MEDICINAL PLANTS OF MANSEHRA

Hamdard 63 Vol. XXXVI, No. 3

MEDICINAL PLANTS OF MANSEHRA

lMTIAZ-UL-IIAQ AND MANzooR HussAIN

Introduction

Mansehra district was formed on 1st October, 1976. It consists of three tehsils, i.e. Mansehra, Batagram and Balakot. Mansehra district is located between 34°-15' to 35°-12' North latitudes and 72°-50' to 74°-07' East longitudes. Total area of the district is 5,957 sq. km.

Tehsil Mansehra is located between 34°-05' North latitude and 73°-20' East longitude. It is bounded on the North by Tehsil Batagram, on the East by Tehsil Balakot, on the South by Abbottabad district and on the West by Swat district. Tehsil is enclosed by the surrounding mountains and encompasses about 2453 sq. km. over most of the area it appears as a generally undulating terraced plain, which is traversed by a number of streams. Siran and Ichhar are two major perennial streams of the area. Mansehra is the major city in the area and under the present administrative set up the district headquarter.

According to population census of 1981, population of Mansehra is 12,93,718 inhabitants. Rate of population growth in the area is

· 3% per year. Agriculture is the principle occupation, although sheep and cattle raising is practiced over the adjacent mountainous area. Few people are engaged in trade and local labour. Main crops grown in the area are wheat, maize, rice, tobacco. Vegetables and fruits are less common. Tea is also cultivated on experimental basis.

Summers are warm to moderate (Max. temp. 28.2°C in June) and winters are cold (Min. temp. 7.1 °C in January; may fall below freezing point), mean annual precipitation is 1245 mm.

Soil is classifieB as clay loam, silty clay, silty clay loam, silty loam, sandy loam. Rocks are classified as metamorphic, Mansehra granite and sedimentary rocks.

Main types of vegetation are classified as follows:

1. Pure Chir Forests or Sub Tropical Pine Forests (Alt: 2,500-6,000 feet)

Common associates in these forests are: Quercus incana, Alnus nitida, Machilus spp., Pyrus pashia, Berberis lycium, Dodonea uiscosa, Rub us spp., Zizyphus spp., Zanthoxylum alatum, Andropogon, Viola. spp.


2. Blue Pine Forests or Low Level Blue Pine Forests (Alt: 6,000-8,000 feet)

Common associates in these forests are: Quercus (ncana, Q. dilatata, Taxus baccata, Pyrus pashia, Vibernum, Berberis, Indigofera, Rubus, Paeonia emodi, Fragaria vesca, Viola spp.

3. Western Mixed Coniferous Forests (Alt: 7,500-9,000 feet)

Besides Deodar, Blue Pines, Fir, Spruce, following species are common associates: Aesculus indica, Cornus macrophylla, C. capitata, Acer spp. Juglans · regia, Prunus padus, Pyrus pashia, Salix spp., Populus ciliata, Berberis, Indigofera, Spiraea spp., Rubus spp., Rosa spp., Vibernum spp., Ranunculus spp., Viola spp., Geranium, Jasminum, Polygonum, Rumex spp.

4. Upper Western Himalayan Fir and Mixed Broad Leaved Forests (Alt: 9,000-10,500 feet)

Common associates are: Abies pindrow (Fir), Picea smithiana (Spruce), Juglans regia, Aesculus indica, Prunus padus, Acer spp., Vibernum, Spiraea, Rosa spp., Indigofera gerardiana, Berberis, Salix, Jasminum, Rubus spp., Polygonum paclosum, Geranium wallichianum, Primula denticulata, Hedera, Vitis semicardata, Clematis spp., Rosa moschata, Smilax spp.

Reference: Working plan of Siran Guzara Forests, (1966-67 to 1975-76) ... Khalid.

Material and Method

A thorough survey of the area was made and plants were collected, mounted, identified and described.

ACACIA MODESTA Wall.

Family: Mimosaceae. Synonyms: Mimosa dumosa, Rox: M. obovata. Other names: Phulahi, Phulau (Punjabi, Hindko, Urdu), Palausa

(Push to). Part used: Gum from the bark. Distribution: Sparsely distributed throughout the area. Constituents: Farnesol, Geranid and many other aJdehydes and

ketqnes. Absolute of Mimosa contain anisic aldehyde, enathic acid and palmatic aldehyde. Nadkarni (1927).

Uses: (a) Local: The gum obtained from the bark is used as

Hamdard 65 Vol. XXXVIr No. 3

tonic and stimulant. Usually the natives mix the gum with wheat flour, sugar is added and roasted in ghee. Ash is used in snuff preparation. The gum (chir) is also used in the preparation of Halwa given as tonic, especially to women in childbirth.

(b) Medicinal: Gum is used as restorative. Nadkami (1927).

ACACIA NILOTICA Linn.

Family: Mimosaceae. Synonyms: Acacia aral:ica Lamk., Mimosa nilotica Linn.,

M. arabica Lamk. English name: Pakistani gum arabic tree or Babul tree. Other names: Babla, Kikar (Punjabi, Hindko, Pushto) Babu[

(Urdu). Parts used: Bark, gum, leaves, seeds, pods. Distribution: Sparsely distributed throughout the area but in

abundance in Mongan, Machipol, Mansehra, Bajna, Bairkund and Bhogarmang.

Constituents: Leaves and fruit contain tannin, gum contains arabic acid combined with calcium, magnesium and potassium; also small quantity of malic acid, sugar, moisture 14%, ash 3-4%, bark contains about 22-44% tannin. Nadkarni (1927).

Uses: (a) Local: The bark is boiled with water, extract of bark is used for severe toothache, especially when the gums are septic. The bark is used in diarrhoea, dysentery, as stomachic and as astringent.

(b) Medicinal: Astringent, demulcent, aphrodisiac, nutritive and expectorant.

Bark is a powerful astringent. Pods are powerful expectorant. 'l'he extract of gum (called Akakia) is styptic, tonic and astringent. Nadkarni (1927).

ACHYRANTHES ASPERA Linn.

Family: Amarantaceae. Synonyms: Achyranthes aspera var., Indica Linn., A. indica

Linn. English names: Prickly chaff flower, Rogh chaff tree. Other names: Obat khandri, Chat, Chirchilla (Urdu), Lainda

(Hindko), Spay botay (Pushto), Kutri (Punjabi). Part used: Whole plant. Distribution: Growing wild th,roughout the area. Constituents: Leaves contain saponin, fruit contains a large

percentage of alkaline ash, which contain potash. Nadkarni (1927). Uses: (a) Local: Decoction of both leaves and roots are used for

toothache. It is also used for abdominal pain. The juice of herb is given in dysentery, rheumatism and skin diseases. The paste of fresh leaves is applied over insect bites. An infusion of the root is used for


bowel complaints, night blindness and skin diseases. The ash of the plant with honey is given in cough and asthma. Leaves of A. aspera and ripe fruit of Rub us fruticosus are mixed and crushed, the juice obtained is applied in eye disease called "Phola". (It is said to be useful in dissipating the opacity of the cornea). The use is not so much common.

(b) Medicinal: The whole plant is astringent, diuretic, alterative and is used in dropsy. Seeds are considered emetic, useful in hydrophobia and snake bites. Also used as laxative, stomachic, used in piles, inflammation of internal organs and enlarged cervical glands, in painful menstruation and for toothache. Occasionally used in renal dropsies, enlarged spleen in malaria, in cough and asthma. Nadkarni (1927).

ADHATODA VASICA Nees.

Family: Acanthaceae. Synonym: Justica adhatoda. Linn. English name: Malabar nut tree. Other names: Adulsa, Arusha(Urdu), Bhekkar (Punjabi),

Bhekkur (Hindko), Baikar (Pushto). Parts used: Leaves, flowers, roots. Distribution: Reerh, Hathimera, Chandian, Oghi, Jabori, Dadar,

Bajna. The density is much in graveyards. Constituents: Leaves contain alkaloid vasicine and small amount

of essential oil, 1-peganin. Hooper (1888), Zaman and Khan (1970). Uses: (a) Local: The leaves are used for cough and wounds in

the crushed form. Also used in dysentery, especially in case of cattles. Leaves are used for softening the boils. Leaves and roots are used as expectorant, antispasmodic, and alterative. Leaves are boiled and are given for throat pain. Also used for stomachache,joint pains, "hasba" and eruption.

(b) Medicinal: The leaves are powerful expectorant and antispasmodic. Chiefly used in respiratory diseases, especially in tuberculosis, all kinds of coughs, chronic bronchitis, asthma and other chest diseases. Tpe juice of leaves is employed in diarrhoea and bleeding dysentery. Powdered leaves are used as febrifuge in malarial fevers. Decoction of leaves is useful for scabies and other skin diseases. They are also used as antiseptic and parasiticidal. Flowers and fruits are aromatic, bitter and antispasmodic and their infusion is used as anthelmintic. Fresh flowers are used in hectic fever, gonorrhoea and ophthalmia. Chopra (1958).

AMARANTHUS VIRIDIS Linn.

Family: Amarantaceae , Synonym: A. gracilis Desf. · Other names: Ganhar, Sag (Pushto), Ganhar (Hindko).


Acacia nilotica L.

Adhatoda uasica Nees.

Hamdard 68 Vol. ·xx:xv1, No. 3

Part used: Whole plant. Distribution: Wild throughout the area. Constituents: The seeds contain moisture 8.9%, ether extract

5.25, albuminoids 15.43, soluble carbohydrates 65.82, woody fiber 1.95 and ash 2.65% respectively.

Uses: (a) Local: Plant is used as spinach for cooking. (b) Medicinal: U s.ed in snake bite and scorpion sting.

ARTEMISIA MARITIMA Linn.

Family: Asteraceae (Compositae). English names: Santhonica, Worm seed. Other names: Jhan/ Chau (Hindko), Tarkha (Pushto). Part used: Whole plant. Distribution: Common throughout the area. Constituents: Essential oil, santonin, bitter substance and

artemisin. Uses: (a) Local: The poultice of the flowering tops is locally

applied to relieve pain from scorpion stings and snake bites. The fomentation of the herb is applied over inflammation. The herb is administered to children as stomachic. Also used as antiperiodic, and anthelmintic and in gastric trouble.

(b) Medicinal: Used as a cardiac and respiratory stimulant and also used for intermittent and remittent fevers. The drug santonin obtained from the flowerii;ig tops is specific for round worms, also used for removing thread worms from small intestine. Santonin is also used in dysentery ana sprue.

ASPHODELUS TENUIFOLIUS Cav.

Family: Liliaceae. English name: Asphodel. Other names: Piazi (Urdu, Hindko), Piazakay (Pushto). Part used: Seeds. Distribution: Banda Piran, Battal, Phagla, Gidder Pur, Dadar,

Sachha, Shinkiari. Constituents: Traces of colchicine, (Kelin and Pallauf, 1929).

Natural lipids contain monoglycerides, free sterol, diglycerides, free fatty acids, triglycerides, esters, hydrocarbons, phosphatidylinositol,

· phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, polyglycerophosphatides and sulfolipids were the components of polar lipids. Modaan and Bhatia (1973).

Uses: (a) Local: The seeds are locally used for wound healing. Seeds externally applied to ulcers and inflamed parts.

(b) Medicinal: Seeds have diuretic properties. Externally used in ulcers and inflamed parts. Wealth of India (1948).

Hamdard

BERBERIS LYCIUM Royle.

Family: Berberidaceae. English name: Barberry.

69 Vol. XXXVI, No. 3

Other names: Kashmal (Urdu), Sumbal (Hindko), Koaray (Pushto)

Parts used: Roots, rhizomes, leaves. Distribution: Sparsely distributed throughout the area. Constituents: Major alkaloid is umbellatine, berberine. Uses: (a) Local: The roots are used for the relief of intestinal

colic (antispasmodic) and for the treatment of pharyngitis. Also used as cooling· agent. Plant and bark .are astringent; used for the improvement of interpal woun'tls, throat pains, "Chall" (mouth disease). "The dried powder of root is used for this purpose".

(b) Medicinal: Roots are used as febrifuge; also used m menorrhagia, chronic diarrhoea and piles. Extract is used m ophthalmia. The leaves are given in jaundice.

CALOTROPIS PROCERA Ait.

Family: Asclepiadaceae. Synonym: Asclepias procera Wild. English names: Swallow wort, Mudar plant, Milk weed. Other names: Ak (Urdu, Hindko), Spalmai (Pushto). Part used: Whole plant. Distribution: Sparsely distributed throughout the area.

Calotropis procera Ait.


Constituents: Leaves and stalk contain calotropin, calotropagenin, latex contains calotropin, uscharin, calactin and calatoxin (C

29H

40O

10). Chem. Abstr. (1939, 33, 1742 and 1937, 31, 1031).

Uses: (a) Local: Powdered bark is locally used in dysentery. Stem is used as Miswak (Tooth Brush), having the property of curing toothache, the ash of plant is used for colouring cloth.

(b) Medicinal: Roots and bark are used as tonic, sudorific, alterative, antispasmodic, expectorant, in large doses emetic. Flowers digestive, stomachic. Milky juice is poisonous. Also used in leprosy, asthma, fever with enlarged liver and cough, skin diseases, visceral enlargement, in constitutional syphilitic affection. Nadkarni (1927).

CANNABIS SATIV A Linn.

Family: Cannabaceae. Synonyms: Cannabis indica Lam. C. chinensis Delile. English names: Soft hemp, True hemp, Pakistani hemp. Other names: Bhang (Urdu, Hindko1 Pushto). Parts used: Leaves and flowering tops. Distribution: Growing wild throughout the area. Constituents: Resin (T. and H. Smith, 1845), cannabinol and

cannabidiol (Adams et al., 1940), cannabol (Jacobs and Todd, 1940). Terpene, sesquiterpene, paraffin hydrocarbon (Easterfield, 1896).

Uses: (a) Local: Used for fuel purposes and charas preparation. The leaves are crushed with onion and used for boils in the form of poultice.

Plant has narcotic action and induces sleep. The plant is used in two forms:

i) Bhang: Dried and crushed leaves are taken as a drink for their narcotic action, also u·sed as refrigerant.

ii) Charas: The resinous exudation collected from the le�.ves and flowering tops of the plant is the active principle of hemp. It is usually taken as smoke for its valuable narcotic action. Also used to relieve pain.

(b) Medicinal: The drug is primarily stimulant and secondarily anodyne, sedative and antispasmodic. Also narcotic, diuretic and parturifacient. The poultice is useful for local inflammation. Also a blood poison.· Used for malaria, black water fever. Trease (1957).

CHENOPODIUM ALBUM Linn.

Family: Chenopodiaceae. Synonym: C. viride Linn. English names: Lambs quarter, Pig weed or white goose foot. Other names: Lunak, Bathu (Punjabi, Urdu), Bathwa (Hindko),

Sarmay (Pushto).


Part used: Whole plant. Distribution: Common throughout the area. Constituents: The plant contains ethereal oil, a substance

resembling cholesterol and ammonia and amines both in free and combined forms.

Analysis of seed gave (on dry wt. basis), protein 15.4-16.8, fats 5.8-8. 1, nitrogen free extract 4 7. 7-50.0, crude· fibre 18.4-21.5 ;:md a.sh 4:8�7.0%. Unsaponifiable matter 2%. Linolenic acid al').ct tr.aces of ascarido1e.

It also contains carotene 7. 1-9.3 mg/100 mg, Vitamin C 66-96 mg/l00mg. Winton, et al. (1941).

Uses: (a) Local: The plant is locally used for cooking purposes. Also used as fodder for cattles. It is laxative.

(b) Medicinal: The oil obtained from the seeds is ai;ithel�iI�Jic. The roots and seeds are purgative. The roots are also used in jaundice, urinary diseases and rheumatism. Fruit and root are antidote to snake poison. Mapleston (1931).

CICHORIUM INTYBUS Linn.

Family: Asteraceae (Compositae). English names: Bunk, Cichory, Succory, Wild endive, Wild

cicory, Wild succory. Other names: Hand, Gul, Buchal, Kasni (Punjabi, Urdu), Hina,

Kasni (Hindko), Kashni (Pushto). Parts used: Seeds, Roots, Flowers. Distribution: Sparsely distributed throughout the area. Usually

grows wild in cultivated fields of Trifolium repens. Constituents: Seeds contain a bl-and oil. Burnt chicory contains

sugar, free extractive, cellulose, ash, nitrogenous matter, fat, etc. Roots contain nitrate and sulphate of potash, mucilage, some bitter extractive principle and enulin 36 p.c. Dutt and M1sra (1937).

Flowers contain a colourless crystalline glucoside, cichorin (C32H320 19) , bitter substance lactucin, intybin. Niet Zki (1876).

The juice of the root contains stearin, mannite, tartaric acid, betain and choline are also present in small quantities. Enzyme inulocoagulase is also present.

A volatile matter contains acetaldehyde, acetone, diacetyl-diketopentane, furaldehyde, 5-hydroxy methyl-furfur-aldehyde matol, furan, methyl and fur furyl alcohol, acetic acid and pyruic, lactic, pyromucic and palmetic acids; together with traces of phenol and a natural oil. Nadkarni (1927).

Uses: (a) Local: Roots are boiled in water and then cooled and used for fever and vomiting. Also used as fodder for cattles.

(b) Medicinal: It increases the bile secretion and promotes digestion. Also used as stomachic and tonic. In large doses a mild aperient and diuretic. Also has alterative and resolvent effects. Due


to its narcotic character it exerts an effect on the nervous system. Seeds are carminative and cordial. Root is bitter.

Decoction of seeds or powdered seeds are used in obstructed or disordered menstruation.

A strong infusion of powdered seed is useful in obstruction or torpor of the liver and in checking bilious enlargement of the spleen with general dropsy. With other vegetable bitters, the roots are given in dyspepsia and fever.

It also has cooling effect and quenches thirst. Also used in ophthalmia and . inflammation of throat, blood purifier, emmenagogue and astringent to the bowels. Also used as a cure for asthma. Chopra ( 1958).

CONVOLVULUS ARVENSIS Linn.

Family: Convolvulaceae. Synonym: C. malcolmi Roxb. English name: Small bindweed. Other names: Hirran, Khurry (Urdu), Erlai (Hindko), Priwathai

(Pushto), Hiranpag (Sindhi). Part used: Roots Distribution: Common throughout the area, particularly in

irrigated area; grows as a weed in cultivated fields. Constituents: Plant contains convolvulin, tannin. A substance

has been isolated from the extract of roots, which is water soluble and has vitamin "K'', like blood coagulation effect.

Uses: (a) Local: The roots are purgative; but not so much in use. Also used as fodder for cattle. For worms "Chanona" sag is used with fruit. For washing hair to remove dandruff.

(b) Medicinal: Roots are laxative and used in diarrhoea. Wealth of India (1950).

CUSCUTA REFLEXA Roxb.

Family: Cuscutaceae (Convolvulaceae). Synonyms: C. grandiflora Wall., C. verucosa Sweet, C. macran

tha Don. English name: Dodder. Other names: Akashbel, Imalbel (Urdu), Akasbel / Niladhary

(Hindko), Banosha (Pushto), Zarbuti (Punjabi). Parts used: Stem, fruits, and seeds. Distribution: Sparsely distributed throughout the area,

especially occurs on Acacia and Zizyphus plants. Constituents: The seeds contain bitter substance, a glucosidal

resin and quercetin. Dymock (1890). Also contains 0.2% cuscutin, a colouring matter in crystalline

lfamdard 73 Vol. XXXVI, No. 3

form along with a crystalline substance, i.e. cuscutalin, (C 18H100 4) brown wax and reducing sugar are also present. Aggarwal and Dutt ( 1935).

The seeds also contain a ·fixed oil, a colouring matter, amarbelin (C18H1607H20) an amorphous bitter resin. The oil mainly consists of linolinic acid and linolic acid. Ibid. ( 1936).

Uses: (a) Local: The plant is boiled in water along with the bark of Acacia arabica and used for toothache and septic gums� Also used as anthelmentic, purgative, carminative and regarded as alterative.

(b) Medicinal: In the Ayurvedic medicine, the plant is considered to be acrid, bitter and astringent to the bowels. Also useful in the diseases of eye and heart. Also used as carminative, anthelmintic, purgative, diuretic, blood purifier. Useful in jaundice, joint pains, paralysis and vomiting. Chopra ( 1958).

CYMBOPOGON JAWARANCUSA Jones.

Family: Poaceae (Gramineae). Synonyms: Andropogon jawarancusa Jones. A. himalayensis

Gran.

English name: Khuskus grass. Other names: Lamjak (Urdu), Baru (Hindko), Sargaray (Pushto). Part used: Whole plant. Distribution: Growing wild on all hills of the area. Constituents: 1 % essential oil . The oil contains 90% d-1

piperitone. On oxidation with ferric chloride, d- 1 piperitone yields thymol. Finnemore ( 1920-21).

Uses: (a) Local: The plant is used for rheumatism, fever and in cough. Also used as fodder for cattles. Also used as blood purifier.

(b) Medicinal: The plant is used as aromatic and tonic.

CYNODON DACTYLON Linn.

Family: Poaceae (Gramineae). Synonyms: C. occidentalis Willd., C. glabratus Steud., Panicum

dactylon Linn. English name: Bermuda grass. Other names: Dhub Khabbal (Urdu), Khabbal (Hindko, Pushto),

Talla (Punjabi). Part used: Whole plant. Distribution: Common throughout the area, also grows as a

weed in cultivated fields. Constituents: Analysis of green grass gave the following average

composition (on dry matter basis), crude protein 10-4 7%, fibre 28. 17%, N. free extract 47. 18%, ether extract 1.8% and total ash 1 1.75%. The mineral constituents of the ash are ash sol in HCl 5.60%, CaO 0.77%, P205 0.59%, MgO 0.34% Na2 0.23% and K02 2.08%. Wealth of India

( 1950).

Hamdard 74 Vol. XX.XVI, No. 3

Uses: (a) Local: The plant is crushed to make a paste and used for checking the bleeding from nose and fresh wounds. An infusion of the grass with milk is used for bleeding piles, irritation of urinary organs, dropsy and vomiting. The juice is also given in dysentery. Also used as a good quality fodder for cattles, especially for milk giving cows and buffaloes and it also increases the butter production.

(b) Medicinal: The decoction of the . plant is diuretic and considered useful in dropsy and anasarca. The expressed juice is astringent and is applied to bleeding cuts and wounds. Rhizomes and roots used as adulterants and substitutes for couch grass. Rhizomes used in genitourinary disorders. Wealth of India ( 1950).

DAPHNE MUCRONATA Royle.

Family: Thymelaeaceae. Synonyms: D. angustifolia C. Koch., D. acuminate Stock., D.

oleoides Auct. English name: Daphne plant. Other names: Kutilal (Hindko, Punjabi), Laghenai (Pushto). Part used: Whole plant. Distribution: Throughout the area. Constituents: Contains a crystalline bitter glucoside daphnin, .

which by the action .of acids is converted into daphnetin. An acrid resin is contained in the inner bark. Daphnin is also contained in the bark. Umbelliferone has been obtained by dry distillation of the resinous acid of the bark. A greenish yellow oil has been extracted from the seeds, which is stated to act as an irritant and vesicant. (Prof. Warden), George Watt ( 1972).

Uses: (a) Local: The bark and leaves are used as poultice for tumour and swellings. The plant is also used for rheumatism.

(b) Medicinal: Plant is poisonous producing severe diarrhoea, roots are purgative. Bark and leaves are used in cutaneous affections.· Infusion of leaves is given in gonorrhoea and applied to abscesses. The berries are used to induce nausea. George Watt (1972).

Roots, bark and leaves used in indigenous medicines. Crushed leaves with wheat flour and oil are used for poulticing boils. Roots are used as purgative. It is irritant when taken internally but is seldom administered. (Kirtikar and Basu, III, 2167) Youngken, 595, USO:7137.

DATURA STRAMONIUM Linn.

Family: Solanaceae English names: Jimson weed, Thorn apple, Stink weed, Mad

apple. Other names: Datura (Hindko, Punjabi), Asila heranda (Pushto),

Sadd Dhatura (Urdu). Parts used: Dried leaves and seeds.


Distribution: Sparsely distributed throughout the area as �eed; usually occurs at the organic heaps.

Constituents: Leaves contain alkaloid, chiefly scopolamine (Hyoscine) with traces of hyscynamine and atropine. Wallis (1947).

Roots contain hyoscine, metroidine and atropine, two ditigloy loxytropanes. Evans and Wellendrof (1959).

The seeds contain delphinine and delphinoidine 30-35%, fixed oil. Wallis (194 7).

Fastusine (C15

H19

02N) and fastusinine (C

18H

210

5N) are also

present. A. Khaleque et al. (1965). Uses: (a) Local: Green leaves are used for softening the boils.

Seeds are smoked for its narcotic action. Seeds and leaves are used as anodyne and narcotic.

(b) Medicinal: The plant as a whole has narcotic, anodyne, antispasmodic properties. It causes dilation of pupil when locally applied in watery solution. Vaidyas regarded the drug as intoxicant, emetic, digestive, antispasmodic and healing. The local application of Datura leaves poultice is used for rheumatic swelling of joints, lumbago, sciatica, neuralgia, painful tumour, nodes, glandular inflammation such as mumps etc. Tendril and fresh leaves may be used along with ghee, to cover inflamed areas. Leaves boiled in oil or the oil itself are good application to haemorrhoids, anal fissures and other diseases of rectum leading to tenesmus. Internally, juice of the leaves is administered with curdled milk in gonorrhoea. It is also a popular internal remedy for the prevention of hydrophobia. Fruits are sedative and intoxicant. The juice of flower is useful for earache. The juice of the fruit is applied to scalp for curing dandruff and falling hair. (Burkill, I, 769; Kirtikar and Basu, III; Koman, 1920-21).

Seeds are useful as astringent in bowel ·complaints, fever, skin disease. The seeds have also strong aphrodisiac effect. The roots are boiled in milk and administered with the addition of clarified butter and treacle in insanity. Trease (1957), Wallis (1967), Youngken (1950).

DIOSPYROS LOTUS Linn.

Family: Ebenaceae Other names: Amluk (Hindko, Pushto). Parts used: Bark and fruit. Distribution: Battal, Sachha, Jabori, . Oghi, Dadar, Parhena,

Shergarh. Constituents: Tannie acid contains 48.78% of oxides. Astringent

acid obtained from the fruit 12.8%, invert sugar 11.2% and mallicacid 0.38%. Welimer, II, 943, Chem. Abstr. (1941).

Uses: (a) Local: Bark is applied to boils and tumours. Fruit is edible.

(b) Medicinal: The fruit when unripe is said to be cold, light

Hamdard 76 Vol . XXXVI, No. 3

and astringent, when ripe is beneficial in blood diseases, gonorrhoea and leprosy, infusion of the fruit is used as gargle in apthae or stoma ti tis and sore throat. Juice of the unripe fruit is given in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery.

DODONAEA VISCOSA Linn.

Family: Sapindaceae. Synonyms: Ptelea viscosa Linn., Dodonaea dioica Roxb., D.

burmanniama. English name: Switch sorrel. Other names: Sanatta (Hindko, Urdu), Ghuraskay (Pushto). Parts used: Leaves, bark and seeds. Distribution: Common throughout the area. Grows in abundance

in Kotkay, Reerh, Data, Ghazikot. Constituents: Natural resin, tannin, gum, pectous matter, pale

yellow semi-drying oil, palmitic, stearic, orchidic, behenic and solid unsaturated acids, Dodonine, acid hydrolysin, crystalline aclene and dodogenin. Kochar and Dutt (1948).

Uses: (a) Local: Leaves are bitter and astringent. Main source of fire wood. Also used in construction of roof as Chanana.

(b) Medicinal: Leaves are used in the treatment of wounds, swelling and burns. Also used as febrifuge, in rheumatism. Bark is applied as astringent baths and fomentations. The fruit is used as fish poison. Chopra and Badhwar (1940).

ERUCA SATIVA Mill.

Family: Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). Synonyms: B. eruca Linn. , E. cappadocica Reut., E. vesicaria. L. English names: Rocket salad or Gar.den rocket. Other names: Usan, Assu, Jamba, Tara (Punjabi), Taramira

(Urdu), Jomama (Pushto), Jamian (Hindko). Part used: Whole plant. Distribution: Wild in the fields of Trifolium repens. Wheat

and Avena sativa. Commonly found in Ghandian, Reerh, Bajna, Tanda.

Constituents: Seeds contain moisture 5.3%, Fat 32.1 %, Protein 26.7%, crude fibres 6.3%, N-free . ether 21.9%, Mineral matter 7.7%, · CaO 0.67%, P205 1.40%, �O 1.12%. 'rhe oil contains eicosenoic acid, linolenic acid. Athawale, et al. (1983), Sudborough, et al. (1926).

Uses: (a) Local: The young green leaves are used as spinach for cooking purposes. The seeds are used for oil. The oil is given to cattles as anthelmintic. The oil cakes are used as fodder for cattles. The oil

· is also _ used for hair to remove dandruff, also used for pain and eruption.


(b) Medicinal: The tender leaves are considered as stimulant, stomachic, diuretic, antiscorbutic, seeds are vesicant. The oil cake is used as fodder for catt1es and those which feed on Taramira cakes are free from tick attack. The young plant is used as salad and vegetable. Also used as green fodder for cattle, sheep and camels. Kirtikar and Basu (194 7).

EUPHORBIA HELIOSCOPIA Linn.

Family: Euphorbiaceae. English name: Spurge Other names: Dastari-qazi, Chatri-dodak (Urdu), Dhodal

(Hindko), Mandanou (Pushto). Parts used: Roots and milky juice. Distribution: Wild throughout the area. Constituents: The fresh herb contains a non-haemolytic saponin

and phasin. The dried plant has neutral saponin and an acidic saponin with haemolytic properties.

Uses: (a) Local: Not locally used. Milky latex is poisonous and causes swelling on the skin.

(b) Medicinal: The plant is used as cathartic. Seeds with roasted peppers are given in cholera. Oil from the seeds has purgative properties. Milky juice is applied to eruption. The roots are used as anthelmintic. Kirtikar and Basu (1947).

Euphorbia helioscopia L.

Hamdard 78

FICUS CARICA Linn.

Family: Moraceae (Urticaceae). English name: Common Fig.

Vol. XXXVI, No. 3

Other names: Angir (Urdu, Punjabi), Phagwar (Hindko), Inzar (Push to).

Part used: Ripe, partially dried fruits. Distribution: Comrrion throughout the area. Constituents: The fresh fruit consists of 0.84% pulp and 16%

skin. The fruit contains proteins, mineral matter, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorous, iron, carotene, Vitamin A, Nicotinic acid, Riboflavin and Ascorbic acid. It also contains dextrose, fat, protein starch etc. Condit (1951).

Uses: (a) Local: The fruit is used as a nutritious food. Also used as shade plant. Main source of fire wood. Milky juice of green fruit and leaves are used to destroy warts. Ash is used in snuff.

(b) Medicinal: Laxative and food. An ingredient in confection of senna and compound syrup of fig. The fruit is also used in constipation, renal and vesical calculi, visceral obstructions, piles, gout and external ulcers, gum boils, cracks· in mouth. Youngkin (1950).

FOENICULUM VULGARE Mill.

Family: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). Synonyms: F. officinale, Anethum foeniculum Linn. English names: Fennel seed, Fennel, Fennel fruit. Part used: Whole plant. Distribution: Sparsely distributed throughout the area, specially

found in Banda Piran, Hathi Mera, Reerh, Dhodial, Mansehra. Constituents: Fruit contains an essential oil. Also contains about

20% protein, 12-18% fixed oil. Uses: (a) Local: Leaves are diuretic, seeds are stomachic,

carminative and emmenagogue. Fennel water is given in colic and flatulence of children. A paste of fruit is used in cooling drink in fever and in scalding of urine. Also used in confectionary, as refrigerant and antiemetic. Also used for the improvement of eye sight.

(b) Medicinal: Oil from the seeds is vermicide. Fruit is purgative. Seeds are stimulant, aromatic, stomachic , carminative and emmenagogue. Juice of the fennel is used to improve the eyesight. A hot infusion of t:he fruit is useful in amenorrhoea. Oil is used in flatulence and checks the griping of purgatives.

FUMARIA JNDICA Hussk. Pugsely.

Family: Fumariaceae. Synonyms: Fumaria paruifolia spp. , uaillantii, F. uaillantii

Loisel. var:; Indica Hussk.


English name: Fumitory. Other names: Pitapapara, Papra (Urdu, Punjabi, Hindko),

Shatara (Balochi), Suwa and Shatara (Pushto). Part used: Whole plant. Distribution: Common throughout the area. Usually grows as

weeds in cultivated fields. Constituents: Fumaric acid and Fumarine, a crystalline organic

base. Uses: (a) Local: Used as fodder for cattles, also used in diarrhgea

in cattles. Juice of plant is given in common fever. Also used for removing worms from the abdomen. Used for the treatment of simple goitre, also used as antipyretic and blood purifier, cooling agent, antiperiodic, used for "hasba" and eruption.

(b) Medicinal: Dried plant is anthelmintic, diuretic, diaphoretic, aperient and is given in low fever; blood purifier. Also used in skin diseases; an infusion prepared from the stem and leaves is given as diaphoretic, tonic, diuretic, aperient and altera:tive. Useful in syphilis, scrofula, leprosy, constipation and dyspepsia. It is allied in its properties to Taraxicum. Khan. A. (1976).

GYMNOSPORIA ROYLEANA Wall.

Family: Celastraceae. Synonyms: Celastrus royleanus Wall., Gymnosporia spinosa

Auct., Celastrus spinosus Royle. Parts used: Seeds and stem. Distribution: Banda Piran, Girwall, Laber Kot, Oghi, Reerh. Constituents: It contains glucoside, tannin, saponin. Uses: (a) Local: Used for walking sticks and as fire wood. Also

used as substitute in carving and engraving. (b) Medicinal: The smoke of the seeds rel ieves toothache.

JASMINUM OFFICINALE Linn.

J?amily: Oleaceae English name: Common Jasmine. Other names: Chambely (Urdu, Hindko, Pushto). Part used: Flowers. Distribution: Dadar, Atter Shisha, Oghi, Baffa, Data,

Hamsherian. Constituents: Fragrant oil, an alkaloid jasmin and an essential

oil. Uses: (a) Local: Flowers are used as an emollient. (b) Medicinal: Fragrant oil mixed with Sesame oil and rubbed

on the heart as nerve sedative. Essential oil is used in perfumery. Its fruits are narcotic.

Hamdard

JUGLANS REGIA Linn.

Family: Juglandaceae. English name: Walnut.

80 Veil. XXXVI, No. 3

Other names: Akhrote (Urdu), Akhore (Hindko), Ghoz (Pushto). Parts used: Bark of the stem and branches; fruit or kernel. Distribution: Common throughout the area, much dense in

Bhugarmang, Jabori, Sacha, Oghi, Battal. · Constituents: Seeds yield fixed oil, nucin or juglandic acid and

a resin, kernels also yield oil, fruf ts contain oxalic acid. There is· an alkaloid barium. ·

Uses: (a) .Local: The ripe fruit or kernel of seed is edible. The bark of stem, branches and roots are used as Dandasa for cleaning the teeth. Wood is used in handicrafts and for making furniture.

(b) Medicinal: Anthelmintic, antiseptic, leaves are alterative and astringent, unripe fruit is also vermifuge. Husk of the fruit or pericarp possesses vermifuge and antisyphilitic properties. Unripe fruit is given to children as vermifuge. A spirit distilled from the leaves or fruit is reputed to be antispasmodic, also useful in checking the sickness of pregnancy. Bark is anthelmintic and lactifuge. Decoction of the bark is used to stop mammary secretion and as a gargle in sore throat.

MALVA NEGLECTA Wall.

Family: Malvaceae. Synonym: Malva sylvestris Linn. English names: Common mallow, Blue mallow. Other names: Khatmi (Urdu), Sonchal (Hindko), Pandirak

(Push to). Parts used: Roots, leaves, flowers. Distribution: Wild throughout the area, specially in moist places, ,

occurs in dense patches. Constituents: Leaves contain Ascorbic acid; plant contains fatty

oil, containing oleic, stearic and palmitic acids. Wax (octacosane), _arabinose,. potassium nitrate, potassium chloride, calcium sulphate, mucil.;:tge and resins. Flowers contain tannin, malvin and starch. Curts and Harris (1949).

Uses: · (a) Local: Used as spinach for cooking purposes. Roots are boiled with the seeds of Lepidium sativum and used as purgative for young ones of domestic animals. Also used in Joshanda.

(b) Medicinal: Dried leaves yield drug Malvafolia or Mallow leaves, used as demulcent and emollient. Also used in glycosuria stomach disorders and as emmenagogue. It is also used in fomentation and poultice for relieving sore throat and ophthalmia and for maturing abscesses. Seeds are demulcent and are prescribed in bronchitis, cough, inflammation of the bladder and haemorrhoids. Chopra ( 1958).

Hamdard - 81 Vol. XXXVI, No. 3

MEDICAGO POLYMORPHA Linn.

Family: Papilionaceae. Synonym: Medicago denticulata Willd. Other names: Maina (Urdu), Sinji (Hindko), Peshtharay

(Push to). Part used: Whole plant. Distribution: Throughout the area, usually in cultivated fields. Constituents: Plant contains fat, fibre; leaves are rich in Ascorbic

acid and B-carotene. Dick, et al. (1953), Marston, et al. (1943). Uses: (a) Local: When the plant is young and delicate before

fruit formation, leaves are used for cooking purposes. Also used as fodder for goats and sheep.

(b) Medicinal: It causes bloating in animals which feed on it. It also causes "Phis" diseases in sheep, horses, cattles and dermatitis of the skin due to photo sensitization. Mckee (1951).

MELIA AZEDARACH Linn.

Family: Meliaceae. Synonyms: Melia orientalis, M. sempervirens, M. bukayun Royle. English names: Persian lilac, Common bead tree. Other names: Bakayan (Urdu), Dhek, Drek (Punjabi), Drek

(Hindko), Bakyana (Pushto), Bakayum, Drem (Sindhi).

Melia azedarach L.


Parts used: Leaves, flowers, roots, fruit, seeds, gum. Distribution: Common throughout the area. Constituents: Active principle is a light yellow non-crystalline

bitter resinous substance without alkaloidal properties; sugar is present and tannin occurs in the outer portion of the bark. The fruit contains bitter principle bakayanin, margosin, alkaloid (azadarin), resin, tannin, meliotannic acid and benzoic acid. Amir Chand, et al. (1948).

Uses: (a) Local: Leaves, young branches and fruits are used as carminative for cattles. The abdomen of cattles like cows, sheep etc. during season, specially when they have over eaten the Trifolium repens, swells up due to gases and is fatal. Thus either the leaves or fermented fruits in whey are used to expel the dangerous gases from the belly. Leaves are applied for resolving glandular swelling. Flowers are used in Surma. Leaves are spread in the beds, before sowing the seeds of rice to give rice seedling (Paddy).

(b) Medicinal: Bark is cathartic and emetic. Flowers and leaves are emmenagogue and resolvent. Root bark is bitter, emetic and anthelmintic, in large .doses narcotic. Leaves are anthelmintic, antilithic, diuretic and emmenagogue, their decoction is astringent and stomachic. Flowers and leaves are applied as a poultice to relieve nervous headaches. A decoction of leaves is employed in hysteria. Leaves and bark are used internally and externally in leprosy, scrofula and other skin diseases; while a poultice of flowers is believed to have vermicidal properties and is valuable in eruptive skin diseases. A syrup containing vanilla to disguise its disagreeable taste is also prepar·ed from the bark. Dried berries immersed in whisky have been employed against ascarides, tape-worm etc. and pulp of the berries stewed in lard is useful in scald head. A poultice of flowers is used to kill lice and to cure eruptions of the scalp. Seeds are used in rheumatism; oil is used similarly to that of Neem. Gum is remedy for splenic enlargement. Kirtikar, Basu and Nadkarni (1949).

MELILOTUS INDICA Linn.

Family: Papilionaceae. Synonym: Melilotus parviflora Desf. English name: Yellow sweet clover. Other name: Sinji (Urdu, Hindko, Pushto). Part used: Whole plant. Distribution: Common throughout the area in cultivated fields. Constituents: The plant contains coumarin and oxalic acid.

Nadkarni (1927). Uses: (a) Local: Used as fodder, but due to its bitter taste the

plqnt is not so palatable. · - (b) Medicinal: Astringent, Narcotic. Nadkarni (1927).

Emollient, externally applied as poultice on swelling and for


fomentation. Seeds recommended in infantile diarrhoea and bowel complaints. Also used as discutient. Kirtikar and Basu ( 194 7).

MENTHA ARVENSIS Linn.

Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatae). English names: Mint, Marsh mint. Other names: Pudinah (Urdu, Persian, Hindko), · Venalay

(Pushto). Part used: Leaves. Distribution: Common throughout the area. Also cultivated on

commercial scale under the supervision of Geoffinan and Vicks companies.

Constituents: Leaves yield essential oil containing d-carvon, carene, d-sylvestrine and citromellol.

Uses: (a) Local: Green and dried leaves are used as antispasmodic, carminative, stomachic, antiemetic.

(b) Medicinal: Dried plant is antispasmodic, carminative, stomachic, refrigerant, stimulant, emmenagogue, diuretic. Also used as a remedy for jaundice. Mint herb is an aromatic and is used in chutneys. A decoction or vapour of its tea is used with lemon grass as a febrifuge in fever. It is also given in hiccup. Its oil is antineuralgic and is applied externally in alcoholic solution. A decoction of the leaves is used for stopping vomiting and nausea. (Surgeon A.C. Mukerji) George Watt (1891).

MENTHA LONGIFOLIA Linn.

Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatae). Synonym: M. sylvestris Linn. English name: Horse mint. Other names: Baburi, Belanne, Koshu, Pudnakushma (Punjabi),

Jangli podina (Urdu), Enalay (Pushto), Chitta podina (Hindko). Part used: Whole plant. Distribution: Throughout the area. Density is much in moist

places. Constituents: It contains oil of pale-yellow colour having minty

odour. The analysis showed that it contains piperitone oxide 45%, diosphenole, piperitienone, piperitenone oxide and disphenolene. Handa et al. (1950).

Uses: (a) Local: Roots are boiled in water along with Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom) seeds, then the extract is cooled down and given to the children as antiemetic. The dried leaves are made into powder and used with curd and whey in summer as stomachic agent. Also used as carminative, in diarrhoea and dysentery.

(b) Medicinal: Carminative, antiseptic, stimulant. Leaves are astringent and used for rheumatic pains. A decoction of plant is used

Hamdard 84 Vol.· XX.XVI, No. 3

in fever and heat apoplexy. Also used as Chutney. IGrtikar and Basu (1982).

MENTHA PIPERITA Linn.

Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatae). English name: Pepper mint. Other names: Podina (Urdu, Pushto) Eng. podina (Hindko). Part used: Leaves. Distribution: Wild throughout the area. Also cultivate� on

commercial level under the supervision of Geoffman and Vicks compames.

Constituents: Leaves contain volatile oil, menthol, resin, tannin and gum. George Watt (1891).

Uses: (a) Local: Used in chutney. Leaves are used for the treatment of stomach complaints as a stimulant. Oil is used for headache.

(b) Medicinal: Peppermint oil is obtained by distillation; is antiseptic, deodorant, stimulant and carminative. Generally used as an external application in congestive headache, rheumatism, neuralgia and is used in pharmaceutical preparations to disguise the taste of evil smelling and unpleasant drugs. Also used as flavouring in confections and dentifrices. Leaves and their volatile oil are aromatic, stimulant, carminative and antispasmodic. George Watt (1891).

MORUS ALBA Linn.

Family: Moraceae. Synonym: M. serrata Wall. English name: White mulberry. Other names: Tut (Kashmiri, Punjabi, Urdu), Chitta tut

(Hindko), Spin tut (Pushto). Parts used: Leaves, stem, bark, fruit. Distribution: Occurs wild as well as cultivated throughout the

area, usually cultivated for shades. Constituents: Leaves contain Ascorbic acid, carotene, Vitamin

D, and glutathione. (Chem. Obstr., 1951, 45:2544; 1940, 34, 4863 ; 1954, 48, 9485; 1938, 32, 9200, Wehmer 1:237).

Leaves contain calcium, copper, zinc, boron and manganese "occur in traces. Thrope 1954; Growda et al. (1955).

Leaves also contain volatile oil which consists of n-butanol, B-rhexanot, methyl-ethyl-acetaldehyde, n-butyaldehyde, isobutaldehyde, valeraldehyde, hexaldehyde and B-hexehol, acetone, methyl-ethyl ketone, methyl hedyle ketone, butyl amin, acetic, propionic and isobutyric acids.

Fruit contains Ca, Mg, P, Fe, carotene, thiamine, nicotinic acid, Riboflavin, ascorbic acid. Seeds contain yellow drying oil. Wood contains tannit) , penta hydroxyflavone: C

15H

1007, maclurin, penta hydroxy

benzopherone: C13H

100

6 .


Uses: (a) Local: Mature leaves are used as fodder for goats and sheep. It is also given to cows for the improvement of milk. Fruit is edible.

(b) Medicinal: Mulberry leaves are considered diaphoretic and emollient. A decoction of leaves is used as gargle in inflammation of the throat. The fruit is cooling and laxative. It is used for sore throat, dyspepsia and melancholia. Roots are anthelmintic and astringent. Bark is used as purgative and vermifuge. Aqueous and alka-li extracts of the leaves and stem are active against gram positive bacteria and yeasts. The stem contains steroidal sapogenins, amyrin is present in the bark. Burkill (1948), Kirtikar and Basu (1959), Anzaldo et al. (1957).

NASTURTIUM OFFICINALE R.Br.

Family: Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Synonym: N. fontanum Aschers. English names: Water-cress or brown cress. Other names: Taramira (Urdu, Hindko), Tarmira (Pushto). Part used: · Whole plant. Distribution: Common throughout the area specially along the

water courses. Constituents: Iodine, sulphur, nitrogen, mineral salts, iron,

potash, phosphates, bitter principle, Vitamins A, B and C, gluconasturtin, raphenol, nasturtionsid.

Uses: (a) Local: Used as stomachic and also eaten as spinach (sag).

(b) Medicinal: Stimulant, depurative, diuretic, vermifuge, antiscorbutic, restorative, appetising, expectorant and eaten as salad.

OLEA FERRUGINA Royle.

Family: Oleaceae. Synonym: 0. cuspidata Wall.

· English name: Olive tree. Other names: Kahu, Koa (Urdu, Punjabi), Kahu (Hindko), Khan

khan (Sindhi), Khuna or Khuwan (Pushto). Parts used: Fruit, leaves, bark. Distribution: Common throughout the area, more dense in

graveyards. Constituents: Leaves contain oil stearnin, arachin, cholestrin

olein, linolein, palmatin. Fruit contains fixed oil called olive oil, which consists of glycerides of oleic acid and small quantity of linoleic, palmitic, stearic and myristic acids. Youngkin (1950).

Uses: (a) Local: The decoction of leaves is used for toothache. Leaves are bitter, astringent, antiseptic, antiperiodic, diuretic. Locally the leaves are boiled and used for hoarseness of voice. The oil obtained

Hamdard 86 Vol. . XXXVI, No. 3

from the fruit is used as rubefacient. Also used as fire wood. (b) Medicinal: The leaves and bark are bitter and astringent

antiseptic, antiperiodic, diuretic, tonic. Oil of the fruit is rubefacient, nutrient, laxative, emollient in enemas for fecal impaction, solvent and sedative.

OTOSTEGIA UMBATA Benth.

Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatae). Synonym: Ballota limbata Benth. English name: Otostegia. Other names: Puthkanda (Urdu), Spinaghazai (Pushto), Chitta

kanda, Kandiari (Hindko). Part used: Leaves. Distribution: Sparsely distributed throughout the area. Constituents: Saponin, pectin, resin. Uses: (a) Local: The plant is not of common use. The sheep and

goats graze upon it. Sometimes powder of the plant is mixed with butter and used for wounds.

(b) Medicinal: Leaves applied to gums and ophthalmia.

OXALIS CORNICULATA Linn.

Family: Oxalidaceae. Synonyms: 0. repens Thunb. , 0. villosa M. Bieb., 0. foliosa

Blatter. English names: Indian sorrel, Yellow oxalis. Other names: Khatta-mitha chukha (Punjabi), Khati boti (Urdu),

Khat kurla (Hindko), Threwaky (Pushto). Part used: Whole plant. Distribution: Common throughout the area, usually in shady

and moist places in association with other grasses. Constituents: Leaves contain Vitamin C, carotene, calcium.

Leaves and stem contain tartaric and citric acids, malic acid. Also contain crystalline principle. Basu et al. (194 7), Lengar and Rau (1952), Govindrajan and Sree Invasaya (1952).

Uses: (a) Local: Juice of the plant is given in, stomach trouble; used to relieve the intoxication produced by Datura; refrigerant; decoction of roots is useful for worms, also used to clean rusted vessels.

Fresh leaves are crushed and are used to stop bleeding from wounds.

(b) Medicinal: Juice of the plant is given in stomach troubles. Leaves are also considered cooling, refrigerant and stomachic. Also used in dysentery, in dyspepsia, Datura poisoning, enteritis, prolapse of rectum, piles, difficult micturition and other skin excrescences. Nadkarni (1927).


Oxalis corniculata L.

PINUS ROXBURGHII Silva.

Family: Pinaceae. Synonym: Pinus longifolia Roxb. English names: Long leaved pine, Chir pine. Other names: Chir (Hindko), Nakht_ar (Pushto). Parts used: Leaves, bark, resin, seeds. Distribution: Common in all forests of the area. Constituents: Its sapwood yields on incision an oleo-resin from

which turpentine is obtained by steam distillation, which contains about 20% volatile oil of turpentine called "Pinene" with a small quantity of limonene and "Calophony" or resin. The rectified oil, oleum terebinthinae rectificatum is used in medicine.

Uses: (a) Local: Wood is useful to cool the burning sensation of the body. Resin in employed as a stimulating application for ulcer and abscesses and as a basis for plaster. Paste is used for painful chest. The bark is used for colouring leather. Also used as firewood, for manufacturing furniture, used in other handicrafts and construction.

Leaves are also used in roof construction as Chanana. Resin is also used for removing the hair from cattles etc.

(b) Medicinal: Wood is aromatic, antiseptic, deodorant, stimulant diaphoretic and refrigerant, rubefacient and carminative. Oleo-resin


is used for fumigations. Essential oil is used with success as a stimulant, diuretic in gleet, long-standing gonorrhoea. The tar is employed for chronic bronchitis and phthisis and is a favourite application in skin diseases. The drug is also used in snake bite and scorpion sting.

Pinus roxburghii S.

PLANTAGO AMPLEXICAULIS Cav.

Family: Plantaginaceae. Synonyms: P. bauphula Edgew., P. salina Dene., P. lagopoides

Des£ English names: Ispaghula or Spogal seed. Other names: Espaghul (Hindko), Isafghol (Urdu), Spighol

(Pushto), lsmogul, Eshopgol (Kashmiri), Bartang, Isabghul, lsfghol (Punjabi).

Part used: The ripened seeds. Distribution: Common throughout the area. Constituents: Resin, waxes, chlorophyll, albumen, pectin and

large quantity of mucilage. Chopra (1958). Uses: (a) Local: The seeds are used in cold drinks, Sharbat.

Also used as laxative. Used in diarrhoea, in which blood is present in the stool.

'(b) Medicinal: The seeds are used as astringent and are useful in intermittent fever. The seeds are also diuretic. Powdered seeds are


frequently mixed with the seeds of H. antidysentrica and are giv�n in dysentery. The crushed seeds are made into a poultice and applied to rheumatic and glandular swellings. The decoction of seeds is prescribed in cold and cough. Also used in ophthalmia, pulmonary affections and snake bite. Nadkarni (1927).

PUNICA GRANATUM Linn.

Family: Punicaceae. English name: Pomegranate. Other name: Anar (Urdu, Hindko, Pushto). Parts used: Fruit, rind of fruit, root bark. Distribution: Cultivated in homes and gardens. Constituents: Barks yield an alkaloid pelletierine; root bark

contains four alkaloids, pseudo-pelletierine, pelletierine, isopelletierine and methyl pelletierine. C.A. 51:113641, Sihigern, Kumata, Bull. Chem. Soc., Japan 33:1668-72 (1960)

Uses: (a) Local: The rind of fruit in powdered form mixed with sugar is used as remedy for diarrhoea and dysentery. The root bark is used for expulsion of tape-worms.

(b) Medicinal: The fresh juice is cooling, refrigerant. The pulp is cardiac and stomachic. The rind of fruit with aromatics like cloves etc., is useful in diarrhoea and dysentery. The root bark and stem bark is astringent, anthelmintic. Specific in tape-worms. The seeds are stomachic.

PUNICA PROTOPUNICA

Family: Punicaceae. English name: Pomegranate. Other names: Daruna (Hindko), Anangorai (Pushto). Parts used: Fruit, rind and skin of fruit and bark. Distribution: Common throughout the area, especially in all

forests of the area. Constituents: The skin of fruit is tough and contains 26% tannin. Uses: (a) Local: The dried bark is used to treat intestinal worms.

The rind of fruit in powdered form mixed with sugar is used for the remedy of diarrhoea, dysentery and stomach ache. Also used for jaundice and bronchitis. The skin of fruit is used for making leather.

(b) Medicinal: The skin of fruit is commercially used for making leather. The juice from the fruit is used to make the drink grenadine (Pomegranate syrup). The dried bark is used to treat intestinal worms, diarrhoea and fever.

RICINUS COMMUNIS Linn.

Family: Euphorbiaceae. Synonym: R. dicoccus.


English names: Castor oil plant, Castor bean. Other names: Arand, Erand (Punjabi), Arand (Urdu, Hindko),

Aranda (Pushto), Ayrunkukri (Sindhi). Parts used: Seeds, leaves, oil from the seeds. Distribution: Common throughout the area. Constituents: Fixed oil (Oleum Ricini USP 45-50%) consisting

of glycerides of ricinoleic, isoricinoleic, dihydroxystearic acid etc. A crystalline alkaloid called Ricinine, a toxin "ricin", lipase and other enzymes, gums etc. Free ricinolic acid is produced by the hydrdlysis of castor oil in the intestine. It also contains starch, mucilage, sugar tox�lbumin and ash 10%. Youngkin (1950).

Uses: (a) Local: Oil is given to children in case of constipation. The plant is used as an antiseptic. Oil obtained from the seeds is used as laxative. A poultice of leaves is applied to boils, swelling and to relieve pain from the joints. Fresh leaves are used for softening the boils, coated with some bland oil, the hot leaves are applied over the abdomen of children to relieve flatulence; over the pubic region of women to promote menstrual flow; over the breasts of nursing mothers �s• a lactagogue and over the inflamed· breasts during lactation to soothe- the mammary glands and even a guinea worm sore for expelling the worms. The bark is used for healing wounds and sores. A paste of root is applied for toothache. Fruit is roasted in ghee and is used for the remedy of "Chambal" (skin disease). Leaves are crushed and used to kill the bed bugs.

(b) · Medicinal: Castor oil seeds are mainly employed for the preparation of castpr oil, which is used as purgative and lubricant. Youngkin (1950).

Ricinoleic acid is absorbed into the blood and tissues and excreted with human milk, which when sucked, imparts to the child its purgative action. Ricinin is a violent irritant of.the intestine, kidneys and bladder. It gives rise to inflammation of the bile duct and very� often to jaundice and to dysuria. It is also given after childbirth to the lying in women and before childbirth to facilitate delivery, in operations for lithotomy, in peritonitis , dysentery and inflammatory diseases of the urinary organs.

The oil is also put into ears, if they are invaded by insects etc. It may also be dropped into the eye in conjunctivitis and is specially useful for dissolving cocaine, homatropine and other alkaloids used in eye cases. For Peenash (maggots in ' the nose), castor oil heated to concentration in sniffed into the affected nostrils. Castor oil is much praised for its efficacy in chronic articular rheumatism in which it is used in various combinations.

The roots of the plant are also used as an ingredient of various prescription for nervous diseases and rheumatic . affections such as lumbago, pleurodynia and sciatica. The dry roots are used as febrifuge, the leaves warmed over fire and applied to the breasts of women, acts

Hamdard 9 1 Vol. XX.XVI, No. 3

as galactagogue, i.e. increases the milk secretion. For this purpose the decoction of leaves is also used. The breasts are bathed with it for quarter of an hour and then the boiled leaves, in the form of a poultice are spread over them. The juice of leaves is also given internally for increasing the milk flow. Leaves applied to the abdomen promote menstrual discharge. The bark is used for healing wounds and sores. Nadkarni (1927).

Ricinus communis L.

RUBUS FRUTICOSUS Linn.

Family: Rosaceae. English names: Black berry, European black berry. Other name: Karwara (Hindko, Pushto). Parts used: Fruit and leaves. Distribution: Common throughout the area .. Constituents: Tannin; makes good tea substitute. Uses: (a) Local: The young leaves are crushed and squeezed;

is used for urticaria. The fruits are ;made into juice and are also eaten.

(b) Medicinal: Used to make drinks, wine. Leaves are rich in tannin. Old leaves are used in the treatment of diarrhoea, cough, reducing fevers and as diuretic.


SOLANUM MINIATUM Bernex.

Family: Solanaceae Synonyms: S. nigrum Linn. , S. rubrum Miller. , S. triangular

Lamk. , S. nodifiorum Jacq. English names: Black night shade, Common night shade. Other names: Kachmach (Hindko), Kachmach, Kambei, Mako

(Punjabi), Kamperum (Sindhi), Muko (Urdu), Kachmachoo (Pushto). Part used: Whole plant. Distribution: Throughout the area. Constituents: Black berries contain "solanine" which is a

compound of sugar, saponin and solanidine an alkaloid having the property of dilating the pupils. Nadkami (1927).

Solanum miniatum B.

Use�: (a) Local: Juice of the leaves is used for skin diseases. Also used for cleaning and washing the wounds due to its germicidal properties. Decoction of the plant is used for washing the inflamed and painful parts of the body. Hot leaves are applied over the swollen and painful scrotum and testicles. Also used as carminative. Berries a,re used as tonic, alterative and diuretic. Useful in heart diseases. Spinach Sag is used for intestinal worms and swelling.

(b) Medicinal: Herb is alterative, sedative, diaphoretic, diuretic, hydragogue, locally anodyne; solanine is a powerful protoplasmic poison


acting upon amoeboid organisms and ciliated epithelial cells. Berries (fruits) are tonic, diuretic and useful in anasarca and heart diseases when attended with swelling of legs and feet. Chopra (1958).

The leaves are employed as poultice over rheumatic and gouty joints, also as a remedy in skin diseases. Freshly prepared fluid extract from _the herb has been recommended in dropsy, heart disease, skin diseases, piles, gonorrhoea, inflammatory swellings and chronic cirrhosis (enlargement) of the liver and spleen. A syrup of it is useful as a cooling drink in fever to promote perspiration. Leaves made hot are· applied to painful and swollen testicles. Decoction of berries ahd flowers is useful in cough. Also useful in scorpion sting. Brown (1910).

SOLANUM SURRATENSE Burm.

Family: Solanaceae. Synonyms: S. xanthocarpum Schard. , S. jacquini Willd. , S.

diffusum Roxla. , S. verginianum Jacq., S. armatum Br. and Proder. English name: Indian solanum. Other names: Kateli (Urdu), Mohri (Hindko), Aghzana

Maraghoni (Pushto), Mamoli, Harnauli, Kandiani (PunJabi), Aderayiadenary (Sindhi).

Part used: Whole plant. Distribution: Common throughout the area. Constituents: A gluco-alkaloid (C44H780 19N) or (C44H76019N)

Solanum surratense Burm.


termed as "Solancarpine" is found in the fruits. On hydrolysis it gives a crystalline compound m.p. 174°-175° and a sugar. The alkaloid (C

26H440

3N) is termed as "Solacarpidine" , gives an insoluble

hydrochloride. Nadkarni (1927). Uses: (a) Local: Berries are used for toothache. Berries are

boiled and the extract is applied to broken organs. Berries applied as demulcent and expectorant. Roots are used in cough, asthma and catarrh. Plant is given in various animal diseases to cattles.

(b) Medicinal: According to "Ayurveda" the plant is aperient pungent, bitter, digestive, alterative and astringent. The stem, flowers and fruits are according to Dr. Wilson, bitter and carminative. Root is an effective expectorant and febrifuge. Also used in costiveness. Decoction is used in gonorrhoea. Also promotes conception in females. Powder of fruit with honey is used for chronic cough in children.

The buds of flowers with salt solution are used for watery eyes. Leaf juice mixed with black pepper is given in rheumatism. Crushed plant mixed with wine is given to check vomiting. Stem, flowers and fruits are bitter carminative and are prescribed in burning of feet, in case attended with vascular watery eruptions. Nadkarni (1927).

TARAXACUM OFFICINALE Wigg.

Family: Asteraceae (Compositae). Synonyms: T. densleonis Desf., Leontodon taraxacum Liner., T.

vulgaris Linn. English name: Dandelion. Other names: Hamd, Dudal, Kanphul (Urdu), Hand (Hindko),

Zear gulay (Pushto). Part used: Dried rhizome and root. Distribution: Common throughout the area. Mostly occurs in

edges of the cultivated fields in association with Cynodon dactylon. Constituents: Root contains small quantity of bitter substance,

known as ''Taraxacin". Drug also contains choline, resin, phytosterol, taraxasterol and homotaraxasterol, various fatty acids, an acrid principle, inulin 40% in autumn. In the fresh root inulin is dissolved in the cell sap, but in dry root, forms amorphous transparent lumps not readily soluble in cold water. Wallis (1967).

Roots also contain enzymes, volatile oil, resin and fatty acids. Power (1962), Saponine, Kroeber (1926).

Uses: (a) Local: The plant is grazed by sheep and goats. Young leaves are cooked as spinach Sag and given .to the patients suffering from diabetes and rheumatic pains.

(b) Medicinal: Dandelion is a simple, bitter, mild laxative and is given as a tonic in dyspepsia attended by habitual constipation. Roots are roasted and broken into small pieces and sold as dandelion coffee. Also used as diuretic. George (1957); Wallis (1967) and as hepatic


stimulant. De�oction combined with Podophyllum is useful in jaundice, hepatitis, indigestion. Chopra ( 1958).

VERBASCUM THAPSUS Linn.

Family: Scrophulariaceae. Synonyms: Common Mullein, Velvet Dock, Ger. Wollkraut, Ft

Bouillonblanc. English name: Mullein. Other names: Jangli tambaco, Gidhar tambaco (Urdu), Gidar

tomako (Hindko), Khardug or Kharg;iwag (Pushto), Vulr, Phul, Janglia tambaco, Ban tamaku, Gidar tamaku (Punjabi).

Parts used: Leaves, flowers. Distribution: Occurs wildly throughout the area, usually in

barren land. Also occurs on mountains of low height. Constituents: Mucilage, a trace of volatile oil, tannin, wax etc.

Youngkin ( 1950). Uses: (a) Local: The plant is not so commonly used; rarely used

for diarrhoea and dysentery of cattles. Sometimes used as supporting material, analgesic. Also used as antiseptic. Leaves in powdered form are used for healing the wounds.

(b) Medicinal: Used as demulcent and emollient. Youngkin ( 1950). Leaves and flowers are used as stimulants. It is a valuable remedy in phthisis. Also used in diarrhoea, cough, febrifuge. Dymock's Pharmacographia Indica (reprinted by Hamdard in 1972).

Verbascum thapsus L.


VITEX NEGUNDO Linn.

Family: Verbenaceae. Synonyms: V. bicolor Willd. , V. arborea Desf. , V. paniculata

Lamk. English name: Indian privet. Other names: Marwan (Urdu), Marwani (Hindko), Maravandai

(Pushto), Ninna, Banua (Punjabi). Parts used: Leaves, roots. Distribution: Throughout the area. Constituents: Fresh leaves give 0.05% essential oil. Dry leaves

give an alkaloid nishindine. Uses: (a) Local: Fresh leaves are used in the form of bandage

for pain of chest and back. Also used as Miswak for cleaning the teeth. Branches and roots are placed in cereals to avoid insect and pest attack. Also used in gum diseases (Maskhora) and skin disease (Traphar). Dried leaves are smoked for the relief of headache. Roots and leaves are also used as tonic and febrifuge. Also used for allergy.

(b) Medicinal: Leaves used as vermifuge, tonic, aromatic; roots are used as expectorant and tonic, juice of the leaves are used for removing foetid discharges and worms from ulcers, an oil prepared from it is applied to sinuses and scrofulous sores.

WITHANIA SOMNIFERA Linn.

Family: Solanace�e. Synonyms: Physalis somnifera L., Physalis flexuosa. English name: Winter cherry. Other names: Asgandnagsor (Urdu), Aksan (Hindko), Aksan,

Asgand, Nagoriasgand (Punjabi), Chil (Balochi), Kothilal (Pushto). Part used: Whole plant. Distribution: Throughout the area. Constituents: It contains an alkaloid somniferine (Trebut: 1886).

It also contains traces of an essential oil in the roots. The water soluble portion of the root extract contains indefinite amorphous substance and a quantity of sugar. The water soluble extract chiefly contains a black resin which contains hentriacontane C31H64

' a phytosterol C27H460 (m.p. 135°-36°) , a mixture of fatty acids, consisting of palmitic acid, stearic, c�rotic, oleic and linolic acids, impurinol, C23H3302 (OH\, a new manohydritic alcohol, withaniol (C23H330 40H). Power and Gu.ha (l9q3).

Uses: (a) Local: Green leaves are used to relieve the pain from joints and painful swelling. Roots are used as diuretic and tonic. Juice of the whole plant is useful in rheumatism.

(b) Medicinal: Tonic, alterative, astringent, aphrodisiac and nervin,e sedative. Seeds possess the property of coagulating milk and also coritain poisonous properties. Leaves and roots are narcotic. Roots


are also diuretic and deobstruent, tonic, alterative and aphrodisiac. In Unani system it is used as hot 1 °, dry 1 °, cough, asthma, {i.terine diseases, expels balgham and sauda. Leaves are also used as an anthelmintic and an application to carbuncles. Root is used as an application in obstinate ulcers and rheumatic swellings. Also used in emaciation of children, senile debility, rheumatism, in all cases of general debility, nervous exhaustion, brain fag, loss of memory, loss of muscular energy and spermatorrhoea. It infuses fresh energy and vigour in a system worn out owing to constitutional diseases, like syphilis, rheumatic fever etc. or from overwork and thus prevents premature decay. Powder of the root mixed with ghee and honey in equal parts is recommended for impotence or seminal debility, it is to be taken in evening followed by milk. The decoction of root or its powder and milk is also nutritive and health restorative to the pregnant women and old people. The decoction boiled down with milk and with ghee added to the mixture is useful for curing sterility of women, but must be taken soon after the menstrual period. Nadkarni (1927).

ZANTHOXYLUM ARMATUM D.C. Prodr.

Family: Rutaceae. Synonym: Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. English name: Prickly ash. Other names: Timar (Hindko), Kababe (Urdu), Dambara

(Push to). Parts used: Bark, fruit.

-

:.;."!;r1·· ·

:"-i\ �

·. : . -:. ><><:·rt�tJ._

Zanthoxylum armatum D.C. Pr.

Hamdard 98 Vol. )CXXVI, No. 3

Distribution: Sparsely distributed throughout the area. Constituents: Zanthoxylum oil, zanthoxylene (terpene), cumic

aldehyde, coumarins. G.K Nikovov, et al. (1965). Uses: (a) Local: Used as stomachic, carminative. Also used for

livestock, to raise the temperature. Frwt is also used in chutney. The branches are used as Miswak for cleaning the teeth. Also used for toothache.

(b) Medicinal: Used for perfumery, leaves are eaten in fritters and are much appreciated. The seeds are utilized as preservative and preparation of hair lotion.

ZIZYPHUS MA.URITIANA Lam.

Family: Rhamnaceae. Synonyms: Z. jujuba Lamk., Z. sororis Schult., Z. trinervies

Roth., Rhamnus jujuba Linn. English name: Jujube berries. Other names: Ber, Beri (Punjabi), Ber (Hindko, Urdu), Bera

'(Push to). Parts used: Fruit, leaves. Distribution: Throughout the area. Constituents: Zizyphic acid, tannic acid, sucrose, glucose, pectin,

protein, fat etc. Youngkin (1950). Uses: (a) Local: Fruit is used as food. Leaves are crushed into

paste and then mixed with suitable amount of Gurh and soap and applied as a poultice for boils . Green leaves are used as fodder for sheep and goats. Fruits are used as ingredient of Joshanda, as blood purifier. Leaves are used for tanning material. Decoction of root is used for fever and intestinal worms. Decoction of bark and leaves are used in dysentery.

(b) Medicinal: The pulp of the fruit is employed in pastes, syrups and pastilles as a demulcent, sialagogue. for the relief of bronchial affections, the fruit is used as fruit. Decoction of bark and leaves is astringent. Bark and seeds are said to be a remedy for diarrhoea and decoction of root for fever. Youngkin (1950).

ZIZVPHUS NUMMULARIA Burm.

Family: Rhamnaceae. Synonyms: Rhamnus nummularia Burm., Zizyphus rotundifolia

Lam. English names: Kokanber or Malah. Other names: Beri (Hindko), Karkana or. Karkanay (Push to),

Jar-bera, Jhar ber (Punjabi), Ganger, Ber· (Sindhi). Parts used: Leaves, fruit.

-Distribution: Growing wild throughout the area. Constituents: Leaves yields an amorphous or micro crystalline


substance with high potency and gummy fraction with low potepcy. Uses. (a) Local: Fruit is used as food. Leaves are crushed into

paste and then mixed with suitable amount of Gurh and soap and applied as poultice for boils. Green leaves are also used as fodder for sheep and goats. Fruit is used as ingredient of Joshanda, as blood purifier. Leaves are used for tanning material. Decoction of yoot is used for fever and intestinal worms. Decoction of bark and leaves are used in dysentery. Also used for hedges for cultivated fields and as fire wood.

(b) Medicinal: Fruit is considered cooling, astringent and useful in boil affections. Ahmad (1956\

List of Some Cultivated Medicinal Plants:

S.No. Botanical Names

l. Allium cepa Linn. 2. Allium sativum Linn. 3. Beta vulgaris Linn. 4. Capsicum annum Linn. 5. C. frutescens Linn. 6. C. fastigatum Linn. 7. Coriandrum sativum Linn. 8. Curcuma longa Roxb. 9. Foeniculum vulgare Miller.

10. Mentha arvensis Linn. 1 1. Mentha piperita Linn. 12. Nicotiana tabacum Linn. 13. Prunus amygdalus Linn. 14. Prunus persica Batsch. 15. Punica granatum Linn. 16. Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. 17. Vitis vinifera Linn.

REFERENCES

Family

Liliaceae Liliaceae Chenopodiaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Umbellifereae Zingiberaceae Umbellifereae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Solanaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Punicaceae Leguminosae Vitaceae

l. Ahmad, Y.S., 1956. A Note on the Plants of Medicinal Value found in Pakistan, Medicinal Plants Branch, Pakistan Forest Research Institute, Abbottabad.

2 . Census report of Mansehra District (1981 Census report), 1983. Population census Organization Statistic Division, Govt. of Pakistan, Islamabad.

3 . Chopra, 1958. lndigenous Drugs of India, Ed. II, U.N. Dhur and Sons Pvt. Ltd., 15-Bankim Chatterjee Street, Calcutta-12.


4. Dymock, W., 1890 and 1891. Pharmacographia Indica, A History of the Principal Drugs of Vegetable Origin met within British India, Vol . I, Reprinted by the Institute of Health and Tibbi Research under the auspices ofHamdard National Foundation Pakistan, 1972.

5 . Ecky, F.W., 1954. Vegetable Fats and Oil, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, Publishers of Chemical Engineering Catalogue, Chemical Material Catalogue and "Material and Methods" Advertising Management of American Chemical Society, New York.

6 . Kazmi, M.A., 1953. The Drug of Kalat State, Pakistan Jour. Forest.

7. Khan, U.G., 1985. Topics in Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Karachi, University Grants Commission Pakistan, Printed by Mirza Mohammad Sadiq & Sons, 4-Lake Road, Lahore.

8. Khan, A.A., M. Ashfaq and M. Nasreen Ali, 1976. Pharmacognostic Studies of Selected Indigenous Plants of Pakistan, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.

9. Nadkarni, K.M., 1927. The Indian Materia Medica, Ed. III, Vol. I, Popdlar Book Department, Bombay-F, Dhoota Peshawar Parkashaw Ltd., Panvel .

10. Paech, K and M.V. Tracey, 1955. Modern Methods of Plant Analysis, Vol. IV, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Gottingen, Heidelberg.

11. Reinhard, E., 1984. Planta Medica, Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, George Thiem Verlag Suttgart, Thieme-stratton Inc., New York.

12. Robinson, T., 1964. The Organic Constituents of Higher Plants, their Chemistry and Relationship, Burgress Publishing Company, 426 South, 6th Street, Minneapolis 15, Minn. , U.S.A.

13. Stewart, R.R., 1972. An annotated catalogue of the Vascular Plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir, Printed by Fakhri Printing Press, Karachi.

14. Tasbih-ullah, 1985. "Medicinal Plants of Mohmand Agency", M.Sc. Thesis, Botany Department, University of Peshawar.

15. Tyler, V.E., et al., 1981. Pharmacognosy, Ed. 8, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. 16. Trease, G.E., 19571• A Text Book of Pharmacognosy, Ed. 7th, B.T.C. 7 and 8,

Henrietta Street, E.C. 2, London.

17. Ibid., 1961. A Text Book of Pharmacognosy, Ed. 5th, B.T.C. 7 & 8, Henrietta Street, E.C. 2, London.

18. Ibid., 1980. Pharmacognosy, Ed. 11th, Bailliere Tindal, London.

19. Usman Ghani, 1980. Medicinal Plants of lower Swat, M.Sc. Thesis, Botany Department, University of Peshawar, Peshawar.

20. Wallis, T.E., 1967. A Text Book of Pharmacognosy, Ed. V, J & A Churchill Ltd., 104, Gloucester Palace, London.

21. Youngkin, H.W., 1950. A Text Book of Pharmacognosy, Ed. 6th, Maple Press Compan.Y., York PA.

22. Zaman, M.B. and M.S. Khan, 1970. Hundred Drug Plqnts of West Pakistan, Medicinal Plants Branch, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.

MEDICINAL PLANTS OF MANSEHRA

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