Ghana,  Nigeria,  and  Gabon  

Heather  Miller  

West  Africa:  2008  Offshore  Oil  and  Gas  Concession  Map,  Offshore  Magazine  

GHANA   NIGERIA   GABON  

West  Africa:  2008  Offshore  Oil  and  Gas  Concession  Map,  Offshore  Magazine  

Ghana   Nigeria   Gabon  

Oil  discovery/productionc   1970/2007   1956/1958   1970’s  

OPEC  Ranking    n/a   6th    n/a  3  

World  Oil  Rankingd   89th   10th     40th    

African  Oil  Ranking    -­‐     1st   6th  (1997  =  3rd)  

Export  revenue  earnede   >  25%   >  90%   >  81%  

Government  revenuese    -­‐     >40%  1   >  60%  2  

Other  information:  

Other  industry  revenues/  exportsd  

Mining,  cocoa,  timber,  palm  oil  

Cocoa,  rubber   Mining,  timber  

National  language   English   English   French  

Population   24.9  million   162  million   1.5  million;  20%  French  nationals  

c  –  represents  oil  reserves  large  enough  to  afford  commercial  production  activity;  d  –  CIA  World  Fact  Book,  2010;  e  –  World  Bank  1  –  Land  Use  Decree  legislation  enacted;  2  -­‐  State  owns  oil  &    gas,  rights;  3  –  OPEC  member  until  1996  

Ghana   Nigeria   Gabon  

Enabling  legislationa   1994   1992   1979  

Specific  regulationsa   1999   1992   1979  

Public  participation  provision  

1999   No   Not  formalised  

Administrative  body   Ghana  Environmental  Protection  Agency,  1994  

The  Federal  Environmental  Protection  Agency  (FEPA)  1988  

General  Directorate  of  the  Environment  and  Nature  Protection,  1985  

EIA  Categoryb   1A  –  Functional  &  robust  EIA  systems  in  place  

2  –  Functional  EIA;  institutional  &  regulatory  framework  are  recent  &  fragile  

3  –  Incomplete  regulatory  &  institutional  framework  

a  –  Review    of  the  Application  of  Environmental  Impact  Assessment  in  Selected  African  Countries,  2005;  b  -­‐  CLEIAA,  2002  

Country  by  Country  

STRENGTHS  

¡  Required  for  all  new  &  existing  offshore  oil  development  

¡  Public  consultation  process;  social  impact  assessments  (SIA)  used  

¡  Local  training  programs  ¡  Climate  change  impacts  

considered  

WEAKNESSES  

¡  Baseline  environment  not  well  understood  &/or  scientific  data  not  available  

¡  No  local  expertise  available  and/or  solicited  (should  be  leveraging  indigenous  knowledge)  

¡  Bui  Dam  (EIA  2008,  projected  completion  2013)  §  Fate  of  the  rare  Black  Hippo  unknown  

§  No  clear  public  participation  or  consultation  

§  Resettlement  of  peoples  affected  by  flooding  not  communicated  

§  EIA  does  not  influence  decision  making  process  

§  Climate  change  impacts  not  considered  

The main elements of the Resettlement & Community Support Program include:New resettlement townships with following Communal Facilities:Community Centre, Nursery, Place of worship, Boreholes, KVIPs.Houses: (Room for Room+kitchen+bath+living room).Compensation for loss of economic trees at LVB rates.Grants: GHS100 as Resettlement Grant & GHS50 to till new farm land.Income support: GHS100/month/household for 1 year.Livelihood Enhancement Program: To restore Lost Economic Activities andimprove Living Standards in Project Affected Areas.

The development of a hydropower scheme on the Black Volta river at the Bui Gorge had been the subject of many studies; namely, detailed studies by J.S. Zhuk Hydroprojeckt of the USSR in 1966, a Feasibility Study by Snowy Mountains Eng. Corp (SMEC) of Australia in 1976 and another Feasibility Study by Coyne et Bellier of France in 1995.

The proposed 400 MW Bui hydropower scheme was considered to be the most technically and economically attractive hydropower site in Ghana after the Akosombo and Kpong hydro power plants. The feasibility study of 1995 was subsequently updated by Coyne et Bellier in October 2006 to enable the commencement of the project.

The Bui Power Authority Act, 2007 (Act 740) was enacted by the Parliament of Ghana and assented to by the President in July 2007 to establish an Authority known as the Bui Power Authority (BPA) which was to plan, execute and manage the Bui Hydroelectric Project.

The Bui Hydroelectric Project which is currently being implemented was designed primarily for hydropower generation. It however also includes the development of an irrigation scheme for agricultural development and presents an opportunity for enhanced ecotourism and fisheries. It also includes a Resettlement and Community Support Program.

BACKGROUND

BUI HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT

The development of the Bui dam will create a reservoir that will involve the inundation, 2at its full supply level, of about 444km of land, including parts of the Bui National Park.

The area of permanent inundation includes six communities which need to be resettled.

Although another community, Dokokyina, will not be inundated, it will need to be relocated because the community will be surrounded on three sides by the reservoir (south, east and west), and large parts of their land, which is used for cultivation, grazing, hunting and collection of forest products, will also be submerged. It is also intended to relocate the Bui Camp, the current residence of Game and Wildlife Officers assigned to protect the Bui National Park.

The project therefore involves the resettlement of eight (8) communities with a total population of 1,216 people. Implementation of the resettlement programme has been divided into three (3) parts as follow:

Part A: Covering four (4) communities living at the construction sitePart B: Covering 3 communities living in the area to be inundated Part C: Covering the personnel of Game and Wildlife Division living at the old and

dilapidated Bui Camp

The initial resettlement under Part A was undertaken in May 2008 with the resettling of Brewohodi, Dam Site Village, Agbegikuro, and Lucene. Facilities completed at the Resettlement Part B Township include 170 housing units, communal facilities (school, community centre, and places of convenience) and water supply systems. Yet to be completed are places of worship (church, mosque), health post and police station.

The details of the affected communities are as below:

RESETTLEMENT & COMMUNITY SUPPORT PROGRAM

AffectedCommunities No. ofHouseholds No. ofPeople StatusBrewohodi

Dam Site

Lucene

Bui Village

Bator

Bui Camp

Akanyakrom

Total

10

6

4

42

63

36

219

36

107

26

437

100

48

297

1,216

Resettled

Resettled

Resettled

Resettled

Not Yet

Agbegikuro

22

Dokokyina

36

165

BPA RESETTLEMENT TOWNSHIP - August 2011

PHASE I (Actual)October 2007 Commenced Field InvestigationsJanuary 2008 Commenced Preparatory WorksDecember 2008 River Diversion Completed

PHASE II (Actual)Jan - November 2009 River bed excavation & foundationDecember 2009 Commenced Main RCC DamJune 2011 Commenced Reservoir Filling

PHASE II (Expected)Fourth Quarter of 2012 Commissioning of First Unit Second Quarter of 2013 Completion & Commissioning

Hydro power generation and water supplya) The country's generation capacity will be increased thus enhancing power supply in the country in general and in particular the reliability and security of power supply to the Northern Sector of the country.

b) Reinforcement of the Transmission Network in the Three Northern Regions of the Country.

c) Improved water supply for irrigation and domestic use

IrrigationPotential irrigable land of 30,000ha; bedrock for massive mechanized farming.a) Food and cash cropsb) Fisheries c) Animal husbandry

Socio-economic a) Job creation b) Improvement of educational, health and social facilitiesc) Development of transportation networks (access to markets for farm produce)

PHYSICAL ADDRESSHse #9 Carrots Lane, East LegonFAX+233 302 522 443 PHONE+233 302 522 444 / +233 302 522 445

BENEFITS OF THE BUI HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT

Published in January 2012

PROJECT MILESTONES AND COMPLETION SCHEDULE

E-MAILinfo@buipowerauthority.com

WEBSITEwww.buipowerauthority.com Original Settlement

Artist Impression of the Bui Dam

Children at the BPA Resettlement Township

Six Classroom Primary School Block

Newly Resettled Household

Resettled

Resettled

Resettled

BPA opens Information Centres to serve as platforms for Project Affected people toaccess information and to make their concerns known.

Bui Hydrelectric Project Participants

BUI POWERA U T H O R I T Y

STRENGTHS  

¡  Required  for  all  new  offshore  oil  development  

¡  Most  prepared  by  large  multi-­‐national  oil  partner  

WEAKNESSES  

¡  Baseline  environment  not  well  understood  

¡  Public  consultation  feedback  not  obtained/utilised;  social  impact  assessment  (SIA)  lacking  

¡  EMP  too  basic  or  ineffective  ¡  No  local  education  of  oil  E&P  

activities  ¡  Climate  change  impacts  not  

considered    ¡  Political  instability  

¡  Obajana  Earth  Dam  (EIA  2004)  §  Public  consulted,  concerns  noted  with  proposed  mitigation  

§  EMP  very  basic  

¡ Mambila  Hydropower  (EIA  solicited/done?)  §  Riddled  with  controversy  

¡  The  U.S.  Energy  Information  Administration  reports:  “Nigeria  does  not  have  a  pollution  control  policy”,  and  the  laws  that  do  exist  are  not  enforced.”    (O’Rourke,  2003)  

Mayumba  National  Marine  Park  

STRENGTHS    

¡  Required?  ¡  International  regulations  

adopted  ¡  Climate  change  impacts  

considered  

¡  Environmental  values  of  the  country  

¡  Political  stability  

WEAKNESSES  

¡  Baseline  environmental  &  scientific  data  not  available  

¡  Public  participation  limited  

¡  Empress  Eugenie  Falls  Hydroelectric  Power  Plant  (ESMP  dated  2011,  projected  completion  2013)  § Mitigation,  not  prevention  §  Budget  includes  sustainable  development  vision  

¡  Belinga  Dam  (EIA  ?,  projected  completion  2011)  §  Public  controversy  &  opposition  

¡  Public  involvement  and  consultation  §  Implementing  the  Social  Impact  Assessment  

¡  Environmental  data  not  available  and  not  being  monitored  or  tracked  

¡  Revenues  appear  to  influence  the  EIA  process  ¡  Decision  making  process  is  not  influenced  by  the  EIA    

Worst  case  scenario  

This  is  what  happens  when  oil  projects  are  not  socialized,  nor  properly  consider  the  economic  and  environmental  impacts  to  the  local    population.  

Ogoniland  -­‐  Nigeria  

References  

Ghana  ¡  Review  of  the  Application  of  Environmental  Impact  Assessment  in  Selected  

African  Countries,  2005.  Economic  Commission  for  Africa,  Addis  Ababa,  Ethiopia.  

¡  Appiah-­‐Opoku  S.,  2001.  Environmental  impact  assessment  in  developing  countries:  the  case  of  Ghana.  EIA  Review  21:  59-­‐71  

¡  Bekhechi,  MA  &  Mercier,  JR,  2002.  The  Legal  and  Regulatory  Framework  for  Environmental  Impact  Assessments:  A  Study  of  Selected  Countries  in  Sub-­‐Saharan  Africa.    World  Bank  Publications,  Washington,  DC.  

¡  Ofori  B.D.,  2008.    Strategies  for  community  participation  in  dam  development.    Prepared  for  International  Water  Management  Institute.  

   EIAs  Consulted:  ¡  Jubilee  Field  Project:  Summary  of  the  Environmental  Impact  Assessment  

(EIA).    Prepared  November  2009  by  African  Development  Bank,  Ghana.  ¡  Environmental  and  Social  Impact  Assessment  of  the  Bui  Hydropower  

Project.  Prepared  January  2007  by  Environmental  Resources  Management.  

References  

Nigeria  ¡  Review  of  the  Application  of  Environmental  Impact  Assessment  in  Selected  African  

Countries,  2005.  Economic  Commission  for  Africa,  Addis  Ababa,  Ethiopia.  ¡  Report  of  Environmental  Assessment  of  Ogoniland,  2011.  United  Nations  Environment  

Programme,  Nairobi,  Kenya.  ¡  Akpofure  E.A.  and  Ojile  M.,  1996.    Social  impact  assessment:  An  interactive  and  

participatory  approach.    United  Nations  Environment  Programme,  Geneva,  Switzerland.  

¡  Bekhechi,  MA  &  Mercier,  JR,  2002.  The  Legal  and  Regulatory  Framework  for  Environmental  Impact  Assessments:  A  Study  of  Selected  Countries  in  Sub-­‐Saharan  Africa.    World  Bank  Publications,  Washington,  DC.  

¡  Kloff  S.  and  Wicks  C.,  2004.    Environmental  management  of  offshore  oil  development  and  maritime  oil  transport:  A  background  document  for  stakeholders  of  the  West  African  Marine  Eco  Region.    Prepared  October  2004  for  IUCN  Commission  on  Environmental,  Economic  and  Social  Policy.  

¡  Olokesusi  F.,  1998.    Legal  and  institutional  framework  of  environmental  impact  assessment  in  Nigeria:  An  initial  assessment.  EIA  Review  18:  159-­‐174.  

¡  O’Rourke  D.  and  Connolly  S.,  2003.  Just  Oil?  The  distribution  of  environmental  and  social  impacts  of  oil  production  and  consumption.  Annu.  Rev.  Environ.  Resour.    28:  587-­‐617.  

¡  Ogri  O.R.,  2001.    A  review  of  the  Nigerian  petroleum  industry  and  the  associated  environmental  problems.    The  Environmentalist  21:  11-­‐21.  

EIAs  Consulted:  ¡  SPDC-­‐East  Diebu  Creek  Exploratory  Well  Drilling.    Prepared  September  2004  by  Shell  

Petroleum  Development  Company  of  Nigeria.  ¡  Proposed  Obajana  Earth  Dam  Project.    Prepared  August  2004  by  Biogeochem  

Associates  Limited.  

References  

Gabon   ¡  Review  of  the  Application  of  Environmental  Impact  Assessment  in  Selected  African  Countries,  2005.  Economic  Commission  for  Africa,  Addis  Ababa,  Ethiopia.  

¡  Gabon:  Country  Wildlife  Profiles,  A  summary  of  oiled  wildlife  response  arrangements  and  resources  worldwild.  Sea  Alarm  Foundation,  2006.  

¡  Bekhechi,  MA  &  Mercier,  JR,  2002.  The  Legal  and  Regulatory  Framework  for  Environmental  Impact  Assessments:  A  Study  of  Selected  Countries  in  Sub-­‐Saharan  Africa.    World  Bank  Publications,  Washington,  DC.  

EIAs/EMPs  Consulted:  ¡  VAALCO  Gabon  (Etame),  Inc.  Environmental  Impact  Assessment  prepared  

September  2001  by  Sound  Environmental  Solutions,  Inc.  Houston,  Texas  ¡  Empress  Eugenie  Falls  Hydroelectric  Power  Plant,  Environment  and  Social  

Management  Plan  Summary.    Prepared  &  approved  by  the  Gabonese  government,  February  2011.