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Rahmatullah et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
FOLK MEDICINAL USES OF SOME PLANTS IN TANGAIL
DISTRICT, BANGLADESH
Zahid Kamal, Jacklin Jui Bairage, Moniruzzaman, Protiva Rani Das, Md. Tabibul
Islam, Mohammad Omar Faruque, Md. Rashedul Islam, Prashanta Kumer Paul,
Sadia Moin Mou, Mohammed Rahmatullah*
Department of Pharmacy, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209,
Bangladesh.
ABSTRACT
Background Folk medicine is an important feature of traditional
medicinal practices in Bangladesh. The objective of this study was to
document the medicinal uses of plants by a folk medicinal practitioner
(Kaviraj) of Tangail district, Bangladesh. Methods Interviews of the
Kaviraj were carried out with the help of a semi-structured
questionnaire and the guided field-walk method. Results The Kaviraj
used 12 plants distributed into 12 families in his formulations.
Available ethnomedicinal and scientific reports show that the plants
used by the Kaviraj can be validated in their uses on the basis of either
ethnomedicinal consensus or pharmacological activity studies.
Conclusion The study suggests that the medicinal plants used by the
Kaviraj of Tangail district merit scientific attention towards new drug
discoveries.
Key words: Folk medicine, Kaviraj, Tangail, Bangladesh, ethnomedicinal consensus.
BACKGROUND
Ethnomedicine is the study of medicinal plants used by ethnic groups or indigenous societies
for the treatment and cure of diverse ailments. The practicing of curing diseases dates back to
millennia ago, and it is possible that human beings have discovered the disease-curing
properties of plants either on their own or through watching the plant ingestion behavior of
animals like chimpanzees and other apes. In fact, chimpanzees are known to ingest plants
WWOORRLLDD JJOOUURRNNAALL OOFF PPHHAARRMMAACCYY AANNDD PPHHAARRMMAACCEEUUTTIICCAALL SSCCIIEENNCCEESS
SSJJIIFF IImmppaacctt FFaaccttoorr 22..778866
VVoolluummee 33,, IIssssuuee 1111,, 5522--6633.. RReesseeaarrcchh AArrttiiccllee IISSSSNN 2278 – 4357
Article Received on
09 September 2014,
Revised on 28 September 2014,
Accepted on 20 October
2014
*Correspondence for
Author
Dr. Mohammed
Rahmatullah
Department of Pharmacy,
University of Development
Alternative, Dhanmondi,
Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh.
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Rahmatullah et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
which have ethnomedicinal uses among the people residing in the vicinity of the
chimpanzees. [1]
In recent years, ethnomedicine is gaining much deserved scientific attention,
because the plant kingdom is increasingly considered as a vital source for new compounds to
combat emerging diseases as well as old diseases, whose causative vectors have become
resistant to existing drugs.
The diversity of the plant kingdom is also the cause for ethnic diversity in the use of plants
for treatment of diseases. A given plant may possess dozens of secondary metabolites, each
with their unique pharmacological properties, which can be helpful in the treatment of a
specific disease. A particular ethnic group or a particular traditional practitioner may be
knowledgeable on one or a few such medicinal properties of a plant but not all. As a result,
there is a vital need to document such ethnomedicinal or traditional medicinal practices,
before they get lost either due to tribal extinctions or extinctions of an ethnomedicinally used
plant species. This would be catastrophic for in the United States alone, out of the 150 top
prescription drugs at least 118 are based on natural sources. Less than 1% of tropical plant
species has been screened for potential pharmaceutical applications and medicinal plants are
increasingly becoming endangered if not totally extinct because of loss of forests due to
increased use of that land for human habitat and agriculture. It has been estimated that at the
current extinction rate, the world is losing one potential major drug every two years. [2]
Bangladesh is a unique country with various forms of traditional medicinal systems in
existence. Besides, the country has over 100 tribes, each tribe with their own traditional
medicinal practitioners and their own unique formulations, primarily consisting of medicinal
plants. Towards documenting this traditional uses of medicinal plants we had been
conducting ethnomedicinal surveys among folk medicinal practitioners (they practice within
the mainstream population and are known as Kavirajes) and tribal medicinal practitioners for
a number of years. [3-29]
These surveys are enabling us to build up a comprehensive data base
of the medicinal plants of the country. The objective of this survey was to document the
medicinal plants and formulations of a Kaviraj (folk medicinal practitioner) in Tangail district
of Bangladesh.
METHODS
Prior Informed Consent was first obtained from the Kaviraj, Mohammad Ali, age 45 years,
practicing in Patalbazar village of Tangail district, Bangladesh. The Kaviraj was apprised as
to the nature of our visit and consent obtained to disseminate any information both nationally
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and internationally. Actual interviews were conducted in the Bengali language, which was
spoken fluently by the Kaviraj as well as the interviewers. The interviews were conducted
with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire and the guided field-walk method of Martin
[30] and Maundu.
[31] In this method the Kaviraj took the interviewers on guided field-walks
through areas from where he collected his medicinal plants, pointed out the plants, and
described their uses. All plant specimens were photographed and collected on the spot,
pressed, dried and brought back to Bangladesh National Herbarium at Dhaka for
identification. Voucher specimens were deposited with the Medicinal Plant Collection Wing
of the University of Development Alternative. During the interview process, the Kaviraj
mentioned that although he did not use many plants, he claimed that his formulations were
effective.
RESULTS
The Kaviraj used a total of 12 plants distributed into 12 families in his formulations. The
various formulations were used to treat diseases like urinary disorders, oral lesions, diabetes,
leucorrhea, pain, gastrointestinal disorders, cuts and wounds, jaundice, helminthiasis, and
coughs. Altogether four formulations were used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders,
which was not surprising considering that gastrointestinal disorders like dysentery, diarrhea,
indigestion or bloating are common among the rural people of Bangladesh because of lack of
quality drinking water and the general unhygienic conditions of living without proper sanitary
facilities. The Kaviraj mainly used simple formulations of plant parts in his treatment. The
results are shown in Table 1.
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Table 1. Medicinal plants and formulations of the Kaviraj from Tangail district
Serial
Number
Scientific Name
Family Name Local Name
Parts
used Disease, Symptoms, Formulations, and Administration
1 Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Kata khoira
mota Root Urinary disorders. Root juice is orally taken.
2 Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Apiaceae Thankuni Leaf Oral lesions, diabetes. Leaf juice is orally taken.
3 Calotropis gigantea R. Br. Apocynaceae Akondo gach Gum
Leucorrhea. Gum is mixed with honey and topically applied to
affected areas of the skin. This is done for several days.
Pain. Warm leaves are applied as poultice on painful areas.
4 Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. Crassulaceae Pathorkuchi Leaf Indigestion, bloating. Leaves are chewed with a little table
salt.
5 Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Persoon Lauraceae Kharajora
gach Leaf
Constipation, dysentery, indigestion. Leaves are soaked in
water and the water taken orally.
6 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae Dubla ghash Leaf To stop bleeding from cuts and wounds. Crushed or chewed
leaves are applied to area of bleeding.
7 Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach Polygonaceae Hati shunr Root To increase frequency of urination. Root juice is orally taken.
8 Ziziphus jujube Mill. Rhamnaceae Choto boroi
gach Root
Waist pain. The soil around the plant is at first loosened on all
sides. Then, facing east, the plant is plucked in one breath on a
Saturday evening. The roots are put inside an amulet made
from seven metals and the amulet is tied to the waist.
9 Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. Rutaceae Motar gach
Bark
of
root,
leaf
Jaundice. One kg of cow milk is at first kept for 1 day. When
the milk becomes dense as yoghurt, bark of root is sliced into
small pieces, mixed with the milk, and taken orally with sugar
and ‘cheera’ (flattened rice flakes) for 3 consecutive days.
Helminthiasis. Leaf paste is orally taken.
10 Scoparia dulcis L. Scrophulariaceae Chini pata Leaf Dysentery. Leaves are soaked in water followed by drinking
the water for 2-3 days.
11 Datura metel L. Solanaceae Dhutra Fruit Whooping cough. Fruits are cut into small pieces, boiled in
water and then held near the throat.
12 Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton
& P. Wilson Verbenaceae Gondho pata Leaf Diarrhea. Leaf paste is orally taken.
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DISCUSSION
It was of interest to evaluate the plants of the Kaviraj for their reported ethnomedicinal uses
and reported pharmacological properties. The roots of Amaranthus spinosus were used by the
Kaviraj to treat urinary disorders. He also used roots of Persicaria orientalis to increase
frequency of urination. The tribal people of Northeast Gujarat, India, also reportedly use roots
of Amaranthus spinosus to cure painful urination and as a diuretic. [32]
Root paste is also used
for urinary troubles in Aravali regions of Rajasthan, India. [33]
Betalains have been reported to
be present in the plant [34]
, and it would be interesting to analyze the effect of these
compounds on urinary retention or other form of urinary tract disorders. The use of
Persicaria orientalis for treatment of urine retention seems to be unique to this Kaviraj and
offers researchers an avenue to further explore this plant. The roots of a related species,
Persicaria senegalensis are used in Agnalazaha littoral forest people of Southeastern
Madagascar to treat malaria. [35]
Persicaria capitata is used in China for urologic disorders.
[36]
Centella asiatica was used by the Kaviraj to treat diabetes; the plant has been shown to give
antidiabetic effect in diabetic model rats. [37]
Although any ethnomedicinal reports on the use
of the plant against oral lesions have not been reported to our knowledge, wound healing
activity of various extracts of the plant in incision and burn wound models in experimental
animals has been reported. [38]
Thus the plant could prove useful in treatment of oral lesions.
The gum of Calotropis gigantea was used by the Kaviraj against leucorrhea and pain. The
roots of the plant are used against cholera in traditional medicines of Chitrakoot region,
Madhya Pradesh, India. [39]
The use of the plant or any of its parts against leucorrhea appears
to be uncommon from the available reported ethnomedicinal uses. However, ethnomedicinal
uses of leaves of the plant against inflammation on the body have been reported from Rewa
district, Madhya Pradesh, India. [40]
Leaves, roots and flowers of the plant are used in
Daudkandi sub-district of Comilla district of Bangladesh by folk medicinal practitioners for
treatment of coughs and dysentery. [7]
Antiinflammatory and analgesic activities have been
reported for ethanolic extract of leaves in scientific studies. [41]
Ethnomedicinal uses of leaves
against pain have also been reported from Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. [28]
Thus, there is a
possibility that the gum may also have analgesic properties.
Leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata were used by the Kaviraj against indigestion and bloating. In
Silakhana village of Bagerhat district, Bangladesh, the leaves are used against indigestion and
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diarrhea. [42]
Leaves of Litsea monopetala were used by the Kaviraj against constipation,
dysentery and indigestion. The bark of the plant is used against diabetes and gastric troubles
by ethnic communities in Arunachal Pradesh, India. [43]
Bark of the plant is used against
constipation by the Naik clan of the Rajbongshi tribe in Bangladesh. [44]
Leaves of Cynodon
dactylon were used by the Kaviraj to stop bleeding from cuts and wounds. This wound
healing potential has been scientifically validated in both incision and excision wound
healing models. [45, 46]
The plant is also used by folk medicinal practitioners in villages of
Rajshahi district to stop bleeding from cuts and wounds. [28]
The use of Ziziphus jujube roots
to treat waist pain was somewhat unusual. Roots were sealed in an amulet prepared from
seven metals and tied to the waist. While the use of amulets to cure or treat diseases is not
unusual and the practice is present in many countries of the world, [47]
any scientific
validation of such use is yet to be determined.
The hepatoprotective activity of Glycosmis pentaphylla has been scientifically validated; [48]
the Kaviraj used the plant against jaundice. Scoparia dulcis has traditional uses in diarrhea
and dysentery; [49]
the Kaviraj used the plant against dysentery. In Barobazar village of
Jhenaidaha district, Bangladesh, the plant is used for treatment of dysentery in adults. [50]
The
Kaviraj used fruits of Datura metel against whooping cough. The plant has traditional uses in
Nigeria for treatment of coughs. [51]
Leaves of Lippia alba were used by the Kaviraj against
diarrhea. In Colombian traditional medicine, the plant is used against diarrhea. [52]
Although the number of plants used by the Kaviraj was few, which can be sometimes
suggestive of lack of detailed medicinal plant knowledge, the above Discussion clearly shows
that ethnomedicinal consensus regarding use is present on several plants used by the Kaviraj,
while other plants can be seen to be scientifically validated on the basis of available
pharmacological activity studies.
CONCLUSION
The ethnomedicinal consensus and scientific validations of the plants used by the Kaviraj
suggest that these plants merit further studies towards discovery of lead compounds and new
drugs. The study also suggests that the rural Kavirajes of Bangladesh, even if their repertoire
of plants is small, should not be left out for much can be gained from their medicinal
knowledge.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
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