MEKANISME KERUNTUHAN BALOK BETON YANG DIPASANG CARBON FIBER REINFORCED PLATE
Fiber-Reinforced Soil
Transcript of Fiber-Reinforced Soil
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
Fibers-Reinforced Soil Soil and Site Improvement (CE 553) Term Project Course
Rama Rizana (201309050)
Instructor: Prof. Omar S. Baghabra Al-Amoudi
1
Topic: Modifications by Inclusions and Confinement
Fiber-Reinforced Soil
Rama Rizana
INTRODUCTION
Most buildings and other civil engineering construction projects are started as raw
land. The first step to be performed is site investigation in order to know the situation of
the site. It is difficult to find location that has perfect soil properties. Possible alternative
solutions to solve this reality are:
Avoid that site. Relocate the planned construction project to another site.
Replace unsuitable soils. After obtaining the soil properties, it can be determined
the soils are unsuitable, then remove with the better soils.
Try to modify the existing soil. This is called as ground modification.
Hausmann (1990) distinguished the ground improvement or modification or
stabilization into four groups, they are:
Mechanical modification. External mechanical forces are used to increase soil
density, including soil compaction by using many methods, such as static compaction,
dynamic compaction, or deep compaction by heavy tamping.
Hydraulic modification. Pore-water is forced out of the ground through drains or
wells. Lowering the groundwater level by pumping from trenches or boreholes can be
applied for coarse-grained or cohesionless soil, and for fine-grained or cohesive soil,
application of the long-term of external pressure (preloading) or electrical loads
(electrokinetic stabilization) is needed. Another technique can be applied such as
hydraulic modification is by using geosynthetics.
Physical and chemical modification. One example of this method is soil stabilization
by physically mixing/blending additives with top layers at depth. Additives can be natural
soils, industrial by-products or waste materials, and other chemical materials that can
react with the ground. Other applications are ground modification by grouting and
2
thermal modifications which are already discussed before.
Modification by inclusions and confinement. This group is considered as
strengthening soil by materials, such as meshes, bars, strips, fibers, and fabrics
correspond to the tensile strength. Confining site with concrete, steel, or fabric elements
can also form stable-earth retaining structures. Conventional pile foundations are not
considered in this group, although sometimes they are called as “compressive
reinforcement”. This is because the principal purpose of pile foundation is not
strengthening the soil, but to send the load to a stronger or greater depth stratum.
Soil reinforcement, as one of ground improvement methods, is a process of using
synthetic or natural additive materials to improve the soil characteristics or properties.
There are some reinforcement techniques to handle problematic soils. Hence, the ground
reinforcement techniques can be divided into some categories with different points of
view. Figure 1 shows different scheme of ground improvement, especially site or ground
reinforcement (Hejazi et al., 2012).
Figure 1. Several methods of soil reinforcement (Hejazi et al., 2012)
Figure 2 presents a summary of ground or site improvement methods based on soil
grain size.
3
Figure 2. Ground modification methods based on soil grain size (Day, 2012)
GROUND MODIFICATION BY INCLUSIONS AND CONFINEMENT (SOIL
REINFORCEMENT)
Reinforced soil is originally defined as a soil which is strengthened by a material able
to resist tensile stresses and which interacts with the soil through friction and/or adhesion.
Subsequently, the meaning of soil reinforcement was broadened, and this term is now
also used for other mechanical and structural methods of soil improvement, such as
compressive reinforcement by confinement and encapsulation (Hausmann, 1990).
The main purpose of soil reinforcement is to increase the stability or soil strength
(Bayormy et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2014; Abdi and Zandieh, 2014; Lajevardi et al., 2014),
improve bearing capacity and reduce settlements and lateral deformation. The wider
4
definition of soil reinforcement also includes erosion control methods and stress transfer
via anchors and piles. This term becomes complicated since many materials used to
improve engineering properties of soil, for example geotextiles that can be used for
multiple purposes (e.g., strengthen structural behavior, control groundwater flow and
separate different soil layers during construction). Another material is even from the root
and natural geotextiles from Bamboo, that it can also increase strength of the soil
structures (Datye and Gore, 1994; Muntohar, 2012; Cazzuffi et al., 2014).
Soil reinforcement is not a new concept. The ancient ziggurats (Figure 3) found in
Iraq, which are more than 3000 years old is one of early examples of soil reinforcement
application. Reed-reinforced earth levees were constructed along the Tiber River by the
Romans. The modern uses of soil reinforcement appeared in the 1960s with the
development of Reinforced Earth retaining walls and geotextile stabilization of haul roads
and access roads (Bonaparte et al., 1987).
Figure 3. Ziggurats in Iraq (http://www.ancient.eu/Mesopotamia/)
FIBER-REINFORCED SOIL
Another solution to reinforce soil is by using fiber. It has been a solution to stabilize
thin soil and localized repair of failed slopes. Unlikely geosynthetics, another
reinforcement method using fibers is applied by distributing the fibers randomly. Fibers
which can be used either natural fibers or synthetic fibers. Hejazi et al. (2012) made a
simple study by reviewing more than 100 researches of soil reinforcement by using
5
natural (Table 6) and synthetic fibers (Table 7).
To prepare sample or specimens of fiber-reinforced soils to be tested in the laboratory,
it can be mixed either manually or mechanically by using mixing machine. Whatever the
mixing method used, many researches implicitly assume that the fibers will be randomly
distributed in the soil mass. That orientation distribution would give the soil strength
isotropy.
Effects of fiber-reinforced soil are relatively similar to geosynthetics-reinforced soil
for both coarse-grained and fine-grained soils, such as increasing bearing capacity and
soil strength (Gray and Ohashi, 1983; Gray and Al-Refeai, 1986; Puppala and Musenda,
2000; Prabakar and Sridhar, 2002; Yetimoglu and Salbas, 2003; Babu et al., 2008,
Chauhan et al., 2008; Choudhary, 2010; Tang et al., 2010; Al-Adili et al, 2011;
Maheshwari et al., 2011; Lirer et al., 2012; Anagnostopoulos et al, 2013; Singh and
Gabra, 2013; Muntohar et al., 2013).
There are some common natural fibers discussed by Hejazi et al. (2012):
Coconut (coir) fiber
It is from matured coconut, or coconut husk, normally 50-350 mm long and
contains mainly cellulose, pectin, tannin, lignin and other water soluble substances.
Due to high lignin content, it will be degraded slowly than other natural fibers.
Because of that, the coconut fiber can be long-lasting, around 4-10 years of service
life. Typically, it has much tensile strength when wet. This fiber is produced mostly in
South Asian countries, like Indonesia, Philippines and India. Reinforcing soil by coir
fibers can increase tensile strength (Chauhan et al., 2008; Anggraini et al., 2015) and
reduce the settlement (Babu and Vasudevan, 2008).
Palm fibers
This fiber, which has low elasticity modulus and tensile strength, is extracted from
decomposed palm trees. Soil reinforced with palm fibers has greater unconfined
compressive strength (UCS) (as shown in Figure 26), CBR and shear strength
parameters (Marandi et al., 2008).
6
Figure 4. Relationship between maximum strength and inclusion of palm fibers (Marandi
et al., 2008)
Jute
Jute is one of natural fibers grown in India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and
Thailand. Singh and Bagra (2013) conducted study about effect of jute fiber inclusion
on CBR improvements. The contents of Jute fiber were determined by dry weight of
soil, which are 0.25% to 1% (interval of 0.25%). Other variation used is dimension of
the fiber (the length and diameter). The lengths were 30 mm up to 90 mm with the
interval of 30 mm, while two diameters were considered: 1 mm and 2 mm. Tests
results (Figure 27) indicate that the CBR value of soil was increased as the inclusion
of jute fiber (0%-1%). Maximum increase is 200% at 1% jute fiber inclusion with the
diameter of 2 mm and 90 mm length.
7
Figure 5. CBR value and jute fiber content relationship (extracted from Singh and Bagra,
2013)
Some synthetic (man-made) fibers are also discussed by Hejazi et al. (2012):
Polypropylene (PP) fibers
Polypropylene fiber is the most common synthetic fiber used as a reinforcement
material for the soil improvement and concrete (Song et al., 2005). This fiber has
properties of hydrophobic, non-corrosive resistance over chemicals, alkalis and
chlorides (Hejazi et al., 2012). Reinforcing soil with polypropylene fiber can increase
UCS and shear strength (Cai et al., 2006; Tang et al., 2007; Ghazavi and Roustaie,
2010; Zaimoglu, 2010; Lirer et al., 2012; Anagnostopoulos et al., 2013).
Polyester
One of polymer category contains the ester functional group in their main chain.
Although many types of this polymer, it is commonly referred to as polyethylene
terephthalate (PET). Maheshwari et al. (2011) studied clayey soil reinforced with
randomly distributed polyester fiber. Amount of polyester fibers (diameter of 12 mm)
mixed with clayey soil (highly compressible) varies from 0 to 1%. The result of this
study show that significant increase in bearing capacity with the inclusion of
polyester fibers up to 0.50%, then it will be decreased with further inclusion of fibers.
8
Glass fibers
Glass fibers inclusion in silty sand increases the triaxial peak strength, because
fiber inclusion is more effective for uncemented soil. The friction angle of glass fiber
reinforced sandy soil is also increased from 35° to 46° (Consoli et al., 1998).
Significant improvement in soil strength parameters of glass fiber reinforced-soil
into various soil media happened. This is shown clearly by the increasing in cohesion
values and internal friction angles. The lightweight, ready availability and
non-biodegradable characteristics of this fiber is advantage proof that this fiber can be
used for long term soil improvement (Ahmad et al., 2012; Mujah et al., 2013).
Table 6. Summary of previous researches on natural-fibers to reinforce soil (adopted from
Hejazi et al., 2012)
D: diameter, SG: specific gravity, UTS: ultimate tensile strength, other fiber properties
can be found in Jones (1999).
9
Table 7. Summary of previous researches on synthetic-fibers to reinforce soil (adopted
from Hejazi et al. (2012)
D: diameter, SG: specific gravity, UTS: ultimate tensile strength, other fiber properties
can be found in Jones (1999).
Advantages and Disadvantages of Soil Reinforcement Using Fiber
Advantages
1. Cheap, locally and widely available, ecofriendly (Li, C, 2005; Babu and Vasudevan,
2008; Singh and Bagra, 2013)
2. It can enhance the soil strength (Gray and Ohashi, 1983; Gray and Al-Refeai, 1986;
Hejazi et al., 2012), reduce the swelling and shrinkage properties (Hejazi et al.,
2012).
3. It is not significantly affected by weather conditions, compared to cement, lime and
other chemical stabilization techniques (Li, C, 2005).
10
4. Reinforcing soil with fiber can inhibit the tensile crack propagation and change the
failure mechanism after initial formation (Marandi, et al., 2008; Hejazi et al., 2012)
5. The lightweight, ready availability characteristics of glass fiber is a proof that glass
fiber can be used for long term soil improvement (Ahmad et al., 2012; Mujah et al.,
2013).
Disadvantages
1. Despite the fact that many researches have been conducted to determine the effects of
using fibers to improve the soil, there are still no scientific procedures or standard,
especially for field projects (Hejazi et al., 2012).
11
REFERENCES
http://www.ancient.eu/Mesopotamia/, accessed on November 29th, 2014.
Ahmad, F., Mujah, D., Hazarika, H., and Safari, A. (2012), “Assessing the Potential
Reuse of Recycled Glass Fibre in Problematic Soil Applications”, Journal of
Cleaner Production, Vol. 35, pp. 102-107.
Al-Adili, A., Azzam, R., Spagnoli, G., and Schrader, J. (2012), “Strength of Soil
Reinforced with Fiber Materials (Papyrus)”, Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Engineering, Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 241-247.
Anagnostopoulos, C.A., Papaliangas, T.T., Konstantinidis, D., and Patronis, C. (2013),
“Shear Strength of Sands Reinforced with Polypropylene Fibers”, Geotechnical
and Geological Engineering, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 401-423.
Anggraini, V., Huat, B.B.K., Asadi, A., and Nahazanan, H. (2015), “Effect of Coir Fibers
on the Tensile and Flexural Strength of Soft Marine Clay”, Journal of Natural
Fibers, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 185-200.
Babu, G.L.S., and Vasudevan, A.K. (2008), “Strength and Stiffness of Coir
Fiber-Reinforced Tropical Soil”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol.
20, pp. 571-577.
Babu, G.L, Vasudevan, A.K., and Haldar, S. (2008), “Numerical Simulation of
Fiber-Reinforced Sand Behavior”, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Vol. 26, pp.
181-188.
Cai, Y., Shi, B., Ng, C.W.W., and Tang, C. (2006), “Effect of Polypropylene Fibre and
Lime Admixture on Engineering Properties of Clayey Soil”, Engineering Geology,
Vol. 87, pp. 230-240.
Chauhan, M.S., Mittal, S., and Mohanty, B. (2008), “Performance Evaluation of Silty
Sand and Subgrade Reinforced with Fly Ash and Fibre”, Geotextiles and
Geomembranes, Vol. 26, pp. 429-435.
Choudary, A.K., Jha, J.N. and Gill, K.S. (2010), “Utilization of Plastic Wastes for
Improving the Sub-Grades in Flexible Pavements”, Paving Materials and
Pavement Analysis, pp. 320-326.
Consoli, N.C., Prietto, P.D.M., and Ulbrich, L.A. (1998), “Influence of Fiber and Cement
Addition on Behavior of Sandy Soil”, Journal of Geotechnical and
12
Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 124, pp. 1211-1214.
Date, K.R., and Gore, V.N. (1994), “Application of Natural Geotextiles and Related
Products”, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Vol. 13, No. 6-7, pp. 371-388.
Day, R.W. (2012), Geotechnical Engineer’s Portable Handbook” - Second Edition,
Mc-Graw and Hill Publishing.
Ghazavi, M., and Roustaie, M. (2010), “The Influence of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on the
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Clay”, Cold Regions
Science and Technology, Vol. 61, No. 2-3, pp. 125-131.
Gray, D., and Ohashi, H. (1983), “Mechanics of Fiber Reinforcement in Sand”, Journal
of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 109, No. 3, pp. 335-353.
Gray, D. H., and Al-Refeai. (1986), “Behavior of Fabric- versus Fiber-Reinforced Sand”,
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 112, pp. 804-820.
Hausmann, M. (1990), Engineering Principles of Ground Modification, Mc-Graw and
Hill Publishing.
Hejazi, M.S., Sheikhzadeh, M., Abtahi, S.M., and Zadhoush, A. (2012), “A simple review
of soil reinforcement by using natural and synthetic fibers”, Journal of
Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 30, pp. 100-116.
Jones, R.M. (1999), Mechanics of Composite Materials, Taylor and Francis, United States
of America.
Li, C. (2005), Mechanical Response of Fiber-Reinforced Soil, Ph.D Dissertation, Faculty
of the Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin.
Lirer, S., Flora, A., and Consoli, N.C. (2012), “Experimental Evidences of the Effect of
Fibres in Reinforcing a Sandy Gravel”, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering,
Vol. 30, pp. 75-83.
Maheshwari, K.V., Desai, A.K., and Solanki, C.H. (2011), “Performance of Fiber
Reinforced Clayey Soil”, The Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
(EJGE), Vol. 16, pp. 1067-1082.
Marandi, S.M., Bagheripour, M.H., Rahgozar, R., and Zare, H. (2008), “Strength and
Ductility of Randomly Distributed Palm Fibers Reinforced Silty-Sand Soils”,
American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 209-220.
Mujah, D., Ahmad, F., Hazarika, H., and Safari, A. (2013), “Evaluation of the Mechanical
13
Properties of Recycled Glass Fibers-Derived Three Dimensional Geomaterial for
Ground Improvement”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 52, pp. 495-503.
Muntohar, A.S. (2012), “Effect of the Roots Densities on the Shear Strength of
Root-Reinforced Soil”, Proceeding of National Seminar VIII of Civil Engineering
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November (ITS), Surabaya Indonesia.
Muntohar, A.S., Widianti, A., Hartono, E., and Diana, W. (2013). “Engineering Properties
of Silty Soil Stabilized with Lime and Rice Husk Ash and Reinforced with Waste
Plastic Fiber”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 25, pp: 1260-1270.
Prabakar, J., and Sridhar, R.S. (2002), “Effect of Random Inclusion of Sisal Fibre on
Strength Behaviour of Soil”, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 16, pp.
123-131.
Puppala, A.J., and Musenda, C. (2000), “Effects of Fiber Reinforcement on Strength and
Volume Change in Expansive Soils”, Journal of the Transportation Research
Board, Vol. 1736, pp. 134-140.
Singh, H.P., and Bagra, M. (2013), “Improvement in CBR Value of Soil Reinforced with
Jute Fiber”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering
and Technology (IJIRSET), Vol. 2, Issue 8.
Song, P.S., Hwang, S., and Sheu, B.C. (2005), “Strength Properties of Nylon- and
Polypropylene-Fiber-Reinforced Concretes”, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.
35, No. 8, pp. 1546-1550.
Tang, C., Shi, B., Gao, W., Chen, F., and Cai, Y. (2007), Strength and Mechanical
Behavior of Short Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced and Cement Stabilized Clayey
Soil”, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 194-202.
Tang, C.S., Shi, B., and Zhao, L.Z. (2010), “Interfacial Shear Strength of Fiber
Reinforced Soil”, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Vol. 28, pp. 54-62.
Yetimoglu, T., and Salbas, O. (2003), “A Study on Shear Strength of Sands Reinforced
with Randomly Distributed Discrete Fibers”, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Vol.
21, pp. 103-110.
Zaimoglu, A.S. (2010), “Freezing-Thawing Behavior of Fine-Grained Soils Reinforced
with Polypropylene Fibers”, Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 60, No. 1,
pp. 63-65.