ENGLISH HOMEWORK #5

Amorato, Angela Patrizz A. Dela Cruz, Jezzica Elaica R.Caacbay, Shania Stephanie B. dela Peña, Celine E.1F2

FACTUAL

FACTUAL DESCRIPTION

A VISIT TO A HOSPITAL 

A hospital is a place where the sick or the wounded come for treatment. They are attended to by qualified doctors, nurses and other medical staff. The different wings of the hospital are called wards. People suffering fromdifferent diseases are admitted there and treated. The victims of accidentsare admitted in the casualty ward. People having ear, nose and throat trouble are treated in the E.N.T. ward. Similarly there is an ICCU ward forvery seriously afflicted heart patients, Pediatric Ward for children below 12 years of age, Orthopedic wards for patients with broken bones and Neurology and Psychiatry wards for patients suffering from mental ailments.There are special wards for women, children and separate wards for burns, eyes, physiotherapy etc. The general ward of a hospital is generally overcrowded. Hundreds of patients suffering from different diseases are admitted here but not every patient who comes to the hospital is admitted. Thousands of patients visit the Out Patient Department for consultation, diagnosis and treatment of their diseases. Doctors and nurses visit the patients at regular intervals. Food and ‘other things are also provided to the patients. There are private rooms for those who can afford. 

Facilities for X-ray, E.C.G., Oxygen gas equipment, Blood Bank and Diagnostic laboratory also exist in good hospitals. But no hospital can be good without good doctors and nurses who are expected to be professionally oriented and kind and sympathetic to the patients. To a common man, hospital is a dreadful place full of stench, sickness and sufferings — a place he would never like to visit.

FACTUAL RECOUNT

History of Psychology1879 First psychology laboratory

Wilhelm Wundt opens first experimental laboratory in psychology at the University of Leipzig, Germany. Credited with establishing psychology as an academic discipline, Wundt's students include Emil Kraepelin, James McKeen Cattell,and G. Stanley Hall.

1883 First American psychology laboratoryG. Stanley Hall, a student of Wilhelm Wundt, establishes firstU.S. experimental psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins University.

1886 First doctorate in psychology The first doctorate in psychology is given to Joseph Jastrow, a student of G. Stanley Hall at Johns Hopkins University. Jastrow later becomes professor of psychology at the University of Wisconsin and serves as president of the American Psychological Association in 1900.

1888 First professor of psychology The academic title "professor of psychology" is given to JamesMcKeen Cattell in 1888, the first use of this designation in the United States. A student of Wilhelm Wundt's, Cattell serves as professor of psychology at University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University.

1892 APA foundedG. Stanley Hall founds the American Psychological Association (APA) and serves as its first president. He later establishes two key journals in the field: American Journal of Psychology (1887) and Journal of Applied Psychology (1917).

1896 FunctionalismFunctionalism, an early school of psychology, focuses on the acts and functions of the mind rather than its internal contents. Its most prominent American advocates are William James and John Dewey, whose 1896 article "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" promotes functionalism.

PsychoanalysisThe founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, introduces the term in a scholarly paper. Freud's psychoanalytic approach asserts that people are motivated by powerful, unconscious drives and conflicts. He develops an influential therapy basedon this assertion, using free association and dream analysis.

StructuralismEdward B. Titchener, a leading proponent of structuralism, publishes his Outline of Psychology. Structuralism is the viewthat all mental experience can be understood as a combination of simple elements or events. This approach focuses on the contents of the mind, contrasting with functionalism.

First psychology clinicAfter heading a laboratory at University of Pennsylvania, Lightner Witmer opens world's first psychological clinic to patients, shifting his focus from experimental work to practical application of his findings.

1900 Interpretation of DreamsSigmund Freud introduces his theory of psychoanalysis in The Interpretation of Dreams, the first of 24 books he would write exploring such topics as the unconscious, techniques of free association, and sexuality as a driving force in human psychology.

1901 Manual of Experimental PsychologyWith publication of the Manual of Experimental Psychology, Edward Bradford Titchener introduces structuralism to the United States. Structuralism, an approach which seeks to identify thebasic elements of consciousness, fades after Titchener's deathin 1927.

1904 First woman president of the APA Mary Calkins is elected president of the APA. Calkins, a professor and researcher at Wellesley College, studied with William James at Harvard University, but Harvard denied her a Ph.D. because of her gender.

1905 IQ tests developedUsing standardized tests, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon develop a scale of general intelligence on the basis of mentalage. Later researchers refine this work into the concept of intelligence quotient; IQ, mental age over physical age. From their beginning, such tests' accuracy and fairness are challenged.

1908 A Mind That Found ItselfClifford Beers publishes A Mind That Found Itself, detailing his experiences as a patient in 19th-century mental asylums. Calling for more humane treatment of patients and better education about mental illness for the general population, the

book inspires the mental hygiene movement in the United States.

1909 Psychoanalysts visit Clark UniversitySigmund Freud and Carl Jung visit the United States for a Psychoanalysis Symposium at Clark University organized by G. Stanley Hall. At the symposium, Freud gives his only speech inthe United States.

1913 BehaviorismJohn B. Watson publishes "Psychology as Behavior," launching behaviorism. In contrast to psychoanalysis, behaviorism focuses on observable and measurable behavior.

1917 Army intelligence tests implementedStandardized intelligence and aptitude tests are administered to two million U. S. soldiers during WWI. Soon after, such tests are used in all U.S. armed forces branches and in many areas of civilian life, including academic and work settings.

1920 First African American doctorate in psychologyFrancis Cecil Sumner earns a Ph.D. in psychology under G. Stanley Hall at Clark University. Sumner later serves as chairof the Howard University psychology department.

The Child's Conception of the WorldSwiss psychologist Jean Piaget publishes The Child's Conception of the World, prompting the study of cognition in the developing child.

1921 Rorschach test createdSwiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach devises a personality test based on patients' interpretations of inkblots.

1925 Menninger Clinic foundedCharles Frederick Menninger and his sons Karl Augustus and William Clair found The Menninger Clinic in Topeka, Kansas. They take a compassionate approach to the treatment of mental illness, emphasizing both psychological and psychiatric disciplines.

1927 Menninger Clinic foundedFirst Nobel Prize for psychological research

1929 Electroencephalogram inventedPsychiatrist Hans Berger invents the electroencephalogram and tests it on his son. The device graphs the electrical activityof the brain by means of electrodes attached to the head.

1933 Nazi persecution of psychologistsAfter the Nazi party gains control of the government in Germany, scholars and researchers in psychology and psychiatryare persecuted. Many, including Freud, whose books are banned and burned in public rallies, move to Britain or the United States.

1935 Alcoholics AnonymousAlcoholics Anonymous (AA) is founded by Bob Smith of Akron, Ohio. AA's group meetings format and 12-step program become the model for many other mutual-support therapeutic groups.

Gestalt psychologyKurt Koffka, a founder of the movement, publishes Principles of Gestalt Psychology in 1935. Gestalt (German for "whole" or "essence") psychology asserts that psychological phenomena must be viewed not as individual elements but as a coherent whole.

1936 First lobotomy in the United StatesWalter Freeman performs first frontal lobotomy in the United States at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. By 1951, more than 18,000 such operations have been performed. The procedure, intended to relieve severe and debilitating psychosis, is controversial.

1937 The Neurotic Personality of Our TimePsychologist Karen Horney publishes The Neurotic Personality of Our Time. Horney goes on to challenge many of Freud's theories, ashave many later psychologists and scholars. Specifically, she questions Freud's theories on the Oedipal Complex and castration anxiety.

1938 The Behavior of OrganismsB.F. Skinner publishes The Behavior of Organisms, introducing the concept of operant conditioning. The work draws widespread attention to behaviorism and inspires laboratory research on conditioning.

Electroconvulsive therapy begunItalian psychiatrist and neuropathologist Ugo Cerletti and hisassociates treat human patients with electrical shocks to alleviate schizophrenia and psychosis. ECT, while controversial, is proven effective in some cases and is still in use in 2001.

1946 The Psychoanalytic Treatment of ChildrenAnna Freud publishes The Psychoanalytic Treatment of Children,introducing basic concepts in the theory and practice of childpsychoanalysis.

National Mental Health Act PassedU.S. President Harry Truman signs the National Mental Health Act, providing generous funding for psychiatric education and research for the first time in U.S. history. This act leads tothe creation in 1949 of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).

1951 First drug to treat depression Studies are published reporting that the drug imipramine may be able to lessen depression. Eight years later, the FDA approves its use in the United States under the name Tofranil.

1952 Thorazine testedThe anti-psychotic drug chlorpromazine (known as Thorazine) istested on a patient in a Paris military hospital. Approved foruse in the United States in 1954, it becomes widely prescribed.

1953 APA Ethical StandardsThe American Psychological Association publishes the first edition of Ethical Standards of Psychologists. The document undergoes continuous review and is now known as APA's Ethical Principlesof Psychologists and Code of Conduct.

1954 Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy...In Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain, neurosurgeon Wilder G. Penfield publishes results from his study of the neurology of epilepsy. His mapping of the brain's cortex sets a precedent for the brain-imaging techniques that become critical to biopsychology and cognitive neuroscience.

The Nature of Prejudice

Social Psychologist Gordon Allport publishes The Nature of Prejudice, which draws on various approaches in psychology to examine prejudice through different lenses. It is widely read by the general public and influential in establishing psychology's usefulness in understanding social issues.

BiopsychologyIn his studies of epilepsy, neuroscientist Wilder G. Penfield begins to uncover the relationship between chemical activity in the brain and psychological phenomena. His findings set thestage for widespread research on the biological role in psychological phenomena.

PsychopharmacologyThe development of psychoactive drugs in the 1950s and their approval by the FDA initiates a new form of treatment for mental illness. Among the first such drugs is Doriden, also known as Rorer, an anti-anxiety medication approved in 1954.

Humanistic PsychologyIn the wake of psychoanalysis and behaviorism, humanistic psychology emerges as the "third force" in psychology. Led by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, who publishes Motivation and Personality in 1954, this approach centers on the conscious mind, free will, human dignity, and the capacity for self-actualization.

1956 Cognitive psychology Inspired by work in mathematics and other disciplines, psychologists begin to focus on cognitive states and processes. George A. Miller's 1956 article "The Magical NumberSeven, Plus or Minus Two" on information processing is an early application of the cognitive approach.

1957 Syntactic StructuresNoam Chomsky publishes Syntactic Structures, marking a major advancement in the study of linguistics. The book helps spawn the field of psycholinguistics, the psychology of language.

1960 FDA approves LibriumThe FDA approves the use of chlordiazepoxide (known as Librium) for treatment of non-psychotic anxiety in 1960. A similar drug, diazepam (Valium), is approved in 1963.

1963 Community Mental Health Centers Act passedU.S. President John F. Kennedy calls for and later signs the Community Mental Health Centers Act, which mandates the construction of community facilities instead of large,

regional mental hospitals. Congress ends support for the program in 1981, reducing overall funds and folding them into a mental health block-grant program.

1964 First National Medal of Science to psychologistNeal E. Miller receives the National Medal of Science, the highest scientific honor given in the United States, for his studies of motivation and learning. He is the first psychologist to be awarded this honor.

1964 FDA approves LithiumThe FDA approves lithium carbonate to treat patients with bipolar mood disorders. It is marketed under the trade names Eskalith, Lithonate, and Lithane.

1973 Homosexuality removed from DSM After intense debate, the American Psychiatric Association removes homosexuality from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The widely used reference manual is revised to state that sexual orientation "does not necessarily constitute a psychiatric disorder."

1974 PET scanner testedA new brain scanning technique, Positron Emission Tomography (PET), is tested. By tracing chemical markers, PET maps brain function in more detail than earlier techniques.

1976 Evolutionary psychologyRichard Dawkins publishes The Selfish Gene, which begins to popularize the idea of evolutionary psychology. This approach applies principles from evolutionary biology to the structure and function of the human brain. It offers new ways of lookingat social phenomena such as aggression and sexual behavior.

The Selfish GeneRichard Dawkins publishes The Selfish Gene, a work which shifts focus from the individual animal as the unit of evolution to individual genes themselves. The text popularizes the field ofevolutionary psychology, in which knowledge and principles from evolutionary biology are applied in research on human brain structure.

1979 Standardized IQ tests found discriminatoryThe U.S. District Court finds the use of standardized IQ testsin California public schools illegal. The decision in the

case, Larry P. v. Wilson Riles, upholds the plaintiff's position that the tests discriminate against African American students.

1981 AIDS and HIV first diagnosedThe epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection presents mental health professionals with challenges ranging from at-risk patients' anxiety and depression to AIDS-related dementia.

1984 Insanity Defense Reform Act passedU.S. Congress revises federal law on the insanity defense, partly in response to the acquittal of John Hinckley, Jr. of charges of attempted assassination after he had shot PresidentRonald Reagan. The act places burden of proof for the insanitydefense on the defendant.

1987 Homeless Assistance Act passedThe Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act provides the first federal funds allocated specifically for the homeless population. The act includes provisions for mental health services, and responds, in part, to psychological studies on homelessness and mental disorders.

Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft made availableThe FDA approves the new anti-depressant medication fluoxetine, (Prozac). The drug, and other similar medications,acts on neurotransmitters, specifically, serotonin. It is widely prescribed and attracts attention and debate.

1990 Cultural psychologyIn Acts of Meaning, Four Lectures on Mind and Culture, Jerome Bruner helps formulate cultural psychology, an approach drawing on philosophy, linguistics, and anthropology. Refined and expanded by Hazel Markus and other researchers, cultural psychology focuses on the influences and relationship among mind, cultural community and behavior.

2000 Sequencing of the Human GenomeSixteen public research institutions around the world completea "working draft" mapping of the human genetic code, providinga research basis for a new understanding of human development and disease. A similar, privately funded, project is currentlyunderway.

EXPLANATION

PROCEDURAL RECOUNT

PROCEDURE

INFORMATION REPORT

DISCUSSION

EXPOSITION

LITERARY

LITERARY DESCRIPTION

picture books

short stories and novels

advertisements and brochures

songs and poems

LITERARY RECOUNT

Hong Kong Capers

It all started just after Mum called you forbreakfast. Remember?

We'd been watching the fountain at the Peak and Iwas sitting beside you. When you got up, youknocked me off that little bench we were sittingon and you ran off without me. You left me thereall alone.

Now, you know how windy it can get on the Peak,well, one big gust sent me rolling over and over.

I nearly hit the wall butsomehow I shot rightthrough a drainage hole.Too bad about the drop atthe other side.

I fell straight onto the Peak Tram track andstarted to slide, ever so slowly at first, untilZING I got faster and faster until the fur on mybottom was smoking.

I hoped you'd be there to catch me at the bottomof the track, but I bounced. I didn't know I was abouncy sort of bear but, I bounced. And landed ontop of a street cleaner's hat.

It wasn't until we reached the Botanical Gardensthat disaster struck. The street cleaner tippedher head back and down I fell. I was about to landin the gutter when THONK I suddenly found myselfin the company of a large number of chickens. Theywere huddled together in a basket, on the front ofa bike, on their way to market.

It was not a very comfortable ride. It was bumpy,the air was smelly from the traffic fumes and thechickens talked non-stop all the way to Wan ChaiMarket.

When we got to the market the man who'd beenpedalling the bike unloaded the chickens at one ofthe meat stalls, but he didn't seem too pleased tosee me. He picked me up by my leg and flung meacross the market.

I felt like a furry Frisbee. It's a shame youweren't there to catch me. I wasn't sure whetherI'd land on a vegetable stall or in amongst somehard looking green bananas. I rather fancied thechoi sum, it looked the softest. But no, oh no, itwasn't to be.

I landed in a white plastic carrier bag containinga large, wet, slippery, slimy mullet. Ugh, I hatefish.

The lady carrying the fish took us on a verycrowded tram. And the mullet and I got so squashedtogether, I ended up wearing a couple of its fishscales as contact lenses.

Thankfully, after a few minutes the tram stoppedwith a jolt. I was thrown clean out of the bagTHUMP and bashed straight into the back of atourist's rucksack. The fur on my back stuck fastto the Velcro fastening on his rucksack and thereI hung until he got off the tram at Causeway Bay.

The tourist and I strolled over to look at theNoon Gun. As he lent up against it, my fur peeledpainfully away from the Velcro and I slid verygently down the barrel of the gun. It was dark andpeaceful in there until midday when BOOM !

Flying high over Victoria Harbour was quiteenjoyable and I had a wonderful view of the StarFerries busily to-ing and fro-ing across the bay.I hoped that you might be on one of them and thatyou'd see me and rescue me.

If the wind had been just a little bit stronger, Ithink I might have made it all the way to Tsim ShaTsui but SPLOSH I landed in the grey green sea.

The next thing I remember I was being pulled outof the water into a battered old sampan with afish hook stuck in my ear. Then I was tossed intoa wicker basket full of flapping fish. Ugh, I hatefish.

The sampan bobbed along all the way to the JumboFloating Restaurant and by this time my fur wassoggy, slimy and stank of fish. Perhaps it wasthis awful smell that attracted the big brown birdthat kept circling around me (I think you oncetold me they were called kites).

The kites dived down and grabbed me round thetummy with its very sharp talons. It carried mehigher and higher and further and further from thesea and I thought that I would never see youagain.

But as we circled around, I began to realise thatI knew exactly where we were. We were flying roundand round the Peak. Somewhere down there you wereeating lunch whilst way up here I was being lunch!

If only you'd looked up, you would have seen what happened next. The kitegave me a vicious peck on the nose but, when he found it was onlyplastic, he dropped me in disgust.

It was a very long way down and I landed SPLAT face first on the hardground right back where I started from by the fountain at the Peak. Andthere I lay until just now when you came running back to look for me. Soperhaps now you'll understand why I don't sound too excited about goingto Ocean Park ...

to ride on the roller coaster ...

spin around on the roundabouts ...

go high up on the Ferris wheel ...

or see the fish ...

Ugh, I hate fish.

I think I'll just sitquietly and watch.

PERSONAL RESPONSE

REVIEW

NARRATIVE