Fishes of the Mashkid and Makran basins of Iran - CiteSeerX

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Iran. J. Ichthyol. (June 2015), 2(2): 113–132 Received: April 3, 2015

© 2015 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: June 17, 2015

P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi:

http://www.ijichthyol.org

Fishes of the Mashkid and Makran basins of Iran: an updated checklist

and ichthyogeography

Hamid Reza ESMAEILI*1, Amineh KHAJEPANAH1, Hamidreza MEHRABAN1, Amir ELMI2, Hashem

MALEKZEHI3, Abdolrahim PAZIRA3

1Ichthyology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. 2Department of Environment, Tehran, Iran. 3Departement of Fisheries, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran.

*Email: [email protected]

Abstract: This study presents, a comprehensive dataset that documents and provides

a new and updated checklist of the freshwater fishes of the poorly known area of

Iran including Makran and Mashkid River basins in the east and south eastern Iran.

The list is based on historical literature records and taxon occurrence data obtained

as a result of extensive field expeditions, examination of ichthyological collections

and literature review. The total confirmed and recently not confirmed freshwater fish

species of the Makran and Mashkid basins comprise 28 species in 21 genera, 9

families, 6 orders and one class. The most diverse order is the Cypriniformes with

17 species (60.71%) followed by Gobiiformes with 4 species (14.28%),

Cyprinodontiformes (3 species, 10.71%), Perciformes (2 species, 7.14%) and

Gonorynchiformes and Mugiliformes each with 1 species (each, 3.57%). New

species are supposed to be discovered, the taxonomic status of some species has been

changed, some are being resurrected from synonymy, and some taxonomic problems

remain and are commented on briefly. Eight endemic species (28.57%) in 4 genera

and 4 families; and 5 exotic species (17.85%) in 5 genera and 2 families are listed

here. The fish taxa were classified into different major groups based on the fish

ichthyogeographical origin, ecoregion and ecological factors (tolerance to salt water

and mode of life). The depauperate fauna of these basins is a consequence of lacking

the diverse habitat and having semi-desert to desert environment (despite marine

connection for Makran basin).

Keywords: Fish diversity, Biogeography, Ichthyogeography, Ecoregion, Endemic,

Iran.

Introduction

The Iranian Plateau is located in the Palearctic region

bordering the Oriental and African zones (Coad &

Vilenkin 2004) and its north-west, west and south-

west are parts of Irano-Anatolian hot spot with high

biodiversity especially freshwater fish diversity of

great importance (Esmaeili et al. 2010a, 2014a).

Many studies have been compiled on freshwater

fishes of Iran till present. Authors have divided Iran

into different drainage basins. Saadati (1977)

considered 17 basins based on geomorphology and

freshwater distribution (Fig. 1). Armantrout (1981)

recognized 19 basins and 4 sub basins (including

Makran and Mashkid basins). Coad (1987, 1995)

divided Iran into 19 basins which slightly different

from those of Armantrout (1981). He also recognized

Makran and Mashkid basins separately. Coad (1998)

recognized 10 drainage basins and included Makran

and Mashkid basins in Baluchestan and Persian Gulf

basins. The most applicable division for drainage

basins in Iran is carried out by Coad (2014), although

recent works are currently in process (Esmaeili et al.

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Iranian Journal of Ichthyology (June 2015), 2(2): 113-132

2015) and some basins are going to be compiled.

Like the geographical zonation, freshwater fish

studies in Iran also has long history in the science of

ichthyology. The first extensive discussion of

freshwater fishes within Iran with descriptions of

new taxa dates back to the middle of the 19th century

(see Esmaeili et al. 2010). Subsequent studies have

yielded dramatic increases in our knowledge of the

biodiversity of Iranian freshwater fishes and accounts

have been published by many authors in different

countries describing fishes subsequently found in

Iran (Esmaeili et al. 2010, 2014). The recent lists are:

Armantrout (1981) listed 269 species in 31 families,

16 orders and 3 classes. Coad (1995) listed 150

species in 25 families, 14 orders and 3 classes found

in 19 drainage basins of Iran and reported a total of

16 species from Makran and Mashkid basins. Coad

(1998) listed 155 species in 67 genera, 24 families,

15 orders and 3 classes found in 19 drainage basins

of Iran. Esmaeili et al. (2010a) listed the freshwater

fishes of Iran and confirmed freshwater fishes of Iran

comprise 202 species in 104 genera, 28 families, 17

orders and 3 classes found in 19 different basins

which is obviously higher than those listed by Coad

(1998). They also reported 23 species whose

presence in the Iranian waters is needed confirmation

by specimens. They reported 18 and 11 species from

Makran and Mashkid basins respectively. The

depauperate fauna of these basins is a consequence of

lacking the diverse habitat and having semi-desert to

desert environment (despite marine connection for

Makran basin) (Esmaeili et al. 2010a).

Accordingly, it can be expected that endorheic and

exorheic basins of Iran represent the higher diversity

of freshwater fish species i.e. approximately 222

species or more (see Esmaeili et al. 2014a, c;

Mousavi-Sabet et al. 2015) which is considerably

higher than that given in the last checklist provided

Fig.1. Map of Iran showing different basins based on Saadati (1977).

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Esmaeili et al.-Fishes of the Mashkid and Makran basins of Iran

by Coad (1998) and Esmaeili et al. (2010a).

Due to ongoing changing in fish fauna, the present

study provides an updated checklist including

natives, endemics, exotics and transplanted species,

ichthyogeography, threats and management of fishes

from the Makran and Mashkid basins.

Materials and Methods

Study area: This checklist has been compiled from

the works listed in the references (see the references)

and also by examination or accessing available data

in ichthyological collections in Iran (e.g., ZM—

CBSU, Zoological Museum of Shiraz University,

Collection of Biology Department, Shiraz; CMNFI,

Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Canada;

BMNH, Natural History Museum, London, UK) and

extensive field expeditions till 2015 from different

river systems of the Mashkid and Makran basins of

Iran (Fig. 2):

Mashkid and Makran basins of Iran

Hamun-e Mashkid (Mashkid basin): The Hamun-e

Mashkid (= Mashkel) lies within Pakistan with its

western edge on the border with Iran (Figs. 1, 2). In

this instance Hamun means a salt waste. The

mountain ranges in this area of Iran are parallel with

the Iran-Pakistan border and run in a northwest-

southeast direction.

The Mashkid River rises to the east of the

mountains ringing the Hamun-e Jaz Murian basin and

flows east into Pakistan where it receives a right bank

Fig.2. Map of Iran showing modified basins. The Persian Gulf basin includes Tigris, Zohreh, Persis (Helleh and Mond) and Hormuz.

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tributary, the Rakhshan River, before turning north to

flow into the Hamun-e Mashkid. Its total length is ca.

430km. Two tributaries of the Mashkid within Iran

are the Rutak River and the Simish (= Sunish River)

which drain the lowlands between Kuh-e Birag

(27°35'N, 61°20'E) and the Badamo Range (27°38'N,

62°08'E) from the northwest to enter the Mashkid

River southeast of Saravan (27°22'N, 62°20'E). The

upper Mashkid River is a small mountain stream,

probably with a perennial flow (Coad 2014). The

lower reaches of this river, and of the Simish,

comprise a series of muddy pools of varying size.

Some of these pools were isolated and fishless in

early December 1977, while larger ones, perhaps

1km long, contained some emaciated specimens. In

this area fish are found more abundantly in

perennially flowing qanat streams. The Tahlab River

and its tributaries drain the eastern slopes of the

mountains south of Zahedan. The Tahlab flows in a

southeasterly direction into the Hamun over a ca.

160km course. It was dry between Zahedan and

Mirjaveh (29°01'N, 61°28'E) in early December

1977. The Ladiz River is a short (ca. 80km) right

bank tributary of the Tahlab flowing from Kuh-e

Taftan. In its lower reach, it was a small stream

flowing in the bottom of a deep and wide canyon. The

stream banks were white with salt deposits (Coad

2014).

Makran basin: The Makran is the coastal region of

southeastern Iran between the Straits of Hormuz and

the Pakistan border that drains to Oman Sea (Fig. 2).

In the west of this region, the relief runs in a north-

south direction parallel to the coast but from Jask

eastwards the relief runs west-east, again paralleling

the coast, to the Pakistan border. The rivers and

streams of the Makran all drain to the sea at the

Straits of Hormuz and the Sea of Oman. The inland

Hamun-e Jaz Murian basin is isolated by mountain

ranges reaching peaks in excess of 2000m. The

coastal drainages are often incised and the larger

watercourses pass through tangs over 1000m deep

(Harrison 1968).

It seems that only the Minab and Sarbaz Rivers

have, or nearly have, a perennial and continuous flow

along most of their course. Even these rivers are quite

shallow and the Sarbaz in particular is easily fordable

on foot along its entire length (ca. 280km). The

Minab River flows over a shorter course (ca. 220km)

than the Sarbaz, but has a greater flow regime. At

Minab (27°09'N, 57°05'E) and at Rudan (27°26'N,

57°12'E), the Minab River was up to 100m wide with

an estimated maximum depth in pools of 2-3m. The

lower Sarbaz River was a series of shallow, muddy

pools in the bottom of a canyon with some water

flowing over sills connecting the pools (in early

December 1977). The lower Sarbaz has been

designated a Wetland of International Importance. In

its middle and upper course, the Sarbaz River varies

from a very shallow and narrow stream connecting

pools (some of which were fishless) to what must be

termed a river in the semi-desert environment of

Baluchestan, with a width of 10m, a depth of about

1m and fast current. The rock fill embankment Pishin

Dam built over the rivers Pishin and Sarbaz is 63m

high, has a crest length of 400m and can store 175

million cu m of flood waters (Coad 2014). The other

streams of the Makran have little running water, often

become isolated pools a kilometre or more apart, and

regularly dry up along much of their length. Several

rivers between the Mazavi (= Geru) River (mouth is

at 26°56'N, 56°56'E) and the port of Jask are named

and marked prominently on maps, but these were all

dry in their lower reaches in late November 1976.

Some flow in their upper reaches is to be expected,

but its extent will depend on topography and recent

climatic conditions. A dam and irrigation network is

to be constructed on the Jaghin River east of Jask

(Coad 2014)

Coad (1997a) combined the basins of the

Makran, Dasht-e Lut, Hamun-e Jaz Murian, Mashkel

and the Pakistani Pishin Lora as a single entity,

expanding on earlier work by Mirza (1980). Mirza

proposed the name Gedrosia for the Baluchistan

Plateau west of the Central Brahui and Hala Ranges

in Pakistan. The easternmost river along the Makran

coast is the Hingol in Pakistan. East of this river the

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fauna becomes much more diverse at all taxonomic

levels and the fauna is an Indus River one. In the

north, the Pishin Lora River basin lies partly in

Pakistan and partly in Afghanistan. Beyond this basin

to the north and northwest lies the Registan Desert

and then the Sistan basin.

The species are listed alphabetically within the

families, which have been arranged according to

Nelson (2006) except those which have been

explained. Fish taxa are classified according to their

tolerance to salt water and mode of life to Fluvial,

Anadromous, Semi-anadromous, Estuarine and

Marine following Naseka & Bogutskaya (2009).

Global distribution maps of some selected species

based on available data in Fishbase (2015) are given

in Figures 4-9. Natural habitat of few fish species are

given in Figures 10-12.

Results

The total confirmed and recently not confirmed

freshwater fishes of the Makran and Mashkid basins

comprise 28 species in 21 genera, 9 families, 6 orders

and one class. The most diverse order is the

Cypriniformes with 17 species (60.71%) followed by

Gobiiformes with (4 species, 14.28%),

Cyprinodontiformes (3 species, 10.71%),

Perciformes (2 species, 7.14%) and

Gonorynchiformes and Mugiliformes each with 1

species (3.57% each).

The most diverse family is the Cyprinidae with

13 species (46.42%) followed by Nemacheilidae and

Gobiidae each with 4 species (each, 14.28%),

Cyprinodontidae with two species (7.14%), and

Chanidae, Mugilidae, Poeciliidae, Channidae and

Cichlidae each with only one species (3.57%),

And Mashkid basins comprises 8 endemic species

(28.57% of the total Makran and Mashkid basins

ichthyofauna) in 4 families: Cyprinidae and

Nemacheilidae, each with 3 endemic species (each,

10.71%), and Cyprinodontidae and Cichlidae each

Table 1. List of fish taxa of Makran and Mashkid basins in different ecological group.

Family Species Ecological group

Chanidae Chanos chanos marine, estuarine

Cyprinidae

Bangana dero fluvial Cabdio morar fluvial Capoeta saadii fluvial

Carassius auratus fluvial

Ctenopharyngodon idella fluvial Cyprinion microphthalmum fluvial

Cyprinion milesi fluvial Cyprinus carpio fluvial, semi-anadromous

Garra persica fluvial

Garra rossica fluvial Gonorhynchus diplocheilus fluvial

Pseudorasbora parva fluvial

Nemacheilidae Paraschistura bampurensis fluvial Paraschistura kessleri fluvial Paraschistura sargadensis fluvial

Mugilidae Mugil cephalus marine

Cyprinodontidae Aphanius dispar Marine?, estuarine, fluvial Aphanius furcatus fluvial??

Poeciliidae Gambusia holbrooki fluvial

Channidae Channa gachua fluvial Cichlidae Iranocichla hormuzensis fluvial, estuarine

Gobiidae

Boleophthalmus dussumieri marine, estuarine, fluvial Glossogobius giuris marine, estuarine,

amphidromous Periophthalmus waltoni marine, estuarine

Scartelaos tenuis marine

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with only one endemic species (each, 3.57%).

Five exotic species (17.85%) in 2 families are

listed from these basins (Table 1). Cyprinidae with 4

exotic species (14.28% of the total exotic species in

the Makran and Mashkid basins) is ranked first

followed by the Poeciliidae with only one exotic

species (3.57%) (Table 1). Some exotic species have

been established, such as Pseudorasbora parva and

Gambusia holbrooki (Table 1). Some alien species

such as Ctenopharyngodon idella are questionably

established but are abundant in the basin due to

stocking by the Department of Fisheries. Live photos

of some native and exotic fishes and their habitats in

the Makran and Mashkid basins are provided (Fig. 3).

We expect more species to be described as new,

resurrected from synonymy, recorded for the first

time from these basins, or recorded as established

introductions. Hence, the fish fauna could soon

exceed from those recorded in this checklist. The

listing includes selected taxonomic comments

including synonyms where these have been used in

recent literature. Older synonyms can be found in

Coad (1995). The type localities are given for all

listed species.

Checklist

* = endemic to Iran, ** = exotic. Unconfirmed

species are those mentioned in the literature but

without confirmatory specimens in a museum. They

are included in the totals in the checklist.

Class Actinopterygii

Order Gonorynchiformes (1 family, 1 genus and 1

species)

Family Chanidae (1 genus and 1 species)

Genus Chanos Lacepède, 1803

1. Chanos chanos (Forsskål, 1775) – Makran basin.

Type locality: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea

Comment: No major synonyms. Mugil chanos was

originally described from Jidda on the Red Sea.

Order Cypriniformes (2 families, 11 genera and 17

species)

Fig.3. Few native fishes of Mashkid and Makran basins of Iran.

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Family Cyprinidae (10 genera and 13 species)

Genus Bangana Hamilton, 1822

2. Bangana dero (Hamilton, 1822) - Mashkid River

basin (see Esmaeili et al. 2013).

Type locality: Brahmaputra River, India. No types

known.

Global distribution map of this species is given in

Figure 4.

Genus Cabdio Hamilton, 1822

3. Cabdio morar (Hamilton 1822) - Makran and

Mashkid River basins (see Esmaeili et al. 2013).

Type locality: Yamuna and Tista rivers, India. No

types known.

Comment: Aspidoparia morar (Hamilton, 1822) is a

synonym.


Figure 5.

Genus Capoeta Valenciennes, 1842

4. Capoeta saadii (Heckel, 1849)*- Makran basin.

Type locality: Pulwar River (Sivand), Kor River

basin, near Persepolis, ruins northeast of Shiraz, Iran.

Comment: Under revision (Alwan et al. 2014).

Scaphiodon saadii Heckel, 1849 was described from

Persepolis, Pulwar River (Sivand), Kor River basin,

ruins northeast of Shiraz, Iran. The following taxa

named from Iran have been regarded as synonyms:

Fig.4. Global distribution map of Bangana dero (Modified from Fishbase, 2015).

Fig.5. Global distribution map of Cabdio morar (Modified from Fishbase, 2015).

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Scaphiodon amir Heckel, 1849, Scaphiodon niger Heckel, 1849, Scaphiodon saadii Heckel, 1849,

Scaphiodon chebisiensis Keyserling, 1861,

Scaphiodon rostratus Keyserling, 1861 and Capoeta capoeta intermedia Bianco and Bănărescu, 1982 (non

Capoeta intermedia Temminck and Schlegel, 1846 =

Acheilognathus lanceolata (Temminck and Schlegel,

1846). Capoeta damascina (Valenciennes, 1842) was

earlier considered by many authors as one of the most

common freshwater fish species found throughout

the Levant, Mesopotamia, Turkey and Iran.

However, it seems that C. damascina is restricted to

the Damascus basin, Syria (Alwan et al. 2014).

5. Capoeta sp.*

Comment: under revision.

Genus Carassius Jarocki, 1822

Comment: The author of the genus follows

Bogutskaya & Naseka (2004).

6. Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) ** - introduced

to several Iranian basins.

Type locality: Cyprinus auratus was originally

described from China and Japanese rivers.

Genus Ctenopharyngodon Steindachner, 1866

7. Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844) **

- introduced to several Iranian basins.

Type locality: China. No types known.

Genus Cyprinion Heckel, 1843

Comment: Scaphiodon Heckel, 1843 has been used

for Cyprinion and Capoeta species in Southwest

Asia.

8. Cyprinion microphthalmum (Day, 1880) - Makran

and Mashkid River basins.

Type locality: Quetta, Pakistan.

Comments: Iranian synonyms are Cyprinion kirmanense Nikol’skii, 1900, Cirrhina afghana var.

nikolskii Berg, 1905, Scaphiodon macmahoni Regan,

1906 and Scaphiodon baluchiorum Jenkins, 1910.

Iranian populations from south east and eastern Iran

have been considered as C. watsoni (see Coad 2014).

9. Cyprinion milesi (Day, 1880) – Makran, Hormuz,

Hamun-e Jaz Murian basins.

Type locality: Barbus milesi was described from "a

spring at Tràl", Pakistan.

Comments: Iranian synonyms are Barbus bampurensis Nikol'skii, 1899 and Barbus baschakirdi Holly, 1929.

Genus Cyprinus Linnaeus, 1758

10. Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758** - Mashkid

River basin.

Type locality: Europe

Comment: Native populations in the Caspian Sea

basin; also introduced there and elsewhere in Iran.

Genus Garra Hamilton, 1822

Comments: Under revision with possible new taxa.

Phylogenetic relationships of this taxon in the Middle

East is under revision by Hashemzadeh et al. (2015)

Fig.6. Global distribution map of Garra rossica (Modified from Fishbase, 2015).

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(submitted article).

11. Garra persica Berg, 1913* - Hormuz, Makran and

Hamun-e Jaz Murian basins.

Type locality: Bampur River, southern Iran; Kiabad

in Zirkuh, eastern Khorasan according to Berg (1913)

where the original description is found on these fish.

12. Garra rossica (Nikol’skii, 1900) - Hari River,

Bedjestan, Sistan, Lut, Hamun-e Jaz Murian, Makran

and Mashkid River basins.

Type locality: Hari River, Turkmenistan; rivers in

eastern Iran.

Comments: Discognathus phryne Annandale, 1919

and Discognathus rossicus var. nudiventris Berg,

1905 are Iranian synonyms.


Figure 6.

Genus Gonorhynchus McClelland, 1839

Comment: It has been considered as synonym of

Crossocheilus Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1823 by some

others.

13. Gonorhynchus diplocheilus – McClelland, 1839

- Sistan, Makran and Mashkid River basins.

Type locality: Cyprinus latius was described from the

Tista River in India/Bangladesh and types are

unknown.

Comment: This species is represented in Sistan and

Baluchestan by Crossocheilus latius diplocheilus

(Heckel, 1838), originally described from Kashmir

with syntypes in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien

under NMW 48820 (7 fish). Discognathus adiscus

Annandale, 1919 is a synonym from Iran (see also

Bianco & Banarescu 1982; Bănărescu 1986). Under

revision. Global distribution map of this species is

given in Figure 7.

Genus Pseudorasbora Bleeker, 1859

14. Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck and Schlegel,

1846) ** - Mashkid River basin.

Type locality: Leuciscus parvus Temminck and

Schlegel, 1846 was originally described from Japan.

Family Nemacheilidae (1 genus and 4 species)

Comments: Formerly included in the family

Cobitidae or the family was named Balitoridae (see

Tang et al., 2006; Kottelat & Freyhof, 2007; Freyhof

et al., 2011; Esmaeili et al., 2014b). Iranian species

were placed in the genera Nemacheilus, Adiposia,

Barbatula, Orthrias and Schistura in earlier literature.

Genus Paraschistura Prokofiev, 2009

Comment: Further study is needed.

Nemacheilid loaches of the genus Paraschistura are a

group of poorly known species from the Tigris

drainage in Turkey east throughout Iran and Pakistan

to the Indus River and the Hari, Murghab and

Helmand endorheic basins in Afghanistan, Iran,

Pakistan and Turkmenistan (Kottelat, 2012) and thus

the revision on this taxon is needed.

15. Paraschistura sp.*

Fig.7. Global distribution map of Gonorhynchus diplocheilus (Modified from Fishbase, 2015).

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Comment: under revision

16. Paraschistura bampurensis (Nikol’skii, 1900)* -

Hamun-e Jaz Murian, Makran and Lut basins.

Type locality: Kjagur and Kashin [Kaekin] rivers,

Bampur River near Bazman, Iran.

17. Paraschistura kessleri (Günther, 1889) - Mashkid

River basin.

Type locality: Nushki, Pishin Lora River basin,

Afghanistan or Pakistan.


18. Paraschistura sargadensis (Nikol’skii, 1900)* -

Hormuz, Hamun-e Jaz Murian,

Makran and Mashkid River basins.

Type locality: Sij-Rischan [Zia Rishan] near Kuh-i-

Tuftan volcano, Sargado [Sarhad region], eastern

Iran.


Order Mugiliformes (1 family, 1 genus, 1 species)

Family Mugilidae (1 genus and 1 species)

Genus Mugil Linnaeus, 1758

19. Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 ** – Makran

basin.

Type locality: European Sea.

Order Cyprinodontiformes (2 families, 2 genera and

3 species)

Family Cyprinodontidae (1 genus and 2 species)

Genus Aphanius Nardo, 1827

Comments: Various isolated populations may prove

to be distinct species. Formerly placed in the genera

Lebias Goldfuss, 1820 or Cyprinodon Lacepède,

1809.

20. Aphanius dispar (Rüppell, 1829) – Makran and

Mashkid River basins.

Type locality: Lebias dispar Rüppell, 1829 was

originally described from the Red Sea.

21. Aphanius furcatus Teimori, Esmaeili, Erpenbeck

& Reichenbacker, 2014 * - Makran basin.

Type locality: Shur River along the Bandar Abbas–

Minab road, 20km East of Bandar Abbas

(27°19_37.6N, 56°28_10.2E, altitude 2m), Iran,

Hormozgan Province, collected on 26th September

2010 by A. Teimori, H.R. Esmaeili, A. Gholamifard

and R. Khaefi.

Family Poeciliidae (1 genus and 1 species)

Genus Gambusia Poey, 1854

22. Gambusia holbrooki Girard, 1859** - Mashkid

River basin.

Type locality: Palatka, eastern Florida; Charleston,

South Carolina, U.S.A.

Order Perciformes (2 families, 2 genera and 2

species)

Family Channidae (1 genus and 1 species)

Comment: Betancur-R et al. (2013) included this

family in Order Anabantiformes

Genus Channa Scopoli, 1777

23. Channa gachua (Hamilton, 1822) - Makran and

Fig.8. Global distribution map of Channa gachua (Modified from Fishbase, 2015).

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Mashkid River basins.

Type locality: Ponds and ditches of Bengal.

Comment: Formerly in the genus Ophicephalus.


Figure 8.

Family Cichlidae (1 genus and 1 species)

Genus Iranocichla Coad, 1982

24. Iranocichla hormuzensis Coad, 1982* - Makran

basin.

Type locality: Mehran River, Hormozgan Province,

southern Iran.


Figure 9.

Order Gobiiformes (1 family, 4 genera and 4 species)

Family Gobiidae (4 genera and 4 species)

Comment: Systematic position of this family is under

revision.

Genus Boleophthalmus Valenciennes, 1837

25. Boleophthalmus dussumieri Valenciennes, 1837

– Makran basin.

Type locality: Mumbai, India.

Genus Glossogobius Gill, 1859

26. Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822) - Makran

basin.

Type locality: Ganges River, India.

Comment: Gobius giuris was originally described

from the Ganges River, India.

Genus Periophthalmus Bloch and Schneider, 1801

27. Periophthalmus waltoni Koumans, 1955 –

Makran basin.

Type locality: Iraq and Pakistan.

Comment: The Memoirs of the Indian Museum for

1938-1942 were published in 1955 (this is the date on

the title page).

Genus Scartelaos Swainson, 1839

28. Scartelaos tenuis (Day, 1876) – Makran basin.

Type locality: Estuaries of Karachi, Sind, Pakistan

Comment: Originally described as Boleophthalmus

tenuis Day, 1876 from Estuaries of Karachi, Sind,

Pakistan.

Discussion

Biogeographic history: A central aim of research in

modern historical biogeography is to understand the

distributions of species and ecosystems in light of

historical processes that shape landscape evolution

(Cox & Moore 2005; Lomolino et al. 2010). This

effort has made rapid progress over the past decade

in the study of freshwater fishes. Freshwater fishes

are more and less confined to drainage systems and

cannot disperse without connections of the

freshwater systems. They provide relatively

conservative system for examining zoogeographical

patterns. These features make them one of the most

zoogeographically important groups of animals

(Berra 2007). Changes in river systems and evolution

Fig.9. Global distribution map of Iranocichla hormuzensis (Modified from Fishbase, 2015).

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of the fishes might be affecting on heterogeneity in

the geographic distribution of the strict freshwater

fishes (Watanabe 1998). In other word,

zoogeographic patterns form strong evidence of

evolution (Berra 2007). However, anthropogenic

effects have played a significant role in changing

distribution pattern of freshwater fishes especially in

the past few decades (Esmaeili et al. 2010b, 2012,

2014c-d ) which can be well-understood in the case

of some of the freshwater fish species distributed in

different endorheic and exorheic basins of Iran.

Iran occupies a significant portion of the Middle

East, in terms of land and water area and in terms of

zoogeography. The freshwater fish fauna of Iran

stands out from its neighboring counterpart in terms

of species richness and level of endemism (see

Esmaeili et al. 2010a, 2014a-c; Coad, 2014).

Geographical isolation, together with the climatic

conditions and watershed fragmentation experienced

by Iranian plateau over geological time, has led to

differentiation of the freshwater ichthyofauna into

several independent and isolated populations

promoting speciation.

A) Fish origin: The country contains elements of both

Ethiopian and Oriental ichthyofauna, although it is

predominantly a part of the Palearctic Realm (Coad

1985). This zoogeographical situation, coupled with

the past geological history, vicariance events and

recent anthropogenic effects have played a

significant role on the ichthyodiversity of Iran in

different endorheic and exorheic drainage systems

including the Makran and Mashkid basins. Southern

Iran is the main route for movement of animals,

especially fish, between the Oriental and Ethiopian

biogeographical regions; therefore the southern and

southeastern ichthyofauna of Iran especially Makran

and Mashkid basins is a combination of the Oriental,

Ethiopian and western Palearctic ichthyofauna due to

its geographic situation. The origin and distribution

of fish taxa in the Makran and Mashkid basins could

be attributed to several events e.g. the drainage

captures, marine penetrations, exotic introductions

and also endemicity. The fish origins are:

I) Ethiopian (African): Ethiopian region, also called

Afrotropical Region, is one of the major land areas of

the world defined on the basis of its characteristic

animal life. The Makran basin has some genera (e.g.,

Iranocichla) with Ethiopian affinities.

II) Palearctic: The Palearctic or Palearctic is one of

Earth’s eight ecozones. This region is the largest

ecozone on Earth. It includes the regions of Europe,

Asia (north of the Himalayan foothills), northern

Africa, and the northern and central regions of the

Arabian Peninsula. There are few west Palaearctic

fish elements (e.g., C. saadii, C. carpio and P. parva)

in these basins.

Table 2. Endemic and exotic fishes of the Makran and Mashkid basins. En= endemic; Ex=exotic;*=established; NC=not

confirmed.

Order Family Specie Status

Cypriniformes

Cyprinidae

Capoeta saadii

Ctenopharyngodon idella

Cyprinus carpio

Pseudorasbora parva

Garra persica

En

Ex, NC

Ex, NC

Ex*

En

Nemacheilidae

Paraschistura bampurensis

Paraschistura sargadensis

En

En

Mugiliformes Mugilidae Mugil cephalus Ex?

Cyprinodontiformes Cyprinodontidae

Poeciliidae

Aphanius furcatus

Gambusia holbrooki

En

Ex*

Perciformes Cichlidae Iranocichla hormuzensis En

125


III) Oriental: The Makran and Mashkid basins

contain many element from the Oriental region, for

example, Bangana (Cyprinidae), Cabdio

(Cyprinidae), Cyprinion (Cyprinidae), Garra

(Cyprinidae), Channa (Channidae), Glossogobius

(Gobiidae), and Boleophthalmus (Gobiidae).

B) Attributed events I) Marine penetrations: The distribution of certain

families and species in southern Iran are the results

of marine migrations by freshwaters which are

known to have a wide tolerance of salinities (Coad,

1987). These marine penetrators into rivers of the

Makran and Mashkid basins include C. chanos

(Chanidae), A. dispar (Cyprinodontidae),

M. cephalus (Mugilidae), B. dussumieri, P. waltoni, and S. tenuis (Gobiidae).

II) Exotics: Exotics comprise five fish species in two

families introducing to the Makran and Mashkid

basins for different purpose. C. carpio, C. idella,

C. auratus, P. parva (all Cyprinidae) and G. holbrooki (Poeciliidae) are alien species in these basins.

Diversity, environmental impacts and management

of alien and invasive freshwater fish species in Iran

have been discussed by Esmaeili et al. (2014c).

III) Endemics: There is a degree of endemism in the

Makran and Mashkid basins. Here, endemic taxa

include those fishes which are restricted to Makran

and Mashkid basins of Iran and there is no record of

them in other neighboring countries. These are:

C. saadii, G. persica (Cyprinidae), P. bampurensis,

P. kessleri, P. sargadensis (Nemacheilidae),

A. furcatus (Cyprinodontidae) and I. hormuzensis

(Cichlidae). These endemic fishes probably reflects a

history of transgressions, isolation and speciation.

The use of molecular markers will provide addition

data on the molecular ichthyogeography of fish taxa

in Makran and Mashkid and related basins.

C) Other grouping of the Makran and Mashkid basins fishes The fish taxa listed from the Makran and Mashkid

might be classified to the following major groups

based on ecoregions and ecological parameters:

1) Ecoregion grouping: A new map depicting the

global biogeographical regionalisation of Earth’s

freshwater systems was published (Abell et al. 2008).

This map of freshwater ecoregions is based on the

distributions and compositions of freshwater fish

species and incorporates major ecological and

evolutionary patterns. In this new classification, the

Makran and Mashkid basins lies in the Baluchistan

region. Baluchistan (or Balochistan) comprises

Iranian and Pakistani Baluchistan, delimited by the

Arabian Sea to the south, the Sulaiman Mountains to

the east, the Chagai and Toba Kakar ranges in the

north, and the Hazaran massif in the west. It is

bordered by the Northern Hormuz drainages

Fig.10. Sarbaz River (Makran basin). Natural habitat of Cyprinion microphthalmum, Garra rossica, Gonorhynchus diplocheilus, Paraschistura bampurensis and Glossogobius giuris.

Fig.11. A small spring at Saravan city (Mashkid basin), natural habitat of Channa gachua.

126


ecoregion to the west, Lower and Middle Indus to the

east, and Hilmand-Sistan and Kavir & Lut Deserts to

the north. This ecoregion drains to the Arabian Sea

and Gulf of Oman (Sea of Oman), as well as several

endorheic basins in the northern part of the

ecoregion. The Baluchistan ecoregion falls within a

hot desert climate, with summer temperatures that

exceed 44°C. Winters are very cold in the highlands,

but mild along the Makran coastal plain where

temperatures remain above 0°C. The mean annual

temperature of the ecoregion is 22°C, and mean

annual precipitation is 117mm. All streams in this

ecoregion are small, many are intermittent, and some

dry out completely. Small dams, springs, and qanats

are also important habitats. In the west is the Hamun-

e Jaz Murian, which is a marshy lake that is dry for

most of the year, but fills with fresh water in winter.

It is fed by the Halil and Bampur rivers. The rivers

and streams of the Makran coastal plain drain to the

sea at the Straits of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman.

Most streams of the Makran, however, have little

running water and regularly dry up along much of

their length.

There are around 130 species, some of which are

marine entrants into coastal rivers (clupeids,

mugilids, and gobiids). Some fish taxa classified in

this category which found in the Makran and

Mashkid basins G. diplocheilus (Cyprinidae) and

C. gachua (Channidae). This ecoregion is a

transitional zone between the Palaearctic and

Oriental realms, with species such as Capoeta and

Cyprinion from the former and Labeo, Puntius, and

Channa from the latter.

2) Ecological Grouping: We followed classification

introduced by Kessler (1877) and also Naseka &

Bogutskaya (2009) for Ponto-Caspian fishes which is

based on criteria of physical habitats and the

presence/absence of migrations between them.

However, some fish taxa may be classified in more

than one category (Table 2).

I) Fluvial: fluvial, ‘of various waters

‘[“raznovodnyye”] species are those which rarely met

in the Sea occurring only in deltas and freshened

coastal shallows. Freshwater and fluvial belong to 6

families (Cyprinidae, Nemacheilidae,

Cyprinodontidae, Poeciliidae, Channidae, and

Cichlidae). Examples are: B. dero, C. morar, C. saadii, C. auratus, C. idella, C. microphthalmum,

C. milesi, C. carpio, G. persica, G. rossica,

G. diplocheilus, P. parva, P. bampurensis, P. kessleri, P. sargadensis, A. dispar, A. furcatus, G. holbrooki, C. gachua, I. hormuzensis and B. dussumieri. As

indicated in Table 2, most of the fluvial freshwater

species mentioned above belong to the families

Cyprinidae followed by Nemacheilidae which are

primary division families sensu Myers (1938, 1951)

Fig.12. Rotak River (Mashkid basin). New locality record for exotic fish, Carassius auratus.

Fig.13. Habitat modification (dam construction) in Makran basin.

127


(i.e. those families whose members are strictly

intolerant of salt water, both currently and

historically).

II) Aanadromous: Anadromous species comprise

those taxa that spawn in rivers, often much farther

upstream than semi-anadromous fishes, and forage

all over the Sea under-taking long-distance

migrations (Naseka & Bogutskaya 2009). No species

lists in this category.

II) Semi-anadromous: Semi-anadromous fishes keep

spawning in fresh water (limnetic waters, 0.5ppt and

less) but forage in oligohaline water (around 0.5-

5ppt). Only one species, C. carpio (fluvial, semi-

anadromous) (Cyprinidae) is classified as semi-

anadromous (Table 2).

III) Estuarine: Species that are classified as

‘estuarine’ mostly inhabiting deltaic areas and

adjacent coastal shallows, some of them being

distributed also in lower reaches of rivers and/or open

marine habitats. Most species belong to the family

Gobiidae followed by the families Chanidae,

Cyprinodontidae and Cichlidae. Examples are:

C. chanos, A. dispar, I. hormuzensis, B. dussumieri, G. giuris, P. waltoni and S. tenuis.

IV) Marine: Strictly ‘marine” or almost marine

species are mostly inhabiting the open Sea, benthic

or pelagic waters. Most species belong to the family

Gobiidae, followed by the family Chanidae.

Examples are: C. chanos (fluvial and semi-

anadromous), B. dussumieri, G. giuris, P. waltoni and

S. tenuis (Table 2).

Threats: Similar to threats observed in other

countries, habitat modifications (Figs. 13, 14),

pollution, water extraction, eutrophication resulting

from urban sewage and agricultural runoff, dam

construction (which limits sediment and nutrient

flow downstream to deltas) (Figs. 13, 14), drainage

for irrigation and drinking water, droughts (Fig. 15),

human population growth, introduction of exotic

aquatic species (Fig. 16), and illegal fishing are the

main threats to fish diversity in the Makran and

Mashkid basins (see Esmaeili et al. 2014c). Other

major threats to future fish survival include intrinsic

factors such as restricted range and limited dispersal,

and increasing number of invasive species from

aquaculture industry.

Conservation and management: River basins are

complex, open systems with ill-defined boundaries.

They fulfil many important functions ranging from

the supply of water to households and agriculture to

the provision of transport routes. They also provide

habitat for many different species which in turn

Fig.14. Habitat modification (dam construction) in Makran basin.

Fig.15. Severe drought in Makran basin.

Fig.16. An exotic fish in Mashkid basin, Carassius auratus.

128


provide a valuable resource to people through

activities such as fishing and recreation (Smith &

Darwall 2006). It is essential that there is sufficient

water of the right quality in the right place at the right

time. To guarantee the continued social,

environmental and economic services provided by

freshwater systems, these systems must be

adequately protected and sensitively developed

(Smith & Darwall 2006).

Iran is one of the arid regions of the world on

basis of various definitions of climatic conditions,

vegetation types or potential for food production.

Due to their high ecological value, monitoring of arid

regions is necessary and priority should be given to

conservation and management of freshwater

ecosystems located in these area. To protect critical

services such as flood control and valuable economic

and livelihood benefits, all users of freshwater

including biodiversity need to be taken into

consideration when managing water resources.

There are over 28 fish species and many other

species of aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates in the

Makran and Mashkid basins. Several fish species,

including natives, have declined in abundance. Due

to the degradation of river systems and the loss of

aquatic habitat, aquatic biodiversity has been

declining. A number of fish species, populations and

ecological communities might be listed as threatened

in near future. The main causes of decline in

freshwater fishes include: habitat degradation due to

various forms of water pollution, catchment

development and land use-related activities, changes

to water flow regimes, barriers to fish passage, the

introduction of alien fish species, introduction of

parasites and diseases (see Esmaeili et al. 2014;

Malekzehi et al. 2014) and historical overfishing. The

aquatic systems in both basins also are predicted to

experience: further drying and increased occurrence

of drought, higher water temperatures, diminished

water flows that will produce low oxygen levels and

increased salinity which affect whole life cycle of

fishes.

Efforts to conserve and protect existing habitat,

as well as efforts to rehabilitate degraded habitats,

monitoring of exotic fishes, monitoring of parasites

and disease, drawings maps of conservation hot spots

based on a combination of characters (e.g., fish

diversity, population density, ecological

requirements, threats), predicting potential

distribution of fish species especially key or/and

endangered species might be considered as the main

topics in conservation management strategies. The

information collected and presented here should be

prepared readily available for policy makers and

environmental planners in a format that can easily be

employed for integration within the development

planning process.

Acknowledgments

We are thankful to A. Gholamifard, M. Masoudi and

R. Khaefi for helping in fish collection, H. Heshemi

from Environment Department of Hormuzgan for

providing the facilities to visit the collection sites and

Shiraz University for financial supports.

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