Empa Activities 2005 - DORA 4RI

Empa Activities 2005Report on technical and scientific activities

2005

Civil andMechanical Engineering

Materials and Systems for Protection and Wellbeing of the Human Body

Information, Reliability and Simulation Technology

Mobility, Energy and Environment

Advanced Materials and Surfaces

Materials Science & Technology

A body of the ETH domain

Empa Academy

Technology Transfer

Editor and PublisherEmpaCH-8600 DübendorfCH-9014 St.GallenCH-3602 Thun

Concept and LayoutArt Group of Empa

PrintingSonderegger Druck AG, Weinfelden

ISSN 1660-1394

© Empa 2006

Empa Activities 2005Report on technical and scientific activities

Civil andMechanical Engineering




Empa Academy

Technology Transfer



Empa Activities 2005Welcome

What’s behind our logo “Empa – Materials Science and Technology”?

Well, first and foremost, the Empa “brand” stands fora modern research and service institution within theETH Domain covering – as is stated in the by-line –the fields of materials science and technology devel-opment from nanotechnology to building and envi-ronmental technologies. But with this matter-of-factdescription one has barely scratched the surface. Sowhat lies beneath?

• Empa’s R&D activities focus on the needs of indus-try and society at large. Hence, they bridge the gapfrom science to engineering, from research to in-dustry and society, and from visions to reality.

• Empa and the results it produces – and thus thevery report you hold in your hands and are aboutto read – are the competences of around 800 high-ly motivated employees, among them some 200women, 400-odd graduated engineers and scien-tists, more than 100 Ph.D. students, 39 apprenticesand 10 professors.

• R&D at Empa is organized in five research and en-gineering departments – consisting of a total of 27laboratories –, cross-linked within five strategic re-search programs to foster inter- and transdiscipli-nary approaches, and assisted by a support de-partment.

• Empa operates, and offers to its customers, an in-strumental park run by experts in various fields ofthe macroscopic and the microscopic world.

• As has been known for decades – to be precise,for more than a century – Empa hosts competentgroups of experts providing neutral expertise andexcellent services to industry and governmentalbodies.

• To be able to fulfill its obligations in teaching, train-ing and education Empa established a Ph.D. pro-gram, providing a stimulating educational envi-ronment with dedicated supervisors and researchprojects geared towards practical application.

• Moreover, Empa’s Academy offers attractive con-tinuing education and training programs for 7000-odd internal and external attendees every year. Italso runs the bimonthly “Wissenschaftsapéro” se-ries of public lectures, attracting hundreds of inter-ested visitors each time.

• Last but certainly not least, Empa runs a knowl-edge management and technology transfer unit.The newly established PORTAL is the “one-stopshopping” sort of access point for putative cus-tomers and collaborators looking for innovativepartners and solutions in materials science andtechnology.

Five Research Programs – one EmpaThe focus of Empa’s R&D activities is embodied byits five strategic research programs: Nanotechnolo-gy, Adaptive Material Systems, Technosphere – At-mosphere, Materials for Health and Performance andMaterials for Energy Technologies. These researchprograms show us in our true colors: as a materialsresearch institution striving for novel approaches thattranscend the traditional boundaries of scientific dis-ciplines.

NanotechnologyEntering the nanometer-scale world allows access tothe basic building blocks of matter and, hence, ma-terials, leading to new applications and novel solu-tions to existing problems. Empa as a leading SwissR&D institution in the nanotechnology field com-bines cutting-edge know-how in this “key technolo-gy of the 21st century”, which lies in the intersectionof physics, chemistry and biology. Empa uses thisknowledge to exploit the technological opportunitiespresented by nanotechnology; at the same time,Empa is one of the few research institutes devotedto thoroughly investigate potential risks, e.g. by con-ducting research into the interaction between nano-

particles and biological materials or by attempting toevaluate the consequences of applying technologi-cal advances in the new “nanoindustries”. Empa isalso actively involved in raising the awareness ofnanotechnology among the wider public by organiz-ing special exhibitions, lecture series and the like.

Adaptive Material SystemsThis program focuses on designing materials andsystems capable of reacting to a changing environ-ment. The paradigm that sets the standards is na-ture itself, where biological sensors constantly surveythe environmental conditions and register the faintestchange. Via a circuit of intermediary messengers ac-tuators finally carry out the adaptive response, allow-ing the system to react “intelligently”. Empa re-searchers develop and use functionalized textiles,fiber-based composite materials and electroactivepolymers, among others, to act as sensors and/oractuators, and connect them by means of adaptivecontrols or neural networks. Artificial muscles and ablimp, which navigates through air like a trout in wa-ter, are but a few examples out of Empa’s AdaptiveMaterial Systems program.

Technosphere – AtmosphereEmissions of various kinds from human activities inthe technosphere find their way into the atmosphere,with varying effects. Greenhouse gases cause cli-matic changes, toxic chemicals and soot particles af-fect our health and result in undesirable phenomenasuch as acid rain and corrosion. Empa’s contributionto reducing the effects of this anthropogenic air pol-lution is to investigate the fundamental physical andchemical processes involved, and to develop ap-propriate, innovative solutions. For instance, in theCLEVER (Clean and Efficient Vehicle Research) proj-ect we are attempting, in collaboration with indus-trial partners, to increase the efficiency of the drivesystems of natural-gas fuelled vehicles while simul-taneously reducing exhaust gas emissions. In a sim-ilar vein, Empa researchers also attempt to improvethe performance of catalyst materials for motor vehi-cles.

Materials for Health and PerformanceProtecting human beings and maintaining and im-proving their health, quality of life and physical capa-bilities are vital concerns, especially in light of anever-increasing life expectancy. Empa’s response tothis challenge is to combine know-how and experi-ence from the textile and materials science fields withexpertise in biology and nanotechnology. The latteris at the forefront of projects in the new area of nano-toxicology. The resulting developments include bio-degradable and/or biocompatible materials andcoatings for surgical implants, medical textiles andgerontological aids such as hip protectors. Empa isalso engaged in developing functional textile sys-tems that not only support the temperature regula-tion of the human body but also increase the com-fort level when worn.

Materials for Energy TechnologiesEach day every single person in Switzerland con-sumes about 6000 Watts of power, for the produc-tion of food and other goods, for heating and cool-ing buildings, and for mobility. This figure greatlyexceeds the target of the 2000-Watt society. Thus,new energy concepts and technologies are urgentlyneeded. Empa is investigating and developing inno-vative materials, processes and systems for energyconversion, storage and transport. We are looking forways to reduce conversion losses, to increase theuse of renewable energy sources and to minimize therisks associated with new energy concepts. Empa is also a partner in the newly-founded CompetenceCenter for Energy and Mobility (CCEM) within theETH domain.

With “Empa Activities 2005” you are given an overviewof the results and the ongoing activities in our depart-ments and research programs. If we aroused yourcuriosity and if you are eager to learn more aboutEmpa please visit our homepage www.empa.ch orfeel free to contact us directly via [email protected]

Louis Schlapbach, CEO Empa

Empa Activities 2005Table of contents

Advanced 3 Photocatalytic activity of SnO2/ TiO2 composite nanoparticlesMaterials 4 Crack propagation at the nanoscale and processing of semiconductor devices

and Surfaces 5 Reactively synthesized nanostructured aluminum composite for elevated temperature applications

6 Nanoparticle design by inductively coupled plasma7 Degradation pathway of nonionic surfactants leached into environment 8 Optically transparent hard coatings

10 Organic photovoltaic devices: Broad spectral response using cyanine dye sensitization

12 The local electronic structure of icosahedral AlPdMn quasicrystals14 Tailoring molecular self-assembly by functionalization

of extended polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

16 Unraveling magnetism on the nanometer scale – a combined hrMFM and hrTEM study of the exchange bias effect

18 Ceramic-metal joints: performance improvement by residual stress reduction19 Superabrasive tools: effect of binder content on the properties

of Cu-based filler metal

20 Microscale corrosion mechanisms of WC-Co investigated by local electrochemical methods and solution analysis (ICP-MS)

21 Electrochemical characterization of corrosion initiation in submicrometer structures23 List of abbreviations

Civil and 27 Modeling and simulation of dielectric elastomer actuatorsMechanical 28 Towards structural health monitoring using piezoelectric active fiber compositesEngineering 29 Pull-out strength of axially loaded single steel rods bonded in glulam

30 The hornets’ low energy wood construction – a source for inspiration?32 Determination of the environmental footprint of freight vehicles34 Reinforced concrete beam with variable prestress, stiffness and strength35 Low-temperature mechanical testing of full-scale prestressing systems36 Sensitivity of a non-destructive permeability test method for concrete37 Alkali-Aggregate reaction – identifying reactive silicates in concrete aggregates38 Building integrated fuel cell cogeneration and high performance storage

based on NaOH

39 Fire endurance of loaded and liquid-cooled GFRP slabs for construction41 List of abbreviations

Materials and 45 Textile light diffuser for photodynamic therapySystems 46 Personal cooling garment for multiple sclerosis patients

for Protection and 47 Effects of surface structure on cell performance including migrationWellbeing of the 48 Imaging of the surface of human and bovine articular cartilage with ESEM and AFM

Human Body 49 Facial warming and tinted helmet visors50 Water absorption of synthetic mountaineering ropes and their mechanical properties

in the humid state

51 Growth rate of bacteria influences the composition of polyhydroxyalkanoate52 Efficient production of chiral 3-hydroxycarboxylic acids from

poly(R-3-hydroxyalkanoates)

54 PZT thin films on silicon wafers and on fibers by pulsed DC magnetron sputtering56 What makes up a 100-year lifetime of a geotextile?57 List of abbreviations

Empa Activities 2005 Table of contents

Information, 61 Adaptive phase and amplitude modulation of speckled laser lightReliability 62 X-ray tomographic microscopy for 3D composite materials characterization

and Simulation 64 Nanorisk – safety and risk of carbon nanotubesTechnology 66 High precision structuring of photonic elements by focused ion beam

67 Creep behavior and local deformation in SnPb and SnAgCu mixed solder technology68 Control of sound transmission through double wall partitions using optimally tuned

Helmholtz resonators

70 Spectral 3-dimensional sound directivity models for fixed wing aircraft71 Environmental benefits of recycling waste electric and electronic equipment72 Potential impacts of RFID labels on waste treatment processes73 Artifact free color reproduction in newspaper printing75 List of abbreviations

Mobility, Energy 79 Railway traffic – a source of fine particles?and Environment 80 European 1,1,1-trichloroethane emissions assessed from long-term data

at Jungfraujoch

82 Chemical composition of PM10 and PM2.5 and its implications for long-termautomatic particle measurements

84 Quantification of low-particle emissions of diesel and gasoline engines usinghigh sensitivity methods

86 Reactive process gas spectra for semiconductor process analysis87 Bloomery iron from northern Switzerland – its chemical composition and origin88 Hexabromocyclododecanes – a class of flame retardants challenging scientists

and regulators

90 Development of thermoelectric oxide materials93 List of abbreviations

Empa Academy 97 Consolidating and extending education and knowledge transfer@Empa98 List of Courses, Conferences and Colloquia

Technology 99 Technology transfer@EmpaTransfer 100 List of Patents

Appendix 101 Table of contents

Lists of103 Awards105 PHD Theses113 Patents115 Teaching Activities120 Publications148 Conferences

168 Organizational Chart 2006

Empa Activities 2005Advanced Materials and Surfaces

MissionEmpa develops advanced materials and their surfaces on the basis of a systematic physical andchemical understanding. Novel functionalities andbetter performance are achieved with innovativematerials design, new synthesis concepts, refinedstructure/property analysis and sophisticated characterization techniques. We focus on high performance ceramics, functional polymers and selected metallic systems, on coatings as well ason composites. We consider nanostructured materials and adaptive materials systems as key elements for new technological frontiers in the 21st century and therefore focus them in specificEmpa research programs. Direct know-how transfer to industry is pursued within dedicatedR&D projects in economically relevant fields suchas energy conversion and storage, informationtechnology, medical technology, civil and mechan-ical engineering.

ActivitesIn 2005 complex surface structures were subject of sophisticated scientific research. Superlatticeand nanocomposite coatings revealed improvedproperties in respect to optical transparency alongwith high wear resistance, a prerequisite for scratchprotection of glasses. The nature of the valenceelectronic states in AlPdMn quasicrystals was characterized by scanning tunnelling microscopy

and spectroscopy to enlighten the exceptionalphysical properties. Another high resolution studywas devoted to self-assembly structures of largeorganic molecules on metal surfaces for futurefunctional applications. The growth mode of these structures and their properties are stronglydominated by interactions between neighboringmolecules as well as the substrate atoms.

Metallic alloys with complex composition attractmore and more the interest of materials scientists.Reactively synthesized aluminium compositespromise elevated temperature applications in engines, super abrasive tools will become possiblethanks to nanosized brazing alloys with tailored filler modification. Localized electrochemical studiesof such heterogeneous alloys show manifold microscale corrosion mechanisms, revealed nowby Empa’s unique high resolution instrumentation.

Advanced materials processing for information and communication technology was tackled at different levels in 2005, including for example themastering of semiconductor cleavage phenom-ena in wafers by a fundamental study of micro-scopic fracture mechanisms. Single interfaces ofCoO/CoPt layers grown by magnetron sputteringwere characterized in detail by high resolution magnetic force as well as transmission electron microscopy to unravel coupling effects important in data storage applications.

Materials design in respect to the system proper-ties is exemplified by stress reduced ceramic-metaljointsand improved thermomechanical behavior in the field of energy conversion components. Environmentally problematic polymers on the otherhand were characterized by their degradation path-way accompanied by leaching out phenomena.

The department has strengthened its efforts for scientific collaboration and networking within dedicated national and international projects andprograms (CTI, 6th FRP EU, COST, NIMS) intensify-ing so the contacts to academia and industry. Together with the leading Polish materials scienceinstitutions Empa has established in 2005 an inter-national PhD school devoted to the advancementof high performance materials. Furthermore we put high emphasis on an active involvement in thenew Center of Competence in “Energy and Mobility” as well as “Materials Research” within the ETH Board

Walter Muster, Department Head

Photocatalytic activity of SnO2/TiO2 composite nanoparticles

Conventional materials, like pure TiO2, appliedfor degradation of environmental pollutantsfrom air and water via photocatalysis, have tobe improved regarding efficiency. SnO2 /TiO2

composite nanoparticles have been synthe-sized in a single-step by an atmospheric pres-sure diffusion flame and show enhanced activ-ity compared to common TiO2 nanoparticles.

In a typical TiO2 photocatalytic reaction, reductionand oxidation concurrently take place at adjacent re-action sites. However, this process has an inherentdrawback, i.e. it causes the recombination of chargecarriers as the characteristic time required for re-duction (~µs) is much greater than that for oxidation(~100 ns). Several researches have proved that sup-pression of the recombination of photogeneratedelectrons and holes are essential for improving thequantum efficiency. Better charge separation can beobtained by coupling two semiconductor particleswith suitable conduction and valence band poten-tials. The band gaps of SnO2 and TiO2 are 3.95 and3.2 eV, respectively, and the conduction band ofSnO2 is approximately 0.5 eV more positive than thatof TiO2. When the two semiconductor particles arecoupled, the conduction band of SnO2 acts as a sinkfor photogenerated electrons. Since the photogen-erated holes move in the opposite direction, they ac-cumulate in the valence band of the TiO2 particle,thereby increasing the efficiency of charge separation(Fig.1).

In the present work, flame aerosol technology hasbeen used to synthesize SnO2/TiO2 compositenanoparticles in a single step. A stream of N2 con-taining evaporated tetramethyl tin (TMT) and titani-umtetraisopropoxide (TTIP) was brought into amethane-oxygen diffusion flame. Upon condensa-tion, highly crystalline SnO2/TiO2 composite nano-particles were formed. The resultant powders werecharacterized by BET surface area analysis, XRD,HRTEM and Raman spectroscopy. Mixed oxides of SnO2/TiO2 did not form even at 6.9 mol% SnO2

in contrast to the prediction of equilibrium phase di-agram. Chemically distinct SnO2/TiO2 compositenanoparticles are formed. This is due to the usage of diffusion flames where the precursor decomposi-tion chemistry is controlled by the thermal decompo-sition reactions and differences in particle nucleationmechanism. Photocatalytic activity of the pure TiO2

and SnO2/TiO2 nanocomposites synthesized undersimilar conditions (720 l /h O2 flow rate) are tested for

Advanced Materialsand Surfaces

Empa Activities 2005

3

Kranthi Akurati,

Andri Vital,

Thomas Graule,

Markus Winterer,

in collaboration with

University of

Duisburg-Essen

and EADS (DE)

Contact: [email protected]:K.K. Akurati et al. International Journal of Photoenergy,7, 153 –161 (2005)K.K. Akurati et al. J Nanoparticle Res, in press (2005)K.K. Akurati et al. Powder Technology, accepted (2005)

Research ProgramNanotechnology

Fig.1: Model of charge

transfer process in

SnO2 /TiO2 composite

photocatalyst with

reference to NHE

(Normal Hydrogen

Electrode).

Fig. 2: Degradation

profile of Methylene Blue

(MB) for pure TiO2 and

SnO2 /TiO2 composite

particles.

E [eV] vs NHE

EVB

ECB

-1

0

+1

0.07eV

3.95eV

-0.34eV

2.87eV

+2

+3

+4EVB

ECB

electron transfer

hole transfer

SnO23.88eV

TiO23.2eV

Time [min]

Rel

ativ

e co

ncen

trat

ion

of M

B [%

]

400

100

40

0

20

60

80

10 20 30 50 60 70 80

Pure TiO2

3.4mol% SnO2

6.9mol% SnO2

9.9mol% SnO2

12.4mol% SnO2

20.3mol% SnO2

the degradation of MB (Methylene Blue), which is astandard test pollutant in photocatalysis, after check-ing that there is no degradation with TiO2 (no irradi-ation) or UV irradiation alone (no photocatalyst). Fig-ure 2 shows the kinetics of disappearance of MB forpure TiO2 and SnO2/TiO2 powder. It can be seenthat SnO2/TiO2 composites with up to 12.4 mol%SnO2 show better activity compared to pure TiO2.Enhanced performance of SnO2/TiO2 compositenanoparticles is attributed to increased charge sep-aration in the system. Further increase of the SnO2

content is detrimental as the photoactive TiO2 is re-placed by SnO2, which shows poor perfomance todecompose MB. Composites with 6.9 and 3.4 mol%SnO2 reveal better degradation efficiency than the9.9 and 12.4 mol% SnO2 samples. This can be ex-plained with the higher anatase content and signifi-cantly enhanced crystallinity of the former.

Support: EC, BBW

Crack propagation at the nanoscale and processing of semiconductor devicesAdvanced Materials

and Surfaces


Kilian Wasmer,

Rémy Gassilloud,

Cédric Pouvreau,

Johann Michler,


Prof. Christophe Ballif,

University of Neuchâtel

(CH)

Mastering the cleavage of semiconductors isimportant when processing semiconductor de-vices. In particular, III-V optical laser devicesrequire atomic flat cleavage planes that serveas mirrors of the laser cavity. Cleavage in pro-duction is usually performed in two stages. Thesurface is first nanoscratched with a sharp di-amond tip along the cleavage path, and thenduring subsequent loading of the wafer a crackis initiated and propagated through the device.

We know that for reliable cleavage of semiconduc-tor wafers, an initial defect is required. It was shownthat nanoscratching generates a sharp median crackbelow the surface. These cracks were found to com-pete and interact with dislocations, twinning phe-nomena as well as new phases that form prior tocrack initiation. In particular, phase transformationswere found in silicon to take place under the scrib-ing diamond tip. At higher nanoscratching speeds(100 µm/s and above), amorphous silicon remains inthe scratch path (Fig. 1a), whereas at 1 µm/s and below, new polymorph phases of silicon (i.e. Si III andSi XII) embedded into an amorphous silicon matrixwere observed (Fig. 1b). In contrast, plastic deforma-tion in InP and GaAs was found to be governed bydislocations and twin formation. In GaAs disloca-tions are found mostly localized in thin bands in 111

4

slip planes whereas median cracks were revealed to nucleate at crossings of the dislocation bands(Fig.1c).

We observed that the breaking load during cleavageof GaAs and InP laser devices is directly related to thedepth of median cracks induced by nanoscratching.Additionally, we demonstrated that there is a corre-lation between the crack size, the loading conditionsand the features observed on the surface cleaved.For high breaking loads, e.g. for small initial mediancrack sizes, the crack speed reaches a significantfraction of the Rayleigh surface wave speed and thecrack propagation leads to the emission of acousticwaves, which interact after surface reflection with thecrack front and so create characteristic patterns onthe cleaved surface. Atomically flat cleaved surfacesare only obtained when this effect can be mastered.For controlled cleavage of GaAs and InP based laserdevices, deep median cracks extending more than10 µm into the substrate were thus generated by optimizing the tip geometry and loading conditionsduring nanoscratching. Finite element calculationsshowed that also the shape of the median crack in-fluences onset of crack propagation. By optimizingthe scribing parameters and the load distribution dur-ing cleavage step, the yield efficiency of the industri-al cleavage process has been enhanced and is nowapproaching 100%.

Contact: [email protected] References:K. Wasmer, C. Ballif et al., Adv. Eng. Mat, 309, 7 (2005)R. Gassilloud et al., Phys. Stat. Sol. A, 2858, 202 (2005) R. Gassilloud et al., Electrochimica Acta, accepted (2005)


Fig.1: TEM cross-section below a scratch under bright

beam conditions. (a) and (b) Si scratched at 10 mN load

and a speed of 100 and 1µm/s, respectively. Insets:

Selected Area Diffraction (SAD) pattern of transformed

layers at the scratch surfaces. (c) Global view of GaAs

scratched wafer featuring the median and lateral cracks

surrounded by an area with dislocation bands.

Support: KTI

a)

1 µm

500 nm

500 nm

b)

c)Pt

Si (110)

Pt

Si (110)

54°

[111][111]

Reactively synthesized nanostructured aluminum composite for elevated temperature applications

An Al-based nanocomposite has been synthe-sized from Al- and nanosized TiO2-powders us-ing mechanical alloying followed by hot com-paction where the highly activated powdermixture undergoes a chemical displacementreaction. The composite material features a homogeneous dispersion of thermally stablenanoscaled hard phases (Al2O3, Al3Ti) in a duc-tile Al-matrix. Compared to the starting materi-al, the volume fraction of the hardening phasesis increased by 200%. The composite yields ahigh hardness which is not affected by long-term annealing at 250°C.

At elevated temperatures the mechanical proper-ties of Al-alloys can be considerably enhanced by introducing ultra-fine thermally stable dispersoids in the Al-matrix. Such materials can be produced either by melt infiltration of ultrafine particulate alu-mina-preforms or by mechanical alloying of Al-pow-ders in oxygen (and carbon) containing atmospheres and subsequent powder metallurgical consolidationtechniques (e.g. ODS alloys). However, compara-tively large (300 nm) dispersoids in the infiltrated ma-terials and low dipersoid contents (up to 5–10 vol-%)in the ODS materials limit the overall performance ofthe materials made by these techniques.

The approach used in the present study is to com-bine the concept of dispersion strengthening with anin-situ displacement reaction. Commercially avail-able TiO2 nanoparticles with a diameter of 21nm areuniformely dispersed in pure Al by high energy ballmilling. In these mechanically activated powders, theoxidation-reduction reaction (eq.1) leads to the for-mation of titanium aluminide and aluminum oxide dur-ing solid state hot compaction at 630 °C; simultane-ously the volume fraction of the hardening phases isincreased from 15% up to 43%.

3 TiO2 + (13 + x) Al → 3 Al3Ti + 2 Al2O3 + x Al (eq.1)

The displacement reactions and associated phasetransitions occurring during high energy milling andsubsequent annealing have been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry coupled with ther-mogravimetry. X-ray diffraction was used to deter-mine the reaction products (Fig.1). The resultingcomposite material yields a homogeneous disper-sion of nanoscaled (~100 nm) hard phases (Al2O3,Al3Ti) in a ductile Al-matrix. This processing routeprovides a fine grained and thermally stable micro-



5

structure with a controllable amount of dispersoids.The high hardness of the composite is not affectedby long-term annealing at 250 °C (Fig.2). Thus, thisnew approach is considered as promising to devel-op and produce light-weight composites for elevat-ed temperature applications such as automotive en-gine pistons.

Simon Kleiner,

Olivier Beffort,


Prof. Fazal A. Khalid,

GIK Institute of

Engineering Sciences

and Technology

(Pakistan)

Contact: [email protected]@empa.ch

References:S. Kleiner, F. Bertocco, F. A. Khalid, O. Beffort, Mat. Chemistry and Physics 89, 362– 366 (2005)S. Kleiner, F. A. Khalid, F. Bertocco, O. Beffort, Adv. Eng. Mat. 7, 380 – 383 (2005)


Fig. 2: Effect of annealing

and temperature on

hardness of the

nanocomposite com-

pared to an infiltrated

Al/Al2O3-MMC and the

“heat resistant” commer-

cial Al-alloy 2618-T6.

2θ (degree)10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Inte

nsity

(arb

itrar

y un

it)

Al3TiAl4C3

γ-Al2O3

AlAnatase (TiO2)Rutile (TiO2)

as-milled

hot-pressed

760°C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 50 100 150 200 250 300Temperature [°C]

Har

dne

ss [H

B]

Nanocomposite as fabricatedNanocomposite, 100hrs @ 250°CAl-MMC, as fabricatedAl-MMC, 100hrs @ 250°C2618-T6, as fabricated2618-T6, 100hrs @ 250°C

Fig.1: XRD patterns of the as-milled, hot-pressed

(630°C/2 h) and additionally annealed (760°C/10 min)

powder mixtures.

Nanoparticle design by inductively coupled plasmaAdvanced Materials

and Surfaces


Marc Leparoux,

Cornelis Schreuders,

Jong-Won Shin,

Stephan Siegmann,


Christoph Hollenstein,

EPF Lausanne (CH),

Pierre Fauchais,

University of Limoges (F),

Nathalie Herlin,

Yann Leconte,

LFP-CEA (F)

The rapid condensation of a supersaturatedgas phase leading to the formation of nanopar-ticles in a thermal plasma can be predicted us-ing Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model-ing. The thermal history of the nanoparticles isinvestigated aiming to prevent their growth.

The thermal plasma technology is one of the leadingtechniques for the production of high-purity metallicand ceramic nanoparticles. The quenching of a su-persaturated gaseous phase leads to the forma-tion of nanoparticles. However, due to their high re-activity and the high temperature environment, theirgrowth and agglomeration have to be controlled.Therefore, a CFD code has been developed and val-idated with in-situ monitoring measurements to bet-ter control this critical process step for the synthesisof carbides and metallic nanoparticles.

6

Contact: [email protected], [email protected]

References:Marc Leparoux, Cornelis Schreuders, Jong-Won Shin,Stephn Siegmann, Adv. Eng. Materials 7, 349 – 353 (2005)


Fig. 2: Left: Quenching

effect on the SSA and

equivalent size of Si parti-

cles and, right: Correla-

tions between modeling

and experimental results

of agglomeration forma-

tion during the plasma

synthesis [np: particle

number per agglomerate,

z: distance from plasma

torch exit].

n p [-

]

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

38

36

34

32

30

28

26

24

22

20

15

10

5

0

25

3000 1.6

2250 1.2

1500 0.8

750 0.4

0 0.0

3750 2.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Ar quenching flow rate [ min-1]

Eq

uiva

lent

par

ticle

dia

met

er [n

m]

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500z [mm]

Sp

ecifi

c su

rfac

e ar

ea [m

2g-

1 ]

Agglomeration of n-Si particles without quenching

np [-]temperature [K]residence time [s]

The CFD calculations of plasma temperature and velocities have been validated by enthalpy probemeasurements. Adjusting the boundary conditions,good correlations are found. A quenching nozzle hasbeen designed allowing quenching rates as high as107–108 Ks-1 with low amounts of cold gas. Then,the quenching conditions (gas, position and flowrates) are adapted to the condensation and sinteringtemperatures of the targeted particles.

Silicon nanoparticles have thus been synthesizedwith a specific surface area (SSA) in the range of 100 m2g-1 (equivalent diameter 20– 30 nm) leadinge.g. to pyrotechnical applications. SiC powders inthe range of 20–40 nm could be produced with anatomic ratio Si/C varying from 0.92 to 1.55. Thesedifferent compositions are under investigation for theelaboration of stable high concentrated dispersions.High refractory materials and hard metals have alsobeen synthesized with particles sizes below 80 nm. In the case of WC, the occurrence of sub-carbidephases like W2C and WC1-x may be detrimental formechanical applications. The stoichiometry is thenadjusted by using reactive plasmas containing a car-bon source.

Controlling the plasma process steps and especial-ly the quenching enables the synthesis of a very largepanel of nanopowders offering new application op-portunities.

Fig.1: Left: 2D temperature [K] field modeling (at torch

exhaust) and, right: Photograph of quenched plasma for

the same parameter conditions showing very similar

features between the model and the experimental obser-

vations (it is assumed that below ca. 3000 K the plasma

light emission is no more visible).

Support: KTI

Links: Empa: www.empa.chEPFL: crppwww.epfl.ch/ Université de Limoges: www.unilim.fr/spcts/ CEA: www-lfp.cea.fr/

Quenching ring

Quenching ring

500 nm

400 nm

7547

7064

6581

6098

5614

5131

4648

4165

3882

3199

2715

2233

1749

1266

783

300

Degradation pathway of nonionic surfactantsleached into environment

Variable isomers of nonylphenol are ubiqui-tously detectable in the environment. Thesechemicals mainly originate from the decompo-sition of nonionic surfactants. We have isolat-ed and identified further degraded products of 4-nonylphenols and we propose a possiblemechanism responsible for this new metabolicpathway.

Technical nonylphenol is mainly used for the pro-duction of nonylphenol polyethoxylates, which areimportant nonionic surfactants for industry and agri-culture with an annual production volume of about650000 tons. Most of the 4-nonylphenol isomersfound in the environment originate from microbialdegradation of these surfactants, but little is knownabout the further degradation of the complex tech-nical mixture. Most of these chemicals are toxic foraquatic organisms.

A culture medium plate incubated with bacteria of the type Sphingomonas xenophaga showed translu-cent regions (Fig.1, top). In the enlarged section, anagglomerate of growing bacteria able to grow with 4-nonylphenol isomers as sole source of carbon andenergy is shown.

The bacteria grew on isomers bearing a quaternarycarbon atom in α-position to the aromatic ring. Weobserved the release of the structurally unchangedcarbon side chain as corresponding alcohols into theculture broth (Fig. 2a). We assume that dienonesoriginating from growth substrate nonylphenol iso-mers undergo a rearrangement that involves a (1,2-C,O)-shift of the alkyl moiety as a carbocation yield-ing 4-alkoxyphenols, from which the alkyl moietiescan easily be detached as alcohols by known mech-anisms. The quinone moiety shown in brackets wasnot identified experimentally but is supposed as in-termediate product since it is known to be metabo-lized readily. Isomers of 4-nonylphenols bearing hy-drogen atoms in α-position of the aromatic ring weretransformed into several metabolites only in the pres-ence of growth substrate isomers. They accumulat-ed and subsequently underwent various side reac-tions. We isolated these dead-end products andunambiguously identified their chemical structures(Fig.2b). The missing alkyl substituents at the α-car-bon atom presumably inhibited the stabilization of the intermediary α-carbocation and hence prevent-ed the use of the compound for bacteria growth.



7

In our study, we have elucidated in vitro a previouslyunknown degradation pathway for nonylphenol iso-mers. Ongoing studies on the subject will improveour knowledge of the processes playing a role for thecontaminants in natural aqueous environments.

Daniel Rentsch,


Frédéric L.P. Gabriel,

Walter Giger,

Hans-Peter E. Kohler,

EAWAG (CH),

Andy Heidlberger,

Klaus Guenther,

University

Duisburg-Essen (DE)

Research ProgramTechnosphere –

Atmosphere

Contact: [email protected]:F.L.P. Gabriel, A. Heidlberger, D. Rentsch et al., J. Biol. Chem. 280, 15526 (2005)

Fig.1: Culture medium plate with enlarged region.

Fig. 2: Degradation scheme of nonylphenol isomers (iso-

lated and characterized species in red). a) The intermedi-

ate quinone moiety is supposed to serve as source of

carbon and energy for the bacteria. b) Isolated dead-end

products from the conversion of non-growth substrates.

release of ROHinto culture broth

R = prim- or sec-nonyl carbon chain

R = tert-nonylcarbon chain

rearomatization

dihydrogenationreaction

sole source ofcarbon and energy

rearrangementipso

hydroxylation

ipsohydroxylation

(1,2–C,O)-shift

(1,2–C,O)-shift

b) transformation of non-growth substrates

OH

R

OH

R

O

RH

O

O

RH

O

a) transformation of growth substrates

H A

:B

O

R

H

O

O

O

O

O

R

H

H

O

R

OH

H

R – shifts toelectrophilic C

R + shifts tonucleophilic O

0.8 mm

Support: SNF

In order to understand the physical mechanismsleading to these first results, we studied the films’nanostructure and composition by TransmissionElectron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD),and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). TEMrevealed elongated grains with a typical dimension of tens of nanometers (Fig.3). The analysis of XRD data evidenced the existence of polycrystallinehexagonal AlN (wurtzite) with an average grain length

Optically transparent hard coatingsAdvanced Materialsand Surfaces


Aude Pélisson,

Franz-Josef Haug*),

Magdalena

Parlinska-Wojtan,

Jörg Patscheider

*) now at *) University of Neuchâtel

Since the 1970s, the wear protection of indus-trial drilling and cutting tools is achieved by the deposition of hard and oxidation resistantthin coatings. Recently, superlattice and nano-composite coatings with greatly improvedproperties were introduced. These coatings,commonly made of a combination of metals, nitrides, carbides and oxides, are opticallyopaque. Here, we describe the ongoing devel-opment of nanostructured hard coatings con-sisting of Al-Si-N with similar wear resistancebut with an excellent transparency in the rangeof visible light. Possible applications are e.g.scratch protection of glass surfaces and oth-ers. The achieved hardness values of thesecoatings exceed 20 GPa. However, in contrastto known silicon-containing ternary nitrides,this material shows no phase segregation atsilicon contents below 12 atomic percent but is composed of a solid solution of silicon in h-AlN. Further investigation aims at achievingsegregation of Si3N4 and AlN and, thus, at im-proving mechanical performance.

A nanocomposite, using the commonly accepteddefinition in the field of thin films, consists of nano-sized crystalline grains that are embedded in a thinamorphous matrix (Fig.1). For a grain size of about 10 nm, such structures exhibit new deformationmechanism, compared to conventional structureswith grains bigger than about 20 nm. The small grain size prevents the formation of dislocations inthe crystalline phase, whereas crack initiation andpropagation in the amorphous phase is hindered by the small volume fraction of this phase. The onlypossible deformation process is then the so-called“grain boundary sliding” (i.e. undeformed grains slid-ing against each other). This process can be imped-ed to a large extent by a suitable matrix material. Asa result, the nanocomposite is harder than its individ-ual constituent materials, and an oxidation resistantmatrix material may protect the hard but chemicallyless resistant crystalline component. This particularnanostructure is a consequence of a phase segre-gation occurring during film growth.

8

In this project, we develop optically transparent coat-ings using a large-band gap material such as AlN asthe nanocrystalline majority component. ReactiveDC unbalanced magnetron co-sputtering from pureAl and Si targets in an Ar/N2 atmosphere at 200 °Cis used to deposit the Al-Si-N films. This methodproved to be well suited to produce nanocompositefilms, as it was previously shown for other nanocom-posite thin films. The chemical, structural and me-chanical properties of nanocomposite films withvariable composition were analyzed. With small ad-ditions of silicon (below 10 atomic percent) in AlN, weexpected the production of an AlN/Si3N4 nanocom-posite by phase segregation, as found in other ter-nary nitride nanocomposites and as suggested bypublished data. We investigated compositions frompure AlN to Al-Si-N with a silicon atomic content of12%. Hardness values of 20-25 GPa were obtainedby nanoindentation. This corresponds already to asignificant improvement, as compared to uncoatedglass or conventional protective coatings. We alsomeasured an average optical transparency in the visible range of more than 90%; the color hues aredue to interference effects (Fig.2).


Fig.1: A nanocomposite is a

three-dimensional network

of immiscible materials at the

nanometer scale.

Fig. 2: Al-Si-N coatings on glass show a good trans-

parency. The slight shades of color are caused by interfer-

ence effects which are related to the coating thickness

(about 1 µm).

7% 12% 10%



9

Contact: [email protected]:F.-J. Haug, J. Patscheider, European Patent 05405259.2,pending (2005)S.Veprek et al.,Thin Solid Films 476, 1– 29 (2005)

Fig. 3: TEM dark field

images and diffraction pat-

terns on AlN and Al-Si-N

coatings. The grain size is

reduced with addition of

silicon in AlN, as revealed

by diffraction patterns.

Fig. 4: X-ray θ /2θ diffractograms of Al-Si-N. The peak

maxima are shifted to higher 2θ values (i.e. lower lattice

parameters) with increasing silicon content. The peak po-

sitions identified by vertical lines correspond to pure AlN.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

32 33 34 35 36 37 382θ [°]

Inte

nsity

[cp

s]

XRD - CuKα h-AlN with Si

Si atomic content: 5% 7% 9%12%

AlN

[001

]

AlN

[002

]shift

of 20 nm. Surprisingly, XRD also showed a reductionof the lattice parameter of AlN as a function of the sil-icon content (Fig. 4). XPS studies indicated the pres-ence of AlN and nitrogen-coordinated silicon in thecomposite.

The first results showed only a faint hardness maxi-mum related to an optimum of composition andstructure. At silicon contents below 12% the requiredphase segregation leading to a nanostructure hard-ening is not observed. Instead, we produced a poly-crystalline Al-Si-N ternary phase. This is supportedby both our XRD results and investigations of othergroups that studied such a ternary phase althoughat lower Si contents. An annealing attempt under N2

at 800 °C during 2h did not lead to the expectedphase segregation in spite of a reduction of grain size for the highest Si content investigated (12%).Further experiments with higher silicon contents and various deposition conditions to influence thenanostructure are in progress. This should lead to a better understanding of the formation of Al-Si-Nnanocomposites.

Support: Alcan Technology Fonds

AIN AI-Si-N with 9 at % Si

bigger grains smaller grains

Growth direction

Dark field images [002]

Diffraction patterns

Dark field images [002]

Diffraction patterns

100

002

101

102

110

103

200

0.2 µm

0.005 nm 0.005 nm

0.2 µm

Organic photovoltaic devices: Broad spectral response using cyanine dye sensitization



Frank Nüesch,

Fernando Castro,

Roland Hany,

Thomas Geiger,


Fanshun Meng,

He Tian EUCST

Shanghai (PRC),

Libero Zuppiroli,

EPF Lausanne (CH)

In the field of organic photovoltaic devices, ma-terials are sought that are able to harvest nearinfrared photons and convert them into elec-trical current. This study demonstrates the pos-sibility to use a long-chain polymethine dye for sensitizing a photoactive cyanine-fullerenedyad.

Organic solar cells offer the advantage of low-costproduction and mechanical flexibility. This year, the5% efficiency benchmark has been reached demon-strating the tremendous progress that has beenachieved in recent years. Organic solar cells will stillneed considerable research efforts before techno-logical applications can be envisaged. Among otherissues it is important to extend the photocurrent sensitivity to the near infrared (NIR) spectral domain,where a considerable part of the solar photons canbe harvested. Photographic dyes, in particular poly-methine dyes, absorb light very efficiently and have

10

been used to make photographic films sensitive to aparticular spectral domain. Depending on the lengthof the conjugated chain, the absorption spectrarange from the blue to the NIR domain. This study investigates the NIR sensitization of a photoactivecyanine-fullerene dyad 1 by using a long-chain cya-nine dye 2 (Fig.1).

Multilayer photovoltaic devices were fabricated byspin coating and thermal evaporation of the activecomponents. The device architecture consists of atransparent conducting substrate coated by a con-ductive polymer (PEDOT:PSS), the photoactive film,an evaporated C60 layer and an evaporated topcathode (Fig. 2).

Figure 3 shows the incident photon-to-current con-version efficiency (IPCE) spectrum of a device usinga photoactive film made from the dyad only. TheIPCE spectrum is consistent with the absorptionspectrum of the cyanine (symbatic relationship), in-dicating that charge carriers are generated within thebulk of the film. The increased photocurrent yield inthe blue spectral region can be attributed to photo-carriers generated by C60. The intensity of this shoul-der depends on the biasing conditions and is prob-ably related to ion displacement in the device. Thesmall IPCE feature at about 750 nm is due to the ab-sorption of fulleropyrrolidine, since the cyanine is notabsorbing in this region.

Still, this device is not photosensitive to a large part of the solar irradiation spectrum, ranging from650 nm to the NIR. Therefore, we explored the pos-

Research ProgramMaterials forEnergy Technologies

Fig.1: Chemical structures of the materials used in this study.

ClO4-

+N

CH

C4H9

CHNC4H9

CH CH CH

ClO4-

NC2H5

NCH3

+NC2H5

OCH2CH2OOCCH CH CH

2

1 C60

SO3-

O O

S+

PEDOT:PSS

n

n

Fig. 2: Schematic drawing of a thin film polymer

solar cell. The organic layers consist of a

conducting polymer (white), a cyanine based

layer (orange) and a fullerene C60 layer (black).

The total thickness of the organic layers is

approximately 100 nm.

sibility to introduce the long-wavelength absorbingcyanine 2 as sensitizer for dyad 1. For this purposewe used an active film consisting of a blend of dyad1 and cyanine 2 with a molar ratio of 50%. The ab-sorption spectrum of the blend is a combination ofthe separate dyes and is broadened as compared to the spectra in solution (Fig. 4). Indeed, a broadIPCE spectrum extending from 350 nm to 800 nm isobserved. As we have shown in single layer devicesusing a blended 2 :1 film, photoinduced chargetransfer from cyanine 2 to dyad 1 is occurring, whichis also called sensitization. From the symbatic rela-tionship between IPCE and absorption spectrum inFigure 4, we infer that sensitization by the long-chaincyanine will play a major role in the charge genera-tion process in multilayer devices, too. The IPCE val-ues are promising and exceed 4% over a large spec-tral domain. The photocurrent efficiency is moreintense for the spectral domain corresponding todyad 1 as compared to the domain corresponding tosensitizer 2. There are several reasons which can account for this behavior. Apart from an additionalIPCE contribution in the blue to green domain due tothe photoactivity of C60, more efficient intramolecu-lar photoinduced charge transfer in the case of dyad1 as compared to intermolecular transfer from cya-nine 2 to dyad 1 may be invoked.

Not only under monochromatic irradiation, but alsounder white light (tungsten lamp) were devices usinga blend with long chain cyanine 2 superior. Most importantly, the short circuit current reached 2.2mA/cm2 at an irradiation intensity of 310 mW/cm2.It is twice the value obtained for devices using thepure dyad as active layer. This is due to the muchbroader spectral sensitivity of the blended film. How-ever, the fill factor was decreased when the blend-ed film was used. We have ascribed this behavior to the dilution of cyanine 2 in dyad 1, which couldhave an effect on charge transport in these layers ina twofold manner: First, the mean distance betweenfullerenes increases lowering the hopping mobility of electrons in the blend. Second, the considerabledifference between the HOMO energy levels of dyad1 and cyanine 2 forces the holes to hop betweencyanine 2 molecules. In analogy to the electrons, this will lead to a reduced hole mobility.



11

Support: Shanghai Committee

Links: www.empa.ch/abt140> Projects Functional Polymers

Contact: [email protected]:F. Meng et al., Journal of Materials Chemistry, 15, 979 – 986 (2005)F. Meng et al., Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 5938, 284– 291 (2005)F. A. Castro, A. Faes, T. Geiger, M. Nagel, F. Nüesch, R. Hany, Synthetic Metals, submitted (2005)

Fig. 3: IPCE spectrum of a multilayer device consisting

of an active layer of dyad 1 sandwiched between

PEDOT:PSS and C60 (black line). The absorption spectra

of dyad 1 in dichloromethane (blue line) and in the film

(red line) are also shown.

Fig. 4: IPCE spectrum of a multilayer device consisting

of a dyad 1: cyanine 2 blend sandwiched between

PEDOT:PSS and C60 (black line). The absorption spectra

of dyad 1 (blue line) and cyanine 2 (cyan line) in

dichloromethane as well as in the blended film (red line)

are also shown.

350 400 450 500 550Wavelength [nm]

IPC

E [%

]

Ab

sorb

ance

600 650 700 750 800

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

8

350 400 450 500 550Wavelength [nm]

IPC

E [%

]

Ab

sorb

ance

600 650 700 750 800

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

The local electronic structure of icosahedral AlPdMn quasicrystalsAdvanced Materials

and Surfaces


Oliver Gröning,

Pascal Ruffieux,

Roland Widmer

The nature of the valence electronic states inquasicrystals (QC) which exhibit an aperiodic,however well defined, atomic structure is stilltoday not well understood. An especially im-portant question in this context is whether theexceptional physical properties of QC are re-lated to an unorthodox valence electronicstructure stemming from the aperiodic atomicarrangement. To shed more light on this ques-tion we are using low temperature (5 K) scan-ning tunneling microscopy (LT-STM) and spec-troscopy (STS) on the surfaces of icosahedralAlPdMn QC to investigate the valence electronstructure on the nanometer scale.

Since it was widely accepted some twenty years ago that QC represent a truly new class of materials,the question emerged whether and to what extentthe aperiodic atomic arrangement influences thephysical properties of these materials. Special at-tention was paid to the electronic, acoustic, thermaland mechanical properties, where the theoretical de-scription of the associated physical phenomena isclosely related to translational symmetry of the lat-tice. It has been suggested by theory that the valenceelectron states of QC should exhibit, due to the ab-sence of translational symmetry, a new character ly-ing in between the extended states of a classical pe-riodic crystal and the localized states of a randomatomic arrangement. This new class of states wasdenoted as “critical states”, neither being extended

12

nor localized. Associated with these critical states aso-called “spiky” density of states (DOS) was postu-lated showing a fractal-like appearance of peaks and pseudo gaps. However, this spiky DOS couldnot be corroborated by experiment, where it needsto be stressed that these experiments measured the spatially averaged DOS on surface areas of theorder of µm2 for point contact spectroscopy to sev-eral mm2 in photoelectron emission spectroscopy.

Our LT-STM/STS measurements allow an investiga-tion of the local DOS with sub nm resolution, if onlyat the surface of the crystals. We, therefore, need tofind surface preparation procedures leading to crys-tal surfaces close to bulk termination with the low-est possible degree of defects. Figure 1a shows ahigh resolution STM image of the 5-fold symmetricsurface of an i-AlPdMn QC, where the characteristicfeatures can be well reproduced by low level STMsimulation based on a theoretical cluster model dis-played in Figure 1b.

Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the STS gridmeasurements we carry out for the measurements of the LDOS. During a topographic STM image scanat given positions (e.g. every 5th pixel and every 5th

line) a spectrum measuring the differential conduc-tance (prop. to the LDOS) in a given voltage range isrecorded. This procedure yields two data sets: First,the 2D topographic STM image and, second, a 3DLDOS map containing the dI /dV signal as function ofx- and y-position and tip bias, which corresponds to


Fig.1: a) High resolution STM image of the 5f surface of the i-AlPdMn QC.

b) Model structure according to the Kastner-Papadopolos model. Characteristic surface features being the

“white flower” (deep blue circle) and the “starfish” (light blue circle) have been highlighted and compared

to the model structure.

AI Pd Mn

a) b)

8 x 8 nm2

the electron energy in eV. If we average all the localspectra on surface areas of several tens of nm2 forthe 5f AlPdMn surface, we find a smooth total DOSvery similar to the one reported in the literature. How-ever, the aspect of the single, local spectra is muchdifferent as can be seen from Figure 3. On the righthand side, the dI /dV spectra measured on 6 posi-tions in a so-called “Starfish” structure (STM imageand model on the left hand side of Fig. 3) are dis-played where the spectra are off-set vertically forbetter visibility. The color of the curves matches thecolor of the corresponding circles in the STM imageand denotes the position where the spectrum hasbeen recorded, e.g. the red curve has been meas-ured in the center of the starfish, whereas the otherones on the pentagonal structures surrounding thestarfish are the so-called surface dissected Berg-mann polytopes. The variability in peak and pseudo-gap position in this small 2 nm wide area is clearly visible. In general, we observe peaks in the LDOS of 30 – 50 meV FWHM confined to regions of 1 nm or less. We think that this is a strong indication of thespiky DOS predicted by the theory, which has notbeen observed before as the spiky aspect is lostwhen the LDOS is averaged over surface areas assmall as some tens nm2.

The most indicative feature of the critical valenceelectron states is the self-similarity of the states,which means that similar local features should pro-



13

duce similar LDOS. This property could not bedemonstrated yet for the 5f or 2f AlPdMn surface due to the complex nature with regard to atomicarrangement and chemical composition. By makingprogress in differentiating between the Al, Pd and Mnatoms in the STM images, we hope to be able to resolve local structure and chemical composition toreally identify structurally equivalent sites and provethe self-similarity of the LDOS. A further approach isto change from an icosahedral QC like the AlPdMn,which is aperiodic in all directions, to the simplerdecagonal structure of the QC like the AlNiCo, whichhas one periodic axis.

The clarification of the true nature of the valenceelectrons in QC could lead to a deeper physical un-derstanding of the very low friction coefficient, me-chanical hardness and low surface wettability ofthese materials and allow the rational tailoring ofthese properties for dedicated applications.

Contact: [email protected]:R. Widmer, O. Gröning, P. Ruffieux, P. Gröning, Phil. Mag. 86, 773, accepted (2005) O. Gröning, R.Widmer, P. Ruffieux, P. Gröning, Phil. Mag. 86, 781, accepted (2005)

Fig. 2: Schematic illustration of the STS grid measure-

ment using the LT-STM to get high resolution mapping of

the LDOS.

Fig. 3: Illustration of the variability of the local STS spectra

at different positions on a “starfish” structure on the

5f surface of the i-AlPdMn QC.

The inset in the top left corner depicts the atomic model

structure of the “starfish”.

Energy [eV]

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4

Support: EU-FP5

X-Position

Y-Pos

ition D

iffer

entia

l con

duc

tanc

e d

l/d

V

Volta

ge/E

nerg

y

STM-Topography

icosahedral AIPdMn QC-surface

2 nm

5 nm

Diff

eren

tial C

ond

ucta

nce

dl/d

V [a

.u.]

Tailoring molecular self-assembly by functionalization of extended polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons



Pascal Ruffieux,

Roman Fasel,

Oliver Gröning,

Wende Xiao,

Kamel Ait-Mansour,


the group of

Prof. K.-H. Rieder,

Freie Universität Berlin

(DE)

We investigate the role of functional sidegroups on the self-assembly properties of largeorganic molecules on metal surfaces. Scan-ning tunneling microscopy reveals that thechoice of side groups determines whether thegrowth mode is dominated by molecule-sub-strate interaction or by intermolecular interac-tions. Furthermore, we show that vicinal goldsurfaces can be used to define a two-dimen-sional lattice of specific adsorption sites on thenanometer scale.

In nanoscale science, single molecule devices arehighly promising because their functionality can bechemically tailored and because of their potential for rather simple industrial production. Basic require-ments for the building of such structures involve twomain topics. Firstly, the creation of template struc-tures on the nanometer scale which define anchorpoints for the adsorption of a first type of molecularbuilding block used as the backbone of the supra-molecular assembly. Secondly, the design of anchortype and connector type molecules with functionalgroups which form specific and directed bonds be-tween the two types of molecules.

In the recently started EU FP6 STREP project, weaim at exploiting the versatility of hexaperi-hexa-benzocoronene [C42H18 (HBC)] based molecularbuilding blocks for the “rational design and fabrica-tion of supramolecular architectures on surfaces”(RADSAS). The choice of HBC-based building blocksis motivated by the large structural variety offering the possibility to accommodate functional groupswith different symmetries and the large aromatic

14

board, which might act as electron reservoir for po-tential applications in molecular electronics.

As a first step in this project, we studied the self-as-sembly of HBC without functional groups in order to understand the interaction of the aromatic corewith typical substrates. Figure 1 shows an STM im-age of the monolayer structure of HBC on theCu(111) surface. Comparing the nearest-neighbordistance of the molecules in the hexagonal latticewith lattice parameters of the Cu substrate showsthat the monolayer forms a commensurate super-structure, i.e. the adsorption sites are translationallyequivalent with respect to the substrate lattice. Fur-thermore, the hexagonal molecular shape resolvedby STM allows the determination of the molecular orientation. Comparison of the molecular orientationand nearest-neighbor directions reveals that the ori-entation in the monolayer structure deviates by ~9°from the one expected for a close-packed structureof hexagonal molecules. Comparison with the struc-ture of the Cu surface lattice shows that this orienta-tion is apparently stabilized by the alignment of thecarbon rings and the close-packed Cu atom rows,which have nearly identical separations (2.55 Å and2.50 Å, resp.). This orientation transfer and the com-mensurate superstructure show that the self-assem-bly of HBC on Cu(111) is largely dominated by themolecule-substrate interaction.

We have investigated the role of functional groupsand different HBC board properties on the self-as-sembly properties and could show that the interplaybetween intermolecular and molecule-substrate in-teractions is sensitively affected by the extension ofthe HBC board with tert-butyl groups. Whereas for


Fig.1: Monolayer structure of HBC on Cu(111). a) STM image (U = 5 mV, I = 0.03 nA). The molecular axis m is

indicated. b) Proposed molecular orientation and R ± 8.95° superstructure.

a)

2 nm

b)

9

mm

[112]

[110]

the bare HBC the self-assembly is dominated bymolecule-substrate interactions, the addition of tert-butyl side groups results in increased attractive in-termolecular forces. For hexa-tert-butyl-HBC this re-sults in island formation already at very low coverage.Current efforts aim at the design and characterizationof molecules containing functional groups that giverise to directed attractive interactions in order to fur-ther improve the control on the evolving structures.A system resulting in the formation of molecularchains has been realized by the adsorption of perme-thoxylated HBC on Au(111) (Fig.2). The chain forma-tion involves important conformational changes atthe surface where neighboring molecules are tilted in opposite directions along the chain axis. Despitethe threefold symmetry of the free molecule, this con-formation change leads to attractive intermolecularinteractions at a trans-configuration leading to theformation of extended one-dimensional structures.

Regarding the second important step in the project,the preparation of appropriate template surfaces forthe controlled anchoring of molecular building blockson the nanometer scale, we currently focus on theuse of vicinal surfaces. For instance, Au(11,12,12)shows very regular step and discommensuration arrays (Fig.3) with a rectangular supercell of 7.2 x 5.8 nm2. The discommensuration lines separate re-gions with hcp stacking from the larger ones with fcc stacking. This results in a template structure inthe direction perpendicular to the steps. Recent re-sults of the adsorption of C60 on this template struc-ture show that the adsorption energy is indeed al-tered with the periodicity of the discommensurationlines. At low coverage the molecules are exclusivelyadsorbed on the fcc stacking domains forming smallchains of 4 ± 1 molecules. The presented results



15

demonstrate the feasibility of template structures on the nanometer scale and have a potential appli-cation in the fabrication of functional surfaces wherethe positioning of molecules with controlled separa-tions in the nanometer range is required.

Contact: [email protected]:L. Gross, F. Moresco, P. Ruffieux, A. Gourdon, Ch. Joachim, K.-H. Rieder, Phys. Rev. B 71, 165428 (2005)

Fig. 2: STM images of permethoxylated HBC on Au(111) (U = -1.5 V, I = 0.02 nA). The circle marks the base unit of

the chains: a dimer of permethoxylated HBC.

Fig. 3: a) STM image of the Au(11,12,12) surface.

The periodic arrangement of steps and discommensura-

tion lines define a 2D superlattice on the nanometer scale.

b) C60 adsorbed on the same substrate. The molecular

chains are exclusively adsorbed on the fcc sites at the

step.

Support: EU-FP6

Links: www.empa.ch/abt127www.radsas.ch

b)

5 nm 10 nm

[-211]

5 nm 2 nm

a)

[0-1

1]

hcp

fcc

Unraveling magnetism on the nanometerscale – a combined hrMFM and hrTEM studyof the exchange bias effect



Peter Kappenberger,

Magdalena

Parlinska-Wojtan,

Sara Romer,

Hans Josef Hug,


Iris Schmid,

University of Basel (CH),

Olav Hellwig,

Eric E. Fullerton,

Hitachi Global Storage

Technologies (USA)

The nature of the exchange bias coupling be-tween a thin ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferro-magnetic (AF) layer is studied using high reso-lution magnetic force microscopy (hrMFM) andhigh resolution transmission electron micro-scopy (hrTEM). Qualitative evaluation of theMFM data shows a contrast inversion compar-ing images taken of the FM domains and theuncompensated AF spins (uAFs). In addition, socalled anti-biasing regions can be identified,which correspond to spins in the AF grains be-ing falsely aligned to the FM spins. hrTEM in-vestigations suggest that small angle grainboundaries observed in the AF might be thecause of these regions.

One of the many examples of nanomagnetism suc-cessfully applied in every day devices is the exchangebias (EB) effect. It was discovered by Michaelson andBean in 1956 on oxidized Co particles that formed aFM/AF system. In the past decade, the EB effect hasbecome of great technological importance. It is nowintensively used in high precision magnetic sensorslike read heads of magnetic mass storage devices ormagnetic memory cells in MRAM, the next genera-tion non-volatile high speed memory. On a micro-magnetic scale however, the effect and the couplingare not understood well. In general, exchange bias-ing is attributed to an unidirectional coupling betweenthe so called uncompensated spins of the AF and theferromagnetic spins. This interaction can substan-tially alter several magnetic properties of the FM, themost prominent one being a hysteresis loop shift onthe field axes.

In this report, investigations on single-interfaces ofCoO/CoPt are presented. The samples were grownby magnetron sputtering at Empa and at HitachiGlobal Storage Technologies. The Néel temperature

16

(TN) was found to be lower than room temperaturefor all layers investigated. The magnetic structure ofthe samples was imaged using an UHV, low temper-ature MFM. The samples were cooled to 8.3K in zero external field. Then, MFM images were takenwithin a hysteresis cycle. Figure 1a was taken in ze-ro field and shows a maze domain pattern typical for a ferromagnetic CoPt thin film with perpendicularanisotropy. When a field of 200mT is applied, the do-mains with a magnetization direction aligned anti-parallel to the external magnetic field shrink (Fig.1b).At 300mT, the FM is saturated, the domains van-ish. The corresponding MFM image (Fig.1c) revealsa granular structure of much weaker contrast. How-ever, a pattern resembling the domain configurationof the FM, is visible (cf. red lines). On close observa-tion, a contrast inversion between Figures 1a and 1ccan be observed – the MFM contrast of the AF spinsunder e.g. a white FM domain appears almost ho-mogenously dark. This can be explained by a super-exchange coupling between the FM and the AF andorders the spins of the two layers antiparallel to eachother when cooling through TN.

A particularity of single FM/AF interfaces is the ap-pearance of locations with a wrong1 coupling indi-cated by the orange circles in Figures 2a–2d. Theseareas weaken the AF/FM coupling. When the exter-nal field is increased, the FM domains retreat fromthese spots to areas with larger correct exchangecoupling (Fig. 2d).

A simple model has been developed to explain theanti-biasing regions. Figure 3 depicts a magnetic do-main in the FM layer on top of an AF layer consistingof four grains. The interface between the AF and theFM has mono-atomic steps and terraces of differentsizes. Most AFs including CoO consist of atomicallylayered spin sheets with a ferromagnetic alignment ofthe spins within the sheets At TN, the first grain setswith a net moment of uncompensated spins anti-parallel to that of the FM (left most grain). Grain oneand two are separated by an exchange breakinggrain boundary. Therefore, grain two will arrange it-self in the same way as grain one, however exhibit-ing a slightly stronger exchange coupling due to a different terrace configuration. Grains two and threeare separated by a grain boundary that cannot breakthe inter-grain exchange. This locks grain three intothe same spin configuration as grain two generating


1 Here, wrong coupling denotes spins in the AF that stand parallel1 to the magnetization direction in the FM.

Fig.1: High resolution MFM images of a CoO/CoPt single

interface. a) taken in zero field shows ferromagnetic maze

domains, b) the same domains in 200mT applied field,

c) depicts the contrast of the AF only.

∆f = 30 Hz

a) b) c)

∆f = 1.4 Hz500 nm 500 nm 500 nm

a net amount of falsely aligned spins at the interfaceleading to an anti-biasing region.

High resolution TEM measurements confirm themodel above. Figure 4a shows that the CoO layergrows crystalline on top of the CoPt. The FM/AF in-terface is well defined with few atomic steps per grain,leading to the terraces described in the model. Thegrains are separated by sharp grain boundaries that,in case of a large angle grain boundary (Fig. 4b), areable to break the inter-grain exchange. Small anglegrain boundaries were observed as well that do notdisrupt the crystal growth of the CoO layers (Fig. 4c),leading to the anti-biasing regions.



17

Evidently, a good inter-grain exchange decoupling isnecessary in order to overcome the anti-biasing re-gions, which could be achieved by co-sputtering ofnon-magnetic materials. It will lead to a strengtheningof the FM/AF exchange coupling and, consequently,increase the exchange bias effect, allowing devicesto be built much smaller and more concisely.

Contact: [email protected]:P. Kappenberger et al., APL 86, 134101 (2005)

Fig. 2: Zooms of images in

Figure 1. The scale of all

images is 800 x 450 nm.

a) and b) show the FM do-

mains and the AF.

c) and d) depict the evolu-

tion of the white FM

domains in an applied field

(overlayed mask).

The circles indicate areas of

false AF/FM alignment.

Fig. 3: Model of a FM/AF interface which explains the

formation of uncompensated spins as well as the anti-

biasing regions.

Fig. 4: TEM images of a CoO/CoPt sample. a) shows atomic steps at a FM/AF interface, b) and c) show two types of

grain boundaries.

grain 1 grain 2

Ferromagnet

Antiferromagnet

exchange breaking boundary

exchange coupling boundary

grain 3 grain 4

= =

Support: KTI, SNF, SwissProbe

Links: www.empa.ch/FSM

a) b)

c) d)

a) b) c)

5 nm 2 nm 2 nm

CoPt

CoPt

CoO

grain 1

grain 2

grain 1

grain 2

Ceramic-metal joints: performance improvement by residual stress reduction Advanced Materials

and Surfaces


Matteo Galli,

Jolanta Janczak-Rusch,


Prof. John Botsis,

EPF Lausanne (CH)

18

Fig. 2: Sandwich Braze Layout.

Fig.1: Predicted residual

stresses after brazing.

The evaluation of residual stresses and the optimiza-tion of the braze layout were carried out by finite element modeling (Fig.1). Temperature dependentmechanical properties were considered for all theconstituents, the elastoplastic properties of the rein-forced filler metals were obtained by homogeniza-tion.

Both experimental and numerical results revealed for an optimal solution a “sandwich” layout with acentral reinforced layer between two unreinforcedlayers in contact with the base materials (Fig. 2). Ex-perimental data showed that the average bendstrength of such joints was 20% higher than that ofjoints brazed with a single layer of unreinforced fillermetal.

Contact: [email protected]:M. Galli, J. Botsis, J. Janczak-Rusch, Adv. Eng. Mat., 8,(2006)

+ 1000

+ 800

+ 600

+ 400

+ 200

+ 0 Maximum Principal Stress [MPa]

200 µm

The thermo-mechanical properties of ceramic-metal joints are limited by residual stresseswhich develop in the bonded assembly as itcools down from brazing to room temperature.The magnitude and influence of these shrink-age stresses can be particularly high becauseof the large difference between the coefficientsof thermal expansion and Young’s moduli of the two joining partners.

We studied the potential of active brazing filler metalmodification by ceramic particle addition with theaim to reduce the induced cooling stresses and en-hance the strength of ceramic metal joints. The ad-dition of ceramic particles allowed tailoring the me-chanical properties of the filler metal and improvingits mechanical behavior at higher temperature, how-ever, simple reinforcing of the interlayer had a detri-mental effect at lower temperature because, due tothe filler strengthening, residual stress relief via plas-ticity was limited.Thus, a layered braze structure wasproposed: reinforced and not reinforced layers of dif-ferent thicknesses and compositions are combinedin an optimal manner to minimize residual stress.

Reinforced active filler alloys were produced by ad-ding SiC particles to Ag-Cu-In-Ti alloy Incusil®ABATM

up to 30 vol% and used in combination with the purefiller alloy for joining Si3N4-TiN ceramics to 14NiCr14steel. The joints produced were tested in a 4-pointbend. Bend strengths of joints with different layouts(thickness and composition of layers) were com-pared with experimental data obtained for the samematerial systems brazed with single unreinforced fillermetals.


Superabrasive tools: effect of binder contenton the properties of Cu-based filler metal

Melting experiments of Cu-14Sn-10Ti-1.5Zrfiller metal powder containing cellulose nitrate(CN) and graphite, respectively, resulted in theformation of nanosized TiC particles in bothCu-rich and CuSn3Ti5 intermetallic phases ofthe alloy. The variation of the binder type andcontent allows tailoring the properties of thefiller metals in terms of erosion resistance, in-dispensable for a new generation of superabra-sive tools.

Brazed single layer abrasive tools are advantageouscompared to conventional abrasive tools in terms of lifetime, required cutting force, cutting speed andoverall cutting performance. However, the lifetime ofsingle layer abrasive tools is limited by the abrasionresistance of the brazing filler metal matrix embed-ding the abrasive grits (diamond, cBN), particularlyfor severe working conditions. Increasing of the ma-trix thickness can improve the life time, but is detri-mental on chip removal conditions and maximal cut-ting forces.

The abrasion resistance of the matrix can be in-creased by embedding nanosized, hard particles.However, homogeneous mixing of powder particlesof different densities is not easy to achieve and oftenresults in an inhomogeneous microstructure. In thiswork, a new approach to achieve a homogeneousparticle distribution has been used by increasing theorganic binder content of the filler metal paste. Threesamples (#1–3) have been prepared with increasingcontent of cellulose nitrate binder. A fourth sample(#4) with an addition of 5 at% graphite was made forcomparison.

Based on the microstructure investigations by meansof SEM, TEM and EDX analysis, it can be concludedthat binder residues and graphite react with the Ticontaining phases of the Cu-Sn-Ti-Zr alloy to formnanosized Ti carbide particles (Fig.1). As soon as Tibecomes active at around 800 °C, a network of Ticarbide nanoparticle clusters forms on the surface of the filler metal powder particles retarding thegrowth of a lamellar structure.

The erosion resistance is controlled by two factors,(i) the smoothness of the initial sample surface and(ii) the refinement of the microstructure. A smoothsurface was found for high binder content samplesleading to more homogeneous and lower erosion.Additionally to the smoothness, the increased binder



19

content leads to a refinement of the microstructure,preventing the soft (Cu) matrix from being eroded se-lectively.

Comparisons were made with graphite containingsamples, which, however, showed soft carbon flakesdue to incomplete reaction with filler metal. There-fore, no significant improvement was achieved in thiscase (Fig. 2) in spite of a likewise smooth surface.

Hans Rudolf Elsener,

Ulrich E. Klotz,

Manfred Kiser,


Prof. Fazal A. Khalid,

GIK Institute of

Engineering Sciences

and Technology

(Pakistan)

Contact: [email protected]:H.R. Elsener, U.E. Klotz, F.A. Khalid, D. Piazza, M. Kiser,Adv. Eng. Mat. 7, 375 (2005)U.E. Klotz, F.A. Khalid, H.R. Elsener, Diamond and Related Materials, in press (2006)


Fig.1: TEM dark-field image with g = [200]TiC of sample

#3. The insert shows the selected area diffraction (SAD)

image revealing the formation of TiC. The TiC particles

(bright) are distributed in the (Cu) matrix (dark).

Fig. 2: Result of sand blasting tests. Weight loss curves as function of sand blasting

time and binder content.

Links: www.empa.ch/abt124

time [s]

erod

ed fi

ller

met

al [µ

g/m

m2 ]

60 120 180 240

225

200

175

150

125

100

75

50

25

#1: 0.62 at% C from CN binder#2: 1.49 at% C from CN binder#3: 4.05 at% C from CN binder#4: 5.65 at% C from graphite

Sand-blasted withAl2O3 500µm/p = 7 x 105 Pa/100mm

Improved erosionresistance due to thehigher binder content

200 nm

220Cu

202TiC

Microscale corrosion mechanisms of WC-Co investigated by local electrochemicalmethods and solution analysis (ICP-MS)



Sabine Hochstrasser,

Patrik Schmutz,


Prof. Detlef Günther,

ETH Zurich (CH)

WC-Co hardmetals are used in industrial ap-plications for their combined hardness andtoughness, but an inherent weakness is theircorrosion susceptibility. The heterogeneousmicrostructure causes localized corrosion andmicroscale galvanic coupling. To understandthese processes, a flow cell allowing time-re-solved determination (ICP-MS) of Co and W insolution was developed. Together with electro-chemical investigations, synergetic evolutionof chemical and electrochemical reactionspresent at different location of the surface isdemonstrated.

WC-Co composite consists of two phases (Fig.1a)with different electrochemical behavior, already cor-roding in water during the machining process. Elec-trochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentio-dynamic polarization investigations indicate that Co

20

forms a stable hydroxide film in alkaline medium butshows increasing dissolution with decreasing pH.On the contrary, WC is unstable in the alkaline do-main, getting stabilized at lower pH. Electrochemicalinvestigation also evidences that WC is nobler and in-duces a detrimental local galvanic coupling with Co(Fig.1b).

Time resolved inductively coupled plasma massspectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis in a flow cell revealsa considerable W release at open circuit (Fig. 2a) and even more under cathodic polarization. The ob-servation of non correlated chemical W and electro-chemical Co dissolution with transients shows thatthe local chemistry induced by one process influ-ences the stability of the other phase.

Supported by XPS characterization of the surface af-ter specific solution exposure, the following mecha-nistic model for local corrosion processes of WC-Coin neutral solutions is proposed (Fig. 2b):

• Galvanic coupling between Co and WC leads toenhanced anodic dissolution of the polarized Co-phase.

• Only reduction of oxygen or hydrogen proceeds onthe WC surface but cathodic protection is still notachieved. The reduction reaction induces high lo-cal pH, decreasing the chemical stability of WC.

• WC decomposition occurs in two steps: 1) W oxi-dation (spontaneously in contact with air or solu-tion); 2) chemical dissolution of the W oxide at high-er pH.

Galvanic coupling of Co and WC enforces synergetictransient dissolution of both phases because of mi-croscale pH changes for example. As a result ofthese difficult to control corrosion mechanisms, sur-face protection is necessary. Use of benzotriazol asinhibitor or surface alloying of the WC-Co hardmetalis under investigation.

Support: KTI, TopNano

Contact: [email protected]:S. Hochstrasser(-Kurz), P. Schmutz et al., Corrosion Science, accepted (2005)

Research ProgramTechnosphere –Atmosphere

Fig.1: a) SEM microstructure (bright WC grain, dark Co binder), b) electrochemical

anodic polarization of WC-Co, Co and WC in 0.1M NaCl.

Fig. 2: a) Time-resolved ICP-MS detection of Co and W from WC-Co in 0.1M NaCl,

b) Mechanistic model of local reactions on WC-Co.

potential / V (SCE)

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-4

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-8

curr

ent

den

sity

/ A

cm-2

WC-CoCoWC

time/min0 5 10 15 20 25 30

1.2x104

1x104

8x103

6x103

4x103

2x103

0x100

conc

entr

atio

n/p

pb

CoW

WCCo

local increaseof electrolyteconductivity

local pHincrease

2) WO3+H2O

WO42-+2H+

O2+

2H2O

+4e

-

4OH

-

2H++

2e-

H

2

Co

C

o2++

2e-

1) W WO3

a) b)

a) b)

5 µm

Electrochemical characterization of corrosioninitiation in submicrometer structures

A micro/nanoelectrochemcial sensing tech-nique that bases on nanocapillaries allows per-forming corrosion tests on exposed spots withdiameters below 500nm. It was applied to trackcorrosion initiation processes at reinforcingparticles on lead-free solder alloys and to eval-uate the influence of smallest Cu impurity par-ticles (diameter < 100 nm) on the durability of ul-tra high purity Al 99.999.

The microstructures of most technical metals or al-loys are optimized for good mechanical properties. Ahigh number of micro/nanometer reinforcing parti-cles is the consequence. To investigate these prefer-ential corrosion initiation sites nanoelectrochemicalstudies were performed.

The used technique bases on pulled submicrometersmall glass capillaries, which act as a miniaturizedelectrochemical cell. They are fixed at the revolvingnosepiece of a microscope replacing an objective(Fig.1 left).



21

We used capillaries with and without a siliconesealant at the tip (Fig.1 right). A special coating tech-nique allows applying a few nm thick layer of siliconeon a submicrometer tip. Coated capillaries havesmoother tips and uncoated ones are easier to pro-duce. Capillary forces are strong enough to preventleaking of the electrolyte if uncoated 300 nm capil-laries are used for deposition experiments. However,coated capillaries are required to perform corrosion(dissolution) experiments.

Thomas Suter,

Oliver von Trzebiatowski

Contact: [email protected] References:T. Suter et al., Advanced Engineering Materials, 7, 339(2005)


Fig.1: Left: Electrochemical set-up. Right: Uncoated (top)

and coated (bottom) 300 nm capillaries.

Fig. 2: Lead-free Sn-Ag-Cu solder reinforced with 3 to 5 µm large Cu particles.

Left: Microstructure: (1) Sn phase; (2) Cu6Sn5 particle. Right: Polarization curves

measured on single phases.

At Empa, new lead-free solders are being developedthat contain small particles to enhance the joint me-chanical performance. To evaluate the best type ofreinforcing particles for a good corrosion behavior,polarization curves were measured in 1 M NaCl ondifferent zones of a Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) solder with re-inforcing copper particles. During soldering most,but not all, Cu particles are transformed to Cu6Sn5

(Fig. 2 left). The measured curves indicate that nobleCu particles polarize the adjacent, less noble tinphase to potentials where corrosion can get initiated(Fig. 2 right). The less noble Cu6Sn5 particles can-not polarize the tin phase and, therefore, it would be beneficial to use Cu6Sn5 particles as reinforc-ing particles.

Cu particles often trigger corrosion on technical alu-minum alloys as well. To test if a critical size for acti-vation exists; ultra high purity aluminum Al 99.999with varying ppm amounts of copper has been inves-tigated. Local tests in 1 M NaCl showed that even Cuparticles with diameters below 50 nm are potentialcorrosion initiation sites.

Support: Alcan Technology Fonds

Ab

s (C

urre

nt [f

A])

105

100

101

102

103

104

Potential [mV] (SCE)-1000 -500 0 500 1000

1 M NaCl SAC + Cu Solder

Sn

pha

se

Cu

par

ticle

Cu 6

Sn 5

d (area) = 300nm

300 nm

300 nm

2 µm

1

2

List of abbreviations Empa Activities 2005

23

ASTRA Swiss Federal Roads Authority

BafU Swiss Agency for the Environment

BAG Swiss Federal Office of Public Health

BBW Swiss Federal Office for Education and Science

BFE Swiss Federal Office for Energy

EADS European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company

EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology

EC European Community

ECN Energy Research Center of the Netherlands

ENEA Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Environment

EU FP5/6 European Union, 5th/6th Framework Program

ETH-INIT Innovation Initiatives of ETH Zurich

KTI Swiss Commission for Technology and Innovation

LFP-CEA François Perrin Laboratory, Agency for Nuclear Energy

NIST US National Institute of Standards and Technology

NREL US National Renewable Energy Laboratory

OPET Swiss Federal Office for Professional Education and Technology

PSI Paul Scherrer Institute

RTSC Road and Traffic Systems Consulting

SER Swiss State Secretariat for Education and Research

SNF Swiss National Science Foundation – National Research Progam

UNECE-GRPE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,Working Group on Pollution and Energy

VTT Technical Research Center of Finland

Empa Activities 2005Civil and Mechanical Engineering

MissionReducing the overall consumption of energy andraw materials and strengthening a sustainable economic growth are amongst the most importantchallenges our society is facing. Engineers have to play a central role in developing solutions for our future. The activities of the department are focused on the engineering of innovative materials,systems and processes which create a sustain-able added value for our society. Safety and reliability of systems is a cross sectional theme.

ActivitiesOne of the preconditions for sustainable progressand economic growth will be the successful use of new materials with enhanced properties for theproduction of devices, components and completebuildings. This can only be achieved by a close collaboration between the fields of materials science and engineering. Close links have been established with groups in materials science both internally and externally. Among the mostpromising examples are the collaborations relat-ed to the development of smart systems.

Empa has been very successful in designing a variety of devices using electroactive polymers asactuators. As a result, attractive applications for the technology in different fields ranging from

medicine all the way to aeronautics have beenidentified. However, significant progress on the materials side has to be achieved in order to meetthe technical requirements specified for the differ-ent applications. The main challenges are the production of polymer foils with a higher dielectricconstant and with a smaller thickness. This will reduce the voltage needed for activation from the kV range down to less than 50 V. Based onthese specifications, the Laboratory for FunctionalPolymers started the development of tailor madepolymers which then in turn will be used by theLaboratory for Materials and Engineering in theconstruction of devices. Having competences in materials science and in engineering within theinstitution will allow Empa to work at the cuttingedge of this promising technology.

The ability to conduct complex experiments fromthe nanometer scale all the way to the investigationof large engineering structures is based on an excellent infrastructure and it is a key element forEmpa’s research. Furthermore, it creates many opportunities for the collaboration partners fromSwitzerland and abroad as it demonstrated in the project regarding the fire endurance of multi-cellular panels in and FRP building system. Nevertheless, modelling and simulation are key elements in all projects as well. This aspect willeven be strengthened in the future by the formationof the new Laboratory Mechanics for Modelling and Simulation.

The aspects of safety and reliability with respect to the built environment came to the fore of thepublic attention due to a series of disastrous failures of buildings without precedent in Switzer-land and throughout Europe. Empa will continue to develop new methods for monitoring and assessment of security relevant components oftechnical systems and the built environment. Furthermore, the expertise is offered the public authorities and the private sector through courses,services and in the investigation of damage events.

Peter Richner, Department Head

Modeling and simulation of dielectric elastomer actuators

Dielectric elastomers are functional materialsthat can be used as actuators in adaptive struc-tures, in particular when large deformations are required. In this work, a pre-strained circu-lar actuator made of a dielectric elastomer is investigated: constitutive models are verifiedby comparing calculation results with experi-mental data. Predictions of the actuator behav-ior agree to a great extent with measurements.

Dielectric elastomer actuators transform electric en-ergy directly into mechanical work and produce largestrains, in the order of 10% to 30%. Several applica-tions (e.g. artificial muscles) have been envisaged fordielectric elastomer actuators. Such actuators con-sist basically of a capacitor with a thin passive elas-tomer film sandwiched between two compliant elec-trodes (Fig.1). The electromechanical pressure pel

acting on the insulating elastomer film can be calcu-lated for a voltage U and a film thickness d:

(1)

where ε0 is the vacuum permittivity and εr is the rel-ative dielectric constant of the material. Due to themechanical compression, the elastomer film con-tracts in the thickness direction and expands in thefilm plane directions. By increasing the polarization of the elastomer two concurrent effects occur. Theelectromechanical pressure increases because thedielectric constant is higher (eq.1) but pel decreas-es because the electrical breakdown field decreas-es. With the help of material models, an optimalmaterial can be tailored for a specific actuator con-figuration in other projects.

The formulation of suitable constitutive models rep-resents a challenge due to large deformations andtime dependent effects. A quasilinear visco-hyper-elastic model is used in this work for describing theactivation behavior of a circular actuator (Fig. 1).Large strains are described by a strain energy form(here the so called Yeoh-form). The stress of a hyper-elastic material is given by the derivative of the strainenergy potential with respect to the strain. For timedependent effects the Prony-series (exponential se-ries) are applied.

Civil and MechanicalEngineering


27

Michael Wissler,

Gabor Kovacs,


Prof. Edoardo Mazza,

ETH Zurich (CH)

Contact: [email protected]:M.Wissler, E. Mazza, Sens. Actuators A 120 184 –192(2005)M.Wissler, E. Mazza, Smart Mater. Struct. 14 1396 –1402(2005)

Research ProgramAdaptive

Material Systems

A finite element model of the circular actuator wasbuilt and the activation was simulated by an inverseprocedure. The thickness d (eq.1) was imposed as boundary condition. The thickness history d(t)(t: time) is given by an experiment where a constantvoltage of 3.5 kV was applied (Fig. 2, blue curve).With the model pel (t) is calculated and by trans-forming eq.1 the voltage history U(t) is obtained(Fig. 2, red curve). Predictions of the actuator be-havior with the model agree to a great extent with the measurements.

Fig.1: Working principle of a dielectric elastomer actuator.

Fig. 2: Experimental data vs. simulation.

pel

d

U = 0

U > 0

Voltage on

Voltage off

Electrodes

Elastomer

Support: SNF

Links: www.empa.ch/eap

4000

3000

2000

1000

00 50 100 150 200

Ap

plie

d v

olta

ge U

[V]

Time t [s]

experimentsimulation

Towards structural health monitoring usingpiezoelectric active fiber compositesCivil and Mechanical

Engineering


Michel Barbezat,

Marcel Birchmeier,

Andreas J.Brunner

Based on their ability to actuate structures andto emit and sense structural waves, ActiveFiber Composite elements made from piezo-electric fibers are investigated for application in structural health monitoring.

Piezoelectric Active Fiber Composites (AFC) ele-ments are made of piezoceramic fibers (PZT) em-bedded in an epoxy matrix between interdigitatedelectrodes. AFC manufactured at Empa with sizes20 x 30 x 0.3 mm3 up to 160 x 130 x 0.3 mm3 are in-vestigated as prototype multifunctional elements forcontinuous or intermittent structural health monitor-ing (SHM).

One approach is to measure the frequency-de-pendent electrical impedance of an AFC applied on

28

Contact: [email protected]:A.J. Brunner, M. Barbezat, Ch. Huber, P. Flüeler, Materials and Structures, 38, No. 279, 561– 567 (2005)M. Barbezat, M. Birchmeier, Y. Santschi, A.J. Brunner,Proc. 16th Intern. Conf. on Adaptive Structures andTechnologies, in press (2005)M. Barbezat, A.J. Brunner, Ch. Huber, P. Flüeler, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, in press (2005)

Research ProgramAdaptive Material Systems

Fig.1: Real part Re(Z) of the complex electrical im-

pedance of Active Fiber Composites adhesively bonded

on a glass-fiber reinforced polymer laminate as a function

of frequency for successive stages of delamination

growth (S1 reference state, S2 to S4 increasing delami-

nation size).

Fig. 2: Fourier transforms of acousto-ultrasonic wave-

forms generated and recorded with AFC on a GFRP lami-

nate for two stages of delamination growth (S1 and S4),

the subtle differences have to be resolved with pattern

recognition software.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20Frequency [kHz]

Re

(Z) [

Ω]

S2

S3

S1

S4

or integrated in a structure before and after damageoccurs. Due to the electromechanical coupling be-tween the piezoelectric fibers of the element and thestructure, the impedance spectra yield informationon the mechanical behavior of the monitored struc-ture. The impedance spectra corresponding to dif-ferent states of the structure have to be comparednumerically in order to obtain a damage index repre-sentative of the change, i.e. damage growth. Modelexperiments in glass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)laminated plates showed that the technique allowsthe detection of damage such as delamination usingthe AFC elements. Furthermore, changes in damageindex calculated from the impedance spectra (Fig.1)correlated with step-wise growth of the delaminatedarea.

Analyzing structural waves in the GFRP plates gen-erated and recorded by AFC in an emitter-receiverconfiguration (so-called acousto-ultrasonic meas-urements) was used as another approach. Thismethod also yielded indications of increasing delam-inated area. In this case, advanced pattern recogni-tion software had to be used to detect the barely vis-ible changes in the Fourier transforms of recordedwaveforms (Fig. 2).

The potential of active fiber composites (AFC) forSHM has been demonstrated with the GFRP modelexperiments. Further experiments supported bymodeling shall contribute to an improved under-standing of the electromechanical behavior of AFC in SHM applications. The use of PZT fibers in com-posites (AFC) provides an intrinsic flexibility andtoughness compared to conventional PZT wafersmaking them attractive for monitoring curved engi-neering structures. Further development of PZT-fibers, e.g. in Empa’s High Performance CeramicsLaboratory, yielding enhanced fracture strain wouldallow use of AFC in more highly loaded structures.

Links: www.empa.ch/AFC

Frequency [kHz]

S1 S4

Am

plit

ude

[mV

]

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

-0.2

Am

plit

ude

[mV

]

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

-0.20 50 100 150 200

Frequency [kHz]0 50 100 150 200

Pull-out strength of axially loaded single steel rods bonded in glulam

The pull-out strength of axially loaded singlesteel rods bonded in glued laminated timber(glulam) was by experimental tests found to beinfluenced by the wood density and by the slen-derness ratio λ = /d of the drill-hole. The da-ta was analyzed with the Maximum LikelihoodMethod (MLM) to account for survivors and fail-ure modes not aimed by the test program.

Steel rods bonded in glulam elements are very effi-cient in introducing high forces into timber membersand in strengthening timber perpendicular to thegrain. Comparing published design approaches acertain degree of discrepancy and partly even con-tradiction between the models can be found. To over-come this predicament a research program was ini-tiated to study the influence of rod diameter andlength, wood density and rod-to grain angle on thepull-out strength of single, axially loaded steel rodswith metric thread bonded in Norway spruce glulam.

The tests showed (Steiger et al., 2005a) that pub-lished design and code models (partly) far underes-timate the pull-out strength of the tested glued-in rod system, thus in practice resulting in uneconom-ic number of rods and glued lengths. The influenceof the wood density ρ on the pull-out strength of therods can be described by ρ 0.5 in case of rods setparallel to the grain. For rods bonded in perpendicu-lar to the grain the influence of density is ρ 0.25. Theinfluence of the length of the glued zone and thediameter of the drill-hole dh can be summarized well by the so-called slenderness ratio λ which is defined by λ = / dh, and which for 7.5 ≤ λ ≤ 15 is related to the mean shear strength in both cases parallel and perpendicular to the grain by an expo-nent of approximately -1/3 (Fig.1). The pull-out strengthof rods set perpendicular to the grain is 20 to 40%higher compared to the rods bonded in parallel to the grain.

Data analysis used the Maximum Likelihood Method(MLM) to account not only for the failure loads but for the additional information provided by the sur-vivors and by different failure modes (Fig. 2) (Steigeret al., 2005b). Making use of the censored data in-formation leads to higher characteristic values (andthus economizes the design of timber structures), es-pecially for small samples or samples with a biggerscatter of data (coefficient of variation > 15%).



29

Support: SER, Swiss industries

Links: www.empa.ch/wood> Timber Engineering

René Steiger,

Robert Widmann,


Jochen Köhler,

Ernst Gehri,

ETH Zurich (CH)

Contact: [email protected]:R. Steiger et al., Materials and Structures, accepted (2005a)R. Steiger et al., CIB-W18-Conf., Proceed. 38, 38-17-1(2005b)

Fig.1: Influence of slenderness ratio on the pull-out

strength parallel to the grain.

Fig.2: Different failure modes: (i) shear failure in timber, (ii) steel failure (yielding of the rod),

(iii) tensile failure of the timber member.

5

6

7

8

9

10

6 8 10 12 14 16N

om. s

hear

str

engt

h f v

, 0, m

ean [N/m

m2 ]

Slenderness ratio λ = /dh

Low density

High density

y = 14.5x-0.33

R2 = 0.88

y = 17.1x-0.33

R2 = 0.71

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

The hornets’ low energy wood construction –a source for inspiration?Civil and Mechanical

Engineering


Raoul Klingner,

Klaus Richter,


Bruno Keller,

ETH Zurich (CH),

Erik Schmolz,

Freie Universität Berlin

(DE)

Living hornet colonies were relocated to thelaboratory to study the nest thermodynamics. Aquantitative description of the functionality ofthe nest could be derived. The obtained datalead to a better understanding of the insects’construction strategy to survive on a minimumamount of energy. With the necessary abstrac-tion, the findings can inspire innovations inbuilding technologies.

Nests of sophisticated wasps like hornets (Vespacrabro) create an amazingly constant nest environ-ment.The insects assemble the selective advantageof achieving the desired functionality of the nest con-struction at minimum energy expenditure for build-ing. The construction follows two principles: low

30

building cost (minimizing the amount of building ma-terial used and cost of acquisition) and low “opera-tional” cost (minimizing the necessary rate of heatproduction to maintain a desired nest temperature).Thus the quantitative understanding of the wasps’construction strategy is not only interesting for bio-logists; it can also serve engineers as an inspirationfor innovation.

Living hornet colonies were relocated to the experi-mental set up in the laboratory to investigate the in-sects’ annual paper nest construction under con-trolled and specific conditions (Fig.1). For the firsttime several nests could be equipped synchronical-ly with various sensors to allow continuous measure-ments for the best part of the colonies development.

The measurement of temperature and humidity atdifferent positions inside the nest in combination withinvestigated material properties allowed the quanti-tative description of the thermodynamic behavior of light paper nests of hornets (Fig. 2). The nest tem-perature between the combs follows the ambientfluctuation within a relatively broad comfort rangefrom 25–34°C. Evaporative heat sinks and subse-quent heat loss by vapor diffusion are significant.Moreover, a circadian sorption/desorption cycle re-places some of the missing thermal inertia of the con-struction (Klingner et al., 2005).

The coupling of the derived momentary power bal-ance of the nests with the actual daily and seasonalweight development of the colonies clarifies the hor-nets’ strategy of thermoregulation. Besides a season-al increase in colony weight due to growth of colonysize and nest weight (Fig. 3a) a daily weight fluctua-tion can be attributed to foraging workers (Fig.3b).

This information can be applied to the derived heatproduction of the respective colony at the time. Plot-ted over the achieved temperature difference be-tweennest and ambient, specific rates of the colonies’heat production can be analyzed as a function of the


Fig.1: Relocated hornet colony in the experimental set

up. Temperature and relative humidity at different

positions inside the nest as well as the colony’s weight

development are recorded continuously.

Fig. 2: Momentary power balance of an investigated

nest showing the different mechanisms that influence the

nest environment. Pcolony : metabolic heat production of

colony; Psorp: sorption/desorption cycles; Pevap: heat loss

due to evaporation and subsequent diffusion of vapor;

Ptrans: transmission heat loss.

P [W

]

15 Sep

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

-2

-3

-416 Sep

Pcolony

Psorp

Pevap

Ptrans

17 Sep

temperature regime. The specific rates remain con-stant and within the range of the basal metabolic heatproduction of hornets independent of the achievedtemperature difference (Fig. 4b). The hornets followa strategy to construct in such a way that they areable to regulate the nest environment by the actualpresence of workers emitting basal metabolic heatinside the nest, instead of performing costly endother-mic thermoregulation.

In general, the nest constructions of hornets or pa-per wasps are a trade-off between the competingneeds of nest thermoregulation and nutrition for thebrood. The result is light weight architecture with anenvelope that reduces the transmission losses to alevel which can be sustained by the basal metabo-lism of the insects present at the time. This resem-bles in a way our Passive-House strategy where theremaining energy consumption of the building is cov-ered by internal operational loads. The energetic costof collecting the building material requires minimummaterial consumption. This results in a very low stor-age capacity of the construction. The lack of thermalinertia of the nest is partly compensated by circadi-an sorption and desorption cycles of the hygroscop-ic building material.

The limited service-life of the paper nests as well asthe different scale make the direct transfer of the bio-logical functionality to current technology difficult.The constructions, however, have the potential toserve as an inspiration for innovation in questionsconcerning material and energy consumption orpassive thermoregulatory mechanisms.



31

Support: SNF

Links: www.empa.ch/wood> Wood Science

Contact: [email protected]:R. Klingner, K. Richter, E. Schmolz, B. Keller, Naturwissenschaften 92: 427– 430 (2005)R. Klingner, Ph.D. Thesis, ETH Zurich (2006)

Fig. 3: Seasonal (a) and

daily (b) colony weight

development. The daily

weight fluctuation can be

attributed to the foraging

activity of the workers.

It follows daylight and runs

relatively parallel with the

achieved temperature

difference between nest

and ambient.

Fig. 4: Absolute (a) and specific (b) heat production rates of two investigated hornet

colonies (03A, 03B). The absent slope of the curve at the derived specific rate indicated

that the colony regulates the nest environment mainly by the actual presence of insects

producing a minimum amount of heat due to basal metabolism.

m [g

]

∆T [°

C]

m [g

]

1000m_total, 24h mean m_nest-material

T between nest and ambientdaily fluctuation of living colony weight

sunrisesunset

m_colony, 24h meanm_total, daily fluctuation

m_colony, daily fluctuation

800

600

400

200

0

75

50

20

15

10

5

0

25

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-25

-50

19 Sep 20 Sep 21 Sep

b

a

22 Sep

14 Aug 11 Sep28 Aug 25 Sep 9 Oct

Pco

lony

[W]

Pco

lony

_sp

ec [W

/g]

∆T [°C]

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0

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0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0.00

range of approximatebasal metabolism

colony 03Acolony 03B

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5

b

a

An important part of this project is the installation oftwo novel sensors in the pavement: first, two proto-type Stress in Motion (SIM) sensors, Modulas, andsecond, three magnetostrictive deformation sensors.The Modulas sensor is a segmented quartz sensorthat was developed on the design base of an exist-ing weigh in motion (WIM) quartz sensor. Set flushwith the road, the sensor measures the forces by 32separate sensor segments as individual channels.Figure 2 shows the force distribution under onewheel which is influenced by the tire profile. This tireload distribution will be used in a vehicle-infrastruc-ture model under development at Empa. Currently,the effective contact stresses between the tire andthe road/pavement surface are not known and arenot used effectively in design and analysis proce-dures. With this reusable sensor it is possible tomeasure the forces resulting in excess damage toroad surface as vehicles cross and to investigate thepart they play in the formation of ruts and cracks. The device allows the identification of single and double tires, over and under pumped tires as well aswide tires.

Determination of the environmental footprintof freight vehiclesCivil and Mechanical

Engineering


Lily Poulikakos,

Kurt Heutschi,

Peter Anderegg,

Manfred N. Partl,


Reto Calderara,

Kistler instruments,

Emil Doupal,

Road and Traffic Systems

Consulting, RTSC,

Roger Siegrist,

Swiss Roads Authority

(CH)

The European cooperative project EurekaLogchain Footprint E!2486 aims at developingan innovative and cost effective method toidentify road and rail vehicles by means of theirenvironmental “footprint” as characterized bydynamic load, noise, ground borne vibrationand gaseous emissions induced by the vehicle.

A vehicle’s environmental footprint provides a way ofdescribing its impact on the infrastructure and theenvironment. This is considered for road and railmodes with particular attention to audible noise,ground borne vibration and dynamic loading. Oncethis concept has been defined for various types ofvehicles, options can be considered for encouragingthe operation of vehicles with a low environmental foot-print that is, those that are environmentally friendly.

In order to measure the environmental footprint offreight vehicles, several Footprint Monitoring Sta-tions (FMS) have been installed throughout Europe.The first road FMS was built in June 2005 under theleadership of Empa. It is located on the slow lane di-rection Zurich–Bern on the A1 motorway. In additionto the prescribed Footprint, parameters of dynamicload, ground borne vibrations and noise also temper-ature, deformation and humidity at different depthsof the pavement are monitored (Fig.1). Gaseous emis-sions are not measured in situ and are not currentlypart of this monitoring site. Further details regardingthe integration of gaseous emissions are under dis-cussion with other European partners. In addition todeformation within the pavement layers, accelerom-eters will be placed 4 cm below the pavement. Groundborne vibration is measured using one geophoneplaced on the side of the road at the same locationas the microphone for acoustic emissions. The mainpurpose of these two sensors in comparison to rail

32

emissions and their location is based on the ENISO11819-1 standards.

Fig.1: Architecture of the WIM station and the road Foot-

print Monitoring Site, where DAQ indicates data acquisition.

Fig. 2: Footprint of a single wheel in Newtons (left) which

is influenced by the tire profile (right) using the Stress in

Motion (SIM) sensor Modulas.

Slow Lane

Empa DAQ

Direction Bern

ASTRA-WIM DAQ Lineas-ASTRA WIM

Modulas SIM

Def. Sensor

VibrationMicrophone

Humidity

Temperature

Legend

0.00

0

0.00

4

0.00

7

0.01

1

0.01

5

0.01

8

27

29

31

33

35

37

39

41

43

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t [s]

Cha

nnel

Footprint [N]

900-1000

800-900

700-800

600-700

500-600

400-500

300-400

200-300

100-200

0-100



33

The deformation measurements are based on themagnetostrictive principle. The sensor consists of atube enclosing a magnetostrictive rod and a headwith electronic devices. An electrical impulse inducesan acoustic pulse in a magnetostrictive rod at placeswhere the rod is magnetized. The pulse travels alongthe rod and its time of arrival is recorded. Knowingthe velocity of sound in the rod the position of themagnetization can be calculated. Several magnetscan be moved along the rod and their position canbe measured simultaneously. In this case the mag-nets record the deformation at three locations alongthe pavement depth.

The acoustical characterization of single road vehi-cles is based on signal attributes of the sound pres-sure measured by a microphone. It is desirable to use attributes that are robust, widely accepted andeasy to evaluate. Therefore, the acoustical character-ization used here is based on the EN ISO 11819-1standard, which describes a procedure to measuresingle pass-by events of road vehicles at maximumlevels with frequency weighting to compensate forthe frequency dependent sensitivity of the human ear and time weighting (time constant 125 ms) tosmoothen the temporal fluctuations of the soundpressure signal. The main challenge in the meas-urements is the possible disturbance of acousticalemission by neighbor vehicles.

Preliminary measurements at a Swiss motorway withtwo lanes in each direction show that the percentageof valid measurements depends strongly on trafficdensity (Fig. 3). For 500 vehicles/hour in one direc-tion about 70% of the measured values were valid.The increase of traffic density to 1000 vehicles/hourlowered the percentage of valid measurements to40%. Within the project different strategies as for example a mathematical compensation of the dis-turbing influence of neighbor vehicles are investigat-ed to increase the number of valid measurements.

All sensors of the FMS have to measure at the sametime, i.e. approximately 100 channels record simul-taneously. Figure 4 gives an overview of the data ac-quisition system. Analogue and digital signals withquite different dynamics are processed using com-mercially available electronic devices. The range in-cludes quasi static temperature records and the dy-namic measurement of 64 MODULAS-channels forthe wheel load with a sample rate of 8 kHz for truckspeeds of up to 100 km/h. To gain readout speed

Contact: [email protected]:L. Poulikakos et al., 4th Int. Conf. on Weigh-In-MotionICWIM4 (2005) P. Anderegg et al., Symposium on SENSOR+TEST (2005)

Fig. 3: Percentage of valid single vehicle measurements as a function of traffic density in

vehicles/hour on two lanes heading in one direction.

Fig. 4: Overview of the data acquisition system.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

vehicles/h on two lanes

% v

alid

mea

sure

men

ts

Modulas 2x32 ch8kHz/chT: 6 Type K

Interface/Supply

Interfaces

MicrophonesDisplace-mentT

Vibrationsensor

Modem (ADSL)Data transferRemote access

3x3humidityT

WIM

PC 2Comm Supplies

ClimatizationPC 3

Inte

rnet

PC 1

Switch

MicrophonesDisplace-mentT

Vibrationsensor

3x3humidityT

for the wheel load measurements data is stored bi-nary and calculated in an offline process.

The participation of Empa in this European cooper-ative project delivers important scientific basis to determine the impact of heavy vehicles on the envi-ronment. This is a first but vital step in reducing thesocio-environmental costs of transport.

Support: ASTRA, BafU, KTI, Kistler Instruments AG, RTSC

Links: www.empa.ch > key word Eureka Logchain Footprintwww.eureka.be > Project Nr. E!2486

Reinforced concrete beam with variable prestress, stiffness and strengthCivil and Mechanical

Engineering


Christoph Czaderski,

Bernd Hahnebach

Conventionally concrete structures have an un-changeable prestress, stiffness and strength. Aconcrete beam reinforced with shape memoryalloys (SMA) wires was tested and comparedwith a conventionally reinforced concrete (RC)beam. It was possible to vary prestress, stiff-ness and strength of the SMA beam.

A purpose of the study was to determine whether itis possible to combine SMA wires with concrete inorder to achieve an adaptive structure that has thepotential to react to a changing environment. A fur-ther aim was to obtain valuable experience regard-ing the behavior and practical application of SMAs.

SMAs have exceptional properties such as that they“remember” their shape, which means that large(pseudo)-plastic deformations can be reversed byheating. If a shape change is prevented, a stress de-velops in the SMA after heating.

34

For the tests, NiTi (Nickel /Titanium) wires approxi-mately 4.3 mm in diameter were used to reinforce theunderside of a concrete beam with a span of 1.14 m(Fig.1). To improve the bond behavior, the surfacesof the SMA wires were sand-blasted and coated with quartz sand using an epoxy adhesive. The tem-

Contact: [email protected]:C. Czaderski, B. Hahnebach, M. Motavalli, Construction &Building Materials, in press, on-line available (2005)


Fig.1: Beam SMA in test

set-up.

Fig. 2: Overview of deformation cycles of test beams.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Deflection at mid-span δ [mm]

Load

F [k

N]

Reference Beam

Beam SMA:Deformation cycle 1;T~75°C

Beam SMA:Deformation cycle 2–4;T<20°C

Beam SMA:Cycle 5 and 6;T~75°C, cycle 7;T~65°C

Beam SMA:Deformation cycle 8–9;T~20°C to T~75°C

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

perature in the NiTi wires was increased by electricalresistance heating.

The green line in Figure 2 shows the load-deflectionbehavior of the conventionally reinforced referencebeam. Several deformation cycles were performedon the test beam reinforced with SMA wires (beamSMA) to investigate the variable load-deflection be-havior (Fig.2). The first deformation cycle, with heat-ed SMA wires, produced a distributed crack pattern.Deformation cycles no. 2 to 4 were carried out todemonstrate the memory effect. That is, i.e. after de-forming the beam at room temperature, the wireswere heated beyond their phase transformation tem-perature to bring the beam back to the approximatelevel of deformation at the start of the cycle. Duringcycles no. 5 to 7 the SMA wires were heated, there-by illustrating the change in beam behavior due tohigher SMA wire stiffness and strength. Cycles no.8and 9 were performed to determine how much loadcan be mobilized using the constrained recovery effect of the SMAs. Once the beam had been sub-jected to large deformations in the cold state, theSMA wires were heated and the deformation of thebeam was held approximately constant, consequent-ly causing the load to increase.

The test results proved that by using coated SMAwires it is possible to produce an RC beam with vari-able stiffness and strength. The tests also showedthat a prestress in the SMA wires could be achievedby using the constrained recovery effect. This effectis an interesting property of SMAs, which could be exploited for civil engineering structures. Permanentor adaptive SMA tendons would not require a ductsince they do not deform when stressed. Further-more, since no friction losses would occur, post-ten-sioning of existing structures such as column wrap-ping to increase compression strength would bepossible. Prestressing of new concrete structureswith special forms such as shells would also be imag-inable.

Mainly because of the high costs, the SMA materialNiTi is not feasible in civil engineering. This is the rea-son why Empa is working on SMA material develop-ment for the needs of the construction industry.

Low-temperature mechanical testing of full-scale prestressing systems

In most cases, the execution of fatigue or stat-ic tensile tests at room temperature is consid-ered as a sufficient proof of the applicability ofa prestressing system. In the case of some spe-cific industrial applications, such as gas stor-age facilities at low temperatures, the behaviorof the anchorage components at low tempera-tures can be of concern for the designer. Thescenario chosen for the test required one an-chor plate of a 55 strand cable to be cooled toa temperature of -40 °C during a static tensiletest. For this purpose a cooling system usingliquid nitrogen was designed.

To obtain a realistic estimate of the real test condi-tions, a numerical model for the calculation of the vol-ume temperature distribution, based on measure-ments performed on the surface of the sample, wasneeded. Moreover, the effectiveness of the used in-sulating system was quantified with such calculations.

While the average of three temperature sensors T1,T4 and T7 (Fig.1) on the anchor plate was used asthe input for the transient heat transfer calculation,another three temperature sensors (T2, T5 and T8)were used to verify the results from the calculation.The comparison of measured average T2, T5 and T8and the calculated average N1, N2 and N3 shows a very good agreement between measurement andcalculation (Fig.2).

In order to quantify the effectiveness of the insulatingsystem, two steady state calculations with and with-out insulation (the insulation in the model was re-placed by air) were made. The fixed cooling rate of6 kW/m2 chosen for the first calculation produced a certain temperature level on the nodes N1 to N3 (-75 °C to -77 °C). For the second calculation thecooling rate was adapted in order to reach the sametemperature on the nodes N1 to N3 but without in-sulation. The needed cooling rate to reach the sametemperature level was 7 kW/m2. This represents anincrease of at least 15% of the cooling power.

The numerical calculation validated by comparingcalculated and measured temperatures at accessi-ble positions, is able to confirm the temperature val-ues at some important but inaccessible positionswithin the test specimen. Mechanically, the prestress-ing system showed no unexpected behavior and



35

failed due to wire breaks on the warm side of the ca-ble at the expected load level. This is compatible withthe observation made for various steel types, name-ly that the ultimate strength of steel increases withdecreasing temperature.

Rouven Christen,

Andrea Bergamini,

Karim Ghazi Wakili

Contact: [email protected]:R.Christen, A. Bergamini, K.Ghazi Wakili, Experimental Mechanics, 45(1): 96 –100 (2005)

Fig.1: Mechanical set up of the cooling and insulating

system and position of the temperature sensors used for

the validation of the numerical calculation.

Fig. 2: Measured and calculated temperature evolutions.

For simplicity and clarity only the averages of equivalent

temperatures have been represented.

Testing Machine

T2 T1

T5 T4

T8 T7

Testing Machine

Steel

Air

Copper

Insulating Material

Concrete

LN2 Outlet

LN2 Inlet

Support: VSLMT System Group


-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660Time [min]

Tem

per

atur

e [°

C]

measured and averaged temperatures T1, T4 and T7 withstandard deviation used as an input for the numerical calculation

standard deviation around the average of the measured temperatures T2, T5 and T8

calculated and averaged temperature at nodes N1, N2 and N3

calculated temperature at node N4

Sensitivity of a non-destructive permeabilitytest method for concreteCivil and Mechanical

Engineering


Michael Romer,

Andreas Leemann

The durability of the concrete cover is a ma-jor concern for the service life of many ele-ments of our infrastructure. Non-destructivetest methods based on gas-permeability areregarded as very promising to characterize thepotential durability of concrete. For the on-siteapplication of such methods the impacts of the moisture content and the temperature onthe measurements need to be understood andquantified.

The quality of the near-surface concrete controls the resistance against deteriorating processes due to environmental interactions. The properties of this“covercrete” depend on the original concrete com-position and on the processing of the concrete untilits final curing. Because the properties of the cover-crete are important in regard to quality control andlifetime predictions the need for on-site test methodsis evident.

36

In Switzerland, the Torrent-method was introducedinto the standard code for concrete (SN-505-262/1).This completely non-destructive method is based on the application of a vacuum cell on the concretesurface and on the subsequent measuring of thepressure change in the sealed cell over time. The rateof the pressure change is used to calculate the per-meability coefficient K. The aim of this project is toclarify the impact of the moisture content of concreteand the temperature on the permeability measure-ments.

Concrete samples of different quality (water to ce-ment ratio) were produced and stored at variouscontrolled relative humidity (RH) in the laboratory. The Torrent method was applied at temperatures of20,10 and 5 °C.

The results demonstrate that due to the use of a vacuum in the range of few mbar the water in theconcrete surface evaporates leading to a faster pres-sure increase at the beginning of the test for sam-ples stored at high relative humidity (Fig.1). The effectof long term drying is indicated by the shape and gradient of the pressure curve. Due to the tempera-ture dependence of the water vapor pressure the effect of fast evaporation is very much reduced at10 °C and 5 °C leading to lower permeability coeffi-cients (Fig.2). The impact is significant for concreteof good quality (water to cement ratio below 0.5) andit is more pronounced for concrete at equilibriumwith higher moisture levels.

By modifying the analysis of the pressure curve, themoisture effect due to fast evaporation as well as thetemperature effect could be eliminated leading to abetter discrimination of concrete quality. These find-ings need to be considered in the guidelines for theapplication of this method on real structures and especially in the definition of acceptance criteria forconcrete based on the Torrent method.

Links: www.empa.ch/abt135www.rilem.org

Contact: [email protected]:M. Romer, Materials and structures 38, 541– 547 (2005)M. Romer, Materials and structures 38, 895 – 906 (2005)

Fig.1: Pressure evolution in the measuring chamber

vs. time.

Fig. 2: Permeability coefficient K (standard and modified)

in relation to concrete quality.

0

5

10

15

20

0

rela

tive

pre

ssur

e [m

bar

]

100 400 900

1 month

0 100 400 900

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90% RH

70% RH

35% RH

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.6

per

m. c

oef.

K [1

0-16

m2 ]

standardmodified

a) 70% RH

water/cement ratio0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.6

b) 90% RH

20°C10°C5°C

Alkali-Aggregate reaction – identifying reactive silicates in concrete aggregates

The identification of reactive minerals in ag-gregates is important in order to prevent an al-kali-aggregate reaction (AAR) in concrete. Var-ious reactive minerals have been identified byenvironmental scanning electron microscopy(ESEM) after immersing aggregates in an alka-line solution. The analysis of the alkaline solu-tion after the tests shows that certain mineralsrelease alkali ions in addition to silicium andmay, therefore, increase the effects of AAR.

AAR is an expansive reaction between alkali ions inthe pore solution of cementitious materials and reac-tive minerals in the aggregate (Fig.1). Damages inconcrete structures caused by AAR occur world-wide. The first step in the prevention of AAR is thepetrographic examination of the concrete aggre-gates. However, it can only be used to qualify an ag-gregate in regard to its potential for AAR when the reactivity of the corresponding lithologies and miner-als are known. In this study two complex Swiss ag-gregates with polished surfaces were immersed in analkaline solution (2M NaOH at 38 °C) for two weeksin order to identify reactive minerals. Afterwards dis-solution and precipitation phenomena were investi-gated by ESEM.



37

For both aggregates quartz is found to be the mostreactive mineral. Highly deformed quartz exposed incleavage planes of schist, gneiss and granite dis-plays an increased reactivity compared to less de-formed quartz. Feldspar, biotite and chlorite exhibit

Andreas Leemann,

Lorenz Holzer

Contact: [email protected]:A. Leemann, L. Holzer, Cem. Conc. Comp. 27, 796–801(2005)A. Leemann, C. Thalmann, W. Studer, Mat. Struct. 38,381–386 (2005)

Fig.1: Principle of expansive AAR shown on a cracked

aggregate containing quartz and reactive feldspar

(thin section examined in fluorescent light mode).

Fig. 2: Etched biotite surrounded by quartz and gel

precipitates on a schist particle.

dissolution phenomena as well (Fig. 2). Various mor-phological types of gels are formed as precipitates onthe polished surface of the aggregates. These gelsmainly consist of Si and Ca with variable amounts ofNa, Mg, Fe and Al. The recovered NaOH solutionshows an enrichment of Ca, Si, K, Li and Al after the test. Obviously, reactive feldspar and mica are asource for alkali ions influencing the chemistry of the pore solution in concrete and, subsequently, theprogress of the AAR.

The addition of silica fume, fly ash or furnace slag to the concrete seems to be a more efficient way toprevent AAR in the presence of reactive feldspar andbiotite than the use of low-alkali cement becausethese admixtures actively reduce the content of OH-

ions in the pore solution.

The presented method enables the identification ofreactive minerals in aggregates. It can complementthe petrographic examination and standard tests determining the potential reactivity of aggregates in-creasing their meaningfulness.

Support: Alptransit Gotthard AG

Links: www.empa.ch/abt135500 µm

SiO2 + OH- → SiO2-gel

OH-

Si4+, K+, Na+

+V

20 µm

Building integrated fuel cell cogeneration andhigh performance storage based on NaOHCivil and Mechanical

Engineering


Viktor Dorer,

Robert Weber,

Andreas Weber,


EPF Lausanne, Siemens

Building Technologies,

Sulzer Hexis (CH),

NRCan (Can),

Uni Strathclyde (UK),

University of Liège (B),

VTT (SF), NREL and

NIST (USA), ECN (NL),

ENEA (I)

In the IEA Annex 42, project models for decen-tralized cogeneration fuel cell systems are de-veloped, and solutions assessed and optimizedin terms of energy and environmental impact.High performance heat storages ideally fit intocogeneration and solar systems. A chemicalheat storage prototype has been developed atEmpa.

By integrating different energy conversion systemsfor combined supply of heat, cold and electricity, andby applying new materials and technologies, the ef-ficiency of building energy systems can be improved,peak loads reduced and renewable energies used.

In the frame of the IEA Annex 42 FC+COGEN-SIM,in 2005, models for fuel cell and other cogenerationsystems were developed and implemented in build-ing simulation tools. Ongoing work focuses on thevalidation of these models against various laborato-ry measurements, on the performance assessmentof fuel cell systems in terms of energy and environmen-tal impact, on comparison with other cogenerationsystems (Stirling and internal combustion engines),on control and energy management, on trigeneration(additional generation of cold), and on multi-objectiveoptimization. Different locations, buildings and occu-pant profiles and combinations with solar systems(thermal, photovoltaic) are considered.

38

As an example simulation result, Figure 1 gives thedistribution of the power ratio of a solid oxide fuel cellsystem, operated such that all heat generated isused in the building. It is evident that, for the singlefamily buildings with low heat demand (PassiveHouse), the fuel cell operates at part-load for a largeproportion of the year. Thus, in this case, the fuel cellunit is clearly oversized.

As diurnal and seasonal thermal supply and loads often do not match, the efficiency of solar and cogen-eration systems can be significantly increased by us-ing a high performance storage, featuring a high vol-ume specific heat capacity (factor 3 to 6 comparedto water) and marginal losses for charge/dischargeand for seasonal heat storage. At Empa, a prototypeof a thermal storage based on water absorption anddesorption in NaOH has been developed and built(Fig. 2). Present and future work includes testing andthe evaluation of the thermo-economic potential ofsuch systems using the models and design tools de-veloped in IEA Annex 42.


References:V. Dorer, R.Weber, A.Weber, Energy and Buildings 37/11,1132–1146 (2005)

Research ProgramMaterials for Energy Technologies

Fig.1: Distribution of the power ratio of a heat following

operated solid oxide fuel cell, for different building sizes

and energy levels.

Fig. 2: Solar heat is stored by concentrating the

NaOH solution and condensation of the water vapor.

It is released as useful heat by water evaporation and

re-absorption of the vapor into the NaOH solution.

0%

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Pow

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SFH Passive House Standard MFH Passive House Standard

SFH Target value SIA MFH Target value SIA

SFH Swiss average MFH Swiss average

MFH: Multi familiy houseSFH: Single familiy house SIA: Swiss building code

Nominal poweroutput of fuel cell:Electric: 1.0 kWThermal: 2.5 kW

Absorbercharging

Heat exchangerto the ambient

Collector

Heating, domestichot water

Absorberdischarging

Heat exchangerto the ambient

Support: BFE

Links: www.cogen-sim.netwww.baseconsultants.com/IEA32

Fire endurance of loaded and liquid-cooled GFRP slabs for construction

Fire endurance presents the most critical bar-rier to the potential widespread use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) in major buildingstructures. Compared to conventional build-ing materials, the mechanical properties ofpolymer composites degrade at far lower tem-peratures, and thus cannot provide the requiredendurance time. An experimental study demon-strates the feasibility of a design concept forthe fire endurance of multifunctional FRP load-carrying structures by liquid cooling achievingendurance time up to 120 minutes.

Compared to concrete or steel, large-scale glass-fiber reinforced polymer GFRP composites have theadvantages of light weight, high specific strength,and greater design flexibility. However, in residentialbuildings it is required that structural componentsprovide fire resistance to hinder fire spread, and toprevent structural collapse under fire. According toSwiss national codes, a 90-minute fire endurance timeis required for buildings with more than three floors.

The proposed load-carrying component for slabsconsists of cellular GFRP panels (Fig.1, top). Circulat-ing water in the cellular panel structures ensures boththe fire safety in case of fire and controlling the air tem-perature in adjacent rooms under normal conditions.



39

Experimental investigations on a small furnace fo-cused on the temperature dependent GFRP mate-rial behavior during the burning processes address-ing the thermal degradation of hot faces and theeffect of water flow rate on temperature profile with-in the panel structure. The acquired knowledge baseallowed for designing fire endurance experiments on a large scale furnace with load-carrying GFRPpanels (Fig.1, middle and bottom).

The experiments demonstrated liquid cooling to bean effective way of improving the fire endurance ofstructurally loaded GFRP slabs due to temperaturewithin the panel below the resin glass transition tem-perature (Fig. 2). The code required 90-minutes fire re-sistance was met and half of the thickness of the hotface sheet remained intact after 90–120 minutes. Thenon-liquid cooled reference specimen could resist fire exposure for 57 minutes. This result is importantfor instance with regard to bridge deck applicationwhere fire performance still faces lack of knowledge.

The critical failure mode of non-liquid cooled GFRPslabs is not a tensile failure in the damaged hot facebut an instability-induced failure on the relatively coldcompression side. Considering applications of GFRPelements as load bearing walls, failure modes has to be addressed carefully and is a topic for addition-al research work.

Erich Hugi,

Craig Tracy,

Karim Ghazi Wakili,

Peter Schnewlin,


Prof. Thomas Keller,

EPF Lausanne (CH)

Contact: [email protected]:Th. Keller, C.Tracy, E. Hugi, Composites: Part A (2005)available online (2005)Th. Keller, A. Zhou, C.Tracy, E. Hugi, P. Schnewlin, Composites: Part A Vol 36/11,1569–1580 (2005)

Fig.1: Slab section view (top), experimental set-up

(middle) and lower face during fire experiment (bottom).

Fig. 2: Temperature

gradients through hot

face sheets.

Distance from Hot Face [mm]

Td

Tg

800

Avg CE - 10Min

Avg LC - 10Min

Avg SLC01-02 - 10Min

SLC03 - 10Min

Avg CE - 60Min

Avg LC - 60Min

Avg SLC01-02 - 60Min

SLC03 - 57Min

700

600

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00 3 6 9 12 15 18

Tem

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e [°

C]

Support: SNF, Martin Marietta Composites (USA)

Links: www.empa.ch/abt118> Brandlabor

6.1 12.4

11.0194.6

913.615.2–17.4


41
























Empa Activities 2005Materials and Systems for Protection and

Wellbeing of the Human Body

MissionProtecting human beings and sustainably main-taining and improving their health, quality of life and physical capabilities are concerns which arebecoming ever more important in view of thesteadily increasing life-expectancy. Our response to these concerns is to combine Empa’s know-howand experience – from different disciplines as materials science including textiles, biology andnanotechnology – to develop new systems for protection and comfort. It results in biodegradablematerials for surgical implants, medical textiles,gerontological aids and comfort clothing for sports.

ActivitiesEnergy-absorbing materials are being studied, as well as the possibility of producing impact protection systems which are lighter and more efficient. The textile research is increasingly concentrated on versatile synthetic fibers: structureand properties, production and functionalization, as well as their use in technical applications. The topic of nanofibers is being addressed via theconstruction of an instrument for electrospinning,with the option of producing core-sheath struc-tures. Research in this area is aimed at controlledproduction and modification of such nanofibers.

A new high-pressure reactor facilitates the bio-logical production of polymers, with better opportu-nities for researching and making targeted modifi-cations of the process.

Especially futuristic is the research on the growth of nerve cells, with the goal of enabling control of post-amputational prostheses using nerve im-pulses.

The biological research activities in the Depart-ment were divided into two new laboratories, “Materials-Biology Interactions” and “Biomaterials”.External university professors consulted on this decision rated the research activities and orienta-tion positively.

We are actively involved in the CTI-promoted Science and Technology Transfer (WTT) Consor-tium Ostschweiz (CHost). Research partners besides Empa include St.Gallen University and various technical colleges. The Consortium emphasizes the so-called Push Process, i.e., focusing on the needs of industry.

Together with other research partners and with the Swiss Textile Association, we are engaged in setting up the SwissTexNet competence networkto promote textile research and its exploitation. This export-oriented industry will thereby be supported with high-tech products in maintaining its international market position.

As to our networking with institutes of higher education on both the national and internationalscenes we are enhancing our respective con-nections. This can be appreciated in the appoint-ment of an Empa scientist as Adjunct Professor at Uppsala University in the area of Materials Science, or in Empa’s role as leading institute in a larger EU Project.

Markus Rüedi, Department Head

Textile light diffuser for photodynamic therapy

The principle of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)is based on the interactions between a lightsensitive substance (photosensitizer), light andoxygen. Photosensitizers tend to accumulate in malignant (e.g. cancer) and inflamed tissue.After a specific time they are activated by lightexposure. The present luminous textile can beused as a light diffuser and shows promising re-sults to deliver the required radiation dose.

Textiles can be made luminous using plastic opticalfibers (POF) either as base material or as embroidery.Though already exploited for novelty applications inthe automotive and fashion industries, there are alsoseveral domains of medical applications where a defined light distribution is needed. For photodynam-ic treatment common light diffusers (e.g. fiber opticfront-lens device) are not suitable to treat complexanatomically formed surfaces. To improve the lightdelivery we developed a flexible light diffuser onwhich numerous optical fibers are stitched (BischoffTextil AG, St.Gallen) on a woven substrate. The op-tical step-index POF, made of Polymethylmethacry-late (PMMA, Fig.1) are bundled to a connector. Thetwo-dimensional light emission is a result of the hardbending of POFs fixed at the textile surface.

For our measurements (transmission rate, spatial ra-diation, homogeneity, heating, flexibility, experiments)a 2 W diode laser with a wavelength of 652 nm (Ce-ram Optec, Bonn, DE) with a coupled Front Lens de-vice (MedLight, Ecublens, CH) was used.

Materials and Systemsfor Protection and

Wellbeing of theHuman Body


45

Our results show that the textile diffuser delivers the required fluence rate of some mW/cm2 with anefficiency of 45%; the remaining 55% are lost main-ly at the coupling element. Our partners carried outinitial in-vitro measurements on Petri dishes with hu-man breast cancer adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), as well

Bärbel Selm,

Markus Rothmaier,

Martin Camenzind,


University Hospital

Zurich,

University of Zurich,

Bischoff Textil AG (CH),

Biolitec AG (DE)

Contact: [email protected]:B. Selm, M. Camenzind, Proc. of Photonics West, SPIE 5691-27 (2005)Patent WO 04 043542, applied for (2005)

Research ProgramMaterials for Health

and Performance

Fig.1: Embroidered POF, fixed with multifilament thread

on a woven substrate.

Fig. 2: Three dimensional image of brightness distribution (dark = blue, bright = red) of

the a luminous textile (diameter: 11cm2).

as preliminary clinical tests on animal patients, andcould show that the textile is easy to handle and thehomogeneity is useful for PDT. From our thermalmeasurements it is estimated that the skin surfacetemperature will remain below 40 °C with the com-monly-used light dosage. This is not problematic forpatient treatment and would not damage the PMMAfibers (stable until 70 °C).

To summarize, the flat luminous textile fulfills the ba-sic requirements for photodynamic treatment andcan be easily adapted to body zones with low threedimensional space. As a next step we will show howthis new treatment device will reduce the effects ofangle, curvature, and tissue surface roughness ondosage inhomogeneities.

Support: KTI

Links: www.empa.ch/abt271 > Medizinische Textilien

100 µm

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Personal cooling garment for multiple sclerosis patientsMaterials and Systems

for Protection andWellbeing of theHuman Body


Markus Rothmaier,

Markus Weder,


Schweizerische

Textilfachschule,

Rehabilitationsklinik

Valens (CH)

Cooling of thermosensitive patients with multi-ple sclerosis (MS) can improve clinical symp-toms, e.g., gross- and fine motor performance,intention tremor, spasticity, muscle strength,balance, cognitive abilities and attention, fa-tigue and voiding of bladder and bowel. To in-crease MS patients’ endurance while walking,Empa has developed a textile personal coolinggarment based on the evaporation of normaltap water.

Thermosensitivity, also known as the Uhthoff phe-nomenon, resulting in clinical deterioration is a fre-quently described phenomenon in 60 to 80% of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Temperature-dependent central motor conduction block of partial-ly demyelinated axons is suggested to be the mainpatho-physiological mechanism for clinical deterio-ration with increasing body temperature. Therefore,a high interest in an efficacious, lightweight, practicaland cost-saving cooling system exists for therapeu-tic use and to increase patient independence andmobility. Several commercial products exist to lowerbody temperature in the market (e.g. suits with cir-culating cooling liquid or air attached to a heat ex-changer unit, vests with ice packs), but all of themsubstantially narrow the patients’ freedom of action.Our goal was to support MS patients while walkingwith a cooling garment, which can be (re)activatedwhenever needed, does not interfere with otherclothing and can easily be put on by the patientalone.

46

Contact: [email protected]:M. Rothmaier et al., Med. Eng. Phys., submitted (2005)A. Meyer-Heim et al., Multiple Sclerosis, submitted (2005)Patent WO 2005/074846 A1, applied for (2005)

Research ProgramMaterials for Health and Performance

Fig.1: a) Principle of

evaporative cooling

through textile-based

3-layer laminate

(1 = external polyester

membrane, 2 = water

reservoir, 3 = internal

polyester membrane).

b) Tight-cuff cooling-

garment prototype

(red = laminate).

Fig. 2: Delta T of thigh skin temperatures versus time

during a standard assessment of a representative MS

patient. (A) Activated cooling system, (B) non-operating

cooling system.

Skin

Water Vapor

1

2

3

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]D

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DorsalVentral

Reference

The operational principle of the innovative garment is based on a very thin textile-based 3-layer laminateof two waterproof, but water vapor-permeable poly-ester membranes (internal layer thickness 15 µm, external layer 5 µm), which coat a hydrophilic fabric(100 µm) acting as water reservoir (Fig.1a). By addi-tion of a small (1 ml /20 cm2) quantity of water, the

b)a)

hydrophilic fabric is moistened and the evaporation ofwater through the outer polyester membrane leadsto a local lowering of the skin temperature (4–5 de-grees Celsius over a 60-minute period, Fig. 2).

To study the effectiveness of the cooling garmenttechnology a blinded, balanced crossover study wasperformed on 20 MS patients. The results using atight-cuff cooling-garment prototype (Fig. 1b) arevery positive. Wilcoxon signed rank tests confirm significant improvements for a timed walking test (p = 0.035), leg-strength (knee extension p = 0.004;foot dorsal flexion p = 0.037), fine-motor skills (Nine-Hole Peg test p = 0.012) and subjective benefits (e.g.voiding control). No improvement was found in cog-nitive functions, in spasticity of the lower extremityand in standing balance.


Effects of surface structure on cell performance including migration

Surface structure may steer cell performance,but effects on cell shape, cell differentiationand cell migration are not correlated with eachother. Furthermore, latter effects were found todiffer between different cell types.

After implantation the fate of the cells contacting andbeing near the implant are affected by the surfacechemistry and structure of the implant. Beside pro-liferation and differentiation, cell migration appears tobe a crucial characteristic of cells during tissue de-velopment and during body maintenance includingreactions to implants. The interaction between celland implant surface is one important key feature thatdetermines the clinical success of implants.

In order to design optimal implant surfaces, reac-tions of cells (fibroblast-like cells, adult mesenchymalstem cell-like cells (MSC), osteoblasts-like cells, mo-toneurons) are studied on a large variety of surfacesthat are structured on the micrometer and submi-crometer scale. For the first two series of structures,cell culture dishes were produced using injectionmolding. One series was coated with titanium usingvapor deposition (CVD). Another series representedTi4Al6V exhibiting 10 areas with grooves/ridges ofdifferent dimensions. The series of surfaces used forinvestigation of neurite outgrowth consisted of SiO2

surfaces with ridge-like structures exhibiting poly-




47

imide on top. Latter surfaces were tested with orwithout diamond-like carbon (a-C:H) coating. Where-as cell cytoskeleton, cell proliferation and cell differ-entiation were analyzed after defined periods of cul-tivation, cell migration was assessed semi-onlinetaking a picture of cells every 5 or 15 minutes. To vi-sualize cells on non-translucent surfaces cells werefluorescently labeled using a vital dye, like DiI, or us-ing gene constructs for expressing and labeling cellswith fluorescent proteins.

It was found that cell morphology and in case of neu-rons neurite outgrowth is greatly affected by nm-µmsized surface structures (Fig.1). The focal adhesion,distribution and density additionally depend on thesubstratum structure. Cell differentiation may or maynot be affected by the structures. For instance, incase of MSCs the cell surface marker CD105 (amarker of undifferentiated MSCs) was expressedwith different frequency during the cell evolution onsurface structures of different scales. Ridge/groove-like as well as hemisphere-like structures were ableto modify cell migration velocity. However, only in caseof ridge/groove-like structures the orientation of mi-gration was also affected.

To summarize, cell-surface interactions are morecomplex as thought so far and dependent on manyparameters. To elucidate critical surface structureparameters more investigations have to be done.

Jean-Pierre Kaiser,

Franziska Baumgartner,

Katharina Maniura,

Thomas Osterwalder,

Ursina Tobler,

Xenia Mäder,

Arie Bruinink,


Marcus Textor,

ETH Zurich,

Thomas Lehnert,

EPF Lausanne (CH),

Matthias Schieker,

University of Munchen (DE)

Contact: [email protected]@[email protected]

References:F. Baumgartner, Ph.D. Thesis Nr. 16209, ETH Zurich (2005)A. Bruinink, J.-P. Kaiser, D.C. Meyer, Adv. Eng. Mat. 7,411– 418 (2005)J.-P. Kaiser, A. Reinmann, A. Bruinink, Biomaterials, submitted (2005)


and Performance

Fig.1: Adult human MSCs were cultured on the different

surface topographies (SEM images, a–e) and then

stained for F-actin (green), vinculin (red) and nuclei (blue).

Bars: top: 50 µm; bottom a–e: 100 µm;

inserted figures: 25 µm.

a, d: plane; b, e: surface with 30 µm diameter hemispheres

with intersphere distance of 20 µm, c: surface with 50 µm

diameter hemispheres without intersphere distance.

d, e: copy of etched surfaces.

Links: www.empa.ch/abt 273> materials for medicine > research

(a) (e)(d)(c)(b)

Imaging of the surface of human and bovine articular cartilage with ESEM and AFMMaterials and Systems



Rowena Crockett,

Sigfried Roos,

Peggy Rossbach,


Claudio Dora,

Walter Born,

Orthopedic University

Hospital Balgrist,

Heinz Troxler,

University of Zurich

Children Hospital (CH)

Ultimately, the aim of this work is to determinethe mechanism of lubrication in natural joints.In this study, the surface of natural articular car-tilage was examined and it was determined thatthe superficial layer was very sensitive to theenvironment. The surface becomes hydropho-bic after removal of the cartilage from its phys-iological environment but is hydrophilic whensubmersed in synovial fluid. This has resultedin the large variation of experimental resultsfound in the literature.

Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM)of natural bovine cartilage showed three distinct layers. A smooth surface was observed, which was removed on extensive washing with phosphatebuffered saline solution (PBS) to give a rougher, gran-ular layer. A section through the cartilage, parallel tothe surface, showed the fibrous structure of collagenwith lacunae from chondrocytes (Fig.1).

48

Usually, friction experiments on natural cartilage arecarried out in PBS. The behavior of the surface in thissolution was, therefore, determined with force-dis-tance measurements with atomic force microscopy(AFM). Force-distance curves showed that thechemical and mechanical properties of the gel ex-posed to PBS changed over time. The effective mod-ulus at the surface dropped from 481 kPa to 4 kPaover an hour (Fig. 2). On the other hand, measure-ments in synovial fluid gave a constant effective mod-ulus of 9 ± 2 kPa. After extensive washing, the effec-tive modulus of the granular layer was 24 ± 3 kPa.

Contact: [email protected]:R. Crockett, S. Roos, P. Rossbach, C. Dora, W. Born, H. Troxler, Tribology Letters, 19, 311– 317 (2005)


Fig.1: Environmental SEM measurements at 3 kV and 0.8 Torr of the surface of human

femur cartilage before (a) and after (b) washing with PBS. c) Image of a section through

the cartilage parallel to surface. d) Surface of the sample shown in (a) after drying in the

ESEM chamber.

Fig. 2: Unloading force-distance curves of four measure-

ments at a) 20 min., b) 22 min., c) 24 min., and d) 26 min.

after submersion of the bovine cartilage in PBS.

The indentation into the surfaces increases with decreas-

ing adhesion.

The results suggest that the superficial, gel-like lay-er, having partly lost water through evaporation on removal from the joint, absorbs water from PBS. Itbecomes softer and eventually begins to dissolve.However, in synovial fluid, the gel remains intact andwill, therefore, contribute to the lubrication of naturaljoints.

Links: www.empa.ch/biotribology

-40

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Facial warming and tinted helmet visors

The effect of motorcycle helmet visor configu-ration (normal and tinted) on net facial heat flowwas studied using a thermal head manikin and(n = 8) human subjects. Good agreement wasfound between the measured and perceivedheat flow, which was greatly reduced for mod-erate tinting levels. The optical transmissionproperties of the visor configurations largelyexplain the results.

Motorcyclists frequently employ tinted visors or sun-glasses. The safety aspects of these can be ques-tioned since their effect is generally too strong whenmoving into conditions of low lighting. New conceptswhich promise rapid electronic control of the tint sug-gest that such visors will become more common. Inaddition to increased visual comfort and safety, re-duced solar heat flow through such visors could bebeneficial.

The four configurations studied are shown in Fig-ure 1. An electrochromic foil adapted to a standardpolycarbonate visor was used to control the tintinglevel by applying a voltage of 1.5 V in the correct po-larity. The helmet was placed on a thermal manikinheadform. Changes in radiant heat flow were meas-ured in terms of the steady-state power impinging on the manikin surface. A reduction in the steady-state power emitted from the manikin relative to condition (b) in Figure 1 (no radiant heatflow) is there-fore equal to the increase in radiant heatflow trans-




49

Paul Brühwiler,

Munkhbayar Buyan,


Uppsala University (SE)

Contact: [email protected]:M. Buyan, P.A. Brühwiler et al., Int. J. Ind. Ergon, 36,11 (2006)


and Performance

Fig.1: Studied visor configurations:

(a) pristine, (b) covered with electrochromic foil and three

layers of Al foil, (c) covered with electrochromic foil in the

“light” condition and (d) “dark” conditions.

Table 1: Measured heat flow and corresponding human subject ratings for the

indicated visor configurations. All heat flow values are significantly different; the subject

ratings for (c) and (d) are not.

mitted through the visor. A lamp approximating thesolar spectrum was used; the heat flow at the visorsurface was consistent with that in central Europe.Eight blindfolded human subjects sat with theirheads positioned as the headform. Each was told toscale their perceptions based on the comparison ofconditions (a) and (b) as a value of 5 (from 0 –10). Themeasurements were carried out for each subjecttwice in random order.

The measured heat flow and subject heat percep-tion ratings are shown in Table 1. The foil reduces theheat flow in the “light” state by approximately 40%,and a further 10% reduction in the “dark” state. Thelatter was chosen to measure the subject sensitivity.As seen, the ratings correspond well to the measuredheat flow. These results are consistent with a calcu-lated net heat flow into the skin, based on the solarspectrum, optical transmission of the visor, and skin(or manikin) absorption coefficient, and suggest a po-tential thermal benefit of tinting technologies.

Support: ChromoGenics Sweden AB

Links: www.empa.ch/abt271 > Manikins > ALEX

(a) (d)(b) (c)

Visor Heat Flow Relative Flow Mean Subject Relative RatingConfiguration (W) (%) Rating (%)

(a) Normal 2.33 ± 0.16 100 5.72 ± 1.43 100

(c) Light foil 1.43 ± 0.16 61 3.43 ± 1.59 60

(d) Dark foil 1.18 ± 0.16 51 3.39 ± 1.57 59

Water absorption of synthetic mountaineeringropes and their mechanical properties in thehumid state

Materials and Systemsfor Protection andWellbeing of theHuman Body


Adriaan Spierings,


O. Henkel,

Mammut Sports

Group AG (CH)

Modern mountaineering ropes can take upmore than 35% water in practical usage. Thiswater-uptake increases not only the weight ofthe ropes but also affects their mechanicalproperties negatively, such as the number ofdrops sustained and the impact forces. In orderto investigate the mechanical properties ofropes in relation to their water content, a newmachine called the Rope Working Simulator(RWS) was built, which allows a continuous humidification under varying tension, bendingand pressing of the ropes. This method is clos-er to practice than common static moisteningmethods, which do not move and bend theropes.

Manufacturers of mountaineering ropes try to im-pregnate their ropes in order to minimize water up-take. The effectiveness of common coatings is inves-tigated using, e.g., a rain test without bending andmoving the rope. The aim of this project was to in-vestigate the effectiveness of new types of chemicaland physical coatings. Therefore, a new moisteningmethod which allows the humidification of ropes under conditions close to practice was developed.Our Rope Working Simulator simulates the effects of normal usage, including the moistening in a con-trolled and repeatable way (Fig.1). It consists of fivepulleys, one of which is vertically movable to com-pensate for a change of the rope length. There aretwo modules affecting the rope: Module 1 consistsof two journal bearings around which the rope isbent at 90° and two fix bolts for the bending of therope at 180° (corresponding to carabiner hooks). InModule 2 there are four water sprays located aroundthe rope axis at 90° angles to moisten the rope.

50

In the simulated practice, an uncoated rope will take up about 35% water, which is about 10% lessthan in simple rain tests. Using the RWS for uncoat-ed ropes, we found that the number of drops sus-tained without break of both dried and wet ropes isreduced significantly. For wet ropes, the number of

Contact: [email protected] [email protected]

References:A.B. Spierings, O. Henkel, M. Schmid, Int. J. Impact Eng.,in press (2005)


Fig.1: Rope Work-

ing Simulator with

open module 1.

Fig. 2: CT-scanned cross-sections of soaked and

RWS-treated ropes. Red pixels indicate moisture.

drops sustained can decrease as much as 70%. Thisis accompanied by an increase in the dynamic im-pact load of between 6% (compared to new ropes)and 12% (compared to used ropes). The highestnumber of drops can be reached with a humidity ofthe Polyamid material of about 4% – the value afterthe standard conditioning.

H = 36.8%

3 h Soaked in water

Furthermore, commercial and experimental coat-ings have been investigated regarding their water repellence. Interestingly, commercial coatings offer abenefit only in rain tests, whereas in simulated prac-tice the ropes take up about the same amount of water. Out of six experimental coatings two coat-ings were identified which offer a benefit comparedto commercial coatings. In order to investigate thewater distribution in the core of the ropes, a piece ofa soaked and an RWS – treated rope with and with-out coating were investigated using a µCT-scanner.It was found that the water is primarily located be-tween the filaments and not in the cavities betweenthe core strands as could be expected. Therefore, anefficient coating has to lower the surface tension inorder to minimize the amount of absorbed water. Inaddition, a homogeneous coating of the core isneeded, which requires a good coating process.

Support: OPET, Mammut Sports Group AG


After moisteningin the RWS

Treatment /Coating

H = 33.6%

H = 44.4%

H = 9.9%

Nocoating

Dry

Standardcoating

Superdry

Module 1

Module 2

Growth rate of bacteria influences the composition of polyhydroxyalkanoate

Tailored olefinic mclPHA production from mix-tures of octanoic acid and 10-undecenoic acidwas investigated in batch and dual nutrient (C,N)limited continuous cultures of Pseudomonasputida GPo1 (ATCC 29347). We could demon-strate that in batch as well as in continuous cul-tures, the monomeric composition dependedon the growth rate but not on the carbon to ni-trogen ratio of the feed medium.

Pseudomonas putida GPo1 is able to accumulatepoly[(R)-3-hydroxyalkanoates] of medium-chain-length (mclPHAs) as intracellular carbon and energystorage compounds. These mclPHAs, which con-tain C6 to C12 3-hydroxyalkanoate monomers, are biodegradable and biocompatible polymers ofhigh molecular weight. Functionalized mclPHAs havegained much interest in research on biopolymers because of their ease of chemical modification. Thepresence of unsaturated side chains provides sitesfor chemical modifications like crosslinking, epoxi-dation, or conversion to carboxylic and diol groups.

In a batch culture, where P. putida GPo1 was grownon a mixture of octanoic acid (15 mM) and 10-unde-cenoic acid (11 mM), it was found that the monomer-ic composition changed over time indicating differ-ent kinetics for the two carbon substrates (Fig.1).The fraction of saturated monomers was lower inmclPHA produced during exponential growth thanduring late stationary phase.

Recently, it has been shown in continuous culturesthat PHA production can take place when nitrogenand carbon are limiting growth simultaneously. Fig-ure 2 summarizes the results obtained from five dif-ferent dual carbon and nitrogen limited continuouscultures of P. putida GPo1. The composition of thecarbon source (50 mol% octanoic acid and 50 mol%10-undecenoic acid) was kept constant in all exper-iments. It was found that the monomeric composi-tion was not affected by the carbon to nitrogen ratioof the feed medium (C0 /N0) but again by the growthrate (= dilution rate, D). In analogy to the batch cul-ture, the fraction of saturated monomers was lowerat high growth rates and increased towards lowgrowth rates. Since the growth rate can be set ex-actly in continuous cultures and is not changing overtime, we conclude that a dual carbon and nitrogenlimited continuous culture is required to producePHAs with a constant defined monomeric unit com-position.




51

René Hartmann,

Roland Hany,

Ernst Pletscher,

Axel Ritter,

Manfred Zinn,


Bernard Witholt,

ETH Zurich (CH)


References:R. Hartmann, Ph.D. Thesis 16234, ETH Zurich (2005)


and Performance

Fig.1: Batch growth of

P. putida GPo1 on a

mixture of octanoic acid

(15 mM) and 10-unde-

cenoic acid (11 mM) (up-

per panel). The monomer-

ic composition of the

olefinic mclPHAs was in-

fluenced by the growth

phase (lower panel).

Fig. 2: P. putida GPo1

was cultured in a chemo-

stat under dual nutrient

(C,N) limited growth con-

ditions at different dilution

rates (D) and carbon to

nitrogen ratios (C0 /N0)

(upper panel). The dilu-

tion rate but not the

C0 /N0 ratio influenced

the monomeric composi-

tion (lower panel).


0

2

4

6

8

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12

14

16

18

20

0 4 8 12 16 20time [h]

0

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noic

aci

d [m

M]

nitr

ogen

[mM

]

und

ecen

oic

acid

[mM

]

cell

dry

wei

ght [

g L-1

]P

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e bi

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s [g

L-1

]

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A c

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[g L

-1]

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A c

omp

ositi

on [m

ol%

]

3-OH-octanoate 3-OH-hexanoate3-OH-undecenoate 3-OH-nonenoate3-OH-heptenoate

Phase

2 31

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0.3

0.4

0.5

0 5 10 15 20 25C0/N0 ratio in feed medium [g g-1]

dilu

tion

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[h-1

]

calculated boundaries for octanoate as sole carbon sourcecalculated boundaries for 10-undecenoate as sole carbon source

carbonlimitedgrowth

nitrogenlimitedgrowth

Dualcarbon,nitrogenlimited growth

0%

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80%

100%

PH

A c

omp

ositi

on [m

ol %

]

D [h-1] = 0.1C0/N0 [gg-1] = 12

0.115

0.210

0.212

0.38

3-OH-octanoate 3-OH-hexanoate3-OH-undecenoate 3-OH-nonenoate3-OH-heptenoate

We first assessed the possibility of using Escherichiacoli as PHA production strain since this organism is well studied and utilizes a wide range of carbonsources. Furthermore, easy and cheap downstreamprocessing techniques are available for E. coli. Thekey enzyme, PHA polymerase (PhaC1) of P. putidaGPo1 was introduced and produced in E. coli. It was found that the specific PhaC1 activity (2 Unit/gPhaC1) in E. coli recombinant was about 20 timeslower than seen in P. putida (40 Unit/g PhaC1)(Fig. 2A) (one unit is defined as 1 µmol PHA for-mation/minute). The PHA accumulated in E. coli(8% cell dry weight) was about 4 times lower thanthat in P. putida (30% cell dry weight) (Fig. 2B).These results clearly show that the PHA polymerasein E. coli recombinants can be active with respect toPHA synthesis but the specific activity of the poly-merase is much lower than in P. putida. Our data in-dicate that there are additional native host factors(components or processes) that are vital for optimalPHA production and polymerase function, which are

Efficient production of chiral 3-hydroxycarboxylic acids from poly(R-3-hydroxyalkanoates)

Materials and Systemsfor Protection andWellbeing of theHuman Body


Qun Ren,

Katinka Ruth,

Andreas Grubelnik,

Manfred Zinn,


Prof. Bernard Witholt,

ETH Zurich,

Prof. Thomas Egli,

Eawag (CH)

We established an efficient, biotechnologicalprocess for the intracellular degradation of poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) to chiral hydroxycar-boxylic acid monomers. The yield was over90% (w/w) for monomers with either saturatedor unsaturated side chains after 9 hours of in-cubation.

Poly(R-3-hydroxyalkanoates) (PHA) are intracellularstorage polyesters that are produced by many bac-teria. PHA are normally accumulated when bacteri-al cells are cultured in the excess of a carbon sub-strate and when growth is limited by the lack of oneor more essential nutrients. The carbon source is first metabolized to R-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA, which isused by PHA polymerase as precursor to synthe-size PHA. If the cells are under carbon starvation, the accumulated PHA can be degraded via intra-cellular PHA depolymerase to monomers, namely 3-hydroxycarboxylic acids. The monomers can befurther re-utilized by the bacteria via different en-zymes as a carbon and energy source (Fig.1). All ofthe PHA monomers are enantiomerically pure and in R-configuration. R-3-hydroxycarboxylic acids arevaluable synthons and can be widely used as start-

52

ing materials for synthesis of antibiotics, vitamins, fla-vors and pheromones. The goal of this study was todevelop an efficient, environmentally friendly methodto produce chiral 3-hydroxycarboxylic acids fromPHA.


Fig.1: General metabolic pathways of poly(3-hydro-

xyalkanoic acids) (PHA). A metabolic cycle is formed by

the sequential action of the PHA polymerase PhaC and

the PHA depolymerase PhaZ. The boxed compounds

illustrate the effectors that stimulate the direction of the

pathways.

Fig. 2: In vitro polymerase activity and PHA synthesis in

P. putida and E. coli. Panel A, in vitro specific activities of

PHA polymerase; Panel B, cellular PHA content.

Carbon starvation

Excess of carbonLimitation of vital nutrients

Carbon source

Metabolic pathways

PHA

PHApolymerase

PHA depolymerase

R-3-hydroxycarboxylicacids

Enzymes

R-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA

Time [h]

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. put

ida

[U/g

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C1]

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in E

. col

i [U

/g P

haC

1]Panel A

Panel B

Time [h]

E. coli P. putida




53

tiomerically pure 3-hydroxycarboxylic acids, whichmight be the first step towards a large scale produc-tion of chiral synthons from PHA in industry.


References:Ren et al., Biomacromolecules 6, 2290 (2005)Ren et al., Anton. Leeuw. International J. of General andMolecular Microbiol. 87, 91 (2005)Ren et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 69, 286 (2005)

Fig. 3: Efficiency of monomer production using P. putida.

Panel A, influence of initial pH on monomer release.

Samples were taken for monomer analysis after 6 h of

incubation at 30° C; Panel B, PHA degradation and

monomer production. Cells were incubated at initial pH 11

and at 30° C.

Fig. 4: Chiral gas chromatography analysis of 3-hydro-

xyoctanoic acids produced by intracellular degradation of

PHA. Panel A, racemic standard mixture of R,S-3-hydro-

xyoctanoic acid methylesters; Panel B, methylester of

3-hydroxyoctanoic acid produced and purified in this

study, which is enantiomerically pure; Panel C, mixture

(1:1 (v/v)) of the racemic standard (Panel A) and

3-hydroxyoctanoic acid methylester obtained in this study

(Panel B). In comparison with panel A, in panel C the peak

area of R-enantiomer is increased, proving the R-configu-

ration of the purified monomer.

not or only partially present in E. coli hosts. Thus, P. putida GPo1 was further used to reach high lev-els of PHA.

In a continuous culture P. putida cells were first grownunder dual (carbon and nitrogen) nutrient limited con-ditions for a high PHA accumulation. The cells con-taining PHA were then re-suspended in phosphatebuffer at different pH. We observed that the opti-mal initial pH for intracellular PHA degradation andmonomer release was at pH 8-11 with pH 11 as op-timum (Fig. 3A). At initial pH 11, PHA containing 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid and 3-hydroxyhexanoic acidwas degraded with an efficiency of over 90% (w/w)in 9 hours, and the recovery of the correspondingmonomers was also over 90% (Fig. 3B). Under similar conditions monomers with unsaturated sidechains could be efficiently obtained as well. Themonomers (e.g. 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid) were fur-ther isolated using solid phase extraction and puri-fied by reversed phase semi-preparative liquid chromatography. We confirmed that the purified3-hydroxyoctanoic acid monomer has exclusively R-configuration using chiral gas chromatography(Fig. 4). The developed biotechnological processprovides an economical system to obtain enan-

Time [h]

0

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100

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omer

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ount

[µg/

mL]

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omer

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ount

[µg/

mL]

Panel A

Panel B

Initial pH of buffer solutions


-2000

8000

18000

28000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Panel B

Inte

nsity

[µV

olt]

-2000

8000

18000

28000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Panel C

-2000

8000

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Panel A

Time [min]

OMe

OOH

OMe

OOH

PZT thin films on silicon wafers and on fibersby pulsed DC magnetron sputteringMaterials and Systems



Ratnesh Thapliyal,

Martin Amberg,

Patrick Schwaller,

Dirk Hegemann,

Hans Josef Hug,

Armin Fischer,

Giuseppino Fortunato

We developed a novel metallic single target toproduce lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin filmsby reactive DC pulsed magnetron sputtering onsilicon wafers and fibers. The morphological,structural, chemical, mechanical and electricalproperties of the post-annealed PZT thin filmshave been examined as a function of the plas-ma conditions and the post-treatments.

Piezoelectric materials bear the potential to meet the needs of future e-textiles, wearable computingand fiber sensors, offering low energy consumptionand the possibility to adopt any shape. A uniqueproperty of piezoelectric materials is their ability toproduce a broad range of voltages, from tens of mili-volts to hundreds of volts based on the type andmagnitude of the applied mechanical stimulus. In apiezoelectric material the positive and negative elec-trical charges are separated, and depending on the

54

material properties, high polarization efficiencies canbe obtained. During the past two decades, PZT(PbZrxTi1-xO3) thin films have attracted an increasingamount of attention as versatile and useful materialsin memory applications, microelectromechanicalsystems (MEMS), sensors and transducers.

We developed PZT films deposited on Si wafers and optical glass fibers. A novel single metallic tar-get is reactively sputtered using pulsed DC mode.Prior to PZT deposition, a multi-layer sequence ofTi /Pt(111) /Ti is applied to the substrate to form abottom electrode which enhances the adhesion,crystallinity and polarization of the final film. The sam-ples were post-treated using conventional annealing(CA) and rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at differenttemperatures to get the desired structure. The pro-cedures and results thereby optimized on Si waferswere then adapted to the fiber-coating process. Typ-ical PZT coating thicknesses are 0.6 and 1.2 µm.

The structural, morphological and mechanical prop-erties of the PZT thin films play a key role with re-spect to their applications. The nucleation and thegrowth of the perovskite structure was analyzed byX-ray Diffraction (XRD), confirming the formation of a multi-crystalline PZT phase at higher annealingtemperature without any unwanted secondary phas-es (Fig.1). Furthermore, the PZT films are chemical-ly homogeneous over the entire cross section, withthe exception of higher lead contents in the near sur-face region. After the deposition, the coatings exhib-it grainy, dense and crack-free surfaces (Fig. 2 a,b).At higher temperatures, micro-cracks are formed,probably due to the thermal mismatch between thesubstrate and PZT thin film or due to a loss of Pb.Therefore, the production parameters have to be ad-justed in a very precise manner.

The integration of a brittle ceramic material like PZTinto e.g. a flexible textile structure requires informa-tion about the mechanical properties of the materi-als involved. It was found that a low oxygen contentin the PZT coatings was accompanied by low hard-ness values (2.8 GPa) as determined by nanoin-dentation measurements. The low hardness was at-tributed to a large amount of an amorphous phasecontaining small PZT crystallites. For the thin filmswith high oxygen contents hardness values weremeasured around 10.6 GPa. The hardness of thin


Fig.1: XRD of PZT coated on (a) Si wafer and (b) optical

glass fiber, revealing the formation of a multi-crystalline

perovskite structure.

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 602 Theta [°]

Inte

nsity

(a.u

)

as depositedRTA@550°CRTA@600°CRTA@650°CRTA@700°C

110200100

211

111Pyrochlore

Pt(111)

(a)

?

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 602 Theta [°]

Inte

nsity

(a.u

)

(110)

(200)(211)

(111)

Pyrochlore@29° und 33.7°

Pt(111)(b)

Oven@ 650

As dep.




55

PZT coatings is expected to depend on the micro-structure of the films, hence high oxygen contentsare accompanied by better crystallization of the PZT.Piezoforce microscopy (PFM) is employed to studythe behavior of the PZT grains and their piezoelectricresponse (Fig.3). The topographical measurementsshow a rather broad distribution of the grain sizes.We could show that the polarization increases withthe increase of the oxygen contents in the films byvarying the process parameters. The defect chem-istry of the perovskite structure is influenced by theoxygen content, which has an impact on the polar-ization efficiency.

First PZT depositions on optical fibers for use asphase shift modulators were realized as well. XRD reveals the formation of a multi-crystalline PZT struc-ture after CA at 650 °C (Fig.1b). Scanning ElectronMicroscopy (SEM, Fig. 2c) indicates cracks and blis-ters caused by stress formation between the bot-tom electrode and the PZT coating, which will requireadaption of the plasma process parameters (e.g.change of substrate temperature).

Contact: [email protected]:R. Thapliyal, P. Schwaller, M. Amberg, F.J. Haug, G. Fortunato, D. Hegemann, H.J. Hug , A. Fischer, Surf. Coat. Technol., 200(1-4), 1051–1056 (2005)P. Schwaller, A. Fischer, R. Thapliyal, M. Aeberhard, J. Michler , H.J. Hug, Surf. Coat. Technol., 200(5-6),1566–1571 (2005)

Fig. 2: SEM of PZT on coated Si wafer (a), RTA treated at

650°C (b), 700°C (c), PZT coated optical fiber revealing

the influence of the post-treatment conditions on the

morphology of the coatings.

Fig. 3: PFM on a PZT thin film: (a) topography, (b) normal deflection, (c) lateral deflection, showing the distribution of the

grains and the domain behavior.

PZT-coated inorganic or polymeric fibers open upnew possibilities in the field of sensors and actua-tors due to their flexible structure and their higher surface-to-volume ratio with respect to convention-al PZT-based devices.

Support: KTI

a)

c)

b)

1 µm

a) c)b)

500 nm

1 µm

What makes up a 100-year lifetime of a geotextile?Materials and Systems



Rudolf Hufenus

Geotextiles are susceptible to damage duringinstallation, weathering, chemical degradation,creep and creep rupture. To achieve the ex-pected lifetime, the polymers and additiveshave to be chosen properly, protection fromsunlight and chemicals has to be granted, andthe installation has to be executed with ade-quate care. To ensure the suitability of a prod-uct, an assessment based on general long-termdata is more accurate than product specificshort-term tests.

To define requirements for a permanent reinforce-ment, the strains experienced by the geotextile during the designated service life must be known(Fig.1). Short-term durability tests can classify spe-cific products but they are not suitable to predict a100-year lifetime expected in most civil engineeringapplications. Extrapolations are only admitted to a reduced extent, as physical properties seldom de-crease progressively. Thus, an assessment based ongeneral long-term data is more accurate. The aim ofextensive field and laboratory tests performed onmany different geotextiles was the elaboration of ba-sic concepts used to predict the long-term perform-ance of the reinforcement.

56

To determine the influence of installation damage,full-scale field tests were performed. A laboratorysimulation of the damage during installation was es-tablished. To assess the influence of weathering,three different weathering devices have been used.

Contact: [email protected]:R. Hufenus, Ph.D. Thesis 16177, ETH Zurich (2005)R. Hufenus et al., Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 23(5), 401– 424 (2005)R. Hufenus et al., Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 24 (1), 21– 37 (2006)

Fig.1: Scheme of the time dependency of the tensile

strength of geotextiles. The requirements have to be

fulfilled during the entire lifetime.

Fig. 2: Example of a creep rupture test on an HDPE grid.

Only long-term measurements allow accurate predictions.

creepphysical and chemical ageing

designlifetime

safety ontime to failure

installationloading

storagehandling

required tensile strength

safety onmaterial

T (t)available tensile strength

time t(log)

tensile strength T(log)

T0

The laboratory tests have been compared with long-term natural weathering tests in several places. Ten-sile creep and creep rupture tests were performed atvarious temperatures in order to assess the suitabil-ity of published short-term tests predicting the creepbehavior.

1 m

onth

1 ye

ar

10 y

ears

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105

time to rupture [h]

load

[% o

f max

imum

ten

sile

str

engt

h]

The results show that the ability to survive installa-tion damage primarily depends on the type of fabricwhereas the raw material is secondary. In most cas-es, installation and loading damage does not signifi-cantly alter the Young’s modulus. For certain config-urations, a correlation between laboratory simulationand the field installation was found. The weatheringtests indicate that several days of outdoor exposurecan already seriously damage a geotextile which isnot protected against UV. Polymer raw material, ad-ditives, production process and structure are deci-sive factors for the weathering resistance. Regardingcreep tests, it can be concluded that reasonable re-sults require long test durations. If a standard creeprupture test (Fig. 2) lasts less than 10 000 h, it is notuseful for extrapolations pertaining to design lives ofup to 100 years.

Links: www.empa.ch/abt272> Technical Textiles


57
























Empa Activities 2005Information, Reliability

and Simulation Technology

MissionThe development of advanced materials and systems requires novel measuring, modeling, sim-ulation, and information technologies. Data and image processing are of importance in acquisition,transfer and presentation of data. Non-destructiveevaluation and imaging techniques ensure adequate reliability and safety of systems andstructures from the macro to the nanoscale dimension. Noise emission of components andsystems is an important environmental impact. This impact can be reduced by the application ofinnovative materials and adaptive systems. Transformation of technological progress into quality of life of current and future generations requires interdisciplinary research on the opportu-nities and risks of technological developments forhumans and the environment especially in the application of ICT, nanotechnology and energytechnologies.

ActivitiesIn electronics and metrology, we carry out experi-mental research, physical modeling and simu-lations in the field of reliability, safety and security of materials, devices and systems. Sensors andmeasurement devices are developed and experi-mental facilities for micro- and nanotechnology are operated, e.g. a focused-ion-beam (FIB) instru-ment, optical full field methods and X-ray micro-

tomography both at Empa and at the synchrotronlight source, SLS at PSI with the objective to enable and support development and applicationof new materials, devices and processes and to improve safety and sustainability.

We are involved in research concerning vibro-acoustic system dynamics and modeling, especial-ly in novel adaptive materials systems applied for active noise and vibration control. In the field ofbuilding acoustics the technical fundamentals ofnoise abatement in structures research and development are supporting high living quality andwell-being.

Environmental acoustics requires unique calcu-lation methods for the sound propagation out-doors, where the characterization of the source(road, railway, aircraft, military sources) is basedmainly on own measurements.

Research in scientific imaging and related fieldsemphasizes the role of innovative mathematicaland algorithmic methods. The selection of projectsfocuses on interdisciplinary applications striving towards contributing to Empa as an internationallyvisible materials research institute.

“Gamut Mapping” is an important project in cooperation with ETHZ for predicting color data in reproduction systems.

We analyze the opportunities and risks of newtechnologies, concentrating on the material aspects of the technologies and the resulting technical products. Sustainable development isused as a framework of reference for the assess-ment of economic, social and environmental opportunities and risks induced by the life cycles of new materials and products. The perspective ofsustainable development implies a global view oftechnological developments and their impacts,making developing and transitional countries wittheir large urban areas important stakeholders andpartners in our research.

Xaver Edelmann, Department Head

Adaptive phase and amplitude modulation of speckled laser light

Laser light that is reflected from a rough objectsurface reveals the speckle effect – a randommodulation of phase and amplitude of the wavefront. This effect degrades the contrast of inter-ference fringes in Digital Speckle Pattern cor-relation Interferometry (DSPI). ProgrammableLiquid Crystal Arrays are used to improve DSPIfringe patterns by (i) equalizing the contrastand (ii) increasing the measurement range.

In DSPI, a CCD-camera is used to record the inter-ference pattern from the superposition of the speck-led object wave and a smooth reference wave. A programmable liquid crystal array is introduced intothe reference beam in such a way that each of its pixels is imaged onto a CCD pixel. At each camerapixel the random phase and amplitude modulation of the object wave is measured first. By adjustingadaptively the transmission of the correspondingLCD pixel the reference beam intensity is set to sucha value that the modulation of the two interferingbeams remains the same across the image. This re-duces the speckle noise substantially and allows for

Information, Reliability

and SimulationTechnology


61

applying a new class of filter algorithms (erosion fil-ters) to obtain clear fringes. Figure 1 illustrates the improvement with simulated correlation fringes.

The measurement range of DSPI is limited by thespeckle correlation length at the detector. This lengthis proportional to the speckle size which in turn is given by the diffraction limited point spread functionof the imaging system. Hence, stopping down thelens increases the speckle length but it decreases the lateral resolution in the image. We could increasethe speckle correlation length without losing lateralresolution by introducing a superresolution pupil fil-ter in the speckled object beam (creation of “super-speckles”). A liquid crystal array is used to implementthe optimized superresolution filter and reduces thewidth of the point spread function to 81% of the original diffraction limit. By using this superresolu-tion filter we succeeded in extending the specklecorrelation length and, therefore, the DSPI measure-ment range. Figure 2 compares the correlation coef-ficient r for normal and superspeckles. For r = 0.5,the measurement range doubles.

Erwin Hack,

Phanindra N. Gundu,


Prof. Pramod Rastogi,

EPF Lausanne (CH)

Contact: [email protected]:E. Hack, P.N. Gundu, P.K. Rastogi, Appl. Opt. 44, 2772–2781 (2005)P.N. Gundu, E. Hack, P.K. Rastogi, Opt. Express 13,6468–6475 (2005)

Research ProgramAdaptive

Material Systems

Fig.1: a) Interference fringes with speckle noise.

b) The same fringes with adaptive correction of the

reference wave amplitude.

Fig. 2: Variation of speckle correlation with displacement

for normal and superspeckles.

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 4 6 82 10 12 14 16 18 20Distance [mm]

Cor

rela

tion

fact

or (r

)

diffraction limit

superresolution

a)

b)

X-ray tomographic microscopy for 3D composite materials characterizationInformation,

Reliability and SimulationTechnology


Peter Wyss,

Alice Miceli,

Urs Sennhauser,


Prof. Peter Uggowitzer,

ETH Zurich (CH)

Performance of composite materials stronglydepends on 3D internal structure and defectdistribution. X-ray tomographic microscopy of-fers a unique non-destructive methodology toexplain deviations of performance from expect-ed values. A high precision tomographic set-upat the SLS materials science beamline and ded-icated image analysis procedures for defectdetection and failure assessment as well asrepresentative volume element analysis havebeen developed.

Composite materials like light-metal-infiltratedgraphites (C/Al) are attractive for use in lightweightcomponents such as internal combustion engineparts. The low coefficient of thermal expansion, thetemperature resistance of graphite and low densityare significant advantages compared to convention-al monolithic aluminium alloys. The porous graphiteneeds to be reinforced by a metallic phase in orderto fulfill the mechanical requirements of the auto-motive industry. The incorporation of a ductile metalphase in ceramics and graphite is a well knownmethod to improve mechanical properties. However,thermal fatigue may deteriorate mechanical andphysical properties due to the large difference in thecoefficients of thermal expansion between graphiteand aluminium. X-ray microtomography is a promis-ing detailed and accurate 3D microstructural infor-mation on the real material which can be used for di-rect interpretation as well as for realistic 3D finiteelement models.

A high precision and high resolution tomographyendstation with a low run-out rotation axis (Fig.1)was developed and used for X-ray tomographic mi-croscopy. This endstation is located at the materialsscience beamline of the Swiss Synchrotron LightSource (SLS). An adequate approach of representa-tive volume element size for numeric evaluation hasbeen found prior to the experiments.

Different composites were produced by infiltratinggraphite preforms delivered by Schunk Kohlenstoff-technik. The ARC Leichtmetallkompetenzzentrum

62

Ranshofen infiltrated the preforms. Electrical andthermal conductivity as well as strain were measuredbefore and after thermal cycling (TC) treatment be-tween room temperature and 300 ºC. Samples of 1mm Ø were cut and milled from the infiltratedblocks measuring 150 x 65 x 22 mm3. The tomo-graphic scans were performed with X-rays of 10 keVand a voxel size of 1.4 µm3.

The inspection of the data presented in orthogonalslices on a good display (Fig. 2) already shows thedeterioration of C-Al interfaces due to TC. Cracks

Fig.1: Plot of the radial run-out of the rotation axis used

in the tomography set-up. The run-out is smaller than the

required resolution.

Fig. 2: Orthogonal reslicing of infiltrated composite.

The largest ligament is cracked (1) and debonding (2) is

clearly visible. Size of the slices: 560 x 560 µm2.

Aluminium is bright, graphite grey and voids are dark.

0.20

0.10

0.15

0.05

-0.05

-0.15

-0.10

-0.20

-0.25

0.00

0 100 200

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iatio

n (m

icro

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ers)

300 400

0.56 mm

1

2

and debondings with an opening of 4 to 5 µm are vis-ible. A surface representation of level sets (Fig. 3) pro-vides a 3D impression of the damage. 3D morpho-logical evaluation of the data of composites beforeand after TC gives quantitative evidence of the dete-




63

rioration of C-Al interfaces (Fig. 4). This evaluation isbased on the fact that debondings transform C/Al in-terfaces into air /Al interfaces. Air /Al interfaces havehigher density gradients than C/Al ones. Hence, thefrequency of higher gradients increases due to TC.

Using X-ray microtomography, void formation with-in the aluminium phase and debonding along thegraphite/aluminium interface after TC was visualisedin C/Al composites. These observations are in agree-ment with experimentally determined transport prop-erties. The electrical conductivity of the compositesis very sensitive to thermal fatigue and it significant-ly decreases during TC. This decrease of electricalconductivity is attributed to damage evolution in themetallic phase. The thermal conductivity decreasesby about 12% after TC. This can be attributed todebonding along the C/Al interface. The results of fi-nite element modeling (FEM) are in good agreementwith the measured values. The input data to FEM arethe segmented volume data. The property parame-ters were assigned to the three segmented phases:aluminium, graphite and air.


References:P. Wyss, Review of Scientific Instruments, 76, 076106(2005)M. Heggli, T. Etter, P. Wyss et al., Advanced EngineeringMaterials 7, No.4 (2005)

Fig.3: 3D surface representation of the same composite.

Aluminium phase light blue, adjacent voids and

pores red, graphite transparent;

size of the cube 280 x 280 x 280 µm3.

Fig. 4: 3D histograms of

density gradients before

and after thermal cycling.

-2

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Average after thermal cycling

Support: KTI, ETH council, Schunk Kohlenstofftechnik

0.28 mm

Nanorisk – safety and risk of carbon nanotubesInformation,



Lorenz Hilty,

Claudia Som,

Asgeir Helland,

Andreas Köhler,

Peter Wick,

Pius Manser,

Philipp Spohn,

Arie Bruinink

Innovative applications of nanotechnology willunfold most successfully if potential side-ef-fects are known in advance. Empa contributesto understanding and minimizing the risks at anearly stage of development.

Nanoparticles (NPs) have a wide variety of potentialapplication fields. Some applications are already outon the market and many more are expected to belaunched in the near future. However, air pollutionstudies suggest that particulate matter may be tox-ic, and serious concerns have been raised by epi-demiological and toxicological studies. Until nowthere are no established policies, regulations or precautionary measures relating to NPs. In view ofsubstantial political as well as scientific uncertainties,recent nanotechnology assessment reports recom-mend to intensify safety and risk research in the fieldof NPs, especially Carbon Nanotubes (CNT). As CNThave an interesting potential to improve materialproperties, they are expected to be applied in key in-dustries.

The aims of the project “Nanorisk” are:• to present the international status quo of existing

knowledge and uncertainties regarding safety andrisk issues of CNT

• to perform research to obtain toxicological in vitrodata for the hazard identification

• to identify the toxicomechanism of CNT and otherNPs

• to perform a foresight of which potential problemscan arise in order to be able to take precautionarymeasures already in the R&D process.

64

The project is based on two complementary ap-proaches, toxicological experiments and foresightstudies.

NanotoxicologyA human mesothelioma, a lung epithelial and a fibro-blast cell line were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicitytests using seven higly characterized industrially im-portant oxidparticles and carbon nanotubes. Theirresponse in terms of metabolic activity and cell pro-liferation was compared to the effects of non-toxicamorphous silica and toxic crocidolite asbestos. Thesolubility of the oxid particles was found to strong-ly influence the cytotoxic response. Non-cytotoxicpolyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate was found wellsuited for dispersion of carbon nanotubes. Besidethe toxicity of dispersed CNT also rope-like agglom-erated carbon nanotubes and the corresponding rawmaterial were tested. The different degree of sus-pended CNT showed significant differences in cyto-toxic responses (Fig. 2). Both studies underline theneed for thorough material characterization prior totoxicological studies. As a next step to identify thetoxicomechanism, NP effects on gene activity will beassessed.

Knowledge integration and foresightThis part of the project creates a broader context inwhich our and others’ experimental in vitro results areintegrated. Furthermore, prospective applications ofCNT are analyzed and potential emissions and expo-sures estimated.

In a first step, the current empirical knowledge wasanalyzed by means of a literature analysis in the fieldsof in vitro and in vivo toxicology, ecotoxicology andexposure studies. This research was based on theonline databases PubMed and Web-of-science. Fur-thermore, the prevailing meta reports on NPs wereexplored. Additionally, we conducted expert inter-views with the leading international scientists in thesame fields. The interviews provided a basis for eval-uating the studies and gave access to previously un-released work.


Fig.1: Sketch of a three-walled nanotube.

With a diameter of 1nm to 50 nm, the nanotubes are

20 000-fold thinner than a human hair.

The degree of scientific uncertainty in this field turnedout to be very high. In ecotoxicology, only preliminarystudies exist so far. There is no systematic researchon biopersistency, bioaccumulation or biodistribu-tion with any type of engineered NPs, and there is on-ly one exposure study. There are seven in vivo andtwenty-one in vitro studies with CNT, some of whichhave been criticized for the unrealistically high con-centrations applied, for missing characterisation ofthe particles applied, or for lacking information aboutimpurities. Although there are contradictionary find-ings and only a few comparable results, the prevail-ing opinion indicates that CNT might become toxicin tissues and organs at the cellular level.




65

Contact: Nanotoxicology: [email protected]: [email protected]

References:Asgeir Helland, Claudia Som et al., Environ. Health Perspectives, submitted (2006) Jörg Brunner, Peter Wick et al., Environ. Sciences andTechnology, in press (2006)Peter Wick et al., Nature materials, submitted (2006)

Fig. 2: Morphology changes of MSTO211-H cells after 3 day of exposure to 15 µg/ml

of different fractions of CNTs and asbestos.

a): Untreated MSTO211-H cell culture.

b): Cell culture exposed to asbestos arrows indicate needles of asbestos.

c): Cells treated with conventionally purified SWCNT were round shaped and lost

their adherence on the cell culture plate; arrow indicates CNT agglomeration.

d): Cells exposed to the supernatant fraction of the CNT raw material showed no

visible morphological changes compared to the control cells in a). scale bar 20 µm.

In the second step of the foresight study, applicationtrends of CNT are analysed. Based on this analysissome selected applications of CNT will be tracedalong their life cycle in order to investigate when andhow possible emissions of CNT might occur. Thesefindings will help to define guidelines for the use ofCNT and other nanoparticle materials.

Support: BafU, BAG, KTI

a)

c)

b)

d)

High precision structuring of photonic elements by focused ion beamInformation,



Philipp M. Nellen,

Victor Callegari,

Rolf Brönnimann

Focused ion beam milling is used to structureFresnel micro-lenses in various materials. Toour knowledge, we have achieved the smallestand most precise micro-lenses on an opticalfiber tip (outer diameter 10 µm, set by the coreof the fiber) as compared to previous resultsobtained with FIB, DRIE or reflow techniques.Cross sections of the produced elements showhigh precision and optical measurementsdemonstrated focusing down to an FWHM of 1.2 µm.

Focused ion beam milling and structuring of photon-ic elements in glass, like micro-lenses or mode-se-lective devices on optical fiber tips will lead to new or improved functionality like higher in-coupling ratioor new sensor types if sub-wavelength precision isreached.

66

With decreasing structure size and increasing as-pect ratio both accuracy and reproducibility of themicro-structure become challenging because thematerial removal has a strong nonlinear dependenceon current density distribution of the ion beam, dwelltime, and scan strategy, i.e., the temporal sequenceof the milling pattern. The process may even locallychange optical parameters of the material. The de-pendence of the milling rate on the angle of incidence,the redeposition of the sputtered material and the self focusing, where the incident ions are scatteredfrom steep sidewalls and sputter again farther down-wards the hole, contribute to the non-linearity. Addi-tionally, an amorphisized ion-doped layer is pro-duced, which can extend several tens of nanometersinto the material.

By optimizing the parameters like ion fluence, dwelltime, and scanning strategy a mean deviation be-tween designed and milled structure of λ /40 in thefirst and of 100 nm in the remaining Fresnel zoneswas achieved (except at the zone boundaries). Theproduced Fresnel lenses show good agreement withthe design and also with computer simulations de-veloped to optimize the milling process.

We fabricated microlenses with a diameter of 10 µmon silicon, which are useful as print masters and onoptical fiber tips. The lenses showed good qualitywith respect to surface smoothness and optical fo-cusing. Also the light intensity distribution in the focus with an FWHM of 1.2 µm only at a wavelengthof λ = 840 nm demonstrates the accuracy of theFresnel lenses. With the developed FIB process andsoftware it is also possible to fabricate other diffrac-tive optical elements.

Contact: [email protected]:P. M. Nellen, R. Brönnimann, Meas. Sci. Technol., in press (2005)P. M. Nellen, R. Brönnimann, SPIE 5855, 359 – 362 (2005)


Fig.1: Cross section of Fresnel microlens on Si compared to simulation (left).

Close up of lens on glass fiber facet (right). The x is the marker for drift control.

Fig. 2: Light intensity distribution (10 µm range) on the fiber facet with Fresnel

microlens (bottom left and grey line right) compared to that in the focus of the lens

(top left and black line right).

Support: ETH-INIT

Links: http: //metamaterial.ethz.ch/

-5 -3 -1 1 3 5

radial position [µm]

inte

nsity

[a.u

.]

Light intensityon fiber facetin focus

Fresnel lens on Si

2 µm

Fresnel lens on fiber facet

2 µm

Creep behavior and local deformation in SnPb and SnAgCu mixed solder technology

In 2006, EC legislation on the restriction of harm-ful substances will become effective. It banslead in electronic applications. Ternary eutecticSnAgCu solder is favored as a replacement foreutectic SnPb. In the transition period, mixedassembly of Pb free components soldered withSnPb cannot be avoided. Also, certain indus-tries will be forced to continue the use of SnPbsolder due to reliability concerns (avionics, automotive etc). Generally, this process is notproblematic. However, in the SnPb solderingprocess of a lead free BGA the balls do notreach their liquidus. To understand reliabilityand lifetime of the solder joints and the compo-nents the metallurgy of the mixed solder processhas to be understood.

The microstructural behavior of SnPb/SnAgCu sol-der joints is investigated with FIB and SEM/EDX. The deformation behavior is evaluated by shearcreep experiments. Ageing processes are studiedwith accelerated thermal cycling.

The joining process is governed by dissolution anddiffusion processes of the liquid SnPb and the solidSnAgCu solder. Depending on temperature and timeabove liquidus of the SnPb, only fractions of the ball (Fig.1) or the entire ball take part in the reaction.In the reaction zone of SnPb with SnAgCu, ternaryand quaternary phases of Sn, Ag, Cu and Pb areformed which are embedded in a matrix of SnPb.SnAgCu, on the other hand, solidifies with primary β-Sn dendrites surrounded by eutectic SnAg andSnCu intermetallic phases in a β-Sn matrix.




67

This microstructure of SnAgCu exhibits distinct slow-er creep rates than SnPb (Fig.2). Local strain con-centrations due to different Schmid factors in the mi-crostructure lead to local fatigue. Estimates with atwo parametric Norton Law as constitutive model forthe global creep behavior show a large difference increep between the original SnAgCu of the BGA ballsand the SnPb reaction zone due to the mismatch ofthermal expansion of the printed circuit board (PCB)and the component in thermal cycling. Thus, localstrain concentrations must occur leading to degra-dation and finally to failure.

Possible locations of this deformation are the reac-tion zone SnAgCu interface or the interface of the re-action zone with the PCB. In fast thermal cycles thelatter has shown to be the dominating failure location.In the EUREKA project LEADFREE, the localizationand the rate of degradation as a function of stress willbe evaluated to provide reliability data for critical ap-plications.

Günter Grossmann,

Pascal Jud,

Urs Sennhauser

Contact: [email protected]:G. Grossmann et al., Solder. Surf. Mt.Tech. 17, 2, 10(2005)P.P. Jud et al., Adv. Eng. Mater., in press (2005) P.P. Jud et al., J. Electron. Mater. 34, 9, 1206 (2005)

Fig.1: SnAgCu ball soldered with SnPb.

Fig. 2: Creep deformation rate of SnPb and SnAgCu as a function of stress.

1.0E -12

1.0E -11

1.0E -10

1.0E -09

1.0E -08

1.0E -07

1.0E -06

1.0E -05

1.0E -04

1.0E -03

1.0E -02

1.0E -01

1.0E+00

1 10 100

Stress [MPa]

Str

ain

rate

[1/s

]

Strain rate SnPb

Strain rate SnAgCu

20°C

Support: KTI, Eureka, Industry

100 µm

Control of sound transmission through double wall partitions using optimally tunedHelmholtz resonators

Information, Reliability and SimulationTechnology


Qibo Mao,

Stanislaw Pietrzko

We investigated an arrangement of Helmholtzresonators installed inside a double wall parti-tions with flexible walls. An analytical modeldescribing sound pressure level inside the par-titions controlled by the installed Helmholtzresonators and reacting with the flexible wall ofthe partitions was established. The closed formsolution of this model was used to find param-eters and placement of Helmholtz resonators tomaximize the sound transmission loss of a dou-ble wall partitions.

The double wall partitions are important parts ofmodern lightweight structures such as aircraft fuse-lages, car doors as well as windows and lightweightpartitions walls in buildings. The sound isolation ofsuch structure deteriorates rapidly at low frequenciesaround the mass-air-mass resonance where both ofthe partitions walls vibrate synchronic. Due to the in-ternal complexity of the double wall partitions, the im-plementation of active control tools to improve soundisolation is still difficult and unsolved. In this project,we apply inside the partitions an arrangement of tun-able passive Helmholtz resonators to increase theacoustical isolation of a double wall partitions at lowfrequencies. The proposed passive solution for in-creasing sound isolation eliminates expensive sen-sors, actuators and bulky control electronics as re-quired by active noise control systems.

Using the modal expansion method, the partitionswalls, acoustic cavity field as well as Helmholtz res-onators were described by a set of partial differentialequations, leading to a full analytical model. Figure 1presents a double wall partitions under studies. AHelmholtz resonator is a single degree of freedomsystem having one natural frequency depending onthe geometry of the resonators and is composed ofa volume of fluid (air in this case) and a cylindricalneck connecting resonator to the cavity of the dou-ble wall partitions. The Helmholtz resonator sound

68

transmission control mechanism is based on addingdamping to the acoustical resonances of the cavityinside the double wall partitions. Figure 2 shows theeffect of the different damping ratio of Helmholtz res-onators on sound transmission loss of the partitionswhere the Helmholtz resonators were tuned to themass-air-mass resonance frequency of the cavity. If the damping is too high, the Helmholtz resonatorsbecome uncoupled with the structural-acousticmode and there is no improvement in the soundisolation of the partitions. Alternatively, if only smalldampings are added, new lightly damped acousticalmodes occur. This results in very effective narrow-band improvement of sound isolation. However, inmost practical applications broadband improvementof sound isolation is desired, which we solved by anew method to compute optimal damping ratios forthe whole arrangement of Helmholtz resonators guar-anteed broadband improvement of sound isolation.

Due to the strong coupling between the cavityacoustic modes and structural modes of the partitionwalls around the mass-air-mass resonance frequen-cy, tuning the Helmholtz resonators exactly to the


Fig.1: Double wall partitions with an arrangement of

Helmholtz resonators.

Flexiblewalls

Neck of HR Rigid sidewalls

HelmholtzResonator (HR)

Acoustic cavityNeck of HR HelmholtzResonator (HR)

mass-air-mass resonance frequency cannot guaran-tee improvement on transmission loss. Optimal nat-ural frequencies of Helmholtz resonators were foundas a solution of optimization problem with a globalcost function defined as frequency averaged soundtransmission loss in the desired frequency rangefrom 50 to 150 Hz.

Figure 3 shows the sound transmission loss improve-ment integrated over the entire frequency bandwidthdue to the Helmholtz resonators tuned natural fre-quency. This result indicates that the maximumtransmission loss improvement occurs outside of the mass-air-mass resonance frequency (105 Hz inthis case).

The simulation results confirm that using optimallytuned arrangement of Helmholtz resonators, thesound transmission loss of a double wall partitionscan be improved significantly in the desired frequen-cy range. In the presented case an overall improve-ment 8 dB in the 50 –150 Hz band is obtained by using 1 resonator (requiring only 2.8% of the doubleplate cavity volume), and a 10 dB improvement ob-tained by using 3 resonators (requiring 8.4% of cav-ity volume).




69

Links: www.empa.ch/akustik


References:Q. Mao, S. Pietrzko, Acta Acustica united with Acustica,Vol 91, 91, 723 –731 (2005)

Fig. 2: Sound transmission loss for different damping ratios of Helmholtz resonators.

Fig. 3: Improvement of frequency averaged transmission loss of a double wall partitions

as a function of the Helmholtz resonators tuned natural frequency.

(Circle marks: the optimal tuned natural frequencies for each case.)

0Without HRsDamping ratio of HRs = 1%Damping ratio of HRs = 21.5%Damping ratio of HRs = 50%

80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150−10

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Spectral 3-dimensional sound directivity models for fixed wing aircraftInformation,



Walter Krebs,

Rudolf Bütikofer,

Stefan Plüss,

Georg Thomann

Acoustic measurements on aircrafts in flighthave been analyzed in order to derive the co-efficients of a mathematical model describingthe spectral 3-dimensional directivity pattern of the sound radiated by departing aircrafts. On the basis of the fitted models, the directivitycharacteristics of various aircrafts are analyzedand compared to existing models. Dependingon aircraft types, comparison with new inter-national aircraft noise guidance showed thatEmpa-results were up to 3 decibels louder.

Although the noise impact of a single aircraft was sig-nificantly reduced in the last decades by means ofnew technologies and regulations, the problems ofaircraft noise have increased for most airports. In or-

70

der to control and evaluate the effects of air traffic,quantitative information on noise impact has to beavailable. Due to the large ground area affected, air-craft noise is usually assessed by means of noise calculation programs, and considering the far-reach-ing commercial and political consequences, the reli-ability of noise calculations is of utmost importance.Empa has developed and maintained an advancedaircraft noise simulation program for two decadesand has applied it to major civil and military airports.

In the absence of suitable data and due to hugecomputational efforts, most aircraft noise simulationprograms use simplified models to describe theacoustic noise source. In these models the sound directivity is usually considered to be rotationallysymmetric with respect of the direction of flight.However, recent publications suggest that the soundpower emitted by fixed wing aircraft shows a lateraldirectivity as well.

In order to investigate the lateral directivity of fixedwing aircrafts, part of the data were re-analyzedwhich had been used previously for the rotationallysymmetric model Empa-Flula2. The problem to besolved was to fit the proper coefficients to the full 3-dimensional model despite the fact that availabledata did not cover all emission angles. On the basisof the fitted models the directivity characteristics ofvarious aircrafts were analyzed. This analysis re-vealed that for some aircrafts the lateral directivitysignificantly deviates from a rotational symmetric di-rectivity and is even more pronounced than the en-gine installation correction proposed in new interna-tional documents like ECAC Doc29 (3rd edition) orSAE 5662. Taking into account these new findings,the calculated noise loads in areas to both sides ofdeparture routes may increase by 1 to 2 decibelscompared with results from conventional calculationprograms.

Links: www.empa.ch/akustik

Contact: [email protected]:W. Krebs, R. Bütikofer, S. Plüss, G. Thomann, Acta Acustica united with Acustica, in press (2006)

Fig.1: Graphic representation of the fitted 3-dimensional,

A-weighted directivity pattern for the Airbus A320 relative

to the flight direction z.

Fig. 2: Clusters of measured sound levels and the

estimated lateral directivity for the longitudinal angle of

100 degree (3D@100°). For comparison, the “installation

effect for wing mounted engines” according to ECAC

Doc29 is also shown.

x

yz

80

85

90

95

0° 30° 60° 90°ϕ

Measured

3D@100°

Doc29-W

A320+

Environmental benefits of recycling wasteelectric and electronic equipment

With a combined approach of material flowanalysis (MFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA),the environmental impacts of the two Swisstake-back and recycling systems of SWICOand SENS for Waste Electric and ElectronicEquipment (WEEE) have been investigated.WEEE recycling proves to be clearly advanta-geous from an environmental perspective.

The production of electrical and electronic equip-ment is one of the fastest growing markets in theworld. This implies that the amount of WEEE will con-tinue to increase in the coming decades. In Switzer-land, two complementary collective WEEE recyclingsystems have been installed more than 10 years ago.Empa’s Technology and Society Lab is in both sys-tems part of the technical control body which moni-tors the recycling quality.

In the study reported here, the environmental im-pacts of the two WEEE recycling systems have beenquantified with a combined MFA- and LCA-approachand compared with the impacts of a baseline sce-nario, comprising incineration of WEEE and primaryproduction of the raw materials otherwise resultingfrom WEEE take-back and recycling. Starting pointfor the MFA were the annual material flows enteringand leaving the treatment companies under contractwith the two system owners. In order to calculate therespective environmental impacts – including the impacts associated with recycling and disposal ofthe fractions leaving the treatment companies – asimplified LCA study was added.

Figure 1 shows the share of the collection and dis-mantling activities and of subsequent recycling ac-tivities in the environmental impact caused by theWEEE recycling systems, broken down into impactcategories. Whereas the activities associated withcollection and dismantling are only of minor impor-tance, the dominating process step is the secondarysteel production from scrap metal, which accountsfor more than 60% of the output of the treatmentcompanies. Compared to the baseline scenario, thetwo WEEE recycling systems cause 4 to 8 times lessenvironmental impacts (Fig. 2). The higher environ-mental impact of the baseline scenario is mainly due to the primary production of raw materials thatis necessary when the WEEE is not recycled.




71

The results show that the take-back and recycling ofWEEE, as it has been implemented in Switzerland,has clear environmental advantages compared tothe disposal of WEEE. Hence, from the perspectiveof sustainable development, WEEE-recycling ratesas high as possible should be aimed at – and not berestricted to the minimum amount of 4 kg per inhab-itant as stated in the WEEE directive of the EuropeanUnion.

Roland Hischier,

Patrick Wäger,

Johannes Gauglhofer

Contact: [email protected]:R. Hischier, P. Wäger, J. Gauglhofer, Environm. ImpactAssessment Rev. 25, 525 (2005)


Atmosphere

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Acidification

Climate Change

Eutrophication

Photo-Oxidant Formation

Stratospheric OzoneDepletion

Abiotic ResourceDepletion

Collection & Dismantling Battery RecyclingMetal Recycling / Treatment Cable RecyclingScreen Treatment Printed Wiring Board TreatmentDisposal Other Materials

Fig.1: Environmental impacts of the WEEE take-back and recycling activities in

Switzerland.

Fig. 2: Comparison of WEEE take-back and recycling with the baseline scenario.

Links: www.empa.ch/tslwww.ewaste.ch

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

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WEEE Recycling Baseline Scenario

Potential impacts of RFID labels on waste treatment processesInformation,



Patrick Wäger,

Martin Eugster,

Lorenz Hilty,

Claudia Som

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technol-ogy is expected to play an important role ineveryday life in the near future, especially in the form of so-called smart labels. We analyzedthe implications of the recycling and disposalof packaging materials containing smart labelsand evaluated the results from the perspectiveof the Precautionary Principle.

The Precautionary Principle (PP) provides a frame-work to anticipate and minimize the risks of noveltechnologies. In our study, we applied the Precaution-ary Principle on a specific aspect of information andcommunication technologies (ICTs): the risks ema-nating from different packaging materials tagged withsmart labels (Fig.1) for waste treatment processes.

72

In a first step we estimated the quantities of packag-ing waste and smart labels for a conservative sce-nario (the application of smart label to selected typesof food packaging and durable goods) and for ahigh-tech scenario (full implementation of smart la-bels in the retail sector in the place of outdated barcode), each for the time period between 2002 and2012 in Switzerland. From the elementary composi-tion of smart labels and estimated quantities, we

Contact: [email protected]:P. Kräuchi, P. Wäger, M. Eugster, G. Grossmann, L. Hilty,IEEE Technol. Soc. Mag. 24(1), 45 (2005)P. Wäger, M. Eugster, L. Hilty, C. Som, Environ. Impact Assess. Review 25, 567 (2005)


Table 1: Impacts of packaging materials tagged with smart labels on recycling

processes (high-tech scenario).

Fig.1: Smart label

(example).

Negative impacts on Cost of counter-secondary material output measures

(improved recyclingQuantity Quality processes)

Aluminum recycling low medium medium

Paper recycling medium medium medium to high

Container glass recycling low medium to high medium

PET bottle recycling low low ––

Tin plate recycling low low to medium medium

calculated element flows of aluminum, copper andsilicon into disposal and recycling processes andidentified first order effects of smart label diffusion on recycling and final disposal processes.

Production

Use inclosed RFID

systems

Use inopen RFIDsystems

Incinerationin MSWI

Slag and fly ash

Rawmaterials

Smart labels

Specific recycling forRFID transponders

Establishedrecyclingprocesses(paper, PET,glass etc.)

Landfill

Residues

Landfilled waste

Naturalresources

Extraction

Final dispo-sal of resi-dues fromrecyclingprocesses

Fig. 2: Possible material flows for smart labels in

packaging materials.

The identified effects were then evaluated with regardto two criteria: First, their impacts on the quantity andquality of the secondary raw materials generated bythe recycling processes and, second, the economicand ecological costs of counter-measures (Table 1).It is concluded that smart labels could compromise,in the first instance, established paper recycling sys-tems, if tagging of paper packaging and printed mat-ter becomes prevalent.

The Precautionary Principle states that the focus hasto be laid on measures preventing irreversible ad-verse effects, even if the impacts are not known in exact quantitative terms. According to our study, theirreversible dissipation of both toxic and valuablesubstances and the disruption of established recy-cling processes could be avoided by precautionarymeasures regarding both the composition and theapplication of smart labels. Among others, we rec-ommend to adapt the materials used in the smart labels to the designated recycling and disposal paths(e.g. use of smart labels with aluminum antennas to tag aluminum objects), and to use smart labels in closed RFID systems (e.g. reusable containers)wherever possible (Fig.2).

Links: www.empa.ch/ tsl

Artifact free color reproduction in newspaper printing

Several common gamut mapping algorithmsare studied, resulting in the observation thatproblems with geometric discontinuities arewidespread. For the assessment of the phe-nomena, induced by local mapping properties,an algorithmic test was developed and applied.Based on these results a gamut mapping algo-rithm is presented, optimized for newspaperprinting application, designed to be disconti-nuity-free and showing good psycho-visual be-havior.

Gamut mapping is a central task of the color repro-duction workflow. It consists of finding the best im-age reproduction for a given output device with itsspecific color restriction. A special challenge is news-paper printing because the color gamut of the print-ing process is especially small. Reproduced imagesneed to remain as colorful as possible and retain de-tails without artifacts.

Developing a good compromise for optimizing thesecontradicting goals is an algorithmic challenge. Mostknown gamut mapping procedures are driven bypragmatic approaches, often neglecting algorithmiccorrectness. The first step was to develop an algo-rithmic test for continuity and loss of contrast and applied it to common gamut mapping algorithms. Itconsists of mapping colors on a small sphere in a vi-sually uniform color space and collecting statisticaldata on minimal and maximal color distances of themapped colors. Large maximal color distances arean indication for discontinuities and small maximalcolor distance for loss of details. A visualization ofsuch artifacts, found in current gamut mapping algo-rithms is shown in Figure 1. Different reasons couldbe identified as cause for discontinuities: Discontin-uous boundaries of regions with different mappingstrategies, multiple solutions in cutting a mapping linewith the gamut boundary and minimum distancemapping to concave surfaces.

In a second step, a new algorithm called “SmoothGamut Deformation Algorithm” (SGDA) was devel-oped. It is designed to be discontinuity-free and toavoid contrast loss. Psycho-visual tests were carriedout to compare the new algorithm to three other al-gorithms, two of which (SGCK and HPMinDE) des-ignated as reference algorithms by the CIE standardsand the third (SCHLP) an older algorithm designed




73

for newspaper printing. Original images along withtwo mappings of them simulating newspaper print-ing were presented on a monitor for judgement. Twosets of test images were used: a small standard testset and a large set from newspaper agency images.The combined results of the two test sets are shownin Figure 2. Overall SGDA performs best. Regardingthe newspaper agency set it even outperforms thereference algorithm SGCK.

This study shows that special attention to the localmapping behavior in gamut mapping designs neednot to be at the expense of other psycho-visualgoals.

Peter Zolliker,

Klaus Simon

Fig.1: Visualization of artifacts caused by contrast loss (left)

and discontinuities (right): The left half of each square

shows original color and the right half the mapped colors.

Fig. 2: Psycho-visual tests: Results using 6 test standard

test images (orange) and a set of 250 newspaper agency

images (blue), both shown with 2σ-errors.

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

SGDA SGCK SCHLP HPMinDE

Gamut Mapping Algorithm

accu

racy

sco

re

Contact: [email protected]:P. Zolliker, K. Simon, Journal of Electronic Imaging, accepted (2005)

Links: www.empa.ch/medientechnik


75
























Empa Activities 2005Mobility, Energy and Environment

Mission Our mission is the reduction of anthropogenic air pollutants relevant to climate change, humanhealth, ecosystems and materials by promoting the understanding of the relevant processes and by developing technical solutions. The focalpoints are the formation of air pollutants withintechnical systems, the characterisation of the pollution flow at the boundary between the technosphere and the atmosphere and the devel-opment of methods to reduce them.

ActivitiesThe vision of a 2000 W society includes a strong increase of energy efficiency in mobility, especiallyin individual passenger transportation and thebroad introduction of regenerative fuels. In ourview, one important milestone on this way aremethane gas based power-trains, because they tieup on actual motor vehicle technology and buildbridges to future mobility visions like a hydrogenbased mobility. Empa and ETH have therefore established cooperations with research depart-ments of automotive manufacturers and suppliersto study energetic and environmentally enhancedpowertrain technologies on methane, methane/hydrogen and hydrogen basis. Simulation works ofa downsized methane hybrid concept in 2005showed a CO2-reduction potential of more than40% compared with conventional gasoline technologies.

Exhaust gas treatment not only of mobile but alsoof stationary sources is a key element to reduce the load of the atmosphere by pollutants. Catalystsand particulate traps are important tools for such a treatment. Over the last years, Empa has estab-lished a well accepted procedure to assess ben-efits as well as risks of exhaust gas treatment sys-tems such as particulate traps or three-waycatalysts (TWC). We could demonstrate that thestate-of-the-art TWC technology can produce surprisingly high amounts of secondary emissionslike ammonia or benzene. We have investigated the responsible catalytic processes leading to these toxic products.

The knowledge of the relevant fluxes into and within the atmosphere is essential for the investiga-tion and the assessment of technical processesand emission sources. It is also the basis for theearly detection of air pollution problems. By combining sophisticated measurement techniquesfor air pollutants on the Jungfraujoch with statisti-cal and trajectory models, we could determine not only the amount of the Swiss but also of theEuropean emissions of halogenated greenhousegases. It was also possible to localise the dominantsource regions of these pollutants. Additional in-formation about air pollution is available by satellitebased measurements. With different case studiesconcerning the atmospheric transport of NO2

Empa could demonstrate the usefulness of thistool.

Atmospheric corrosion is an important issue in material science and engineering. A detailed under-standing of corrosion mechanism is fundamentalfor an effective prediction and minimization of corrosion damage as well as for the developmentof new materials. Thus, a spatially and time re-solved chemical characterization of micro- andnano-corrosion processes with element-specific in-formation about dissolution processes is required.Therefore, a novel microprobe system with solutionflow technique is under development, which con-nects the excellent spatial and time resolution capabilities of a micro-capillary electrochemicalsystem developed at Empa/ETHZ with the highsensitivity and multielement detection capa-bilitiesof an inductively coupled plasma mass spectro-meter.

Peter Hofer, Department Head

Railway traffic – a source of fine particles?

Public transportation systems are promotedespecially in urban areas to reduce the use ofindividual vehicles. Compared to light duty ve-hicles, trains operated by electric engines haveobviously negligible aerosol emissions per pas-senger and distance. However, particulate emis-sions caused by railway traffic are detectable.Material abrasion from tracks, wheels, brakesand the overhead traction line enhance theconcentration of typical railway specific ele-ments in ambient air.

To get representative information about the contri-bution of railway traffic to the local immission of par-ticulate matter with particle sizes below 10 micro-meters (PM10), a field study was performed coveringa time period of one year. The chemical compositionof the aerosol samples was determined with X-rayfluorescence spectrometry (WD-XRF). The meas-urement campaign involved daily sampling at threemeasuring sites influenced by railway traffic togeth-er with an urban background site without local rail-way exposition (Zeughaus). The sampling sites weresituated at the entry to the main railway station ofZurich (Röntgenstrasse, Gamperstrasse) as well asat a very busy railway line with more than 700 trainsper day (Juchhof). As Figure 1 shows, the aerosol

Mobility, Energyand Environment


79

particles were sampled on quartz filters in a dis-tance of ~10 m from the railway tracks. To study thedistance dependence of the railway induced con-centrations of railway relevant elements such as iron,manganese and copper, additional samples weretaken at Juchhof in a distance of 36 m and 120 mfrom the railway track. The substantial daily varia-tions of the elemental concentration in Figure 2 aredue to meteorological influences based on atmos-pheric dilution and transportation processes.

The results of the measurement campaign show:• In a distance of 10 m from the railway tracks the

PM10 concentration is 1.5 – 2.0 µg/m3 higher thanat the urban background site, which contains anaverage of 21.5 µg/m3 PM10 particles.

• The additional fine particles caused by railway traf-fic consist mainly of iron.

• Compared to the average iron concentration at thebackground site of ~0.6 µg/m3, the iron content ofthe aerosol 10 m from the railway tracks increasesto ~2 µg/m3.

• The iron concentration decreases drastically withincreasing distance from the railway track, so doesthe concentration of the other railway relevant ele-ments copper and manganese.

Peter Lienemann,

Christoph N. Zwicky,

Robert Gehrig,

Matthias Hill,


BafU, SBB, PSI,

INFRAS (CH)


Atmosphere

Contact: [email protected]:N. Bukowiecki, M. Hill, R.Gehrig, P. Lienemann, C.N. Zwicky et al., Environm. Science & Technology 39(15): 5754 – 5762 (2005)

Fig.1: Sampling containers are situated 10 m away from

the railway tracks.

Fig. 2: Besides the meteorological influenced variations, the decrease in the iron

concentration with increasing distance from the railway tracks is obvious.

Iron

0

2

4

6

8

Iron

[µg/

m3 ]

Juchhof 10m Juchhof 36m Juchhof 120m

–x = 2.0µg/m3

–x = 1.4µg/m3

–x = 1.1µg/m3

Zeughaus –x = 0.6µg/m3

urban background

Day5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Support: BafU


European 1,1,1-trichloroethane emissionsassessed from long-term data at Jungfraujoch



Stefan Reimann,

Doris Follini,

Matthias Hill,

Martin K. Vollmer,


Simon O'Doherty and

Peter Simmonds,

University of Bristol (UK),

Ron Prinn,

Massachusetts Institute

of Technology,

Derek Cunnold,

Georgia Institute of

Technology (USA)

Under the auspice of the Montreal Protocol, theozone-destroying 1,1,1-trichloroethane (CH3CCl3)was phased-out in Europe. However, a pub-lished study of two short-term campaigns in2000/01 estimated that European emissioncould be still higher than 20000 t yr -1. We im-proved this estimate by using 4 years of contin-uous data from Jungfraujoch and Mace Head(Ireland). Our estimated European CH3CCl3 emis-sions are 300– 3400 t yr -1, which excludes sub-stantial underreporting of Europe to the Mon-treal Protocol.

1,1,1-trichlorethane (methyl chloroform) was an im-portant solvent used in large quantities for degreas-ing metal surfaces and other industrial activities. After the detection of its detrimental effect on thestratospheric ozone, its use was forbidden in Europein the mid 1990s by the Montreal Protocol. Conse-quently, atmospheric concentrations were falling af-ter the mid 1990s (Fig.1), and European emissionswere estimated to decrease fast and to be negligibleafter the year 2000. This rapid disappearance of thesources was anticipated, as due to its exclusive useas a solvent, CH3CCl3 storage times of less than oneyear were assumed. However, emission estimateswere solely based on industry sales and on individ-ual country submissions and lacked independentverification by atmospheric measurements.

80

The reliability of these estimates was questionedwhen two short-time campaigns in 2000/01 overWestern Europe (EXPORT) and in Crete (MINOS) re-sulted in emission estimates of more than 20000 tper year from Europe alone. Astoundingly, this figurewas on the same level as the total global emission estimate for CH3CCl3, practically leading to a dou-bling of anthropogenic emissions. This would notonly represent a severe under-reporting of emissionsby the EU member states but would also underminethe creditability of the reporting process of ozone-depleting substances within the frame of the Montre-al Protocol.

Since 2000, CH3CCl3 is continuously measured atthe high Alpine site of Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) bya co-operation of Empa and Buwal. These long-termmeasurements are part of a common European ap-proach to measure halogenated trace gases (e.g.CFCs and halons) in the atmosphere, with observa-tion platforms at Mace Head (Ireland), Monte Cimone(Italy) and Ny-Alesund (Spitsbergen). These stationsare influenced by both clean air and polluted bound-ary layer air from Europe and are, therefore, ideallysituated for both analyses of background trends andestimation of European sources by analysis of pollu-tion events.


Fig.1: Long-term data of

1,1,1-trichloroethane from

Adrigole and Mace Head

(Ireland), showing increas-

ing concentrations and high

pollution events (in red) until

the mid 1990s. Then, con-

centrations decline together

with lower elevations during

pollution events.

1980 1985

Adrigole, Ireland (52°N, 10°W)

Mace Head, Ireland (53°N, 10°W)

1990 1995 2000Year

CH

3C

Cl 3

mol

e fr

actio

n [p

pt]

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

02005

Figure 2 shows the long-term data from Jungfraujochand Mace Head which were used to test the highcampaign-based European CH3CCl3 emission esti-mates. For the actual estimation of European emis-sions the correlation with concurrently measured car-bon monoxide (CO) was used after the subtractionof the background concentrations. By assuming thatthe ratio of CH3CCl3 /CO during pollution events atJungfraujoch is representative for their ratio in thesource regions, this ratio could then be multipliedwith European emission estimates for CO, resultingin European CH3CCl3 emissions on an annual basis.The validity of this approach was confirmed by simi-lar results from a model from the UK MetOffice whichwas independent on carbon monoxide as input vari-able. In contrast to the high emissions from the short-term campaign, the estimates from Empa show thatEuropean emissions of CH3CCl3 between 2000 and2003 are smaller than 3400 t per year. Althoughthese revised figures are still considerable, they aremore in line with world-wide estimates. Detectedemissions can be explained by illegal usage fromsmall-scale storage for specific applications on theworkshop level and potential emissions from wastedumping sites.

1,1,1-trichloroethane emissions estimates are notonly important for assessing the stratospheric ozonedecline but also for the estimation of the atmos-pheric abundance of hydroxyl radicals (OH). TheOH-radical is the reactant which is responsible for the degradation of most atmospheric trace gases. Its distribution is extremely inhomogeneous, whichmakes it literally impossible to assess its global mean concentration by observations alone. As 1,1,1-trichloroethane is degraded mostly by OH-radicals,the global concentration of the OH-radicals can becalculated using information about the reaction kinet-ics, the atmospheric trend of CH3CCl3 and its glob-al emissions. With the higher emissions postulatedby the short-term campaigns, the abundance of theOH-radicals would have risen dramatically in the lastyears. The lower European emissions from Emparender a stable OH-radical abundance with minorfluctuations.



81

Support: BafU, EU-FP5


Contact: [email protected]:S. Reimann et al., Nature 433, 506 (2005)

Fig. 2: Continuous measurements of 1,1,1-trichloroethane

from the high-Alpine, Central European site of Jungfrau-

joch (top) and from the sea-level, North-western

European site of Mace Head (bottom) between 2000

and 2004.

0

20

40

60

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

pp

t

0

20

40

60

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

pp

t

Chemical composition of PM10 and PM2.5and its implications for long-term automaticparticle measurements



Christoph Hüglin,

Robert Gehrig,

Heinz Vonmont,

Beat Schwarzenbach,

Thomas Seitz,

Brigitte Buchmann

Detailed information about the chemical com-position of PM10 and PM2.5 (ambient particu-late matter with aerodynamic diameter lessthan 10 µm and 2.5 µm, respectively) is cru-cial for a well-founded understanding of thesources of ambient particles and their impacton human health and climate. Road traffic wasfound to be a main source of a variety of traceelements. In addition, a substantial content ofvolatile and semi-volatile constituents like wa-ter, nitrates and organics poses specific prob-lems for automated measurement techniques.A newly developed method combining stan-dard gravimetric and monitor data allows forconsiderable cost savings in monitoring net-works.

The concentration of atmospheric fine particulatesdeclined in Switzerland during the 1990s but hasnow remained constant for the last years on a highlevel causing still frequent exceedances of the limitvalues (Fig.1). PM10 and PM2.5 not only pose a se-vere threat to human health but also play an impor-tant role in climate change. They are directly emittedby a variety of sources and also formed in the atmos-phere from gaseous precursors. Detailed investiga-tions of the chemical composition of atmosphericfine particulate matter are important for identificationof the main emission sources and consequently forthe development of efficient reduction strategies.Moreover, these data are needed for elucidating theparticle toxicity and its impact on climate change.

82

Therefore, the chemical composition of atmospher-ic PM from rural, suburban, urban background, andurban curbside sites in Switzerland was investigated.Daily samples were analyzed for mass, water solubleions, trace elements, elemental and organic carbon,and water. The study focused on the concentrationvariation and emission sources of trace elementsand on the water content of PM10 and PM2.5. Infor-mation about the origin of particle-bound trace ele-ments was obtained by evaluation of the distributionof trace elements between PM2.5 and the coarsefraction (defined as the difference of PM10 andPM2.5) at sites representing different pollution levels(Fig. 3), and by investigation of the element abun-dances. The abundances of Ba, Ca, Ce, Cu, Fe, La,Mo, Mn, Pb, Sb, and Rh are gradually decreasingfrom urban curbside to urban background, suburbanand rural sites, indicating that road traffic is a mainsource of these elements (Fig. 4). On the other hand,the abundances of Al, As, Cd, K, and V are similar forthe different site types, which implies that emissionsources are either spatially uniformly distributed (e.g.re-suspension of mineral dust), or there are no impor-tant regional emission sources and the ambient con-centration of these elements may be dominated bylong-range transport. The water content of PM10samples was determined from weighing before andafter a drying procedure. For PM2.5, the water con-tent was calculated from their chemical compositionusing a thermodynamic aerosol model. The obtainedaverage water content was about 10% for PM10 and 13 – 23% for PM2.5, which proves that water is


Fig.1: Time series of annual PM10 at the urban back-

ground site in Zurich. The site is one of sixteen sites of

the Swiss national air pollution monitoring network

(NABEL) operated by Empa.

Fig. 2: Road traffic is an important source for atmospheric

fine particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) in Switzerland.

The picture shows the NABEL measurement site near

Haerkingen. Measurements at this site are strongly

influenced by emissions from the nearby motorway (A1).

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Year

4535

3025

2015

10

PM

10 (m

icro

gram

per

m3 )

annual air quality standard

a major contributor to the mass of atmospheric fineparticles. Furthermore, a pronounced seasonal vari-ation was observed with relatively lower water con-tent in the colder season, indicating that the inorgan-ic salts were mainly crystalline in winter, whereas theywere probably dissolved during the rest of the year.The high content of volatile and semi-volatile com-pounds, in particular ammonium nitrate, in ambientaerosols is a challenge for standardized particle con-centration measurements in particular when usingautomatic on-line methods. An important reason forthis is the necessity to slightly warm up the samplingfilters in the monitors in order to avoid interferencewith water during wet sampling periods. This resultsin variable and unpredictable losses of semi-volatilecomponents of the sampled particles. Therefore, anew method was developed to obtain PM10 dataconforming to standards by combining PM10 datafrom automatic monitors with a limited number ofstandard manual gravimetric measurements. This al-lowed a significant reduction of the operating cost forPM10 measurements in the Swiss National Air Pol-lution Monitoring Network (NABEL) by reducing thenumber of laborious manual gravimetric analysis by75% and to benefit from the higher time resolution ofthe automatic monitors.



83

Contact: [email protected]:R. Gehrig et al., Atmospheric Environment, 39, 2213 (2005)Ch. Hueglin et al., Atmospheric Environment, 39, 637 (2005)

Fig. 3: Proportion of

trace elements in PM2.5

and the coarse fraction

(denoted as PM10 –

PM2.5) at different site

types. Elevated propor-

tions in the coarse frac-

tion at the curbside site

suggest that the corre-

sponding constituents

and elements are emitted

from road traffic by non-

exhaust processes.

Fig. 4: Boxplot of the seasonal variation of the antimony percentage in PM10 at different

sites. The gradually decreasing percentage from urban curbside to urban background,

suburban and rural sites, indicates that road traffic is a main source of antimony

(Seasons: 1 = MAM, 2 = JJA, 3 = SON, 4 = DJF).

PM2.5PM10-PM2.5

PM2.5PM10-PM2.5

PM2.5PM10-PM2.5

PM2.5PM10-PM2.5

100

8080

6040

20p

rop

ortio

n (%

)

100

8080

6040

20p

rop

ortio

n (%

)

100

8080

6040

20p

rop

ortio

n (%

)

100

8080

6040

20p

rop

ortio

n (%

)

curbside urban background

suburban rural

Ca Fe Cu Sb Mg Mn Mo Na Al Ni V As Pb K Cd Ti Ca Fe Cu Sb Mg Mn Mo Na Al Ni V As Pb K Cd Ti

Ca Fe Cu Sb Mg Mn Mo Na Al Ni V As Pb K Cd Ti Ca Fe Cu Sb Mg Mn Mo Na Al Ni V As Pb K Cd Ti

Support: BafU


1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Season

Ant

imon

y (0

.01

%)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

curbside urban background suburban rural

The investigation was carried out on a heavy-dutydiesel engine with a particle filter system on the dy-namic heavy duty engine dynamometer at Empa. To obtain also a data set at a higher concentrationrange, a bypass was installed parallel to the filter system to enable the particle concentration at the exhaust port to be increased to about 40% below the actual emission standard Euro 4. The engine testprogram comprised transient and steady-state testscycles to obtain information about the time responseand the stability of the particle systems.

The results demonstrated that several time-resolvedparticle measurement methods are feasible to tack-le future low-concentration emissions. Many ad-vanced mass-based as well as non-mass based systems achieved a lower limit of detection and bet-

Quantification of low-particle emissions of diesel and gasoline engines using high sensitivity methods



Martin Mohr

Drastic reduction in particle emissions ofdiesel-powered vehicles and new findings onthe health impact of particles raise the questionof a more sensitive measurement procedure.Within the particulate measurement program ofthe UNECE, Empa carried out a comparisonstudy of different measurement systems reveal-ing a high potential for a number-based methodfor future legislative purpose and research.

In most countries, particle emissions are restricted interms of mass determined by the weighing of filtersamples with a microbalance using a specified filtercollection procedure (GFM). Forced by steadily re-duced limit values, the continuous improvement inengine technology and the development of af-tertreatment systems have resulted in a sharp reduc-tion in the particle emissions of present-day automo-tive road vehicles. As a consequence, the effectivelimit of this measurement method is being ap-proached and the feasibility of measurements for further reduction of limit values is questionable. In addition, the gravimetric filter method does not dis-tinguish between solid (soot) and condensed com-ponents (e.g.sulfates, hydrocarbons).The latter great-ly depends on the sampling conditions and can bepredominant for engines optimized for low particleemissions or downstream of an efficient particle trap.This situation has led to a considerable increase inuncertainty in quantification of the emission and to amisinterpretation of the efficiency of aftertreatmentsystems, which can hinder correct emission inven-tories that are the basis for decisions in air pollutionpolicy-making.

84

Empa carried out a comparison study of a large number of particle measurement systems, includingprototypes that show potential for future legislativepurposes and/or research. Criteria that have beenused for the evaluation include repeatability, limit of detection, sensitivity, and response time. The se-lection of 16 particle measurement instruments com-prised a wide variety of methods of mass-related as well as of length-, surface- and volume-relatedmethods. The study was carried out in the frame-work of a collaborative program (PMP) of several European countries for the evaluation of a new par-ticle measurement system. This program is runningunder the auspices of the UNECE WP29/GRPEGroup that prepares new regulations worldwide.


Fig.1: Sensitivity of particle measurement systems.

The ratio of concentrations measured for the bypass and

full trap configuration is plotted.

Fig. 2: Test engine with particle trap.

100

101

102

103

104

GFM LI

I

PM

PM

EC PA MM

CM

CM

EC

PAS

OP

M1

OP

M2

OP

M3

CP

C

DC

1

Rat

io

n. d. 0.9



85

Although this may cause a discontinuity in the inven-tories, the reliability and the significance of particleemission data for atmospheric modeling and policy-making will increase.

Contact: [email protected]:M. Mohr, U. Lehmann, J. Rütter, Environmental Scienceand Technology 39, 2229– 2238 (2005)

Table 1: Investigated Particle Measurement Systems.

Fig. 3: Schematic of the experimental set-up.

ter repeatability than the GFM. They all yielded verygood correlation with the elemental carbon mass(EC) concentration but none of them with the regu-lated filter method GFM. This fact is explained by thecollection of condensed matter that is highly affect-ed by the sampling conditions for the GFM. On theother hand, all advanced methods exclude the detection of volatile components by nature of themethod or by sophisticated sampling conditions.Optical methods that are based on extinction or scat-tering disclosed clear shortcomings in the sensitivitydue to the low values in particle size and number.

Among the mass-based methods with time resolu-tion the methods based on laser induced incandes-cence (LII) and photoacoustic detection (PA) wouldbest meet future requirements as their signal is di-rectly proportional to soot mass concentration. How-ever, both do not provide significant improvement insensitivity compared to GFM. Much better results insensitivity are observed for the number-based instru-ments. The Condensation Particle Counter (CPC)excels in the dynamic range (up to 108) by its single-particle detection and the easy-to-interpret metrics.To ensure the good performance in repeatability, thedetection of volatile material has to be avoided byadding a hot dilution and/or an evaporation unit inthe sampling line. Further international activities pur-sue this approach. In conclusion, there is no doubtwhether from the measurement technology point of view up-future ultra-low emissions can be tackledin a reliable way. However, the definition of particu-late matter has to be limited to solid material and theparticle emission is ideally quantified by number.

mass flowcontrollerdilution air

mass flow controller & pump

heat exchangerpositive displacement pumpPDPsecondary

dilution

dilution tunnel

filter holders

mixing orifice

coarse filteractivated carbon filterfine filter

T<51°C

pre-heatedambient air

temperature andhumidity controlledintake air

IC engineasynchronousmotor

electricalnet

DYNAS680

T<191°C

Tp

Tp

*) Dust Monitor [Grimm]

*) SMPS+ [Grimm]DC1 [Matter]

PAS [Matter]

LS [Sensors] EDB [Matter]

OPM1 [Hartridge]

OPM2 [AVL]

OPM3 [Wizard]

*) could not be included in data evaluation

ELPI [Dekati]

CPC [TSI]

DC2 [TSI]

Dilution

MM [Dekati]

PA [TU Munich]

LII [ESYTEC]

*) TEOM [Horiba]

*) DMS [Cambustion]

bypass

CRT

Dilution

Dilution

Dilution

Support: BafU, ASTRA

Links: www.empa.ch/pmp

Instrument Measurement principle Time resolved Metrics

measurements

GFM filter sample, weighing with microbalance No mass

PM filter sample, evaporation, gas analysis No mass

CM filter sample, electr.-chem. titration No mass

LII laser-induced incandescence Yes mass

PA light absorption, photoacoustic detection Yes mass

MM electrical mobility, impaction, electrical detection Yes mass

PAS photoelectrical charging, electrical detection Yes mass

OPM1 light extinction, opacimeter Yes volume

OPM2 light extinction, opacimeter Yes volume

OPM3 laser light extinction, opacimeter Yes volume

DC1 diffusion charging, electrical detection Yes active surf.

DC2 turbul. diff. charging, electrical detection Yes length

CPC cond. particle counter, laser light scattering Yes number

EDB el. diffusion battery, electrical detection Yes number

ELPI impactor principle, electrical detection Yes number

LS laser light scattering Yes number

Reactive process gas spectra for semiconductor process analysisMobility, Energy

and Environment


Joachim Mohn,

Lukas Emmenegger

A wide range of specialty gases are used in theproduction of microelectronic devices. Theiruse and abatement must be optimized becauseof high costs, aggressive properties and strongglobal warming potential. However, processstudies based on infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)are often limited by the lack of suitable refer-ence spectra. Therefore, we developed meth-ods for the dynamic preparation and analysis of quantitative gas mixtures. These conceptswere shown to be appropriate to obtain reliablespectra of gaseous tungsten hexafluoride, car-bonyl fluoride and oxygen difluoride. Further-more, they can be applied to a variety of othersubstances that are relevant in semiconductorindustry.

Quantitative characterization of process gases by in-frared spectroscopy relies on the availability of suit-able reference spectra which can be either obtainedfrom spectral libraries or acquired using standardgases. However, reference spectra for semiconduc-tor process gases are rarely found in commercial li-braries, and certified standard reference gases oreven pure components are often not available.

86

To solve these problems we dynamically prepared diluted gas mixtures based on pure liquid tungstenhexafluoride (WF6) and pure gaseous carbonyl fluo-ride (COF2). Oxygen difluoride (OF2), which is notcommercially available at any concentration, wassynthesized on-line by Pt catalyzed reaction of F2

with aqueous NaOH. The crude oxygen difluoridewas then washed with water and dried at -78°C be-fore being diluted to the final concentration with ni-trogen gas (Fig.1). Simultaneously to the collection of calibration spectra for WF6, COF2 and OF2, theirprecise concentration was determined by absorp-tion of the gas in an aqueous solution and subse-

Contact: [email protected]:J. Mohn, U. Beck, K. Zeyer, L. Emmenegger, J. Mol. Struct. 744 –747, 247– 253 (2005)


Fig.1: Preparation of OF2 calibration gas and quantitative absorption in acidic KI.

Fig. 2: Absorption coefficient spectrum of (a) tungsten

hexafluoride, (b) carbonyl fluoride and (c) oxygen

difluoride. Labeled absorption peaks were used for

comparison with literature data.

N2

5% F2

FTIR

gas meter

MFC

-78°

C

MFC

trap

2 F2 + 2 NaOH 2 NaF + H2O + OF21

1

2 F2 + 2 H2O 4 HF + O22

2 OF2 + 4 HI 2 I2 + 2 HF + H2O3

3

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0

10080604020

0

2500 2000 1500wavenumber [cm-1]

1000 500abs.

coef

f.[c

m-1

atm

-1]

[cm

-1at

m-1

][c

m-1

atm

-1] ν1

ν1

ν3

ν3

ν2 + ν3

ν4

COF2

OF2

WF6

x 50

quent ion chromatography. Absorption coefficientspectra (Fig. 2) as well as integrated cross-sectionswere calculated and compared to commercial librariesand literature data.

Our study shows that reference spectra can be ob-tained after dynamic dilution of pure gaseous sub-stances, evaporation of liquids or on-line synthesis.However, an independent analytical approach mustbe used to confirm absolute concentrations whendealing with reactive process gases. Omission of thisstep can lead to an overestimation of the referencegas concentration and to systematic errors in ab-sorption coefficients, as has been illustrated for com-mercial spectra of COF2 and OF2. We, therefore,conclude that calibration gas preparation is the cru-cial point to obtain reliable quantitative spectra, whichare vital for the study and optimization of many semi-conductor processes.

Support: KTI


Bloomery iron from northern Switzerland – its chemical composition and origin

When finding metallic waste products on ar-chaeological sites, the question of their origin isof particular interest. The knowledge about thechemical composition is essential to answerthis question. In spite of the heterogeneity ofthe waste samples it was possible to figure outtheir chemical composition and group them ac-cording to their origin.

In the past, there were important iron ore depositsand a lot of iron smelting sites in the Jura region. Thesites reach back until the Iron Age. Consequently, theSwiss steel industry is still located in this region. Theold technique of iron production reduced iron in thesolid state. Compared to modern steel the gainedbloomery iron is very heterogeneous. To get infor-mation about the origin, the iron objects have beenanalyzed using laser ablation plasma mass spec-trometry (Fig.1). Low detection limits and a spatialresolution in the micrometer range allow the determi-nation of trace elements even in this heterogeneousmaterial. Of special interest were the elements phos-phorus, arsenic, nickel, cobalt and copper, which ex-ist in various concentrations and ratios in the iron.They represent a fingerprint of the used iron oreswhich is preserved in the manufacturing process.Based on this fingerprint a correlation between theinvestigated metallic object and the origin of the ironwas possible.

The metallographic and chemical analyses of about120 iron objects were carried out, mainly consistingof metallic forging waste. Using statistical data inter-



87

pretation, a well defined group of iron from the EarlyMedieval site of Develier-Courtételle JU can be sep-arated. The metal group has a content of around 0.1 mass% of phosphorus, arsenic and nickel, witha nickel /cobalt ratio of ~2.5. The chemical composi-tion is similar to that of a piece of bloomery iron fromthe contemporaneous smelting site of Boécourt-LesBoulies JU. The metal was not imported and can berelated to regional smelting sites producing iron witha similar chemical composition.

Marianne Senn

Bischofberger

Contact: [email protected]:M. Senn Bischofberger, Internationale Archäologie,Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Vol. 5, 2005.

Fig.1: Polished sample with marks of the locally analyzed

spots in the metal.

Fig. 2: Principal component analysis of a robust data set

without outliers using seven components (Mn, P, Co, Ni,

Cu, As, Ni /Co).

6

6

Factor (1)

Fact

or (2

)Rheinau-Austrasse ZH

Develier-Courtételle JU

4

2

0

-2

-4

-6420-2-4-6

As Figure 2 shows, the metal worked in Develier-Courtételle JU differs from the metal worked in thelate Iron Age site at Rheinau-Austrasse ZH. This second metal group is rich in cobalt and nickel (Co0.15 mass%, Ni 0.1 mass%), with a nickel /cobalt ratio of ~0.5. Additionally, the metal compositiondoesn't correspond with the regional iron ore de-posits of Schaffhausen, as expected by archaeolo-gists, because of the higher nickel content comparedwith cobalt in those ores.

Support: Swiss National Museum Zurich,Office of culture JU, University of Zurich

Links: www.empa.ch/abt1311000 µm

Hexabromocyclododecanes – a class of flame retardants challenging scientists and regulators



Norbert Heeb,

Martin Kohler,

Andreas Gerecke,

Peter Schmid,

Markus Zennegg,


Bernd Schweizer,

ETH Zurich (CH)

Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are highproduction volume chemicals (16,700 t in 2001)used as flame-retardants for plastics and tex-tiles. HBCDs exhibit typical properties of per-sistent organic pollutants (POPs). They arelipophilic, are widely distributed in the environ-ment, accumulate in biota, and are possiblysubject to long-range transport. The stereo-chemistry of HBCDs is not well understood.Considering the six stereocenters of HBCDs, 16 stereoisomers can be deduced. For the firsttime we have experimental evidence for the ex-istence of 8 out of the 16 possible stereoiso-mers. Six stereoisomers were identified asthree pairs of enantiomers, and their crystalstructures have been solved. Another twostereoisomers showed no optical rotation andwere tentatively assigned as meso forms. Theunambiguous identification of individual HBCDstereoisomers is the key to probe their occur-rence, fate and toxicology, which will be thetasks of future work.

Brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) are high pro-duction volume chemicals. Together with plasticiz-ers they have become the most important polymeradditives. Today, HBCDs are the third most usedBFRs, which can now be found in many environmen-tal compartments. Increased HBCD levels were de-

88

tected near point sources (e.g., textile or polymer in-dustry, landfills of construction and demolition waste),but also in remote areas of the arctic, indicating thatHBCDs are also released from diffuse sources andmay be subject to long-range transport.

Currently, the EU is undertaking a risk assessment ofHBCDs. Persistence and bioaccumulation will be thecritical questions. Considering the increasing globaluse of HBCDs, their ubiquitous occurrence and theirincreasing concentrations in biota, very limited infor-mation is available about physicochemical proper-ties, environmental levels or toxic effects of individualHBCD stereoisomers.

Surprisingly, no conclusive description of the com-plex stereochemistry of HBCDs was found in the lit-erature. Important properties like water solubility andpartitioning coefficients of individual HBCD stereo-isomers were not known. This is a serious gap ofknowledge for a technical chemical being producedin quantities exceeding 16,000 t/y worldwide, andtherefore, a comprehensive risk assessment for thisclass of compounds is a difficult task without suchkey data.

It was our motivation to elucidate the chemical struc-ture of those HBCD stereoisomers present in tech-nical products. In addition, we developed analyti-cal methods that allow the identification of HBCDstereoisomers in environmental samples.

Upon bromination of 1,5,9-cyclododecatrienes, sixstereocenters are formed resulting in 16 stereoiso-mers. Figure 1 displays 6 diastereomeric pairs ofenantiomers (1a/b, 2a/b, 5a/b, 6a/b, 7a/b, 8a/b)as well as 4 meso forms (3, 4, 9, 10). Here, we reportthe separation of 8 stereoisomers, isolated from alow-melting, technical HBCD mixture, applying nor-mal-, reverse- and chiral-phase liquid chromatogra-phy. Three pairs of enantiomers, (+/-) α-, (+/-) β-, and(+/-) γ-HBCD, were separated on a chiral phase anddifferentiated by their optical rotation (Fig. 2). No op-tical rotation was detected for the two additionalstereoisomers, named as δ- and ε-HBCD, whichtherefore were assigned as meso forms. Figure 3 dis-


Fig.1: Schematic representation of all 16 stereoisomers

of 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecanes. Absolute

configurations of 6 pairs of enantiomers (1a/b, 2a/b,

5a/b, 6a/b, 7a/b, 8a/b) and 4 meso forms (3, 4, 9, 10)

are shown. Dashed lines indicate mirror planes.

BrBr

Br

BrBr

Br

R R

R

RR

R

BrBr

Br

BrBr

Br

S S

S

SS

S

BrBr

Br

BrBr

Br

S S

R

RR

R

BrBr

Br

BrBr

Br

R R

S

SS

S

BrBr

Br

BrBr

Br

R S

R

RS

S

BrBr

Br

BrBr

Br

R S

S

SR

R

BrBr

Br

BrBr

Br

R S

R

RR

R

BrBr

Br

BrBr

Br

R S

S

SS

S

BrBr

Br

BrBr

Br

R R

S

RR

S

BrBr

Br

BrBr

Br

S S

R

SS

R

BrBr

Br

BrBr

Br

R R

R

SR

S

BrBr

Br

BrBr

Br

S S

R

SR

S

BrBr

Br

BrBr

Br

R R

R

SS

R

BrBr

Br

BrBr

Br

S S

S

RR

S

BrBr

Br

BrBr

Br

S R

R

SR

S

BrBr

Br

BrBr

Br

R S

R

SR

S

1a 1b 2a 2b

3 4 5a 5b

6a 6b 7a 7b

8a 8b 9 10

plays crystalline material suitable for X-ray diffractionanalysis, and Figure 4 shows the crystal structures of three pairs of enantiomers assigned to structures6a/b, 7a/b, and 8a/b.

The given spectroscopic and chromatographic in-formation allows, for the first time, the separationand unambiguous identification of 8 out of 16 possibleHBCD stereoisomers. The correct structures havenow been submitted to the Cambridge StructuralDatabase and are part of the EU-risk assessment.



89

Furthermore, the developed analytical methods havebeen successfully applied to environmental samples.We could prove that different diastereomers indeeddo accumulate in biota, e.g. (+/-) α-HBCDs (6a/b)were found to be the most dominant stereoiso-mers in whitefish of Swiss lakes. Very recently, a firstexample of enantiomerically enriched HBCDs wasreported for fish taken from the North Sea. Thesefindings indicate that either distribution, transport,up-take or metabolism must be different for individ-ual HBCD stereoisomers.

Contact: [email protected] References:N. Heeb et al., Chemosphere. 61, 65 (2005) R. Law et al., Env. Sci. & Technol. 39, 281A (2005)R. Law et al., Env. Sci. & Technol. 40,1 (2006)

Fig. 2: Chromatograms of

8 HBCD stereoisomers iso-

lated from a low-melting,

technical grade HBCD mix-

ture. Three pairs of enan-

tiomers and 2 meso forms

were resolved on a chiral

column.

Fig. 3: Crystalline material of (+/-) γ -HBCD (8a/b) suitable

for X-ray diffraction analysis.

Fig. 4: Stereoviews of

crystal structures of

(+/-) α -, (+/-) β-,

and (+/-) γ -HBCD

(6a/b, 7a/b, 8a/b).

(-) α (+) α

0

20

[%]

40

60

80

ε (meso)

δ (meso)

0

20

[%]

40

60

80(-) β (+) β

0

20

[%]

40

60

80

(+) γ (-) γ

0

20

[%]

40

60

80

6a/b 8a/b

7a/b 3,4,9,10

200 600 1000 time [s] 200 600 1000 time [s]

The presented work is a key contribution to a betterunderstanding of the complex stereochemistry ofHBCDs. It initiated a more specific search for individ-ual HBCD stereoisomers in technical formulations as well as in different environmental compartments.It will also be the key to probe the toxicological rele-vance of individual HBCD stereoisomers.

Support: SNF


α

β

γ

Development of thermoelectric oxide materialsMobility, Energy

and Environment


Anke Weidenkaff,

Rosa Robert

Submicrocrystalline cobaltate particles withdifferent crystallographic structure (2D → 3D)and composition were prepared by polymericprecursor procedures and characterized con-cerning their thermoelectric activity. The elec-trical resistivity (ρ) of the compounds was variedin a large range from 1.94 mΩcm to 10 Ω cm.The Seebeck-coefficient (S) changed from+600 µV/K to +50 µV/K. The power factor (S2/ρ)of the solid solutions was maximized by 10% Ni substitution in La-cobaltate to a value of2.7µW/K2 cm. With decreasing particle size the heat conductivity was lowered to a signifi-cant extent resulting in an enhancement of thethermoelectric figure of merit by a factor 5.

Thermoelectric materials convert heat directly intoelectricity and enable the generation of electric pow-er from solar and geothermal heat. The amount ofelectrical power produced depends on the thermo-electric conversion efficiency of the device and theheat flux.

Conventional thermoelectric generators are to datecostly because of the low efficiency and low temper-ature stability in oxidizing atmosphere of classic ther-moelectric materials.

A more economic thermoelectric conversion of heatinto electricity requires the development of advancedfunctional materials with a large thermoelectric fig-ure of merit ZT. In general compounds exhibiting lowheat conductivity κ, good electrical conductivity σ,and a large Seebeck-coefficient S are required (as ZT = S2T/ρκ ). Since these transport properties are

90

often interconnected, the development of a materialbreaking this relationship (i.e. an electron crystal andphonon glass solid) is still a challenge.

Thermoelectric power is defined as the entropy (orheat) carried by an electron. Complex cobalt oxideshave a strongly correlated electron system where the cobalt ions can appear in low spin-, intermediatespin- and high spin states, leading to an additionalentropy factor – the spin entropy effect. These prop-erties are most probably the reason for the largethermopower found in complex cobalt oxides.

In a thermoelectric converter, couples of p- and n-type thermoelectric materials are sandwiched be-tween the hot heat and the cold heat exchanger.They are connected electrically in series as shown inFigure 1.

Thermoelectric semiconductors of n- and p-typecharacter can be produced by an appropriate elec-tron (Co2+) and hole (Co4+)-doping in the Co3+ ma-trix of e.g. La-cobaltates. The Seebeck-coefficientcan be tuned by following theoretical predictions, i.e.large thermopower values are expected for verysmall doping levels.

The amount and the mobility of the charge carriers in the cobaltate systems can be adjusted by chang-ing the composition and crystallographic structure.The heat conductivity can be lowered by inducinggrain boundaries to enhance the phonon backscat-tering. To follow this approach, we aim to produce ultra fine complex transition metal oxide particles byinnovative soft-chemistry procedures.

“Misfit cobaltites” are highly active thermoelectricmaterials. The multilayered crystal structure consistsof edge-sharing CoO6-octaedra layers and rock-salttype interlayers of MO1-δ (M = e.g. Co) and AO1-ε(A = e.g. Ca).

We produced “misfit Ca3Co4O9” from a polymericprecursor method in form of ultrafine platelet-likeshaped particles of 370–820 nm length and 20–50 nm thickness (Fig. 2a). The individual particles are compacted to a porous microstructure. HRTEMimages (b) reveal the layered 2D-structure of the“misfit” structure.

The electrical resistivity versus temperature plot of“Ca3Co4O9” in the range of 2 K to 300 K is pre-sented in Figure 3a. At 300 K, the resistivity is low


Fig.1: Schema of a unicouple thermoelectric converter.

heat

flow

p-typesemiconductor

Co4+ -- O -- Co3+

(hole conduction)

n-typesemiconductor

Co2+ -- O -- Co3+

(electron conduction)

high temperature TW

low temperature TK

QK/2

Load Ra

QK/2

Heat source(solar, geothermal, waste heat)

electric currentflow

(1.94 mΩcm).With decreasing temperature, the ρ-Tcurve exhibits a change from metallic (i.e. dρ/dT>0)to semiconducting-like (i.e. dρ/dT <0) behavior toreach ρ = 12.17 mΩcm at 3 K.

The temperature dependence of the thermopower S is presented in Figure 3b. The S-values are posi-tive, indicating p-type conduction. The ultra fine “misfit cobaltite “Ca3Co4O9” has a Seebeck-coeffi-cient at room temperature of +123 µVK-1 similar tothe reported value for single crystals. S increaseswith T to a value of +163 µVK-1 at 580 K1. The val-ue obtained at 300 K is similar to the reported val-ue for single crystals. Thus, it could be shown that the Seebeck-coefficient does not change with thesize of the particles.

Further studies were performed on A- and B-sitesubstituted high surface area La-cobaltate com-pounds with perovskite structure (ABO3). Ni for Cosubstitution led to considerable changes in the trans-port properties of the compounds.

The electrical transport properties were measured on sintered pellets of cobaltates with different com-positions in the temperature range of 12 K to 600 K.It was found that the electrical resistivity of La-cobaltate decreases significantly from 10 Ωcm to 70 mΩcm with 2% Ni introduction into the Co-sites of the structure. Ni substitution of up to 10% reduces the Seebeck-coefficient from +600 µV/K toa value of +300 µV/K. Nevertheless it was possibleto enhance the thermoelectric power factor to3.7 µW/K2 cm for LaCo0.90Ni0.10O2.9.

The thermal conductivity of all the samples in theLa(Co,Ni)O3 series is very low (0.34 W/mK < κ < 1W/mK up to 1200K) compared to classic ceramicmaterials. The submicrometer grain morphology ofthe powders led, thus, to a significant reduction of the thermal conductivity, and consequently to an im-



91

provement of ZT by a factor of 5 compared to com-pounds produced by classical ceramic methods.

Contact: [email protected]:R. Robert, S. Romer, A. Reller, A.Weidenkaff, Adv. Eng. Materials 7, 303 – 308 (2005)

Fig. 2: a) SEM micrograph of Ca3Co4O9 particles synthesized by the polymeric precursor method;

b) cross sectional TEM view of the 2D-structure of the thin platelets, c) crystallographic structure representation.

Fig. 3: a) temperature

dependence of the

electrical resistivity

between 2 K and 300 K,

b) thermopower meas-

urements of Ca3Co4O9

between 2 K and 600 K

(lines are a guide to the

eye).

0 100 200 300 400 500 6000

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

T her

mop

o we r

S [µ

V/K

]

b) T [K]

0 50 100 150 200 250 30010-3

10-2

a)

ρ [Ω

.cm

]

T [K]

Support: BFE

Links: www.empa.ch/abt131> Solid state chemistry

3 µma) 10 nmb) c)


93
























Empa Activities 2005• Empa Academy

• Technology Transfer

Empa Academy

MissionThe Academy is Empa’s knowledge transfer platform. It initiates and organizes the dissemina-tion of topical knowledge and offers a forum for the sharing and discussion of findings that have an impact on the scientific community and the society at large and that are connected with Empa’s fields of specialization. It gives interestedmembers of the public access to the results of Empa’s Research and Development activities andstages continuing training events for people fromboth inside and outside Empa.

The seminars, courses and lectures are staged at Empa’s sites in Dübendorf, St.Gallen and Thun, in further regions of Switzerland and in neighbouring countries, in collaboration with other research and educational institutions.

Anne Satir, Manager

Technology Transfer

MissionThe Federal Council’s message on education, research and innovation gives Empa and all other institutes of higher education in Switzerland a very clear mandate. This mandate includes a requirement that knowledge and new techno-logies generated and developed at Empa be transferred from the world of academic science to business and society as efficiently as possible so that they can enhance both commercial and non-material value creation.

Heidrun Flaadt, Manager

Consolidating and extending education and knowledge transfer@Empa

In 2005 Empa celebrated its 125th anniversary. Under the slogan “Research that inspires”, the insti-tute’s researchers, accompanied by scientists fromall over the world, presented the findings of theirwork in areas as diverse as bridge engineering, pho-tovoltaics, fibre technology, perovskites and stemcells – to name just a few – at 23 national and inter-national conferences. The Empa Academy broughttogether more than 3000 people to share the latestresults from their specialist fields, renew existing con-tacts and establish new ones.

Novel and well-established events side by sideFor the first time an exclusive management seminarwas offered this year. This seminar was designedspecifically for research managers and gave partici-pants the opportunity for training in “entrepreneurialthinking and action, strategy development, commu-nication, PR and financial management” and to sharetheir experiences. A coaching option was also on of-fer to enable participants to work on specific issuesof interest and develop their personal skills and po-tential. A seminar of this scope –18 days spread overseveral months – is unique in Switzerland and the mix of subjects on offer has proved appealing to thetarget group.

The Science Forum (Wissenschaftsapéro) is now well established as an event for the broader public.Topics as diverse as wooden houses, hip protectorsand fuel cells are presented in a “popular” way so thatlay people can understand them. The forums attractbetween 50 to 200 people to the Empa Academyevery other month.

Empa Academy


97

Anne Satir

Contact: [email protected]

With its top-flight speakers, the Empa colloquium series offers all scientists an excellent opportunity for continuing education. Weekly lectures are heldduring term time at Empa’s St.Gallen and Düben-dorf sites, and over 700 people have benefited fromthis offering in the course of 2005.

Taking aim at new offerings Looking ahead, the Empa Academy is preparinga summer school for PhD students. The school willlast two weeks and will offer courses in “Communi-cation” and “Basics in Management”. The idea forthe summer school stems from Empa’s collabora-tion with the University of Science and Technology,Krakow and Warsaw University of Technology. An International PhD School was set up with these twoinstitutions in 2005.

In 2006 the Empa Academy will take to the road andestablish contact with industry at six locations inSwitzerland. Exhibitions and lectures will be used to present selected Empa developments to a target audience with the aim of intensifying and accelerat-ing technology transfer.

Link: www.empa-akademie.ch

Empa Academy


98

List of Courses, Conferences and Colloquia

CoursesJanuary 14/15 Führungsseminar – “Research Management”

18 Positiver Umgang mit schwierigen ZeitgenossInnen

27– 29 Führungsseminar – “Research Management”

February 25/26 Führungsseminar – “Research Management”

March 4/5 Karrierenplanung für Nachwuchswissenschaftlerinnen

10–12 Führungsseminar – “Research Management”

April 7 Positiver Umgang mit schwierigen ZeitgenossInnen

May 11 Statische Berechnung von Rohrleitungen aus Kunststoffen

20/21 Führungsseminar – “Research Management”

June 20 Alles im Griff? Zeit- und Selbstmanagement

July 7–9 Führungsseminar – “Research Management”

August 31 Special topics in using scientific databases

September 12 Zeit- und Selbstmanagement

15 –17 Führungsseminar – “Research Management”

ConferencesFebruary 4 Fugendichtungen in Verkehrsflächen

March 2 Fachsymposium Beläge

30 COBRAE Conference

April 1 COBRAE Conference

5 Fahrbahnübergänge

12 Photovoltaik der Zukunft

28 Lernplattformen – Optimierung der Ausbildung oder didaktischer Rückschritt?

28 Überarbeitung von Altanstrichen

May 8–12 Mechanisms and modelling of waste/cement interactions

25–27 Fiber Society

July 7 KTI-Informationsveranstaltung

September 1 Kerto®-Seminar

5–7 World of Perovskites

11 SOFC Summer School

19/20 Bonding of Timber

28/29 Vacuum Insualtion Symposium

October 20 PhD-Symposium

24–26 Joint WMO/GAW-ACCENT Workshop

November 3/4 Visions of the Information Society

3 Brücken in die Zukunft

4 WEEE & RoHS: Letzte Eisenbahn!

7–9 Human mesenchymal stem cell

7/8 TECAT Konferenz: Low C Fuels

ColloquiaApril 5 The Global Energy Future and the Role of Hydrogen

14 Bioperformance of Materials and Devices

21 Nano-optik

26 Efficient gene transfer of bacteria to plant cells

May 3 Electron and Force Induced Molecular Manipulations

10 Particles and Health Effects – Fate of Inhaled Particles

17 Rasterkraftmikroskop auf biologischen Materialien

17 Ecoinvent Datenbank

24 Materials properties at the nanoscales: Is smaller always better?

31 Verification of European greenhouse gas emissions

June 9 Biotribology: Understanding and imitating nature’s lubrication mech.

23 Neuro-elektronische Interface – gedankengesteuerte Prothesen

July 5 Polar Ice, a History Book of Nature*

6 Wearable Healthcare

October 26 Inorganic-Organic Nanocomposites

27 Scanning Force Arthroscope – Development and First Measurements

November 1 CO2-Measurements

8 Hierarchical Structure and Mechanical Adaptation of Biological Materials

10 From Nanoshuttles to Tissue Engineering

15 Portable Energy System: The Micro-Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell

29 Mechanics in Micro- and Nanosystems

December 1 Head Trauma Biomechanics

6 Materials for Innovations in Electronics and Energy Technology

13 Nanostructured Materials for Organic Electronics

Technology transfer@Empa

To promote targeted technology transfer at Empa,work started on setting up a central TechnologyTransfer Unit in April 2005 as part of technologytransfer and knowledge management activities. Itprovides support for the operational transfer ofknowledge and technologies and acts as a centraladvisory centre for all employees at the Dübendorf,St.Gallen and Thun sites.

The Technology Transfer Unit handled 147 differenttechnology transfer projects in 2005. These includedrafting and revising contracts with third parties (material transfer agreements, confidentiality agree-ments, research and development contracts, KTI exploitation agreements, license agreements, etc.),evaluating and patenting inventions, advising on theexploitation of knowledge and technologies, mar-keting inventions and looking for exploitable knowl-edge and new technologies at Empa (“technologyscouting”).

In addition to the operational management of tech-nology transfer projects, the Technology Transfer Unitcommenced in 2005 activities centered particularly

Technology Transfer


99

Heidrun Flaadt

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Total projects

New projects

Contact: [email protected]

Number of Empa’s technology transfer projects in 2005.

around the implementation of six different directionsof thrust for Empa’s technology transfer activities, ad-dressing the subject areas of “Guidelines”, “Opera-tional models”, “Communications concept”, “Publicrelations”, “Quality assurance” and “Incentive sys-tems”. These packages of tasks are formulated andimplemented in a similar way to modern manage-ment concepts, and their strategic direction will ulti-mately ensure efficient, high-quality technologytransfer from Empa to business and society as in-tended by the education, research and innovationmessage.

Technology Transfer


100

List of Patents

Patents grantedFunctional Polymers Kuhn, J./Beer, R./ Aufzeichungsmaterial für den Tintenstrahldruck EP 1512544B+

Steiger, R./Furrer, G./

Banerjee, D./Studer, B./

Rentsch, Daniel

Internal Combustion Schmatloch, Volker Elektrofilter für eine Feuerungsanlage DE 102004039118

Engines

Schmatloch, Volker Vorrichtung zur elektrostatischen Partikelabscheidung in Gasströmen CH 2003 2042/03

Schmatloch, Volker Vorrichtung zur Rauchgasreinigung an Kleinfeuerungen CH 2000 1929/00

Patents applied forConcrete/Construction Schwitter, Eugen / Bi-Komponenten-Kunststoff-Fasern für den Einsatz in zementgebundenen CH 01582/05

Chemistry Kaufmann, Josef Baustoffen

Schwitter, Eugen / Kunststoff-Fasern für den Einsatz in zementgebundenen Baustoffen CH 00957/05

Kaufmann, Josef

High Performance Durisch, W./Bitnar, B./ Brenner EP 05 008 518.2

Ceramics von Roth, F./

Vogt, Ulrich/

Brönstrup, A.

Höland, W./Apel, E./ Dentalglas DE 102005051387

Vital, Andri/Zürcher, S./

Graule, Thomas/

Van't Hoen, Ch./

Rheinberger, V./

Burtscher

Kübler, Jakob./ Ceramic matrix composite cutting blade for wood machining and the EP 05 405 567.8

Eblagon, F./Ehrle B. method of manufacturing the cutting blade

Internal Combustion Bach, Christian/ Catalytic active diffuser for exhaust aftertreatment systems 01919/05

Engines Boulouchos,

Konstantinos/

Dimopoulos, Panayotis/

Vogt, Ulrich

Materials Kovacs, Gabor/ Antrieb für einen Leichter-als-Luft-Flugapparat 00660/05

and Engineering Michel, Silvain/

Lochmatter, Patrick

Materials Technology Siegmann, Stephan Ceramic Cooking pot, especially a Fondue Pot A5-27/395503

Nanoscale Materials Haug, F.-J./ Transparent Hard Coatings EP 05405259.2

Science Patscheider, Jörg

Hug, Hans Josef/ Antiferromagnetic storage device PCT/CH 2005/000695

Kappenberger, Peter

Hug, Hans Josef/ Nano-indentation device EP 05405449.9

Marioni, Miguel

Tang, Clarence/ Electrochemical Patterning and dissolution of polyelectrolyte multilayers EP 05009306.1

Keller, Beat

Tang, Clarence/ Electrochemical Patterning on multichannel microelectrode array PCT/CH 2005/000550

Keller, Beat for biosensingapplication

nanotech@surfaces Gröning, Oliver Dispositif à effet champ comprenant un dispositif saturateur de courant PCT/EP 2005/056646

Protection Weder, Markus Stickelektroden 02039/04

and Physiology

Solid State Chemistry Bleiner, Davide Turbo Inlet Nozzle for Laser Ablation Microanalysis PCT/CH 2005/000033

and Analyses

Wood Schwarze, Francis Verfahren und Mittel zur Verbesserung der Tränkmittelaufnahme und DE 10 2005 002 366.5;

-verteilung in Hölzern EP 05 027 812.6

Schwarze, Francis Verfahren zur Verbesserung der akustischen Eigenschaften von DE 10 2005 027 424.2

Klangholz für Musikinstrumente

101

EMPA Activities 2002ConferencesEmpa Activities 2005

PHD ThesesEmpa Activities 2005Appendix

103 Awards

105 PHD Theses

113 Patents

115 Teaching Activities

120 Publications

120 Special Topics

120 Advanced Materials and Surfaces

128 Civil and Mechanical Engineering

134 Materials and Systems for Protection and Wellbeing of the Human Body

137 Information, Reliability and Simulation Technology

141 Mobility, Energy and Environment

148 Conferences

148 Advanced Materials and Surfaces

153 Civil and Mechanical Engineering

157 Materials and Systems for Protection and Wellbeing of the Human Body

159 Information, Reliability and Simulation Technology

161 Mobility, Energy and Environment

168 Organizational Chart 2006

103

EMPA Activities 2002Conferences

Adaptive Material Systems Meier, Urs Doctor of Engineering, honoris causa / Royal Military College of Canada

Air Pollution/ Folini, Doris/Hill, Mathias/ Research Award Empa Environmental Technology Reimann, Stefan

Steinbacher, Martin Best Student Paper Award / Intl. Journal of Mass Spectrometry

Building Technologies Manz, Heinrich Thomson «Highly Cited Article»: Numerical simulation of heat transfer by natural convection incavities of facade elements, Energy and Buildings 35

Concrete/Construction Winnefeld, Frank/ Poster 2nd Award / Annual Conf. of «Construction Chemistry» / Soc. German ChemistsChemistry Kaufmann, Josef/Yang, Tianhe

Electronics/Metrology/ Grossmann, Günter ITG Award / Informationstechnische Gesellschaft der Elektrosuisse, Fehraltorf, CHReliability

Joy, Tharian Best Paper Award / European FIB User Group Meeting, France

Ling, Zhou Most Innovative Paper Award / DRCN Workshop / Design of Reliable Communication Networks

Lüthi, Thomas Staudinger-Durer-Award / Dept. Material Sciences, ETH Zurich, CH

Müller, Beat/Stiefel, Michael/ Youth Encourage Award / HABA Ltd, Zug, CHRotach, Lukas/Toggweiler, Sven

Functional Fibers Amberg, Martin/Keller, Michael/ Best Poster Award Tools & Sensors / NanoEurope, St Gall, CHand Textiles Grieder, Kathrin/Hegemann, Dirk

Halbeisen, Marcel Swiss Technology Award and Special Award of the Cantons St Gall and Thurgau, CH

Halbeisen, Marcel human Tech-Innovation Award (4th rank) / Swiss Engineering STV

Hegemann, Dirk Best Paper Award / Intl. Symposium on Plasma Chemistry, Toronto, CA

High Performance Akurati, Kranthi Kumar Best Poster Award / Empa PHD-SymposiumCeramics

Internal Combustion Schmatloch, Volker Swiss Environment Award (2nd rank) / particle separator for small wood-burning firesEngines

Weilenmann, Martin Best Poster Award / Transport and Air Pollution Symposium, Graz, AT

Materials and Engineering Kovacs, Gabor Certificate of Appreciation / Arm Wrestiling Competition, San Diego, USA

Spörri, Doris 125 Years of Empa: Mirco Ros Engines Award

Materials-Biology Baumgartner, Franziska Best Student Oral Presentation / Conf. Society of Systematic BiologistsInteractions

Materials Technology Michler, Johann Bunshah Award / Intl. Conference on Metallaurigcal Coatings and Thin Films, San Diego, USA

Empa Activities 2005Awards

Empa Activities 2005Awards

104

Radice, Simona Best Poster Award / Biosurf Conference, Lausanne, CH

Ruch, Patrick Willi-Studer-Award / ETH Zurich, CH

Ruch, Patrick Special Research Award Empa

Ruch, Patrick/Beffort, Olivier Poster Award Junior Tagung / Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde, Hanau, DE

Siegmann, Stephan Thermal Spray Award / DE

Materials-Biology Meier, Philipp Special Award «Schweizer Jugend forscht» / Schweiz. Gesellschaft für Chem. Industrie, Basel, CHInteractions

Protection and Physiology Psikuta, Agnieszka Best Poster Award / Empa PHD-Symposium

Selm, Bärbel Best Poster Award /Intl. Congress of the Intl. Photodynamic Assoc., München, DE

Road Engineering/ Ferotti, Gilda 1st Paper Award / Soc. Italiana Infrastructure Viarie, Bari, ITSealing Components

Solid State Chemistry Robert, Rosa Best Poster Award / Empa PHD-Symposiumand Catalysis

Schreiner, Claudia/ Best Poster Award / Konferenz über Ionenanalyse, Berlin, DENagel, Oliver/Figi Renato

Helvetica 75 Bold, 18 Punkt Bold function for zinc obtained from a four a four-year exposure programme Switzerland

Material and Systems

EMPA Activities 2001

105

Empa Activities 2005PHD Theses

1: submitted in 20052: in progress

Acoustics Niederberger, Smart Damping Materials using Shunt Control 1 ETH Zurich, Dominique Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr. Stanislav Pietrzko Automatic Control

Laboratory

Thomann, Georg Zuverlässigkeit von Fluglärmprognosen und die raumplanerischen 2 ETH Zurich,sowie wirtschaftlichen Folgen von Berechnungsunsicherheiten Landscape and

Environmental Planning

Walk, Michael Schallübertragung in schüttgutgekoppelten Plattensystemen 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Kurt Heutschi Building Physics

Wunderli, Jean Marc Entwicklung eines Messverfahrens für Schallemissionen fahrender 2 Technical UniversityZüge unter Berücksichtigung von Quellenseparation und Richtwirkung Berlin (DE), Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Kurt Heutschi Rail Vehicles Dept.

Air Pollution/ Lanz, Valentin Atmospheric transformation and source attribution of reactive organic 2 ETH Zurich,Environmental Technology compounds (AMS, receptor model) Institute for Atmospheric

Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Christoph Hüglin and Climate Science

Legreid, Geir Emissions of Non-regulated Oxidised Volatile organic Compounds in the 2 ETH Zurich,Polluted Troposphere by advaced GC- MS technology (ENOVO) Institute for Atmospheric Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Stefan Reimann and Climate Science

Lorenzo, Ronny Sources and properties of fine and unltrafine particles 2 University of FribourgCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Ralf Kägi, Dr Robert Gehrig

Schaub, Daniel Pollution Transport to Switzerland Inferred from Satellite Observations 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Doris Folini Institute for Atmospheric

and Climate Science

Ubl, Sandy Source regions meteorological transport of air pollution modelled with a 1 ETH Zurich, Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model Institute for Atmospheric Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Doris Folini and Climate Science

Building Technologies Artmann, Nikolai Passive cooling by night-time ventilation using climate responsive elements 2 University Aalborg (DK),Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Heinrich Manz Hybrid Ventilation Centre

Bionda, Davide Sustained care of sensitive historical Monuments 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Hans Simmler Institut für Denkmalpflege

Funk, Max Hysteresis of moisture storage in porous building materials 2 Technische Universität,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Karim Ghazi Wakili Dresden (DE),

Institut für Bauklimatik

Loutzenhiser, Peter Empirical validation ofsolar gain modeling in building energy simulation 2 Iowa State Universitycodes (USA), MechanicalCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Heinrich Manz Engineering Dep.

Tracy, Craig Fire endurance of multicellular panels in an FRP building 1 EPF Lausanne,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Erich Hugi, Dr Karim Ghazi Wakili Composite Construction

Laboratory

106


Biomaterials Furrer, Patrick Extraction and purification of polyhydroxyalkanoate for medical applications 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Manfred Zinn Institute for Process

Engineering

Hartmann, René Bacterial Synthesis of Functionalized Poly[(R)-3-hydroxyalkanoates] with 1 ETH Zurich,Tailor-Made Properties Institute of BiotechnologyCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Roland Hany, Dr Manfred Zinn

Ruth, Katinka Efficient production of chiral compounds from PHAs for pharmaceutical 2 ETH Zurich, and medial applications Institut for Environmental Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Qun Ren Zulian, Dr Manfred Zinn Science

Concrete/Construction Gruskovnjak, Astrid Hydration mechanisms of binders based on activated slag. 2 University of Bern,Chemistry Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Barbara Lothenbach Institute of Geological

Sciences

Matschei, Thomas Hydrate assemblages. 2 University of AberdeenCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Barbara Lothenbach Chemistry Dept.

Möschner, Göril A thermodynamic approach to cement hydration: The role of retarding 2 ETH Zurich,admixtures and Fe-minerals during the hydration of cements. Environmental Sciences Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Barbara Lothenbach Dept.

Schmidt, Thomas Sulfate interaction, formation of thaumasite and physical consequences. 2 EPF Lausanne,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Michael Romer School of Engineering,

Institute of Materials

Zingg, Anatol Wirkmechanismen von Betonfliessmitteln. 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Lorenz Holzer Nonmetallic Inorganic

Materials Dept.

Corrosion and Materials Eckermann, Fabian Micro- and nanoscopic aspects of corrosion initation of aluminium alloys 2 ETH Zurich, Intergrity Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Patrick Schmutz Materials Science Dept.

Hochstrasser, Sabine Fundamental investigations of corrosion mechanisms on Co-WC Hartmetall 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Patrick Schmutz Materials Science Dept.

Ura, Ewa CorQuas 2 PhD School Warsaw (PL)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Patrick Schmutz

v.Trzebiatowski, Oliver Scanning Electro-chemical Nanocapillary 2 Universität Erlangen (DE)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Thomas Suter

Electronics/Metrology/ Callegari, Victor Nanotechnology/Photonics 2 ETH Zurich,Reliability Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Urs Sennhauser IT Dept.

Farnesi, Matteo Reliability and degradation physics of ultrathin dielectrics 2 EPF Lausanne,Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Louis Schlapbach Microengineering Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Urs Sennhauser

Gattiker, Felix Biosensor 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Urs Sennhauser Mechanical and Process

Engineering Dept.

Gundu Phanindra Adaptive phase and amplitude modulation of speckled laser light 2 EPF LausanneCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Erwin Hack, Dr Urs Sennhauser Microengineering Dept.

Miceli, Alice A new generation CT for high energy 2 University of Bologna (IT)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Urs Sennhauser Applied Physics

Pascal Jud Deformation and Degradation of SnAgCu 2 ETH ZurichCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Urs Sennhauser Materials Dept.

Zhou, Ling Reliability and Availability of Networks 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Urs Sennhauser IT Dept.

Functional Fibers and Hossain Mohammad Surface Modification of Textiles by Plasma Technology 2 University Bremen (DE)Textiles Mokbul Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Dirk Hegemann Fiber Institute


107



Hufenus, Rudolf Geokunststoffe mit Bewehrungsfunktion 1 ETH ZurichSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr h.c. Urs Meier Automatisierte Produktion

Nazarov, Dmitry Synthesis of new reactive flame retardants for textile fibers on the basis 2 Moscow University, M.V.of phosphorus compounds Lomonosov (RU),Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Axel Ritter Dept. of Polymer Synthesis

Thapliyal, Ratnesh PZT coating on Si wafer and on fibers 2 University of Basel,Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Hans Josef Hug Physics Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Giuseppino Fortunato

Functional Polymers Araùjo de Castro, Investigation of electronic and opto-electronic devices based on organic 2 University of São Paulo,Fernando semiconductors Ribeirão Preto (BR)

Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Frank Nüesch Physics and Mathematics Dept.

Fardel, Romain Patterned polymer multilayer light-emitting device fabrication using laser 2 ETH Zurichinduced forward transfer Physics Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Frank Nüesch

Walther, Pablo Bolckcopolymers for photovoltaik application 2 University of Mainz (DE),Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Thomas Geiger Institut of Organic

Chemistry

High Performance Akurati, Kranthi Kumar Photokatalytische Nanopulver 2 University of Duisburg (DE)Ceramics Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andri Vital Materials Science Dept.

Alexandre, Thomas Solid free form fabrication of porous ceramic parts from ceramic powders 2 EPF Lausanneand preceramic polymers Mechanical Engineering Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Ulrich Vogt Dept.

Barna, Elisabeth Entwicklung kratzfester 2-Komponenten-Transparenzlacke durch Einbau 2 Universität Baselund gezielte Anbindung von oxidischen Nanopartikeln NANOLACKCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Thomas Graule, Oliver von Trzebiatowski

Bayraktar, Defne Modelling and operation analysis of dens ceramic oxygen separation tubes, 2 EPF Lausanneused in partial oxidation of natural gas to synthesis gas Materials Science Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Peter Holtappels

Dittmann, Rainer Nanostrukturierte TiO2-Keramiken – Entwicklung von nanoskaligem Titan- 2 Technische Universitätdioxid für Bioimplantate München (DE),Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Thomas Graule Medizinaltechnik

Duval, Sophie Intermediate Temperature Fuel Cells based on Ceramic Proton Conducting 2 Technische UniversitätElectrolytes München (DE)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Peter Holtappels

Gabi, Michael Co-Extrusion von PZT 2 Technische Universität Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Frank Clemens Karlsruhe (DE)

Guo, Zhiquan High-Temperature Cantilever Sensor based on Nanostructured and 2 Queen Mary UniversityNanoparticle doped Ceramics of London (GB),Co-Supervisor Empa: Jakob Kübler Materials Dept.

Heiber, Juliane PZT-Faserentwicklung 2 Technische UniversitätCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Frank Clemens Ilmenau (DE)

Michalov, Katarzyna Flame Spray Synthesis and characterization of doped TiO2 nanoparticles 2 AGH University offor photoelectric, photocatalytic and photochromic applications Science and Technology,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andri Vital Cracow (PL)

Richter, Jörg Ceramic materials for high temperature electrolysis cells 2 ETH ZurichCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Peter Holtappels

Ried, Peter SOFC 600 2 Montanuniversität Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Peter Holtappels Leoben (AT)

108



Vasic, Srdan Mechanism of activated infiltration for alumina-steel MMCs 2 University of FribourgCo-Supervisor Empa: Jakob Kübler Géo-Science Dept.

Wittig, Daniela Three-dimensional interconnecting networks of ceramics and metals 2 Technische UniversitätCo-Supervisor Empa: Jakob Kübler Freiberg (DE)

Internal Combustion Ajtay, Delia Instantaneous Emission Model 1 ETH Zurich,Engines Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Martin Weilenmann Mechanical Engineering

Dept.

Etissa, Dereje Investigation on soot formation in real internal combustion engines with 2 EPF Lausanne,electron microscopic methods Microscopie ElectroniqueCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Martin Mohr

Lämmle, Christian Numerical and Experimental Study of Flame Propagation and Knock in a 1 ETH Zurich,Compressed Natural Gas Engine Institut für EnergietechnikCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Patrick Soltic

Weimer, Silke Evaluation of aerosol road traffic emissions by dynamometric tests and 2 ETH Zurich,chasing experiments Institut für Atmosphäre Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Martin Mohr und Klima

Joining and Interface Avietjan, Stefan Manufacture, structure and properties of magnetorheological elastomers 2 PhD School Warsaw (PL)Technology Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Jolanta Janczak-Rusch

Duarte, Liliana Fe-Ni-Ti-aluminides 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Ulrich Klotz Institute of Metals

Galli, Matteo Metal-Ceramic Joints 2 EPF Lausanne,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Jolanta Janczak-Rusch Mechanical Engineering

Dept.

Liu, Chunlei Characterization and modelling of interface reactions between diamond 2 ETH Zurich,and active brazing filler metals Material Science Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Ulrich Klotz

Sivasubranamian, Lead-free Solders 2 EPF Lausanne,Venkatesh Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Jolanta Janczak-Rusch Mechanical Engineering

Dept.

Wilhelm, Gerard MSG-Hochleistungsschweissen standard-austenitischer Stähle 2 Technische Universität (high speed welding) Chemnitz (DE), Fügetech-

nik/Schweisstechnik

Materials and Engineering Abouhossein Alireza Simulation des menschlichen Bewegungsapparates 2 Universität Bern,Co-Supervisor Empa: Bernhard Weisse MEM-Center

Belloli, Alberto Active Control via Shunted Embedded Piezoelectric Fibers ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Christian Huber IT-Dept.

Birchmeier, Marcel Multifunctional use of AFC elements 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andreas J. Brunner Institute for mechanical

systems

Lochmatter, Patrick Development of a Shell-like Electroactive Polymer (EAP) Actuator 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Gabor Kovacs Insitute for mechanical

systems

Melnykowicz Mark Reliability of AFC actuators and sensors 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Michel Barbezat Insitute for mechanical

systems

Ramos Garrido, Antonio Experimentelle Gültigkeitserklärung eines neuen statistischen Modells für 2 University Oviedo [ES]Auswertung der Ermüdungsdaten

Wissler, Michael Modeling of dielectric electro active polymer actuators and their 2 ETH Zurich,experimental verification Insitute for mechanical Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Mehdi Farshad, Dr Gabor Kovacs systems

109


Zhang, Rui EAP-based Portable Force Feedback Device in Open Surgery Simulation 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Gabor Kovacs Chip Package Co-Design

Materials Technology Friedli, Vinzenz Nanorobot controlled focussed e-beam deposition and etching in a 2 EPF Lausanneconventional SEMCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Johann Michler

Gassilloud, Rémy Metallic nanopatterning by electrochemical deposition on prescratched 2 Universität Erlangen (DE)semiconductorsCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Johann Michler

Hoffman, Samuel Mechanical and Electronic Properties of Silicon Nanowires 2 Universität NeuenburgCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Johann Michler

Jäggi, Christian Electrochemical micro- and nano-machining of Titanium through an 2 Universität Bernartificially grown oxide maskCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Stephan Siegmann, Dr Marc Leparoux

Niederberger, Christoph Experimental study and numerical modelling of intragranular variations of 2 EPF Lausannethe crystallographic orientations in hot dipped Al-Zn and Zn-Al coatingsCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Johann Michler

Pouvreau, Cédric Projekt Fundamentals of Nano-scaled Crack Propagation for Processing 2 EPF Lausanneof Semiconductor DevicesCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Johann Michler, Dr Kilian Wasmer

Rabe, Rodolfo Development of a Smart Nanorobot for Sensor-based Handling in a 2 EPF LausanneScanning Electron MicroscopeCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Johann Michler

Radice, Simona Electrophoretic deposition of novel bioactive ceramic coatings for 2 ETH Zurichenhanced osteo-integrationCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Philippe Kern

Schreuders, Cornelis Top Nano 21 Projekt Fundamental Research on Ceramic Nanoparticles 2 University of Limoges (FR)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Marc Leparoux

Shin, Jong-Won In-situ Monitoring of the Systhesis of Nano-Powders by a RF Thermal 2 EPF LausannePlasmaCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Stephan Siegmann

Stauss, Sven Assessment of mechanical properties at the micro- and nanometre range 1 EPF Lausanneby indentation techniques.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Johann Michler

Materials-Biology Agabi, Osh Development of a neural implant for a functional arm prosthesis – a direct 2 ETH Zurich,Interaction thought based arm prosthetic Physics Dept.

Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Arie Bruinink

Baumgartner, Franziska The effect of surface topography and the performance of adult human 1 ETH Zurich,mesenchymal stem cells and their osteoblast progenitor cells Laboratory for SurfaceCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Arie Bruinink, Dr Katharina Maniura Science and Technology

Equey, Sébastien Lubrication on DLC coatings 2 ETH Zurich, Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Rowena Crockett Materials Dept.

Müller, Martin Entwicklung eines Rechners: Messunsicherheit für beliebige physikalische 2 ETH Zurich,und biologische Experimente Institute for Computational Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Matthias Rösslein Science

Media Technology Kumar, Lalit Light scattering from turbid media 2 ETH Zurich,Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Klaus Simon Mechanical and ProcessCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Markus Vöge Engineering Dept.

Schuberth, Eva Computational geometry aspects of Gamut Mapping 2 ETH Zurich,Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Klaus Simon InformaticsCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Peter Zolliker


110


Nanoscale Materials Pélisson, Aude Optically Transparent Hard Coatings 2 Universität BaselScience Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Hans Josef Hug

Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Jörg Patscheider

Behzadi-Arab, Bahar Synthesis of supra-molecular chiral films 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Karl-Heinz Ernst Bioingenieurwissen-

schaften

Cancio, João Carlos Multilayers and nanocomposite hard nitride coatings 2 EPF Lausanne,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Jörg Patscheider Institut de physique

appliquée

Dietsch, Hervé Nanoparticles hybrid systems: interactions, local structure and mobility 2 Universität FribourgCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Beat Keller Physics Dept.

Kirk, Taryl Interaction between Molecules 2 Universität BaselSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Hans Josef HugCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Karl-Heinz Ernst, Dr Manfred Parschau

Tang, Clarence Electrochemiclly assisted molecular assembly and patterning at the micron 2 ETH Zurichand nanoscale for biomaterials and biosensor applicationsCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Beat Keller

Thai, Quang Thanh Scanning Force Microscopy Analysis of mechanical Properties of Single 2 Universität BaselMoleculesSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Hans Josef Hug, Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Raphaelle Dianoux

nanotech@surfaces Buchs, Gilles Modification and characterisation of the electronic structure of carbon 2 Universität Baselnanotubes Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Oliver Gröning

Treier, Matthias Understanding the adsorption behavior of large organic molecules 2 Universität ZürichCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Roman Fasel

Analytical Chemistry Bogdal, Christian Brominated flame retardants and other endocrine disrupting chemicals in 2 ETH Zurich,the ecosystem of Lake Thun – environmental fate and correlation to University of Bernbiological effectsCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Martin Kohler, Dr Peter Schmid

Wenger, Daniela Occurrence and Fate of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the Air 2 ETH ZurichCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andreas Gerecke

Protection and Physiology Bogerd, Niels Parameterizing the effects of motorcycle helmets on cognitive functioning 1 ?????????and comfortCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Paul Brühwiler

Gerhardt, Lutz Christian Decubitus – Tribological interaction between human skin and textiles 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Siegfried Derler Materials Dept.

Jack, Andreas Influence of textiles on the thermoregulation and influence of the physical 2 University of Bayreuthperformance (DE), Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr René Rossi Sport Medicine and Sport

Physiology

Keiser, Corinne Moisture Management of Protective Clothing 2 EPF Lausanne,Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Louis Schlapbach Physics Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr René Rossi

Psikuta, Agneszka Development of an Artificial Human to determine the dynamic thermo- 2 DeMontfort University, physical properties of clothing under real-life conditions Leicester (GB)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Mark Richards

Road Engineering / Arraigada, Martin Effect of Vehicle-Road Dynamic Interaction on Road Damage 2 University of Rosario (AR)Sealing Components Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Manfred N. Partl

Aybike, Ongel Open Graded Mixes 2 University in Davis,Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Manfred N. Partl California (USA)


111


Ferrotti, Gilda Interlayer Bond of Asphalt pavements 2 Università PolitecnicaCo-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Manfred N. Partl delle Marche, Ancona (IT)

Raab, Christiane Influence of water and climate on the interlager bond of asphalt pavements 2 Carleton University, Ottawa Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Manfred N. Partl (CA)

Solid State Chemistry Barrelet, Timothée Quantification of sulfur content in living Picea Abies (Norway Spruce) 1 Universität Bern, and Catalysis by LA-ICP-MS Radio- und Umweltanalytik

Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andrea Ulrich

Bocher, Laura Thermoelectricity 2 ETH ZurichSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Louis SchlapbachCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Anke Weidenkaff

Logvinovich, Dmitry OXNIT: oxide nitride perovskites development for photocatalysts and 2 Universität Augsburg (DE),pigments Institut für PhysikCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Anke Weidenkaff

Robert, Rosa Solar TEP: materials development for solar thermoelectric power 2 Universität Augsburg (DE),generators Institut für PhysikCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Anke Weidenkaff

Structural Engineering Aram, Mohammad Reza Fluxural streng-thening of pre-tensioned RC bridge girders using 2 University of Tehran (IR)unstressed and prestressed CRFP platesSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Masoud MotavalliCo-Supervisor Empa: Christoph Czaderski

Barrot, François Sensors based on magnetic bearings for seismic and structural health 2 EPF Lausanne, monitoring in civil engineering Systèmes robotiquesCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Glauco Feltrin

Bergamini, Andrea Electrostatic modification of the bending stiffness of structural elements 2 EPF LausanneSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Louis SchlapbachCo-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Masoud Motavalli

Garcez, Mônica Post-strengthening of structures with externally bonded and pretensioned 2 Universidade Federal CFRP strips Do Rio Grande Do Sul Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr h.c. Urs Meier (BR)

Hejll, Arvid Fault detectin by curvature estimation with fiber optic sensors 2 ETH Zürich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Glauco Feltrin University of Lulea (SE)

Janke, Lars Anwendungen von Formgedächtnislegierungen in konstruktivem 2 Bauhaus University Ingenieur-Bau Weimar (DE)Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Masoud Motavalli/Christoph Czaderski

Merk, Marcel Active Vibration Control Using Low-Cost Actuators 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Felix Weber Inst. für Mess- und

Regeltechnik

Schubert, Sandy Grundlegende Untersuchungen zur Erkennung von Holzfäule in Bäumen 2 ETH Zurich,mittels Wellenausbreitung (Schall, Radar) HolzwissenschaftenCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Daniel Gsell

Ullner, Robert Verbund von Spanngliedern 2 ETH Zurich, Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Masoud Motavalli/Christoph Czaderski Structural Engineering

Technology and Society Althaus, Hans-Jörg Impact Assessment Method for Traffic Noise in Generic LCA 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Lorenz Hilty Human Environment

Systems

Asgeir, Helland Risk Management of Nanotechnology from a life cycle perspective 2 ETH Zurich, Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr H. Kastenholz, Dr M. Sigrist Human Environment

Systems

Hischier, Roland Prospective LCA of nanotechnology applications in the ICT industry 2 EPF Lausanne,Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Louis Schlapbach Environmental PhD Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Lorenz Hilty programme


112


Ossés, Margarita Method for the rapid assessment of environmental impacts in 2 Universität BernLatin-American citiesCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Rainer Zah

Scharnhorst, Wolfram Life-Cycle Assessment of Mobile Telephone Networks with Focus on 2 EPF Lausanne Ecosystemthe Environmental Relevance of the End-of-Life Phase ManagementCo-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Lorenz Hilty

Sinha-Khetriwal, E-waste management strategy – a decision support tool for policy makers 2 Universität St. Gallen,Deepali in emerging economies IfB-HSG

Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Lorenz Hilty

Wood Gülzow, Arne Zerstörungsfreie Ermittlung der Steifigkeits- und Dämpfungseigenschaften 2 ETH Zurichvon Massivholzplatten Institut für BaustatikCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr René Steiger, Dr Daniel Gsell und Konstruktion

Klingner, Raoul Thermodynamic Behaviour of the Nests of Hornets (Vespa crabro) 1 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Klaus Richter Architecture Dept.

Landmesser, Helge Pilze an Holzfassaden mit Oberflächenbehandlung 2 Universität Freiburg (DE),Co-Supervisor Empa: PD Dr Francis Schwarze Professur für Forstbotanik

Skyba, Oleksandr Sustainability through new technologies for enhanced wood durability 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: PD Dr Francis Schwarze Institut für Baustoffe

Spycher, Melanie Holzmodifikation durch Pilze zur Verbesserung der akustischen Eigenschaft 2 Universität Freiburg (DE),von Klanghölzern Professur für ForstbotanikCo-Supervisor Empa: PD Dr Francis Schwarze

Zimmermann, Tanja Strukturelle und chemische Analyse des Feingefüges der Holzzellwand 2 Universität Hamburg (DE)Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Jürgen Sell, Dr Klaus Richter

Zivkovic, Vjekoslav Mechanisms of Photodegradation of Wood 2 Universität Zagreb (HR)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Klaus Richter


113


Patents

Patents applied for

Concrete/Construction Schwitter, Eugen / Bi-Komponenten-Kunststoff-Fasern für den Einsatz in zementgebundenen Baustoffen CH01582/05Chemistry Kaufmann, Josef

Schwitter, Eugen / Kunststoff-Fasern für den Einsatz in zementgebundenen Baustoffen CH00957/05Kaufmann, Josef

High Performance Durisch, W./Bitnar, B./ Brenner EP 05 008 518.2 Ceramics von Roth, F./

Vogt, Ulrich/Brönstrup, A.

Höland, W./Apel, E./ Dentalglas DE 102005051387Vital, Andri/Zürcher, S./Graule, Thomas/Van't Hoen, Ch./Rheinberger, V./Burtscher

Kübler, Jakob./ Ceramic matrix composite cutting blade for wood machining and the method of EP 05 405 567.8Eblagon, F./Ehrle B. manufacturing the cutting blade

Internal Combustion Bach, Christian/ Catalytic active diffuser for exhaust aftertreatment systems 01919/05Engines Boulouchos,

Konstantinos/Dimopoulos, Panayotis/Vogt, Ulrich

Materials and Engineering Kovacs, Gabor/ Antrieb für einen Leichter-als-Luft-Flugapparat 00660/05Michel, Silvain/ Lochmatter, Patrick

Materials Technology Siegmann, Stephan Ceramic Cooking pot, especially a Fondue Pot A5-27/395503

Nanoscale Materials Haug, F.-J./ Transparent Hard Coatings EP 05405259.2Science Patscheider, Jörg

Hug, Hans Josef/ Antiferromagnetic storage device PCT/CH2005/000695Kappenberger, Peter

Hug, Hans Josef/ Nano-indentation device EP 05405449.9Marioni, Miguel

Tang, Clarence/ Electrochemical Patterning and dissolution of polyelectrolyte multilayers EP 05009306.1Keller, Beat

Tang, Clarence/ Electrochemical Patterning on multichannel microelectrode array for biosensing PCT/CH2005/000550Keller, Beat application

114

Empa Activities 2005Patents

nanotech@surfaces Gröning, Oliver Dispositif à effet champ comprenant un dispositif saturateur de courant PCT/EP2005/056646

Protection and Physiology Weder, Markus Stickelektroden 02039/04

Solid State Chemistry Bleiner, Davide Turbo Inlet Nozzle for Laser Ablation Microanalysis PCT/CH 2005/000033 and Catalysis

Wood Schwarze, Francis Verfahren und Mittel zur Verbesserung der Tränkmittelaufnahme und DE 10 2005 002 366.5; -verteilung in Hölzern EP 05 027 812.6

Schwarze, Francis Verfahren zur Verbesserung der akustischen Eigenschaften von DE 10 2005 027 424.2Klangholz für Musikinstrumente

Patents granted

Functional Polymers Kuhn, J./Beer, R./ Aufzeichungsmaterial für den Tintenstrahldruck EP1512544B+Steiger, R./Furrer, G./Banerjee, D./Studer, B./Rentsch, Daniel

Internal Combustion Schmatloch, Volker Elektrofilter für eine Feuerungsanlage DE102004039118Engines

Schmatloch, Volker Vorrichtung zur elektrostatischen Partikelabscheidung in Gasströmen CH2003 2042/03

Schmatloch, Volker Vorrichtung zur Rauchgasreinigung an Kleinfeuerungen CH2000 1929/00

115


Teaching Activities

Swiss Federal Architecture Eggenschwiler, K. RaumakustikInstitute of Technology,

Zürich (ETH) Flüeler, P. Building materials: polymers

Frank, Th. Special issues on building physics

Dr Richter, K. Baustoffkunde II Holz

von Trzebiatowski, O. Baustoffkunde II: Metallische Werkstoffe

Civil Engineering Flüeler, P./Dr Geiger, Th. Polymers in building constructions

Prof. Dr Partl, M. Bituminous Materials

Dr Steiger, R. Holz und Holzwerkstoffe

Electrical Engineering Dr Sennhauser, U./ Physik der Ausfälle und Ausfallanalyse elektronischer Grossmann, G. Schaltungen

Dr Sennhauser, U./ Held, M. Zuverlässigkeit von Geräten u. Systemen

Environmental Sciences Althaus, H.-J. Modellierung Mensch-Umwelt-Systeme I

Dr Kastenholz, H. Kooperatives Konfliktmanagagement in der Umweltpolitik

Geomatics Engineering Eggenschwiler, K. Lärmbekämpfung

Dr Hofer, P. Luftreinhaltung 1

Information Technology Dr Heutschi, K. Akustik 1 und 2

Dr Heutschi, K. Akustisches Kolloquium

Prof. Dr Simon, K. Digitales Publizieren: Teil 1 - Farbwiedergabe

Materials Engineering Dr Ernst, K.-H. Biomineralization and Materials Creation

Dr Keller, B. Surfaces and Interfaces

Dr Maniura, K. Biocompatible Materials II

Dr Patscheider, J. Funktionelle Oberflächen

Dr Nüesch, F. Organic semiconductures

Dr Heuberger, M. Biomaterials Surfaces: Properties and Characterization

Dr Heuberger, M. Surfaces & Interfaces

Dr Beffort, O. Verbundwerkstoffe

116

Empa Activities 2005Teaching Activities

Dr Beffort, O. Advanced composites

Dr Roth, M. Angewandte Metallkunde II

Dr Roth, M. Werkstoffversagen: Metalle

Materials Science Dr Clemens, F. Verbundwerkstoffe

Flüeler, Peter/ Dr Kramer, H. Failures of materials: polymers

Dr Graule, Th. Werkstoffversagen: Keramik

Dr Graule, Th. Keramik I

Dr Lüthi, Th. Werkstoffanalytische Verfahren

Prof. Dr Meier, U. Grundlagen zum Bemessen von Kunststoffen

Prof. Dr Meier, U. Verbundwerkstoffe

Dr Schmutz, P. Korrosion und Korrosionsschutz I

Mechanical and Process Prof. Dr Farshad, M. Anwendung der Methode der Finite Elemente in der Engineering Biomechanik

Prof. Dr Farshad, M. Dimensionierung bei Strukturinstabilitäten

Koller, R. Betriebsfestigkeit

Dr Kovacs, G. Seilbahntechnik

Mechanical Engineering Dr Michler, J. Werkstoffanalytik

Lämmle, Ch. Thermodynamik II

Dr Weilenmann, M. Messtechnik und Internet

Mineralogie/Petrographie Dr Vonmont, H. Physikalische Methoden der Mineral- und Gesteinsanalyse

Swiss Federal Institute of Science et Génie des Matériaux Dr Lüthi, Th. Non-destructive Evaluation MethodsTechnology, Lausanne

Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Institut für Mineralogie Dr Vogt, U. Einführung in die Silikat- und IngenieurkeramikFreiburg (D)

AutoUni, Wolfsburg (D) Sustainable Technologies Dr Zah, R. Sustainability Management

College of Textiles, North Hufenus, R. Fiber ModificationCarolina State University

(USA)

Hochschule für Technik Raab, Chr. Materialtechnologie Zürich

National School for Dr Rossi, R. Vêtements de protection: le dilemme entre la protection Textiles, Roubaix (F) et l’ergonomie

Dr Rossi, R. L'être humain et son environnement - Introduction à lathermophysiologie

Sharif University of Civil Engineering Prof. Dr Farshad, M. Composite StructuresTechnology, Iran

Swiss Technical School for Halbeisen, M. FaserstofflehreTextiles, St. Gall

Dr Rossi, R. Hightech-Textilien

Weder, M. Hightech-Textilien

117


Technical College TSH Prof. Dr Partl, M. BaustoffkundePfäffikon

Université Joseph Fourier, ESONN Prof. Dr Hug, H. J. Scanning Force MicroscopyGrenoble, (F)

Université Robert Institut universitaire et Dietsch, H. Introduction à la bibliographie scienitifiqueSchuman, Strassbourg (F) technologique

University of Applied Master «Micro and Dr Graule, Th. NanopowdersSciences of Switzerland Nanotechnology»

University of Applied Environmental Technology Eggenschwiler, K./Emrich, F./ Messpraktikum Umweltakustik/BauakustikSciences, Basel Dr Heutschi, K./Hofmann, J./

Studer, M./Walk, M./Wenger, F./Wunderli, J.-M./Würzer M.

University of Applied Master «Micro and Dr Siegmann, St. Oberflächen-/Beschichtungstechnik Sciences, Bern Nanotechnology»

University of Applied Master «Micro and Dr Michler, J, OberflächentechnikSciences, Biel Nanotechnology»

Dr Schwaller, P. Nanoindentation

University of Applied Mechanical Engineering Dr Siegmann, St. Oberflächen-/BeschichtungstechnikSciences, Burgdorf

Maschinenbau Dr Siegmann, St. Vertiefung Werkstoffe-/Oberflächentechnik

University of Applied Architecture and Civil Eggenschwiler, K./Walk, M. Bauphysik IISciences, Chur Engineering

University of Applied Master «Micro and Dr Graule, Th. NanopowdersSciences, Dornbirn (A) Nanotechnology»

Dr Müller, Y. Electromicroscopy and Chemical Analysis

University of Applied Master «Micro and Dr Bruinink, A. Prinzipien der Mikroskopie inkl. CLSMSciences, Dornbirn (A), Nanotechnology»

Buchs, Winterthur

Dr Kaiser, J.-P. Praktische Einführung in die Fluoreszenz- und Konfokale Mikroskopie

University of Applied Building Technology Dorer, V. Natürliche LüftungSciences, Lucerne

Frank, Th./Dr Ghazi Wakili, K./ Applied Physics in Building / Energy IIIDr Hugi, E./Dr Manz, H./Dr Simmler, H.

Koschenz, M. Thermoaktive Bauteilsysteme

Textile Technology Halbeisen, M. Funktionelle Textilien

University of Applied Civil Engineering Classen, M. Ökobilanzen für BauingenieureSciences, Rapperswil

Dr Manz, H. Applied Physics in Building

Mechanical Engineering Dr Weilenmann, M. Messtechnik

Dr Weilenmann, M. Arbeitsinstrumente der Regelungstechnik

University of Applied Technology Gauch, M./Hischier, R./ Umwelt- und RessourcenmanagementSciences, St. Gall Dr Wäger, P

118


University of Master «Micro and Fasel, R./Dr Widmer, R. Scanning Tunneling MicroscopyApplied Sciences, Nanotechnology»

Vorarlberg (A)Dr Gröning, P. Chemical Surface Analysis

Dr Gröning, P. Tribology

Dr Gröning, P./Dr Ruffieux, P./ Projektwoche: AFM/STM und ESCADr Widmer, R.

Dr Hauert, R. Lateral Resolved Chemical Surface Analysis

Prof. Dr Hug, H. J. Rasterkraftmikroskopie

Dr Patscheider, J. PVD Hardcoating

Dr Ruffieux, P. Nanopositioning and –manipulation with STM/AFM

Dr Schwaller, P. Instrument Indentation Techniques

Dr Sennhauser, U./Jacob, P./ Micro- and NanomanipulationDr Hack, E./Dr Brönnimann, R.

University of Applied Biotechnology Dr Buchmann, B. Air PollutionSciences, Wädenswil

University of Applied Chemistry Dr Brunner, S. Practical course in industrial chemistrySciences, Winterthur

Dr Lienemann, P. Organische Strukturaufklärung

Civil Engineering Dr Steiger, R. Materialtechnologie III Baustoff Holz

Dr Steiger, R. Materialtechnologie I

Communication and Dr Wäger, P. Elektro- und Elektronikschrott (WEEE). Schweiz-Europa-Welt.Informatics

University of Applied Master «Micro and Dr Gröning, P. Carbon NanotubesSciences, Yverdon Nanotechnology»

University of Applied Civil Engineering Zimmermann, T. Materialtechnologie HolzSciences, Zürich

University of Augsburg (D) Forest Sciences Dr PD Schwarze, F. Holzschutz I

Dr PD Schwarze, F. Holzschutz II

Dr PD Schwarze, F. Holzpathologie

Physics Dr Weidenkaff, A. Keramische Materialien

Dr Weidenkaff, A. Festkörperchemie

University of Basel Physics Prof. Dr Hug, H. J. Physik III

Prof. Dr Hug, H. J. Nanowissenschaft

University of Berne Chemistry and Biochemistry Dr Meyer, V. Chromatographische Analytik

University of Fribourg Physics Dr Gröning, O. Einführung in die kondensierte Materie

University of Leoben (A) General, Analytical and Dr Rösslein M. Messunsicherheit und ProzessanalytikPhysical Chemistry

University of Lucerne Geisteswissenschaften Dr Merz, M. Soziologie neuer Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik


119

University of Executive MBA Dr Dimopoulos, P. Introduction in StatisticsRochester/

Universität Bern

University of St. Gallen Prof. Dr Hilty, L. Anwendungsprojekt I: IT on Demand, Selbststudium

Prof. Dr Hilty, L. Anwendungsprojekt II: IT on Demand, Selbststudium

University of Tehran Faculty of Civil Engineering Dr Motavalli, M. Application of Polymer Composite Materials in Structural Engineering

University of Zagreb Mechanical Engineering and Dr Rohr, L. Micro-/Nanomechanicsnaval architecture

Dr Rohr, L. Introduction to Metal Matrix Composites

Webster University, Geneva International Business Ruddy, Th. Nation States, Markets and Technology




120

Empa staff publish in many national and international scientific andtechnical journals as well as in daily press and other special organs.Please note that the list below represents, on the one hand, the fullnumber of SCI/E publications, but only a selection of all otherpublications or public relations activities on the other hand.

Special Topics

Ghazi Wakili, K. Editorial – Research that inspires 125 years of Empa. The present special issue of Energy and (guest editor) Buildings is dedicated to the 125th anniversary of Empa. Energy and buildings 2005,

37(11), 1105-1106 Hack, E. Optics in Switzerland: development of lasers, optical devices and production technology (editorial to(guest editor) part I, p. 247–414). Optics and lasers in engineering 2005, 43(3-5), 247-249

Hack, E. Optics in Switzerland: measurement procedures and applications (editorial to part II, p. 415–617).(guest editor) Optics and lasers in engineering 2005, 43(3–5), 415–418

Meier, U. Empa: 125 Jahre in Zürich und Dübendorf. Publ. in: Heimatbuch Dübendorf, Hg.: Verkehrs- und Verschönerungsverein Dübendorf, 59. Jahrbuch, 2005, p. 75–88

Muster, W./Schlapbach, L. Editorial – The present issue of Advanced Engineering Materials is dedicated to the 125th (guest editors) anniversary of Empa. Advanced engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 267–268

Richner, P. Editorial – The present issue of Materials and Structures is dedicated to the 125th anniversary of (guest editor) Empa. Materials and Structures 2005, 38(279), 505


Corrosion and Barna, E./Bommer, B./ Innovative, scratch proof nanocomposites for clear coatings. Composites Part A 2005, 36(4),Materials Integrity Kürsteiner, J./Vital, A./ 473–480 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept «Advanced Materials and

Von Trzebiatowski, O./ Surfaces», Lab «High Performance Ceramics») Koch, W./Schmid, B./Graule, T.J.

Brunner, S./Richner, P./ Accelerated weathering device for service life prediction for organic coatings. Polymer testing 2005,Müller, U./Guseva, O. 24(1), 25–31

Faller, M./Buzzi, St./ Corrosion behaviour of glass-bead blasted stainless steel sheets and other sheets with dull surfaceVon Trzebiatowski, O. finish in a chloride solution. Materials and corrosion – Werkstoffe und Korrosion 2005, 56(6),

373–378

Faller, M./Reiss, D. Runoff behaviour of metallic materials used for roofs and façades – a 5-year field exposure study inSwitzerland. Materials and corrosion – Werkstoffe und Korrosion 2005, 56(4), 244–249

Franks, W./Schenker, I./ Impedance characterization and modeling of electrodes for biomedical applications. IEEESchmutz, P./Hierlemann, A. transactions on biomedical engineering 2005, 52(7), 1295–1302

Empa Activities 2005Publications

Science Citation Index SCI Science Citation Index SCIE (not SCI) Social Science Citation Index SSCI

121



Graule, T.J./Barna, E./ Synthesis of spherical, non-aggregated silica nanoparticles for nanocomposite coatings. KGKBommer, B./Kürsteiner, J./ Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe 2005, 58(5), 252–255 (second entry; for main entry, see under firstVital, A./Von Trzebiatowski, O./ author in Dept «Advanced Materials and Surfaces», Lab «High Performance Ceramics») Schmid, B./Van Leeuwen, J./Koch, W.

Guseva, O./Lichtblau, A. Application of smoothing methods for estimation of service life for polymers from tensile testing.Polymer testing 2005, 24(6), 718–727

Guseva, O./Lichtblau, A. Use of locally weighted regression method for estimation of service life from tensile testing of weathered polymers. In: 2nd European weathering symposium on natural and artificial ageing of polymers, Gothenburg, Sweden, June 16–17, 2005, CEEES publication no. 6, p. 217–229

Hunkeler, F./Matt, P./ Spannglieder, Schrägseile und Anker – Beschreibung der Systeme und Erkenntnisse aus Von Matt, U./Werner, R. Korrosionsschäden. Forschungsauftrag AGB 2000/470 auf Antrag der Arbeitsgruppe

Brückenforschung (AGB). UVEK/ASTRA report no. 588, August 2005, 290 p.

Kürsteiner, J./Bommer, B./ Kratzfeste Klarlacke mit nanoskaligem Siliziumoxyd. Bautenschutz 2005, (1), 18–23, 2005, (4),Barna, E./Vital, A./ 14–19Von Trzebiatowski, O./Graule, T.J./Koch, W./Schmid, B.

Latkoczy, C./Müller, Y./ Quantitative element mapping of Mg alloys by laser ablation ICP-MS and Empa. Applied surfaceSchmutz, P./Günther, D. science 2005, 252(1), 127–132

Piskoty, G./Michel, S.A./ Bursting of a corn silo – an interdisciplinary failure analysis. Engineering failure analysis 2005, 12(6), Zgraggen, M. 915–929 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept «Materials and Systems for Civil

Engineering», Lab «Materials and Engineering»)

Reiss, D./Rihm, B./Thöni, C./ Mapping stock at risk and release of zinc and copper in Switzerland – dose response functions forFaller, M. runoff rates derived from corrosion rate data. Water, air and soil pollution 2004, 159(1), 101–113

Suter, T./Müller, Y./Schmutz, P./ Microelectrochemical studies of pit initiation on high purity and ultra high purity aluminum. AdvancedVon Trzebiatowski, O. engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 339–348

Tang, C.S./Schmutz, P./ Locally addressable electrochemical patterning technique (LAEPT) applied to poly(L-lysine)-graft-Petronis, S./Textor, M./ poly(ethylene glycol) adlayers on titanium and silicon oxide surfaces. Biotechnology and bioengineer-Keller, B.A./Vörös, J. ing 2005, 91(3), 285–295

Winkler, R./ Dauerbruch als Folge von korrosionsbedingten Kerben. Praktische Metallographie 2005, 42(2), Von Trzebiatowski, O./ 55–61 Zgraggen, M.

Zgraggen, M./Piskoty, G./ Schadensanalyse an einer gebrochenen Hebevorrichtung. Praktische Metallographie 2005, 42(6),Winkler, R./Trüllinger, S./ 304–317 Von Trzebiatowski, O.

Zgraggen, M./Trüllinger, S. Einfluss der Lagenzahl auf die Kerbschlagarbeit bei Lagen- bzw. Schweissdamast.Praktische Metallographie 2005, 42(5), 219–238

Functional Polymers Akurati, K.K./Vital, A./Hany, R./ One-step flame synthesis of SnO2/TiO2 composite nanoparticles for photocatalytic applications. Bommer, B./Graule, T.J./ International journal of photoenergy 2005, 7(4), 153–161 (second entry; for main entry, see under Winterer, M. first author in Dept «Advanced Materials and Surfaces», Lab «High Performance Ceramics»)

Burri, J./Crockett R./Hany, R./ Gasoline composition determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy, CEAC-ETHZ Annual Report 2005, p.Rentsch, D. 89

Farshad, M./Bianchi, S./ Long-term extrapolation of properties of polymeric waterproofing membranes. Materials and Löwe, Ch. Structures 2005, 38(279), 557–560 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept

«Civil and Mechanical Engineering»

Gabriel, F.L.P./Heidlberger, A./ A novel metabolic pathway for degradation of 4-nonylphenol environmental contaminants byRentsch, D./Giger, W./ Sphingomonas xenophaga Bayram – ipso-hydroxylation and intramolecular rearrangement. JournalGuenther, K./Kohler, H.-P.E. of biological chemistry 2005, 280(16), 15526–15533

Geiger, Th./Michel, F. Studies on the polysaccharide JunFunori used to consolidate matt paint. Studies in conservation 2005, 50(3), 193–204

122


Graeff, C.F.O./Silva, G.B./ Transport and recombination in organic light-emitting diodes studied by electrically detectedNüesch, F./Zuppiroli, L. magnetic resonance. European physical journal E 2005, 18(1), 21–28

Hany, R./Hartmann, R./ Chemical synthesis and characterization of POSS-functionalized poly[3-hydroxyalkanoates]. PolymerBöhlen, Ch./Brandenberger, S./ 2005, 46(14), 5025–5031 Kawada, J./Löwe, Ch./Zinn, M./Witholt, B./Marchessault, R.H.

Kaech, A./Hofer, M./Rentsch, D./ Metabolites and dead-end products from microbial oxidation of quaternaryammonium alcohols.Schnider, C./Egli, T. Biodegradation 2005, 16(5), 461–473

Meng, F./Hua, J./Chen, K./ Cyanine-fullerene dyad for application in broad spectral response photovoltaic devices. In: Tian, H./Zuppiroli, L./Nüesch, F. Conference on organic photovoltaics VI, San Diego, CA, USA, August 2, 2005, Spie proceedings

series, vol. 5938, p. 284–291

Meng, F./Hua, J./Chen, K./ Synthesis of novel cyanine-fullerene dyads for photovoltaic devices. Journal of materials chemistry Tian, H./Zuppiroli, L./Nüesch, F. 2005, 15(9), 979–986

Nüesch, F./Tornare, G./ Interface modification to optimize charge separation in cyanine heterojunction photovoltaic devices.Zuppiroli, L./Meng, F./Chen, K./ Solar energy materials & solar cells 2005, 87(1–4), 817–824 Tian, H.

Nüesch, F./Faes, A./Zuppiroli, L./ Counterion effects in cyanine heterojunction photovoltaic devices. Journal of materials science 2005, Meng, F./Chen, K./Tian, H. 40(6), 1353–1357

Nüesch, F./Berner, D./Tutis , E./ Doping-induced charge trapping in organic light-emitting devices. Advanced functional materialsSchaer, M./Ma, C./Wang, X./ 2005, 15(2), 323–330 Zhang, B./Zuppiroli, L.

Ren, Q./Grubelnik, A./ Bacterial poly(hydroxyalkanoates) as a source of chiral hydroxyalkanoic acids. Biomacromolecules Hoerler, M./Ruth, K./ 2005, 6(4), 2290–2298 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept «Materials andHartmann, R./Felber, H./Zinn, M. Systems for Protection and Wellbeing of the Human Body», Lab «Biomaterials»)

Zhang, X./Löwe, Ch./Wissler, M./ Dielectric elastomers in actuator technology. Advanced engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 361–367 Jähne, B./Kovacs, G.

Zinn, M./Hany, R. Tailored material properties of polyhydroxyalkanoates through biosynthesis and chemical modification. Advanced engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 408–411 (second entry; for main entry, seeunder first author in Dept «Materials and Systems for Protection and Wellbeing of the Human Body», Lab «Biomaterials»)

High Performance Akurati, K.K./Vital, A./Hany, R./ One-step flame synthesis of SnO2/TiO2 composite nanoparticles for photocatalytic applications.Ceramics Bommer, B./Graule, T.J./ International journal of photoenergy 2005, 7(4), 153–161

Winterer, M.

Barbieri, O./Hahn, M./ Capacitance limits of high surface area activated carbons for double layer capacitors. Carbon 2005,Herzog, A./Kötz, R. 43(5), 1303–1310

Barna, E./Bommer, B./ Innovative, scratch proof nanocomposites for clear coatings. Composites Part A 2005, 36(4),Kürsteiner, J./Vital, A./ 473–480 Von Trzebiatowski, O./Koch, W./Schmid, B./Graule, T.J.

Blugan, G./Orlovskaya, N./ Multi-layer silicon nitride laminates exhibiting high fracture toughness and crack deflection. KeyLewis, M./Kübler, J. engineering materials 2005, 280–283, 1863–1868

Blugan, G./Hadad, M./ Fractography, mechanical properties, and microstructure of commercial silicon nitride-titanium nitride Janczak-Rusch, J./Kübler, J./ composites. Journal of the American ceramic society 2005, 88(4), 926–933 Graule, T.J.

Blugan, G./Dobedoe, R.S./ Failure behaviour of high toughness multi-layer Si3N4 and Si3N4-TiN based laminates. Key Gee, I./Orlovskaya, N./Kübler, J. engineering materials 2005, 290, 175–182

Clemens, F. Kleider mutieren zu Computern. Swiss engineering 1005, 102(5), 2–3

Dittmann, R./Richter, J./Vital, A./ Influence of burner scale-up on characteristics of flame-synthesized titania and silica nanoparticles.Piazza, D./Aneziris, Ch./ Advanced engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 354–360 Graule, T.J.


123


Gee, I.A./Dobedoe, R.S./ Enhanced fracture toughness by ceramic laminate design. Advances in applied ceramics 2005,Vann, R./Lewis, M.H./Blugan, G./ 104(3), 103–109 Kübler, J.

Graule, T.J./Barna, E./ Synthesis of spherical, non-aggregated silica nanoparticles for nanocomposite coatings. KGK Bommer, B./Kürsteiner, J./ Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe 2005, 58(5), 252–255 Vital, A./Von Trzebiatowski, O./Schmid, B./Van Leeuwen, J./Koch, W.

Heiber, J./Clemens, F./ Thermoplastic extrusion to highly-loaded thin green fibres containing Pb(Zr,Ti)O3. AdvancedGraule, T.J./Hülsenberg, D. engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 404–408

Herzog, A./Thünemann, M./ Novel application of ceramic precursors for the fabrication of composites. Journal of the EuropeanVogt, U./Beffort, O. ceramic society 2005, 25(2–3), 187–192

Holtappels, P./Vogt, U./ Ceramic materials for advanced solid oxide fuel cells. Advanced engineering materials 2005, 7(5), Graule, T.J. 292–298

Kübler, J./Bächtold, R./ Failure analysis on a De-NOx catalyst of a large waste burner. Key engineering materials 2005, 290,Blugan, G./Lemster, K./Fuso, S. 78–85

Kürsteiner, J./Bommer, B./ Kratzfeste Klarlacke mit nanoskaligem Siliziumoxyd. Bautenschutz 2005, (1), 18–23, 2005, (4), Barna, E./Vital, A./ 14–19Von Trzebiatowski, O./Graule, T.J./Koch, W./Schmid, B.

Lemster, K./Graule, T.J./Kübler, J. Processing and microstructure of metal matrix composites prepared by pressureless Ti-activated infiltration using Fe-base and Ni-base alloys. Materials science and engineering A 2005, 393(1–2), 229–238

Lugovy, M./Slyunyayev, V./ Apparent fracture toughness of Si3N4-based laminates with residual compressive or tensile stresses Orlovskaya, N./Blugan, G./ in surface layers. Acta materialia 2005, 53(2), 289–296 Kübler, J./Lewis, M.

Moser, B./Kübler, J./ Observation of instabilities during plastic deformation by in-situ SEM indentation experiments.Meinhard, H./Muster, W./ Advanced engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 388–392 (second entry; for main entry, see under first Michler, J. author in Dept «Advanced Materials and Surfaces», Lab «Materials Technology»)

Orlovskaya, N./Kübler, J./ Design of Si3N4-based ceramic laminates by the residual stresses. Journal of materials scienceSubbotin, V./Lugovy, M. 2005, 40(20), 5443–5450

Sfeir, J./Vaucher, S./ Characterization of perovskite powders for cathode and oxygen membranes made by different Holtappels, P./Vogt, U./ synthesis routes. Journal of the European ceramic society 2005, 25(12), 1991–1995 (second entry;Schindler, H.J./Van Herle, J./ for main entry, see under first author in Dept «Advanced Materials and Surfaces», Lab «MaterialsSuvorova, E./Buffat, Ph.-A./ Technology») Perret, D./Xanthopoulos, N./Bucheli, O.

Thünemann, M./Beffort, O./ Effect of processing method on properties of preceramic polymer-bound SiC preforms and Kleiner, S./Vogt, U. Al-based MMCs. Cfi-Ceramic forum international 2005, 82(13), 240–244

Verbraeken, M.C./ Electrochemical characterisation of supporting SOFC anodes. In: Ninth int. symposium on solid Boukamp, B.A./Blank, D.H.A./ oxide fuel cells (SOFC-IX), Canada, Quebec, May 15–20, 2005, vol. 2, p.1218–1225Holtappels, P./Vogt, U.

Vogt, U./Brönstrup, A./ Poröse Yb2O3 Keramikemitter für die Thermophotovoltaik. Cfi-Ceramic forum international 2005, Thünemann, M./Durisch, W./ 82(13), 231–234 Tobler, W./Graule, T.J.

Wegmann, M./Heiber, J./ Forming of noncircular cross-section SiO2 glass fibers. Glass science and technology 2005, 78(2), Clemens, F./Graule, T.J./ 69–75 Hülsenberg, D./Schuster, K.

Zürcher, S./Graule, T.J. Influence of dispersant structure on the rheological properties of highly-concentrated zirconia dispersions. Journal of the European ceramic society 2005, 25(6), 863–873


124


Joining and Interface Blugan, G./Hadad, M./ Fractography, mechanical properties, and microstructure of commercial silicon nitride-titaniumTechnology Janczak-Rusch, J./Kübler, J./ nitride composites. Journal of the American ceramic society 2005, 88(4), 926–933 (third entry; for

Graule, T.J. main entry, see under first author in Dept «Advanced Materials and Surfaces», Lab «High Performance Ceramics»)

Dong, Z.Z./Kajiwara, S./ Effect of pre-deformation at room temperature on shape memory properties of stainless typeKikuchi, T./Sawaguchi, T. Fe-15Mn-5Si-9Cr-5Ni-(0.5–1.5)NbC alloys. Acta materialia 2005, 53(15), 4009–4018

Elsener, H.R./Klotz, U.E./ The role of binder content on microstructure and properties of a Cu-base active brazing filler metalKhalid, F.A./Piazza, D./Kiser, M. for diamond and cBN. Advanced engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 375–380

Janczak-Rusch, J. Brazing and characterisation of advanced ceramic joints. In: 29th Int. conference on advanced ceramics and composites, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA, January 23–28, 2005. Publ.on CD and also in: ceramic engineering and science proceedings (CESP), 2005, 26(2–8). This article is published in issue 2, p. 391–398

Janczak-Rusch, J./Piazza, D./ Joining of SiC fibre reinforced borosilicate glass matrix composites to molybdenum by metal andBoccaccini, A.R. silicate brazing. Journal of materials science 2005, 40(14), 3693–3701

Kleiner, S./Bertocco, F./ Reactively synthesized nanostructured PM aluminium composite – microstructure stability andKhalid, F.A./Beffort, O. elevated temperature hardness response. Advanced engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 380–383

(second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept «Advanced Materials and Surfaces», Lab «Materials Technology»)

Klotz, U.E./Henderson, M.B./ Manufacture and microstructural characterisation of bimetallic gas turbine discs. Materials science Wilcock, I.M./Davies, S./ and technology 2005, 21(2), 218–224 Janschek, P./Roth, M./Gasser, Ph./McColvin, G.

Liu, C./Klotz, U.E./ Thermodynamic Assessment of the Sn-Ti System. Monatshefte für Chemie 2005, 136(11), Uggowitzer, P.J./Löffler, J.F. 1921–1930

Wolczynski, W./Guzik, E./ Macro/micro gradient of solute concentration during solidification of the Ni/Al/Ni interconnections. Kloch, J./Janczak-Rusch, J. Archives of metallurgy and materials 2005, 50(1), 231–240

Materials Technology Bandyopadhyay, P.P./ Friction and wear behavior of vacuum plasma-sprayed Ti-Zr-Ni quasicrystal coatings. Surface and Siegmann, S. coatings technology 2005, 197(1), 1–9

Berger, B./Haas, B./Vaucher, S./ Synthesis, characterization and reactivity of silicon nano particles for pyrotechnical applications. In:Leparoux, M./Dvorak, M./ 36th Int. annual conference of ICT combined with 32th int. pyrotechnics seminar, Karlsruhe,Schreuders, C. Germany, June 28–July 1, 2005, 13 p.

Blugan, G./Hadad, M./ Fractography, mechanical properties, and microstructure of commercial siliconnitride-titanium nitrideJanczak-Rusch, J./Kübler, J./ composites. Journal of the American ceramic society 2005, 88(4), 926–933 (second entry; for mainGraule, T.J. entry, see under first author in Dept «Advanced Materials and Surfaces», Lab «High Performance

Ceramics»)

Domanski, K./Janus, P./ Design, fabrication and characterization of force sensors for nanorobot. Microelectronic engineeringGrabiec, P./Perez, R./Chaillet, N./ 2005, 78–79, 171–177 Fahlbusch, S./Sill, A./Fatikow, S.

Fahlbusch, S./Mazerolle, S./ Nanomanipulation in a scanning electron microscope. Journal of materials processing technologyBreguet, J.-M./Steinecker, A./ 2005, 167( 2–3), 371–382 Agnus, J./Perez, R./Michler, J.

Gassilloud, R./Ballif, Ch./ Deformation mechanisms of silicon during nanoscratching. Physica status solidi (a) 2005, 202(15),Gasser, P./Bürki, G./Michler, J. 2858–2869

Haug, F.-J./Bonderer, L./ Control of the nitrogen content in nanocomposite TiN/SiNx coatings deposited by an arc-sputterSchwaller, P./Patscheider, J./ hybrid process. Composites science and technology 2005, 65(5), 799–803 (second entry; for mainTobler, M./Karimi, A. entry, see under first author in Dept «Advanced Materials and Surfaces», Lab «Nanoscale Materials

Science»)

Herzog, A./Thünemann, M./ Novel application of ceramic precursors for the fabrication of composites. Journal of the EuropeanVogt, U./Beffort, O. ceramic society 2005, 25(2–3), 187–192 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept

«Advanced Materials and Surfaces», Lab «High Performance Ceramics»)


125


Hueppe, M./Schlierf, U./ Electrochemical structuring of mechanically activated n-InP(100) surfaces. Physica status solidi (c) Gassilloud, R./Michler, J./ 2005, 2(9), 3359–3364Schmuki, P.

Jaeggi, Ch./Kern, P./Michler, J./ Anodic thin films on titanium used as masks for surface micropatterning of biomedical devices.Zehnder, Th./Siegenthaler, H. Surface and coatings technology 2005, 200(5–6), 1913–1919

Kleiner, S./Bertocco, F./ Reactively synthesized nanostructured PM aluminium composite – microstructure stability and Khalid, F.A./Beffort, O. elevated temperature hardness response. Advanced engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 380–383

Kleiner, S./Bertocco, F./ Decomposition of process control agent during mechanical milling and its influence on displacementKhalid, F.A./Beffort, O. reactions in the Al-TiO2 system. Materials chemistry and physics 2005, 89(2–3), 362–366

Leparoux, M./Schreuders, C./ Induction plasma synthesis of carbide nanopowders. Advanced engineering materials 2005, 7(5), Shin, J.-W./Siegmann, S. 349–353

Margadant, N./Büchler, M. A novel laterally resolving method for characterizing the defect structure in thermal-sprayed coatings.Corrosion 2005, 61(10), 923–932

Michler, J./Rabe, R./ Investigation of wear mechanisms through in situ observation during microscratching inside theBucaille, J.-L./Moser, B./ scanning electron microscope. Wear 2005, 259(1–6), 18–26 Schwaller, P./Breguet, J.-M.

Moser, B./Kübler, J./ Observation of instabilities during plastic deformation by in-situ SEM indentation experiments.Meinhard, H./Muster, W./ Advanced engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 388–392 Michler, J.

Moser, B./Weber, L./ Damage accumulation during cyclic loading of a continuous alumina fibre reinforced aluminium Mortensen, A composite. Scripta materialia 2005, 53(10), 1111–1115

Rossoll, A./Moser, B./ Longitudinal deformation of fibre reinforced metals: influence of fibre distribution on stiffness and flowMortensen, A. stress. Mechanics of materials 2005, 37(1), 1–17

Schwaller, P./Haug, F.-J./ Nanocomposite hard coatings: deposition issues and validation of their mechanical properties.Michler, J./Patscheider, J. Advanced engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 318–322

Schwaller, P./Fischer, A./ Single-target DC-pulsed deposition of lead zirconate titanate thin films: Investigation of the chemical Thapliyal, R./Aeberhard, M./ and mechanical properties by glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy and nanoindentation.Michler, J./Hug, H.J. Surface and coatings technology 2005, 200(5–6), 1566–1571

Sfeir, J./Vaucher, S./ Characterization of perovskite powders for cathode and oxygen membranes made by differentHoltappels, P./Vogt, U./ synthesis routes. Journal of the European ceramic society 2005, 25(12), 1991-1995 Schindler, H.J./Van Herle, J./Suvorova, E./Buffat, Ph.-A./Perret, D./Xanthopoulos, N./Bucheli, O.

Siegmann, S. News from institutes and research centers around the world: Empa – Materials science and technology. Journal of thermal spray technology 2005, 14(1), 9–13

Siegmann, S./Leparoux, M./ The role of nano-particles in the field of thermal spray coating technology. In: Opto-Ireland 2005 onRohr, L. nanotechnology and nanophotonics, Dublin, Ireland, April 4–6, 2005, Spie proceedings series, vol.

5824, p. 224–231

Siegmann, S./Dvorak, M./ Shear testing for characterizing the adhesive and cohesive coating strength without the need ofGrützner, H./Nassenstein, K./ adhesives. In: Int. thermal spray conference and exposition (ITSC 2005), Basel, Switzerland, May Walter, A. 2–4, 2005, p. 823–829

Siegmann, S./Leparoux, M./ Quenching the inductively coupled thermal plasma for nanoparticle synthesis. In: 17th Int. Schreuders, C./Shin, J.-W./ symposium on plasma chemistry (ISPC17), Toronto, Canada, August 7–12, 2005, 5 p.Rohr, L.

Thapliyal, R./Schwaller, P./ PZT thin film deposition on Si wafers and optical fibers prepared by reactive DC pulsed magnetronAmberg, M./Haug, F.-J./ sputtering from a single metallic target. Surface and coatings technology 2005, 200(1–4), Fortunato, G./Hegemann, D./ 1051–1056 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept «Materials and Systems forHug, H.J./Fischer, A. Protection and Wellbeing of the Human Body», Lab «Functional Fibers and Textiles»)


126


Thünemann, M./Beffort, O./ Effect of processing method on properties of preceramic polymer-bound SiC preforms and Al-basedKleiner, S./Vogt, U. MMCs. Cfi-Ceramic forum international 2005, 82(13), 240–244 (second entry; for main entry, see

under first author in Dept «Advanced Materials and Surfaces», Lab «High Performance Ceramics»)

Utke, I./Michler, J./Gasser, Ph./ Cross section investigations of compositions and sub-structures of tips obtained by focusedSantschi, Ch./Laub, D./ electron beam induced deposition. Advanced engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 323–331 Cantoni, M./Buffat, Ph.-A./Jiao, C./Hoffmann, P.

Vaucher, S./Ricard, C./ Contact-less volumetric temperature monitoring by microwave radiometry during microwave heatingDubois, L./Pribetich, J. of metal ceramic composite powders. In: 10th Int. conference on microwave and high frequency

heating. Modena, Italy, September 12–15, 2005, 4 p.

Vjunitsky, I./Bandyopadhyay, P.P./ Thermosphysical properties and deposition of B2 structure based Al-Ni-Ru-M alloys. Surface and Siegmann, S./Dvorak, M./ coatings technology 2005, 192(2–3), 131–138 Schönfeld, E./Kaiser, T./Steurer, W./Shklover, V.

Wasmer, K./Ballif, Ch./ Cleavage fracture of brittle semiconductors from the nanometer to the centimeter scale. AdvancedGassilloud, R./Pouvreau, C./ engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 309–317 Rabe, R./Michler, J./Breguet, J.-M./Solletti, J.-M./Karimi, A./Schulz, D.

Wasmer, K./Nikbin, K.M./ Sensivity of creep crack initiation and growth in plates to material properties variations. Journal of Webster, G.A. ASTM international (electronic-only journal) 2005, 2(1), 15 p. Link auf Volltext:

http://journalsip.astm.org/JOURNALS/JAI/jai_home.html

Zimmermann, T./Pöhler, E./ Mechanical and morphological properties of cellulose fibril reinforced nanocomposites. AdvancedSchwaller, P. engineering materials 2005, 7(12), 1156–1161 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in

Dept «Civil and Mechanical Engineering», Lab «Wood»)

Nanoscale Materials Bruinink, A./Schroeder, A./ In vitro studies on the effect of delaminated a-C:H film fragments on bone marrow cell cultures.Science Francz, G./Hauert, R. Biomaterials 2005, 26(17), 3487–3494 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept

«Materials and Systems for Protection and Wellbeing of the Human Body», Lab «Materials Biology Interactions»)

Brunner, S./Richner, P./Müller, U./ Accelerated weathering device for service life prediction for organic coatings. Polymer testing 2005,Guseva, O. 24(1), 25–31 (third entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept «Advanced Materials and

Surfaces», Lab «Corrosion and Materials Integrity»)

Crockett, R./Roos, S./ Imaging of the surface of human and bovine articular cartilage with ESEM and AFM. Tribology letters Rossbach, P./Dora, C./Born, W./ 2005, 19(4), 311–317 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept «Materials andTroxler, H. Systems for Protection and Wellbeing of the Human Body», Lab «Materials Biology Interactions»)

Giraud, A./Cluzel, J./Sousa, V./ Thermal characterization and analysis of phase change random access memory. Journal of appliedJacquot, A./Dauscher, A./ physics 2005, 98(1), 013520/1–7 Lenoir, B./Scherrer, H./Romer, S.

Haug, F.-J./Bonderer, L./ Control of the nitrogen content in nanocomposite TiN/SiNx coatings deposited by an arc-sputterSchwaller, P./Patscheider, J./ hybrid process. Composites science and technology 2005, 65(5), 799–803 Tobler, M./Karimi, A.

Hess, H./Clemmens, J./ Molecular self-assembly of «nanowires» and «nanospools» using active transport. Nano letters 2005, Brunner, Ch./Doot, R./Luna, S./ 5(4), 629–633 Ernst, K.-H./Vogel, V.

Hoffmann, R./Barth, C./ Measuring site-specific cluster – surface bond formation. Journal of the American chemical society Foster, A.S./Shluger, A.L./ 2005, 127(50), 17863–17866 Hug, H.J./Güntherodt, H.-J./Nieminen, R.M./Reichling, M.

Hoogenboom, B.W./ A Fabry-Perot interferometer for micrometer-sized cantilevers. Applied physics letters 2005, 86(7),Frederix, P.L.T.M./Yang, J.L./ 074101/1–3 Martin, S./Pellmont, Y./Steinacher, M./Zäch, S./Langenbach, E./Heimbeck, H.-J./Engel, A./Hug, H.J.


127


Kappenberger, P./Schmid, I./ Investigation of the exchange bias effect by quantitative magnetic force microscopy. AdvancedHug, H.J. engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 332–338

Lussi, J.W./Tang, C./ Selective molecular assembly patterning at the nanoscale: a novel platform for producing proteinKuenzi, P.-A./Staufer, U./ patterns by electron-beam lithography on SiO2/indium tin oxide-coated glass substrates.Csucs, G./Vörös, J./Danuser, G./ Nanotechnology 2005, 16(9), 1781–1786 Hubbell, J.A./Textor, M.

Moser, A./Xiao, M./ High-resolution magnetic force microscopy study of high-density transitions in perpendicular Kappenberger, P./Takano, K./ recording media. Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials 2005, 287, 298–302 Weresin, W./Ikeda, Y./Do, H./Hug, H.J.

Parschau, M./Kampen, T./ Homochirality in monolayers of achiral meso tartaric acid. Chemical physics letters 2005, 407(4–6), Ernst, K.-H. 433–437

Patscheider, J./Haug, F.-J. Understanding nanostructured hard coatings – the importance of interfaces and interphases. Zeitschrift für Metallkunde 2005, 96(5), 493–495

Romer, S./Behzadi, B./Fasel, R./ Homochiral conglomerates and racemic crystals in two dimensions: tartaric acid on Cu(110).Ernst, K.-H. Chemistry-a European journal 2005, 11(14), 4149–4154

Schwaller, P./Haug, F.-J./ Nanocomposite hard coatings: deposition issues and validation of their mechanical properties. Michler, J./Patscheider, J. Advanced engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 318–322 (second entry; for main entry, see under first

author in Dept «Advanced Materials and Surfaces», Lab «Materials Technology»)

Schwaller, P./Fischer, A./ Single-target DC-pulsed deposition of lead zirconate titanate thin films: Investigation of the chemical Thapliyal, R./Aeberhard, M./ and mechanical properties by glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy and nanoindentation.Michler, J./Hug, H.J. Surface and coatings technology 2005, 200(5–6), 1566–1571 (third entry; for main entry, see under

first author in Dept «Advanced Materials and Surfaces», Lab «Materials Technology»)

Tang, C.S./Schmutz, P./ Locally addressable electrochemical patterning technique ( LAEPT) applied to poly(L-lysine)-graft-Petronis, S./Textor, M./ poly(ethylene glycol) adlayers on titanium and silicon oxide surfaces. Biotechnology andKeller, B.A./Vörös, J. bioengineering 2005, 91(3), 285–295

Thapliyal, R./Schwaller, P./ PZT thin film deposition on Si wafers and optical fibers prepared by reactive DC pulsed magnetronAmberg, M./Haug, F.-J./ sputtering from a single metallic target. Surface and coatings technology 2005, 200(1–4), Fortunato, G./Hegemann, D./ 1051–1056 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept «Materials and Systems for Hug, H.J./Fischer, A. Protection and Wellbeing of the Human Body», Lab «Functional Fibers and Textiles»)

Yang, J.L./Despont, M./ Miniaturized single-crystal silicon cantilevers for scanning force microscopy. Applied physics lettersDrechsler, U./ 2005, 86(13), 134101/1–3 Hoogenboom, B.W./Frederix, P.L.T.M./Martin, S./Engel, A./Vettiger, P./Hug, H.J.

nanotech@surfaces Barranco, A./Bielmann, M./ Plasma polymerization of rhodamine 6G thin films. Advanced engineering materials 2005, 7(5),Widmer, R./Gröning, P. 396–400

Barranco, A./Yubero, F./ Electronic state characterization of SiOx thin films prepared by evaporation. Journal of appliedEspinós, J.P./Gröning, P./ physics 2005, 97(11), 113714/1–8 González-Elipe, A.R.

Bielmann, M. Surface scientific aspects of materials relevant to tribology. PhD thesis submitted to the University of Fribourg (Switzerland), dissertation no. 1467, 2004/05, 126 p.

Bielmann, M./Barranco, A./ Formation of Al4Cu9 on the 5 fold surface of icosahedral AlPdMn. Advanced engineering materialsRuffieux, P./Gröning, O./ 2005, 7(5), 392–396 Fasel, R./Widmer, R./Gröning, P.

Gröning, P. Nanotechnology: an approach to mimic natural architectures and concepts. Advanced engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 279–291

Gross, L./Moresco, F./ Tailoring molecular self-organization by chemical synthesis: hexaphenylbenzene, hexa-peri-Ruffieux, P./Gourdon, A./ hexabenzocoronene, and derivatives on Cu (111). Physical review B 2005, 71(16), 165428/1–7 Joachim, C./Rieder, K.-H.


128


Kubler, L./Aït-Mansour, K./ Bidimensional intercalation of Ge between SiC(0001) and a heteroepitaxial graphite top layer. Diani, M./Dentel, D./ Physical review B 2005, 72(11), 115319/1–10 Bischoff, J.-L./Derivaz, M.

Minoux, E./Gröning, O./ Achieving high-current carbon nanotube emitters. Nano letters 2005, 5(11), 2135–2138 Teo, K.B.K./Dalal, S.H./Gangloff, L./Schnell, J.-P./Hudanski, L./Bu, I.Y.Y./Vincent, P./Legagneux, P./Amaratunga, G.A.J./Milne, W.I.

Romer, S./Behzadi, B./Fasel, R./ Homochiral conglomerates and racemic crystals in two dimensions: tartaric acid on Cu(110). Ernst, K.-H. Chemistry-a European journal 2005, 11(14), 4149–4154 (second entry; for main entry, see under first

author in Dept «Advanced Materials and Surfaces», Lab «Nanoscale Materials Science»)

Ruffieux, P./Melle-Franco, M./ Charge-density oscillation on graphite induced by the interference of electron waves. Physical reviewGröning, O./Bielmann, M./ B 2005, 71(15), 153403/1–4 Zerbetto, F./Gröning, P.

Tamai, A./Seitsonen, A.P./ Doping-induced reorientation of C60 molecules on Ag(111). Physical review B 2005, 72(8), Fasel, R./Shen, Z.-X./ 085421-1-5 Osterwalder, J./Greber, T.

Civil and Mechanical Engineering

Brunner, A.J./Barbezat, M./ The potential of active fiber composites made from piezoelectric fibers for actuating and sensing Huber, Ch./Flüeler, P. applications in structural health monitoring. Materials and Structures 2005, 38(279), 561–567

(second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept «Materials and Systems for Civil Engineering», Lab «Materials and Engineering»)

Brunner, A.J./Flüeler, P. Prospects in fracture mechanics of 'engineering' laminates. Engineering fracture mechanics 2005,72(6), 899–908 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept «Materials and Systems for Civil Engineering», Lab «Materials and Engineering»)

Brunner, S./Richner, P./ Accelerated weathering device for service life prediction for organic coatings. Polymer testing 2005,Müller, U./Guseva, O. 24(1), 25–31 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept "Advanced Materials and

Surfaces", Lab "Corrosion and Materials Integrity")

Farshad, M. Determination of the long-term hydrostatic strength of multilayer pipes. Polymer testing 2005, 24(8), 1041–1048

Farshad, M. Rohrberechnungsprogramm. Neue Version des ADAP. Gas-Wasser-Abwasser 2004, 84(12), 899–911

Farshad, M./Bianchi, S. Long-term extrapolation of properties of polymeric waterproofing membranes. Materials and Löwe, Ch. Structures 2005, 38(279), 557-560

Farshad, M./Le Roux, M. Compression properties of magnetostrictive polymer composite gels. Polymer testing 2005, 24(2),163–168

Farshad, M./Lübben, J.F./ Magnetostrictive polymer composite fibers. In: 5th Int. conference on intelligent processing andHalbeisen, M./Hufenus, R./ manufacturing of materials (IPMM'05), Monterey, CA, USA, July 19–23, 2005Le Roux, M./Clemens, F.

Farshad, M./Necola, A./ Service life prediction of GFRP pipes in aggressive environments. In: Second int. conference on FRPFlüeler, P. composites in civil engineering (CICE 2004), Adelaide, Australia, December 8-10, 2004, p. 931–936

Meier, U. An introduction to the CFRP stays of the Stork bridge in Winterthur. In: COBRAE conference 2005on bridge engineering with polymer composites, Empa Dübendorf, Switzerland, March 30–April 1, 2005, 7 p.

Meier, U. Erfahrungen mit der Anwendung von CFK im Bauwesen. Publ. in: Faserverbundwerkstoffe: Innovationen im Bauwesen, Beiträge aus Praxis und Wissenschaft, Hg: F. Dehn, K. Holschemacher und N.V. Tue. Berlin: Bauwerk Verlag, 2005, p. 19–38. ISBN 3-89932-111-1

Meier, U./Stöcklin, I. A novel carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) system for post-strengthening. In: Int. conference onconcrete repair, rehabilitation and retrofitting (ICCRRR 2005), Cape Town, South Africa, November 21-23, 2005. Leiden: Taylor & Francis/Balkema, 2006, p. 477–479 (extended abstract; full length paper on enclosed CD). ISBN 0-415-39656-5


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Snedeker, J.G./Barbezat, M./ Strain energy density as a rupture criterion for the kidney: impact tests on porcine organs, finiteNiederer, P./Schmidlin, F.R./ element simulation, and a baseline comparison between human and porcine tissues. Journal of Farshad, M. biomechanics 2005, 38(5), 993–1001 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept

«Civil and Mechanical Engineering», Lab «Materials and Engineering»)

Snedeker, J.G./Niederer, P./ Biomechanics of renal trauma: understanding injury through numerical simulation. Publ. in: Recent Farshad, Ma./Farshad, M. research developments in biomechanics, vol. 2. Kerala, India: Transworld research network, 2005, p.

15–42. ISBN 81-7895-177-0

Snedeker, J.G./Niederer, P./ Strain-rate dependent material properties of the porcine and human kidney capsule. Journal of Schmidlin, F.R./Farshad, M./ biomechanics 2005, 38(5), 1011–1021 Demetropoulos, C.K./Lee, J.B./Yang, K.H.

Building Technologies Brunner, S./Simmler, H. Monitoring of VIP in building applications. In: 7th Int. vacuum insulation symposium, Dübendorf, Switzerland, September 28–29, 2005, p. 35–41

Bundi, R./Nussbaumer, T./ Messtechnische und rechnerische Untersuchungen an einer mit Vakuum-Isolations-Paneelen Tanner, Ch./Mühlebach, H. gedämmten Holztür. Bauphysik 2005, 27(1), 21–27

Christen, R./Bergamini, A./ Full-scale, low-temperature mechanical testing of prestressing systems. Experimental mechanics Ghazi Wakili, K. 2005, 45(1), 96–100 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept «Materials and

Systems for Civil Engineering», Lab «Structural Engineering»)

Dorer, V./Tanner, Ch./Weber, A. Airtightness of buildings. Ventilation information paper 2004, (8), 1–8

Dorer, V./Weber, R./Weber, A. Performance assessment of fuel cell micro-cogeneration systems for residential buildings. Energy and buildings 2005, 37(11), 1132–1146

Favarolo, P.A./Manz, H. Temperature-driven single-sided ventilation through a large rectrangular opening. Building and environment 2005, 40(5), 689–699

Feist, W.C./Schnieders, J./ Re-inventing air heating: convenient and comfortable within the frame of the passive house concept. Dorer, V./Haas, A. Energy and buildings 2005, 37(11), 1186–1203

Frank, Th. Climate change impacts on building heating and cooling energy demand in Switzerland. Energy andbuildings 2005, 37(11), 1175–1185

Güntensperger, W./Gwerder, M./ Control of concrete core conditioning systems. In: 8th REHVA world congress for buildingHaas, A./Lehmann, B./ technologies (Clima 2005), Lausanne, Switzerland, October 9–12, 2005, 8 p.Renggli, F./Tödtli, J.

Koschenz, M./Pfeiffer, A. Potenzial Wohngebäude – Energie und Gebäudetechnik für die 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft. Zürich: Faktor Verlag, 2005. Schriftenreihe Nachhaltigkeit, 127 p. ISBN 3-905711-00-1

Koschenz, M./Pfeiffer, A. Steps towards a 2000 Watt society in the residential building stock. In: 8th REHVA world congress for building technologies (Clima 2005), Lausanne, Switzerland, October 9–12, 2005, 11 p.

Lehmann, B./Weber, R./ Thermal storage in building structures: thermally activated building systems (tabs). Publ. in: Thermal Hadorn, J.-C. energy storage for solar and low energy buildings, ed.: Hadorn, J.-C. Hsg.: Int. Energy Agency, solar

heating & cooling programme, 2005, p. 15–18. ISBN 84-8409-877-X

Manz, H./Frank, Th. Thermal simulation of buildings with double-skin façades. Energy and buildings 2005, 37(11), 1114–1121

Nussbaumer, T./Bundi, R./ Thermal analysis of a wooden door system with integrated vacuum insulation panels. Energy andTanner, Ch./Mühlebach, H. buildings 2005, 37(11), 1107–1113

Pfeiffer, A./Koschenz, M./ Energy and building technolgy for the 2000 W society – potential of residential buildings in Wokaun, A. Switzerland. Energy and buildings 2005, 37(11), 1158–1174

Simmler, H./Brunner, S. Vacuum insulation panels for building application. Basic properties, aging mechanisms and servicelife. Energy and buildings 2005, 37(11), 1122–1131

Simmler, H. High performance thermal insulations: Aktivitäten und Ergebnisse des IEA Annex 39. In: 2. Fachtagung VIP-Bau über Erfahrungen aus der Praxis, Wismar, Germany, June 16–17, 2005, 13 p.

Simmler, H./Brunner, S. Aging and service life of VIP in buildings. In: 7th Int. vacuum insulation symposium, Dübendorf,Switzerland, September 28–29, 2005, p. 15–22

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Weber, T./Jóhannesson, G. An optimized RC-network for thermally activated building components. Building and environment2005, 40(1), 1–14

Weber, T./Jóhannesson, G./ Validation of a FEM-program (frequency-domain) and a simplified RC-model (time-domain) for Koschenz, M./Lehmann, B./ thermally activated building component systems (TABS) using measurement data. Energy andBaumgartner, T. buildings 2005, 37(7), 707–724

Würsch, M. Klassierungssystem zum Brandverhalten verschiedener Holzarten. Diplomarbeit an der Hochschule für Architektur, Bau und Holz, Biel, 2005, 73 p. + appendix.

Xiao, S.-J./Wieland, M./ Surface reactions of 4-aminothiophenol with heterobifunctional crosslinkers bearing bothBrunner, S. (publ. outside of Empa) succinimidyl ester and maleimide for biomolecular immobilization. Journal of colloid and interface

science 2005, 290(1), 172–183

Zimmermann, M./Althaus, H.-J./ Benchmarks for sustainable construction. A contribution to develop a standard. Energy andHaas, A. buildings 2005, 37(11), 1147–1157

Zimmermann, M. Geeignete Systeme für effizientes Kühlen. Erneuerbare Energie – Zeitschrift für eine nachhaltige Energiezukunft 2005, (2), 21–24

Zimmermann, M. Passivhaus und 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft – Welches sind die Herausforderungen einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung? In: 9. Passivhaustagung, Ludwigshafen, Germany, April 29–30, 2005, p. 303–310

Zimmermann, M. (editor) 7th Int. vacuum insulation symposium. Duebendorf, Switzerland, September 28–29, 2005, 205 p.

Concrete/Construction Hesselbarth, D./Kaufmann, J. Properties of short fiber reinforced cement paste for concrete tubes produced by centrifugationChemistry method. In: Thin reinforced cement-based products and construction systems, ed.: Dubey,

A. Michigan: American Concrete Institute, 2004. ACI SP-224, p. 113–126. ISBN 0-87031-159-X

Hoffmann, C. Recyclingbeton zwischen Ökologie und Qualität. tec21 2005, 130(3-4), 24–27

Hoffmann, C. Recyclingbeton. Schweizer Baujournal 2005, 70(3), 72–73

Jenni, A./Holzer, L./ Influence of polymers on microstructure and adhesive strength of cementitious tile adhesive mortars. Zurbriggen, R./Herwegh, M. Cement and concrete research 2005, 35(1), 35–50

Kaufmann, J./Hesselbarth, D./ Application of fiber reinforced high performance composites in spun-cast elements. Materials and Moser, K./Terrasi, G.P. Structures 2005, 38(279), 549–555

Leemann, A./Thalmann, C./ Alkali-aggregate reaction in Swiss tunnels. Materials and Structures 2005, 38(277), 381–386 Studer, W.

Leemann, A./Holzer, L. Alkali-aggregate reaction – identifying reactive silicates in complex aggregates by ESEM observation of dissolution features. Cement & concrete composites 2005, 27(7–8), 796–801

Leemann, A./Hoffmann, C. Properties of self-compacting and conventional concrete – differences and similarities. Magazine of concrete research 2005, 57(6), 315–319

Lothenbach, B. Erkenntnisse aus einer Untersuchung an Betonkörpern bei heissem Wetter. Auf die Nachbehandlungkommt es an. Dimension 2005, (1), 8–9

Moser, K./Bergamini, A./ Feasibility of concrete prestressed by shape memory alloy short fibers. Materials and StructuresChristen, R./Czaderski, Ch. 2005, 38(279), 593–600

Obst, M./Gasser, Ph./ TEM-specimen preparation of cell/mineral interfaces by focused ion beam milling. American Mavrocordatos, D./Dittrich, M. mineralogist 2005, 90(8–9), 1270–1277

Romer, M. Effect of moisture and concrete composition on the Torrent permeability measurement. Materials andStructures 2005, 38(279), 541–547

Romer, M. Comparative test – Part I – Comparative test of 'penetrability' methods. Materials and Structures2005, 38(284), 895–906

Turkulin, H./Holzer, L./ Application of the ESEM technique in wood research: part I. Optimization of imaging parameters andRichter, K./Sell, J. working conditions. Wood and Fiber Science 2005, 37(4), 552–564 (second entry; for main entry,

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131


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Utke, I./Michler, J./Gasser, Ph./ Cross section investigations of compositions and sub-structures of tips obtained by focused Santschi, Ch./Laub, D./ electron beam induced deposition. Advanced engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 323–331 (second Cantoni, M./Buffat, Ph.-A./ entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept «Advanced Materials and Surfaces», Lab Jiao, C./Hoffmann, P. «Materials Technology»)

Winnefeld, F./Lothenbach, B./ Einflüsse verschiedener Sulfatträger auf die Hydratation von Portlandzement – eine praxisnaheFigi, R./Rytz, G./Plötze, M. Studie. Zement Kalk Gips – ZKG international 2005, 58(3), 62–70

Materials and Brunner, A.J./Barbezat, M./ The potential of active fiber composites made from piezoelectric fibers for actuating and sensing Engineering Huber, Ch./Flüeler, P. applications in structural health monitoring. Materials and Structures 2005, 38(279), 561–567

Brunner, A.J./Flüeler, P. Prospects in fracture mechanics of 'engineering' laminates. Engineering fracture mechanics 2005,72(6), 899–908

Farshad, M./Necola, A./Flüeler, P. Service life prediction of GFRP pipes in aggressive environments. In: Second int. conference on FRPcomposites in civil engineering (CICE 2004), Adelaide, Australia, December 8–10, 2004, p. 931– 936

Huber, Ch./Spori, D.M./ Active fibre composites: optimization of the manufacturing process and their poling behavior. In: 12thMelnykowycz, M./Barbezat, M. Int. symposium on smart structures and materials 2005: active materials: behavior and mechanics,

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Kieselbach, R./Krieg, R. Limit strains for severe accident conditions applicable for nuclear power plants. Journal of the mechanical behavior of materials 2005, 16(4–5), 345–362

Kieselbach, R./Krieg, R. Size effect in strain limits of medium strength steel. Journal of testing and evaluation 2005, 33(5),348–355

Kornmann, X./Rees, M./ Epoxy-layered silicate nanocomposites as matrix in glass fibre-reinforced composites. CompositesThomann, Y./Necola, A./ science and technology 2005, 65(14), 2259–2268 Barbezat, M./Thomann, R.

Kress, G./Roos, R./ Model for interlaminar normal stress in single curved laminates. Composite structures 2005, 69(4),Barbezat, M./Dransfeld, C./ 458–469 Ermanni, P.

Melnykowycz, M./ Integration of active fiber composite (AFC) sensors/actuators into glass/epoxy laminates. In: 12th Int. Kornmann, X./Huber, Ch./ symposium on smart structures and materials 2005: active materials: behavior and mechanics, San Brunner, A.J./Barbezat, M. Diego, CA, USA, March 6–10, 2005. Spie proceedings series, vol. 5761, p. 221–232

Michel, S.A./Kieselbach, R./ Environmental and frequency effects on fatigue crack growth rate and paths in aluminium alloy.Figliolino, M. Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 2005, 28(1–2), 205–219

Piskoty, G./Kovacs, G./ Investigation into an accident caused by falling formwork using numerical dynamic simulation. Affolter, Ch. Engineering failure analysis 2005, 12(6), 942–949

Piskoty, G./Michel, S.A./ Bursting of a corn silo – an interdisciplinary failure analysis. Engineering failure analysis 2005, 12(6), Zgraggen, M. 915–929

Snedeker, J.G./Barbezat, M./ Strain energy density as a rupture criterion for the kidney: impact tests on porcine organs, finiteNiederer, P./Schmidlin, F.R./ element simulation, and a baseline comparison between human and porcine tissues. Journal ofFarshad, M. biomechanics 2005, 38(5), 993–1001

Wissler, M./Mazza, E. Modeling and simulation of dielectric elastomer actuators. Smart materials and structures 2005, 14(6), 1396–1402

Wissler, M./Mazza, E. Modeling and finite element simulation of dielectric elastomer actuators. In: NAFEMS Seminar on numerical simulation of electromechanical systems, Wiesbaden, Germany, October 26–27, 2005, 11 p.

Wissler, M./Mazza, E. Modeling of a pre-strained circular actuator made of dielectric elastomers. Sensors and actuators A2005, 120(1), 184–192

Zhang, X./Löwe, Ch./Wissler, M./ Dielectric elastomers in actuator technology. Advanced engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 361–367Jähne, B./Kovacs, G. (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept «Advanced Materials and Surfaces», Lab

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Road Engineering/ Canestrari, F./Ferrotti, G./ Advanced testing and characterization of interlayer shear resistance. Paper presented at the 84thSealing Components Partl, M.N./Santagata, E. Transportation Research Board annual meeting, Washington, DC, USA, January 9–13, 2005. Publ.

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Gubler, R. Im Land der Brücken: Der Beitrag von Forschung und Normierung. Strasse und Verkehr 2005, 91(4), 24–27

Gubler, R./Partl, M.N./ Influence of water and temperature on mechanical properties of selected asphalt pavements. Canestrari, F./Grilli, A. Materials and Structures 2005, 38(279), 523–532

Hean, S./Partl, M.N. Performance of hot applied joint sealants on a concrete motorway. In: 59th Annual RILEM week: int. conference on concrete and reinforced concrete (ICCRC 2005), Moscow, Russia, September 5–9, 2005, p.124–132

Hugenschmidt, J. Assessment of the quality of radar results on bridge decks. In: 11th European meeting of environmental and engineering geophysics, Palermo, Italy, September 4–7, 2005, A042, 4 p.

Poulikakos, L.D./Heutschi, K./ Determination of the environmental footprint of freight vehicles. In: 4th Int. conference on Weigh-In-Anderegg, P./Calderara, R./ Motion (ICWIM4), Taipei, Taiwan, February 20–22, 2005, p. 189–197Doupal, E./Siegrist, R./Partl, M.N.

Raab, Ch./Partl, M.N. Mechanical resistance of thin surfacings on asphalt pavements. In: Fourth int. symposium on maintenance and rehabilitation of pavements and technological control (Mairepav 4), Belfast, Northern Ireland, August 18–19, CD, 9 p.

Raab, Ch./Partl, M.N./ Determination of rutting and water susceptibility of selected pavement materials using MMLS3. Jenkins, K./Hugo, F. In: 7th Int. conference on the bearing capacity of roads, railways and airfields, Trondheim, Norway,

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Raab, Ch./Partl, M.N./ A LTPP study with a new device for vertical deformation measurements. International journal of Anderegg, P./Brönnimann, R. pavement engineering 2005, 6(3), 211–216

Sokolov, K./Gubler, R./Partl, M.N. Extended numerical modeling and application of the coaxial shear test for asphalt pavements. Materials and Structures 2005, 38(279), 515–522

Sokolov, K./Stimolo, M./ Evaluation of road safety installations with a model rutting tester. Materials and Structures 2005, Burger, H.M./Partl, M.N. 38(279), 533–540

Structural Engineering Bergamini, A./Christen, R./ Electrostatic tuning of the bending stiffness of simple, slender multilayer composite structures.Motavalli, M. In: 12th Int. symposium on smart structures and materials 2005: damping and isolation, San Diego,

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Bergamini, A./Motavalli, M. Composite materials, damping, monitoring: a comprehensive approach to the safety of civil engineering structures at Empa. In: 2nd Int. conference on structural health monitoring of intelligent infrastructure (SHMII -2'2005), Shenzhen, China, vol. 2, p. 1437–1443

Christen, R./Bergamini, A./ Full-scale, low-temperature mechanical testing of prestressing systems. Experimental mechanics Ghazi Wakili, K. 2005, 45(1), 96–100

Gsell, D. Empa entwickelt adaptive Schrägseilbrücke. Baublatt 2005, 116(17), 14–16

Gsell, D./Feltrin, G./Motavalli, M. Identification of elastic material properties of solid wood panels. In: Int. conference on experimentalvibration analysis for civil engineering structures (EVACES 2005), Bordeaux, France, October 26–28, 2005, p. 497–504

Hejll, A./Täljsten, B./Motavalli, M. Large scale hybrid FRP composite girders for use in bridge structures – theory, test and field application. Composites Part B 2005, 36(8), 573–585

Huth, O./Feltrin, G./Maeck, J./ Damage identification using modal data: experiences on a prestressed concrete bridge. Journal of Kilic, N./Motavalli, M. structural engineering – ASCE 2005, 131(12), 1898–1910

Huth, O./Feltrin, G./Motavalli, M. Schadensdiagnose mit modalen Parametern an einer Spannbetonbrücke. Der Bauingenieur 2005,(5), 16–24

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Moser, K./Bergamini, A./ Feasibility of concrete prestressed by shape memory alloy short fibers. Materials and StructuresChristen, R./Czaderski, Ch. 2005, 38(279), 593–600 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept «Materials and

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Shafieezadeh, A./Gsell, D./ SMA adaptive tuned vibration absorber. In: 2nd Int. conference on structural health monitoring ofMotavalli, M. intelligent infrastructure (SHMII -2'2005), Shenzhen, China, vol. 2, p. 1529–1534

Weber, F./Feltrin, G./Motavalli, M. Passive damping of cables with MR dampers. Materials and Structures 2005, 38(279), 568–577

Weber, F./Distl, H./Nützel, O. Versuchsweiser Einbau eines adaptiven Seildämpfers in eine Schrägseilbrücke. Beton- und Stahlbetonbau 2005, 100(7), 582–589

Weber, F./Feltrin, G./Motavalli, M. Measured linear-quadratic-Gaussian controlled damping. Smart materials and structures 2005, 14(6), 1172–1183

Weber, F./Distl, H./Feltrin, G./ Simplified approach of velocity feedback for MR dampers on real cable-stayed bridges. In: 7th Int. Motavalli, M. symposium on cable dynamics, Charleston, SC, USA, September 19–22, 2005, p. 107–114

Wood Burgert, I./Gierlinger, N./ Properties of chemically and mechanically isolated fibres of spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.). Part 1: Zimmermann, T. Structural and chemical characterisation. Holzforschung 2005, 59(2), 240–246

Deflorio, G./Hein, S./Fink, S./ The application of wood decay fungi to enhance annual ring detection in three diffuse-porous Spiecker, H./Schwarze, F. hardwoods. Dendrochronologia 2005, 22(2), 123–130

Fischer, A./Richter, K./ PM10 emissions caused by the woodworking industry in Switzerland. Holz als Roh- und WerkstoffEmmenegger, L./Künniger, T. 2005, 63(4), 245–25

Heuser, Ch./Ferner, S./Fink, S./ Ergebnisse einer Studie an Linden und Rosskastanien: Sind Stammverletzungen potenzielleSchwarze, F. Eintrittspforten für Holz zersetzende Pilze? AFZ-der Wald 2005, 60(8), 402–406

Kersten, W./Schwarze, F. Development of decay in the sapwood of trees wounded by the use of decay detecting devices. Arboricultural journal 2005, 28(3), 165–181

Klingner, R. Energieeffiziente Leichtbaukonstruktionen in der Natur – Das Hornissennest als Vorbild für Gebäudehüllen aus Holz? In: Symposium mit Fachaustellung «Holz Innovativ», Rosenheim, Germany, April 6–7, 2005, 9 p.

Klingner, R./Richter, K./ The role of moisture in the nest thermoregulation of social wasps. Naturwissenschaften 2005, 92(9),Schmolz, E./Keller, B. 427–430

Niemz, P./Jakob, M./Hurst, A./ Vergleichende Untersuchungen zu verschiedenen Möglichkeiten der Vergütung von Holz gegenüber Heeb, M. holzzerstörenden Pilzen. Teil 1: Pilzresistenz – ein Vergleich ausgewählter unkonventioneller

Holzschutzverfahren mit handelsüblichen Holzschutzmitteln. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen 2005, 156(6), 177–187

Raschle, P. Algen- und Pilzwachstum. Der Ärger mit den farbigen Fassaden. Baublatt 2005, 116(61/62), 12–15

Raschle, P. Biofouling und mikrobielle Einwirkung (MIC) an Fassaden. In: 3-Länder-Korrosionstagung «Mikrobiellbeeinflusste Korrosion oft unerkannt weil unbekannt?», Vienna, Austria, April 21–22, 2005, p. 39–46

Raschle, P. Mikrobiell verursachte Probleme an der Fassade. Der Bauingenieur 2005, (6), 30–36

Richter, K. Neue Materialien und Beschichtungen für den Oberflächenschutz. Schweizer Holzbau 2005, 71(7),12–17

Richter, K./Steiger, R. Thermal stability of wood-wood and wood-FRP bonding with polyurethane and epoxy adhesives. Advanced engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 419–426

Schwarze, F. Der Schuppige Porling. Folge 11 der Serie «Ansprache und Biologie holzzersetzender Pilze». AFZ-der Wald 2005, 60(4), 182–183

Schwarze, F. Der Wurzelschwamm. Folge 12 der Serie «Ansprache und Biologie holzzersetzender Pilze». AFZ-der Wald 2005, 60(20), 1090–1091


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Schwarze, F./Spycher, M. Resistance of thermo-hygro-mechanically densified wood to colonisation and degradation by brown-rot fungi. Holzforschung 2005, 59(3), 358–363

Skyba, O./Schwarze, F. Resistance of thermo-hygro-mechanically densified wood to colonisation and degradation by brown-rot fungi. In: 2nd European conference on wood modification, Göttingen, Germany, October 6–7, 2005, p. 61–64

Steiger, R./Fontana, M. Bending moment and axial force interacting on solid timber beams. Materials and Structures 2005, 38(279), 507–513

Turkulin, H./Holzer, L./ Application of the ESEM technique in wood research: part I. Optimization of imaging parameters andRichter, K./Sell, J. working conditions. Wood and Fiber Science 2005, 37(4), 552–564

Turkulin, H./Holzer, L./Richter, K./ Application of the ESEM technique in wood research. Part II. Comparison of operational modes. Sell, J. Wood and Fiber Science 2005, 37(4), 565–573

Werner, F./Taverna, R./Hofer, P./ Carbon pool and substitution effects of an increased use of wood in buildings in Switzerland: firstRichter, K. estimates. Annals of forest science 2005, 62(8), 8889-902

Werner, F. Ambiguities in decision-oriented life cycle inventories – the role of mental models and values.Dordrecht: Springer, 2005, 420 p. Series: Eco-efficiency in industry and science, vol. 17. ISBN 1-4020-3253-6

Xie, Y./Krause, A./Mai, C./ Weathering of wood modified with the N-methylol compound 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethylMilitz, H./Richter, K./Urban, K./ eneurea. Polymer degradation and stability 2005, 89(2), 189–199 Evans, P.D.

Zimmermann, T./Pöhler, E./ Mechanical and morphological properties of cellulose fibril reinforced nanocomposites. Advanced Schwaller, P. engineering materials 2005, 7(12), 1156–1161

Zimmermann, T./Sell, J. Field emission SEM studies on softwood tracheids and hardwood fibres – A review of activities at theEmpa wood laboratory. Publ. in: Wood fibre cell walls: methods to study their formation, structure and properties. Eds. Schmitt, U. et al., COST Action E20. Uppsala: Swedisch University of Agricultural Sciences, 2004, p. 175–186. ISBN 91-576-6803-5


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Krooneman, J/Harmsen, H./ Microbial Safety in Space, In: Microgravity Applications Programme: Successful Teaming of Science Landini, P./Zinn, M./Munaut, F./ and Industry. Andrew Wilson, ESA Publications Division, ESTEC, Nordwijk, The Netherlands 2005, van der Meer, W./Beimfohr, C./ 258–268Reichert, B./Preuss, A.

Lendi, B.E./Meyer, V.R. The UV d.etector for HPLC – An ongoing success story. LC GC Europe 2005, 18, 156–163

Lendi, B.E/Meyer, V.R. Welchen UV–Detektor für die HPLC soll ich kaufen? Schweiz. Laboratoriums–Zeitschrift 2005, 62,8–10

Meyer, V.R. Liquid chro.matography, Chiral, In: Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, Paul J. Worsfold, Alan Townshend and Colin F. Poole, editors. Elsevier, Oxford 2005 (Revisted and updated articles) 2005, 5, 179–190

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Meyer, V.R. HPLC – eine Supermethode? Schweiz. Laboratoriums–Zeitschrift 2005, 62, 182–184

Meyer, V.R. HPLC kritisch hinterfragt. Handelt es sich um eine Supermethode? Chemie in Labor und Biotechnik2005, 56, 311–313

Meyer, V.R. Die Grenzen der HPLC. Schweiz. Laboratoriums–Zeitschrift 2005, 62, 238–240

Ren, Q/Grubelnik, A/Hoerler, M./ Bacterial Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) as a Source of Chiral Hydroxyalkanoic Acids. BiomacromoleculesRuth, K./Hartmann, R./Felber, H./ 2005, 6(4), 2290–2298 Zinn, M.

Ren, Q/van Beilen, J.B./ Expression of PHA polymerase genes of Pseudomonas putida in Escherichia coli and its effect onSierro, N./Zinn, M./Kessler, B./ PHA formation. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Witholt, B. Microbiology 2005, 87(2), 91–100

Ritter, A./Meyer, V.R. Interlaboratory tests: The Horwitz curve is too optimistic for analyses in plastics. Polymer Testing 2005, 24(2005), 988–993

Wick, P./Zinn, M. Zell – Material – Interaktion/Biopolymer–Produktion. Tele Ostschweiz 17.06.2005

Wunderli, S. Sampling and uncertainty – Reply to the letters [1,2] to the editor. Accreditation Quality Assurance2005, 10(5), 255–256

Ritter, A./Michel, E./Schmid, M./ Interlaboratory Test on Polymers: Determination of antioxidants in polyolefins. Polymer Testing Affolter, S. 200524 (2005), 498–506 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept «Materials and

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Zinn, M./Hany, R. Tailored material properties of polyhydroxyalkanoates through biosynthesis and chemical modification. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2005, 7(5), 408–411

Functional Fibers Fortunato, G./Ritter, A./Fabian, D. Investigations of Ancient Lead White Pigments Using Lead Isotope Abundance Ratios. Chimia 2005,and Textiles 59(4), 177

Fortunato, G./Ritter, A./Fabian, D. Old Master's Lead White Pigments: Investigations of Paintings from the 16th to the 17th Century using High Precision Lead Isotope Abundance Ratios. Analyst 2005, 130(5), 898–906

Halbeisen, M. Natural Textiles. Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, 2nd Edition 2005, 1–7. ISNB: 0–12–764100–9

Halbeisen, M./Lübben, J./ Wunschkinder bei Fasern und Textilien. GIT Labor–Fachzeitschrift 2005, 2005(5), 424–425Hufenus, R.

Harmati, Z./Hegemann, D. Diffusionssperrschichten für Polymere – Messtechnische Herausforderung. Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2005, 36(5), 198–203

Hegemann, D. Stain repellent finishing on fabrics. Advanced Engineering Materials 2005, 7(5), 401–404

Hegemann, D./Fischer, A./ Hydrophilierung of fabrics by means of plasma technology. Textilveredlung 2005, 3(4), 14–19Balazs, D.J.

Hegemann, D./Fischer, A./ Design of Functional Plasma Coatings. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A 2005, 23(1), Oehr, C. 5–11

Hegemann, D./Hossain, M.M. Influence of Non–Polymerizable Gases Added during Plasma Polymerization. Plasma Processes andPolymers 2005, 2 (7), 554–562

Hegemann, D./Lübben, J. Bericht über Plasmatechnologie und Faserentwicklung. Tele Ostschweiz,16.06.2005

Hegemann, D./Schütz, U. Activation Energy of an Asymmetrical Radio Frequency Discharge with Methane. Thin Solid Films 2005, 491(1–2), 96–103

Hegemann, D./Schütz, U./ Macroscopic Plasma–chemical Approach to Plasma Polymerization of HMDSO and CH4. Surface &Fischer, A. Coatings Technology 2005, 200 (1–4), 458–462


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Hufenus, R./Rüegger, R./ Strength reduction factors due to installation damage of reinforcing geosynthetics. Geotextiles and Flum, D./Sterba, I. Geomembranes 2005, 23(2005), 401–424

Keller, M./Ritter, A./Reimann, P./ Comparative Study of Plasma Induced and Wet Chemical Cleaning of Synthetic Fibres. Surface & Thommen, V./Fischer, A./ Coatings Technology 2005, 200(1–4), 1045–1050 Hegemann, A.

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Noger, D./Zah, R./ Evaluation of traditional jute classification system for composites. Indian Journal of Fibre & TextileSchmid, H.R. et al. Research 2005, 30, 166–173

Oehr, C./Hegemann, D. et al. RF Plasma Treatment on the Inside of Small Functional Devices for Biomedical Application. In: Plasma Processes and Polymers 2005, 16th International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry Taormina, Italy, June 22–27, 2003309–317. ISBN: 3–527–40487–2

Reifler, F/Ritter, A. Eine Methode zur Erfassung der Wirksamkeit geruchsmindernder Ausrüstungen. In: Taschenbuch für die Textilindustrie 2005, Schiele & Schön 353–360. ISBN: 3-7949-0727-2

Ritter, A./Michel, E./Schmid, M./ Interlaboratory test on polymers: determination of antioxidants in polyolefins. Polymer Testing 2005, Affolter, S. 23(4), 1–9

Schmid, H.R./Furrer, P. Bearbeitung von Schadenfällen aus der textilen Produktionskette. In: Taschenbuch für die Textilindustrie 2005, Schiele & Schön 146–155. ISBN: 3-7949-0727-2

Schweiss, R./Lübben, J.F./ Electropolymerization of ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) in micellar aqueous solutions studied byJohannsmann, D./Knoll, W. electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and surface plasmon resonance. Electrochimica Acta

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Sciarratta, V./Hegemann, D. et al. Up–Scaling of Plasma Processes For Carboxyl Functionalization. Plasma Processes and Polymers2005, 16th International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry, Taormina, Italy, June 22–27, 200339–49. ISBN: 3-527-40487-2

Thapliyal, R./Schwaller, P./ PZT thin film deposition on Si wafers and optical fibers prepared by reactive DC pulsed magnetron Amberg, M./Haug, F.J./ sputtering from a single metallic target. Surface & Coatings Technology 2005, 200(1–4), Fortunato, G./Hegemann, D./ 1051–1056 Hug, H.J./Fischer, A.

Materials-Biology Möller, M./Maniura–Weber K./ A new mechanism for mtDNA pathogenesis: Impairment of post–transcriptional maturation leads to Interactions Kiseljakovic, E./Bust, M./ severe depletion of mitochondrial tRNASer(UCN) caused by T7512C and G7497A point mutations.

Hayrapetyan, A./Jaksch, M./ Nucleic Acids Research 2005, 33(17), 5647–5658 Helm, M.

Bruinink, A./Kaiser, J.–P./ Effect of Biomaterial Surface Morphologies on Bone Marrow Cell Performance. AdvancedMeyer, D.C. Engineering Materials 2005, 7(5), 411–418

Bruinink, A./Schröder, A./ In vitro studies on the effect of delaminated a–C:H film fragments on bone marrow cell cultures.Francz, G./Hauert, R. Biomaterials 2005, 26, 3487–3494

Crockett, R./Roos, S./ Imaging of the surface of human and bovine articular cartilage with ESEM and AFM. TribologyRossbach, P./Dora, C./ Letters 2005, 19, 311–317 Born, W./Troxler, H.

Protection and Brühwiler, P. A./Stämpfli, R./ CO2 and O2 Concentrations in Integral Motorcycle Helmets. Applied Ergonomics 2005, 36, Physiology Huber, R./Camenzind, M. 625–633

Derler, S./Kausch, F./Huber, R. Systematic patterns and random fluctuations in time series of coefficients of friction measured onfloor surfaces. Safety Science 2005, 43 (10), 751–770

Derler, S./Spierings, A./ Anatomical hip model for the mechanical testing of hip protectors. Medical Engineering & Physics Schmitt, K.–U. 2005, 27(6), 475–485

Khan, T./Selm, B./ Novel Textile–Based Contact Light Diffuser for Photodynamic Therapy. Photodiagnosis and Groenhoff, E./Walt, H. Photodynamic Therapy 2005, 2(3), 165–238


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Kjeldgaard, L./Käämbre, T./ Intramolecular vibronic dynamics in molecular solids: C60. Physical Review B 2005, 72, Schiessling, J./Marenne, I./ 205414 (5p) O’Shea, J.N./Schnadt, J./Glover, C.J./Nagasono, M./Nordlund, D./Garnier, M.G./Qian, L./Rubensson, J.–E./Rudolf, P./Mårtensson, N./Nordgren, J./Brühwiler P.A.

Rossi, R. Neue Entwicklungen für Feuerwehrschutzkleidung/New developments for firefighters' protective clothing. Technische Textilien/Technical Textiles, 2005, 2005(1), 47–49

Rossi, R. 3–teiliger Bericht über das Programm «Der gesunde Mensch» Tele Ostschweiz,. 15.06.2005

Rossi, R./Becker, C./Brühwiler, P. Schutz und Physiologie, Bericht über 125 Jahre EMPA, Radio DRS 1, Sendung «Espresso». 17.06.2005

Rossi, R./Bolli, W. Phase Change Materials for Improvement of Heat Protection. Advanced Engineering Materials 2005,7 (5), 368–373

Rossi, R./Bruggmann, G./ Comparison of flame spread of textiles and burn injury prediction with a manikin. Fire and Materials Stämpfli, R. 2005, 29, 395–406

Schiessling, J./Kjeldgaard, L./ Bulk and surface charge states of K3C60. Physical Review B 2005, 71, 165420 (16p) Käämbre, T./Marenne, I./O’Shea, J.N./Schnadt, J./Glover, C.J/Nagasono, M./Nordlund, D./Garnier, M.G./Qian, L./ Rubensson, J.–E./Rudolf, P./Mårtensson, N./Nordgren, J./Brühwiler, P. A.

Schnadt, J./Schiessling, J./ Comparison of the size of excitonic effects in molecular π systems as measured by core and valenceBrühwiler, P. A. spectroscopies. Chemical Physics 2005, 312, 39–45

Selm, B. Medicinski tekstil za bolnice – materijali i primjeri tekstilnih postupaka. Tekstil 2004, 53 (8), 413 – 415

Selm, B. Textile Materialien für medizinische Anwendungen. Textilveredlung 2005, 2005, 1(2), 8–11

Spierings, A. Ohne Brüche ins hohe Alter – Protektoren geben Sicherheit, Wissenschaftsapéro, Empa Akademie,Dübendorf, CH. 06.06.2005

Spierings, A. Experimental evaluation of the mechanical effectiveness of hip protectors, World Ageing & Generations Congress VIVA50plus, St.Gallen, CH. 30.09.2005

Stämpfli, R./Nagel, G./Kuhn, A. Aktive Schwingungskompensation für eine Getreidereinigungsmaschine MTKB. In: ifm, Internationales Forum Mechatronik, Augsburg, Deutschland, 15–16 June, 2005, 360 – 376, 2005

Sznitman, J./Kritter, F./ Flow Visualization of bicycle helmets for optimal ventilation design. In: Proceedings of the ASME Rösgen, T./Brühwiler, P. A. Summer Heat Transfer Conference, San Francisco, 17–22 July, 2005, 2005, 72751

Weder, M. «Pappelflaumdecken», TV–Beitrag im Wissensmagazin «Galileo», Pro7, 16.11.2005


Acoustics Bütikofer, R./Thomann, G. Aircraft sound measurements: the influence of microphone height. Acta acustica united with acustica2005, 91(5), 907–914

Eggenschwiler, K. Lecture halls – room acoustics and sound reinforcement. In: 4th European congress on acoustics (Forum Acusticum 2005), Budapest, Hungary, CD, p. 2059–2064

Eggenschwiler, K./Machner, R. Intercomparison measurements of room acoustical parameters and measures for speech intelligibilityin a room with a sound system. Journal of the audio engineering society 2005, 53(3), 193–204

Heutschi, K. Schätzung der mittleren akustischen Leistungen von Personen- und Lastwagen anhand von quellennahen Strassenlärmimmissionsmessungen. In: 31. Deutschen Jahrestagung für Akustik über Fortschritte der Akustik (DAGA 2005), Munich, DE, March 14-17, 2005, p. 165-166


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Heutschi, K. SonRoad: Neues Schweizer Strassenlärmmodell. Zeitschrift für Lärmbekämpfung 2005, 52(6), 174–179

Heutschi, K./Horvath, M./ Simulation of ground impedance in finite difference time domain calculations of outdoor soundHofmann, J. propagation. Acta acustica united with acustica 2005, 91(1), 35–40

Hofmann, J./Heutschi, K. An engineering model for sound pressure in shadow zones based on numerical simulations. Acta acustica united with acustica 2005, 91(4), 661–670

Mao, Q./Pietrzko, S.J. Control of sound transmission throug double wall partitions using optimally tuned Helmholtzresonators. Acta acustica united with acustica 2005, 91(4), 723–731

Pietrzko, S.J./Moll, P. Model based control of acoustical and vibratory systems. In: II (second) ECCOMAS thematic conference on smart structures and materials, Lisbon, Portugal, July 18–21, 2005, 18 p.

Poulikakos, L.D./Heutschi, K./ Determination of the environmental footprint of freight vehicles. In: 4th Int. conference on Weigh-In-Anderegg, P./Calderara, R./ Motion (ICWIM4), Taipei, Taiwan, February 20–22, 2005, p. 189–197 (second entry; for main entry,Doupal, E./Siegrist, R./Partl, M.N. see under first author in Dept «Civil and Mechanical Engineering», Lab «Road Engineering/Sealing

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Thomann, G./Bütikofer, R./ Uncertainty of measured and calculated aircraft noise. In: Int. INCE Symposium on managing Krebs, W. uncertainties in noise measurements and prediction, a new challenge for acousticians. Le Mans,

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Electronics/Metrology/ Choi, T.Y./Poulikakos, D./ Measurement of thermal conductivity of individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes by the 3-ω method. Reliability Tharian, J./Sennhauser, U. Applied physics letters 2005, 87(1), 013108/1-3

Fasnacht, W./Hack, E./Jauch, V./ Vier Öfen, zwölf Düsen – Archäometallurgie und dreidimensionale Erfassung römischer Rechenmacher, D./Senn, M./ Schmiedeöfen. Archäologie der Schweiz 2005, 28(1), 20–27 (second entry; for main entry, see underVontobel, P. first author in Dept «Mobility and Environment», Lab «Solid State Chemistry and Analyses»)

Gassilloud, R./Ballif, Ch./ Deformation mechanisms of silicon during nanoscratching. Physica status solidi (a) 2005, 202(15),Gasser, Ph./Bürki, G./Michler, J. 2858–2869 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept «Advanced Materials and

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Grossmann, G./Tharian, J./ Microstructural investigation of lead-free BGAs soldered with tin-lead solder Soldering & surfaceJud. P./Sennhauser, U. mount technology 2005, 17(2), 10-21

Grossmann, G./Jud. P./ Microstructure and deformation behavior of SnAg3.8Cu0.7 lead-free solder. Publ. in: The world of Sennhauser, U. electronic packaging and system integration, eds: Aschenbrenner, R. and Michel, B. Dresden: DDP

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Gundu, P.N./Hack, E./Rastogi, P. «Apodized superresolution» – concept and simulations. Optics communications 2005, 249(1–3),101–107

Gundu, P.N./Hack, E./Rastogi, P. High efficient superresolution combination filter with twin LCD spatial light modulators. Optics express 2005, 13(8), 2835–2842

Gundu, P.N./Hack, E./Rastogi, P. Superspeckles: a new application of optical superresolution. Optics express 2005, 13(17), 6468–6475

Hack, E./Burguete, R./ Traceability of optical techniques for strain measurement. In: 4th Int. conference on advances inPatterson, E.A. experimental mechanics IV, Southampton, UK, September 6–8, 2005. Publ. in: applied mechanics

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Hack, E./Gundu, P.N./Rastogi, P. Adaptive correction to the speckle correlation fringes by using a twisted-nematic liquid-crystal display. Applied optics 2005, 44(14), 2772–2781

Hack, E./Leroy, D. Camera-based monitoring of the rigid-body displacement of a mandrel in superconducting cableproduction. Optics and lasers in engineering 2005, 43(3–5), 455–474

Heggli, M./Etter, T./Wyss, P./ Approaching representative volume element size in interpenetrating phase composites. Advanced Uggowitzer, P.J./Gusev, A.A. engineering materials 2005, 7(4), 225–229


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Jacob, P./Thiemann, U./ Electrostatic discharge directly to the chip surface, caused by automatic post-wafer processing.Reiner, J.C. Microelectronics reliability 2005, 45(7–8), 1174–1180

Jud. P./Grossmann, G./ Local creep in SnAg3.8Cu0.7 lead-free solder. Journal of electronic materials 2005, 34(9), Sennhauser, U./Uggowitzer, P.J. 1206–1214

Jud. P./Nellen, P.M./ Micromachining by focused ion beam (FIB) for materials characterization. Advanced engineeringSennhauser, U. materials 2005, 7(5), 384–388

Kenel, A./Nellen, P.M./Frank, A./ Reinforcing steel strains measured by Bragg grating sensors. Journal of materials in civil engineeringMarti, P. 2005, 17(4), 423–430

Klotz, U.E./Henderson, M.B./ Manufacture and microstructural characterisation of bimetallic gas turbine discs. Materials science Wilcock, I.M./Davies, S./ and technology 2005, 21(2), 218–224 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in DeptJanschek, P./Roth, M./ «Advanced Materials and Surfaces», Lab «Joining and Interface Technology») Gasser, Ph./McColvin, G.

Kräuchi, Ph./Wäger, P.A./ End-of-life impacts of pervasive computing. Are RFID tags a threat to waste management Eugster, M./Grossmann, G./ processes? IEEE technology and society magazine 2005, 24(1), 45–53 (second entry; for main entry,Hilty, L. see under first author in Dept «Information, Reliability and Simulation Technology», Lab «Technology

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Lüthi, Th. Menschliche Einflussfaktoren auf das Erkennen von Anzeigen bei bildgebenden Systemen. In: Jahrestagung 2005 der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung, Germany, Rostock, May 2–4, 2005, DGZfP-Berichtsband 94, CD, Vortrag 56, 5 p.

Nellen, P.M./Callegari, V./ FIB-milling of photonic structures and sputtering simulation. In: 31st Int. conference on micro- and Brönnimann, R./Sennhauser, U. nano-engineering (MNE 2005), Vienna, Austria, September 19–22, 2005, 2 p.

Raab, Ch./Partl, M.N./ A LTPP study with a new device for vertical deformation measurements. International journal ofAnderegg, P./Brönnimann, R. pavement engineering 2005, 6(3), 211–216 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in

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Romanyuk, A./Oelhafen, P./ Effect of in situ ultrasonic treatment on tungsten surface oxidation. Surface Science 2005, 595(1–3), Steiner, R./Nellen, P.M./ 35–39 Reiner, J.C./Melnik, V.

Scheuerlein, C./Gasser, Ph./ The effect of CuSn intermetallics on the interstrand contact resistance in superconducting cables forJacob, P./Leroy, D./Oberli, L./ the large hadron collider. Journal of applied physics 2005, 97(3), 033909/1–7 Taborelli, M.

Thurner, Ph./Müller, R./ 3D morphology of cell cultures: a quantitative approach using micrometer synchrotron lightRaeber, G./Sennhauser, U./ tomography. Microscopy research and technique 2005, 66(6), 289–298 Hubbell, J.A.

Wyss, P./Thurner, Ph./ Sample handler for x-ray tomographic microscopy and image-guided failure assessment. Review of Brönnimann, R./Sennhauser, U./ scientific instruments 2005, 76(7), 076106/1–3 Stampanoni, M./Abela, R./Müller, R.

Zhou, L./Grover, W.D. A theory for setting the «Safety Margin» on availability guarantees in an SLA. In: 5th Int. workshop ondesign of reliable communication networks (DRCN 2005), Island of Ischia, Italy, October 16–19, 2005, 7 p.

Media Technology Giesen, J./Schuberth, E./ Toward image-dependent gamut mapping: fast and accurate gamut boundary determination. In:Simon, K./Zolliker, P. Color Imaging X: Processing, Hardcopy, and Applications. San Jose, California, 16.–20. January

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Zolliker, P./Dätwyler, M./ Continuity of gamut mapping algorithms. In: Color Imaging X: Processing, Hardcopy, andSimon, K. Applications. San Jose, California, 16.–20. January 2005, Proc. SPIE Vol. 5667, p. 220–233, ISBN

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Technology and Blättel-Mink, B./Kastenholz, H. Transdisciplinarity in sustainability research: Diffusion conditions of an institutional innovation. Society The International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 2005, 12(1), 1–12

Bütschi, D./Courant, M./ Guest editorial –Towards Sustainable Pervasive Computing. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine Hilty, L.M. (guest editors) 2005, 24(1), 7–8

Frischknecht, R. The ecoinvent Database. Reply to the letter to the editor of Schmidt & Jensen. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2005, 10(3), 166–167

Frischknecht, R./Althaus, H.-J./ Selected modelling principles applied in the ecoinvent database. Journal of Life Cycle Assessment Doka, G./Dones, R./Heck, T./ Japan 2005, 1(2), 112–122Hellweg, S./Hischier, R./Jungbluth, N./Nemecek, T./Rebitzer, G./Spielmann, M.

Frischknecht, R./ Jungbluth, N./ The ecoinvent Database: Overview and Methodological Framework. International Journal of LifeAlthaus, H.-J./Doka, G./ Cycle Assessment 2005, 10(1), 3–9 Dones, R./Heck, T./Hellweg, S./Hischier, R./Nemecek. T./Rebitzer, G./Spielmann, M.

Frischknecht, R./Rebitzer, G. The ecoinvent database system: a comprehensive web-based LCA database. Journal of CleanerProduction 2005, 13(2005), 1337–1343

Hicks, Ch./Dietmar, R./ The recycling and disposal of electrical and electronic waste in China – legislative and market Eugster, M. responses. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. Special issue on Environmental and Social

Impacts of Electronic Waste Recycling 2005, 25(5), 459–471

Hilty, L. (editorial policy committee Editorial: Electronic waste – an emerging risk? Environmental Impact Assessment Review, specialmember) issue on Environmental and Social Impacts of Electronic Waste Recycling 2005, 25(5), 431–435

Hilty, L./Som, C./Köhler, A. Impacts of Future Information and Communication Technologies on Society and Environment. In:Rationality in an Uncertain World. Eds. Banse, G., Hronszky, I., Nelson, G. edition sigma, 2005, p. 205–209. ISBN 3-89404-935-9

Hilty, L.M./Behrendt, S./ The precautionary principle in the information society: Effects of pervasive computing on health andBinswanger, M./Bruinink, A./ environment. 2nd revised edn. TA46e/2005, Report of the Center for Technology Assessment Erdmann, L./Froehlich, J./ (TA-SWISS), Berne, p. 313 ISBN: 3-908174-21-XKöhler, A./Kuster, N./Som, C./Wuertenberger, F.

Hilty, L.M./Köhler, A./ Rebound effects of progress in information technology. Poiesis Praxis 2005 (SpringerLink) p. 20, DOIvon Schéele, F./Zah, R./Ruddy, T. 10.1007/s10202-005-0011-2

Hischier, R./Wäger, P./ Does WEEE recycling make sense from an environmental perspective? The environmental impactsGauglhofer, J. of the Swiss take-back and recycling system for waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)

Environmental Impact Assessment Review. Special issue on Environmental and Social Impacts of Electronic Waste Recycling 2005, 25(5), 525–539

Köhler, A./Som, C. Effects of Pervasive Computing on Sustainable Development. IEEE Technology and SocietyMagazine 2005, 24(1), 15–23

Kräuchi, Ph./Wäger, P./ End-of-Life Impacts of Pervasive Computing. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 2005, 24(1), Eugster, M./Grossmann, G./ 45–53 Hilty, L.M.

Maasen, S./Merz, M. Die Bedeutung des Sozialen in der Technik. Bulletin SAGW-ASSH 2005, 2005(2), 40–42

Noger, D./Zah, R./Schmid, H.R./ Evaluation of traditional jute classification system for composites. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Ray, P./Grether, T./Dinkel, F. Research 2005, 30, 166–173


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Oertel, B./Wölk, M./Hilty, L./ Security aspects and prospective applications of RFID systems. Report. Bundesamt für Sicherheit in Köhler, A. der Informationstechnik, Bonn, 2005, p. 109

Robledo, C./Kanninen, M./ Tropical Forests and Adaptation to Climate Change. In search for synergies. Center for International Pedroni (eds.) Forestry Research (CIFOR). Bogor, Indonesia. 186 pp, ISBN: 979-24-4604-4

Ruddy, T. Europe’s global responsibility to govern trade and investment sustainably: climate, capital, CAP andCotonou. Int. J. Sustainable Development 2005, 8(1/2), 97–112

Scharnhorst, W./Althaus, H.-J./ The end of life treatment of second generation mobile phone networks: Strategies to reduce theClassen, M./Jolliet, O./Hilty, L.M. environmental impact. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. Special issue on Environmental

and Social Impacts of Electronic Waste Recycling 2005, 25(5), 540–566

Sinha-Khetriwal, D./Kräuchi, Ph. A comparison of electronic waste recycling in Switzerland and in India. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. Special issue on Environmental and Social Impacts of Electronic Waste Recycling 2005, 25(5), 492–504

Streicher-Porte, M./Widmer, R./ Key drivers of the e-waste recycling system: assessing and modelling e-waste processing in the Jain, A./Bader, H.-P./ informal sector in Delhi. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. Special issue on EnvironmentalScheidegger, R./Kytzia, S. and Social Impacts of Electronic Waste Recycling 2005, 25(5), 472–491

Wäger, P./Eugster, M./Hilty, L.M./ Smart labels in municipal solid waste – a case for the precautionary principle? Environmental ImpactSom, C. Assessment Review. Special issue on Environmental and Social Impacts of Electronic Waste

Recycling 2005, 25(5), 567–586

Widmer, R. Wissenspartnerschaften im e-Schrott Recycling. Sendung MTW. SF DRS, 9. Juni 2005

Widmer, R./Oswald-Krapf, H./ Global perspectives on e-waste. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. Special issue on Deepali-Kehtriwal, S./ Environmental and Social Impacts of Electronic Waste Recycling 2005, 25(5), 436–458 Schnellmann, M./Böni, H.W.

Zimmermann M./Althaus H.-J./ Benchmarks for sustainable construction. A contribution to develop a standard. Energy andHaas A. Buildings 2005, 37(11), 1147–1157 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept

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Air Pollution/ Bruggisser, Th./Buchmann, B./ Technischer Bericht zum Nationalen Beobachtungsnetz für Luftfremdstoffe (NABEL) 2005. BUWAL Environmental Technology Bugmann, S./Fischer, A./ und Empa Duebendorf, 2005, CD, 177 p.

Gehrig, R./Graf, P./Hüglin, Ch./Nyffeler, U./ Reimann, S./Schwarzenbach, B./Seitz, Th./Steinbacher, M./Weber, R./Wettstein, E./Zellweger, C.

Buchmann, B./Reimann, S./ The GAW-CH greenhouse and reactive gases programme at the Jungfraujoch. Publ. in: The Swiss Hüglin, Ch. contribution to the WMO global atmosphere watch programme achievements of the first decade and

future prospects, Veröffentlichung Nr. 70 der MeteoSchweiz, 2005, p. 97–102

Bukowiecki, N./Hill, M./ Trace metals in ambient air: hourly size-segregated mass concentrations determined byGehrig, R./Zwicky, Ch./ synchrotron-XRF. Environmental science & technology 2005, 39(15), 5754–5762 Lienemann, P./Hegedüs, F./Falkenberg, G./ Weingartner, E./Baltensperger, U.

Bukowiecki, N./Trepat, E.P./ Identification of abrasion particles from railway traffic in urban ambient air with a new three-way PMF Hopke, P.K./Gehrig, R./Hill, M./ model. In: European aerosol conference 2005 (EAC 2005), Ghent, Belgium, August 28–September Buchmann, B./Weingartner, E./ 2, 2005, p. 394 (extended abstract)Baltensperger, U.

Fischer, A./Richter, K./ PM10 emissions caused by the woodworking industry in Switzerland. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff Emmenegger, L./Künniger, T. 2005, 63(4), 245–250 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept «Materials and

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Gehrig, R./Hüglin, Ch./ A new method to link PM10 concentrations from automatic monitors to the manual gravimetricSchwarzenbach, B./Seitz, Th./ reference method according to EN12341. Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39(12), 2213–2223 Buchmann, B.

Heeb, N.V./Guyer, E./Graf, R./ Secondary emissions of catalytic particulate traps. In: Elimination of engine generated nanoparticlesHaag, R./Honegger, P./ – problems and olutions, ed.: Mayer, A. Renningen: expert verlag, 2005. Haus der TechnikKohler, M./Mattrel, P./ Schmid, P./ Fachbuch Band 58, p. 433–449. ISBN 3-8169-2552-9 (third entry; for main entry, see under first Wolfensberger, M./Zennegg, M./ author in Dept «Mobility and Environment», Lab «Organic Chemistry»)Pétermann, J.-L./Czerwinski, J./Wyser, M./Mayer, A.

Heeb, N.V./Ulrich, A./ Secondary emissions risk assessment of diesel particulate traps for heavy duty applications. In: Emmenegger, L./Czerwinski, J./ Symposium on int. automotive technology (SIAT 2005), Pune, India, January 19–22, 2005, p. Mayer, A./Wyser, M. 329–338, SAE technical paper series 2005-26-014 (third entry; for main entry, see under first author

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Henne, S./Dommen, J./ Influence of mountain venting in the Alps on the ozone chemistry of the lower free troposphere and Neininger, B./Reimann, S./ the European pollution export. Journal of geophysical research-atmospheres 2005, 110(D22),Stähelin, J./Prévôt, A.S.H. D22307, 18 p.

Hüglin, Ch./Fischer, A./Graf, P./ Measurement of ammonia in ambient air using photoacoustic spectroscopy. In: 5th Int. conference Schwarzenbach, B. on urban air quality (UAQ 2005), Valencia, Spain, March 29–31, 3 p.

Hüglin, Ch./Gehrig, R./ Chemical characterisation of PM2.5, PM10 and coarse particles at urban, near-city and rural sites inBaltensperger, U./Gysel, M./ Switzerland. Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39(4), 637–651 Monn, Ch./Vonmont, H.

Imhof, D./Weingartner, E./ Real-world emission factors of fine and ultrafine aerosol particles for different traffic situations in Ordóñez, C./Gehrig, R./Hill, M./ Switzerland. Environmental science & technology 2005, 39(21), 8341–8350 Buchmann, B./Baltensperger, U.

Kägi, R./Thali, P./Steinle, P. Transmission electron microscopy of nanoparticles at a tunnel construction site. In: European aerosolconference 2005 (EAC 2005), Ghent, Belgium, August 28–September 2, 2005, p. 163 (extended abstract)

Klausen, J. Quality assurance / science activity centre, QA/SAC Switzerland. Publ. in: The Swiss contribution tothe WMO global atmosphere watch programme achievements of the first decade and future prospects, Veröffentlichung Nr. 70 der MeteoSchweiz, 2005, p. 37–41

Li, Y./Campana, M./Reimann, S./ Hydrocarbon concentrations at the Alpine mountain sites Jungfraujoch and Arosa. Atmospheric Schaub, D./Stemmler, K./ Environment 2005, 39(6), 1113–1127 Stähelin, J./Peter, Th.

Lorenzo, R./Kägi, R./Gehrig, R. Particulate emissions of a railway line determined by detailed single particle analysis. In: Europeanaerosol conference 2005 (EAC 2005), Ghent, Belgium, August 28–September 2, 2005, p. 609 (extended abstract)

Mathis, U./Mohr, M./Kägi, R./ Influence of diesel engine combustion parameters on primary soot particle diameter. EnvironmentalBertola, A./Boulouchos, K. science & technology 2005, 39(6), 1887–1892 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in

Dept «Mobility and Environment», Lab «Internal Combustion Engines»)

Mayer, A./Czerwinski, J./ Filtration efficiency, secondary emissions and reliability of particle filter systems in underground Wyser, M./Kasper, M./ workplaces. In: Eighth int. mine ventilation congress, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, July 6–8, 2005, 13 p. Heeb, N.V./Emmenegger, L./ (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept «Mobility and Environment», Lab Ulrich, A./Egli, H./ «Organic Chemistry»)Scheidegger, W.

Mohn, J./Beck, U./Zeyer, K./ Calibration of reactive process gases for the characterization of semiconductor processes by FTIR. Emmenegger, L. Journal of molecular structure 2005, 744–747, 247–253

Ordóñez, C./Mathis, H./ Changes of daily surface ozone maxima in Switzerland in all seasons from 1992 to 2002 and Furger, M./Henne, S./Hüglin, Ch./ discussion of summer 2003. Atmospheric chemistry and physics 2005, 5(5), 1187–1203 Stähelin, J./Prévôt, A.S.H.


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Prinn, R.G./Huang, J./Weiss, R.F./ Evidence for variability of atmospheric hydroxyl radicals over the past quarter century. GeophysicalCunnold, D.M./Fraser, P.J./ research letters 2005, 32(7), L07809/1-4 Simmonds, P.G./McCulloch, A./Harth, C./ Reimann, S./Salameh, P./O'Doherty, S./Wang, R.H.J./Porter, L.W./Miller, B.R./Krummel, P.B.

Reimann, S./Manning, A.J./ Low European methyl chloroform emissions inferred from long-term atmospheric measurements. Simmonds, P.G./Cunnold, D.M./ Nature 2005, 433(7025), 506–508 Wang, R.H.J./Li, J./McCulloch, A./Prinn, R.G./ Huang, J./Weiss, R.F./Fraser, P.J./O'Doherty, S./Greally, B.R./Stemmler, K./Hill, M./Folini, D.

Samburova, V./Szidat, S./ Seasonal variation of high-molecular-weight compounds in the water-soluble fraction of organicHüglin, Ch./Fisseha, R./ urban aerosols. Journal of geophysical research-atmospheres 2005, 110(D23), D23210, 9 p. Baltensperger, U./Zenobi, R./Kalberer, M.

Schaub, D./Weiss, A.K./ A transboundary transport episode of nitrogen dioxide as observed from GOME and its impact in theKaiser, J.W./Petritoli, A./ Alpine region. Atmospheric chemistry and physics 2005, 5(1), 23–37 Richter, A./Buchmann, B./Burrows, J.P.

Steinbacher, M./Dommen, J./ Volatile organic compounds in the Po Basin. Part A: anthropogenic VOCs. Journal of atmospheric Ordóñez, C./Reimann, S./ chemistry 2005, 51(3), 271–291 Grüebler, F.C./Staehelin, J./Prévôt, A.S.H.

Steinbacher, M./Dommen, J./ Volatile organic compounds in the Po Basin. Part B: biogenic VOCs. Journal of atmosphericOrdóñez, C./Reimann, S./ chemistry 2005, 51(3), 293–315 Grüebler, F.C./Stähelin, J./ Andreani-Aksoyoglu, S./Prévôt, A.S.H.

Stemmler, K./Bugmann, S./ Large decrease of VOC emissions of Switzerland's car fleet during the past decade: results from a Buchmann, B./Reimann, S./ highway tunnel study. Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39(6), 1009–1018 Stähelin, J.

Vollmer, M.K./Bootsma, H.A./ Deep-water warming trend in Lake Malawi, East Africa. Limnology and oceanography 2005, 50(2), Hecky, R.E./Patterson, G./ 727–732 Halfman, J.D./Edmond, J.M./Eccles, D.H./ Weiss, R.F.

Weiss, A./Buchmann, B. DACH co-operation: a network of Alpine sites. Publ. in: The Swiss contribution to the WMO globalatmosphere watch programme achievements of the first decade and future prospects, Veröffentlichung Nr. 70 der MeteoSchweiz, 2005, p. 43–48

Zellweger, C. World calibration centre for surface ozone, carbon monoxide and methane (WCC-Empa). Publ. in:The Swiss contribution to the WMO global atmosphere watch programme achievements of the first decade and future prospects, Veröffentlichung Nr. 70 der MeteoSchweiz, 2005, p. 31–35

Internal Combustion Ajtay, D./Weilenmann, M./ Towards accurate instantaneous emission models. Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39(13),Engines Soltic, P. 2443–2449

Bach, Ch./Rütter, J./Soltic, P. Diesel- und Erdgasmotoren für schwere Nutzfahrzeuge. Emissionen, Verbrauch und Wirkungsgrad.MTZ 2005, 66(5), 394–402

Bach, Ch./Rütter, J./Soltic, P. Diesel and natural gas engines for heavy vehicles. Emissions, fuel consumption and efficiency. MTZworldwide 2005, 66(5), 25–28

Brandenberger, S./Mohr, M./ Contribution of unburned lubricating oil and diesel fuel to particulate emission from passenger cars.Grob, K./Neukom, H.P. Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39(37), 6985–6994


144


Brühlmann, S./Forss, A.-M./ Benzene: a secondary pollutant formed in the three-way catalyst. Environmental science &Steffen, D./Heeb, N.V. technology 2005, 39(1), 331–338 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept

«Mobility and Environment», Lab «Organic Chemistry»)

Heeb, N.V./Guyer, E./Graf, R./ Secondary emissions of catalytic particulate traps. In: Elimination of engine generated nanoparticles Haag, R./Honegger, P./Kohler, M./ – problems and solutions, ed.: Mayer, A. Renningen: expert verlag, 2005. Haus der TechnikMattrel, P./Schmid, P./ Fachbuch Band 58, p. 433–449. ISBN 3-8169-2552-9 (second entry; for main entry, see under first Wolfensberger, M./Zennegg, M./ author in Dept «Mobility and Environment», Lab «Organic Chemistry»)Pétermann, J.-L./Czerwinski, J./Wyser, M./Mayer, A.

Lehmann, U./Niemelä, V./ New method for time-resolved diesel engine exhaust particle mass measurement. Environmental Mohr, M. science & technology 2004, 38(21), 5704–5711

Mathis, U./Mohr, M./Forss, A.-M. Comprehensive particle characterization of modern gasoline and diesel passenger cars at low ambient temperatures. Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39(1), 107–117

Mathis, U./Ristimäki, J./ Sampling conditions for the measurement of nucleation mode particles in the exhaust of a diesel Mohr, M./Keskinen, J./ vehicle. Aerosol science and technolgy 2004, 38(12), 1149–1160 Ntziachristos, L./Samaras, Z./Mikkanen, P.

Mathis, U./Mohr, M./Kägi, R./ Influence of diesel engine combustion parameters on primary soot particle diameter. EnvironmentalBertola, A./Boulouchos, K. science & technology 2005, 39(6), 1887–1892

Mohr, M./Lehmann, U./Rütter, J. Comparison of mass-based and non-mass-based particle measurement systems for ultra-low emissions from automotive sources. Environmental science & technology 2005, 39(7), 2229–2238

Mohr, M./Burtscher, H. Conventional and new methods of particle measurement. In: Elimination of engine generatednanoparticles – problems and solutions, ed.: Mayer, A. Renningen: expert verlag, 2005. Haus der Technik Fachbuch Band 58, p. 107–127. ISBN 3-8169-2552-9

Schmatloch, V./Rauch, S. Design and characterisation of an electrostatic precipitator for small heating appliances. Journal ofelectrostatics 2005, 63(2), 85–100

Stettler, P./Weilenmann, M./ Nachführung der Emissionsgrundlagen Strassenverkehr. Messungen 01-02: BenzinpersonenwagenForss, A.-M./Mohr, M./Mattrel, P./ Euro-0 und Euro-3 sowie Dieselpersonenwagen Euro-2, im Auftrag des BUWAL. Empa Dübendorf,Saxer, C.J./Heeb, N.V. November 2004, 227 p. Empa R&D project no. 202114

Vasic, A.-M./Weilenmann, M./ Nachführung der Emissionsgrundlagen Strassenverkehr. Ergänzung der Messdaten auf dasForss, A.-M./Mohr, M./Heeb, N.V. Bezugsjahr 2000: Diesel Lieferwagen, Standardprogramm, im Auftrag des BUWAL. Empa

Dübendorf, January 2005, 84 p. Empa R&D project no. 203270a

Weilenmann, M./Soltic, P./ Regulated and nonregulated diesel and gasoline cold start emissions at different temperatures.Saxer, C.J./Forss, A.-M./ Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39(13), 2433–2441 Heeb, N.V.

Weilenmann, M. Tracing of road traffic emissions. Impact of air conditioning on emissions of gasoline Euro-3 passenger cars. Preliminary report by order of the Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forest and Landscape (SAEFL), section traffic. Empa Dübendorf, January 2005, 30 p. Empa R&D project no. 20327b

Analytical Chemistry Brühlmann, S./Forss, A.-M./ Benzene: a secondary pollutant formed in the three-way catalyst. Environmental science & Steffen, D./Heeb, N.V. technology 2005, 39(1), 331–338

Gerecke, A.C./Hartmann, P./ Anaerobic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether. Environmental science & technology 2005, Heeb, N.V./Kohler, H.-P.E./ 39(4), 1078–1083 Giger, W./Schmid, P./Zennegg, M./ Kohler, M.

Heeb, N.V./Guyer, E./Graf, R./ Secondary emissions of catalytic particulate traps. In: Elimination of engine generated nanoparticlesHaag, R./Honegger, P./ – problems and solutions, ed.: Mayer, A. Renningen: expert verlag, 2005. Haus der Technik Kohler, M./Mattrel, P./ Fachbuch Band 58, p. 433–449. ISBN 3-8169-2552-9Schmid, P./ Wolfensberger, M./Zennegg, M./Pétermann, J.-L./Czerwinski, J./Wyser, M./Mayer, A.


145


Heeb, N.V./Saxer, C.J./ Ammoniak-Emissionen von benzinbetriebenen Euro-3 Personenwagen. CI-MS-Untersuchungen anForss, A.-M. 12 G-Kat-Fahrzeugen der Jahrgänge 2000–2003 (EURO-3), im Auftrag des BUWAL. Empa

Dübendorf, September 2005, 71 p. Empa R&D project no. 203425

Heeb, N.V./Schweizer, W.B./ Structure elucidation hexabromocyclododecanes – a class of compounds with a complexKohler, M./Gerecke, A.C. stereochemistry. Chemosphere 2005, 61(1), 65–73

Heeb, N.V./Ulrich, A./ Secondary emissions risk assessment of diesel particulate traps for heavy duty applications. In:Emmenegger, L./Czerwinski, J./ Symposium on int. automotive technology (SIAT 2005), Pune, India, January 19–22, 2005, p.Mayer, A./Wyser, M. 329–338, SAE technical paper series 2005-26-014

Kohler, M./Tremp, J./ Joint sealants: an overlooked diffuse source of polychlorinated biphenyls in buildings. EnvironmentalZennegg, M./Seiler, C./ science & technology 2005, 39(7), 1967–1973 Minder-Kohler, S./Beck, M./Lienemann, P./Wegmann, L./ Schmid, P.

Law, R.J./Kohler, M./Heeb, N.V./ Hexabromocyclododecane challenges scientists and regulators. Environmental science & Gerecke, A.C./Schmid, P./ technology 2005, 39(13), 281A-287A Voorspoels, S./Covaci, A./Becher, G./Janák, K./ Thomson, C.

Morf, L.S./Tremp, J./Gloor, R./ Brominated flame retardants in waste electrical and electronic equipment: substance flows in aHuber, Y./Stengele, M./ recycling plant. Environmental science & technology 2005, 39(22), 8691–8699 Zennegg, M.

Saxer, C.J./Wilhelm, P./ Methan- und Benzol-Emissionen von benzinbetriebenen Euro-2 Personenwagen (Cl-MS-Heeb, N.V./Forss, A.-M. Untersuchungen an 30 G-Kat-Fahrzeugen der Jahrgäne 1996–1998, Euro-2), im Auftrag des

BUWAL. Empa Dübendorf, Oktober 2005, 192 p. Empa R&D project no. 740314/3

Schmid, P./Gujer, E./ Correlation of PCDD/F and PCB concentrations in soil samples from the Swiss soil monitoringZennegg, M./Bucheli, Th.D./ network (NABO) to specific parameters of the observation sites. Chemosphere 2005, 58(3),Desaules, A. 227–234

Stettler, P./Weilenmann, M./ Nachführung der Emissionsgrundlagen Strassenverkehr. Messungen 01-02: Benzinpersonenwagen Forss, A.-M./Mohr, M./ Euro-0 und Euro-3 sowie Dieselpersonenwagen Euro-2, im Auftrag des BUWAL. Empa Dübendorf,Mattrel, P./Saxer, C.J./Heeb,N.V. November 2004, 227 p. Empa R&D project no. 202114 (second entry; for main entry, see under first

author in Dept «Mobility and Environment», Lab «Internal Combustion Engines»)

Weilenmann, M./Soltic, P./ Regulated and nonregulated diesel and gasoline cold start emissions at different temperatures.Saxer, C.J./Forss, A.-M./ Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39(13), 2433–2441 (second entry; for main entry, see under first Heeb, N.V. author in Dept «Mobility and Environment», Lab «Internal Combustion Engines»)

Zennegg, M./Brändli, R.C./ PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs, TBBPA and HBCD in compost and digestate. In: 25th Int. Symposium on Kupper, T./Bucheli, T.D./Gujer, E./ halogenated environmental organic pollutants and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) – (DIOXIN Schmid, P./Stadelmann, F.X./ 2005), Toronto, Canada, August 21–26, 2005, CD, p. 1040–1043Tarradellas, J.

Solid State Chemistry Armelao, L./Bleiner, D./ Ion-, photoelectron- and laser-assisted analytical investigation of nano-structured mixed HfO2-SiO2

and Catalysis Di Noto, V./Gross, S./Sada, C./ and ZrO2-SiO2 thin films. Applied surface science 2005, 249(1–4), 277–294 Schubert, U./Tondello, E./Vonmont, H./Zattin, A.

Balsiger, M./Boissonnas, V./ Katzenjammer im alten Ägypten. Untersuchungen und Restaurierung einer ägyptischen Bronzekatze.Senn, M. Zeitschrift für Kunsttechnologie und Konservierung ZKK 2005, 19(1), 103–116

Bleiner, D. Mathematical modelling of laser-induced particulate formation in direct solid microanalysis. Spectrochimica acta part B 2005, 60(1), 49–64

Bleiner, D./Lienemann, P./ Laser-induced particulate as carrier of analytical information in LA-ICPMS direct solid microanalysis. Vonmont, H. Talanta 2005, 65(5), 1286–1294

Bleiner, D./Altorfer, H. A novel gas inlet system for improved aerosol entrainment in laser ablationinductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry 2005, 20(8), 754–756


146


Bukowiecki, N./Hill, M./ Trace metals in ambient air: hourly size-segregated mass concentrations determined byGehrig, R./Zwicky, Ch./ synchrotron-XRF. Environmental science & technology 2005, 39(15), 5754–5762 (second entry; forLienemann, P./Hegedüs, F./ main entry, see under first author in Dept «Mobility and Environment», Lab «Air Pollution/Falkenberg, G./Weingartner, E./ Environmental Technology») Baltensperger, U.

Czerwinski, J./Pétermann, J.-L./ Particle emissions of a TDI-engine with different lubrication oils. SAE technical paper series Ulrich, A./Müller, G./Wichser, A. 2005-01-1100, 11 p. (also publ. in: SAE SP-1944).

Czerwinski, J./Pétermann, J.-L./ Particle emissions of a TDI-engine with different lubrication oils. Silniki spalinowe – CombustionUlrich, A./Müller, G./Wichser, A. engines 2005, 121(2), 46–55

Ebbinghaus, S.G./Kalytta, A./ Crystal structure and optical properties of the new 80 polytype of Ca2Ta2O7. Zeitschrift für Kopf, J./Weidenkaff, A./Reller, A. Kristallographie 2005, 220(2–3), 269–276

Fasnacht, W. Die archäometallurgischen Untersuchungen an Funden aus der Klosteranlage (Kloster St.Johann, Müstair). Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Denkmalpflege der ETH Zürich, Band 16.3, 2005, p.144–160

Fasnacht, W./Hack, E./Jauch, V./ Vier Öfen, zwölf Düsen – Archäometallurgie und dreidimensionale Erfassung römischer Rechenmacher, D./Senn, M./ Schmiedeöfen. Archäologie der Schweiz 2005, 28(1), 20–27Vontobel, P.

Figi, R./Schreiner, C./Bleiner, D. Systematic investigations of plastic vials concerning their suitability for ultratrace anion analysis inhigh-purity industrial applications. Mikrochimica acta 2005, 150(3–4), 199–209

Gysler, M. Charakterisierung der Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Aluminiumlegierungen. Diplomarbeit der ZürcherHochschule Winterthur, Fachrichtung «Analytische Chemie». Betreuung: Ulrich, A., Begutachtung: Lienemann, P., Empa Dübendorf, November 18, 2005, 73 p.

Heeb, N.V./Ulrich, A./ Secondary emissions risk assessment of diesel particulate traps for heavy duty applications. In:Emmenegger, L./Czerwinski, J./ Symposium on int. automotive technology (SIAT 2005), Pune, India, January 19–22, 2005, p. Mayer, A./Wyser, M. 329–338, SAE technical paper series 2005-26-014 (second entry; for main entry, see under first

author in Dept «Mobility and Environment», Lab «Organic Chemistry»)

Hüglin, Ch./Gehrig, R./ Chemical characterisation of PM2.5, PM10 and coarse particles at urban, near-city and rural sites inBaltensperger, U./Gysel, M./ Switzerland. Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39(4), 637–651 (second entry; for main entry, seeMonn, Ch./Vonmont, H. under first author in Dept «Mobility and Environment», Lab «Air Pollution/Environmental Technology»)

Kohler, M./Tremp, J./ Joint sealants: an overlooked diffuse source of polychlorinated biphenyls in buildings. EnvironmentalZennegg, M./Seiler, C./ science & technology 2005, 39(7), 1967–1973 (second entry; for main entry, see under first author Minder-Kohler, S./Beck, M./ in Dept «Mobility and Environment», Lab «Organic Chemistry») Lienemann, P./Wegmann, L./Schmid, P.

Kuss, H.-M./Mittelstädt, H./ Laser-induzierte optische Emissionsspektrometrie für schnelle Bestimmung von Gefügestrukturen. Müller, G. Stahl und Eisen 2005, 125(7), 25–28

Kuss, H.-M./Mittelstädt, H./ Inclusion mapping and estimation of inclusion contents in ferrous materials by fast scanning laser-Müller, G. induced optical emission spectrometry. Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry 2005, 20(8),

730–735

Mayer, A./Czerwinski, J./ Filtration efficiency, secondary emissions and reliability of particle filter systems in undergroundWyser, M./Kasper, M./Heeb, N.V./ workplaces. In: Eighth int. mine ventilation congress, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, July 6–8, 2005, 13Emmenegger, L./Ulrich, A./ p. (second entry; for main entry, see under first author in Dept «Mobility and Environment», Lab Egli, H./Scheidegger, W. «Organic Chemistry»)

Montenegro, M.J./Döbeli, M./ Can thin perovskite film materials be applied as model systems for battery applications? AppliedLippert, T./Müller, S./ surface science 2005, 247(1–4), 197–203 Weidenkaff, A./Willmott, P.R./Wokaun, A.

Montenegro, M.J./Dumont, T./ Pulsed laser deposition of thin oxide films: Application in electrochemistry. In: OptoelectronicLippert, T./Müller, S./ materials and devices, Eds.: M. Popescu, I. N. Mihailescu, Inoe Publ. House (ISSN 1584-5508), Vol.Weidenkaff, A./Wokaun, A. 2, 2005: Pulsed laser deposition of optoelectronic films, p. 207–238. ISBN 973-85818-2-6


147


Rachel, A./Ebbinghaus, S.G./ Tantalum and niobium perovskite oxynitrides: synthesis and analysis of the thermal behaviour.Güngerich, M./Klar, P.J./ Thermochimica acta 2005, 438(1–2), 134–143 Hanss, J./Weidenkaff, A./Reller, A.

Robert, R./Romer, S./Reller, A./ Nanostructured complex cobalt oxides as potential materials for solar thermoelectric powerWeidenkaff, A. generators. Advanced engineering materials 2005, 7(5), 303–308

Senn Bischofberger, M. Das Schmiedehandwerk im nordalpinen Raum von der Eisenzeit bis ins frühe Mittelalter. Dissertationder Universität Zürich, 2004. In: Internationale Archäologie: Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Band 5. Rahden/Westf.: Leidorf, 2005, 288 p. ISBN 3-89646-405-1

Winnefeld, F./Lothenbach, B./ Einflüsse verschiedener Sulfatträger auf die Hydratation von Portlandzement – eine praxisnahe Figi, R./Rytz, G./Plötze, M. Studie. Zement Kalk Gips – ZKG international 2005, 58(3), 62–70 (second entry; for main entry, see

under first author in Dept «Civil and Mechanical Engineering», Lab «Concrete/Construction Chemistry»)





148

Empa Activities 2005Conferences

Empa staff participate in many national and international scientific events every year, either as organizers or guest speakers, or by present-ing peer-reviewed papers and/or peer-reviewed posters. Please note that the list below only represents a selection of these activities.


Muster, W. Nanostrukturierung verändert Werkstoffe und Oberflächen, 7. APPLY Info-Veranstaltung der EuregioBodensee, Micro and Nanotechnology Center MNCB, St. Gallen, 09-15

Schlapbach, L. Nanoscale Structures and Materials Science @ Empa, Physikalisches Kolloquium, Universität Konstanz, DE, 01-25

Schlapbach, L. Nanotechnology at Empa, VTT Technical Research Center, Espoo, FI, 02-02

Schlapbach, L. Hydrogen and its storage, a Materials Science Challenge, Forum of Hydrogen Storage, Toyota Higashihuji Technical Center, JP, 02-21 thru 22

Schlapbach, L. Nano-Science and Technology in Switzerland, Forum of Hydrogen Storage, Toyota Higashihuji Technical Center, JP, 02-21 thru 22

Schlapbach, L. Nanoscale Structures and Materials Science at Empa, National Institute for Materials Science(NIMS), Tsukuba, JP. 02-23

Schlapbach, L. Materials for the Hydrogen Society, Materials' Days Rostock 2005, Rostock University, Rostock, DE,05-23 thru 24

Schlapbach, L. Empa, Materials Science and Technology 2005, NIMS-World Materials Research Institute Forum, Tsukuba, JP, 06-06 thru 07

Schlapbach, L. Nanotechnologie der Industrie offerieren, ein Ziel der Empa, NanoEurope 2005, St. Gallen, 09-13 thru 15

Schlapbach, L. Materials Science and Technology for Sustainable Innovation, R'05, 7th World Congress on Integrated Resources Management (IRM), Beijing, CN, 09-25 thru 29

Schlapbach, L./Aebi, P./ Photoelectrons to probe hydrogen metal interactions and hydride formation, ETSF5, Energy andHayoz, J./Greber, T. Large Research Facilities, PSI, Villigen, 06-09 thru 10

Schlapbach, L./Reller, A./ E-MRS European Materials Research Society, Symposium L, Hydrogen and Fuel Cells, Scherer, G./Zuettel, A. Strasbourg, FR, 05-31 thru 06-03

Schlapbach, L./Zuettel A. The Potential and Limits of Hydrogen Energy Technologies, First World Conference on the Future ofScience, Venice, IT, 09-21 thru 23

Schlapbach, L./Zuettel A./ Hydrogen and its Storage, a Technology Challenge for Materials Science, Toyota, JP, 10-26

Suda, S.


Organisation Lecture Poster selected invited


149 Lecture invited selected Poster Organisation

Corrosion and Eckermann, F. Microscopic Electrochemical Aspects of Al-Mg-Si alloys, Corrosion Science Symposium Materials Integrity Manchester, UK, 09-13 thru 15

Faller, M. Glasperlstrahlen – neues Verfahren gegen Korrosion? 5. Ostschweizer Technologiesymposium, St. Gall, 11-04

Guseva, O./Lichtblau, A. Use of locally weighted regression method for estimation of service life from tensile testing of weathered polymers, 2nd European Weathering Symposium, Gothenburg, SE, 06-15 thru 17

Hochstrasser(-Kurz), S./ Analytical characterization of the corrosion mechanisms of WC-Co by Electrochemical methods andLatkoczy, C./Virtanen, S./ inductively-coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, 208th ECS Meeting, Los Angeles, USA, Uggowitzer, P.J./Schmutz, P. 10-16 thru 21

Müller, Y./Housh, S./Schmutz, P./ Eine photokatalytische Oberläche bestehend aus Titandioxid-Nanopartikeln in galvanisch von Trzebiatowski, O. abgeschiedenem Nickel, Oberflächentage 2005, Innsbruck, AT, 09-21 thru 23

Schmutz, P./Müller, J.O./ Analytical characterization and evaluation of critical factors in corrosion initiation, propagation andMüller, Y./Latkoczy, C./ protection of Mg-Al alloys, EUROCORR, Lisbon, PT, 09-04 thru 08 Virtanen, S./Uggowitzer, P.J.

Suter, T. Mikroelektrochemische MIC-Untersuchungen an verschiedenen Metallen, 3-Länder-Korrosionstagung «Mikroskopische Aspekte von MIC», Wien, AT, 04-21 thru 22

Tuchschmid, M. Korrosinsschäden an Stahlkonstruktionen von Balkonen, Terassen und Aussentreppen, SFF-Schweizerische Fachstelle Feuerverzinken, Zürich, 03-12

von Trzebiatowski, O. Ausgewählte Schadensbeispiele, Technische Akademie Esslingen, Sarnen, 06-06 thru 10

Zgraggen M. Beurteilung von Brüchen an metallischen und nichtmetallischen Werkstoffen mit der Rasterelektronenmikroskopie und Mikrobereichsanalyse, TAE Ostfildern, DE, 10-12

Functional Polymers Benmansour, H./Löwe, Ch./ Doped polymer light emitting devices: Oligo(para-phenylene vinylenes)oligomers as model Waldburger S./Nüesch, F./ compounds for transport, aggregation and diffusion Plastic Electronics Frankfurt DE, Bürgi, L./Mücklich, M. 10-04 thru 05

F. Nüesch Solar cells based on photographic dyes Empa Dübendorf, 04-14

Geiger, Th./Schleuniger, J./ Cellulose fibrils – a renewable primary nano-product? 19th International Adhesion and Bonding Pöhler, E./Zimmermann, T. Congress Swiss Bonding 05, Rapperswil, 05-23 thru 24

Kramer, H. Langzeitverhalten von Thermoplasten/Anwendertreffen Endress+Hauser/Maulburg DE, 10-28

Nagel, M./Lippert, T. Photodecomposible Materials Designed for Laser Applications: Triazene-Based Polymers as Photodynamic Release Layers: SCS Fall Meeting, Lausanne: 2005, Abstr. 237 (c.f. Chimia 2005, 59,640), 10-13

Schleuniger, J./Geiger, T./ JunFunori, a new media for the consolidation of matt paint 2. IADA Symposium, Budapest HU,Michel, F./Teoh-Sapkota, G./ 05-25 thru 27

Reichlin, A.

High Performance Akurati, K. K./Vital A./Graule T./ One step flame synthesis of SnO2/TiO2 composite nanoparticles for photocatalytic applications, TheCeramics Winterer M. 8th International Conference on Solar Energy and Applied Photochemistry, Luxor, Egypt,

02-20 thru 25

Akurati, K. K./Vital A./ Synthesis of Nanocrystalline N-Doped TiO2 for Photocatalytic Applications, 2005 MRS Fall Meeting,Graule T./Winterer M. Boston, Mass, USA, 11-28 thru 12-02

Blugan, G. Critical Flaw Size Reduction in Si3N4-TiN Composites for Wear Applications, 11th Int. Conferenceon Fracture, Turin, IT, 23-20 thru 21

Clemens, F. Influence of the Powder Loading in Green PZT Fibres on the Properties of Sintered PZT Fibres, European Congress on Advanced Materials and Processes, Euromat 2005, Prague, CZ, 09-05 thru 09

Graule, T. Entwicklung von Nanopulvern und porösen keramischen Materialien für biomedizinische Anwendungen, Konferenz Medtec 2005, Stuttgart, DE, 02-14 thru 15



Graule, T. Modification and functionalisation of nanopowders; Nano Coating Days, St. Gallen, 09-13

Herzog, A. Porous Recrystalled silicon carbide (RSiC) ceramic reticulates, Int. Conference Porous Ceramic Materials, PCM 2005, Bruges, BE, 10-20 thru 21

Holtappels, P. Electrochemical Characterisation of supporting SOFC anodes, 9th Int. Symposium on SOFC, Quebec, CA, 05-14 thru 21

Holtappels, P. Preparation and electrochemical characterisation of advanced supporting SOFC anodes, 15th Int.Conference on Solid State Ionics, Baden-Baden, DE, 07-17 thru 22

Kübler, J. Fractography as an investigation tool: Active brazing of silicon nitride to steel, European Materials Research Society, E-MRS Fall Meeting 2005, University of Technology, Warsaw, PL, 09-05 thru 09

Kübler, J. Micro-layered laminates designed with increasing R-curves, Fourth China Int. Conference on High-Performance Ceramics, Chengdu, CN, 10-24 thru 28

Soltmann, Ch. Relationship between structure and properties, preparation and characterisation of perovskites, Topical meeting of the Danish Ceramic Society, Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde, DK, 05-31 thru 06-01

Srdan, M.V. Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs): On the Influence of Ti in activated ceramic preforms for pressureless melt infiltration, 2nd BENEFRI Material Day, IMT Neuchâtel, 06-24

Vogt, U. 29th Int. Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, ACerS, Cocoa Beach, USA,01-24 thru 28

Vogt, U. Fabrication and characterisation of mixed conducting perovskites for SOFC applications, EuropeanMaterials Research Society, E-MRS, Spring Meeting 2005, Strasbourg, FR, 05-30 thru 06-02

Vogt, U. Emitter for thermophotovoltaic based on porous Yb2O3 ceramics, Int. Conference Porous CeramicMaterials, PCM 2005, Bruges, BE, 10-20 thru 21

Joining and Interface Bissig, V./Janczak-Rusch, J./ Comparison of three different active filler metals used for brazing ceramic-to-ceramic andTechnology Galli, M. ceramic-to-metal, E-MRS Fall Meeting, Warsaw, PL, 09-05 thru 09

Dong, Z.Z./Sawaguchi, T./ Microstructure change and shape memory characteristics in welded Fe-28Mn-6Si-5Cr-0.53Nb-Kajiwara, S./Kikuchi, T./ 0.06C alloy, ICOMAT05, Shanghai, CN, 06-13 thru 18

Kim, S.H./Lee, G.C.

Elsener, H.-R./Klotz, U.E./ Effect of binder content on the microstructure of Cu-based filler metal, Euromat, Praha, CZ

Piazza, D./et al.

Galli, M./Botsis, J./ On the relief of the residual stresses in ceramic-metal joints by a layered braze structure, E-MRS FallJanczak-Rusch, J. Meeting, Warsaw, PL, 09-05 thru 09

Janczak-Rusch, J. Brazing and characterisation of advanced ceramic joints, 29th international Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA, 01-23 thru 28

Klotz, U.E./Khalid, F.A./ Active brazed diamond and cubic boron nitride – interfacial nanostructure and applications, the 9thElsener, H.-R. International Symposium on Advanced Materials (ISAM 2005), Islamabad, Pakistan,

09-19 thru 22

Klotz, U.E./Liu, C./Kiser, M. Contribution to the phase relationships in the Cu-Ti-Zr system, Euromat, Praha, CZ

Unifantowicz, P./ Microstructural evolution during particles addition to lead-free solders, E-MRS Fall Meeting 2005,Janczak-Rusch, J./Rütti, T./ Warsaw, PL, 09-05 thru 09

Kurzydlowski, K.J.

Materials Technology Beffort, O. Current State of Light Alloy Matrix Composites Development, Sino-UK Symposium on AdvancedMaterials, 12-05 thru 07

Fahlbusch, S./Mazerolle, S./ Nanomanipulation in a Scanning Electron Microscopy, IFAMPT 2005 in Glasgow, Breguet, J.-M./Steinecker, A./ 08-20 thru 30

Codourey, A./Chaillet, N./ Michler, J.



Fahlbusch, St../Rohr, L. Attachment of Carbon Nanotubes on SPM Probes by Vision-based Nanomanipulation Inside a Scanning Electron Microscope, Korea-Switzerland Science and Technology Forum in Lausanne, 03-11

Hadad, M. Adhesion tests for thermal spray coatings: Application range of tensile, shear and interfacial indentation methods, ITSC 2005 Thermal Spray connects: Explore its surfacing potential! In Basel, 05-02 thru 04

Kern, Ph./Jäggi, Chr./Michler, J. Anodic Thin Films on Titanium used as Masks for Surface Micropatterning of Biomedical Devices,International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films (ICMCTF), San Diego, USA, 05-05

Kleiner, S./Beffort, O. Interface formation in diamond-metal composites with high thermal conductivity, Euromat 2005Prag, 08-05 thru 09

Leparoux, M. Etude de la synthèse de nanoparticules par plasma inductif, CEA in Saclay, 10-05

Michler, J. Material Properties Extracted from Indentation Experiments by Inverse Finite Element Calculations,The International Conference On Metallurgical Coatings And Thin Films, ICMCTF 2005, San Diego, California, USA (ref.), 05-02 thru 06

Michler, J. Micromechanics of Materials, talk at the Fraunhofer Institut für Werkstoffmechanik, Halle, DE,07-08

Michler, J. Mechanical properties of small volumes: quantitative assessment of materials properties and in-situSEM observation of deformation modes, talk at the Max-Planck Institut für Metallforschung, Stuttgart DE, 09-22

Michler, J. Micromechanics of Materials, talk at the Institut für angewandte Physik, Universität Augsburg, DE,10-24

Michler, J. Mechanical properties of small volumes: quantitative assessment of materials properties and in-situobservation of deformation modes, Invited talk at the Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften I, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 12-15

Moser, B. Visualization of pile-up formation by in-situ SEM indentation experiments, presented at MRS SpringMeeting, San Francisco, CA, USA, 03-28 thru 04-01

Nelis, Th./Hohl, M. Pulsed Glow-Discharge Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for Elemental and Molecular Analysis, 01-30 thru 02-03

Rohr, L. Nanofactory-tools at work in the SEM, Military Nanotechnology Conference in London, 11-01

Rohr, L. Lecture: Poröse Oberflächen bei Implantaten für den Hüft- und Kniegelenkersatz, Werkstofftechnologie in der Medizin in Bern, 05-03

Siegmann, St. Die Rolle der Nanopartikel beim thermischen Spritzen, 6. Industriefachtagung «Oberflächen- undWärmebehandlungstechnik» und 8. Werkstofftechnisches Kolloquium in Chemnitz, DE, 09-29 thru 30

Utke, I./Friedli, V./ Michler, J./ A method for density determination of focused-electron-beam-induced deposits, MNE 2005 – Bret, T./Multone/Hoffmann, P. international conference on micro and nano-engineering in Wien, AT, 09-11 thru 16

Nanoscale Materials Behzadi, B./Ferri, D./ On the role of gold in bimetallic Pd/Au and Pt/Au catalyst: an in situ ATR study, ECOSS 23, Berlin,Science Ernst, K.-H./Baiker, A. DE, 09-08

Dietsch, H. Institute of Physics, University of Fribourg (Prof. P. Schurtenberger), 10-14

Ernst, K.-H. Chiral recognition in molecular films on surfaces, Molecular Physics Seminar, FHI Berlin, DE. Prof. G. Meijer, 01-07

Ernst, K.-H. Initial steps of chiral conglomerate formation investigated via STM, Sonderforschungsbereich SFB569 Seminar, Prof. P. Bäuerle, Universität Ulm, DE, 02-02



Ernst, K.-H. Amplification of chirality in two-dimensional molecular lattices, 5th International Symposium of Atomic Level Characterization for New Materials and Devices, ALC’05, 4. 12. – 9. 12. 2005, Keauhou, Kona, Big-Island, Hawaii, USA, 12-06

Hauert, R. CARBON 2005 Intern. Conference, Gyeongju, South Korea, KR, 06-04

Hauert, R. World Tribology Congress III, Washington DC, USA. 09-15

Hauert, R. 21st Century COE KEIO-LCC International Symposium on Frontiers on Nanoscale World, Keio University, Yokohama JP, 09-22

Hug, H. J. Measuring Forces between Atoms/SAOG/Fribourg, 01-21

Hug, H. J. The role of uncompensated spins in exchange biasing revealed by quantitative and high resolutionMFM, International Workshop on Magnetic Imaging, Bochum, DE, 12-05 thru 06

Hug, H. J./Kappenberger P./ Magnetic Force Microscopy on exchange Biased Multilayers and Recent Developments in ScanningSchmid I./Romer S./Parlinska M. Force Microscopy/Seminar Universität Karlsruhe/Karlsruhe DE, 05-09

Hug, H. J./Kappenberger, P./ Advances in High-Resolution Magnetic Force Microscopy/Intermag 2005/Nagoya, JP, Schmid, I./Romer, S./ 04-04thru 08

Parlinska, M.

Kappenberger, P. International Conference on Microscopy, Davos, 08-28 thru 09-02

Kappenberger, P. Seminary Talk, MIT (Boston, USA), 11-11 thru 29

Kappenberger, P. Seminary Talk, Hitachi GST (San Jose, USA), 12-07

Keller, B.A. Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Zürich (Prof. J. Hutter), 10-11

Marioni, M. A. Strain Onset in Ni-Mn-Ga Single Crystals with Pulsed-Field Actuation/NanoEurope/St. Gallen, 09-13

Parschau, M./Fasel, R./ Transfer, recognition and amplification of chirality in molecular monolayers, ECOSS 23, Berlin, DE,Ernst, K.-H. 09-05

Patscheider, J. Int. Conf. Metall. Coat. Thin Films, San Diego, CA (USA)- Member of Exec. Committee-ChairmanSession B7 «Hard Coatings»- Proceedings editor, 05-04

Patscheider, J. «Structures and Properties of Nanostructured Hard Coatings: From Multilayers to Nanocomposites»;Functional Coatings and Surface Engineering 2005 (FCSE 05), Montréal, QC CA, 06-07

Patscheider, J. «Understanding Nanocomposites Hard Coatings: the importance of Interfaces»; NanoSMat 05), University of Aveiro, PT, 09-08

Rossbach, P./Crockett, R./ SIMS XV, Manchester, 09-12 thru 16

Tröxler, H./Equey, S.

Tang, C.S./Makohliso, S./ XVIII International Symposium on Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, Coimbra, PT, Heuschkel, M./Sharma, S./ 06-19 thru 06-24

Keller, B./Voeroes, J.

nanotech@surfaces Fasel, R. Amplification of chirality in a two-dimensional molecular lattice/ Symposium on Surface Science/ Les Arcs (F), 03-15

Fasel, R. Buckybowls on a metal surface/ European Conference on Surface Science ECOSS-23/ Berlin, DE),09-04 thru 09

Gröning, O. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy on Quasicrystal Surfaces/ Inst. of Solid StatePhysics/ University of Vienna, AT, 06-06

Gröning, O. Electronic properties of Quasicrystals/ TOYOTA Europe/ Advanced Technology Division/ Brussels,BE, 06-15

Gröning, O. Nanotechnology at Empa Materials Science and Technology: carbon nanotubes, modifications ofthe local electronic properties and application as efficient electron sources/ Summer School on Advanced Materials/ Villar-sur-Ollon, 09-18 thru 22



Gröning, P. Carbon Nanotubes for Advanced Electron Sources/ Dornbirner Mikrotage/ FachhochschuleVorarlberg/ Dornbirn (A), 03-23

Gröning, P. Nanotechnologie: Chance oder Risiko für die Schweizer Wirtschaft/Swiss excellence/SavoyHotel/Zürich, 04-06

Gröning, P. Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen für die neue Generation von Flachbildschirmen/ UBS at NanoEurope2005/ NanoEurooe2005/ St. Gallen, 09-14

Ruffieux, P. Self-assembly of HBC-related molecules on metal surfaces/ Symposium on Surface Science/ Les Arcs (F), 03-13 thru 19

Widmer, R. Imprinting chirality into inorganic CuO thin films/ European Conference on Surface Science ECOSS-23/ Berlin (G), 09-4 thru 09

Civil and Mechanical Engineering

Farshad, M. Magneto-active elastomer composites, International Conference on High Performance and Speciality Elastomers, Geneva 04-20 thru 21

Meier, U. Eight Years of Field Experience with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Stay and Post-Tensioning Cables, 84th Annual Conference of the Transportation Research Board of the NATIONAL ACADEMIES, Shoreham Hotel, Washington D.C., USA, 01-10

Meier, U. Future FRP Research Needs, 84th Annual Conference of the Transportation Research Board of theNATIONAL ACADEMIES, Marriott Hotel, Washington D.C., USA, 01-10

Meier, U. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Tensile Elements for Post-strengthening and Pre-tensioning, Costaction: Improving building structural quality by new technologies, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AT, 01-20

Meier, U. Eight Years of Field Experience with Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic Stays and Post-Tensioning Cables, University of Cambridge, Engineering Department, Cambridge, UK, 02-01

Meier, U. Post-Strengthening of Structures with Composite Materials: The Swiss Experience, SESSÃO DE CONFERÊNCIAS, INSPECÇÃO/DIAGNÓSTICO, REABILITAÇÃO E REFORÇO DE ESTRUTURAS, Fundação Eng. António de Almeida, Porto, PT, 02-24

Meier, U. Widening the Bridge Deck of the Felsenau Viaduct with Two Breakdown Lanes, International Workshop on Innovative Bridge Deck Technologies, Fort Garry Hotel, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CA, 04-14

Meier, U. Composites in Construction – European State of Art, 3rd International Conference Composites inConstruction, CCC 2005, Hôtel des Congrès/Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, F, 07-11

Meier, U. Design and Rehabilitation of Concrete Structures using Advanced Composite Materials, CongressoLatino-Americano de Patologia da Construção, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS,Porto Alegre, BR, 09-16

Meier, U. Tensioned Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Systems in Structural Engineering, Departamento deEngenharia de Estruturas e Fundações, Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo, BR, 09-21

Meier, U. Novel development of CFRP systems in structural engineering, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, BR, 09-26

Meier, U. Vorgespannte Systeme mit kohlenstofffaserverstärkten Kunststoffen (CFK), Staatliche BauuniversitätRostow am Don, RU, 10-18

Meier, U. Fibre Reinforced Polymers in Civil Structures: Future FRP Research Needs, Robert and Joyce JonesCivil Engineering Forum, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, CA, 11-03

Meier, U. Patience is the art of hoping, Convocation Address at Royal Military College of CA, Kingston, Ontario, CA, 11-04

Meier, U. A Novel Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) System for Post-Strengthening, ICCRRR 2005Conference, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, ZA



Meier, U. Erfahrungen mit der Anwendung von CFK im Bauwesen, 6. Leipziger Fachtagung Innovationen imBauwesen – Faserverbundwerkstoffe, Universität Leipzig, DE, 12-01

Neuhold, S.M./Murtola, E./ Hyperelastic high voltage composite conductor, European Congress on Advanced Materials andFröhlich E./Farshad, M./ Processes, EUROMAT 05, Prague Czecoslovakia, 09-5-thru 8 Stutz, A./Anliker, P.

Richner, P./Moser, K. Sustainable construction material management: Closing the loop, ConMat'05, Vancouver, CA, 8-22 thru 24

Building Technologies Brunner, S./Simmler, H. Monitoring of VIP in Building Applications, 7th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium, Empa Akademie, Dübendorf, 09-28 thru 29

Frank, Th. Stand der Technik und Trends im Bereich der Gebäudehülle, SATW Jahreskongress «NachhaltigesBauen», Zürich, 09-28

Ghazi Wakili, K. Vacuum insulation panels in Buildings. Thermo-hygric behaviourand aging mechanisms, 36th International Congress on heating, refrigeration and air-conditioning, Belgrade, 11-30 thru 12-02

Ghazi Wakili, K./Nussbaumer, T./ Thermal performance of VIP assemblies in building constructions, 7th International Vacuum Binder, B. Insulation Symposium, Empa Akademie, Dübendorf, 09-28 thru 29

Loutzenhiser, P./Maxwell, G. Shortcomings of building energy simulation codes in modeling airflow rates for variable-air-volumesystems with a fixed outside air damper, Nordic Building Symposium on Building Physics, Reykjavik, 04-15

Manz, H. International Energy Agency, Empirical Validation of Building Energy Simulation Tools (Task 34/ Annex 43), Status Report: Shading/Daylighting/Load Interaction, Liège University, BE, 04-11 thru 13

Simmler, H. Testing and modelling of the angular-dependent solar heat gain of glazing with venetian blind shading, DYNASTEE Conference, Athens, 10-12 thru 10-14

Simmler, H./Brunner, S. Aging and Service Life of VIP in Buildings, 7th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium, Empa Akademie, Dübendorf, 09-28 thru 29

Würsch, W. Klassierungssystem zum Brandverhalten verschiedener Holzarten, VST Tagung, Wettingen, 22-11

Concrete/Construction Hoffmann, C. Technische Aspekte von Beton aus RC-Material/Workshop Potentiale von mineralischen Chemistry Sekundärressourcen/ETH Zürich, Schweiz, 09-07

Holzer, L./Gasser, Ph./Münch, B. Three Dimensional Analysis of the Pore-Network in Cement Pastes using FIB-Nanotomography/Cementitious Materials as model porous media: Nanostructure and Transport processes/Monte Verita, Ascona, 07-17 thru 22

Holzer, L./Münch, B./Gasser, Ph. FIB-Nanotomography: Closing the Gap between Nano- and Microstructural Imaging in 3D-Microscopy/Microscopy Conference 6. Dreiländertagung/Davos, 08-28 thru 09-02

Leemann, A. Wie sieht die Alkali-Aggregat-Reaktion am Bauwerk aus?/cemsuisse-Fachtagung Alkali-Aggregat-Reaktion (AAR)/Bern, 11-16

Leemann, A./Münch, B./ Influence of compaction on the interfacial transition zone and the permeability of concrete/Gasser, Ph./Holzer, L. 10th Euroseminar of Microscopy applied to building materials/Paisley, Scotland, 06-21 thru 24

Lothenbach, B./Wieland, E. A thermodynamic approach to the hydration of sulphate-resisting Portland cement/International Workshop on mechanisms and modelling of waste/cement interactions/Meiringen, 05-08 thru 12

Lothenbach, B./Wieland, E./ International Workshop on mechanisms and modelling of waste/cement interactions/Meiringen, Johnson, A./Wällisch, A./ 05-08 thru 12 Winnefeld, F.

Münch, B./Gasser, Ph./Holzer, L. Quantitative particle analysis based on FIB-nanotomography/Microscopy Conference 6. Dreiländertagung/Davos, 08-28 thru 09-02



Romer, M./Leemann, A. Sensitivity of a non-destructive vacuum test method to characterize concrete permeability/International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting /Cape Town, South Africa, 11-21 thru 23

Winnefeld, F./Becker, S./ Struktur-Wirkungsbeziehungen von Polycarboxylatether-Fliessmitteln/7. GDCH-Tagung Pakusch, J./Götz, T./ Bauchemie/Berlin, DE, 09-29 thru 30

Kaufmann, J.

Zingg, A./Holzer, L./Winnefeld, F./ Gefüge-Charakterisierung der frühen Zementhydratation mit Hilfe der Cryo-Rasterelektronen-Gasser, Ph./Pakusch, J./ mikroskopie/7. GDCH-Tagung Bauchemie/Berlin, DE, 09-29 thru 30

Becker, S./Gauckler, L.

Building Technologies Koschenz, M./Pfeiffer, A. Steps towards a 2000 Watt Society in the Residential Building Stock, 8th REHVA World Congress – CLIMA 2005, Lausanne, 10-9 thru 12

Zimmermann, M. Passivhaus und 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft – Welches sind die Herausforderungen einer nachhaltigenEntwicklung? 9. Int. Passivhaus Tagung, Ludwigshafen DE, 04-29 thru 30

Materials and Barbezat, M./Brunner A.J./ Integrated Acitve Fibre Composite Elements: Characterisation for acoustic emission and acousto-Engineering Huber, Ch.,/Flüeler, P. ultrasonics; Proceedings 15th International Conference on Adaptive Structures and Technologies,

ICAST 2004, pp. 1-15 (2005), Conference 2004 Proceeding 2005

Brunner, A.J./ Recent Developments in Delamination Resistance Testing of Polymer-Matrix Composites EU-Blackmann, B.R.K./ Davies, P. ROMECH 473 Fracture of Composite Materials, Porto, Portugal, 10-29

Brunner, A.J./Necola, A./ A comparison of the fracture toughness between un-reinforced epoxy with and without nano-size Rees, M./ Barbezat, M. silicate-based filler, 4th ESIS TC4 Conference on Fracture of Polymers, Composites and Adhesives,

Les Diablerets, 09-12

Huber, Ch./Spori, D./ Active Fiber Composites: Optimation of the manufacturing process and their poling behavior, Melnykowycz, M./Barbezat, M. Proceedings SPIE, Vol. 5671, Smart Structures and Materials 2005: Active Materials: Behavior and

Mechanics, ed. W.D. Armstrong, pp. 542-547, 2005

Melnykowycz, M./Kornmann, X./ Integration of Active Fiber Composite (AFC) Sensor/ Actuators into Glass/Expoxy Laminates; Huber, Ch./Brunner, A.J. Proceedings SPIE Vol. 5671, Smart Structures and Materials 2005: Active Materials: Behavior and

Mechanics ed. W.D. Armstrong, pp. 221–232, 2005

Melnykowycz, M./Martinez, M./ Active Airfoil Design and Finite Element Analysis of Smart Structures for Rotor Blade Applications, Nitzsche, F./Barbezat, M./ Proceedings 16th, International Conference on Adaptive Structures, Toronto CA, 10-10 thru 12 Artemev, A.

Michel, S./Kieselbach, R./ Numerical Approaches to the Environmental and Frequency Effect on Fatigue Crack Growth in Figliolino, M. Aluminium Alloys; International Conf. on Fracture (ICF11); Turin, 03-23

Paradies, R. Numerical Investigation of Piezoelectric Actuators of the Type AFC/MFC, NAFEMS Numerical Simulation of Electromechanical Systems, Wiesbaden, Deutschland, 10-26 thru 27

Wissler, M./Mazza, E./Kovacs, G. Circular pre-strained dielectric elastomer actuators: modeling, simulation and experimental verification, SPIE-2005 Smart Structures and Materials, San Diego USA, 03-10

Road Engineering/ Ferrotti, G./Canestrari, F./ Advanced Testing and Characterization of Interlayer Shear Resistance. 84th TRB Annual Meeting, Sealing Components Partl, M.N./Santagata, F. 9-13 Jan, Washington DC, (2005), 01-05 thru 08

Hean, S./Partl, M.N. Partl, M.N.: Fahrbahnfugen. Analyse des Praxisverhaltens von 7 Fugenmassensystemen auf einerAutobahnstrecke in der Schweiz. VSS-Empa-Fachtagung. Empa-Akademie 04. Februar 2005. ISBN 3-905594-43-9, 02-04

Hean, S./Partl, N.M. Fahrbahnfugen: Analyse des Praxisverhaltens von sieben Fugenmassensystemen auf einer Autobahnstrecke in der Schweiz. VSS/Empa Tagung über Fugendichtungen in Verkehrsflächen mit heissverarbeitbaren Fugenmassen, 4 Feb., Dübendorf, Tagungsband ISBN 3-905594-43-9, pp. 11…21, (2005), 02-04

Hugenschmidt, J./Kasa, C.N. NDT Inspection of Railway Tracks Embedded in Concrete, Railway Engineering – 2005 – 8th International Conference and Exhibition, University of Westminster, London, UK, 06-29 thru 30

Partl, M.N. Viscous Behavior of Binders. An Intensive Course on Advanced Constitutive Modeling of AsphalticMaterials 5th-8th Jan. ’05, University of Maryland, 07-01



Partl, M.N. Isothermal and Non-Isothermal Behavior of Binders and Mixes. An Intensive Course on AdvancedConstitutive Modeling of Asphaltic Materials 5th-8th Jan. ’05, University of Maryland, 07-01

Partl, M.N. Practical Approaches of Modeling Complex Loading Histories of Mastic and Intensive Course onAdvanced Constitutive Modeling of Asphaltic Materials 5th-8th Jan. ’05, University of Maryland, 07-01

Partl, M.N. Investigation of Water Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixes, ISAP Int Workshop, Univ Delft, 11-23 thru 25

Partl, M.N./Hean, S. Performance of two new asphaltic plug joint systems for large movements. 84th TRB Annual Meeting, 9–13th Jan, Washington DC, USA, (2005), 01-05 thru 08

Poulikakos, L./Heutschi, K./ Determination of the Environmental Footprint of Freight Vehicles, 4th Int. Conference on Weigh-In-Anderegg, P./ Calderara, R./ Motion ICWIM4, 20-22nd February 2005, Taipei, TW, 02-20 thru 23

Doupal, E./ Siegrist, R./ Partl, M.N.

Raab, C./Partl, M. N Determination of the Mechanical Resistance of Thin Surfacings on Asphalt Pavements. Fourth International Conference on Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Pavements and Technological Control, Belfast, UK, 08-18 thru 19

Raab, C./Partl, M.N., Rehabilitation of concrete pavements with geotextiles and steel meshes, International Conference onConcrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting, Cape Town, South Africa, 11-21 thru 23

Raab, Ch./Partl, M.N./ Determination of Rutting and Water Susceptibility of Selected Pavement Materials using MMLS3, 7thJenkins, K./Hugo, F. International Conference on the Bearing Capacitiy of Roads, Railways and Airfields, Trondheim, NO,

06-27 thru 29

Structural Engineering Barrot, F./Sandtner, J./Bleuler, H. Acceleration Sensor based on Diamagnetic Leviation IUTAM Conference, Munich, 07-18 thru 21

Bergamini, A./Christen, R./ Electrostatic tuning of the bending stiffness of simple, slender multilayer composite structures SPIE,Motavalli, M. San Diego USA, March

Bergamini, A./Motavalli, M. Composite materials, damping, monitoring: a comprehensive approach to the safety of civil engineering structures at Empa SHMII'2 Conference Shenzen CN, 11-16 thru 18

Czaderski, C./Motavalli, M. Strengthening of a large-scale prestressed RC bridge girder «Flexural strengthening using CFRPplates» COBRAE's Bridge Conference 2005, Empa Duebendorf, 03-30 thru 04-01

Gsell, D./Feltrin, G./Motavalli, M. Identification of elastic material properties of solid wood panels International Conference Experimental Vibration Analysis for Civil Engineering Structures, Bordeaux FR, 10-26 thru 28

Janke, L. Formgedächnislegierungen in Ingenieurstrukturen des Stahlbetonbaues – Materialphänomene, Anwendungskonzepte und Visionen 45. Forschungskolloquium des DAfStb, Wien, 10-06 thru 07

Motavalli, M./Gsell, D. On the vibration mitigation of light weighted bridges COBRAE's Bridge Conference 2005, Empa Duebendorf, 03-30 thru 04-01

Schubert, S./Gsell, D./Dual, J./ RESONANT ULTRASOUND SPECTROSCOPY APPLIED TO WOOD: Comparison of the shear Motavalli, M./Niemz, P. modulus of wood before and after exposure to fungal Pathogens 14th International Symposium on

Non-destructive Testing of Wood, Hannover DE

Shafieezadeh, A./Gsell, D./ SMA adaptive tune vibration absorber SHMII'2 Conference Shenzen CN, 11-16 thru 18 Motavalli, M.

Weber, F./Distl, H./Feltrin, G./ Damping Measurements on the Eiland Bridge of Kampen, Using MR Dampers 6th InternationalMotavalli, M. Symposium on Cable Dynamics, Charleston SC USA, 09-19 thru 22

Weber, F./Distl, H./Feltrin, G./ Simplified Approach of Velocity Feedback of MR Dampers on Real Cable-Stayed Bridges 6th Motavalli, M. International Symposium on Cable Dynamics, Charleston SC USA, 09-19 thru 22

Werber, F. Magnetorheological Fluid Dampers: Characteristics & Implementation Seminar at Institute for Mechanics, Energy and Construction of the Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 05-21

Wood Arnold, M./Steiger, R. Are wind-induced compression failures grading relevant? CIB W18-Meeting 38, Karlsruhe, DE,08-29



Fischer, A./Künniger, T./ Water Soluble Larch extractives: Impact on 1 P-PUR Wood Bonds. Wood Adhesives 2005, Richter, K. San Diego, USA, 11-02 thru 04

Geiger, T./Schleuniger, J./ Cellulose fibrils, a renewable primary nano-prouduct? 19th International Adhesion and Bonding Pöhler, E./Zimmermann, T. Congress Swiss Bonding 2005, Rapperswil, 05-23 thru2 5

Klingner, R. Energieeffiziente Leichtbaukonstruktionen in der Natur, Das Hornissennest als Vorbild für Gebäudehüllen aus Holz, Holz Innovativ 2005, Rosenheim, DE, 04-06 thru 07

Raschle, P. Biofouling und mikrobielle Einwirkung (MIC) an Fassaden, 3-Länder-Korrosionstagung 2005 A-CH-DE, Naturhistorischen Museum, Wien, AT, 04-21

Richter, K. Increased use of wood in Swiss buildings: modelling of related CO2-effects, 25th anniversary Right Livelihood Award. Sustainability and modern business practice, Fachhochschule Salzburg, Kuchl, AT, 06-10

Richter, K. Cost E 34 Wood Bonding, Management and Working Group Meeting and Dissemination workshop of EU-Craft LICONS Project, Duebendorf, 09-19 thru 20

Skyba, O./Schwarze, F. Resistance of thermo-hygro-mechanically densified wood to colonization and degradation by brownrot fungy, 2nd European Conference on Wood Modification, Göttingen, DE, 10-06 thru 07

Steiger, R./Köhler, J. Analysis of censored data, examples in timber engineering research, CIB W18-Meeting 38, Karlsruhe, DE, 08-31

Xie, Y./ Krause, A./Mai, C./ Artificial weathering of wood modified with a N-methylol compound. 2nd European Conference of Militz, H./Richter, K./Urban, K./ Wood Modification, Göttingen, DE, 10-06 thru 07

Evans, P.D.

Zimmermann, T./ Pöhler, E./ Cellulose nanofibrils for polymer reinforcement, American Chemical Society meeting, San Diego, Geiger, T. USA, 03-13 thru 17


Rüedi, M./Schönenberger, M. Fiber Society Conference/St. Gallen, 5-25 thru 27

Biomaterials Brombacher, E./Delavy, P./ Novel antifoulings based on the biopolymer Polyhydroxyalkanoate, 3rd International Workshop onHany, R./Zinn. M. Space Microbiology, Mol BE, 05-23 thru 25

Ren, Q. Production of chiral hydroxyalkanoic acids from PHAs, 3rd European Symposium on Biopolymers,Madrid ES, 11-01

Ren, Q./Grubelnik, A./Hörler, M./ Efficient production of chiral hydroxyalkanoic acids from PHAs, Biomicroworld 2005, Badajoz ES,Hartmann, R./Ruth, K./ 03-15 thru 18

Felber, H./Zinn, M.

Zinn, M. Tailored polyhydroxyalkanoate through biosynthesis, Biomicroworld 2005, Badajoz ES, 03-01

Zinn, M. Tailored properties of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) through biosynthesis and chemical modification, Fiber Society Spring 2005 Conference, St. Gallen, 05-25 thru 27

Zinn, M. Biosynthesis of tailor-made PHA in continuous culture: limitations and prospects, 3rd EuropeanSymposium on Biopolymers 2005, Madrid ES, 11-01

Functional Fibers Fischer, A. Vortrag: Plasma enhanced cleaning and coating of polymeric fibers, Fiber Society Spring and Textiles Conference, St. Gallen, 05-25 thru 27

Fischer, A. et al. Vortrag: Pulsed DC Plasma induced PZT Thin Film Deposition for industrial purposes: Process Development and Filmcharacterization, Int. Conf. On Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films, San Diego, USA, 05-02

Halbeisen, M. Vortrag: Nanu? Nano? Oder warum der Zwerg Nano so riesig ist (131 vorgetragen), NanoPubli, St. Gallen, 09-13 thru 15

Halbeisen, M. Vortrag: Verfahren zur Mikrostrukturierung von Faseroberflächen, 44rd Int. Man-made Fibers Congress, A-Dornbirn, 09-21 thru 23



Hegemann, D. Vortrag: Influence of reactor geometry on plasma polymerization, 12. Bundesdeutsche Fachtagungfür Plasmatechnologie (BFPT), Braunschweig, 03-21 thru 23

Hegemann, D./Balazs, D./ Vortrag: Optimization and Up-Scaling of Plasma Polymerization Processes, 17th Int. Symp. on Amberg, M./Fischer, A. Plasma Chemistry (ISPC), Toronto/CA, 08-08 thru 12

Hegemann, D./Balazs, D./ Vortrag: Biokompatible Schichten mittels Plasmapolymerisation, DPG Frühjahrstagung 2005, Berlin,Fischer, A. 03-04 thru 09

Hegemann, D./Balazs, J. Vortrag: Plasma-Polymerized Coatings on Textiles, Fiber Society Spring Conference, St. Gallen, 05-25 thru 27

Heuberger, M. Vortrag: Low friction in boundary lubrication – by structure or dynamics, World Tribology Congress III,Washington, D.C., USA, 09-12 thru 16

Hufenus, R. et al. Vortrag: Novel methods to modify synthetic fibers, Textile Institute 84th Annual World Conference,Raleigh, NC, USA, 03-22 thru 25

Hufenus, R. Vortrag: Predicting a 100 year lifetime for technical textiles, Fiber Society Spring Conference, St. Gallen, 05-25 thru 27

Reifler, F.A. Vortrag: Entwicklung geruchsminderner Fasern: Verfahren zur Erfassung der Wirksamkeit, 44rd Int. Man-made Fibers Congress, A-Dornbirn, 09-21 thru 23

Schmid, H.-R. Vortrag: Neue Ansätze für die Entwicklung schwer entflammbarer Textilien, 44rd Int. Man-madeFibers Congress, A-Dornbirn, 09-21 thru 23

Materials-Biology Baumgartner, F./Maniura, K./ Topographical Surface Effects on Adult Human Bone Marrow Cells and Trabecular Bone DerivedInteractions Tosatti, S./Textor, M./Bruinink, A. Cells, ESB Meeting 2005, The European Society for Biomaterials, Sorrento IT, 09-09 thru 15

Baumgartner, F./Maniura, K./ Cell morphology, -volume, expression of vinculin and migration are altered as response of humanTosatti, S./Textor, M./Bruinink, A. bone marrow cells to topographical characteristics of the culture substrate, Biosurf 2005, Lausanne

09-21 thru 23

Bruinink, A. The effect of surface topography on adult human bone marrow cells and trabecular bone-derivedosteoblasts, Workshop Human mesenchymal stem cells: selection, cultivation, phenotyping, St. Gallen 08-11

Bruinink, A. Are C-nanoparticles able to affect cultured cells?, Workshop on Toxicity Issue of Carbon Nanotubes,Nanomatériaux et Sécurité, Montpellier FR, 09-01

Crockett, R. SEM and AFM imaging of Natural Cartilage, International Tribology Conference, Biotribology, KobeJP03-06

Maniura, K. Mesenchymal stem cells as reporter for the quality assessment of implant materials, Workshop Human mesenchymal stem cells: selection, cultivation, phenotyping, St. Gallen 07-11

Maniura, K./Baumgartner, F./ The level of adipogenesis occuring during osteoblast differentiation of human bone marrow cells canWick, P./Bruinink, A. be controlled by cultivation protocols, 2nd Joint Meeting of European Calcified Tissue Society and

International Bone and Mineral Society, Genf 06-25 thru 29

Maniura, K./Wick, P./Bruinink, A./ Workshop Human mesenchymal stem cells: selection, cultivation, phenotyping, St. Gallen Frei, B./Kaiser, J.-P. 11-07 thru 09

Maniura, K./Wick, P./Kaiser, J.-P./ Dynamically Applied Pressure Affects the Architecture of Human Bone Marrow Cells, ESB MeetingOsterwalder, T./Bruinink, A. 2005, The European Society for Biomaterials, Sorrento IT, 09-09 thru 15

Rösslein, M. Management of Influence Quantities for Analytical Procedures, American Chemical Society Fall Meeting, Washington US, 09-01

Wick, P./Manser, P./Dettlaff, U./ Cytotoxicological aspects of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanopartricles, EuroNanoForum 2005, Roth, S./Krumeich, F./Bruinink, A. Edinburgh UK, 09-05 thru 09

Protection and Brühwiler, P. Bycycle helmet ventilation: State of the art and future directions, ICEE 2005, Ystad, SE, Physiology 05-22 thru 26

Richards, M. Effects of moisture on the heat transfer through protective clothing, ICEE 2005, Ystad, SE, 05-23



Richards, M. Applications of the Sweating Torso, University of Alberta, Edmonton, CA, 10-10

Rossi, R. Assessment of thermal comfort and heat protection of firefighters' protective clothing, International Symposium on Protective Clothing for Firefighting Activities, Tokyo, JP, 03-09 thru 11

Rossi, R. Influence of fiber types and fabric properties on the burning behaviour and skin burn prediction, FiberSociety Spring 2005 Conference, St. Gallen, 05-26

Rossi, R. Moisture management in multilayer textiles, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA, 08-08

Selm, B. Flexible Textile light Diffuser for Photodynamic Therapy, Photonics West 2005, San Jose, California,USA., 01-22 thru 27

Selm, B./Camenzind, M./ Development of an illuminated textile for medical application, Fiber Society Spring 2005 Conference,Schmid, M. et al. St. Gallen, 05-25 thru 27

Spierings, A. Experimental evaluation of the mechanical effectiveness of hip protectors, World Ageing & Generations Congress VIVA50plus, St. Gallen, 09-30


Acoustics Eggenschwiler, K. Lecture Halls – Room Acoustics and Sound Reinforcement, Forum Acusticum 05, Budapest, HU, 09-01

Eggenschwiler, K./Machner, R. Einige Ergebnisse von raumakustischen Vergleichsmessungen in der Schweiz, DAGA 05, München, DE, 03-17

Emrich, F. Neufassung der Schweizer Norm SIA 181 Schallschutz im Hochbau, DAGA 05, München, DE, 03-17

Heutschi, K. Schätzung der mittleren akustischen Leistungen von Personen- und Lastwagen anhand von quellennahen Strassenlärmimmissionsmessungen, DAGA 05, München, DE, 03-17

Pietrzko, S. Model based control of acoustical and vibratory systems, II ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Smart Structures and Materials, Lisbon, Portugal, 07-20

Thomann, G./Bütikofer, R./ Uncertainty of measured and calculated aircraft noise, International INCE Symposium on managingKrebs, W. uncertainties in noise measurements and prediction, Le Mans, FR, 06-27

Electronics/Metrology/ Anderegg, P./Muff, R./ Datenerfassung für Langzeitüberwachung von Autobahnen, VDI-Berichte 1899, S. 405-412, Reliability Brönnimann, R. ISBN 3-18-091899-3 GESA-Symposium 2005, Saarbrücken, DE, 09-21 thru 22

Callegari, V./Nellen, P.M. FIB-Structuring of Photonic Elements Microscopy Conference, Davos, 08-28 thru 09-02

Gundu, P.N./Hack, E./ Adaptive technique for phase noise reduction from the speckle correlation fringes,SPIE 5908 (2005)Rastogi, P.K. 263-269 SPIE Optical Information Systems III, San Diego, USA, 08-01 thru 07

Hack, E./Burguete, R./ Traceability of optical techniques for strain measurement, Int. Conf. Advances in ExperimentalPatterson, E. Mechanics IV, Southampton, Great-Britain, 09-06 thru 08

Hack, E./Gundu, P. N. Adaptive correction to the speckle correlation fringes using twisted nematic LCD,Proc. Ed. W. Osten,Springer, Berlin, 2005, p 158-165, ISBN 3-540-26037-4FRINGE 2005, Stuttgart, DE, 09-12 thru 14

Jacob, P. Manufacturing-Robotic-Induced «Mechanical» Damages on Semiconductor Dies: Mechanics, Electrostatics or What Else? IPFA05, Singapore, 06-27 thru 07-01

Jacob, P./Reiner, J. Seminar Electrostatic Surface Discharge caused by Robotic Manufacturing Processes for Micro- and Nano-Fabrication, Empa, Dübendorf, 11-03

Jud, P.P. Ausfallcharakteristik als spezifische Materialeigenschaft? System Integration in Micro Electronics,Nuremberg, DE, 04-19 thru 21



Jud, P.P./Grossmann, G./ FIB investigations of local deformation in lead-free solder, TEST 2005, Nürnberg, DE, Sennhauser U. 05-10 thru 12

Jud, P.P./Grossmann, G./ Local creep in Lead-free SnAG3.8Cu0.7 solder, IPC/Soldertec Global 3rd International Conference Sennhauser U. on Electronics Barcelona, ES, 06-08 thru 09

Lüthi, Th. Menschliche Einflussfaktoren auf das Erkennen von Anzeigen bei bildgebenden Systemen, DGZfPBerichtsband 94-CD, v56, ISBN 3-931381-64-1 Jahrestagung Rostock, DE, 05-02 thru 04

Lüthi, Th./Brönnimann, R. Tagung Brücken in die Zukunft, Empa, Dübendorf, 11-11

Nellen, P.M./Brönnimann, R. Focused Ion Beam Structuring of Photonic Components and Sensors, SPIE 5855, 359-362 17th Int. Conf. On Optical Fibre Sensors, Bruges, Belguim, 05-23 thru 27

Sennhauser, U. 1-ray Tomography of Materials and Devices DGBM Tagung Dresden, DE, 10-07

Tharian, J. FIB-Applications to study Thermophysical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes EFUG (European FIBUsers Group)-Konferenz, Arachon, FR, 10-10

Wyss, P. Radiographic Testing of SOFC Pellets and Piles, 2nd Real SOFC Workshop, Simmerath-Einruhr, DE,06-22 thru 23

Zhou, L./Grover, W.D. A theory for Setting the «Safety Margin» on Availability Guarantees in an SLA Proceedings 5th International Workshop on Design of Reliable Communication Networks DRCN, Island of Ischia, IT, 10-16 thru 19

Media Technology Giesen, J./Schuberth, E./ Toward Image-dependent Gamut mapping: Fast and accurate Gamut Boundary Determination/Simon, K./Zolliker, P. Color Imaging 1: Processing, Hardcopy, and Applications/ San Jose, California. USA,

01-17 thru 20

Kumar, L./Jenny, P. A new approach to Model Light Scattering and Diffusion in Random Media like Paper, 10-20

Zolliker, P. Gamut mapping to small destination gamuts/ R&D Departement, Hewlett-Packard/ Barcelona, ES, 06-27

Zolliker, P./ Dätwyler, M./ On the continuity of gamut mapping algorithms/ Color Imaging 1: Processing, Hardcopy, and Simon, K. Applications/ San Jose, California. USA, 01-17 thru 20

Zolliker, P./Dätwyler, M./ Gamut mapping for small destination gamuts/ AIC Colour 05/ Granada, ES, 05-8 thru 13

Simon, K.

Technology and Böni, H. Sistemas de Gestión Ambiental y Producción Más Limpia; II Foro Nacional de Producción Más Society Limpia y Competitividad Empresarial, Lima/Perú, 11-9 thru 11

Classen, M./Althaus, H.-J. Integrating the recycling potential into the environmental assessment of building materials. SETACEurope 12th LCA Case Study Symposium, Bologna, 01-10 thru 11

Edelmann, X. ecoinvent: The Swiss Life Cycle Inventory Database, Seminario «Análisis de ciclo de vida y otras herramientas de evaluación de impactos ambientales – Una cooperación cientifica Perú-Suiza», Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú PUCP, Lima, PE 03-14

Helland, A. Are we prepared to take on the environmental challenge from nanotechnology? – Current status ofpublic and private policy approaches towards environmental and health risks of nanoparticles in Europe. NanoEthics, University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA, 03-02 thru 05

Helland, A. Nanotechnology: innovation, uncertainty and responsible development. Workshop and presentationLund University, SE, 05-19 thru 22-2005

Hilty, L. The Swiss Sustainability in the Information Society Program, Europe-Japan Roundtable on ICT andSustainability, Wuppertal Institute, Wuppertal, DE, 02-24 thru 25

Hilty, L. The Precautionary Principle and its Application to Pervasive Computing, Program on Emerging Technologies (PoET), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA, 03-04

Hilty, L. Risiken und Nebenwirkungen der Informatisierung des Alltags, Konferenz «Der Computer im 21. Jahrhundert – Die Informatisierung des Alltags», ETHZ, Zürich, 03-21 thru 22



Hilty, L. Pervasive Computing – a Case for the Precautionary Principle? Keynote lecture, Second International Conference on Security in Pervasive Computing (SPC), 2005, Boppard, DE, 04-06

Hilty, L. Pervasive Computing Trends. Risk Talk on Pervasive Computing, Swiss Re Centre for Global Dialogue, Rüschlikon, 09-29

Hilty, L. Visions of the Information Society Conference (VIS 2005), Empa, St. Gallen, 11-03 thru 04

Hilty, L. Technologie und Gesellschaft. Collegium Helveticum, Universität und ETH Zürich, 11-11

Hischier, R. Ökoinventare von Nanotechnologien, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, DE, 09-26

Kellenberger, D. Comparison and benchmarking of LCA-based building related environmental assessment and design tools, 12. SETAC Europe LCA Case Studies Symposium 10./11. Jan. 2005, Bologna, IT, 01-11

Ludwig, C./Scharnhorst, W./ Energy and Materials from Waste and Biomass Using Hydrothermal Processes. Recycling '05, Rabe, S./Vogel, F./Stucki, S. Beijing, CN, 09-25 thru 27

Merz, M. A New Form of Experiment? Exploring the Performative Potential of Models and Computer Simulations. International Workshop. Harvey Mudd College, Claremont CA, USA, 10-18 thru 19

Ossés, M./Zah, R./Hilty, L. Estimating Environmental Pollution in Latin American Cities Using Emission Factors Data and GIS. 19th International Conference Informatics for Environmental Protection Enviroinfo 2005, Brno, CZ, 09-07 thru 09

Ruddy, Th./Hischier R. Electronic versus Print Media Who is the Ecological Winner? ICT for Sustainability and EnvironmentalIssues, WSIS 2005, Tunis, 11-17

Ruddy, Th./Pillmann, W. Structuring Environmental Knowledge for Sustainability. Past, Present, and Future of Research in theInformation Society, WSIS 2005, Tunis, 11-13

Ruf, A./Edelmann, X. 3 R Initiatives in Switzerland, Goals, Contributions and Achievements, R'05 Congress, Beijing CN,09-25

Scharnhorst, W./Rebitzer, G./ Using LCA Results for Decision Support: The Case of Mobile Telecommunications Industry. Classen, M./Guggisberg, M./ Life Cycle Management '05, Barcelona, ES, 09-05 thru 07 Hilty, L. M./Jolliet, O.

Som, C./ Helland, A./Köhler, A. The Safety and Risks of Carbon nanotubes/Forum on Sustainable Technological Development in aGlobalising World 3rd workshop of the Forum on Converging Technologies, Promises and Challenges, Budapest, HU, 12-8 thru 10

Som, C./Helland, A./Köhler, A./ Nanorisk: The Safety and Risks of Carbon Nanotubes – an Integrated Foresight Study, Kastenholz, H. EuroNanoForum 2005, 6th-9th September 2005, Edinburgh, GB, 09-06 thru 09

Wäger, P./Bangert, D./Böhme, A./ Automatic land use classification and SEA-compliant indicator assessment in urban areas, EnviroinfoSohlbach, M./Zah, R. 2005, 9th International Conference Informatics for Environmental Protection Enviroinfo, Brno, CZ,

09-07 thru 09


Air Pollution/ Buchmann, B. Trends of Halogenated Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Europe, Symposium NCCR Climate 2005: Environmental Technology Interface between Climate and Economic Dynamics, Interlaken, 03-04

Buchmann, B. Influence of a Methane and Hydrogen based Mobility on the Atmosphere, TECAT – Conference, FowCarbon Fuels, Empa, Dübendorf, 11-07 thru 08

Emmenegger, L. 5th. Int. Conf. on Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy, Florence, IT, 01-11 thru 15

Emmenegger, L./Zeyer, K. Measurement of N2O and CO2 Based on Pulsed Quantum-Cascade Lasers, Accent Biaflu1 Workshop, Riso, DK, 04-06 thru 08

Folin, D. HFC-365mfc: European emission estimates for a new foam blowing agent, EGU General Assembly,Vienna, AT, 05-24 thru 29



Gehrig, R./Hill, M./Lienemann, P./ Railway traffic – a source of fine particles?, European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, BE, 08-28 thru Zwicky, C./Bukowiecki, N./ 09-02

Weingartner, E./Baltensperger, U./Buchmann, B.

Hüglin, C. Conventional Swiss air pollution surveillance and the added value of TEMIS, TEMIS User meeting, Frascati, IT, 01-24 thru 25

Hüglin, C./Fischer, A./Graf, P./ Measurement of Ammonia in Ambient Air using Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Fifth International Schwarzenbach, B./ Conference on Urban Air Quality, Valencia, ES, 03-29 thru 31

Buchmann, B.

Kägi, R./Thali, P./Steinle, P. Ultrafine Particle Concentration at a Tunnel Construction Site; 9th ETH Conference on CombustionGenerated Nanoparticles; ETH Zürich, 08-15 thru 17

Kägi, R./Thali, P./Steinle, P. Transmission Electron Microscopy of Nanoparticles at a Tunnel Construction Site, European AerosolConference, Ghent, BE, 08-28 thru 09-02

Klausen, J. Workshop on the Global Tropospheric Carbon Monoxide Observations System, Status of the GAWCO Network; Empa Dübendorf, 10-24 thru 26

Klausen, J./Barrie, L. Global Atmosphere Watch in Light of the Integrated Global Atmospheric Chemistry Observations(IGACO) Strategy; Japan Meterological Agency (JMA), Tokyo, JP, 11-29

Klausen, J./Barrie, L. Global Atmosphere Watch in Light of the Integrated Global Atmospheric Chemistry Observations(IGACO) Strategy; National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, JP, 12-01

Klausen, J./Zellweger, C./ Quality Assurance and Quality Control of CO and CH4 Measurements in GAW, 13th WMO/IAEABuchmann, B. Meeting of Experts on Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Related Tracer Measurement Techniques,

Boulder, Colorado, USA, 09-19 thru 22

Lorenzo, R./Kägi, R./Scherer, L./ A thermophoretic sampling device for environmental sampling, AAAR, Austin, Texas, USA, Grobéty B. 10-17 thru 21

Mohn, J./Emmenegger, L. Flexible Gasanalytik mittels extraktiver FTIR Spektroskopie, VDI Wissensforum, München, DE, 10-18 thru 19

Mohn, J./Zeyer, K./ High precision trace gas analysis by FTIR spectroscopy, Accent Biaflux Workshop, Riso, DK, Steinbacher, M./Emmenegger, L. 04-06 thru 08

Reimann, S./Folini, D./ European emission estimated of halogenated greenhouse gases from continuous measurements at Vollmer, M. K. Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, 1st ACCENT symposium Urbino, IT, 09-12 thru 16

Reimann, S./Vollmer, M. K./ Inverse Modelling of European SF6 Emissions from the high Alpine site of Jungfraujoch, NCGG-4,Folini, D. Utrecht, Netherlands, 07-04 thru 06

Reimann, S./Vollmer, M. K./ Evaluation of emissions halocarbons from mobile air conditioning systems, NCGG-4, Utrecht,Folini, D. Netherlands, 07-04 thru 06

Schaub, D. Comparison and interpretation of space-borne and ground-based in-situ NO2 data, 2nd ACCENT-TROPOSAT AT2 workshop, Bremen, DE, 01-31 thru 02-02

Schaub, D. Space-borne trace gas measurements for air pollution monitoring in Switzerland, Atmospheric chemistry seminar, KNMI, De Bilt, Netherlands, 03-15

Schaub, D./Boersma, K. F. Comparison of tropospheric NO2 columns from space with columns derived from ground-based insitu measurements, EPS13 Symposium, University of Berne, 07-13

Steinbacher, M. Measurements of Atmospheric Trace Gases at the Jungfraujoch – the Empa Activities; Meeting ofthe Astronomic Commission HFSJG, Bern, 04-15

Steinbacher, M. Kontinuierliches Spurengas-Monitoring im Rahmen des Schweizerischen Nationalen Beobach-tungsnetzes für Luftfremdstoffe; Umweltchemisches Seminar, Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, Universität Frankfurt, DE, 06-15

Vollmer, M. K./Buchmann, B./ Anthropogenic Emissions of H2 to the Atmosphere – Today and in a Hydrogen Economy; Joint Reimann, S./Emmenegger, L. MIT/PSI workshop 'Before a Transition to Hydrogen Transportation', PSI, Würenlingen,

10-06 thru 07



Vollmer, M. K./Folini, D./ Halogenated Trace Gases from Switzerland's Jungfraujoch Observatory – Regional and Global Reimann, S. Perspectives; CAWAS, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing, CN, 08-16

Vollmer, M. K./Reimann, S. New substances at Jungfraujoch: HFC-245fa and HFC-227ea; 31st Meeting of AGAGE Scientists and Cooperating Networks, Christ Church, Barbados, 05-16 thru 19

Vollmer, M. K./Reimann, S./ Foaming the North: HFC-365mfc as a promising atmospheric tracer for interhemispheric transport;Folini, D. 32nd Meeting of AGAGE Scientists and Cooperating Networks, Florence, IT, 10-24 thru 28

Zellweger, C. The World Calibration Centre for Surface Ozone, Carbon Monoxide and Methane; Japan Meterological Agency (JMA), Tokyo, JP, 11-29

Zellweger, C. The World Calibration Centre for Surface Ozone, Carbon Monoxide and Methane; National Institutefor Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, JP, 12-01

Internal Combustion Ajtay, D./Weilenmann, M. Application of vehicle instantaneous emission models at fleet level, Urban Air Quality Congress, Engines Valencia, ES, 03-29 thru 04-01

Alfarra, M.A./Prévot, A.S.H./ Insights into Organic Aerosols from Wood Burning and Traffic Emissions using an Aerodyne AerosolSandradewi, J./Weimer, S./ Mass Spectrometer, European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, BE, 08-28 thru 09-02

Furger M./Mohr. M./Weingartner E./Baltensperger U.

Bach, Ch. Concept of an exhaust gas aftertreatment for methane powered vehicles, 11-7 thru 8

Etissa, D. Analytical Electron Microscopy Study of Individual Soot Particles of various Origins, 9th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, Zurich, 08-15 thru 17

Etissa, D./Mohr, M./Schreiber, D. Comparison of Particle Formation from Various Combustion Sources, European Aerosol Conference,Ghent, BE, 08-28 thru 09-02

Lämmle, C. Prediction and Interpretation of Combustion Processes in Natural Gas Engines – A comparative Overview of Simulation Methods for Practical Applications, 06-2 thru 3

Mohr, M. Research on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles at Empa, 9th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, Zurich, 08-15 thru 17

Soltic, P. Dedicated powertrain technology for methane powered cars, 11-7 thru 8

Weilenmann, M./Vasic, A.-M./ Fuel consumption and emissions linked to air condition activity of passenger cars – approach for aStettler, P. European model, 14th international symposium Transport and Air Pollution, Graz, AT,

06-01 thru 04

Analytical Chemistry Brühlmann, S./Rüdy, C./ A precursor study of catalyst-induced benzene formation in real exhaust over a Pd/Rh three-way-Novak, Ph./Trottmann, M./ catalyst, 4th International Conference on Environmental Catalysis Heidelberg, Germany, Lienemann, P./Hug, P./Heeb, N.V. 06-05 thru 08

Gachet, M./Zennegg, M./ Daily Benzo[a]pyrene Levels in the PM10 Fraction in a Urban Site in Switzerland, Wolfensberger, M./Schmid, P./ 9th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, Zürich, 08-15 thru 17 Hüglin, Ch.

Gerecke, A.C./Wenger, D. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the Air, Endocrine Disruptors – Relevance to Human, Animals andEnvironment – Annual Meeting, Cadro, 10-2 thru 4

Gerecke, A.C./Kohler, M./ Detection of alpha-Isomer dominated HBCD (hexabromocyclododecane) in Swiss fish at levels Zennegg, M./Schmid, P./ comparable to PBDE (polybrominated diphenyl ethers), 2nd China International Symposium on Heeb N.V. Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology,

RCEES, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, CN, 05-15 thru 18

Gerecke, A.C./Kohler, M./ Anaerobic Degradation of Brominated Flame Retardants in Sewage Sluge, Credo Cluster – PragueZennegg, M./Schmid, P./ workshop on endocrine disrupters, Prague, CS, 05-05 thru 12 Heeb N.V./Giger, W./Hartmann, P./Kohler, H.-P.

Heeb, N.V./Forss, A.-M./ NO conversion efficiency and NH3 selectivity of a Rh/Pd-based three-way-catalyst at transient Brühlmann, S./Lüscher, R./ driving, 4th International Conference on Environmental Catalysis Heidelberg, Germany, Saxer C.J./Hug, P. 06-05 thru 08


164

Heeb, N.V./Schweizer, W.B./ 1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecanes – a class of compounds with a complex stereochemistry,Kohler, M./Gerecke, A.C. UBA Status Seminar and PEAK Workshop: Classic and Emerging Environmental Contaminants:

from Lakes to Oceans (CEEC Workshop), Dübendorf, 01-20 thru 21

Heeb, N.V./Schweizer, W.B./ 1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecanes – a class of compounds with a complex stereochemistry, Kohler, M./Gerecke, A.C. 2nd China International Symposium on Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of

Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Poster, 2nd China International Symposium on Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, RCEES, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, CN, 05-15 thru 18

Heeb, N.V./Ulrich, A./ Secondary emissions risk assessment of diesel particulate traps for heavy duty applications, in Emmenegger, L./Czerwinski, J./ Symposium on International Automotive Technology, SIAT 2005, Pune, IN, 01-19 thru 22

Mayer, A./Wyser M.

Kohler, M. Classic and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POP) – from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) injoint sealants to brominated flame retardants (BFR) in fish, 2nd China International Symposium on Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, RCEES, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, CN, 05-15 thru 18

Kohler, M. Langzeitgifte (POPs) – neue Herausforderungen für die Umweltanalytik, 10th Anniversary of the Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 09-28

Kohler, M./Tremp, J./ Joint sealants, an overlooked diffuse source of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) – results of a Zennegg, M./Seiler, C./ nationwide study in Switzerland, 2nd China International Symposium on Persistent Toxic Minder-Kohler, S./Beck, M./ Substances, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, RCEES, Chinese Lienemann, P./Wegmann, L./ Academy of Sciences, Beijing, CN, 05-15 thru 18

Schmid, P.

Kohler, M./Zennegg, M./ Increasing concentrations of decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) in Swiss sewage sludge since Gerecke, A.C./Schmid, P./ 1993, 2nd China International Symposium on Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Heeb, N.V. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, RCEES, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, CN,

05-15 thru 18

Kohler, M./Zennegg, M./ The historical record of brominated flame retardants and other persistent organic pollutants in aHartmann, P.C./Sturm, M./ Swiss lake sediment core, Annual Meeting of SETAC Europe, Lille, FR, 05-22 thru 26

Gujer, E./Schmid, P./Gerecke, A.C./Heeb, N.V./Kohler, H.-P./Giger, W.

Schmid, P./Gujer, E./ POPs and other persistent organic compounds in fish from remote alpine lakes in the Grisons, Zennegg, M./Lanfranchi, M. Switzerland, 2nd China International Symposium on Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key

Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, RCEES, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, CN, 05-15 thru 18

Wenger, D./Gerecke, A.C./ Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) in the Air ENDAIR) Latest Results: Bioassay-Based Heeb, N.V./Zenobi, R./Naegeli, H. Investigation of EDCs in Diesel Exhaust – Endocrine Disruptors – Relevance to Human, Animals and

Environment – Annual Meeting, Cadro, 10-2 thru 4

Zennegg, M./Brändli, R.C./ PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs, TBBPA and HBCD in Compost and Digestate, 25th International Kupper, Th./Bucheli Th.D./ Symposium on Halogenated Environmental Organic Pollutants and POPs, Dioxin 2005 Toronto, CA, Gujer, E./Schmid, P./ 08-21 thru 26 Stadelmann, F./Taradellas, J.

Solid State Chemistry Bleiner, D. Laser-Ablation for ion implantation, Experimental investigations on ICP-induced vaporisation of solidand Catalysis particulate/Winterconference on Plasma Spektrochemistry, Budapest, HU, 01-30 thru

02-03

Figi, R. Systematische Untersuchungen von Kunststoff-Sampler-Vials auf ihre Tauglichkeit in der SEMI-Ultraspuren-Anionenanalytik von Reinstwässern/Conference Ion Analysis CIA 2005, Berlin, DE, 04-06 thru 04-08

Logvinovich, D. Synthesis and physical chemical properties of Ca-substituted LaTiO2N/SPP 1136 Workshop IV Substitutionseffekte in ionischen Festkörpern, Rauischholzhausen, DE, 03-14 thru 03-16

Robert, R. Perovskites-Properties and Potential Applications/International Conference, Dübendorf, 09-05 thru 09-07

Lecture invited selected Poster Organisation


165

Weidenkaff, A. Synthesis and characterisation of nanostructured Perovskite-type phases with variable composition/Universität Hannover, Inst. Für physikalische Chemie, Hannover, DE, 04-25

Weidenkaff, A. Structural characterization and magnetoresistance in manganite thin films/E-MRS European Materials Research Society, Strassbourg, F, 06-01 thru 06-03

Weidenkaff, A. Characterization of oxides for solar thermoelectric power generators using synchrotron radiation/Energy Technologies for a Sustainable Future ETSF, 5th International Conference, Villigen, 06-09 thru 06-10

Weidenkaff, A. Perowskitartige Materialien als Energiekonverter/Universität Mainz, Anorganische Chemie, Mainz,DE, 07-11

Weidenkaff, A. Perovskites-Properties and Potential Applications/International Conference, Dübendorf, 09-05 thru 09-07

Weidenkaff, A. Structure and properties of titanate oxynitride perovskites/Swiss workshop on materials with novel electronic properties MaNEP, Les-Diablerets, 09-26 thru 09-28

Support

Marketing, Knowledge Spescha, G./Burkhard, R.A. «A-ha!»: How to visualize strategies with complementary visualizations, Int. Conference on Management and «Visualising and Presenting Indicator Systems» SFSO, Neuchâtel, 03-14 thru 16

Technology Transfer

Spescha, G./Burkhard, R.A./ Visualize Strategies with Complementary Visualization, Int. Conference on «Visualising and Meier, M. Presenting Indicator Systems» SFSO, Neuchâtel, 03-14 thru 16

Stülpnagel, H. Modul Qualitätsmanagement, Weiterbildung Organisations- und Personalentwicklung, Brenning &Partner, Münstertal, DE, 03-14 thru 16

Stülpnagel, H. Auditorenschulung, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, DE, 05-30 thru 06-01

Stülpnagel, H. Der Einfluss von Wissensmanagement auf das Qualitätsmanagement am Beispiel der Empa, Herbsttagung des Swiss Knowledge Forum, Morschach, 11-02 thru 03

Lecture invited selected Poster Organisation

EMPA Activities 2002ConferencesOrganizational Chart 2006

168

Director general DeputyProf.Dr Louis Schlapbach Dr Peter Hofer

Structural EngineeringProf.Dr Masoud Motavalli

Building Technologiesa.i. Mark Zimmermann

WoodDr Klaus Richter

High Performance CeramicsDr Thomas Graule

Functional PolymersDr Frank Nüesch

nanotech@surfacesDr Pierangelo Gröning

Nanoscale Materials ScienceProf.Dr Hans Josef Hug

Materials TechnologyProf. Dr Lukas Rohr

Schutz und PhysiologieDr.René Rossi

Funktionale Fasern und TextilienDr.Manfred Heuberger

Protection and PhysiologyDr René Rossi

Functional Fibers and TextilesDr Manfred Heuberger

Materials-Biology Interactionsa.i. Dr Bruno Wampfler

Biomaterialsa.i. Dr Bruno Wampfler

Advisory Commission Dr Peter Loew, President

Empa Fellow Prof. Dr h.c. Urs Meier

Advanced Materials and SurfacesDr Pierangelo Gröning, Walter Muster

Civil and Mechanical EngineeringDr Peter Richner

Materials and Systems for the Protectionand Wellbeing of the Human BodyMarkus Rüedi

International National InternalProf. Dr Robert W. Cahn, Cambridge University, UK Prof. Dr Paolo Ermani, ETH, Zürich Dr Pierangelo GröningProf. Dr Herbert H. Einstein, MIT, USA Prof. Dr Walter Giger, Eawag, Dübendorf Dr Erwin HackProf. Dr Teruo Kishi, NIMS, Japan Dr Karl Knop, CSEM, Zürich Prof. Dr Lorenz M. HiltyProf. Dr Erkki Leppävuori, VTT, Finland Prof. Dr Peter Marti, ETH, Zürich Dr Barbara LothenbachProf. Dr Klaus Müllen, MPI, Germany Prof. Dr Viola Vogel, ETH, Zürich Dr Katharina ManiuraProf. Dr Yves Petroff, ESRF, France Prof. Dr Alexander Wokaun, PSI, Villigen Prof. Dr Louis Schlapbach

Research Commission Paul W. Gilgen, Executive Secretary

GENERAL MANAGEMENT

LABORATORIES LABORATORIES LABORATORIES

Organizational Chart

2006

Joining and Interface TechnologyDr Manfred Roth

Corrosion and Materials IntegrityOliver von Trzebiatowski

Materials and EngineeringDr Giovanni Terrasi

Mechanics for Modelling and SimulationProf. Dr Edoardo Mazza

Concrete/Construction ChemistryDr Michael Romer

Road Engineering/Sealing ComponentsProf.Dr Manfred Partl

Contact to EmpaMail [email protected] +4144 823 55 11www.empa.ch

ortal

Public Private Partnerships

Reliability NetworkDr Urs Sennhauser

169

NanotechnologyProf. Dr Hans J. HugProf. Dr Karl-Heinz Rieder(Consulting Professor)

Adaptive Material SystemsProf.Dr h. c.Urs MeierProf.Dr Edoardo Mazza (from July 1, 2006)

Materials for Healthand PerformanceMarkus Rüedi

Technosphere –AtmosphereDr Peter Hofer

Materials for EnergyTechnologiesDr Xaver Edelmann

Technology and SocietyProf. Dr Lorenz Hilty

Media TechnologyProf. Dr Klaus Simon

AcousticsKurt Eggenschwiler

Internal Combustion EnginesChristian Bach

Air Pollution/Environmental TechnologyDr Brigitte Buchmann

Analytical ChemistryDr Heinz Vonmont

CommunicationDr Michael Hagmann

Human ResourcesMadeleine Heim

InformaticsDr Christoph Bucher

Finances/Controlling /PurchasingHeidi Leutwyler

Mechanical Engineering /WorkshopStefan Hösli

Construction / InfrastructurePaul-André Dupuis

Marketing, Knowledge Management and Technology TransferPaul W.Gilgen

hydrogen@empaProf. Dr Andreas Züttel

Information, Reliability andSimulation TechnologyDr Xaver Edelmann

Mobility, Energy and EnvironmentDr Peter Hofer

SupportRoland Knechtle

Research Programs

Center for SynergeticStructuresEmpa-FESTODr Rolf Luchsinger

Technology Centerfor the Lake ConstanceRegion TEBOPeter Frischknecht

Center for Technologyand Start-ups ThunProf. Dr Lukas Rohr

Empa Academy Dr Anne Satir

Master’s Program in Micro andNanotechnology (MNT)Dr Pierangelo GröningPaul W.Gilgen

International PhD School Switzerland – PolandDr Jolanta Janczak

Intelligent Load Bearing SystemsProf.Dr Peter Marti (ETH Zürich)Dr Peter Richner

LABORATORIES LABORATORIES SECTIONS

Electronics / Metrology / ReliabilityDr Urs Sennhauser

Solid State Chemistry and CatalysisDr Anke Weidenkaff

Programs for Education and Continuous Training

Empa

CH-8600 DübendorfÜberlandstrasse 129

Phone +41 44 823 55 11Fax +41 44 821 62 44

CH-9014 St.GallenLerchenfeldstrasse 5

Phone +41 71 274 74 74Fax +41 71 274 74 99

CH-3602 ThunFeuerwerkerstrasse 39

Phone +41 33 228 46 26Fax +41 33 228 44 90

www.empa.chwww.empa-akademie.ch

ISSN 1660-1394


Empa Activities 2005 - DORA 4RI

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