EU Conditionality and Democratization Process in Turkey

In the nineteenth century , the basic conceptualizing of the Turks concerning state , society, nature and human beings radiccally changed. Ottoman statestmen and intellectuals adopted Europe superiority all aspects of life and Turks had already began of the westernization. Westernisation of the country, and the concentration of Europeanness Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his friends began to establishment of republic and westernization began the speration of the ruins of the Ottoman Empire. Certainly , Turkey acceptance of membership to EuropeanUnion by Eu countries. Turkey has reached the peak of Europeanisation . Turkey tried to visit at least two hundred years, the European .

Turkey and European Union realtions started on 31 July 1959. As a result of the partnership with Turkey and the EU treaty 12 September 1963 and this treaty entered in the force 1 December 1964. In 1963 Ankara treaty and Additional protocol was signed. 23 November 1970’s laid the foundation of the Turkish and European Union community relations. In this way , the customs union agreement affected in 1995 . Come to this event become more pronounced in 1987 extended to the applicant be European Union .

However, until 1987 Eu as part of Turkey's own naturally didnot want to see. Thus 1989 European Union was rejected application Turkey’s because Turkey did not ready political andeconomic reasons . Even when the customs union was being forgedv between the EU and Turkey in 1995 , For being anti-democratic policies of the Turkish state. European Union said that Turkeys made violation of human rights. Therefore, in 1997Luxembourg Summit Europaean Union did not accept Turkey’s membership.

European Union argued that each other , Turkey’s democracy suitable or not suiatable Kopenag criterias. However , 1999 Helsinki Summit it was a real turning point for the Turkey and EU realtionship. As a result of, has been nominated for membership in the European Union . Politicians and govenments elites were understand ıf Turkey want participate to the European Union Turkey must to strengthen democracy and this country can intercepted the human rigths violations.

Relations with the EU and the democratization process in Turkey is divided into three main periods . The first covers period when Turkey formally applied for membership on 14 April1987 and was a series of political practices. After predictablerejection from the community. This period end of the politics situation in the country because Turkey understsand not to be full membership of the EU. The second periods covers Turkey’s efforts to materialize a customs union with the union .

In this reason , especially Turkeys includes initiatives 1994and 1995. Which in recent years Turkey paticipated Luxembourg council and Helsinki council this is a great testament to the effort of Turkey. The third periods covered according to Ergun Özbudun Helsinki summit is a passive leverage of the Turkeys democracy Europe’s magnetic power and association with wealth ,modernity and security. Before the Helsinki Summit Turkey made many politics reform but still European Union have anxiest about Turkeys politics.

Taking decisons of the Helsinki summit turnning point of the Turkey –European Union realations. For the first time this summit said that Turkey can be a member of the European Union and this union said that Turkey appropriate kopenag criterias.Helsinki Summit in 1999 gived it the potential membership to the Turkey. Turkey politicians tried to comply with European Union progress made report and another instruments and Turkey improvment for their democracy.

The Copenhagen Council established 1993 four ciriteria membership of an enlarged EU in the presidency conclusions. These council is important fort he EU countries because EU membership criteria defined here. Identified and protected areaof the treaty, the European Union has created a direction. Because Helsinki Concil intrested in a completely. These criteria aim are orginally set fort he CEECS and association agreement with the EU an integral part of the treaty of Europeby the adoption of the Amsterdam Treaty on May 1999.

European Union was founded some politics rules these are principles of liberty, democracy,respect , for human rights , fundemantal freedoms and the rule of law . These principle are common to the member states . European Union revals the superiority these criteria therefore, many of state so that thecombined with each other however , these are looking as a single state to the world , through the these features EuropeanUnion gain great power every area. Fifty new candidate states required to fulfill these criteria before begining negotiationsfor membership .

Conditionality and Compliance wtih the EU Acquis: Progress and legislative Reforms in Turkey .

In June 1998, European Council will present report for Turkey by 28 article the results of the partnership Agreement and the Luxembourg Council of Europe also this report detemines the fate of the relations between Turkey and EU. This report starting in 1988 and since 1998 this report regularly prepared every year. This report showed some problems for Turkey’s politics . These are national minorites rights agree , human rights agreement, restrictions to freedom of expression , freedom of association,freedom of religion. Many Turekey’s problems examines by EU commission and this commision showed the way to advanced democracy to Turkey’s.

Turkey had a positive step towards this report for exmaple: InJanuary 1999, Turkey’s cahnged security personel practices thisis fire directly security any without hesitation at persons who do not stop when warned. In August 1999 Turkish parliment cahnged their penal code.

Change of penal code public officers can not use more power onthe society. December 1999, the government established some rules the religious communuties didn’t permission to governmentthe buldings charitable institutions and places of worship. Anyinstitutions has not implemented this situations in Turkey.

However , EU comission can effected Turkey’s politics and improvment the Turkey’s Democacy the 2000 report said that institutional reforms was needed to gurantee democracy but thisreport a positive than last report two important initiatives affected this report these are the signing of several international human rights and government supreame board of coordiantion for human rights working.

Harmonization Packages and Other Legislative Reforms

Turkey-European Union relations. Turkey is always trying to improve their democracy therefore,Turkey’s political elites made some reforms in their country these reforms are effected todays Turkish poltics .Turkey passed big coups and Turkeys democracy currapted but this package improvment and continued

the Turkish democracy to road the European Union condition Between February 2002 and July 2004, the GNAT adopted Nine “harmonization packages,” not counting other major legislative reforms such as the adoption of a new Civil Code, the Criminal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, and the Law on Associations. The reason they were commonly called “packages” was that each one of them involved changes in a number of laws.The purpose was to harmonize Turkish legislation with the constitutional amendments of 2001 and 2004, as well as with theacquis communautaire as part of Turkey’s efforts to become a full member of the EU. While some of these changes were simple acts of harmonization with constitutio- nal amendments, others were quite important reforms with far-reac- hing consequences. Three of the packages were adopted during the DLP–NAP–MP coalition, and six during the JDP government. The adoption dates are as follows: First Package (Law No. 4744) 6 Feb- ruary2002; Second Package (Law No. 4748) 26 March 2002; Third Package (Law No. 4771) 3 August 2002; Fourth Package (Law No. 4783) 2 January 2003; Fifth Package (Law No. 4793) 23 January 2003; Sixth Package (Law No. 4928) 15 July 2003; Seventh Package (Law No. 4963) 30 July 2003; Eighth Package (Law No. 5101) 3 March 2004; Ninth Package (Law No. 5218) 14 July 2004. The most important changes made by the harmonization packages will be dealt with below in a thematical rather than a chronological order.

Freedom of Expression

The Progress Reports by the European Commission have constantlyunderlined the limitations on the freedom of expression in Turkey. The First Harmonization Package introduced relatively minor amend- ments to the controversial Articles 159 and 312 ofthe old Turkish Criminal Code. Article 159 on insulting the state and its institutions was amended to reduce the upper limit of punishment from six years to three years and fines were eliminated. Article 312 which punished inciting people to

hostility and hatred on the basis of differences of social class, race, religion, sect, and region was also amended. With the amendment, such expressions would constitute a criminal offen- se only if they posed a danger to the public order. The new Criminal Code which entered into force on 1 April 2005 (Art. 216) further limited the scope of this offense by using the term “clear and present danger for public safety.” Article 159 was amended again by the Third Package adding a paragraph stating that “those written, oral, or visual expressions of thought made with the sole purpose of criticism and without theintention to insult or deride the institutions in questi- on would not constitute a crime.” The Seventh Package further redu- ced the lower limit of the jail term from one year to sixmonths. It has been convincingly argued that Article 159 and the corresponding Article 301 of the new Criminal Code still present major shortco- mings since the words “Turkishness” and “Republic” are too broad and vague, and it is not easy to draw the line between insult and deri- sion and legitimate criticism.2 Article 8 of the Anti-Terrorism Act was another major roadblock for the freedom of expression. The article had prohibited written, oral, or visual propaganda as well as meetings, demonstrations, and marches carried out with the purpose of destroying the indivisible integrity of the state with its territory and nation. The First Harmoni- zation Package reduced the jail terms, and the Sixth Package totally abrogated the article, overiding the president’s veto. The reform has been praised as “a positive development on its own in terms of ensu- ring effective protection of free speech.”3 The Sixth Package also narrowed down the definition of terror, emphasizing the use of “for- ce and violence” as a necessary element of a terrorist act. Thus, sim- ple exertion of pressure, intimidation, or threat no longer constitutes a terrorist act. Second, Third and Fourth Packages brought about improvements in the field of freedom of the press. Thus, the confiscation of printed material can only be based on a court order and in urgent cases on a decision of the public prosecutor. In the latter case the public proce- cutor’s

decision must be submitted within 24 hours for the approval of a competent judge. If it is not approved within 48 hours it automa-tically ceases to be effective. The Fourth Package provided that the owners, general editors, and authors of journals and periodicals can- not be forced to reveal the sources of their news items.

Freedom of Association

The second, third, fourth and seventh Packages introduced some improvements related to freedom of association. In particular, the Fourth Package (Article 34) to open branches abroad, or to become a member of the Association established abroad, international activities and allow associations to co-operate. Similarly, waffle-ving the principle of reciprocity in international cooperation where useful and foreign associations, activities, and the branches are allowed to co-operate with the decision of the Ministry of Interior Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey can be a member of other associations (Article 35) on the recommendation. Later, in July2004, the Parliamentary associations (Law No. 5231), on the other hand, had a completely new law. This law is rightly the most liberal law associations in 20 years as a leading Turkish non-governmental organization (Third Sector Foundation of Turkey, European Foundation Centre) has been rized by the characteristics. The major changes include: (1) no longer pre-IGN financing associations, partnerships or activities that arerequired to get prior permission, (2) the association is no longer required to inform the local government authorities of the day / time / locati-plenary sessions of the General Assembly, and no longer a necessary to invite government officials, (3) Control officers to give 24 hours notice and should only cause for random inspections, (4) NGO representatives are allowed to open offices for federations andconfederations abroad, (5) a court order that the security forces are now association with plants is allowed, (6) special provisions and restrictions for student asociations completely removed, at the age of (7) child to freedom of association may

be 15, (8) members of the internal audit standards and to ensure the profitability of management accoun-powered, (9) NGO 's common objectives temporary platforms / iniatives are able to create, (10) NGO projects for 50 percent of state support isnot possib-le, (11), non-governmental organizations will be allowed to buy and sell immovable property to be

Compliance Packages and Other Legal Reforms 75

Freedom of Assembly

Seventh Harmonization Package suspension or prohibition of meetings and demonstrations limited the power of provincial governors. Thus, the snooze time is reduced from two to one month, and a clear and present danger of a crime (Article 20), only banned a meeting. Similarly, only a governor, a clear and present danger to a crime (Article 22), the case may be prohibited at all meetings in their province for a month. The third package with the permission of the Ministry of Interior will allow foreigners to meetings and demonstrations.

Freedom of Religion

Third Package society partnerships (in terms of the non-Muslim charitable trusts) with the permission of the Council of Ministers to acquire and dispose of real estate provides. Also a gift or inheritance (Article 4) obtain land through. Package Fourth Council of Ministers (Article 3) to permit the permission of the General Directorate of Foundations, rather than confirmed this right. The competent administrative authorities in the Sixth Package per task (Article 9) is neededto build places of worship recognized the right of non-Muslim communities.

Abolition of the Death Peanlty this is limited to the death penalty, the first constitutional amendment in 2001, and then completely removed in 2004, will be reminded. Ninth Penal Code

Compliance Package removed all references to the death penalty and other criminal legislation.

The prevention of torture and ill-treatment the European Commission, as well as reports of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and many international NGOs, progressreports of torture and ill-treatment in Turkey, stressed the common frequency. Therefore, some reforms have been made to deter such practices. As a result of the second package of compensation paid by Turkey, which has changed the Law on CivilServants.

Come on Democratization and Constitutional Politics in Turkey 76

Decisions of the Court will be requested when the perpetrators of torture and ill-treatment. Cases of torture and ill treatment of the Fourth Package for Public Officials and Other contact person for the purpose of prosecution of public officials to obtain permission from the administrative authorities removed Sarti. Bu Therefore, the public prosecutorsin the prosecution of the perpetrators of Direct LIKELY. Quick trial of a procedure for the seventh Packa-ge of torture and maltreat-ment of the cases, such as cases, priority is given tomet and will continue during three trips and Predicting Criminal als. Subliminal messages, subliminal time, in July 2004, the terrorist acts of the Parliament or government officials as a result of anti-terrorist operations performed bythe State Administrative Reforms Emerging given for the paymentof a law (No. 5233) passed.

Minority Rights

By allowing the use of languages other than Turkish local Turkish Law and has brought a revolutionary change in the mindset of the Third Package is almost (the full text of the Law "Traditional Turkish citizens in their daily lives-ges different languages and dialects used in the" dir) Radio and

Television Broadcasting. Six Pack SUCH Public and Private Radioand Television channels broadcast bu bu By allowing wide of theright in-tried. Teaching languages as the third package also permit-ted up for private lessons.

International Protection of Human Rights

The third package, the Court has found that a breach of contract renewal decisions in civil and criminal courts for soil studies were expressed as Kabul. The Minister of Justice to be paid a fair, president of the Court of Cassation Prosecutor performed by the Court within one year of the final decision, the results would not be compensated if the Court of Appeals can be made if such a request or application to the Court. İ.C a retrial, the Supreme Court plenary session of contact person (civil or criminal) are performed by the TO. According to the fifth package, re-trial decisions that it makes the original İ.C be performed by contact person with the legal or criminal court. Six Pack (Article 6) Right to administrative cases met expanded.

Compliance Packages and other legal reforms 77

Civil-Military Relations

Civil-military Relations on 2001 constitutional amendments, in addition to the Seventh Package Structure and functions of the Natio-nal Security Council, as well as some of the other Aspects of Civil-military Relations has introduced a range of reforms Considerations. 24 of the Law According to the Prime Minister LIKELY em - pushing power in the event of the Council of Deputy Prime Ministers of the Council of Ministers of the Council approved Tarafından ADVICE send Decisions and Opinions for and provide for the coordination of the implementation of Bunların Ministers (AIT a function of the former Secretary-General of the National Security Council). Under Article 25, the National Security Council of his months is collected instead of two months. Article 26 Powers and Limits Aslında them his executive duties of the Secretary, the Secretary

General of the Council sold the most. Article 27 Provision of high-ranking officers from among GEREKTIREN Amends the appointment of the Secretary-General, now, or from the Secretary-General or senior officers may be appointed from among Senior Civil bureaucrats. Since August 2004, performed bya diplomat met former position has been filled. Confidentialityclause so that the abolition of Article 28, and increase the transparency of the activities of the Secretariat of the Council Regulation on the functions of the Secretariat shall bepublished in the Official Gazette requires.

Armed militia forces in the Seventh Harmonization Package alsopossible in the hands of the Court for the State of properties Makes Exercise financial control. TO Bu control which way the Ministry of Defense in Kabul will be performed by the Council of Ministers, prepared and performed by a secret regulation specified. Bu reform, subliminal messages, subliminal LEGISLATIVE Court also had the opportunity to review the Excluded The Armed Forces militia son of Article 160 paragraph is confirmed by Constitutional Amendment was repealed in 2004. Finally, the Seventh Harmonization Package (Article 6) 58 of the Military Criminal Code Powered by Article meth crimes in times of peace, military, performed by anyone who is not military, courts jurisdiction provided.

Turkey is a major political reform process has progressed Turkey is a major political reform process has progressedpriorities, in line with the changes introduced in recent years to set .Out in the Accession Partnership. View ofthe overall progress of achieved and to impose the condition that reforms of Turkey's elite legislation The Commission considered sufficiently in Turkey fulfills the political criteria and recommends that accession . 2004 Report on Participation in the "Global Assessment indicated and 2004 Report on Participation in the "Global Assessment indicated. A general framework has been significant progress in the alignment

European standards for fundamental freedoms. Powered principle of equality of men and women and the so-called "honorprovisions allowing for the lower sentences killings"have been removed. introduced a new Penal Code especially with regard to women's rights compliance, discrimination Support the fight against torture and ill-treatment.

However, where the detainees are not aware of all the time anyway rights by law enforcement agencies and prosecutors not always promptly and adequately conduct an investigation into public officials accused of torture. Continued efforts will be consistent with the methods necessary to eliminate this, including the imposition of appropriate sanctions on the perpetrators of torture and illtreatment.

Referred to the situation of people convicted of non-violent opinion. Now being handled in accordance with the repeal or replacement of some of the legislation. Have taken place in accordance with the decisions of the Court retrial and several people convicted in accordance with the old either acquitted orreleased. However , the provisions allowing a retrial still does not apply to all the relevant decisions of the ECHR.

While the freedom of religion guaranteed by the Constitution,Non-Muslim religious communities continue to experience seriousThe difficulties associated with problems such as a legal entity, property rights, clergy, schools and internal management training, which can be remedied throug the adoption of appropriate legislation. Alevis are still not recognized as a Muslim minority. Progress has been made on the implementationof reforms Some private language schools in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Broadcasting progress has been made on the implementation of reforms.

Some private language schools in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Broadcasting Kurdish and other languages and

dialects other than Turkish Now let's, if under restrictive conditions and that these publications.

The UN has begun ın this context, reservingthe right to education and the protection of human rights treaties minorities are concerned.Budget transparency has been developed. Court of Auditor was given permission to audit military and defense spending.Extra-budgetary funds have been included in the general budgetProvides full control of parliament .

For the first time, a non-Has been appointed as the Secretary General of the NationalThe Security Council in August 2004. However, the armed forces, continue to exercise influence through informal mechanisms.

The successful implementation of the government has taken important steps reforms. Reform Monitoring Group, a body set upchaired by the Deputy Prime Minister in charge of Human Rights,was established to oversee reforms in the face of the board of directors, and to solve practical problems. Significant progress was In addition, on the ground, but the implementationof the reforms remains uneven.

In addition, there is an alternative gypsies status, check the Council of Europe framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, the European Charter for Regional or Minority

Languages and Protocol 12 to the ECHR on is the general prohibition of discrimination by public authorities priorities acceptable. This is stated in the decisions of 16 and 17 December Presidency 2004 steady progress in Turkey's far-reaching reform process and expressed confidence that Turkey will sustain .

The reform process: 22

Turkey sufficiently fulfills the Copenhagen political criteria to open accession negotiations provided that it brings into force these special pieces of legislation. This is the Council invited the Commission to present a proposal for a framework for negotiations with Turkey, as set out in paragraph 23. It requested the Council to agree on framework for the purpose of opening negotiations on 3 October 2005.

Turkey-EU relations and the dynamics of a thorough analysis of all aspects of and their impact on the domestic Turkish politics is clearly beyond the 93 EU Conditionality and Democratization Process in Turkey Scope of this work. Currentlythis is a convincing claim the main cleavage in Turkish politics "of conservative globalization "and" defensive nationalists. "23, however, remains a fact the last two decades, successive Turkish governments committed to Turkey's accession aim pursued policies

The EU, and despite the ups and downs of this process, the majority the public still supports the EU membership of Turkey.Above analysis clearly shows that the prospect of membership liberalization and democratization has been a strong driving force one Turkey .24 process, however, should not overlook the fact that This is also the constitutional and legal reforms in the last ten years a strong desire for a more liberal provisions of the Turkish society and democratic political.

This Project will focus on Turkey and European Union Relations history, strategy, political conditionaliy and democratization process. We will see Turkey and EU relations based on earlier date. Turkey made quickly innovations for their political rules and this country improvment their democracy .

Turkey's EU accession process positive wave of democratization after the Turkish coups .Certainly, it appears that European Union affected Turkey’s close history positive strides in terms of democratic officially ignited Turkey and European Union process started westernization of Turkey . If Turkey can continue increased poltical improvment , Turkey mustto be membership of the Eurpoean Union .

SOURCES AND REFERANCES

1 On Turkey’s relation with the EU, see: Canan Balkır and AllenWilliams,

eds., Turkey and Europe (London: Pinter Publishers, 1993); Meltem

Müftüler-Baç, Turkey’s Relations with a Changing Europe (Manchester:

Manchester Univesity Press, 1997); Meltem Müftüler-Baç, Enlarging the

European Union: Where does Turkey Stand? (İstanbul: TESEV Publications,

2002); Harun Arıkan, Turkey and EU: An Awkward Candidate for

EU Membership? (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003); and Ali Çarkoğlu and

Barry Rubin, eds., Turkey and the European Union: Domestic Politics,

Economic Integration, and International Dynamics (London: Frank

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2 For the Copenhagen 1993 Presidency Conclusions, see: http://ue.eu.int/

ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/72921.pdf.

3 For the 1998 Progress Report, see: http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlarge -

ment/report_11_98/pdf/en/turkey_en.pdf.

4 For Presidency Conclusions, see: http://www.europarl.eu.int/summits/

hel1_en.htm.

5 For 1999 Regular Report, see: http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/

report_10_99/pdf/en/turkey_en.pdf.

6 For 2000 Regular Report, see: http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/

report_11_00/pdf/en/turkey_en.pdf.

7 Ibid., 10–19 and 72–74.

8 For the Framework Document, see: http://www.un.org.tr/unido/framein -

turkey_eu.htm.

9 For the Accession Document, see: http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/

dat/2001/ l_085/l_08520010324en 00130023.pdf.

10 For the text of 2001 National Program, see: http://europa.eu.int/comm/

enlargement/turkey/pdf/summary.pdf.

11 For the 2001 Regular Report, see: http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlarge ment/

report2001/tu_en.pdf, 96.

12 Ibid., 100.

13 Ibid., 12–30 and 100–4.

14 For the 2002 Progress Report, see: http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlarge -

ment/report 2002/tu_en.pdf, 15–42, 137–39, 144–45, 149–50.

15 For the Presidency Conclusions, see: http://ue.eu.int/ueDocs/cms_Data/

docs/presData/en/ec/73842.pdf.

16 See also: http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/turkey/pdf/revised_ap_

en.pdf.

17 http://www.euturkey.org.tr/abportal/uploads/files/NPAA_executive_

summary.doc, for the whole text, see: http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlarge -

ment/turkey/pdf/npaa_2003/II-political_criteria_eng_.pdf.

18 For the 2003 Regular Report, see: http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlarge -

ment/report_ 2003/pdf/rr_tk_final.pdf, 44 and 137–38.

19 The 2004 Regular Report, see: http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/

report_2004/pdf/rr_tr_2004_en.pdf, 11–44 and 165–74.

EU Conditionality and Democratization Process in Turkey 95

20 For the recommendation of the European Commission on Turkey’s progress

towards accession, see: http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/

report_2004/pdf/tr_recommandation_en.pdf.

21 Ibid.

22 For the Presidency conclusions, see: http://ue.eu.int/ueDocs/cms_Data/

docs/pressData/en/ec/83201.pdf.

23 Ziya Öniş, “Conservative Globalists versus Defensive Nationalists: Political

Parties and Paradoxes of Europeanization in Turkey,” Journal of

Southern Europe and the Balkans, Vol. 9, No. 3 (December 2007),247–

60.

24 See, for example: Serap Yazıcı, “The Impact of the EU on theLiberalization

and Democratization Process of Turkey,” in Richard T. Griffithsand

Durmuş Özdemir, eds., Turkey and the EU Enlargement Process of In -

cor poration (Istanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversity Press, 2004),101.

96 Democratization and the Politics of Constitution-Making in Turkish

The Constitutional Crisis of 2007–2008 and

the Search

For an overview of the harmonization packages, see: Esin Örücü,“Seven

Packages towards Harmonisation with the European Union,” European

Public Law, Vol. 10, No. 4 (2004), 603–21; Ergun Özbudun and Serap

Yazıcı, Democratization Reforms in Turkey, 1993–2004 (İstanbul TESEV,

2004). See also: Pınar Tanlak, “Turkey EU Relations in the PostHelsinki

Phase and the EU Harmonization Laws Adopted by the Turkish Grand

National Assembly in August 2002,” Sussex European Institute Working

Papers No. 55 (2002); Senem Aydın and E. Fuat Keyman, “EuropeanIntegration

and the Transformation of Turkish Democracy,” Centre for European

Policy Studies, EU–Turkey Working Papers, No. 2 (August 2004);

and Gamze Avcı, “Turkey’s EU Politics: What Justifies Reform?” in

Helen Sjursen, ed., Enlargement in Perspective (Oslo: ARENA, 2005),

129–50. For the summary of harmonization laws, see: http://www.byegm.

gov.tr/on-sayfa/uyum/uyum-ingilizce.htm; http://www.byegm.gov.tr/onsayfa/

uyum/uyum-ingilizce-58hukumet.htm and http://www.byegm.

gov.tr/on-sayfa/uyum uyum-ingilizce-59hukumet.htm.

2 Levent Gönenç, “Recent Developments in the Field of Freedom of Expres -

sion in Turkey,” European Public Law, Vol. 11, No. 2 (June 2005), 251–

55.

3 Gönenç, “Recent Developments,” 249.