Mycol. Res. 95 (10): 1211-1219 (1991) Printed in Great Britain

Eight new species of Dictyochaeta (Hyphomycetes) fromMalaysia

A. J. KUTHUBUTHEEN AND A. NAWAWI

Department of Botany, University of Malaya, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Dictyochaefa gyrosefula sp. nov., D. pluriguftulata sp. nov., D. sampahia sp. nov., D. subfuscospora sp. nov., D. stipitocolla sp. nov.,D. tumidosefa sp. nov., D. variabilis sp. nov. and D. viftata sp. nov. on decaying plant litter are described as new additions toDictyochaeta. The relationships of each taxon are discussed.

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20llffi

Nine species of Dictyochaeta Speg. occurring on decayingplant litter in Malaysia have hitherto been described, includingD. aliformis Kuthubutheen & Nawawi (1991a), D. daphnioidesKuthubutheen & Nawawi (1991 a), D. dendroidea Kuthubutheen(1987 b), D. hamata Kuthubutheen & Nawawi (1990), D.macrospora Kuthubutheen & Nawawi (1991b), D. malaysianaKuthubutheen (1987 a), D. pahangensis Kuthubutheen &Nawawi (1990), D. ramulosetula Kuthubutheen (1987 a), andD. tumidospora Kuthubutheen & Nawawi (1991a). In ourcontinuing studies on litter-inhabiting hyphomycetes inMalaysia, eight more new species of Dictyochaeta have beenisolated.

Dictyochaeta gyrosetula Kuthubutheen, Nawawi & G. M.Liew, sp. nov. (Fig. I)

Etym.: gyros (L) = spiral et setula (L) = setula; in reference tothe unique spiral setulae produced by this species

Coloniae effusae, sparsae, brunneae. Mycelium ex hyphis immersis velsemi-immersis, ramosis, septatis, pallide brunneis vel brunneis,2-4 I-lm crassis compositurn. Setae rectae, interdum flexuosae, basinversus brunneae, apicem versus pallide brunneae vel subhyalinae,usque ad 6-septatae, usque ad 190 I-lm longae, supra basin 5-6 I-lmlatae, apicem versus plus minusve cylindricae, 2'5-3 I-lm latae. Setaefertiles, in monophialide singula terminantes. Conidiophora macro­nematosa, mononematosa, simplicia, plerumque usque ad 3 aggregatacum 1 seta consociata, basin versus pallide brunnea vel brunnea, apicemversus pallidiora, 2-3 septata, plus minusve cylindrica, 70-100 I-lmlonga, supra basin 4-5 I-lm lata. Conidiophora in monophialide singulaterminantia. Colla infundibuliformia, 4-5 I-lm lata, 3-4 I-lm profunda.Cellulae conidiogenae cum loco singulo, in conidiophora incorporatae,determinatae, usque ad 65 I-lm longae. Conidia in capitulum mucosurnincoloraturn aggregata, hyalina, O-septata, recta vel leniter curvata,24-26 Ilm longa. 6-8 I-lm lata, ad apicem setula singula, simplicia,gyrosa, 65-135 Ilm longa praedita.

In ramulo putrido submersae arboris angiospermae ignotae, LeparForest Reserve, Pahang, Malaysia, Sept. 1989, G. M. Liew, IMI338176, holotypus.

Colonies effuse, sparse, brown. Mycelium mostly immersedin substratum, composed of branched, septate, pale brown tobrown hyphae 2-4 11m wide. Setae fertile, straight or somewhat

flexuous, brown towards the base, pale brown to subhyalinetowards the apex, up to 6-septate, thick-walled below theconidiogenous cell, up to 190 11m long, 5-6 11m wide abovethe slightly swollen base, tapering quite conspicuou5ly to

Fig. 1. Dictyochaefa gyrosetula. Conidiophores and conidia.

New Dictyochaeta spp. from Malaysia

2'5-3 I-Im wide at the apex, apex more or less cylindrical,tenninating in a phialide. Conidiophores macronematous,mononematous, Simple, mostly up to 3-fasciculate andassociated with a Single seta, pale brown to brown towardsthe base, paler towards the apex, 2-3 septate, more or lesscylindrical 70-100 I-Im long, 4-5 I-Im wide above the slightlyswollen base, tenninating in a Single phialide with flaredcollarette; collarette funnel-shaped, 4-5 I-Im wide, 3-4 I-Imdeep. Conidiogenous cells with a single locus, integrated,detenninate, up to 65 I-Im long. Conidia produced in colourlessslimy mass, O-septate, straight to slightly curved, 24-26 I-Imlong, 6-8 I-Im wide, with a single, spiral setula 65-135 I-Imlong borne only on the apical end, basal end with a blunt scar.

Of the species of Dictyochaeta or Codinaea Maire hithertodescribed, only C. unisetula Morgan-Jones & Ingram (1976)and C. illinoensis Hewings & Crane (1981) have conidia witha single setula borne on the apical end. In C. illinoensis thesetula is very short and rudimentary and the conidia(14'4-18'9 x 3'3-4'4 I-Im) are much smaller than those of D.gyrosetula. In C. illinoensis setae are absent. In C. unisetula, too,fertile or sterile setae are absent and the conidiophores areshort (28-76I-1m long) compared to D. gyrosetula. Theconidiophores of C. unisetula are invariably polyphialidic andthe conidia (6-7 x I I-Im) are very small compared to those ofD. gyrosetula. The setulae of C. unisetula are only 13-15 I-Imlong compared to the 65-135 I-Im long, tortuous setulae of D.gyrosetula. The spirally twisted and extraordinarily long setulaborne on the conidia of D. gyrosetula is not found in any of theother species in Dictyochaeta or Codinaea.

Dictyochaeta pluriguttulata Kuthubutheen & Nawawi,sp. nov. (Fig. 2)

Hym.; pluriguttulata (L) = many guttulate; in reference tothe many-guttulate conidia

Coloniae effusae, fuscae, ex stromatibus conidiophoriferis et setiferiscompositae. Mycelium ex hyphis immersis, ramosis, septatis, pallidebrunneis vel brunneis, 3-5 I.lm crassa compositum. Setae rectae,confertae, plerumque singulariter orientes, parietibus crassis, usque ad220 I.lm longae, supra basin 5-7 I.lm latae, apicem versus acutumangustatae, usque ad 8-septatae, aequabiliter brunneae extra cellulaultima; cellula ultima fusca vel raro cellula penultima fusca; cellulaultima 18-28 I.lm longa; cellula penultima 20-50 I.lm longa.Conidiophora simplicia, conferta, usque ad 5-aggregata cum I vel 2setis consociata, basin versus pallide brunnea, apicem versus pallidiora,2-3 septata plus minusve cylindrica, 15-35 I.lm longa, supra basin3-4 I.lm lata. Conidiophora in monophialide singula terrninantia.Cellulae conidiogenae cum loco singulo, in conidiophora incorporatae,deterrninatae, usque ad 25 I.lm longae, cum collorum terrninalesferentes. Colla infundibuliforrnia 3-4 I.lm lata, 2'5-4 profunda. Conidiaex conidiophoris in capitulum mucosum incoloratum aggregata,hyalina, O-septata, pluriguttulata, falcata, asymmetrica, ad apicemlaxa, ad basin attenuata, 20-27 I.lm longa, infra apicem 2-2'7 I.lm lata,utrinque non vel brevissime setulata praedita.

In ramulo putrido submersae arboris angiosperrnae ignotae,Gunong Jerai, Kedah, Malaysia, Feb. 1989, A. J. Kuthubutheen,IMI 335264, holotypus.

Colonies effuse, dark brown, with stroma bearing setae andconidiophores. Mycelium mostly immersed in substratum,composed of branched, septate, pale brown to brown hyphae,

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Fig. 2. Dietyochaeta pluriguttulata. Conidiophores and conidia.

3-5 I-Im wide. Setae straight, crowded, arising mostly Singly,thick-walled, up to 220l-lm long, 5-7 I-Im wide above theswollen base, tapering gradually towards the pointed apex, upto 8-septate, unifonnly brown except at the ultimate cellwhich is dark brown, rarely the penultimate cell is dark brown;ultimate cell 18-28 I-lill long, penultimate cell 20-50 I-Im long.Conidiophores Simple, crowded, up to 5 around the base of I

or 2 setae, pale brown towards the base, paler above, 2-3septate, more or less cylindrical, 15-35 I-Im long, 3-4 I-Im wideabove the base, tenninating in a monophialide. Conidiogenouscells with a single locus, integrated, determinate, up to 25 I-Imlong, ending in a flared collarette. Collarette funnel-shaped,3-41-1m wide, 2'5-4 I-Im deep. Conidia fonned in colourlessslimy masses, hyaline, a-septate, multiguttulate, falcate butasymmetrical, somewhat straight to slightly curved, wider atthe apical end, narrowing sharply and attenuated towards thebasal end, 20-271-1m long, 2-2'7 I-Im wide below the apex,with no or very short and inconspicuous setulae at each endof the conidium.

Of the species of Dictyochaeta or Codinaea known, D.pluriguttulata appears to resemble the Dictyochaeta anamorphof Chaetosphaeria pulchriseta Hughes, Kendrick & Shoemaker(Hughes & Kendrick, 1968). Several differences between thetwo taxa are sufficiently discernible, however, to warrant theirseparation. The setae of the Dictyochaeta state of Chaetosphaeriapulchriseta are longer (up to 360 I-Im) and up to 13-septate.Holubova-Jechova (1984) reported an isolate with rounded orbluntly pointed setae that may occasionally end in a phialide.The seta of D. pluriguttulata are much shorter (up to 220 I-Im),up to only 8-septate, and never fertile. The penultimate cellsof the setae of the Dictyochaeta anamorph of Chaetosphaeriapulchriseta are 36-8 I I-Im long and dark with almost opaquecontent; the tenninal cell is rarely dark. In D. pluriguttulata thereverse is true insofar as the setal pigmentation is concerned.The penultimate cell in the setae of D. pluriguttulata is only20-50 I-Im long. The conidiophores of the Dictyochaeta

A. J. Kuthubutheen and A. Nawawi

anamorph of Chaetosphaeria pulchriseta are up to 5-septate,polyphialidic and bear the persistent remains of collarettesfrom up to 3 successive proliferations. The conidiophores of D.pluriguttulata, however, are up to 2-septate and monophialidic.Conidiophore lengths of up to 65 ~m have been reported byHolubova-Jechova (1984). Conidiophores of D. pluriguttulatararely exceed 35 I-lm in length and are more crowded on thestromatic base compared to the Dictyochaeta anamorph ofChaetosphaeria pulchriseta.

The most striking difference between the two taxa lies inthe shape of the conidia. The conidia of the Dictyochaetaanamorph of Chaetosphaeria pulchriseta are curved, more or lesssymmetrical, falcate, fusiform and with a short subulate setulaat each end. The condidia of D. pluriguttulata are asymmetrical,straight or only slightly curved, wider at the apical end,narrowing sharply and attenuated towards the basal end, andthe setulae are not conspicuous. The conidial shape of D.pluriguttulata resembles more closely that of the Dictyochaetaanamorph of Chaetosphaeria caIIimorpha (Mont.) SacCo (Hughes& Kendrick, 1968) than that of Chaetosphaeria pulchriseta. Theanamorph of Chaetosphaeria caIlimorpha has much smallerconidia (10-14'5 I-lm long) and both the setae andconidiophores are polyphialidic.

Dietyochaeta sampahia Kuthubutheen, Nawawi & G. M.Liew, sp. nov. (Fig. 3)

Etym.: sampah (Malay language) = litter; in reference to thesubstratum from which the fungus was isolated

Coloniae effusae, brunneae vel fuscae. Mycelium plerumque immersurn,ex hyphis pallide brunneis vel brunneis, ramosis, septatis compositum.Setae fertiles, erectae, septatae, plerumque curvatae et flexuosae,interdum rectae, crassitunicatae, laeves, usque ad 150 ~m longae,4'5--6 ~m latae, plerumque singulariter orientes, basin versus brunneaevel fuscae, apicem versus pallide brunneae, in phialide singulaterminantes. Conidiophora macronematosa, mononematosa, simplicia,usque ad 6-aggregata cum 1 seta consodata, erecta, basin versusbrunnea, apicem versus pallidiora, usque ad 4-septata, plus minusvecylindrica, usque ad 80 ~m (plerumque 35-45 ~m) longa, supra basin3-4'5 ~m lata, in phialide singula terminantia. Cellulae conidiogenaecum 1-2 lods conidiogenis, 20-30 ~m longae, in conidiophoraincorporatae, usque ad 2 colla ferentes. Colla infundibuliformia, 2-2'7~m lata, usque ad 2'7 ~m profunda. Conidia in capitulum mucosumincoloratum aggregata, hyalina, O-septata, esetulata, egguttulata,curvata, falcata, asymmetrica, ad apicem laxa et hamata, ad basinattenuata, 14'5-18'5 ~m longa, 1'25-2'0 ~m lata.

In foliis emortuis angiospermae ignotae, Lepar Forest Reserve,Pahang, Malaysia, June 1989, G. M. Liew, IM1336925.

Colonies effuse, brown to dark brown. Mycelium mostlyimmersed, composed of pale brown to brown, branched,septate hyphae aggregated to form small knots at the bases ofsetae and conidiophores. Setae fertile, erect, mostly curved andsomewhat flexuous, sometimes straight. thick-walled andbrown to dark brown for most of their length, thin-walled andpale brown towards the apex, almost subhyaline to hyaline atthe tip, smooth, up to 150 ~m long, 4'5-6 ~m wide above thebase, tapering imperceptibly to 3-4'5 ~m wide above,terminating in a single phialide with funnel-shaped collarette.Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, Simple, up to6-fasciculate, arising from a knot of hyphal cells and associated

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Fig, 3. Dietyochaeta sampahia. Conidiophores and conidia.

with bases of fertile setae, brown towards the base, palertowards the apex, up to 4-septate, more or less cylindrical,sometimes gently curved, up to 80 I-lm (mostly 35-45 ~m)

long, 3-4'5 ~m wide just above the somewhat swollen base,ending in a phialide almost invariably with a terminalcollarette, Conidiogenous ceIIs with 1-2 loci, integrated, 20-30

~m long. Collarettes funnel-shaped 2-2'7 I-lm wide, up to 2'7I-lm deep. Conidia hyaline, O-septate, non-setulate, curved,non-guttulate, asymmetrical, broader towards the apex,attenuated towards the base, pointed at both ends, charac­teristically hooked at the apex to be somewhat sickle-shaped,14'5-18'5 ~m long, 1'25-2'0 ~m wide, formed in colourlessslimy masses.

The combination of characters including fertile setae notarising from plectenchymatous stromata, conidiophores with­out fertile lateral branches, and non-septate, non-setulate,fusiform and curved conidia are found only in three species ofCodinaea or Dictyochaeta hitherto described: the Dictyochaetaanamorph of Chaetosphaeria callimorpha, D. fuegiana Spegazzini(Gamundi, Arambarri & Giaiotti, 1977; Holubova-Jechova,1984) and D. querna (Kirk, 1982). The conidia in these threespecies have terminal ends rounded and the basal endstapered. The conidiophores of the three species are poly­phialidic with up to 13 successive proliferations in the firsttwo species and with up to 5 successive proliferations in D.querna. The conidiophores of D. sampahia are predominantlymonophialidic and only rarely up to 2 proliferations may beseen. The conidia are pointed at both ends and charac­teristically hooked at the apex. While the conidial dimensions

New Dietyochaefa spp. from Malaysia 1214

L-.JIO~m

Etym.: stipitata (L) = stalked et colla (L) collarettes; inreference to the conspicuously stalked collarettes of theconidiogenous cells

of D. sampahia, D. fuegiana and D. querna are somewhatsimilar, the conidia of the Dictyochaefa anamorph of C.callimorpha are shorter than those of D. sampahia.

Johore, Malaysia, Aug. 1989, A. J. Kuthubutheen, IM1335267,holotypus.

Colonies effuse, brown to dark brown, Mycelium mostlyimmersed, composed of pale brown to brown, branched,septate hyphae aggregated to form small stromata at the basesof setae and conidiophores. Setae sterile, erect, straight,sometimes slightly flexuous, thick-walled, smooth, up to220 J..lm long, 5-6'5 J..lm wide above the swollen base, taperinggradually towards a pointed apex, formed singly, dark browntowards the base, brown towards the pOinted apex, up to 7­septate. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous,2-5 fasciculate around the base of a seta, simple, erect,cylindrical to narrowly clavate, with the basal cell somewhatswollen, pale brown towards the base, paler above, mostly 2­septate, up to 70 J..lm long, 3'3-4'0 J..lm wide above the swollenbase, mostly terminating in a single phialide. Conidiogenouscells with mostly 1 locus, sometimes with 2, integrated, up to36 J..lm long, bearing up to 2 collarettes. Collarettes funnel­shaped, stalked, 2-3'3 J..lm wide, 2-2'7 J..lm deep; stipes5-9 J..lm long. Conidia formed in colourless slimy masses,hyaline, a-septate, straight. spear-shaped, wider at the base,slightly attenuated and rounded at the apex, non-setulate,12'7-17'5 J..lm long, 2'6-4 J..lm wide above the point ofattachment, narrowing to 1'3-1'7 J..lm wide at the distal end;base of conidia thrown into a number of very smallprotuberances.

Of the species of Dietyochaeta or Codinaea hitherto described,a-septate, non-setulate conidia from phialides bearing mark­edly stalked collarettes are produced only by C. cylindrosporaMorgan-Jones & Ingram (1976). Several features distinguishD. stipitocolla from C. cylindrospora, In C. cylindrospora, thesetae are fertile, terminating in a narrowly clavate phialidewhile in D. stipitocolla the setae are sterile. The conidiophoresin C. cylindrospora end in a single apical, funnel-shaped, stalkedcollarette. In D. stipitocolla, the conidiophores are oftenpolyphialidic and end in two stalked funnel-shaped collarettes.The conidia of C. cylindrospora are cylindrical, straight orslightly curved, obtuse at each end, and 8-11 x 2-2'5 J..lm. Theconidia of D. stipitocolla, however, are spear-shaped, beingbroader at the base and narrowed towards the apex, and muchlarger, being 12'7-17'5 J..lm long and 2'6-4)..1m wide. The baseof the conidium in D. stipitocolla is thrown into a number ofsmall protuberances; a feature not found in C. cylindrospora.

& Nawawi,(Fig. 4)

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Coloniae effusae, brunneae vel fuscae. Mycelium ex hyphis immersisvel superficialibus, pallide brunneis vel brunneis, ramosis, septatis,in stromata basibus setarum et conidiophorarum aggregatiscompositum. Setae steriles, erectae, rectae, interdum flexuosae,crassitunicatae, laeves, usque ad 220 101m longae, supra basin 5--6'5 101mlatae, apicem versus acutum angustatae, singulariter orientes, basinversus fuscae, apicem versus brunneae, usque ad 7-septatae.Conidiophora macronematosa, mononematosa, 2-5 aggregata cum 1

seta consociata, simplicia, erecta, cylindrica vel anguste clavata, basinversus pallide brunnea, apicem versus pallidiora, plerumque 2-septata,usque ad 70 I..lm longa, supra basin 3'3-4'0 I..lm lata, in phialidesingula terminantia. Cellulae conidiogenae plerumque cum loco singulo,interdum duobus locis, in conidiophora incorporatae, usque ad 36 I..lmlongae, usque ad 2 colla ferentes. Colla infundibuliformia, stipitata,2-3'3 I..lm lata, 2-2'7 I..lm profunda; stipes 5-9 I..lm longa. Conidia incapitulum mucosum incoloratum aggregata, hyalina, O-septata, recta,hastata, ad basin laxa et cum processa minuta, apicem versussubattenuata et rotundata, esetulata, 12'7-17'5 I..lm longa, supra basin2'6-4 I..lm lata, ad apicem 1'3-1'7 I..lm lata.

In vertice putrido palmae, Pinangae malaianae, Pulau Tioman,

Dictyochaeta stipitocolla Kuthubutheensp. nov.

Fig. 4. Didyochaeta stipitocolla. Conidiophores and conidia.

Dictyochaeta subfuscospora Kuthubutheen & Nawawi,sp. nov, (Fig, 5)

Etym.: subfusca (L) = light brown et spora (L) = spore; inreference to the colour of the conidia

Colaniae effusae, brunneae vel fuscae. Mycelium plerumque immersum,ex hyphis ramosis, septatis, pallide brunneis vel brunneis, 2'5-4 I.lmcrassis compositum. Setae fertiles, erectae, rectae vel interdumcurvatae et flexuosae, laeves, usque ad 200 I.lm longae, 4--6 I..lm latae,basin versus brunneae vel fuscae, apicem versus pallide brunneae, inphialide singula terminantes; phialide terminale monophialidicaetranseuntes polyphialidicae cum usque ad 7 collorum ferentes.Conidiophora macronematosa, mononematosa, simplicia, usque ad 4aggregata cum 1 seta consociata, erecta, plus minusve cylindrica,interdum curvata, 0-1 septata, subhyalina vel pallide brunnea, usque

A. J. Kuthubutheen and A. Nawawi

,p000000000000

Fig. 5. Dictyochaeta subfuscospora. Conidiophores and conidia.

ad 30 I-lm longa, 5-7 \.lm lata, in phialide singula cum 1-2 collorumterminantia. Colla infundibuliforrnia, 4-6 \.lm lata, 2-2'5 I-lm profunda.Conidia in capitulum mucosum aggregata, O-septata, esetulata, adinitio hyalina vel subhyalina, posterius transeuntia pallide brunnea,ovata, cum basin anguste truncata, 17-22 I-lm longa, 6-8'5 I-lm lata.

In ramulo putrido submersae arboris angiosperrnae ignotae,Gunong Panti, Johore, Malaysia, August 1989, A. J. Kuthubutheen,IMI 343458, holotypus.

Colonies effuse, brown to dark brown. Mycelium mostlyimmersed in the substratum, composed of branched, septate,pale brown to brown hyphae, 2'5-4 I-lm wide. Setae fertile,erect, straight or somewhat curved and flexuous, smooth,thick-walled and brown to dark brown for most of theirlength, thin-walled and pale brown towards the apex, smooth,up to 200 I-lm long, 4-6 I-lm wide above the base, more or lesscylindrical but broader (6-7 I-lm) towards the apex o( theterminal conidiogenous cell, terminating in one or several loci,proliferating mostly sympodially and only sometimes per­currently; up to 7 proliferations have been observed.Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, simple, up to4-fasciculate, associated with the bases of the fertile setae,erect, more or less cylindrical, sometimes slightly curved,smooth, 0-1 septate, subhyaline to pale brown, up to 30 I-lmlong, 5-7 I-lm wide above the base, terminating in 1 or 2collarettes. Collarettes funnel-shaped 4-6 I-lm wide, 2-2'5 I-lmdeep. Conidia formed in slimy masses, a-septate, non-setulate,initially hyaline to subhyaline, later becoming pale brown,ovate, with a narrow truncate base, 17-22 I-lm long, 6-8'5 I-lmwide.

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Compared to the 69 species described under Dictyochaetaand Codinaea, all of which have hyaline conidia, D.subfuscospora has conidia that are initially hyaline to subhyaline,later becoming pale brown. If conidial pigmentation alone isdeemed to be a sufficiently major difference to warrant theexclusion of D. subfuscospora from the genus Dictyochaeta, thenthe disposition of the taxon in Dictyochaeta may appear to becontroversial. However, the presence of pigmented, fertile,sympodially proliferating, polyphialidic setae with flaredcollarettes and associated with sympodially proliferatingmonophialidic or polyphialidic pigmented conidiophores attheir bases is diagnostic of a very large number of taxa nowincluded in Dictyochaeta or Codinaea. In attaching moreimportance to these features than conidial pigmentationalone, we have also been guided by precedents set in othergenera. In the closely-related genus, Chloridium, for example,C. carpaticum Holubova-Jechova & Revay (1987), which unlikenearly all species of Chloridium has large brown pigmentedconidia, is retained in Chloridium on account of its conidiophorecharacteristics and conidiogenesis. For the same reasons, otherspecies of Chloridium, including C. phaeosporum Cams &

Holubova-Jechova (1976) and C. pachytrachelum Cams &Holubova-Jechova (1976) which produce pigmented conidia,have been retained in the genus.

Dictyochaeta tumidoseta Kuthubutheen & Nawawi,sp. nov. (Fig. 6)

Etym.: tumida (L) = swollen et seta (L) = seta; in reference tothe inflated tip of the sterile seta

Coloniae effusae, brunneae. Mycelium ex hyphis immersis vel semi­immersis, ramosis, septatis. pallide brunneis vel subhyalinis, Z'5-4 !Jmcrassis compositum. Setae steriles, reetae, interdum flexuosae, laeves,crassitunicatae, basin versus fuscae, apicem versus rotundatum etpallide brunneae vel subhyalinae, usque ad 4-septatae, usque adzoo I-lm longae, supra basin Z-3 I-lm latae, plus minusve cylindricae,plerumque apicem versus inflatae et tenuitunicatae, 4-6 \.lm latae.Conidiophora macronematosa, mononematosa, simplicia, 3-6 aggregatacum 1-2 setis consociata, basin versus pallide brunnea, apicem versusplus minusve subhyalina, usque ad 3-septata, plus minusve cylindrica,usque ad 140 I-lm (plerumque 80-100 \.lm) longa, supra basin 2'5­3!Jm lata, in phialide singula terminantia. Cellulae conidiogenaeplerumque cum loco singulo interdum tribus locis, in conidiophoraincorporatae, usque ad 47 I-lm longae, usque ad 3 reliquias lateralescollorum ferentes. Colla infundibuliforrnia, 1'3-2'5 I-lm lata, 1'3-2 I-lmprofunda. Conidia in capitulum mucosum incoloratum aggregata,hyalina, O-septata, esetulata, falcata, plus minusve curvata, asym­metrica, ad apicem rotundata, ad basin acuminata et angustata,4-6 I-lm longa, 2-Z'5 \.lm lata.

Inrachiis emortuis Oncospermae tigillarium, Tumpat, Gua Musang,Kelantan, Malaysia, Feb. 1989, A. J. Kuthubutheen, IM1335365,holotypus.

Colonies effuse, brown. Mycelium immersed or semi­immersed, composed of branched, septate, pale brown tosubhyaline hyphae, 2'5-4 I-lm wide. Setae sterile, straight,sometimes flexuous, smooth, thick-walled, dark brown towardsthe base, pale brown to subhyaline and rounded at the apex,up to 4-septate, up to 200 I-lm long, 2-3 I-lm wide above thebase, more or less cylindrical, apex inflated and thin-walled,4-6 I-lm wide. Conidiovhores macronematous, mononematous,

New Dietyochaeta spp. from Malaysia

IO~m

Fig. 6. Dictyochaeta tumidoseta. Conidiophores and conidia.

simple, 3-6 aggregate around the base of 1-2 setae, palebrown towards the base, more or less subhyaline towards theapex, up to 3-septate, more or less cylindrical, up to 140 ~m

(mostly 80--100 ~m) long, 2'5-3 ~m wide above the base,terminating in a single phialide. Conidiogenous cells mostly with1 locus, sometimes with up to 3, integrated, up to 47 ;Jm long,with up to 3 persistent remains of collarettes. Collarettesfunnel-shaped, 1'3-2'5 ~m wide, 1'3-2 ~m deep. Conidiaformed in colourless slimy masses, hyaline, O-septate, non­setulate, falcate, curved to a lesser or greater degree,asymmetrical, round at the apex, pointed and narrow at thebase, 4-6 ~m long, 2-2'5 ~m wide.

Among the species of Dictyochaeta or Codinaea hithertodescribed, the Dietyochaeta anamorph of C. callimorpha, D.fuegiana and D. querna share a combination of charactersincluding non-septate, non-setulate, fusiform and curvedconidia with the terminal end rounded, basal end tapered andborne on conidiophores without fertile lateral branches andassociated with fertile or sterile setae. Holubova-Jechova(1984) pointed out these three taxa are very closely relatedand may well be identical. Nevertheless, the three species, aspresently constituted, are separated primarily on their conidialdimensions, conidiophore lengths, and the number of septa onthe setae. On all counts there appears to be some overlap. Theconidia of the Dietyochaeta anamorph of C. callimorpha,D.fuegiana and D. querna are 10-14'5 x 2'0-2'9 ;.1m,9-17 x 1'5-2'2 ~m, and 12-20 x 1'5-2'2 ~m, respectively.The conidiophores are up to 90, 40 and 150 ~m longrespectively and the number of septa in the setae are up to 7,15 and 6, respectively.

Although D. tumidoseta shares this combination of charac­teristics, the differences between D. tumidoseta and theother species are well defined. The conidia of D. tumidoseta are4-6 x 2-2'5 ;.1m; much shorter than those of the other threespecies. They are not fusiform and the mean conidial length:

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width ratio is 2'2 compared to 5, 6'9 and 8'5 for theDietyochaeta anamorph of C. callimorpha, D. fuegiana andD. querna respectively.

Sterile setae with the apical end inflated and much widerthan the basal end found in D. tumidoseta are unique and notfound in the other three species mentioned above. The apicesof the setae of these are narrower than their basal ends anddevelop into polyphialides.

While the differences between the Dietyochaeta anamorphof C. callimorpha, D. fuegiana and D. querna appear to besomewhat uncertain, those between D. tumidoseta and theother three species are sufficiently distinct to warrant itsseparation into a distinct species. The only other species inDictyochaeta or Codinaea producing sterile setae with inflatedterminal ends is C. setosa Hughes & Kendrick (1968), a speciesthat has I-septate (rarely 2-septate) conidia 20-24 ~m longand 2'0-2'8 ~m wide.

The genus Chloridium Link: Fr., as revised by Cams &

Holubova-Jechova (1976), includes those phialidic demati­aceous hyphomycetes with erect unbranched conidiophorescommonly showing percurrent proliferation and in somespecies sympodial proliferation. The conidia are O-septate,globose to ellipsoidal or cylindrical, hyaline to subhyaline, andmostly with 1-2 guttules. Chloridium atanagilde Holubova­Jechova (Holubova-Jechova & Mercado Sierra, 1984) hascurved to lunate, O-septate, slightly symmetrical, multigut­tulate conidia, 5-6 x 1'5-1'8 ~m. In placing this fungus as anew species in Chloridium, Holubova-Jechova & MercadoSierra (1984) argued that it differs from all known species ofChloridium in having curved to lunate conidia. They excludedit from Dietyochaeta on the basis that its conidiophore ispercurrent and that its conidia are very small.

The curved conidia, sympodial proliferation of theconidiophores, and the fasciculate conidiophores associatedwith setae in D. tumidoseta clearly excludes it from Chloridiumand distinguishes it from C. atanagilde.

Based on the curved to lunate conidia and fasciculate natureof the conidiophores associated with what may well be longersetiform conidiophores, C. atanagilde may be accommodatedin Dietyochaeta. We have not seen the Type specimen, but theuncertainty is a reflection of the taxonomic status ofDietyochaeta, Chloridium and other related taxa and these arein need of critical re-evaluation.

Didyochaeta variabilis Kuthubutheen & Nawawi, sp. nov.(Fig. 7).

Etym.: variabilis (L) = variable; in reference to the number ofconidial septa

Coloniae effusae, brunneae. Mycelium ex hyphis immersis vel semi­immersis, ramosis, septatis, pallide brunneis vel brunneis, 3-4'5 IJmcrassis compositum. Setae desunt. Conidiophora simplicia, singulariterorientia vel usque ad 2-aggregata, recta, interdum fJexuosa, laevia,basin versus brunnea vel fusca, apicem versus pallide brunnea velsubhyalina, usque ad 6-septata, plus minusve cylindrica, usque ad125 IJm longa, supra basin 3'5-5 IJm lata: saepe per proliferationespercurrentia, in phialide singula terminantia. Cellulae conidiogenae cumuno loco vel raro aliquot, in conidiophora incorporatae, terminales,cylindricae, cum una collis ferentes. Colla infundibuliformia,2'5-5 IJm lata, 1'8-3 IJm profunda. Conidia in capitulum mucosum

A. J. Kuthubutheen and A. Nawawi

Fig, 7. Didyochaeta variabilis. Conidiophores and conidia.

incoloratum aggregata, hyalina, plus minusve falcata, 1-3 septata,30-40 ~m longa, 4'4-5'7 ~m lata, utrinque setula singula, simplicia,recta vel leniter curvata, 17-23 ~m longa praedita.

In rachiis emortuis Oncospermae horridum, Bukit Rengit ForestReserve, Pahang, Malaysia, Feb. 1989, A. J. Kuthubutheen. !M!335364, holotypus.

Colonies effuse, brown. Mycelium immersed or semi­immersed, composed of branched, septate, pale brown tobrown hyphae, 3-4'5 ~m wide. Setae absent. Conidiophoressimple, arising singly from repent hyphae or in groups of upto 2, straight, sometimes flexuous, brown to dark brownwords towards the base, pale brown to subhyaline towardsthe apex, smooth, up to 6-septate, more or less cylindrical, upto 125 11m long, 3'5-5 ~m wide above the base; repeatedpercurrent proliferation common, terminating in a singlephialide. Conidiogenous cells with one locus or rarely more,integrated, terminal, cylindrical, bearing a collarette; as a resultof the proliferation through the terminal collarette, remnantsof that collarette displaced to one side are often seen.Collarettes funnel-shaped, 2'5-5 ~m wide, 1'8-3 ~m deep.Conidia formed in slimy colourless masses, hyaline, more orless falcate, 1-3 (mostly 1-2) septate, 30--40 ~m long,4'5-5'7 ~m wide, with a single, simple, straight or slightlycurved setula 17-23 ~m long at each end.

The combination of features including septate conidia withsimple setulae are found in Codinaea brevisetula Hughes &

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Kendrick (1968), C. eucalypti Sutton & Hodges (1975), C.matsushimae Hewings & Crane (1981), C. novae-guineensisMatsushima (1971), C. septata Sutton & Hodges (1975), theDictyochaeta anamorph of Chaetosphaeria dingleyae Hughes,Kendrick & Shoemaker (Hughes & Kendrick, 1968), D.macrospora Kuthubutheen & Nawawi (1990a), D. malaysianaKuthubutheen (1987a) and D. triseptata (Matsushima)Castaneda (Castaneda Ruiz, 1986). Of these nine species, six,including C. brevisetula, C. matsushirnae, C. novae-guineensis, C.septata, the Dictyochaeta anamorph of Chaetosphaeria dingleyae,and D. malaysiana, have conidiophores associated with sterileor fertile setae while the remaining three are not. In thisrespect, the new species D. variabilis can be grouped with C.eucalypti, D. macrospora, and D. triseptata.

Codinaea eucalypti is unique in that it has a multiseptateconidiophore with several integrated conidiogenous cells inthe upper part, each often with a single locus. The conidia areII-l3'5 X 2-2'5 ~m, (0--) 1 septate with a setula 3'5-7'5 ~m

long at each end. D. triseptata has consistently 3-septateconidia 21-30 ~m long, 6-7'5 ~m wide with a single, simplesetula 3-6 ~m long at each end. The conidia of D. variabilis(30-40 x 4'5-5'7 ~m) are longer, narrower and have muchlonger setulae (17-23 ~m). In D. macrospora, too, the conidiaare consistently 3-septate, 38-47 (mostly 40--43) ~m long,5-7 ~m wide and with a single, simple setula 22-30 ~m long.The separation between D, variabilis and D. macrospora isbased on the variable number of conidial septa, the narrowerand somewhat shorter conidia, and the percurrent proliferationof the conidiophores in the former. Conidiophore proliferationin D. macrospora is sympodial.

Although C. brevisetula and C. septata have conidia with avariable number of septa (1 and rarely 2-3 in the former and1-2 in the latter), the conidia of D. variabilis are much largerand the setulae much longer than those of the two species,

Among the species of Dictyochaeta or Codinaea, frequentpercurrent proliferation of the conidiophores has hithertobeen reported only for D. heteroderae (Morgan-Jones) Carris &Glawe (1988), although percurrent proliferation of theconidiogenous cells has been reported (as the exception ratherthan the norm) in D. simplex (Hughes & Kendrick) Holubova­Jechova (Hughes & Kendrick, 1968; Holubova-Jechova, 1984)and in the Dictyochaeta anamorph of Chaetosphaeria dingleyae.Unlike the conidia of C. variabilis, those of D. simplex are non­septate and much smaller (14-19 x 2'1-2'7 ~m, setulae6-8 ~m long). The anamorph of C. dingleyae has sterile andfertile setae that may sometimes support a short lateral branch,and the conidia (14-17 x 1'8-2'7 ~m; setulae II-13 ~m long)are much smaller than those of D. variabilis. The conidia ofD. heteroderae are non-septate and non-setulate.

Percurrent proliferation of conidiophores is found in theclosely related genus Chloridium particularly section Chloridiumand section Gongromeriza. The 1-3 septate conidia withsetulae at each end in D. variabilis exclude it from Choridium.

Dictyochaeta vittata Kuthubutheen & Nawawi, sp. nov.(Fig. 8)

Etym.: vittata (L) = banded; in reference to the bandedappearance of the multiguttulate conidia

MYC 95

New Dictyochaeta spp. from Malaysia

Fig. 8. Dicfyochaeta vittata. Conidiophores and conidia.

Coloniae effusae, brunneae vel fuscae. Mycelium ex hyphis immersis,ramosis, septatis, pallide brunneis vel brunneis, 2'5-3'5 ~m crassiscompositum. Setae steriles, erectae, rectae, interdum nonnihil curvatae,confertae, plerumque singulariter orientes, laeves, crassitunicatae,usque ad 350 ~m longae, supra basin 6-8 ~m latae, apicem versusacutum angustatae, aequabiliter brunneae extra cellula penultima;cellula penultima fusca, 20-35 ~m longa. Conidiophora simplicia,conferta, usque ad 5-aggregata cum 1 vel 2 setis consociata, basinversus pallide brunnea, apicem versus pallidiora, usque ad 7 septata,plus minusve cylindrica, usque ad 80 ~m longa, supra basin 4-5 ~m

lata, in monophialide singula terminantia. Cellulae conidiogenae cumloco singulo, in conidiophorum incorporatae, determinatae, usque ad25 ~m longae, cum collorum terminales ferentes. Colla infundibuli­formia, 2-4 ~m lata, 2'5-3'5 ~m profunda. Conidia in capitulummucosum incoloratum aggregata, hyalina, O-septata, falcata, nonnihilsymmetrica, pluriguttulata cum facies vittata, 25-32 ~m (plerumque28-30 ~m) longa, 2'5-3 ~m lata, utrinque setula singula, simplicia,10-12 ~m longa praedita.

In ramulo putrido submersae arboris angiospermae ignotae,Taman Negara, Pahang, Malaysia, July 1990, A. J. Kuthubutheen, IMI343459, holotypus.

Colonies effuse, brown to dark brown. Mycelium immersedin the substratum, composed of branched, septate, pale brownto brown hyphae, 2'5-3'5!Jm wide. Setae sterile, erect,straight, sometimes somewhat curved, crowded, arising mostlysingly, smooth, thick-walled, up to 350 !Jm long, 6-8 !Jm wideabove the base, tapering towards the pointed apex, uniformly

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brown except at the penultimate cell which is usually darkbrown; apical cell 20-25 !Jm long, penultimate cell 20-35 !Jmlong. Conidiophores simple, crowded, in fascicles of up to 5around the bases of 1 or 2 setae, pale brown towards the base,paler above, up to 7-septate, more or less cylindrical, up to80 !Jm long, 4-5 !Jm wide above the base, terminating in onelocus. Conidiogenous cells with a single locus, integrated,determinate, up to 25 !Jm long, ending in a flared collarette.Collarette funnel-shaped, 3-4 IJm wide, 2'5-3'5 IJm deep.Conidia formed in colourless slimy masses, hyaline, O-septate,falcate, somewhat symmetrical but broader towards the base,multiguttulate, with 11-16 vacuoles across the breadth of theconidia giving the conidia the appearance of being banded,25-32 !Jm (mostly 28-30 !Jm) long, 2'5-3 !Jm wide, with asingle, simple, setula 10-12 I-lm long at each end of theconidium.

Dicfyochaeta vittata is evidently closely related to D.pluriguttulata (described as a new species in the present paper)and the Dictyochaeta anamorph of Chaetosphaeria pulchriseta. Inall three species, the conidia are multiguttulate with numerousvacuoles across the breadth of the conidia. In D. pluriguttulata,however, setulae are inconspicuous while in the Dictyochaetaanamorph of C. pulchriseta, the setulae are only rudimentaryand less than 3 !Jm long. In D. vittata the setulae are distinct,well-formed and 1O-12!Jm long. The conidia of D.pluriguttulata are not only smaller than those of D. vittata butare also asymmetrical being broader at the distal end andacuminate and tapered towards the base. In D. pluriguttulata,the terminal cell of the setae is darkly pigmented while in theother two species, the penultimate cell is darkly pigmented.Evidently, there appears to be a continuum between the threespecies with D. pluriguttulata on one end and D. vittata on theother.

The authors are grateful to the Malaysian National Councilfor the R&D Grant (No. 1-07-04-15) and Mr KamaruddinMd. Isa for technical help in the field and in the laboratory.

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