Environmental Impact Assessment and Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Port of...

EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentandProtectionofUnderwaterCulturalHeritageinthePortofTaipei,asWellasProspectsforCooperationbetweentheTwoSidesoftheTaiwanStrait

Wen-YanChiau*

* Wen-YanChiau,professorwithInstituteofMarineAffairsandNaturalResources,TaiwanOceanUniversity(Keelung).E-mail:[email protected].

Abstract:Manhasalonghistoryofnavigationandfishingandhasleftcountlesssitescontainingunderwaterculturalheritage(UCH).Theseculturalremainsarecloselyrelatedtotheculturalcharacteristicsofasocietyand/oraregionaswellastotheculturaladvancedwisdomandthusshouldbeprotec-ted.Inparticular,theUNESCOConventionoftheProtectionoftheUnderwa-terCulturalHeritagecameintoeffecton2January2009.UCHdeservesprior-ity,andlong-termeffectivemechanismsneedtobeestablishedforitsprotec-tion.TaiwanpromulgatedtheEnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)Acton30December1994.Althoughwiththepracticalexperienceformorethan15years,theexploration,survey,andassessmentofculturalheritagearestilllim-ited.ThisisparticularlytruewhenconsideringUCH.TakingthePortofTaipeiinTaiwanasacasestudy,thispaperdemonstratesanddiscusseshowtheEnvi-ronmentalProtectionAdministrationincludestheissueofUCHintheEIAprocessandhowitfacilitatescoordinationandintegrationamongrelatedagen-ciesforsurveysandprotectionofUCHintheportarea.ThiscasewasdeemedanimportantmilestoneandamodelbeforetheenactmentofanexclusiveUCHlawinthatadeveloperwasrequestedtoprotectUCHthroughtheEIAprocess.Basedontheconceptof“commonheritage”,thispaperalsoexplorestheprospectsandproposesrecommendationsforthetwosidesoftheTaiwanStraitforcooperationandcollaborationinprotectingUCH.

KeyWords:UnderwaterCulturalHeritage(UCH);EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA);EnvironmentalProtectionAdministration(EPA);Taiwan;

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ChinaOceansLawReview (2010Number2)

thePortofTaipei(TaipeiPort)

Ⅰ.Introduction

“Culture”isthecommonheritageofmankind.Therearenumerousdefini-tionsofit.Forinstance,culturerefersto:(1)excellenceoftasteinthefineartsandhumanities,alsoknownashighculture;(2)integratedpatternsofhumanknowledge,beliefs,andbehaviorsthatdependuponthecapacityforsymbolicthoughtandsociallearning;and(3)thesetofsharedattitudes,values,goals,

andpracticesthatcharacterizesaninstitution,organization,orgroup.Inthe20thcentury,“culture”emergedasacentralandunifyingconceptofAmericananthropology,whereitmostcommonlyreferredtotheuniversalhumancapaci-tytoclassifyandencodeexperiencessymbolically,andcommunicatesymboli-callyencodedexperiencessocially.①Inotherwords,cultureincludesdifferentconcepts,values,and/orcodesofconductofapeople,acommunity,asociety,oracountry.Fromformalaspects,culturalcharacteristicsarecloselyassociatedwithlanguage,writtencharacters,images,and/orhumanbehaviors.Forarchae-ologists,cultureoftenrepresentsthedistinctivenessinremainingartifactsand/

orsettlements.Thesametools,instruments,andmanufacturingtechnologiesmayillustrateuniqueculturalcharacteristicsofapeopleofaspecificperiodoftime.Culturealsoconsistsofphysicalandnon-physicalportions,whichincludeinstruments,materials,products,skills,technologies,concepts,ideologies,andinstitutionalmechanisms.Veryoften,culturalheritageisasuperficialsymbolthatiscloselyrelatedtolocalculture.

Chen(2007)echoedtheabovebroaddefinition.Asillustratedinhispa-per,cultureisregardedastheassemblyoraportionofthisassemblyofhumanlife,whichincludesworkandleisure,materialandspirit,existingrealityandhistoricmemory.Hefurtherrefersto“marineculture”asthelifecontentsofmanandtheocean,whichincludepeople’sexpectations,memories,anddescrip-tionsoftheocean.Therefore,theresearchthemesofmarineculturearebroadinthiscontextandcanbecategorizedintosevensubfields:(1)fishinggroundsandfishing;(2)shipsandshipping;(3)maritimetradeandimmigration;(4)coastalmanagementandgovernance;(5)piracyandillegalsmuggling;(6)marineenviron-mentandecosystems;and(7)maritimehumanityandartactivities.Sincemarinecul-

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① Wikipedia,Culture,athttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture,25August2010.

turerepresentstheinteractionasawholebetweenmanandtheocean,itsscopeandcontentsarethereforeextremelyabundantanddiverse.①

Duetofrequentenvironmentalchanges,historicalevents,and/ordevasta-tingincidents,asignificantportionofculturalremainsarecoveredorsub-mergedinthemarineenvironment.AsacknowledgedintheUNESCOConven-tionontheProtectionoftheUnderwaterCulturalHeritage,underwatercul-turalheritage(UCH)isrecognizedasanintegralpartoftheculturalheritageofhumanityandaparticularlyimportantelementinthehistoryofpeoplesandnations,andtheirrelationswitheachotherconcerningtheircommonheritage.UCHisalsooftendescribedasa“timecapsule”stronglylinkinghumanwis-dom,history,andthenaturalenvironment.Theaboveconventionthushigh-lightstheimportanceofprotectingandpreservingUCHandindicatesthattheresponsibilitytherebyrestswithallstates.Inaddition,theconventionstatesthatcooperationamongstates,internationalorganizations,scientificinstitu-tions,professionalorganizations,archaeologists,divers,otherinterestedpar-ties,andthepublicatlargeisessentialforprotectingUCH.Italsourgesthatimprovementsbemadeintheeffectivenessofmeasuresattheinternational,re-gional,andnationallevelsforthepreservationinsituor,ifnecessaryforscien-tificorprotectivepurposes,thecarefulrecoveryofUCH.②SincetheConven-tionwentintoeffecton2January2009,theprotectionofUCHdeservespriori-tyonthenationalculturalagenda.

Ⅱ.CulturalAffairsinTaiwan

OnNovember11,1981,TaiwanestablishedtheCouncilforCulturalAf-fairs(CCA)asitshighestinstitutionfortheplanningandoversightofculturalestablishments.TheCCAthusplaysakeyroleaspolicy-maker,planner,andimplementerinpromotingandprotectingculture.TheCCAhasitsdifferentpolicythemesaccordingtothebackgroundandinterestsofitsministers.③Forexample,thepolicygoalsandthemesin2010includepromotingculturaland

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ChenKuo-tung,Thediversecharacteristicsofoceanicculturalresearch,OceanicCultureJournal,vol.3,2007,pp.11-18;alsoavailableathttp://ntouioc.ntou.edu.tw/webfm_send/50,20August2010.UNESCO,ConventionontheProtectionoftheUnderwaterCulturalHeritage,athttp://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001260/126065e.pdf,25August2010.CouncilforCulturalAffairs,AdministrativeOrganization,athttp://www.cca.gov.tw/a-bout.do? method=list&id=2,4September,2010.


creativeindustries,revitalizingculturalheritageandtourismcultureresources,

reviewingexistinglawsandregulations,andpromotingthereorganizationandimprovementofculturalfacilities.Followingagovernmentalreorganization,

i.e.,theCCAwillbeincorporatedintothebrand-new MinistryofCulturein2012andthisisoneofthemajortasksfortheleadagencyofcultureinTaiwanforthemoment.①

Duringthepastdecade,theCCAwasoftencriticizedforpayingmoreat-tentiontotheconstructionofinfrastructureandperformanceprogramsratherthaninstitutionalimprovementsandfundamentalresearch.ExamplesarethepromotionoftheConstructionPlanoftheNewTaipeiTheater,thePlanoftheKaohsiungMaritimeCultureandPopularMusicCenter,andtheConstruc-tionPlanoftheWeiWuYingCenterfortheArtsinrecentyears.Themajorreasonisthatmanyexistingmuseumsandartcentershavelowuseratesandarecriticizedasbeing“mosquito’scenters”,i.e.,noonetherebutmosquitoes.BasedontheCCA’sperformancereportof2009,therewerelimitedadditionalactivitiesrelatedtotheprotectionofculturalheritage.Inadditiontoacelebra-tionprogramonInternationalMuseumDayandaWorkshoponCulturalHerit-agePreservation,theCCAonlyorganizedaTrainingProgramforUCHScien-tificSurveyandAnalysisandaSpecialExhibitionandtheInternationalWork-shoponUCHthatyear.②ItisbelievedthatthelackofasufficientbudgetandpolicyfocusonUCHcontributedtotheinactivityoftheagency.

Currently,theCulturalHeritagePreservationActistheonlylawwhichfocusesonprotectingvarioustypesofculturalheritageinTaiwan.③ThereisstillnoexclusivelawonUCHprotection,andtheissuehasbeenneglectedforalongtime.However,theconceptofUCHhasgraduallybeentakingrootintheexistinglawsandenforcementregulations.Forinstance,theCCAamendedandpromulgatedArticle3oftheEnforcementRulesoftheCHPA on15June2010.Theamendedenforcementregulationsextendthedefinitionofnaturalre-mainstocoverfossilsofancientwildlife,whichwerediscoveredbyresearchersontheseabedoftheTaiwanStraitinrecentyearsandcontributetoanintegralpartofUCH.Article3alsoregulatesthe“space”ofremainingartifactsandhu-

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CouncilforCulturalAffairs,2010PolicyGoalsandObjectives,athttp://www.cca.gov.tw/ccaImages/adminstration/0/99target.pdf,20June2010.CouncilforCulturalAffairs,PerformanceReportof2009,athttp://www.cca.gov.tw/ccaImages/result/1222766685264/20100308.pdf,20June2010.CouncilforCulturalAffairs,CulturalHeritagePreservationAct,athttp://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawContent.aspx? PCODE=H0170001,5September2010.

mansettlementsincludingthoseonlandandunderwater.①

BasedonArticle11oftheCHPA,theCCAcreatedtheHeadquartersAd-ministrationofCulturalHeritage(HACH)in2006inchargeofaffairsrelatedtoculturalheritage.② Sincethen,theHACH hasbeenactivelyengagedinUCHaffairs.Since1September2006,forinstance,theHACHcommissionedAcademiaSinicaandNationalSunYat-senUniversitytoconductathree-yearprojectentitledthe“ProjectfortheExplorationandExcavationofAncientShipwrecksinMakungHarborandfortheTrainingofResearchStaffofUn-derwaterCulturalHeritagePreservationandConservation”.Startingin2007,

theprojectalsocarriedoutunderwaterarchaeologicalreconnaissanceinwatersofthePenghuArchipelago.③ThisisthefirsteverpilotprojectonresearchingandinvestigatingUCHinTaiwan,whichemploysasystematicapproachandscientifictechnologysuchasmulti-beamsonarandmagnetometers.In2008,thetwo-volumereportentitledtheNewVisionofanOceanicTaiwan,namelyASpecialReportontheAchievementsoftheTaiwan-FrenchCooperationonSurveyofUnderwaterCulturalHeritageandProfessionalTraining④andIn-vestigationReportonPotentialHistoricShipwrecksinMakungHarbor,Pen-ghu⑤,werepublished.AnInternationalSymposiumonUnderwaterArchaeolo-gywasalsoorganizedatShihsanhang Museum,TaipeiCounty.AfterbeingcommissionedbytheHACH,AcademiaSinicapresenteditsfinalreportenti-tledAHistoricResearchonUnderwaterCulturalHeritageintheCoastalWa-

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CouncilforCulturalAffairs,theAmendedArticle3ofthe“EnforcementRulesoftheCul-turalHeritagePreservationAct”,athttp://www.hach.gov.tw/hach/frontsite/expser-vice/expServiceDetailAction.do? method=doViewNewsDetail&contentId=4300&isAddHitRate=true&relationPk=4300&tableName=content&iscancel=true&siteId=101,20June2010.CouncilforCulturalAffairs,CulturalHeritage,athttp://www.cca.gov.tw/business.do?method=list&id=2,20August2010.TsangCheng-hwaandLiuJin-Yuan,StartinguptheUnderwaterArchaeologyinTaiwan:RecentUnderwaterArchaeologicalReconnaissanceintheWatersofthePenghu,atht-tp://140.121.175.164/Registration/tosmpart/%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81_%E8%87%A7%E6%8C%AF%E8%8F%AF.doc,24August2010.HeadquartersAdministrationofCulturalHeritage(HACH),CouncilforCulturalAf-fairs,NewVisionofanOceanicTaiwan—ASpecialReportontheAchievementsoftheTaiwan-FrenchCooperationonSurveyofUnderwaterCulturalHeritageandProfessionalTraining,2008.HeadquartersAdministrationofCulturalHeritage(HACH),CouncilforCulturalAf-fairs,NewVisionofanOceanicTaiwan—AProjectfortheExplorationandExcavationofancientshipwrecksintheMakungHarborandfortheTrainingofResearchStaffsofUn-derwaterCulturalHeritagePreservationandConservation,2008.


tersofTaiwaninJune2009.Allofthesedemonstratethefirststageofinitia-tivesofresearchandon-sitesurveysofUCHinTaiwan.Itisobviousthatthemanpower,funding,projects,andimplementationperformanceonthistopicarestilllimited,andtherefore,moreeffortsonprotectingUCHareneeded.

Ⅲ.EIAinthePortofTaipei

TaiwanpromulgateditsEnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)Acton30December2004.Thisactwasformulatedtopreventandmitigatetheadverseimpactsofdevelopmentactivitiesontheenvironmentinordertoachievethegoalofenviron-mentalprotection.PursuanttoSection2ofArticle4,EIAmeansanenvironmentalmanagementplanbasedonscientific,objective,andcomprehensivesurveys,forecas-ting,analyses,andevaluationsconductedpriortoprojectimplementationinordertodeterminethedegreeandscopeofthepotentialimpactsofdevelopmentactivitiesorgovernmentpoliciesontheenvironment(includingtheliving,natural,andsocialen-vironments),economy,culture,andecology,andthepublicexplanationandreviewofsuchaplan.TheactalsostipulatesthatEIAworkincludessuchproceduresasphaseIandIIEIAs,reviews,andfollow-upevaluations.CompetentauthoritiesatalllevelsshallestablishanEIAReviewCommitteeandnecessarytaskforcestoreviewmattersrelatedtoEIAreports.①Clearly,thescopeofEIAsincludesimpactsoncultureandculturalheritage.

Althoughtheacthasbeeninforcefornearly20yearsinTaiwan,there-search,investigation,andassessmentofdevelopmentimpactsonculturearelimited.ThisisparticularlytrueoftheissueofUCH.Forinstance,therewerethreemajortradinghubsinancientTaiwan,asevidencedfromtheexpression,“Tainannumberone,Lukangnumbertwo,andMonganumberthree.”②Itisbelievedthattheseharborareaspossessnumerousshipwrecksandmarinecul-turalheritage.TainanCityandCountyarelocatedinsouthwesternTaiwan,andthecitywasthecapitalduringtheDutchcolonizationperiodofthe17thcentu-ry.TheDutchbuiltthecastle,Zeelandia,inAnpingDistrictofTainanCitywhichisnowafamousandpopulartourismsite.Thenearbyareawastheold

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EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentAct,athttp://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/La-wAll.aspx? PCode=O0090001,17August2010.ABird’sEyeViewofWanhua-TheLongHistoryoftheMongaBowl,athttp://61.57.40.108/OCAC/web/News/uptNews.aspx? Item0=2&c0=23&p0=4508,17August2010.

TaijiangInnerSea,andasignificantportionoftheseaexperiencedseveralse-veremudflowsandwasclaimedforurbandevelopmentoverthepastfewcen-turies.LukangisahistoricalharborcityinChunghuaCountyofcentralTaiwanandwasalsoahistoricalport.Nevertheless,itscoastalareawasclaimedfortheChunghuaSeashoreIndustrialPark.Mokeover,MongaistheoldnamefortheWanhuaDistrictofTaipeiCityandoriginatesfromtheindigenouswordforca-noe.Unfortunately,tidelandreclamationandcoastaldevelopmentprojectsintheseareaslackedinvestigationsofUCH.ProtectingUCHhasthereforebeenneglectedtothepresentduringtheEIAprocess.Inthisregard,theinitiativeofUCHinvestigationinthe HarborofTaipeiisanimportant milestoneinTaiwan’sEIAreviewprocess.

A.DevelopmentProgessandEIAInitiativesatTaipeiPort

ThePortofTaipeiislocatedinthenorthernpartofTaiwan(Figure1).ItliesonthesouthwesternestuaryoftheTamsuiRiver,extendinguptothecoastofXi-KoofRhei-SuKunofLinkouTownship,andfaceswestontotheTaiwanStraitwithGuan-YinMountainasthebackground.ThePortofKeelunglies34nauticalmileseast;thePortofTaichungis87nauticalmilessouth,andthePortofFuchou,Chinais134nauticalmilestothewest.Therefore,thePortofTaipeiissuitabletobecomeaportinnorthernTaiwanforoceancrusingandcross-straitdirectcruises.①

TheportofTamsuilaunchedaProgramofConstructionPhaseIin1993,

anditwascompletedattheendof1998.In1995,Taiwanpropelledthesub-planMaritimeCenteroftheprogram,Asia-PacificRegionalOperationsCenter(APROC),andagreedtoorientthedevelopmentoftheportasastrongbackupforKeelungPort.In2004,theMinistryofTransportationandCommunicationsofficiallyannouncedanddesignatedTamsuiPortasanauxiliaryportofKee-lungPort.In1999,theExecutiveYuan(equivalenttotheCabinet)approvedandimplemented“OverallPlanningofTamsuiPortandProgramsforFutureDevelopment,”aswellastheFirstFive-yearProgramofConstructionPhaseII(1996-2001),andrenamedTamsuiPortTaipeiPort.In2002,theSecondFive-yearProgram(2002-2006)ofConstructionPhaseIIforTaipeiPortwasap-provedandimplemented.Afteroveralldiscussionsandamendments,theThird

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① AboutPortofTaipei,Location,athttp://www.tpport.gov.tw/tpport/EnRedirectFor-ward.do,17August2010.


Five-yearProgram (2007-2011)ofConstructionPhaseIIcontinuedasplanned,andisscheduledforcompletionby2011.TheProgramofConstructionPhaseIII(2012-2021)forTaipeiPortandtheLong-termDevelopmentPro-grams(aftertheyear2022)willbefullydiscussedandpromoteddependingontheneedsforfuturemaritimedevelopmentandthewillingnessofinvestmentsfromtheprivatesector.①Basedontheplan,thelandareaofTaipeiPortwillbe1,038haandthewaterareawillbe2,064ha,foratotalof3,102ha.②Figure2showsanaerialviewofTaipeiPort.

PursuanttotheEIAAct,theKeelungPortHarborBureausubmitteditsEIAStatementofConstructionPhaseIIforTaipeiPorttotheEPA,whichistheleadagencyofoverallenvironmentalmanagementandthecentralcompe-tentauthorityofEIAsinTaiwan,toreviewtheimpactofharborconstruction.Afterathoroughreview,theEPAapprovedtheplanandpromulgatedEIAconclusionson8March1997.AsrequestedbytheExecutiveYuan,thecon-structionplanwastobereviewedandalteredeveryfiveyears.Furthermore,

theportauthorityagainsenttheamnendedEIAStatementofConstructionPhaseII(2007-2011)forTaipeiPorttotheEPAandobtainedapprovalandEIAconclusionsfortheconstructionon11March2005.

Sincethecoastalwatersaroundtheport’ssouthoutlyingbreakwatersisatraiditionalfishinggroundofelvers,thereclamationprojectmaypossiblyblockthemfrom migratingtothefreshwaterestuaryforgrowth.Moreover,thecoastalzoneofthisnewharborhasbeenexperiencingsignificanterosioninthesouthandsedimentationinthenorthinthepastfewdecades.Thus,thereisin-creasingconcernoverthebalancebetweenconservationanddevelopmentwithconstructionofTaipeiPort.Additionally,theareaoftheTamsuiEstuaryisrec-ognizedasoneoftheimportanthistoricalsitesinTaiwan.TheShihsanhang③

andXiagukeng④culturalsitesserveasexamplesindicatingtheabundanceofculturalheritageinthesurroundingarea.ThiswasreaffirmedintheaboveEIA

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AboutPortofTaipei,HistoryofTaipeiPort,athttp://www.tpport.gov.tw/tpport/EnRedirectForward.do,17August2010.AboutPortofTaipei,Overallplanningandfuturedevelopmentplan,athttp://www.tp-port.gov.tw/tpport/EnRedirectForward.do,17August2010.Wikipedia,ShihsanhangCulturalRemainSite,athttp://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E8%A1%8C%E9%81%BA%E5%9D%80,4September2010.EncyclopediaofTaiwan,Xiagu-DapuCulturalRemainSite,athttp://taiwanpedia.cul-ture.tw/web/content? ID=15101,4September2010.

statementandrelatedreports.Duringthepastseveralyears,thelocalmediapublishedsignificantreportsrevealingthatMr.Shin-FuChang,aresidentoftheesturarinearea,hasfoundcountlesspreciousculturalartifactsonthebeach.①Changalsocitedhisfather’sobservation,duringWorldWarII,thatseveralwarshipsandairplanesofJapanwereattackedandaresubmergedinthecoastalwaters.② Atpresent,onlyphaseIofconstructionofTaipeiPorthasbeencompleted;phaseIIisnowinprogress,andtheremainingseahasnotbeenrelaimedyet.Thus,thereisstillanopportunitytoconductnecessaryinvestiga-tions,research,andsalvageofUCH.Moreover,theEIAstatementforTaipeiPortdeclaresthatiftheculturalauthorityand/orexpertsrecognizethenecessi-tytoconducton-siteinvestigations,theportauthoritywillinitiatethenecessa-rysurveysasrequested.Recognizingtheimportanceofculturalsitesandre-mainsasaUCHinvestigationwascalledforbytheauthorofthisreport,theEPAfinallybeganamilestoneinitiativeintegratingtheconceptofUCHpro-tectionintotheEIAprocedure.

B.ARoundtableMeetingonUCHinTaipeiPort

IncollaborationwiththePortofTaipeiBranchBureau(PTBB),theEPAheldaRoundtableMeetingontheEIAandUnderwaterArchaeologyfortheConstructionofTaipeiPorton5May2009.Inadditiontodiscussionsonpro-tectingtheelvers,themeetingalsofocusedonthedistributionofculturalherit-agesitesintheregion,adequatetechnologiesforunderwaterarchaeology,andrelatedrecommendationsforthePTBBandEPAtoadopt.Themeetingwaschairedbytheauthorandreachedthefollowingconclusions:(1)thereisane-cessitytoconductunderwaterarchaeologybasedonknownliteratureandavaila-bleinformation,andtheportwatersdeservepriority;and(2)itisessentialtodevelopacomprehensiveplantoguideTaipeiPorttoachievetherecommendedgoalofbe-

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ExpertsconfirmtheexistenceofprehistoricculturalremainsiteinLinkou,ChinaTimes,18October1997;AbundanceshownintheculturalremainsitesinLinkouandPaliCoast,UnitedDailyNews,7July2000;Landsubsidenceandtheconstructionofsouthernoutly-ingbreakwaterofTaipeiPortmaydamagetheprehistoricculturalremainsites,TaiwanTimes,9August2001;SungWen-hsunconfirmsthecollectedculturalremainsbyChangshin-FuhavethesameknockingmethodwiththatinChungbingCulturalSite,TaiwanTimes,9 August2001;andEnvironmentalistA-Fubeinganexpertoffossil,ChinaTimes,20July2006.PersonalinterviewwithChangShin-Fuon7May2009.


cominganeco-portandaculturalport.ForbetterprotectionofUCH,theEPAalsorequestedthattheportauthorityconductnecessarysurveysandprepareareportontheculturalheritageintheportareaby20June2009.①

C.EIAReviewofPhaseIIofConstructionofTaipeiPort

BasedonthereportsubmittedbyTaipeiPort,theEPAheldthefirsttask-forcemeetingtoreviewtheEIAStatementoftheComprehensivePlanofConstructionPhaseII (NorthSedimentaionArea,SouthOutlyingBreakwa-ter,Water-OrientedRecreationArea,andEastOfficial Wharf)ofTaipeiPort.Thethenchair,theauthorofthispaper,drewthefollowingconclusionsonprotectingUCHandrequestedthePTBBsupplementandsubmititsamen-dedreportby20November2009forfurtherreview.(1)Basedonthepriorityofconstruction,thedeveloper(PTBB)wasurgedtoconductUCHinvestiga-tionsbystagesandareas.(2)TheconstructionareaoverlapstheknownsiteofXiagukengculturalremains,andthusintegratedresponsestrategiesforbetterprotectionofculturalheritageshouldbedevelopedandsubmittedtoTaipeiCountyGovernmentforfurtherreview.(3)CollaborationwiththeShihsan-hangMuseumofTaipeiCountywassuggestedfortheplanningofthewater-basedrecreationareaandpreservationandexhibitionofanydiscoveredculturalremains.(4)ThefuturereclamationareaanddevelopmentneedsofTaipeiPortarerecommendedtomakenecessaryadjustmentsbasedontheinvestiga-tionresultsofculturalheritage,especiallyUCH.Inadditiontothat,themeet-ingcitedSection3ofArticle18oftheEIAActwhichstipulatesthat:“Whenthecompetentauthoritydiscoversthatdevelopmentactivityhasadverselyim-pactedtheenvironment,itshallorderthedevelopertosubmitresponsestrate-gieswithinalimitedtimeperiodandtostrictlyimplementthesestrategiesaf-terapprovalbythecompetentauthority.”②Withtheconfidenceoftheexistingevidenceofculturalheritageandremainsdiscoveredinthesurrondingareas,

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EnvironmentalProtectionAdministration,TheRoundtableMeetingRecordontheEnvi-ronmentalImpactAssessmentandUnderwaterArchaeologyfortheConstructionofTai-peiPorton7May2009,EPAInspectionOfficialLetterNo.0980043333,19May2010.EnvironmentalProtectionAdministration,TheFirstTaskForceMeetingConclusionsontheEnvironmentalImpactStatementonthe“EIAStatementofComprehensivePlanofConstructionPhaseII(NorthSedimentationArea,SouthOutlyingBreakwater,Water-o-rientedRecreationAreaandEastOfficialWharf)inTaipeiPort,EPAComprehensivePlanningOfficialLetterNo.0980086103,23September2009.

theEPAhasclearlylaidalegalbasisinadvancetoforcetheTPBBtoconductathoroughUCHsurveyintheportarea.

On30December2009,theEPAheldthesecondreview meetingontheEIAStatementofComprehensivePlanofConstructionPhaseII(NorthSed-imentationArea,SouthOutlyingBreakwater,Water-orientedRecreationAre-a,andEastOfficialWharf)inTaipeiPort.AsforprotectingUCH,themeet-ingconcludedthattheTPBBshouldmakenecessarysupplementationanda-mendmentstotheaboveEIAstatementforthenextreviewmeeting.Thedirec-tionsforTPBBwereasdescribedhere.(1)Thereisacloserelationshipbe-tweentheXiagukengculturalsiteandnearbycoastlinechanges,becausemanyremainshavebeenfoundscatteredinthecoastalwatersofthesouthoutlyingbreakwater.①ToenhanceprotectionoflocalUCH,theportauthorityshouldconductaUCHsurveryandprioritizethein-depthinvestigationofportchan-nelsbeforedredging.(2)Thedesignoftherevetmentinthewater-basedrec-reationareashouldpaycloseattentiontoprotectingculturalheritageandthereforeitsdesignshouldcombinethefunctionsoflandscaping,recreation,

andsafety.However,theTPBBhasnoexperience,willingness,orbudgetforUCHaffairs.Inresponse,themeetingalsomadeanotherresolutionthat“theEPAwillinvitetheCCA,TaipeiCountyGovernment,andShihsanhangMuse-umtoattendacoordinationmeetingtointegrateadministrativeresourcesaswellasforseekingabudgetforimplementingfutureUCHaffairs.”②

Followingtheaboveresolution,theEPAheldaCoordinationMeetingonUCHSurveyinTaipeiPortAreaon11March2010.Inadditiontothepresentauthor(chair)andrepresentativesfromrelatedagencies,twofamousarchaeol-ogistsofAcademiaSinica,Yi-ChangLiuandKwang-tzuuChen,alsoattended.OntherelatedresearchofTaipeiPort,Mr.Liusuggestedthat:(1)theUCHsurveytobeconductedshouldfocusonpossibleshipwrecksaftertheSungandYunDynastiesaswellasactivitiesandwarremainsoftheDutch-colonialand

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EnvironmentalProtectionAdministration,TheSecondTaskForceMeetingConclusionsontheEIAStatementofComprehensivePlanofConstructionPhaseII(NorthSedimenta-tionArea,SouthOutlyingBreakwater,Water-orientedRecreationAreaandEastOfficialWharf)inTaipeiPort,EPAComprehensivePlanningOfficialLetterNo.0990007010,19January2010.EnvironmentalProtectionAdministration,TheSecondTaskForceMeetingConclusionsontheEIAStatementofComprehensivePlanofConstructionPhaseII(NorthSedimenta-tionArea,SouthOutlyingBreakwater,Water-orientedRecreationAreaandEastOfficialWharf)inTaipeiPort,EPAComprehensivePlanningOfficialLetterNo.0990007010,19January2010.


Ming-Changperiods;(2)onthelandandseashore,thesurveyshouldpaycloseattentiontopre-historicalremainsandtheformationoftheseremainswithen-vironmentalchanges;and(3)themountainarea(i.e.,therimofLinkoPlat-eau)isawell-knownsiteoffossils,whichshouldbeseriouslyexploredforancientwildlifeandhumanfossils.Mr.Chenalsoprovidedhisopinionasfol-lows:(1)althoughthiscasewasderivedfromtheEIAreview,theCCAandtheCulturalBureauofTaipeiCountymustshareresponsibilityofprotectingcul-turalheritagewiththeEPAandactivelyparticipateinthesurveyandpreserva-tionofculturalremains;(2)thesurveryundertakeninthetidalzoneandonlandareashasneglectedancientremainsofvertebratesandthusshouldincludetheminfutureinvestigations;(3)theoriginaldesignofthewater-basedrecrea-tionareadidnotestablishapreservationareaandthedisplaysiteofpossiblydiscoveredculturalremainsandthereforetheTPBBshouldpreparearevisedplantoaccommodatethisneed;(4)theUCHsurveyshouldbeconductedinstagesandbyareabeforeconstructionoftheport;and(5)theTPBBshouldin-vitearchaeologiststoconducton-siteinspectionswhiledredgingthechannelssothattheculturalheritagewillnotbedamagedbyengineerswhomayhavenoexpertiseinculturalheritage.Thesedetailedsuggestionscanserveasvaluablereferencesforprotectingculturalheritage,andafewofthemwereincludedinpreviousconclusionsofEIAcasesinTaiwan.①

Amongtherelatedagencies,therepresentativesoftheHACHalsorespon-dedasfollows:(1)beforeelaborationoftheEIAreviewguidelinesonUCH,

theHACHwillprovidetheDraftOperationalPrinciplesofConductingSur-veyonUnderwaterCulturalHeritageattheResearchStageandrelateddo-mesticandinternationalliteratureforreference;(2)theHACH willprovideassistancetoTPBBwhenitneedstoconductUCHsurveys;(3)theHACHservesasanexamplethatfollowstheinternationalprincipleof“in-situpreser-vation”andhasconductedservalstagesofUCHsurveysinthepastseveralyearsandthereforeurgedtheTPBBtofollowtheregulationsoftheCHPAtoinvestigateandprotectUCHduringtheconstrutionphases;(4)duetodiffer-encesinpreservingculturalremainsbetweenlandandsea,TPBBshouldaskHACHforassistancewhenitfindsunderwaterremains;and(5)thereisane-cessitytohavesomeflexibilityinschedulingduringconstructiontourgently

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① EnvironmentalProtectionAdministration,TheMeetingConclusionsontheCoordinationof Cultural Heritage Survey,EPA Comprehensive Planning Official Letter No.0990026039,25March2010.

handlethediscoveryofimportantculturalheritageandtoconsiderthepossibil-ityofin-situpreservationoftheheritagesiteand/orremains.①

BasedonthesupplmentaryreportpreparedbytheTPBB,thetaskteammeetingoftheEIAStatementoftheComprehensivePlanofConstructionPhaseII(NorthSedimentationArea,SouthOutlyingBreakwater,Water-ori-entedRecreationArea,andEastOfficialWharf)inTaipeiPortmadethefi-nalconclusions:(1)TaipeiPortandneighboringareasareasensitiveareaofculturalheritageanddeservepriorityforprotectingtheculturalheritage;(2)

theportauthorityisrequestedtoregularlyinformtheEPAaboutthestageandcontentsofportconstructionandshouldconductthefirst-stageUCHsurveybeforechanneldredging;(3)theUCHsurveyshouldfollowstandardoperatingproceduresrecommendedbytheHACH,andHACHisinvitedtoprovidenec-essaryassistancetotheTPBB;(4)thedevelopmentofthewater-basedrecrea-tionareashouldpaycloseattentiontotheXiagukengculturalsiteandmakeanimmediatereporttotheCCA,CulturalBureauofTaipeiCounty,andEPAwhenimportantremainsarefound;(5)a“culture-oriented”planningofthewater-basedrecreationareaissuggested,andtheUrbanandRuralDevleop-mentBureauandtheTourismBureauofTaipeiCountyareurgedtoworkto-gethertocoordinatethelandusepatternstobetterprotectthelocalculturalheritage;and(6)theTPBBisrecommendedtoplanitsannualbudgettoac-commodatetheneedtoconductaUCHsurveyfortheentireareaandtoa-chievethegoalsofaneco-portandculturalport.②

D.Follow-upoftheTaipeiPortExperience

Withwidecoveragebythemediaofthe2007salvageoftheancientmer-chantship,Nanhai(SouthChinaSea)No.1,inYangjiang,Guangdong,ChinaandthecontinuingappealforprotectionofUCHbylocalelites,thereisrising

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①

②

EnvironmentalProtectionAdministration,TheMeetingConclusionsontheCoordinationof Cultural Heritage Survey,EPA Comprehensive Planning Official Letter No.0990026039,25March2010.EnvironmentalProtectionAdministration,TheSecondTaskForceMeetingConclusionsontheEIAStatementofComprehensivePlanofConstructionPhaseII(NorthSedimenta-tionArea,SouthOutlyingBreakwater,Water-orientedRecreationAreaandEastOfficialWharf)inTaipeiPort,EPAComprehensivePlanningOfficialLetterNo.0990007010,19January2010.


awarenessabouttheimportanceofprotectingUCHrecentlyinTaiwan.①Withnodoubt,theabovemeetingconclusionsofEIAStatementofComprehensivePlanofConstructionPhaseII (NorthSedimentationArea,SouthOutlyingBreakwater,Water-oriented Recreation Area,andEastOfficial Wharf)inTaipeiPortwerelateracceptedbytheEIACommitteeoftheEPA.Obvious-ly,thecaseofTaipeiPortEIAhighlightsseveralpointsthat:(1)UCHaffairsarecomplicated,thereisambiguousjurisdictionamongrelatedagencies,and,

therefore,everyeffortmustbemadetocoordinateandintegraterelatedagen-cies;(2)therelatedagenciesstilllackanunderstandingandknowledgeoftheimportanceofUCHandthustheirconceptsandawarenessofprotectingUCHneedtoberaised;(3)TaiwanstilllacksscientificandsystematicapproachesforUCHanddefinitelyneedstoplacegreateremphasisontraining,education,

andtechnologiestoprotectUCH;and(4)veryoftenthedeveloperhasnowill-ingnessorbudgettoconductUCHresearchandsurveysandthereforealong-termeffectivelegalmechanismforbetterprotectingUCHisessential.

AftermorethanayearoftryingtopursuadetheTPBBtoconductaUCHsurvey,the“spreadeffect”oftheEIAinTaipeiPortwhichintegratedUCHprotectionemerged.Forinstance,anothertaskforcechairedbyYi-ChangLiuthatwasreviewingtheEIAStatementoftheReclamationattheInnerWharfoftheSouthOutlyingBreakwaterinTaipeiPorton16March2010echoedthesameconceptsandconcludedthat“thedevelopershouldbepursuanttotheregulationsofCHPAandconductaUCHsurveybeforeconstruction.”②Inearly2010,whentheEPA discussedthescopingoftheEIA ReportofKuokuangPetrochemicalIndustrialComplex,thedeveloperwasalsoreques-tedtoconductUCHresearchandasurveybecausetheindustrialareaasplannedwaslocatedinasensitivesiteofculturalheritageinChunghuaCoun-ty.ItisbelievedthatsimilarrequirementswillbefollowedinfutureEIAcasesifasiteislocatedinacoastalzoneand/orinthemarineenvironment.

AccordingtoupdatedinformationonrecentprogressoftheUCHsurveyinTaipeiPort,theKeelungHarborBureauindicatedthat:(1)apilotUCHsur-veywasconductedattheXiagukengculturalsitewithinthewater-basedrec-

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①

②

ExplorationoftheNanhaiNo.1,athttp://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/222723.htm,5September2010.EnvironmentalProtectionAdministration,TheSecondTaskTeamMeetingConclusionsontheEIAStatementoftheReclamationattheInnerWharfofSouthOutlyingBreakwa-terinTaipeiPort,EPA ComprehensivePlanningOfficialLetterNo.0990026311,26March2010.

reationareaanditsresultsweresenttotheCulturalBureauofTaipeiCountyfordiscussionon10June2010;and(2)theTPBBcommissionedtheChineseAssociationofUnderwaterCulturalHeritagetoinitiatethefirst-everUCHsurveyprojectintheportarea,andthoserelatedaffairsweresenttotheCCAforreview.AlthoughwithnoexclusivelawonprotectingUCHinTaiwan,theTaipeiPortexperiencedemonstratesapracticalapproachthatthegoalofUCHprotectioncanbeachievedthroughanelaborationoftheEIAprocedures.

Ⅳ.EstablishingaBetterMechanismtoProtectUCHinTaiwan

ChinapromulgateditsPRCUnderwaterCulturalHeritageProtectionActon20October1989.①Thelawprovidesdefinition,ownership,andrelatedman-agementmeasuresofUCH.Comparatively,theprotectionofUCHinTaiwanisstillinanearlystageandlacksanexclusivelawontheissue.Fornow,thebasiclegislativefoundationrestsontheCHPA.However,thislawfocusesmoreonprotectinghistoricalsites,buildings,settlements,landscapes,andotherheritageofterrestrialareasratherthanthoseinmarineenvironments.UCHhasbeenneglectedforalongtime.DuetothespecialcharacteristicsofUCHissuesandthecomplexityofthemarineenvironment,itisessentialtoenactanewlawtobetterprotectUCHinthesurroundingwatersofTaiwan.

Basedonupdatedinformation,theCCAofTaiwanisstrengtheningitsleg-islativesystemtoprotectUCH.Forinstance,theImplementationRegulationsofCHPA wasamendedinJune2010andbroadensitscoveragetohistoricalsitesandsettlementsunderwater.AncientwildlifefossilsthatareoftenfoundintheseabedoftheTaiwanStraitarealsoincludedasatargetforprotection.Duringthepastfiveyears,theauthorityhascommissionedprojectswithaca-demicinstitutionstodrawupadraftbillofUnderwaterCulturalHeritagePreservationAct (UCHPA),organizetrainingprogramonculturalheritageprotection,②andconductresearchandinvestigationofancientwrecksinthe

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①

②

UnderwaterCulturalHeritageProtectionActofPeoples’RepublicofChina,athttp://www.gov.cn/banshi/2005-08/21/content_25089.htm,19June2010.CouncilforCulturalAffairs,The2010WorkshoponCulturalHeritageLaws,RegulationsandPractices,athttp://163.21.191.2/academic/upload/%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8%E7%B5%84%E9%95%B7/2010%E5%B9%B4%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%B3%87%E7%94%A2%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4%E8%88%87%E5%AF%A6%E5%8B%99%E7%A0%94%E7%BF%92%E6%9C%83%E5%A0%B1%E5%90%8D%E7%B0%A1%E7%AB%A0.doc,22August2010.


Penghu(Pescadores)areaoftheTaiwanStrait.TobetterprotectUCHbeforethepassageofanexclusivelaw,theCCAisfurthermorepreparingguidelinesforvalueassessmentandexplorationofUCH.Nevertheless,severalyearsmaypassbeforetheabovelegislativeprocessestakeeffect.

Recently,theCCAcalledforcommentsfromrelatedagenciesonitsnewbill,theUCHPA.Asrequested,theEPAsuggestedthatArticle12regulates:“Projectsrelatedtotidelandreclamation,harbordevelopmentanddredging,

whicharesubjectedtothetargetsofEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentAct,

shouldincludetheassessmentofunderwaterculturalheritage.”Whenthelawisputintoeffect,clearly,thisarticlewillstronglyintegraterelatedmechanismsbetweenEIAandprotectionofUCH.Namely,thefutureUCHPAandtheex-istingEIAActwillsubstantiallyconnecteachotherforbetterprotectionofUCH.

WiththeintegrationoftheEIAandprotectionofUCH,thecaseofTaipeiPortisamilestoneinTaiwan.FollowingthisprecedenceaswellastherecenttrendsoflegislationforprotectingUCH,itisbelievedthatfuturemajorpro-jectsinTaiwanwillhavetoconductresearch,surveys,andprotectionofUCHbeforetheywillbeapproved.EventhoughtheexclusivelawonprotectingUCHhasnotpassedbytheLegislativeYuan(Congress),itcanbeexpectedthedeveloperswillhavenoroomtoavoidtheresponsibilitytoinvestigateandprotectUCHinthefuture.

Ⅴ.ProspectsforCooperationonProtectionofUCHbetweentheTwoSidesoftheTaiwanStrait

ThetwosidesoftheTaiwanStraitshareaprofoundandcommonculturalheritage.Theprotectionofculturalheritage,therefore,deservespriorityontheirpolicyagenda.Withtherecentsignificantprogressincross-straitrelation-shipsbetweenChinaandTaiwan,therearenumerouspracticalaffairsonwhichbothsidescancooperateandcollaboratetogetherinthenearfuture.①AsfortheprotectingUCH,thefollowingstrategiesarerecommendedforbothsidestoseektoforgestrongerandclosertiesonprotectingUCH.

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① Chiau,Wen-Yan,TheIssuesofProtectingMarineCulturalHeritageinTaiwanandtheProspectsforCooperationofBothSidesofTaiwanStrait,Cross-StraitConferencePro-ceedingonMarineCulture,2010,pp.169-175.

ConceptsandEducation1.ProtectingUCHbasedonarootedconceptofa“commonheritage”.As

acknowledgedintheUNESCOConventionontheProtectionofUnderwaterCulturalHeritage,UCHisanintegralpartoftheculturalheritageofhumani-tyandaparticularlyimportantelementinthehistoryofpeoples,nations,andtheirrelationswitheachotherconcerningtheircommonheritage.Havingreal-izedtheimportanceofprotectingandpreservingUCH,theresponsibilitythere-forerestswithallstates.Moreover,theconventionbelievesthatcooperationa-mongstates,internationalorganizations,scientificinstitutions,professionalor-ganizations,archaeologists,divers,otherinterestedparties,andthepublicatlargeisessentialtoprotectUCH.WiththeabundanceofUCHintheTaiwanStraitandSouthChinaSea,thetwosidesoftheTaiwanStraitshouldpayclos-erattentiontothisissueandhaveeveryreasontoworkhand-in-handtoprotectthisheritageofallChinesepeople.

2.Promotingmarineculturaleducation.Marinecultureincludestheaware-ness,attitudes,values,andlivesofpeoplethatarerelatedtotheocean.Fromalong-termviewpoint,promotingmarineculturaleducationisbelievedtobethemostfundamentalmeasuretoraisepublicawarenessoftheoceanaswellasprotectingUCH.Thus,bothsidesoftheTaiwanStraitareurgedtoworkoutadequatecurriculumand/orteachingmaterials;publishclassics,journals,andpopularmagazinesrelatedtomarineculture;andregularlyorganizecross-straitconferences,andscholarandstudentexchanges.ThepurposesofthesearetoprovideourpeoplenecessaryknowledgeandconceptsonmarinecultureandtoencouragethemtoactivelyparticipateinprotectingUCH.InstitutionalMechanisms

3.DrawingupaCross-StraitWhitePaperonCooperationandProtectionofMarineCulturalHeritage.Throughnegotiation,academicinstitutionsofbothsidesincludinguniversities,societies,andassociationsareencouragedtodevelopawhitepaperonprotectingmarineculture.Thiscanbeelaboratedintoshort-term,mid-term,andlong-termactionprogramsandcanserveaspolicyguidelinesforfuturecooperationandprotectionofculturalheritageincludingUCH.4.ImprovinglawsandregulationsonprotectingUCH.Withpromulgation

oftheexclusivePRCUnderwaterCulturalHeritageProtectionAct,ChinahasmadebetterprogressonUCHprotectionmechanismsthanTaiwan.Theexclu-sivelawonprotectingUCHofTaiwanisstillinthedraftstage.However,Tai-wanhasmorethan20yearsexperiencewithEIAsandcanshareitsexperience

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withChina.Throughlearningfromeachother,bothsidesofTaiwanStraitcanestablishcomprehensiveandcompetentinstitutionsforprotectingUCH.PracticalActions

5.ConductingcooperativeprojectsofunderwaterarchaeologyintheSouthChinaSea.MuchliteratureindicatestheabundanceofUCHintheTaiwanStraitandSouthChinaSea.Thesewatersarealsorecognizedasoneofthepo-tentialregionsofUCHintheworld.Formanyyears,Chinahasinitiatedsever-alprojectsofunderwaterarchaeologyandobtainedsignificantachievements.①

Forinstance,theexplorationofancientsubmergedshipsSouthChinaSeaNo.1inGuangdongwatersandHuaguangReef No.1intheXisha(Paracel)

Islandsserveasexamples.②Ontheotherhand,Taiwanisstillatanearlystageofunderwaterarchaeology,anditwouldbebeneficialtolearnmoreaboutthelegislation,technology,andfundamentalresearchfrom China.BecauseChinaandTaiwansharethesameculturalheritageandneighboringseas,itisnecessa-ryformarineculturalacademiaofbothsidestoworktogethertoconductun-derwaterarchaeology.Basedontheprotectionofacommonheritage,bothsidesoftheTaiwanStraitareparticularlyencouragedtocooperateon UCGre-search,exploration,andprotectionintheSouthChinaSeatomitigatethepolit-icalcomplexitiesintheregionandtowinsupportfromtheinternationalcom-munity.6.CooperatingonrestorationtechnologyofChinesejunks.Marinetechnol-

ogyandculturearecloselyrelatedtoancientjunks.Recently,theresearch,ini-tiation,andactionsonpreservingancientChinajunkshavebeenthefocusofpublicattention.TheoldjunkKeelung (thenamewaslaterchangedtoFreeChina)sailedfromTaiwantoSanFrancisco,CA,U.S.A.in1955,③amodelancientjunk,Tai-PingPrincess,wasstruckandsubmergedinTaiwanwatersin2009④,andthelaunchingofanothermodelMingDynastyjunkinTainanin

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①

②

③

④

Forexample,seeTheunderwaterarchaeologyofNanauNo.1initiated,athttp://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/2010-04/09/c_1225355.htm,19June2010;alsoseeUnderwaterArchaeologyinChina,athttp://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2010-05/28/c_12150953.htm,19June2010.HuaguangReefNo.1,athttp://www.hq.xinhuanet.com/news/2009-01/12/content_15428889.htm,4May2010.TsangSu-Ming,Saving“FreeChina”andSavingCulturalHeritage,UnitedDailyNews,4April2009,also at http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/issp-maritime/article? mid=1270&prev=1273&next=-1,4May2010.TaipingPrincessStruckandSubmerged,AppleDailyNews,28April2009,athttp://tw.nextmedia.com/applenews/article/art_id/31582312/IssueID/20090428,4May2009.

2010aregoodexamples.①Duetothecoherenceofhistoricalbackground,theresearchandpracticesofrestoringancientjunkswillbeinvaluabletopromo-tingmaritimescience,technology,andculturesincetheMingDynastyofChi-na.

7.Facilitatingexchangeprogramsonmarineculture.Aregularcross-straitconferenceonmarinecultureisessentialforbothsidestoshareexperiencesonprotectingmarineculturalheritage.Digitalizingandsharingofrareliteraturecanplayanimportantroleinfundamentalstudiesofmarineculture.ItisalsorecommendedtoconsiderthepossibilityofestablishingaFoundationonRe-searchandDevelopmentofMarineCultureortoprovidescholarshipstoen-courageyouthandexpertstoparticipateinrelatedresearchandprotectionaf-fairsofculturalheritage.

8.Strengtheningtrainingandcooperationofunderwaterarchaeologists.Theeducationandtrainingofcertifiedandexperiencedunderwaterarchaeolo-giststakealongtime.Therefore,itisnecessarytoestablishadequatemecha-nismsoftraining,practices,andcollaborationofunderwaterarchaeologists.Bothsidescandevelopseveralpilotstudiestosharetheirhumanresourcesandconductresearch,exploration,salvage,andprotectionofUCH.InventoriesandnetworkingofunderwaterarchaeologistsneedtobeconductedonbothsidesoftheTaiwanStrait.

Followingtheabovestrategiesandadialogueconsensus,itisbelievedthatbothsidesoftheTaiwanStraitcanmakemorecontributionsandobtainsignifi-cantachievementsonUCGprotection.

Ⅵ.Conclusions

Marinecultureincludesbroadcontents.Thus,marinecultureheritagecon-sistsofliterature,historicsites,traditionalceremonies,scientifictechnologies,

andlifestyles.Amongthem,UCHisanintegralpartofthemarineculturalher-itageandiscloselylinkedtohistory,geography,humanities,science,andtech-nology.Inthisregard,seriouslyprotectingUCHismeaningfulforbothsidesoftheTaiwanStrait.Particularly,bothsidessharethesameseas,history,andhu-manassets.Withrecentsignificantprogressinrelationshipsandtrustbetweenthetwosides,ChinaandTaiwanareencouragedtofacilitateexchangesandco-operationonEIAsandtheprotectionofUCH.Sharingtheirinvaluablemarine

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① MiningDynastyjunklaunchedinTainan,athttp://www.cdnews.com.tw,4May2010.


environmentandculturalheritagewillbebeneficialtoallChinesepeople.

Figure1.ThelocationofTaipeiPort.(http://www.tpport.gov.tw/tpport/EnRedirectForward.do)

Figure2.AnaerialviewofTaipeiPort.(http://www.tpport.gov.tw/tpport/EnRedirectForward.do)

(Editor:DengYuncheng;

EnglishEditor:LukeMolvarec)

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