EGY P T I A N C A LEND A RFO R T HE

KOPTIC YEAR 1617 ( 1900 —1901 A .D .

CO RRESPO ND ING W I T H T HE

M O HA MMED A N YEA RS l 3 I8 - I3 I 9 .

A nni certas madm apud solos semperEgyptiosfait .MA CRO B I US .

RO LAND L . N. MICHELL , B .A . (O xom) ,O n e of Her Majes ty's Commisswners in C ypru s ; formerly C711 €f of the S ta tistic a l

D epartm en t of the C adas tre, Egyp t . O rders of the Damam eh(4th C lass) and of the Medjtdieh .

Zl un‘

oon

L U Z A C A N D C O . ,

su bl ishn s to the i nbia O ffm ,

4 6, GREA T RUSSELL STREET ( O P P O SI TE T HE BRIT I SH MUSEUM) .

1 9 0 0 .

PRINTED BYSTEPHEN A USTIN AND SO NS ,

D ebicateb,

BY PERM I S S I O N,

HIS HIGHNESS THEKHEDIVEOFEGYPT .

A B B A S H ILM I .

20 9 4 356

C O NTENT S .

I NTRO DUCTO RY NO TE

C A LENDA R

NO TES

I . O N T HEK O P T I C C A LENDA R

I I . O N T HEMOHAMMEDA N C A LENDA R

I I I . H I STO RI CA L C O NSI DERA TI O NS SUGGESTED BY T HEC A LENDA R 38

IV. GENERA L REMARK S O N EGYPTI A N C A LENDARSV. T HEPLA CE O F T HEK O P T I C C A LENDA R IN LI TERA TURE

D I A RY FO R T HEWEEK IN C A I RO

HO URS O F MUSLIM PRA YER

PO RT I O N O F AN IMSA R IYEH

F O RTUNA TE AND UNFO RTUNA TE DA YS

T A BLE O F T HEA NCI ENT EGYPT I AN C A LENDA R

A RA B MO NTH S AND SEA SO NS

T A BLE SHOW ING T HE C O RRESPO NDENCE O F MO HAMMEDA N AND

GREGO RI A N YEA RS , 1 902—1 950 A . D .

T HERECO GNI Z ED MGL I D S O F EGYPT

GLO SSA RY

I NDEX

INTRO D UC T ORY NO TE.

I N 187 7 I pu bl ished, in Egypt, what I called an EgyptianC alendar. I t am u sed and in terested friends, and m et

with a very kind rec eption from a lim ited pu bli c inEngland. I n compiling it I endeavou red to reprodu ce

from the popu lar native almanacs, pu blished annu ally at

C airo , su ch portion s as, it appeared, m ight be Of interest oru se to general readers.

For several years past I have been u rged by friends

t o pu blish a Sim ilar C alendar. B u t circumstances haveh itherto rendered th is impracticable . I n view, however,of the great ann u al influ x of visi tors, especially Britishand A merican

,to Egypt, and of o u r closer connection

wi th the Nile Vall ey, and bel ieving that the C alendarmay be of some practical u se , I have now prepared

a fresh edition ,which I ven tu re t o O fi

'

er to readers of

the English- Speaking world.

T he Egyptian popu l ation (the langu age Of wh ich isn ow exclu sively A rabic) consists of a large majority O f

Mohamm edans and a smal l m inority of K opts. T he

K opts make u se of a so lar calendar wh i ch is of great

an tiqu ity , and is still for many_ pu rposes u sed by the

people generally . T he Mu slim year is lu n ar, and c o n

sequ en tly Shorter by eleven days than the K optic , and ou r

own . I t is more conven ien t,therefore , that the K optic

y ear sho u ld o ccupy the more prom inen t place . It

INT RODUC T O RY NO TE.

co in cides accordingly with portions of two Mu slim , or

lu nar, years .

T he C alendar is thu s to be regarded (1 ) as a K opt ic ,

(2) as a Mohamm edan A lmanac .

(1 ) A S a K optic A lman ac . I t is the K optic C alendar

(worthy ofa stu dy far less su perficial than is here devo tedto it) wh ich is, from a h istoric po in t of view

,Of m ost

in terest. T his presen ts to u s the O l dEgypt ian year, wi thits record O f qu ain t and o riginal en tries

,which has ,

su bject to vario u s m odificat ions, been in u se for thou sandsofyears, and has su rvived al l the re vo l u t ions. A nd i t is

the ephemeridal n o tices, fo r SO many days in the year,

that give to the C alendar its ch ief in terest. T hey are the

echoes of a distan t past , and they sum u p the wisdom of

ages in matte rs O fagricu ltu re and hygien e , be ing basedo n the O bse rvation s of the an cien t Egyptian s, who , as

Herodo tu s remarked, devo ted them selves bevond al l o thersto the st u dy and re cord ofnatu ral laws .

(2) A s a Mohamm edan C alendar. T he Mu slim year

is O f great in tere st in Egypt . O ne O bje ct has been t o

m en tion al l the fetes and ann iversaries wo rthy O f n o tice

that O ccu r in its cou rse . T hese do n o t , with few ex

c eption s, find a place in the nat ive almanacs, and theyhave therefore been su pplied from o ther so u rces, in clu ding

personal experien ce . Many Of the annu al fest ivals are

ex trem ely in terest ing,and many O f them (celebrated as

they chiefly are in the ‘A rab’

or the o u t lying qu artersO f C airo ) are u n seen and u nheard O f by Eu ropeans,simply becau se n o n o t ice of their o ccu rren ce or approach

is ready to hand. T h is little re cord may perhaps su pplythis wan t, and be fo u nd u sefu l to v isitors and to som e

am ong the residen ts O fEgypt .T he prom inence given to the K Optic C alendar renders

it ne cessary to g ive po rtion s O f two M u slim years, viz .

1 31 8 and 1 31 9 Of the Higreh . T he in conven ien ce is n u

avo idable , b u t it do es no t affect the practical u til ity of the

almanac, which , by the way, may fo r ge neral pu rposes be

INTRO D UC T O RY NO TE. 7

easi ly made to serve , ro u ghly, as a perpe tu al one , byascertain ing at any time the agreem en t O f any particu l ar

day, and adj u st ing o ther dates accordingly.

A translation in to Fren ch of a K optic C alendar, withsome in teresting and su ggestive n o tes, was pu bl ished inFrance by M . E. T isso t in 1 867

Lane’

s Modern Egyptian s is an indispensable c om

pan ion to the residen t or visitor who wo u ld fo llow the

Egyptian year thro u gh al l its mon ths and seasons. A l l

the great Mohammedan festivals will be fou nd describedin that exhau stive and invalu able work, wh ich has, Of

co u rse , been frequ en tly con su lted and qu o ted.

T he short G lo ssary wh i ch is appe nded wil l serve to

explain m ost Of the fete s, cu stoms, e tc . , m en tion ed in the

C alendar,which are t oo n u m erou s to adm it Of explanation

in foo tno tes .

T he D iary O fthe days of the week, for C airo , may be of

u se to trave llers. T he o ther note s, tables, e tc .—dry as the

nat u re of the su bj ect renders them—may be O f in terest

to some readers, or su ggest fu rther inqu iry .

A list O f recogn ized m iil ids (Mu slim ) , prepared fromthe books of She ikh T ewfik e l -Bekri , Nakih e l -Ashraf,fu rn ished by the kindness O fHE. Yacou b A rtin P asha,is in serted.

I t on ly remains to m ake the fo llowing O bservationsrespecting the u se O f the C alendar. T he dates of al l the

mfilids, festivals, e tc .,have be en given as accu rate ly as

possible , n o t withou t considerable diffi cu lty . T hey are

n o t,however, to be conside red as abso l u tely correct.

T here may be in some cases a change o r differen ce O fa dayo r week. Except where o therwise stated, I have n o ted

t he last , or great, day O f a mfil id, whi ch as a ru le lasts

e ight days (some tim es nom inally fifteen o r even twen tyse ven days) so that the reader m u st u nderstand that thefestival general ly beg ins a week before the day named in

the C al c ndar. I t is the e ven ing and n ight scenes wh ichare generally m ost in teresting on these o ccasions, and the

8 INTRO D UC T O RY NO TE.

last n ight or n ights Sho u ld be chosen for a visit . I n order

t o be certain as to exact dates, the traveller wou ld do we l l

to inqu ire O f some reliable residen t who has m ean s O f

O btain ing au then tic information . T he almanac will, at

any rate, su ggest the approach offestivals and even ts thatmay o ccu r in the co u rse ofeach mon th .

T hen i t is to be remembered that the Mohammedan and

K optic day beg ins at su nset ; and, throu gho u t , the C alendaris arranged according to the compu tation of n ights and

days common to Sem iti c peoples generally, in whi ch theformer precedes the latter ; the day, in o ther words, c omm en c ing at su nset . T h u s, e .g . , the

‘Night Of P ower’

(Leyle t el - K adr) is marked as falling on the 27 th of

Ramadan ,and accordingly, tho u gh the day Of the 27 th

Ramadan corresponds (in the Mohammedan year 1 318)with ou r 1 8th Janu ary, 1 9 0 1 , the night Of that dateco in cides with ou r n ight O f the 1 7 th Janu ary ; and it is

on th is latter n ight, therefo re , that the celebration O f the

Night O f P ower ’is to be witnessed. SO in the case of

the ‘Night Of the Middle Of Shaaban ,

’and al l o ther

eves, Mu slim and K optic .

Mu slim ‘mfil ids,’

e tc ., are prin ted in C larendon type ,

and K optic feasts, fasts, etc . , in italic type . A n asterisk

is affixed t o a few insertion s that have b een made qu iteindependently.

I n con clu sion , I wou l d expre ss my thanks and O bligations for assistan ce very kindly rendered by HE. Yaco u bA rtin P asha, of Egypt ; and also to P rofessor Stan leyLan e P o o le , for advice most cou rteo u sly given in c on

nec t ion with th is little compilation .

R . L . N. M .

C A LENDA R .

1 Gregorian , 1 9 0 0 A D .2 M u slim

,1 318 A H .

3 A c cessmn 0 1 E.H . A bbas I I H l lmi,130 9 A . H . (Jan . 8th

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2u d Ifoptw mon t/l . BA BEH , 1 6 1 7 .

T he so il in waste plac e s is encru sted with salt .

Mfil id ofel -Beiyfimi . Bodily passion is aro u sed. C u t

reeds for matting , et c .

A b u ndanc e O ffru it s . Summer vegetables dimin ish .

General c u lt ivation oflands inEgypt . Harve st ofsesame .

Ric e harvest . Max imu m of the Nile ’s rising .

Mfilid OfSheikh Shelkani. Fair OfA ba (UpperEgypt) .D rink fresh syru ps, e tc .

End ofgreat heat . C o u pling of cattle , sheep, and goats.

Sowing ofm illet,flax . and bastard saffron .

Mfilid ofthe Seyyideh Z eynab begins. Gen eral sowingof barley and bersim . D rink tiriak before eatin g.

T he Nile begins to su bside . I t is good to go to the bath .

A bu ndanc e ofmo squ itoes . Ebony is c u t .

T he Mediterranean is stormMfil id of the Sitt Nefiseh . A n imals shou ld be kept

n ear wat ering-

places. A b u ndance ofqu ails.

T he su n in Scorpio . A rrival of cranes.

Beginn ing O fm ist s and fogs. D ress more warmly.

Planting ofnarcissu s.

Wood c u t n ow will remain sou nd. T o take baths isdisagreeable .

A void sleeping in the open air.

PlantEu ropean on ion s, garlic , and asparagu s.

I t is agreeable to look at the clou ds.

Leyl et er-Ragheieb . C oo ling of the atmosphere and

water.

A vo id bleeding Ofthe arms and neck. Q u ails begin todisappear.

Mi lid of the Owlad ’Enan . LO W water in the

Eu phrates. A bu ndance Offish .

‘A void drinking coldwater at n ight . Rice shou ld be eaten .

Increase Of h u m idity and dews. C u t S I'

Idan beans.

D ry dates and raisin s abu ndant .T he c old at the end of the n ight is inj u riou s.

Sowing Ofwheat (Lower Egypt ) . Sow lentils, chick

peas, and lu pins . A ppearance offirst roses.

Mfil id of Seyyideh Z eynab ends . General till age inSyria . A n imals grow lean .

Plant ing ofv io let s . Go od season for preserving fru it .Fresh winds. Begin to sow bean s.

1

Day

of

week

.

1

900

A.

D.

I

November,

C A LENDA R. 18

3rd K optm mom/1 . HA TUR, 1 6 1 7 .

Régeb

,

1

3

1

8

A.

H.

l st of the Leyal el-Bulk. D epartu re ofthe swallows.

General sowing and plan ting .

Sowing ofpoppies, cu m in ,and coriander.

Flax and hemp c ome u p.

D epartu re of birds ofpassage .

Pu ll u p cotton plants.

Su gar- can e c u t for sale . Genfib winds prevalent .Su ez C anal opened Nov . 1 7 th , 1 86 9 .

Proper season for rain .

A bu ndance of bananas .

Leyl et el K i lid et -T ashtfishi . PrevalenceOfsou th (Mirisi ) winds.

D rink warm water in the morning before eating. Send

sheep to pastu re .

T he su n in Sagittariu s. Harvest ofdfirah .

Reptiles disappear. Radish- seed pressed for O il .

T he water O fEgypt becomes cold.

Sow fennel . End Of sowing lentils, chickpeas, and

lu pins .

Season for nav igation in the Indian O cean .

Sow fenu greek (helbeh ) .A void voyaging in the Mediterranean Sea.

Food taken from the water is recommended.

A bu ndance O f clou ds. T he Close ofn ight is cold.

Mfil id ofthe Imam esh-Shafe’

i. Ripen ing ofchestnu ts .

A ppearance ofWin ter vege tab les .

D istu rbance of the bile . A vo id drinkingwater at n ight .

Horses Shou ld be sent to green pastu re .

T he balsam - tree c u t for O il .

Flies die Off.

O lives pressed for O il . Sowing of safflower.

Leyl et en-Nu sf min Shaaban . Mu lid of the Imamel -Leys.

‘ Mosqu itoes disappear. Strong, pu ngen t

perfu mes are agreeable .

H I M . S u ltan A bdu l Hamid K han born ,1258 A .H .

Eat ho t foods t o warm the stomach .

I A lso ofthe Sadat el - Bekriveh and O fthe Sheikh D imirdash .

1 4

T u

N;

N)

l

Kiyahk

.

C A LENDA R .

4 th K op tw month . K IYA HK , 1 6 1 7 .

86m el -Mz’

la’

d (Fast Of the Nat iv ity) begins. Birdsenter their nests.

First cu tting O fclo ver (bersim) .Season ofcolds, et c .

Lamb ing season . Mu lid ofthe Sheikh I bn T h an .

A rrival ofnu mero u s fore ign birds .

Sn ow falls in its place .

Windy weather.

A vo id at n ight drinkingwater that has not been co veredfo r three days.

A nts ret ire into their holes.

End of the Leyal e l-Bfilk.

First Of the Leyal es- Sfid.

T he breath is c onden sed in vapou r. Serpents becomeblind.

End of A u tu mn .

Leylet er-Rfiyeh . T he su n in C apricornu s. Beginningof VVI D ter. T he in terior Of the earth is waimed.

Fleas appear.

Manu ii ng of fields . End Of late rice harvest . Season

for transplanting large trees.

T he leaves of ro se - trees fal l . Water on mou n tainsfreezes. C hristmas of the Franks .

Ripening of citrons . Beginn ing of intense cold.

Beginn ing Of Syrian 4 0 days . End offalling of leaves.

Sow Winter potatoes.

Fe stival Of St . D aniel . A bu ndanc e offleas.

D ry food sho u ld be u sed.

Foaling season ofcam els. Increase of colds.

Pru n ing of vines .

A bu ndan ce of su gar- cane

, c u t for pressing .

Swarming ofbees.

T he eat ing ofpigeons is liked that offish disl iked.

End of sowing poppies . A v o id eat ing fowls.

End of 86m c l - l ad. D rinking water at n ight isin

’

u riou s.

’I d el - l fi ldd. Birthday of o u r Lord Jesu s C hrist. T he

o strich lays eggs .

A c cession OfEH . the K hedive A bbas Hilmi , 8th Jan1 892 (Greg ) .

CA LEND AR. 1 5

5th K op tw month . TUBEH, 1 6 1 7 .

Gathering O f oranges. Sweet things shou ld be taken .

A bstain from eat ing raw, green vegetables.

T amarind gathered (Sfidan ) .Pest ilence disappears, if there b e any . Strong gales.

A vo id drinking water that has n ot been covered.

End ofpru n ing v ines.

A void eating beef. Season offrost and ic e .

T he face Of the earth becomes green . T he wind changes.

T he blessing of Heaven descends u pon the waters of

the Nile .

Leyl et el -Kadr.

L eg/ let el Ghztass. Yd el Gleitass. Sow native tobacco .

Lesser K op tz'

c M il led of S z'

tt D z

’

mz'

ydneh. T he su n in

A qu ariu s . T he interior Ofthe earth becomes warm .

C old increases in intensity . Pu ll carrots and colocasia.

’Id es-Su gheiyer. C atarrhs and colds prevalent .’Id es-Su gheiyer. T he water of the Nile becomes clear.

’

I d es-Su gheiyer. Female society desired. Irrigatewin ter crops and trees .

First T anta Fair, or Mfil id of the Seyy id Ahmed el

Bédawi . T ransplan t date -

pal ms and you ng trees.

T he sap of trees begins t o ascend. Spices and hot foodSho u ld be taken .

Good season for making dresses laying fou ndations of

ho u ses,etc .

P rocession Of the K isweh . End of the Leyal es-Sud

(Black Nights) .Beginn ing O f the Leyal cl-Bfi lk. End of sowing

safflower. Gather seed O fonion .

Whatever is sown now will no t fail .C o ld is inj u riou s to tho se in feeble health .

Birds ofprey hatch their yo u ng . l st Mfil id ofIbrahimcd-Besuki .

End ofgreat cold.

‘

F oaling Ofhigh -bred camels.

Beginn ing ofSyrian Winter K hamasin .

T he water ofthe Nile attains its clearest state .

Be l sim ripe for c u tt ing . Goats in heat .Planting ofhenna. D riedfru it s, n u t s, etc .

,sho u ld be eaten .

C o u pling of vario u s animals. Plant walnu t and peach .

1 8

1 9

20

21

22

23 CD

CJ‘

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C/O

NJ

F‘

C A LEND A R.

6 th K optic month . AMSHiR, 1 6 1 7 .

l st Mfil id ofA bfi Rish. Winds strong and variable .

Sow early cotton .

Planting ofroses, jasmine, and m ost flowering plant

( three days) begins.

Mating Ofb irds .

P rocession of the mahmal . Planting of vines and

A bu ndance ofm ilk, cream ,e tc .

Good season for arrangi ng marriages.

D rink hot water in the morn ing before eating .

Start of the Egyptian P il grim Caravan (from Birketel -Hagg) . A bu ndance Ofviolets. A vo id cold-water

baths.

T heEuphrate s begins to rise . Sam el -K ebir begins.T he su n in Pisces. D escent ofthe L it tle Su n .

’

l st Gamreh .

Syrian tru ffles (Kameh) gathered. O pen ing of the

leaves of trees.

An ts emerge from their holes.

Strong gu sty winds (Lawakh) .C ircu lat ion of sap in all trees.

Blossoming of the almond- tree . Early beans gathered(UpperEgypt) .

Awakening O f the bodily passions.

2nd Gamreh . Sow nat ive cotton .

A vo id sitting in the su n .

D isappearance of large fish . Bu gs abu ndant . C ranes

disappear.

Season OfMu kti cu cu mbers.

End Of season for planting trees.

Locu sts hatch ou t .

Begin t o plan t su gar- cane .

3rd Gamreh .

Vines in leaf.Blossom ing ofthe pomegranate .

End Ofthe Leyal e l-Bfilk. A b u ndance O fwaterfowl .

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8th K optw mon th . BA RMUDEH , 1 6 1 7 .

Beginn ing Of season (50 days) for medicinal treatmen taccording t o Hippokrate s.

’A rba

’a Ez'yab (Job ’s Wedn esday) . Variou s reptiles

hatch their you ng.

K hamis el -’A hd (Maundy T hu rsday) . Pressing of

balsam O il . T reatmen t of seriou s di seases.

Ho ly Friday (K optic ) . Second Mfilid of A bi'

l Rish.

Beans abu ndant . Sowing Ofrice .

Sabt en -Nz'

tr (Satu rday of the Light) . T he almond

forms fru it . End of sowing Su mmer dfirah .

’I d el - K z

’

ydmeh (Easter Su nday ) . Season ofchi ckpeas.

Shem en - K esim (Smelling of the Z ephyr) , and 1 st Of

K hamasin . End Ofplanting su gar- c

Rainy season in Syria begins.

1 End Of sowin g Indiancotton .

End of small plan ting. C alming Of the Mediterranean .

Recu rrence Of c olds , et c .

Season for making con serves ofroses.

2

Season ofradishes.

First ofthe ’

A sht ( 1 0 days) . A vo id salted foods .

T he su n in T au ru s . End ofqu ai l shooting, C airo .

$

Beginning Ofbarley harvest .

C ou pling Of camels. It is good to go to the bath .

Season Ofmol okhi eh and bamiyeh .

T he peahen lays eggSweets shou l d not be eaten .

C rops are now safe from ban efu l influ ences. Greatabu ndance Ofroses.

Yom T ason’

a. Ripen ing ofapricots and melons.

Leylet’

A shura. Yom’

A shfira. Birt h ofbees.

End of large sowing.

I frain falls, pearls wil l be fou nd in shells.

Wheat harvest (LowerEgypt) . Serpen ts se crete the irv enom .

End O f sowing rice and indigo . Plant henna.

season for pu rging.

D escent ofA dam from Paradise . T he Eu phrate s at its

End Of sowing nati ve cotton . Blossoming Ofthe lébekh .

A bdal lawi melons come u p.

Sou r food shou l d be u sed . D isappearan ce Ofthe Pleiades.

T he thinn est c lothing shou l d be worn . Festival ofEl -K hidr andEl ias.

Mating season Ofo striches. Begin to gather poppies.

in Svria.

CA LENDAR. 1 9

9 th K opt‘zc mou th . BA SHANS, 1 6 1 7 .

Birthday O f the Blessed Virgin Mary. Fertilization Of

the date -

palm .

Refreshing and pu rifying drinks Shou ld be taken .

End oflate wheat harvest . Swelling Ofthe body . T he

b lood circu lates less actively .

Good season for bleeding and cu pping. T he O live forms

Gather seeds Ofbalsam . Ripening ofapricots.

T he n orth breeze is welcomed. End of sowing Sfidanbeans.

Formerly Feast ofthe Ro ses. Loc u sts deposit their eggs.

C lear weeds from rice -fie lds. O pen ing Of the season of

nav igation by sea .

End of sowing sesame . Safflower gathered.

Ripening ofm u lberries . Syrian dhrah ripe .

K optz'

c Mattel ofS itt D r’

mz’

ydneh.

Plant co locasia. End of sewing indigo . T he well OfZ ernzem is filled.

The su n in Gem in i .’I d es- So

’ad. A nniversary ofthe fall O fmanna and qu ails.

Sam ar-Ru sal begins. Season ofShammam andA bdal lawi

melons.

T he rage offleas su bsides.

Beginning Ofthe ho t season . Water in wells dimini shes.

Ripening of.pl u ms.

A bu ndance of apricots. End Of 50 days medicinaltreatmen t according to Hippokrates.

A gitat ion of the blood. Medicines shou ld be avo idedfor 75 days accord ing to Hippokrates.

Formerly Fete ofBalsam at Matarieh .

North winds (Shimal) begin to b low regu larly .

Period OfBahwareh winds (4 0 days) .’

]d el A'

nsamh. A bu ndance ofcockroaches.

A vo id female society .

T he Nile w eat i ts lowest .T he eat ing ofhoney is disliked.

Formerly Feast ofthe Roses at D amascu s.

T he heat Ofthe body increases greatly .

20 C A LENDA R .

l oth K op i ec month . BA ITNER 1 6 1 7 .

A u roral rising Of the Pleiades.

Miasma is e xhaled by the Nile .

Meeting Of Spring and Su mmer . Good season fo

voyaging in the Mediterranean .

T he wat er Of the Nile is changed.

’

A rba’

a Mayidfir. T he earth is fissu red by heat . C ol

baths agreeable .

Bu rn perfu mes t o disinfect the air.

A b u ndance ofwater-melo ns.

Pestilence disappears, if there be any . End of sowinsesame .

Season for collecting hon ey .

A vo id drinking Nile water that has not been boiled 0

well filtered, for 15 days.

D escent of the Nu ktah . Mfil id ofSheikhEmbabeh.

Mfil id en-Nébi begins. K optz'

c Festival of S t . M'

lt hdi t

Ex citement ofthe passions. Syru p Of tamarind shou lbe taken .

Verj u ice from fou r grapes sho u ld be mad

and taken . End OfSpring .

Retu rn of the Mahmal to Cairo. T he su n in C ancerBeginn ing ofSu mmer. L eyl et es

- Saratan .

Morn ing rising ofA ldebran . Great heat .Period O fSimfim winds (7 0 days) begins .

T he eating Ofkid’s flesh is rec ommended .

T he Euphrates begins, to su bside .

T he waln u t fru it is form ed.

Figs and grapes begin to ripen .

Mfil id en-Nébi .Mo vemen t of the b ile . Mfil id of Sheikh D arwish el

’

A shmawi.A c id drinks sho u ld be u sed. End ofgathering safflower .

Peaches and pears ab u ndan t .

D ay OfA ssemblage at the Nilometer.

A nnou ncements are made respecting the rise Of the Nile .

A vo id relax ing food and drinks .

Locu sts die , if there are any .

C A LENDA R .

I

August

,

1

90

1

A.

D.

Rabi

a

et-

tfin

i

,

1

3

1

9

A.

II

.

I

Misreh

.

12th K optic mon th . MI SREH,1 6 1 7 .

Evening rising Of Siriu s.

A vo id eating onion s and garlic.Great TantaFair, orMfil id ofSeyy idA hmed el -BédawiD rink c old water before breakfast .

Great abu ndance ofwater-melons .

Ripening ofpistac c io ( Syria) .Mfil id el -Hasaneyn . Mu lid ofSu ltan as-Seleh. Radis

and nati ve carrot sown .

Beginn ing ofcotton harvest . Milk is scarce .

Plan t narcissu s bu lbs.

I f rain fall s it is inj u riou s to crops. Third Mfilid 0

Ibrahim ed-D esfiki .End O f period for avo iding medicines according tHippokrates .

End ofperiod ( 7 0 days) ofSimfim winds.

Be carefu l t o avoid the b ite s Ofrept iles and insects.

Water increases in warmth . Ripening OfpomegranatesT he close of the n ight becomes co lder. A void eatin

sweet things.

Mfil id of Seyyideh Sekineh. T he movement Of bil

dim inishes.

Festival ofthe High Nile (cu tting ofthe K halig canal)ThirdMil l id ofA bfi Rish.

T he su n in Virgo .

Itching ofthe body.

Festi val Of the C ompan ions O f the C ave (the SeveSleepers) . Sleep becomes heavier.

Winds very variable .

A bu ndance ofmosqu itoes.

T he taste offru it is affected by the Nile water.

A void female society. End of sowing A u tu mn di‘

n ah .

Mfil id of Seyyideh Bukiyeh.

‘ Sou r m ilk shou ld btaken . Go ing to the bath is disliked.

Sowing oftu rn ip and beetroo t .

Gathering ofacorn s ( Qu ercu s bal lota) .Heliacal ri sing ofSu héyl ( C an opu s) .Increase Of hu midity . T ake precau tions agains

dysentery and Ophthalmia.

Heat and thirst dim in ish .

1 Féte Ofthe accession ofHI M . Su ltan A bd el -Hamid‘K han .

H

g

mmw

oo

q

ca

$5

CA LEND A R. 23

Z

5 I n tercalarg/ days EIYAM NA SI 1 6 1 7 .

22 1 Mfil id ofSheikh Yfinis. First23 2 Separate ewes from rams.

24 3 Spawn ing of fishes. Mfil id of Seyyid’

A 1i (Z eyn

25 4 It is good t o take the air in the evenings.

26 5 Last ofthe Nasi.

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NO TES . 2?

NO TEI .

ON THEK O P T I C C A LEND AR .

T heEgypt ians , they sazd,were thefi rst to

dzseozer the so lar year, and to portion

ou t i ts cou rse m to twelve parts.

”

HERO DO TUS, i i , 4 .

T HE K opt ic is a so lar year O f twelve m on ths (Of th irtydays) and Of five (and every fo u rth year, six) in tercalarydays. T he 1 st Of T fit , the first ’

m on th,always co in cides

with ou r l 0 th or 1 l th O fSeptember, and with the 29 th of

A u g u st Of the J u lian C alendar.

T he agreemen t, therefore, of the K optic year with o u rsis as fo llows

T fit commen ces on the l 0 th or 1 1 th Sept .

Babeh l 0 th or 1 l th O c t .

Hatfir 9 th or 10 th Nov.

K iyahk 9 th o r 1 0 th D ec .

Tfibeh 8th or 9 th Jan .

A m shir 1 th or 8th Feb .

Barmahét 9 th March .

Barmfideh 8th A pril .

Bashans 8th May.

Bafin eh 7 th J u n e .

A bib 7 th J u ly.

Misreh 6 th A u g u st.

T heEiyei m en -Nas1 , or intercalary days, beg inn ing on the

5th September, complete the agréemen t ofthe calendar.

A S the m odern K optic C alendar is a reli c of an cien t

times,a brief reference to its h istory will n o t be ou t of

place .

28 NO TES .

It is su pposed that in the earliest times in Egypt, as inIndia

,the year was divided in to twe lve lu nar mon ths .

T O su ch a period we m u st refer for explanation of the fact

that the m on th is represen ted in h ieroglyphics by the

crescen t mo on and hen ce,says Sir G . W ilkin son

,m igh t

b e derived an argu men t to prove that the u se O f hiero

glyphic s existed long before the very early date at wh ichthe lu nar syst em was exchanged fo r the so lar. He also

qu o tes, apropos of th is su bj e ct,Plu tarch ’s statem en t that

the 28 years Of the re ign of O siris represen t the period

of days that the m oon takes t o perform its co u rse rou nd

the earth .

T his l u nar year was in pro cess of time su perseded bythree years O f360 , 365, and 365% days respective ly .

A .— T he y ear O f36 0 days . T his was the first u n in ter

c alat ed so lar year. T h'

e Egyptian s,”

said the priests to

Herodo tu s, were the first t o disco ver the so lar year, and

to po rtion o u t its cou rse in to twel ve parts. T hey ob tained

the ir kn owledge from the Stars (ii , T he threefo lddivision ofthe year in to season s perhaps cam e in to u se at

this early period. I t seem s probable that this year wasretained for registering the dates of kings in re cords and

m on u m en tal stelae , and also , perhaps, for the ce lebrationo fcertain festivals.

T his calendar was divided in to 36 dec ans 36 stars

n early equ idistan t being disting u ished as rising at in tervals

approximately O f ten days .

1

B .—T he year O f 365 days . T he disadvan tage , for all

pu rposes in wh ich great e r ac c u racy was requ ired, of the

year of360 days, n ecessitated a correction , and, five in ter

c alary days being added, a calendar of 365 days was

adopted, o r u sed con cu rren tly . T he religiou s san ction

be ing , O f co u rse , req u ired, i t was alleged that the in vention of these days was du e to T ho th (Herm es) , and that

1 See Po ole’s HorasEgyptiacm, and no te the comparison O f this cycleto that of the ‘mansions of the moon

’

(Mean-

( zit c l - K amr) of the A rabs , inancient t ime , in matters relat ing to fixed seasons .

NO TES . 29

on them the five son s ofSeb were born . T his became the

sacred year. K ings were m ade to swear that they wo u ldretain this year of 36 -5 days witho u t in tercalating any

day or m on th .

” Many festivals were probably ce lebratedacco rding to this calendar ; and we gather from Gem in u s

the Rhodian that theEgyptian s desired that their festivalssho u ld gradu ally revo lve thro u gh al l the seasons of the

year. I t wo u ld appear that th is year also was u sed in

records, inscript ion s, e tc . , prior to the in trodu ction of the

A lexandrine year u nder A u g u stu s .

C .— T he year of days . Meanwhile , also at a very

rem o te period, and wh ile the o ther two systems remained

in u se , a fixed year had been determ ined, and was in u se

among the priests. T he Egyptian astronom ers had asc er

tain ed that the intercalated calendar of 365 days failed to

represen t the tru e length O f the so lar year. T hey hadtherefore de cided to arrive at an exact de term ination byastron om ical O bservation . T he he liacal rising O f the D ogS tar, Siriu s (So this) , was the po in t se lected, and it was

ascertain ed that a period of 365% days e lapsed betweentwo he liacal risings of the D og Star on the horizon of

Memph is, or t he 30 th degree O f latitu de . A m ore exact

calendar,based u pon this O bservation

,was adopted, and

was employed by the priests or learned class for special

pu rpose s . I t is the ‘ So thic ’

o r can ic u lar year, and it

has been called the ‘Squ are year’

annu s qu adratu s,

”

Pliny, ii , I n the t ime Of the P to lem ies i t was kn own

as the A lexandrine year. I t was con verted in to the J u lian

year by Sosigene s, the Egyptian astron om er,who m erely

tran sferred the New Year’

s D ay from A u tu mn to W in ter,

taking for his era the repu ted date of the fo u ndation

of Rom e .

T his be ing the differen ce betwee n the two C alendars

last n amed,1 4 6 1 ‘ vagu e

’

are equ al to 1 46 0 ‘squ are ’

years. It had been ascertained by obsereata’

on that exactly1 46 1 vagu e (or 14 60 So thi c) years e lapsed be tween two

o ccasions in which So this rose j u st before the S u n o n the

30 NO TES .

1 st T ho th of the vagu e year. T he term So thic period’

was given to this cycle O f 1 460 So thi c years, wh ichb rou ght in to harmonv the two C alendars in order to

s tart afresh from the same po in t .

T hese O bservation s and fixtu res were made at a veryremo te period. I n 1 322 i t was O bserved and recorded

that New Year’

s D ay (1 st T ho th) of the vag u e year

c o in cided exactly with the heliacal rising O f Siriu s.

Menophres (Men eptah , XIX D yn .) was king at the time ,

and the title era O fMenophres was given to this date ,which acqu ired con siderable ce lebrity as be ing the re corded

po in t O fdepartu re for a n ew So th ic period.

T o su m u p: besides lu nar re ckon ings, three calendarsat least appear to have been in u se in an cien t Egypt, twovag u e years O f 360 and 365 days respec tive ly, and one

c ani cu lar ‘So thic, squ are ,’

o r more exact year of 365idays. It is easy to u nderstand that in Egypt (as in al l

o ther co u n tries) , as advan cing kn owledge led to reform s,

a religio u s conservatism oppo sed the abandonmen t of

O lder systems. T he two latter calendars, at any rate,

were simu ltaneou sly u sed, bo th be ing sometim es qu o tedin the same record.

T he Egyptians ce lebrated festivals to the new and fu l l

m o on ,e tc . ; b u t it seems, as D r. Bru gsch shows, that the

c alendar of the sidereal , or exact, year retained certain

ann iversaries wh ich originated in the tim e of the prim itive

l u nar calendar, bu t whi ch n o longer corresponded with the

phases O fthe m o on to wh ich the nam es referred.

It has been thou ght that at the institu tion O f the

e arliest calendars the 1 st O fT ehfiti (T ho th) co in cided withthe he liacal rising O f So this

,wi th the Su mmer so lstice,

and with the average , or conven t ional, time O f the Nile ’srising .

1

I n an interest ing art icle in A rcha o loyza ,F . R. C onder, C .E. , arguing

from dates conj ectu red from a stu dy of the Decree Of C anopu s, su ggests

for the Egyptian C alendar an antiqu ity “ hitherto regarded as fabu l ou s.

”

A ssuming that the great fest ival of the Rising of Sothis was a fixed feast

NO TES . 31

T he su bject of the calendars and chrono logy ofEgypt,h ere merely tou ched u pon ,

is one u pon which mu ch lighthas yet to be thrown .

1 T hose who wou ld pu rsu e the

s u bject fu rther m u st refer to the treatises ofB io t, Bru gsch ,a nd o ther learn edEgypto logists. L ong and m isty periods

o f time are comprised u nder the term an cien t Egypt .’

T hu s, as D r. Bru gsch rem inds u s, the Egyptians of the

R oman period looked back u pon the an cien t Egyptiansalmost as we do , speaking of one calendar (beginn ing the9 th T ho th) as that “

lea-rd. robe cipxa love according

to the an cien ts. I t se ems,however

,clear that the

A lexandrine year of 365i days, which was converted in tothe Ju lian , came into be ing at a very remo te period

—longb efore 1 322B .o .

- and that the vagu e year, whi ch in 22R C .

fe ll on the 29 th A u gu st ( J u lian) , was converted byA u gu stu s in to a sim ilarly reformed year, which the K opt s

h ave handed down to ou r times .

No era appears to have been in u se in an cien t Egypt ,t he dates reco rded be ing those of the re ign ing king, e .g .

a s foll ows : “ T he year 1 1 1 (ofK ing m on th I I I

ofseason Sha (Inu ndation ) , day I I .

”

T he names of the m on ths were ofconsiderable an tiqu ity .

T hey were derived man ifestly in some cases,and probably

in al l,from the names of certain tu te lary de ities, who were

.»m ade to preside o ver these division s of the year and theI names O f these divin ities were probably connected withcertain characteristics ofthe differen t season s of the year.

T he mon ths T ho th,A thyr, K ho iak, and P akhons took

the ir names from the divin ities T ho th , Hathor,Hibak, and

c elebrated on the 1 5th Ju l y (i .e . 24 days aft er the Summer so lst ice) , and

that it coincided originall y with the heliacal rising‘

Of Sothis , the writersu gges ts that to arrive at a co incidence between the l st OfThoth (vagu e) , the1 5th ofJu ly (equ inoct ial) , and the heliacal rising ofSiri u s, ifsu ch an occu rrenceever took plac e , we mu st (assuming no change of the earth’s movement onits axis, or in its orbit) go back for nearly sixteen revo lu t ions of the vagu eyear, i. e . to B .C .

—Vol . xlvii , p. 4 66 .

1 See History ofEgypt ,” by F linders P etrie.

32 NO TES .

K hons. Bu t these names O fthe months do not appear to

have been u sed in h ieroglyphics before the period Of the

P to lem ies .

T he three season s O f the year were called Sha 1

(inu ndation ) , P ro (sowing or cu ltivation ) , and Shemfi

(man ifestation or harvest ) . Sha inclu ded T ehfiti (T hofit ,T fit ) and the three fo llowing mon ths

,and so on . T he

mon ths were indicated as being I , I I,I I I , or 1 1 1 1 O f any

season .

Each day of the mon th had its eponymou s fete by whichit was marked, in addition t o n u merical sign s. T hu s

,the

first O f the m on th was called “the festival of the n ew

moon (the day ofT ho th) .T he day was divided in to twe lve hou rs, as was also the

n ight. Each ofthese twen ty-fo u r ho u rs had its eponymo u s

dei ty, and was den o ted by the represen tation of its

divin ity ; n u meri cal figu res from on e to twe lve beingwritten by the side . T he day probably began at m id

n ight .I t is clear that in the modern K optic C alendar the o ld

Egyptian year su rvives . Mo reo ver, o u r K opt ic A lmanac,

with its patern al, and Often nai ve , advice, has embalm ed

the tho u ghts and O bservations Of som e of the most an cien t

ofm umm ies .

T he K opt s date from the ‘Era ofMartyrs,’i .e . from .

the second year of D io cletian , A .D . 284 . T he ir presen t

year, 1 6 1 7 , begins o n the 1 1 th September (29 th A u gu st ,J u lian ) , 1 9 00 . T heir b issextile system starts from the era

ofMenophres (1322 284 1 606 years before theK optic era. T he K optic leap year, therefore , always.

immediate ly precedes o u r own .

1 O n the fou r months’ sleep of Horns (and Vishnu ) , beginn ing when theD og Star rose heliacally, heralding the su spension ofhu sbandry, Horu s beingpu t to rest by A nu bis, and remaining swaddled t ill awakened by I sis, as

personified natu re , see A siatceh Researches,

O n the O rigin Of the H induReligion ,

”by J . D . Paterson

,vol . viii , p. 73.

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34 NO TES .

D e Sacy, qu o ting from an A rab au thor, states thatbefore the time O f the P rophet the great tribe O f Ben u

K enaneh,Of wh ich the K oreyshites form ed a division

,

retain ed the privilege Of postpon in g or changing thesem on ths O f tru ce , so that these periods were n o t always

O bserved according to th is o riginal arrangem en t .

L eaving o u t O fcon sideration the earliest A rab C alendar,which was do u btless lu nar

,it wo u ld appear that the year

at the period above allu ded to was a refo rm ed lu n i - so lar

year, in tended to corre spond with the seasons in which them on ths actu ally fell .T his con clu sion is based prin cipally u pon a stu dy Of

their nam es, the etym o logy of su ch as are essen tial to

the argu m en t being as fo l lows z— A s regards the two

Rabias, rabi expresses verdu re and Spring rains. T hesetwo m on ths wou ld therefore mark the Spring season ,

characterized by rain and vege tation . A s regards the

two m on ths G u méd, the roo t‘

gamad’ con tain s the

idea O fdryness and hardness. T his derivation wo u ld therefore ju stify the ir posit ion in the calendar, as fo llowingthe Spring m onths and the cessation of the rainy season .

Ramadén sign ifi es‘ in tense heat . ’ T his accordingly ex

plains the po sition O i a m on th whi ch fo llowed G u méd et

tfin i after an in terval of two m on ths, and was characterizedby the greatest heat O f m idsu mm er. I f su ch e tymo logybe correct

,argu es M . C au ssin de P erceval, i t is to be

inferred that the A rabs,when they adopted these names,

did n ot make u se O f a system that was pu rely lu n ar ; forthe lu nar year be ing Shorter than the so lar by abo u t ele vendays, the agreemen t O fthe mon ths with the seasons whichthe ir n ames expressed wou l d be SO soon deranged thatsu ch a su pposition wou ld be irrational .

I t seem s, at the sam e time , certain that in the earliest

tim es the A rabs made u se O f the pu rely lu nar system ,

the ir m on ths bearing n o relation to the vario u s seasons of

the year, and the names be ing differen t to those now

in u se . T he importan t period of the ann u al pilgrimage

NO TES . 35

t herefore revo lved throu gh al l the m on ths of the year,

as it does at the presen t time . Bu t this was the cau seo f m u ch in conven ien ce t o the pilgrim s, both du ring the

jou rney and du ring the soj ou rn at Mekkeh and the o ther

places at which , du ring the same period, variou s ann u al

fairs took place . It therefore became desirable to fix the

s eason O f the pilgrimage at su ch a time as shou ld fu rnishthe mo st ab u ndan t su pply of fru its and o ther produ ce , ino ther words the A u tumn .

T h is be in g SO , the A rabs,i t wo u ld seem , adopted from

the J ews established at Y athreb a system of in tercalation,

b y m ean s of wh ich their calendar becam e lu n i - so lar.

1

T here is a strong probability that the five m on ths whosenames seem to express a relation to the vicissitu des of

season were sim u ltaneo u sly adopted toge ther with thisreformed calendar.

T h is reformation ofthe calendar was, however, approxim ate , n o t complete , and th is wo u ld explain the fact thatt he pilgrimage m ade by Mohammed at the end of the

l 0 th year O f the Higreh fe ll on the 9 th of March,

A .D . 632, a date which seems to be fixed beyond dispu te .

T he differen ce b etween three so lar and three A rab

years (in clu ding one in tercalated) be ing three days and

a fraction ,i t wou ld fo llow that after every series Of three

years the beginn ing O f the n ew A rab year wou ld recede

from the so lar year by that period.

T hu s the A rab m on ths wo u ld gradu ally cease to correspond wi th the season s Of the so lar year. A generation,however, wo u ld have passed away before the derangemen t

w ou ld have b ecom e so striking as to cal l for a fu rtherrectification ; and by the time that the corresponden cea ltogether ceased, the force Of cu stom wo u ld have cau sedthe A rabs to re tain a system that h ad been fou nd to beinexact . Su ch is the arg umen t ofM. de P erceval .

1 A month called el -Nasi was added at the end of every three years.

Mohammed forbade this (Ku rfm,5. ix) , a proclamat ion to that effect being

m ade in the l oth year ofthe Flight at the Hag (Lane’s

36 NO TES .

For fifty years the season O f the pilgrimage wou ld

continu e to fall in the season of fru its, and thu s the

original O bj ect O f the reformed calendar wou ld con tinu e

to be attained. It I S when the season gradu ally fell intO

the mon ths ofA u gu st, Ju ly, and J u ne that we find cau seto wonder at the persisten ce Of the A rabs In main tain inga system of intercalation which had failed to rectify the

defects and in conven ien cies of that wh ich it superseded.

T he explanation is fou nd in the persisten ce of a cu stom

which had acqu ired the force ofa religiou s prej u dice .

M . de P erceval also refers to o ther fixed dates in support

ofhis theory .

T he lu n i- so lar method Of reckon ing was abo lished byMohammed in the twe lfth m on th of the ten th year of the

Fl ight, at the time of the pilgrimage before allu ded to .

T he pu rely lu nar system being then invested with religiou ssan ct ion and character, any reform or adaptation to the

seasons by in tercalation has from that time been impossible .

Wh ile the relations of some of the provin ces of Islam

have in recen t times l ed, as in T u rkey andEgypt, to theadoption con cu rren tly O f o ther finan cial and civil years,and while in Egypt the K eptic C alendar has been ,

so to

speak, in corporated with the Mu slim for agricu ltu ral and

o ther pu rposes, the A rab lu nar year has, for re ligiou s

pu rposes, remained in u se, each month beginn ing with thenew m oon . T he year consequ en tly retrogrades thro u ghal l the seasons in abou t 325years .

T he years are divided in to cycles of thirty years, elevenofwhich are in tercalary, having one day added to the last

m on th, the o ther n ineteen being ordinary years of 354

days. T he mean length of the year is days, or

354 days 8 hou rs 48 m inu tes .

l

1 T his divided by 12 gives 29 3 6 0 days, or 29 days 12 hou rs 44 m inu tes,as the t ime Of a mean lu nat ion . This differs from the astronomical meanlu nat ion by only 28 seconds . This small error will only amou nt to a day in

abou t years—Encyc . B 7‘t l . , art . C alendar.

”

NO TES . 37

T he Mohammedan era dates from the l st of Moharrem

preceding the Higreh, or‘Flight

’O f the P rophet from

Mekkeh to Medineh, wh ich ( l st Moharrem) co in cided,a ccording to M . C au ssin de P erceval, with the 1 9 th A pril ,622 A .D . It appears to have co in cided with the 22nd O f

A bib, 338, of the K Optic era.

T o convert approximately a date of the Higreh to

that of the C hristian era, add to the former 622, and

s u btract from the su m three years for e very centu ry O f

the Mohammedan date ; e .g .,t o convert 1 318 A .H . to

A .D . ,1 318 622 1 9 40 : ( 13 x 3 z ) 39 1 90 1 (and

part Of A nd inversely, 1 9 00 A .D . 1 9 00 622

1 278: 39 1 31 7 A .H . (and part of 1318

1 See Hu ghes’ D iet . of I slam. Al so “ Héméro loge Simpl ifié, pou r la

C onversion des dates Mu su lmanes et Chrétiennes, avec applicat ions a la

c hrono logi e ,” by HE. Yacou b A rt in Pacha and Ventre P acha, C airo ,Imprimerie Nat ionale , 189 6 .

38 NO TES.

NO TE I I I .

HIST ORIC A L C ONSIDERA T IONS SUGGESTED BY THEC A LEND A R .

NO T . on ly do es the C alendar take u s back in im agination

to the remo test tim es of ancien t Egypt, bu t i t su ggests

here and there, am ongst its m iscel laneo u s n o tices, re

flec t ions con cern ing almo st al l the more importan t periods

ofher su bsequ en t history.

I t has been su ggested that som e few en tries in the

almanac m ay imply changes in the physical conditionsof the co u n try. For instan ce

,the n o t ices respecting the

ostrich m ight be referred to a period when the range O f

this b ird (and perhaps that of the ibis) extended farthern orth than it does at presen t, the n o rthern lim it beingn ow abo u t the district of D ongola. Ebony is also

m en tion ed, bu t the lim it of its growth is at pre sen t

equ ally distan t. It is,however

,m ore reasonable to suppose

that the o rigin of these referen ces dates back to t imes

when the provin ces in which the bird and the tree

flo u rished form ed portion s of the Egyptian empire . I t

is certain that in remo te tim es o striches fo rmed part O f

the livesto ck ofEgyptian landowners, and flo cks of themare thu s represen ted amongst the m u ral deco rat ions of

an cien t tombs.

It will be seen that the ann iversary of the fal l ofm anna

and qu ails figu res qu ain tly amongst the o ccu rrences.

T he A rm en ian (as we ll as the T u rkish) C alendarmention s the rise and

‘

fall O f the Nile , and these en tries

may have been borrowed from the K Optic almanacs . Bu t

why do es theEgyptian C alendar men tion the rise and fal l

of the Eu phrates

NO TES . 39

M . T isso t su ggests the fo llowi ng explanation I G o ingback, he says,

“to the sixtee nth c en tu ry B .C . , history

exh ibits to u s Egypt at the he ight of her grande u r, andT o tmes I II extending his conqu ests o ve r a glo rio u s re ign

of 47 years. He advan ce s in al l directions the lim i ts of

his empire , ascending the Eu phrates, and carrying his

arm s in to the mo u n tain s of A rm en ia, wh ich su pply the

so u rces of that river. By a wise adm inistration the en tire

valley remained for several cen tu ries u nder the dom inion

ofthe P haraohs. N0 long t ime, we m ay su ppose, wo u ld

be requ ired by so obse rvan t a pe ople as the an cien t

Egyptians t o fix the ir atten tion o n the reg u larity of the

physical laws to which the Eu phrates was su bj ect, and

to perceive that it was, as it were , a reversed co u nterpart

of the Nile ; the fact b eing that the Eu phrates is at the

height of its rise while the Nile is at its lowest,and the

fall of the former co in cides with the rise of the latter.

Bo th stream s find an o u t let in almost the same latitu de ,and the co u rses of the streams in opposite directions made

it appear as if they stro ve to meet each o ther. T heseharmon io u s co in cidences were of a natu re to fascinate the

m inds of m e n who were lo vers of symme try, as were the

an cien ts ; while, o n the o ther hand,the inhabitan ts of

the0

Eu phrates valley, en lightened by the ir co nqu erorsrespe cting the close resemblance existing be tween the

two rivers,learned t o know and to bless the Egyptian

Nile,which su pplied Mesopo tamia du ring its years of

fam in e,and appeared t o fu rnish them with the means of

regu lating and s upplem en ting their own stream .

”

In o rder to explain al lu sion s which have a P ersian

origin we mu st revert to times when Egypt was a satrapyof the great kingdom of P ersia

,and when the condi t ion

ofEgypt bore great resemblance to that ofEgypt whilem ere ly a pashalik ofT u rkey . T heP ersian ru le lasted for

120 years ; and in the time of Herodo tu s the P ersian

1 Etu de su r ls C alendrier C opte, A lexandria, 186 7 .

40 NO TES.

garrison at Memphis consisted of m en . We

have also to remember that, in conform ity with one of

the m odes of su bju gation practised by the P ersians u pon

conqu ered races, large nu mbers ofEgyptians were at

variou s periods transported to A sia. T hu s K ambyses

carried away a large nu mber to Su sa ; and perhapsthe ‘Egyptian villages

’in A sia M inor, spoken of by

Xenophon , were also peopled by Egyptians transportedfor rebellion .

l A s regards traces of P ersian dom inion

in Egypt, we have the annu al record Of the Norz’

rs es

S u lfdm’

,the P ersian New Year’s festival and the fortress

of Babylon, near O ld C airo ,’is su pposed to have derived

its name from the P ersian s, of whom a strong garrison

was qu artered there . Bu t the su ggestion that the K asr

esh-Shama (C astle Of L ight) marks a spo t Where on ce

stood a temple offire-worshippers can hardly be borne ou t .2

T he connection , geographical and histo rical, betweenEgypt and Syria being so close , it is bu t natu ral thatthere shou ld be some al lu sions to the latter cou n try in an

Egyptian almanac . A nd, indeed, it is in Mas’fidi

’

s accou n t

of the Syrian mon ths that we find explanations Of several

in teresting en tries in the K optic C alendar.

NO little light may yet be thrown on problems of

an cient h istory by a stu dy of vario u s calendars and

an cien t festivals. A s was said m ore than a cen tu ry ago ,“ I f the festivals O f the o l d Greeks, Romans, P ersians,Egyptians, and G o ths co u ld be arranged with exactness

in the same form with Indian tables there wo u ld befou nd

, I am persu aded, a striking resemblan ce amongthem ; and an atten tive comparison of them al l m ightthrow great light on the religion and perhaps on the

h istory O f the prim itive world.

” 3

1 Professor Rawlinson’s Herodotu s

,vol . i i

,essay 3.

2 C airo ,” by S . L . Poo le .

3 A siatic]:Researches,1 792, vol . iii

, p. 293:art . “ O n the Lu nar Yearofthe Hindu s .

”

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42 NO TES .

each half- mon th extends o ver two pages, o ccu pyingthirteen paralle l co lu mns .

I n the first co lu mn come the days of the week.

T hen fo llow in five co lu mns the corresponding days of

the A rab,K optic ,

‘Frank,

’G reek, and Hebrew mon ths

cu rren t . Next com es the re cord of the su n’

s cou rse in .

the sign m en tion ed at the head O f the co lu mn . T hen,in ,

five co lumn s, com e the ho u rs and m in u tes as cal cu lated

for the five daily prayers of the Faithfu l for every dayin the year. Lastly,

in a wider co l umn or margin are

recorded the n o tices appropriate to each day .

I t can thu s be seen how m u ch has been om itted from

and how m u ch added t o the above in the presen t calendar

Of the m on ths . I have om itted the G reek and J ewishmon ths

, the co u rse of the su n in the Z odiac , and the hou rsofMu slim prayer. T he addition s con sist chiefly ofMu slim .

fetes and mfil ids.

T he last pages O f the native almanacs are devo ted to

n o tices of the e clipses of su n or moon du ring the year,after whi ch fo llows the name of the astronom er who

compiled the work.

T he’

last sen ten ce , as fo u nd in som e almanacs,deserves

a fu ll tran slation“ T he prin ting of th is C ale ndar was effected in the

prin ting- Offic e u nder the shadow (o r pro te c t ion ) of him ,

whose gen ero sity is as ben efic en t as the o verflow of the

Nile , the K hedive’

A bbas H ilm i . P raise be to G od, the

First and the Last, the u nseen and the revealed ; and

blessings and peace be u pon Mohamm ed, u pon his fam ily ,

and u pon al l who weave in his lo om .

”

For the '

m on th of Ram adan special diaries, cal led

Im sakiyeh,’

are prepared, and prin ted o n single sheetsof co lou red paper, and of silk fo r presen tatio n and sale

to the m ore wealthy. T he Imsakiyeh gives the ho u rsand m in u tes of the six m ost impo rtan t periods of the

day, with a view to prayer and fasting . A portion of

an imsakiyeh tran slated is given o n p. 55.

NO TES . 43

It is a c u stom for au tho rs of calendars to presen t O opieshandsom ely bou nd in silk o r ve lve t at the

’

I d cl-K ebir

(K firban Bairam ) , or shortly befo re the n ew year, to great

personages ofthe ir acqu ain tan ce .

A n exam ination of the almanacs of recen t years showsn o s u bstan tial alteration s . A few small changes havecrept in . Some of the m ore qu ain t and hom e ly referen ces

are beginn ing t o drop o u t of som e of them,and agri

c u lt u ral n o tes tend t o becom e m ore n u merou s.

Regarded as an agricu l tu ral gu ide , the C alendar is

a ro u gh bu t u sefu l compan ion . I t is,of co u rse , very

incomplete . A good farm ers’

almanac , wi th fu l l ru ral

and bo tan i cal n o tes,wo u ld be of great in terest. Mean

wh ile the J o u rnal O f the K hedivial A gricu ltu ral So ciety ,

pu blished u nder the au spices of D r. Mackenzie and

Mr. G . P . Foaden at C airo , is fu l l ofvalu able inform ation .

T he threefo ld division of the Egyptian year in to‘the

Ni le (o r period Of inu ndation ) , W in ter, and Su mmer,is

main tained in popu lar langu age to the presen t day . T he

season of ‘the Ni le ’

is again sometimes div ided in to‘the rising Nile

’

and ‘the su bsiding Nile .

’

B u t the

year is also divided in to the fo u r season s of Spring (erRabia) , S u mm er (es - Seyf) , A u tu mn (el - K harif) , and

Win ter (esh - Shitfi) . I t m ay b e that in som e parts of

Upper Egypt the thre efo ld division remains exclu sivelyin u se . I t is probable that m any in terest ing facts

conn ec ted with the su bj e ct ofEgypt ian calendars m ightbe e licited from the m o re prim itive inhabi tan ts of the O ld

K optic v illages of Upper Egypt, who have preserved

u n changed the cu stoms O f the ir forefathers.

A word as to superstitions. SO n u mero u s are they inconn ect io n wi th particu lar m on ths, days, and ho u rs, thata vo l u m e wo u ld be requ ired t o deal with them . Herklo ts

’

Qanoon e - Islam ”t reats som ewhat exhau stively of the

su perst ition s of Indian Mu slims,and the c u rio u s reader

who has peru sed that work will n o t be wrong if he

imagine that an alm ost eq u al n u mber m ight be collected

44 NO TES .

by anyone who wo u ld explore the strongho lds of

Egyptian su perstition . Mas’adi speaks of the fortu nate

and u nfort u nate days of an te Islam A rabia. Brief

a llu sions to certain su perstitions in the G lossary are al l

t hat c an here be attempted ; bu t i t may be mentioned

t hat amongst o ther eviden ces of civilization the T u rks

and o thers have imported some of ou r fashionable su per

s titions. T hu s, the u pper’ classes have adopted a certain

dread of the n u mber 1 3,and will no t sit down with that

n u mber at table . Som e go so far as to O bj ec t to start on

a voyage or jou rney on the 13th of the mon th . We were

e ven to ld by the lo cal papers some years ago that the dayfixed for the ceremony of c u tting the C anal ’

was

c hanged, becau se the Go vernor of C airo had discovered

that this day was the 13th of the K optic Misreh .

T he K opts have vario u s C hu rch calendars. O ne of

t hese has been pu blished by the Rev . S . C . Malan ,

translated from a MS . u sed in a Jacobite chu rch inC airo . T he traveller who desires to stu dy the institu tions

o f the K optic C hu rch wou ld do well , besides O btainingMr. A . J . B u tler’s work on the K Optic C h u rche s, to seek

a n in trodu ction to some in tel ligen t m ember of the c om

m u n ity who c an speak one of the Eu ropean langu ages.

A n interesting little Marin er’s C alendar, which

perhaps has never before been wri tten down ,

”

pu t

t ogether by C . B . K l u nzinger, will be fo u nd in his work

o n“ Upper Egypt ,

” 1 T he first en try is that Of ‘the

L ittle Su n ’in Febru ary, a day on wh ich “

no skipper

will set sail .

I n 187 6 the Gregorian C alendar was adopted in Egypt,by order of the K hedive, for al l civil and adm in istrative

pu rpo ses. P reviou sly that Of the K opts was in u se .

1 T rans.,1878, Blackie, p. 30 1 .

NO TES. 45

NO TE V .

THE PLA CE OF THE K O P T I C C A LEND AR IN

LITERA T URE.

A SHO RT stu dy of the K optic almanac carries u s back to ‘

far distan t times, t o calendars graven on temple wall

and ce iling, or written on hieroglyphi c scro lls, from

whi ch its descen t c an in some m easu re be traced. We

are brou ght in to view O f the religion ,the astrology, the

medicine , and the agri cu ltu re Of rem ote P haraohs,and

of a people who learned to gu ide their lives and dailyOperations, even more than do their modern descendan ts

,

by the ru les O f experien ce , large ly m ingled with su per

stition .

Whatever the early settlers m ay have bro u ght withthem ,

the developm en t of a calendar wou ld be an earlyn ecessity, and its connection with religiou s O bservan ceswo u ld be in timate .

A nd as Egypt was, and is, “the gift Of the Nile , so

was mu ch of her religion and philosophy inspired, no t

on ly by the su n and heaven ly bodies, bu t also by the

Great River, with its regu lar rise and fall ; and by the

seasons, whi ch, thou gh regu lar and benefic en t , were not

free from ban efu l influ en ces, against which equ allyregu lar precau tions had to be taken .

T he D ivin ities, u nder many aspects, person ified the

Great River, and the more striking phenomena O f the

year ; and in hono u r of these D ivin ities great ann u al

festivals were celebrated. Some , from the ir origin, were

observed according to the lu nar divisions of time . O thers

4 6 NO TES.

were appo in ted to co in cide with the recu rring phenomenaof the river and the season s of the equ ino ctial year, withwhi ch the gods themselves were so in timately conn ected.

T he great religiou s al legories, accordingly, relate to

the physical conditions of the Nile val ley, wh ich the yearrepeated alm ost with the regu larity of n ight and day .

With Plu tarch we read in to the festivals the allegori cal

mean ings of some of the O siris rites . A bo u t th is tim e

(the m on th O fA thyr, when the Etesian winds have ceasedto b low, and the Nile , retu rn ing to its own chann el, hasleft the cou n try everywhere bare and naked) , in c on

sequ en ce Of the in creasing len gth ofthe n ights, the powerO f darkness appears to prevail, whilst that of light isdim in ished and o vercome . T he priests, therefore , practisecertain do lefu l rites, one Of which is to expose to pu blicview, as a proper represen tation of the presen t grief of

the goddess (Isis) , an ox co vered with a pall of the

finest b lack linen , that an imal be ing looked u pon as the

l i ving image of O siris. T he cerem ony is performed fo u r

days su ccessively, beginn ing on the 1 7 th of the abovem en tioned m on th . T hey represen t thereby fou r thingswhi ch they mou rn :(1 ) T he falling O f the Nile , and itsretiring within its own channel ; (2) the ceasing Of the

n orthern winds, whi ch are n ow qu ite su ppressed by the

prevailing strength O f tho se from the so u th ; (3) thelength of the n ights and the decrease O f the days ;

(4) the destitu te condition in which the land now

appears, n aked and desolate, its trees despo iled of the irleaves. T hu s they comm em orate what they cal l the‘ loss of O siris and on the 1 9 th O f the m on th P achons

,

an o ther festival represen ts the finding ofO siris .

’ 1

A gain , the th ird ofthe in tercalary days was the birthdayof Se t (T yphon —the power Of death , of darkness, of theen croach ing desert) , t o be O bserved by king and people

1 Q u oted by Sir G . Wilkinson v . Manners and C u stoms of the A ncientEgyptians,

” i,300 .

NO TES . 47

a like with fasting and absten tion from bu siness. SO whenI sis and Nephthys m o u rn for O siris (1 4th T ybi) m u sic

a nd dan cing were to be avo ided.

T he clearEgyptian sky invited the early and con tinu ou s

s tu dy of astronomy . T he Egyptians, as D iodo ru s says,

kept records of the m o tions of the stars for an incredible

n u mber O f years.

”T he ir observation s brou ght to no tice

the co in ciden ce of certain astronom i cal facts with tho seof the agri cu l tu ral year. T hu s, the heliacal rising of the

D og Star (So this, S iriu s) , as seen at Memphis , co in cidedwith the rising Of the Nile . T he sam e rising of thisbrillian t star was u sed fo r refo rm ing the O lder

,vagu e

year, and de term in ing the length of a sidereal year .

From the observation s of the astronomer -

priests were

gradu ally elaborated the calendars, the primary O bj ectof whi ch was to fix the great festivals, these be ing often

tim es of rej o i cing, e .g .,fo r the inu ndation , the O pen ing

of cu ltivation , the firstfru its, the harvests, the open ingof navigatio n ( I sidz

'

s narigz’

u m) , e tc . Som e of these liveo n in the festivals and mfil ids of tod ay.

Bu t astron omy was n o t ye t pu re science . It was

m erged in astrology . T he Star-

gods ru led and influ en cedthe destin ies ofal l hu man be ings. From the m ore pu relyrel igio u s aspect O f the O ldest calendars we pass in to the

realms of su perstition ,O f ho roscopes, and of al l those

deve lopm en ts of astro logy which have always been so

closely asso ciated with Egypt, as the home of magic and

mystery . Under these influ en ces the year cam e to be

made u p of l u cky and u n lu cky days of every degree .

M . C habas, by his in teresting tran slation Of ‘the fou rth

Sallier P apyru s,’has in trodu ced u s t o the m ost complete

almanac Of an cien t Egypt as ye t discovered.

1 T hisfragmen t (in the British Mu seum) con tains seven mon thsand parts of two o thers. A ccording to this calendar

,

1 “ Le C alendrier des j ou rs fastes et nefastes de l ’annec Egypt ienne,F . Chabas, Chalons- s.

- S . Paris.

48 NO TES.

au spiciou s, and thri ce au spic io u s, days are n um erou s ; bu t

so also are days of danger and evil omen ; while o thers,again , are partly fortu n ate , partly the reverse . C hil drenborn on certain days canno t li ve (23rd T ehfit i, T hoth) ,or will die of con tagiou s disease (4th P aophi) , or of ear

complain t (3rd K ho iak) , or of blindness (20 th K ho iak) ,or fall vi ctim s to the croc odile ( 13th P aophi) . O n some

days no one shou l d go ou t at su nrise (1 4th Mekhir) , or atn ight ( 1 7 th P hameno th) , or at al l (4th P aOphi) . A s to

au spicio u s days, tho se b orn on the 9 th P aOphi will n o t“ fade as the leaves do fade

,

”b u t will die of dru nken

n ess$or ofdebility and O ld age (6 th P aOphi) . O n certain

days fish shou ld no t be eaten ; on o thers, fru its or certainvegetables. Som etimes squ alls prevail , and all navigation

shou ld be avo ided. O n many days bathing shou ld be

avo ided ; and on the 5th P aOphi o ccu rs the stern warning“ A pproach no t a woman .

” Elsewhere we read 1 thaton the 27 th T ehii ti whoever ano in ts himself with the

j u i ce O fmyoso tis wil l be free from weakness Of the eyes

all the year.

T he al lu sion s of Herodo tu s and o ther writers to the

periodic, indeed m on thly, pu rging and m edi cinal treat

m en ts, corroborate what we learn from more direct

sou rces, as to the systemati c atten tion given , or, at anyrate, invited to ru les O fhealth .

T hu s in proc ess Of time almanacs were constru cted

which no t onl y anno u n ced the Festivals of the Gods,bu t

also gave fu ll information as to lu cky and u n lu cky days,wh ich advised respec t ing the details ofevery

- day life , and

probably dealt som etimes with matters of agricu l tu re .

T hey bec ame as indispensable as the almanac is to the

C h inaman .

A s time wen t on , each new chapter O f the history of

Egypt invo lved som e modification of the calendar. T hu s,when we pass to C hristian periods, the C hristian ,

or

1 Pliny, qu oted by Sir G . W i lkinson , A ncientEgypt ians , ii, 35.

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50 NO TES .

offenders, and excommu n ication in case of persisten t

disobedien ce . O n n’

observera pas l es jou rs Egyptiens,les constellation s, etc .

”Ugu t ion , qu o ted by M . de C ange

in his G lossaire Latin ,

”speaks thu s I n every m on th

there are two evi l days called Egyptian ,

’ becau se i t ist o theEgyptians that the ir discovery is du e .

” 1 We find

vario u s conje ctu res as to the origin of these dreaded

Egyptian days.

’

A l l agree that the ir discovery is du et o the Egyptians. Some attribu te it to the ir kn owledgeO f the stars ; some (e .g . P ierre C omestor, in his Scho lasticH istory say that they on ly mark certain times in wh ichthe people ofEgypt had been su bj ect t o great su fferingsand adversities.

A l l early almanacs, like the Egyptian , gave dire ctions

for the preservation of health , and were “

perempto ryin their directions for bleeding bo th at spring and

fall, besides two su pplemen tary blood - le ttings against

C hristmas.

” 2 A wri ter in the B ritish Q u arterly Review

on“ K alendars and O ld A lmanac s

”

gives many in

t erest ing particu lars. A manu script of the thirte en thcen tu ry in the B ibliothequ e de l

’

A rsenal , qu o ted by Lou isMo land, shows many po in ts of resemblan ce to the K optic

C alendar, su ch as directions as to bleeding and c upping,

the avo idan ce ofmeat at certain tim es, taking fenn el- seeds,taking co ld water (fasting) , the rising of hu mou rs to the

brain ( J u ne) , the taking Of grape-flowers, of cloves, and

sage , the avo idan ce of cold baths, the taking of vapou r

baths, e tc . Very probably most of the su bstan tialb u rghers of Fran ce, England, and Flanders possessed

calendars, perhaps affixed t o their prayer- books. Man u

script literatu re was probably widely diffu sed by n u merou s

copyists, who se complain ts on the discovery of prin tin g,that i t wou ld deprive them of a living ,

were su ch that

1 “ L ivre de I’Antiqu itéexpliquée, etc ., par D om . Bernard deMontfau con,

P aris, 1 724 , Suppl . , p. 1 1 2 et seq .

2 Brit . Q uart . Rev.,vol . xxvii i p. 333 et seq.

NO TES. 51

the early prin ter was fain to flee from ci ty to city, and

o n ly by stealth practise his art.” 1 T owards the close of

Elizabe th’s reign almanacs appear to have become almost

a n ecessity for al l classes. A t the beginn ing O f the

fo llowing re ign there were at least a dozen . Some

invoke the aid of verse , e .g. K aye in his York C alendarfor 1 607 . For March the ru les are

Bleeding wise ly, eat ing precisely,“farm ing with reason, bathing in season

A re exc ellen t . ’ 2

T here is a very Egyptian flavo u r abou t al l this. I n

fact, the character of almanacs had changed bu t littlesin ce the days of Rameses . A s we approach ou r m ore

scientific age, the tenden cy, Of cou rse, is to elim inate the

relics of superstition ,and replace them by statist ics and

information O f a m ore so lid and prosai c natu re u n til we

come t o the days of Whitaker, and of its adm irablecontemporaries, at home and abroad, which are perfect

encyclopaedias O f u sefu l knowledge . Meanwhile the

fading ghost of astro logy lingers on ,in the pages of

Z adkie l, O ld Moore , and the like . Fortu nate and u n

fortu n ate days are there in du ly foreto ld, and prophetichieroglyphi cs dispose O f the affairs in general of ou r

plane t. Su perstition lives on , developing n ew forms.

C ou ntless du pes resort to fashionable fortu ne - tellers ; to

the vendors of qu ack m edicines to the ingen iou s makers

ofpills, which, if they are n ot valid against earthqu akes,O ffer a panacea for al l the disorders Ofhu man ity .

1 I b . , p. 338. I h. , p. 347 .

52 D I ARY FO R THEWEEK .

D IA RY FO R THEWEEK IN C A I RO .

SUNDAY (Nahar or YOm el -Had) .

Morning—T he women Of C airo visit the Mosqu es of the

Seyyideh Z eyn ab and the Sitt Nefiseh .

Services in the K optic , A rmen ian, Greek, English (C hu rchOf England) , German (Protestant ) , French (Roman

C atholic) , and other chu rches.

Afternoon .—Z ikrs Of Kadriyeh darwishes at the T ekkiet A sh~

rafi'

yeh (near the Mosqu e ofNefiseh ) abou t 3 p.m ., and

at the T ekiyeh of the Sitt Ru ki'

yeh .

Market- day at Gizeh . T he evening (eve OfMonday) isconsidered fortu nate for Mu slim marriages, ne xt to thatOfFriday .

Su nday is generally considered an u nfortu nate day, as pre

c eding that on which the Prophet died.

MONDAY (Nahar el -Etnin) .

Morm'

ng .— Market - day in the (K han K halili ) T u rkish and

neighbou ring bazaars.

Evem'

ng.— Z ikr of K adriyeh darwishes at the T eki

'

yeh Z awiet

Hal fim eh,after the ’Eshéh .

Monday is c onsidered by some u nfortu nate , by others fortu nate .

L inen mu st not be washed ; and no sewing or cu tting withscissors mu st b e done o n this day .

TUESD AY (Nahar et-T alateh) .

Morm'

ng ._

-Visits are made,chiefly by men , to the Mosqu e of

the Hasaneyn .

Afternoon .—Z ikr ofK adriyeh darwishes at the T ekiyeh Shakfin .

Visits of sick persons to the Mosqu e OfA bu So’

ud,near the

Mo squ e of ’A mr.

T u esday is u nfortu nate . It is called ‘ the day Of blood,’

from the death Of many martyrs . It is a favo u rable day for

being bled.

D I ARY FOR THEWEEK . 53

WEDNESDAY (Nahfir el

M art ina— C asting ou t Of devils at the K optic C onvent OfMar

T adru s (St . T heodore) , in the Har’t sr-Rfim .

T he women (Mu slim) OfC airo visit the Mosqu e ofSeyyideh

Z eynab .

Wedn esday is considered a fortu nate day for travelling,g enerally, bu t by some among the u pper classes u nfortu nate .

T he reading Ofbooks shou ld be begu n on this day ; if begu n on

any other day they are n ot likely to be finished. Milk shou ldn ot be dru nk.

THURSDAY (Nahar el -Khami

s) .

Market-day in the K han el -K hali li and neighbou ring bazaars.

Z ikr Of K adu’

yeh darwishesat the T ekiyeh Su l eyman i'

yeh (inthe Serfigiyeh) abou t 3 pm .

Evem'

ng .—T he eve ofFriday is preferred for Mu slim marriages.

Z ikr O f K adri’

yeh darwi shes, after the’Eshéh

,at the

T ekiyeh Gu l shéni (near the Bab cl-Mu tawéli) , at the

T ekiyeh Z awiet Halfimeh .

T hu rsday—el -Mu barek (the Blessed)—is a fortu nate day. Iti s favo u rable for al l u ndertakings.

FRID AY (Nahfir el

Visits to the T omb of the Imam esh- Shafe’i.

Pu blic prayers and sermons in the mosqu es.

Z ikr OfMowl owiyeh darw'

ishes (the‘Whirlers ’) at their T ekiyeh

in the Helmiych , at 2 pm .

Z ikr Of K adriyeh darwishes (the‘Howlers at the T ekkiet

Eyou b , at K asr el -Eyn , at 2 pm .

Z ikrs at variou s m osqu es ( the Hasaneyn ,Beiyfimi,

Exorcism and healing Of sick by immersion in water, at the

Mosqu e of T ashtfishi (near the Bab esh - Shariyeh) , at

the Mosqu es OfSharawi , and other saints.

Z ars frequ ent, at the tomb of Sheikh el -Beydek, Sheikh A shmawi , etc . , and in private .

Friday—sl -Fadileh ( the Excellent) —is the most fortu nateOf days. Baths shou ld be taken

, perfumes u sed, clean clothesWorn

, and prayer earnestly made . NO sweeping and no sewingshou ld be done . Water mu st not be drawn from wells du ringdivine servi ce in the mosqu es.

54 D I ARY FO R THEWEEK .

SA TURDAY (Nahar es-Sab t) .

Women visit the Mosqu es of Su ltan K alafin (for healing sick) ,of the Hasaneyn, and of Su ltan Gowli (adjo in ing theMastaba Farafin for sore eyes.

Market-day at Bulak (cattle, et c . ) and at Embabeh (cattle and

general) .

Afternoon .—Z ikr Of K adriyeh darwishes at the T ekiyeh Sheikh

Ghanam (near Bou levard Mohammed’A l i) , abou t 2pm .

A lso at the T ekiyeh Z eiwiet Hal fimeh .

T he even ing (eve OfSu nday) preferred for K optic marriages.

Satu rday is the most u nfortu nate Ofdays. I t is u nfavou rablefor voyages and for almost al l u ndertakings. Fish m u st not be

eaten , nor milk dru nk. N0 baths shou ld be taken .

HOURS O F MUSLIM P RAYER.

T he fo llowing table shows the times OfMu slim prayer, withthe apparentEu ropean time Of su nset, in and near the latitu deOf C airo , at the commencemen t ofeach zodiacal mon th

Su nset .

’Eshéh . Noon.

’A sr.

MO . T . denotes Mohammedan T ime Eu r. T .,Eu ropean T ime .

LAX E ’S Modem Egyptians, i , 278.

SPEC IMEN O F PORT ION O F AN I MSA K I’

YEH FOR

THEMONTH OF RAMADAN, 129 4

HELP I S FROM GO D , AND VI C T O RY I S NEAR .

I msakiyeh for Ramadan l For the year 1 29 4 . T he first daythe hono u red. begins on theEVEO fSu nday.

D ay D ay’Esheh Imsak Fegt . Sharuk D uhr.

’Asr.

O fthe O fthe .

week. month . h . m . h . m . h . m . h . m . h . m . h . m .

Sunday 1 1 1 9 9 40 1 0 0 1 1 28 5 44 9 1 6

Monday 2 1 1 9 9 4 1 1 0 1 1 1 30 5 45 9 1 7T u esday 3 1 1 9 9 43 1 0 3 1 1 32 5 4 6 9 1 7Wednesday 4 1 1 9 9 45 1 0 5 1 1 34 5 4 7 9 18

Thu rsday 5 1 1 9 9 4 7 1 0 7 1 1 36 5 48 9 18

Friday 6 1 1 9 9 4 9 1 0 3 1 1 37 5 49 9 1 9

Sat u rday 7 1 18 9 51 1 0 1 1 1 1 39 5 50 9 20

FORTUNA TEAND UNFO RTUNA TED AYS.

I n Egypt, T hu rsday and Friday are regarded as fortu natedays, especially Friday ; Monday and Wednesday, dou btfu l ;T u esday, Satu rday, and Su nday, u nfortu nate . (Vide Lane

’s

A T hou sand and O ne Nights,”vol . i , p.

Herkl ots states that Monday, Wednesday, T hu rsday, and

Friday are good and au spiciou s ; Satu rday and Su nday are evil.I n every month there are seven evil days, on which no good

work is on any consideration t o be commenced.

O thers say that in e very month in the year there two evil

clays. Vide the annexed table 1:

Qanoon -e- I slam, p. 273.

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SEA SO N

Begins whensu n entersC ancer.

A RAB MONTHS AND SEA SONS.

FO RMERLY SEA SONS .

A RA B MO NTHS . CO RRESP O ND I NG O LD ER LA TERW I TH NA ME. NAME .

Z u ’l -kaadeh

Er-Rabia el -K hai IfZ u

’l -heggeh

Moharrem

Safer

Esh-ShitaRabia el -owwal

Rab ia et - tan i

Gu mad el - owwal

Es- Seyf er-Rab i’

a

C umad et - tam

Ju ne

Shaaban (11 3211 311 )

Ju lyRamadan (T omu z)

A u gu st

Showwal (A b )

September

(Eyl fil )

El - K aiz es- Seyf

Rab ia (now Spring) , so called bec au se the first rain gave growthto the herbage called rabi’.

K harif (n ow A u tu mn ) , becau se fru its were then gathered.

A fter LANE’ S A r. D iet .

T ABLE showing the D A TES OF C OMMENCEMENT of

the MOHAMMEDAN YEAR and corresponding datesof the GREGORI AN CALEND AR from 1320 A l l .

( 1 902 A .D .) to 1370 AH . ( 1 950

l sr MOHARREM l sT MOH ARREM

C OMMENCES C OMMEN CES

Extracted from WO O LH O USE’S

M easu res, Weights, and Moneys ofA l l Natio ns .

Ju ly 1,

Ju ne 20 ,

Ju ne 9,

May 29,

May 1 9 ,

May 7,

A pril 26 ,

April 1 6 ,

A pril 5,Mar.

Mar.

Mar.

Feb .

Feb .

Jan .

24,

1 4 ,

37

21,

1 0 ,

29 ,

1 9,

8,

2s,

1 7 ,

6,

25,

1 5,

3,

24 ,

13,

1 927

1 928

1 9 29

1 930

1 9 31

1 9 32

1 9 33

1 9 34

1 9 35

1 9 36

1 937

1 9 38

1 9 39

1 9 4 0

1 9 4 1

1 9 42

1 9 43

1 9 43

1 9 44

1 9 45

1 94 6

1 9 4 7

1 9 48

1 9 4 9

1 9 50

6 0 MULI D S .

T HEREC O GNI ZED MULID S O F EGYP T .

I . C A IRO .

Rabia el -owwal .

Mulid en -Nebi. (God bless andsave him. )

Mu lid ofSeyyideh Fatimeh en

Nebawiyeh .

Mulid of Su ltan A bu’l - ’Ey1a

e l -Hu seyni .

Mu lid OfSeyyid Sa’adall ah el

Hu seyn i .Mu lid of Seyyid

’A bd- cl- A zizcd-D yrani .

Mu lid of Sheikh Salameh A bu

Sirhan .

Mu lid Of Sheikh MohammedA bu ’l- D elail .

Mu lid OfSheikh Hilal .

Mulid of Sheikh Su leyman el

Ghanam .

Mulid Of Sheikh D arwish el’A shmawi.

I n the Ghat el - ’A shmawi l st

t o 1 1 th .

I n the Ghat cl-’A bbasiyeh ;

from the 1 st to 1 2th .

I n the Share’ Z ara e u -Nawl l n

the D arb el - A hmar ; 1 4th to

25th . (Visits every T u esdayn ight. )

I n Bu lak 1n the Share’ Sikketel - Ged1deh ; 13th to end Of

month . (Visits Satu rdayandWednesday . )

I n the D arb c l -A hmar ; 22nd

to end ofmonth .

I n the Geziret el -Manil ; 1 8th

to 26th .

I n the K Om esh-Sheikh Sela

meh , in the Ghat cl -Mu ski ;1 8th to 26 th . (Visits Satu rday n ight . )

I n the Har’t cl-Madb

’a, in

Balsa; l st to 28th .

I n the Har’t ez-Z

’e tere , near

Su ltan A bu ’

1- ’Eyleh 28th

to 3oth .

I n Bulak 4 th to 9 th .

MULI D S . 6 1

Rabia et-tani .

Mu lid of o u r Seyyid Mowlanael - Imam el -Hu seyn ibn

’A l i .

(May God accept him , a

being descended from the

Prophet of God. God blessand save him . )

Gumad

Mulid O f Seyyideh Seki’

neh .

Mu lid ofSheikh Ibrahim clFaz .

Malia OfSeyyideh Ru kiyeh .

Mu lid of Seyyid Mohammedel -A nur .

Mulid of Seyyid Ibrahim clMinawi .

Mu lid Of Seyyid Ibrahim clMatbul i.

Mulid Of Seyyid’A l i el

K hawas.

Mdl id of Sheikh Y fin is el

Sa’adi .

Mfilid of Seyyid’A l i el -K a

’ki .

Mu lid Of Seyyid’A l i Z eyn cl

’A b idin .

Mu lid of Seyyid Hasan clA nur.

Mu lid of Seyyid Mohammed

Shems cd-din er-Ramli .

1 1 th to end ofmonth . (VisitsT u esday and Satu rday . )

c l -owwal .

I n the Ghat cl -K halifeh 6 th to

1 3th . (Visits on T hu rsday . )

I n the K halifeh qu arter ; 1 8thto end of m onth . (Visitsevery Satu rday n ight . )

I n the C hat el -K halifeh ; 6 thto 1 3th .

I n the Ghat el -K halifeh , inthe D arb el -Hosr ; 6 th t o

1 3th . (Visits Wednesdayn ight . )

Near the bridge Of the Bawa

bet el -hadid ; 6 th t o 1 3th .

(Visits T u esday and Wed

nesday. )I n the Ghat el -Hasanieh 6 th

to l 6 th . (Visits on Satu rday . )A t the Bab en -Nasr ; 1 4th to22nd. (Visits on Friday . )

I n the Share ’ Wekal et el

fasikh,in Bulak; 1 st t O 22nd .

O u tside the Bab es- Seyyideh.

Z eynab ; 1 7 th t o 23rd.

(Visits Satu rday and Su ndayn ights. )

A t the Ffim cl -K hal i'

g ; 25th

t o end Ofmonth .

I n the Meydan el - K dtan 28th

t o end Of month . (Visitsevery Friday n ight . )

6 2 MULI D S.

Gumad

Mu lid OfSeyyid’A_l i er-Rifa’i .

M ulid of Seyyid Isma’i l cl

Embabeh.

Mu lid of Seyyid Mohammedet - T ibi .

Mulid of Seyyideh Nefi'

seh .

(God bless her. )

Mulid OfSheikh el -Madfar.

M u lid Of Seyyideh Z eynab .

(God bless her. )

Mu lid Ofthe A hmedin .

Regeb .

Mu lid OfSheikh el -D ashtu t i I n the Ghat el 20 th

to 27 th . (Visits Friday. )Mfilid Seyyid

’A bd- cl -Wahab I n the Share ’ esh - Sha’rawi ;esh - Sha’rawi .

Mu lid OfSeyyid’I sa el

Mulid ofSheikh ’A bdallah .

Mu lid ofthe O wlad ’Enan .

Mu lid Of cl -K u lla.

M u lid of Sheikh Sa’id ibn

Malik.

1 7 th to end of m onth .

(Visits Satu rday . )I n the Ghat cl 27 th

to 2nd'

Shaaban .

I n I sma’ih

’

yeh , in the Share’

esh-Shc ikh Rihan ; 6 th to

1 3th .

I n the Sikkeh Bawabet el

Hadid ; 7 th to 1 5th .

A t the Bawabet el -Hadid ; 7 th

to 1 5th .

I n the Sabtieh, in Bulak ; 3rd

to l oth .

et-tani .

I n the Ghat of ’A basiyeh ; 5th

to 1 3th . (Visits everyFriday n ight . )

I n the village Of Embabeh ;8th to l 6 th . (Visits Satu rday night.)

A t the Fum e l -K hal i’g ; 12thto 2oth .

I n the Ghat el - K halifeh,in

the Bawabet el - K hala ; 5thto 26 th . (Visits Su nday andMonday n ights. )

I n the Share’ el -Hilm i'

yeh ;

1 3th to 26 th .

[A t the m osqu e Of Seyyideh

Z eynab ] (Visits S u ndayand Wednesday nights. )25th to 1 7 th Régeb .

I n the Ghat el - Shibrawi in

Bulak. 2nd t o 8th .

MUL I D S. 63

Mu lid OfSheikh Shems cd-Mn I n the Suk cl - ’A sr in Bu lak ;cl-Wasta.

Mulid Of Seyyid’Al i el

Mahgub .

Mu lid ssh - Sheikh Mohamm ed cl - ’A lima.

Mul id OfSheikh Salem .

1 8th to 23rd.

I n the Ghat el -Geladin in

Baler; 2oth to 23rd.

A t Bu lak, near Su ltan A bu’l

’Ey1eh ; l st to 8th .

Shaaban.

Mu lid Ofthe Imam esh Shafe’i .

(God bless him . )

Mfil id Of the Imam cl -Leyth .

Mulid OfSeyyideh’A 1sheh en

Nebawiyeh .

Mu lid of Sheikh Mohammed

es- Siman .

Mu lid of Sheikh Isma’il D eyf.

Mu lid ofSheikh ’A 1i el -K adri .

Mu lid Of Sheikh A hmed cd

D enf.

Mul id ofSadat el -Bekriyeh .

Mu lid OfSidi ’A’

kabeh .

Mu lid of

Wafa'

iyeh .

the Sadat cl

M ulid of Seyyid’O mar ibn cl

K arid.

Mu lid ofSeyyid ol -Giu shi .

Mu lid Of Seyyid Yahia ibn’A kab .

I n the Small K arafeh ; 1 st to

9 th ( or from T u esday of

preceding month if T u esdayfall not early in Sha

’

aban ) .I n the Small K arafeh ; l oth

to 1 5th . (Visits on Fridayand Satu r day n ights. )

I n the Bawabet Hagag ; 1 st

to 8th . (VisitsWednesday . )I n the Smaller K arafeh ; 2nd

to 1 0 th .

I n the Smaller K arafeh ; 2nd

to l oth.

I n the Smaller K arafeh ; 2ndt o l oth .

I n the Smaller K arafeh ; 3rd

to l oth .

I n the Smaller K arafeh ; l oth

to 15th .

I n the Smaller K arafeh ; l oth

to 1 8th.

I n the Z awiet el

near the Small K arafeh ;

1 8th to 23rd.

I n the Smaller K arafeh ; 2oth$ I

to-

23rd.

I n the Gebel Gl u shi ; 2oth to

23rd.

I n the K ahkabin ; 8th to 15th .

(Visits T hu rsday night . )

64 MULI D S.

Mu lid ofMohammed cl -Bahr.

Mulid Of A bu’Abd- er-Rahim

Mulid of Sheikh Mohammed

es-Sawab i .Mu lid of Sheikh ’

A l i el -Ben

Mu lid OfSheikh Ma’az.

Mulid OfSheikh K hudeyri .

Mu lid Of cl- I staz el -’A dawi .

Mu lid OfSheikh ’A bdallah ez

Z ahar.

Mu l id of Sheikh Halil clK urdi .

Mu lid ofSheikh ’Al i el -Fasih .

Mu lid ofSheikh el -K amri .

Mulid of Sheikh ’A bd cl

K arim .

Mulid OfSu ltan Hanafi .

Mulid ofSheikh Saleh A bu

Hadid.

Mu l id Of Sheikh Mohammed

e1- ’A tris.

Showwal .

Mulid f Se'

d ’A bd 1

Wahgb el gizgifi .

e

I n t he K arafet el -Mu gha

Mfilid of Seyyid’A bdall ah warm ; l st to 20 th . (Visits

el -Menufi.

every Friday night . )

A t the Bab el -Bahr ; 8th to15th .

A t ’A basiyeh 8th to 15th .

(Visits Friday n ights. )I n the Hasaniyeh ; 1 4th to

22nd. (Visits Fridays. )I n the D arb cl in the

Hasaniyeh l 6 th to 22nd.

I n D arasi, in the Ghat clA zhar ; 1 2th to 2oth .

I n the Har’t el -Gena, near the

Share’ es- Seh’

beh ; 5th t o

2oth . (Visits every Mondayn ight . )

I n the Bab esh - Shariyeh ; 21 317

to 25th . (Visits Satu rdayn ight. )

I n the K antaret el -Leymun , in;

theEsbekiyeh ; 7 th to 9 th .

I n the Ghat el -Geladin , Bu lak1 8th to 2l st .

I n the Hatabeh, Bulak ; 3rdto l 0 th .

I n the T ul un (qu arter) ; 22ndto end ofmonth .

I n the Gemal iyeh ; 1 9 th to end

Ofmonth .

I n the Ghat cl -Hanafi ; l st

to 27 th . (Visits to Su l tan

Hanafi every Satu rday and

T hu rsday n ight . )Near (the mosqu e of) SeyyidehZ eynab ; 27 th t o end O f

month.

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6 6 MUL I D S.

Mu lid OfSeyyid’A 1i sr-Rumi . I n the Fayum.

Mulid ofSeyyid’A bd el - Latif. A t Kannabat .

Mu l id of Mohammed el A t A bu - teg.

Firghu l .

Mu lid of Seyyid A bfi’l -Kasim .

Mu lid ofSeyyid A bd sr-Rahimcl-Kenani.

Mu lid of ’A b 1'

1 O mreh. I n the Mu dirieh ofGirga.

Some Of these mu l ids keep the place in the A rab months inwhich they fall, whether it be Winter or Summer ; and, ac

c ordingly, sometimes they occu r in the Su mmer, sometimes in

the Winter, in agreement with the O ld (Mu slim) calendar :e .g .,

the Mu lid en -Nébi (God bless and save him) , and that Of ou r

LordHu seyn ,and that ofthe Imam esh- Shafe’i, and that of the

Seyyideh Z eynab , and those Of the Piou s Ladies, the People Of

the Hou se (A'

hl cl -Beyt) . God bless them al l . A nd some Of

the above mu lids change from one month to another. A nd those

which so change are kept according to the K optic months,like

the mulid of Seyyid’A1 i el -Beiyumi and other saints (God

protect them al l ) .

GLO SSARY. 6 9

GLO SSA RY .

A lmanac . T he word is very ancient . It is fou nd with themean ing we attach to it in Eu sebiu s (Prop. Ev. , iii ,

9 2,D ) , in the form cihft evaxd or cih

lu em axoi. M. Len ormant

proposes an Egyptian etymology. I n K optic al signifiescalcu lation

,and men memory ; whence one can compose the

word almeneg—calcu lation for the memory . T he Egyptian

etymology has a certain probability. O ther derivations

proposed inclu de that of the article al and the Hebrew

manah,‘to cou n t ’ (see Littré’s D ictionary) . T he modern

term for an almanac is talcwim.

’

A bdal lawi melon . O ne Of the favou rite species ofEgyptianmelons. It is vu lgarly su pposed to have been m iracu lou slycreated by one O f the Pharaohs. El -Makrizi refers its

introdu ction into Egypt t o the time OfA bdallah ibn Takir,abou t two cen tu ries after the Higreh . Prosper A lpinu ssays that the seeds of this melon were given to sick

persons, especially in fevers.

’

A bib (the ancientEpiphi) . T he eleventh month Of the K optic

year. Grapes are abu ndant, and figs that come in

with the grapes are excellent . Sweet pears are plentifu l .A bdal l awi melons deteriorate in qu ality. D ates are now

e x cellent. Honey that remains is collected. T he Nilerises v igorou sly . Flax is soaked. B ersim and flax- seeds

are sold. Saffron is gathered—El -Makrisi.

A bfi’

l -‘

A bbas. O ne Of the chief mosqu es of A le xandria is

dedicated to A bfi’l—’A bbas. A large malid is held annu allyin the vicin ity Of this mosqu e

, which is in the direction Of

Ras- et - tin , and is generally fi x ed so as to fall a weekbefore that Of Sidi Gaber at Ramleh . T he 15th of

Ramadan is also speciall y O bserved at the Mosqu e of

A bu’l -A bbas.

7 0 GLO SSARY.

A bfi’

l -’Eyla (or A bfi

’

l -Ola) el -Hu seyni . T he mosqu e of this‘Su l tan,

’or saint, is at Bu lak, and is greatly visited.

A n annu al malid is held in his honou r in the Share’ Sikketel -Gedideh ,

in the month Of Rabfa el - owwal , beginn ingimmediately aft er that of the Prophet . Nu merou s tentsare arranged along the Bela$; road and in the vicinity Of

the mosqu e . T he u su al amu sements are provided.

A bd Rish . T he Seyyid A bu er-Rish is the patron saint Of

D amanhiir,

1 in the D elta,where his mosqu e and tomb are

to be seen . T hree malids are held annu ally in his honou r,following those of Ibrahim cd-D esuki at D esuk. T hesefairs

,for su ch they are , are largely attended. T he canal

which passes the town is crowded with boats, whichbecome the scene of mu ch gaiety, as do the banks, whichare thickly covered with tents.

Abu So’

fl d. A celebrated saint and physician , whose mosqu eand tomb are to be seen in a state of semi - ru in

, am idst theru bbish heaps between C airo and Fostat (O ld C airo ) . Sick

persons are brou ght in great numbers to be healed at thismosqu e on T u esday afternoons. A silor of Leysiyeh and

other darwishes is performed.

’Afifi . T he Seyyid

’A bd cl -Wahab el - ’A fifi,one Of the great

saints Of Islam , was b u ried at C airo . T he mosqu e c on

taining his bones is on the east side Of the ‘T ombs Of

the K halifs.

’ A large sect Of darwishes is named afterhim as spiritu al chief. A n e xtensive mal id is heldannu ally in his honou r in the A u tu mn

,immediately after

that Ofcl-Beiyumi, and not according to the lu nar calendar.

Innu merable tents are arranged am idst the city Of tombs,where Bedu ins as well as Fel lahin mu ster in great force .

T he malid is well worth visiting.

’A.fifiyeh D arwishes. T he followers, in dervishdom, Of cl-

’A fifi,

Ofwhom there is a very considerable nu mber in C airo .

Afifm, v. Opium .

Ahmed el -Bédawi . T he Seyyid Ahmed el -Bédawi was

born at Fez in 59 6 A .H . ( 120 0 O n retu rn ing froma pilgrimage to Mekkeh, throu gh Egypt, he adopted Tanta

1 D amanhur is T ama- eu -Hor (C ity OfHoru s) Hermo l is P arva ofRomantimes .

GLO SSARY. 7 1

as his home . T he Seyyid A hmed is one Of the greatestof Mu slim saints . He is styled the Sheikh el - A rab .

’

His name is associated with those of the names Of the

Prophet’

s family and the ‘favou rites Of God.

’

He is

frequ ently invoked by the Egyptians.

1 He has a nu merou s

fo llowing ofdarwishes, the A hmediyeh, who are su bdividedinto variou s sects. T he mosqu e dedicated to him at

Tanta, in whi ch is his tomb , is one Of the largest and

most important in Egypt . It is considered very meritoriou sby the Egyptians, for those who cannot u ndertake the

pilgrimage to Mekkeh, t o v isit seven times the tomb of

the Sheikh A hmed. T radition says that the site of his

m osqu e was formerly that of a chu rch dedicated to some

C hristian sain t, which again had taken the place Of a

temple erected t o some ancientEgyptian divinity . A notherlegend, more than dou btfu l, asserts that the Seyy id wasoriginally a C hristian C ru sader who embraced Islam . A s

to the great malid of this A rab saint, we allu de to it u nderits far b etter known ,

and more appropriate , name of the

Tanta Fair.

’

A isheh. T he dau ghter of A bu -Bekr, and third wife OfMO

hamm ed. She was the onl y wife that the Prophet marriedwhile a virgin ; hence the su rname Of her father, whosename was A bdallah . Her au thority was great among theMu slims, even in matters Of doctrine and religion :henceher title ‘Neb iyeh —Prophetess. T he history ofher lifeis interesting. It was at her hou se at Medineh that theProphet died. She herself died at Medin eh in 58

( 6 7 7 For her descended a great part Of ch . xxivT he L ight of the K u ran ( see v . 1 1

,

A mosqu e and cenotaph at C airo are dedicated to the SittA ysha eu -Nebawiyeh, as she is there cal led

,near the Bab

el -K arafeh . A n annu al malid is there held in the monthofRab ia et - tan i .

’

Amr (Oft en written Amru ) ibn e1-’

A s. General Ofthe K halifeh’O mar and conqu eror OfEgypt. He bu ilt the firstEgyptianmosqu e on the spot where his tent had been pitched at

Fostat . It has been frequ ently rebu ilt,and now stands

1 T he invocat ion Ya Sheikh el -’A rab ya Seyyid is Often heard.

GLO SSARY.

half in ru in am idst the ru bb ish heaps Of ‘O ld C airo .

’

O n the last Friday in Ramadan an annu al service is heldat this mosqu e to commemorate the establishment Of Islamin Egypt. (It was in Ramadan also that Gohar

,having

su bdu ed Fostat,

offered prayers in the mosqu e,the

Fat imiyeh dynasty being then established in Egypt . )Persons Of all ranks

,inclu ding the K adi of C airo and other

officials, flock there . The Khedive,if n ot present in

person , is represented by a m ember, or members, Of his

fami ly . A detachment Of soldiers is drawn u p near the

entrance Of the mosqu e . T he ensemble presents an interesting scene . T here is a popu l ar su perstition connectedwith this day, which asserts that on some one Of theseoccasions the mosqu e

,together with its whole congregation ,

will be cau ght u p into the heavens.

A n exhau stive accou n t of this mosqu e was pu b lished byMr. Eu stace K . C orbett in 1 89 1 , in the Jou rn . of tlie Roy .

A siat . S oc .

Amshir. Sixth K optic month . Land is prepared for Summer

planting . D ykes are c u t,and registrations of lands made .

T he transplanting O f trees and pru ning Of vines now end.

T he season for artificial bat ching of eggs begins and

contin u es for fou r months— till Bashans . Portions Of

taxes are paid. Porou s earthenware v essels shou ld be

made in this month,as they preserve their qu alities O f

cool ing water be tter than those made at any o ther time .

T he fru it of the lote - tree (noble) and almonds ripen .

Violets and many o ther flowers are in ful l b loom . Here

is a rhyme for the month“ Amsh it

Yakfil l izara’h Sir

Wa yilhak b’et - tawil el kas ir.

Amshit says to the plants, Shoot u pT he small now overtake the tall . ’

T here i s mu ch wind, chiefly from the north , bu t colddiminishes (el - Makrizi) .

‘ Amsh'

ir lambs ’

(Remix el

A mskir) are held to be pro verbially good, i .a. tho se borndu ring this month

, when the ewes are well nou rished on

bersim or other green pastu re .

’

A rafat, v. YOm ’A rafat .

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74 GLO SSA RY.

’A sh1

$

1ra. ( 1 ) Leyl et’A sh1

’

1ra (the eve Of ’A sh1‘

1ra,the l oth

day OfMoharrem ) . A dmission sho u ld be requ ested to thehou se in which (after a long procession thro u gh the streetsin the Hasaneyn and Hamzawi qu arters) take place theShi’ah ceremonies pecu liar to this ann iversary, in c om

memoration Of the death,or

‘martyrdom,

’ofHu seyn , son

of ’A li and grandson of the Prophet . It may be O btained

throu gh any person Of infl u ence, T u rk or Persian , in C airo ;or perhaps, failing this, throu gh the British C onsu l . T he

celebration is held in the cou rt Of some wealthy Persian’

s

hou se, or of one hired for the occasion . T he dramaticrepresentation Of the death Of Hu seyn on the plain of

K erbela has been Often described. T he Persian colony inC airo fu lly carry ou t al l the ceremon ies pecu liar t o thisanniversary ,

inclu ding the passion play,’

as far as

circu mstances permit . T he performances Of som e A siaticdarwishes

, who gash themselves with swords, while the

blood stream s from their heads on to their white robes,

adds a ghastlin ess to one portion Of the drama. T he

pathetic recital by a mol lalz Of the life and death Of the son

Of ’A 1i

, which mov es al l Persians to sobs and tears, ise x ceedingly impressive .

A shfiré. (2) Y Om’A sh 1

‘

1 ra, the l 0 th day ofMoharrem , whichis pecu liarly sacred to al l Mu slims alike . T he followingevents are said to have taken place on this day z—T hedescent Of A dam and Eve from Paradise ; the first fall of

rain ; the creation of variou s portions O f the Un iverse , ofHeaven and Hell the en tranc e O fNoah into the A rk ; andthe death Of the ‘martyr

’ Hu seyn . Mohammed is saidto have enjoined on his fo llowers ten precepts (see Herkl ots

’

Q anoon - e- Islam ,

”

p. A particu lar di sh, also call edis made on this day. It con sists Ofwheat bo iled

and sweetened, with dates, nu ts, and other dri ed fru its.

Presents Of this dish,sometimes with small gold coins

sprinkled u pon it, are sent to friends and relatives from the

harems Of the wealthy, and may be seen carried throu ghthe streets

,co vered with richly embro idered cloths. T he

common name for it is 50 6125. T his dish , or one similar t o

it, was prepared at the Persian New Year, or Noruz

es-Su ltani . It probably celebrated the com ing in Of the

GLO SSA RY . 75

harvest . A l l the O ld fru its, etc .

, that had been kept du ringtheWinterwere made u se Offor the dish, and the season Of

fresh fru its was thu s inau gu rated.

T he Mosqu e of the Hasaneyn at C airo,in which the

head ofHu seyn is said t o be bu ri ed, is visited by crowds Ofm en and women , and silers ofdarwishes are performed.

1

’

A sr. T he hou r Of the fifth daily Mu slim prayer. T he exacttime of the

’

a8r is be tween noon and su nset, when the

shadow ofany O bj ect equ als the length of the O bj ect addedto the shadow it casts at noon (du hr) : generally, theafternoon .

A ssumption. A festival Observed on the 1 5th A u gu st, in honou rOf the traditional ascent Of the Virgin Mary into Heaven .

Fi x ed in the e ighth centu ry Enc .

Babeh (the ancient P aophi) . T he second K optic month . Wintersowing (Z ara

’h Shitawi) begins. T he 4 th Of Babeh is

marked in al l calendars as inau gu rating the period of

general cu ltivation . A l l seeds are planted that requ ire no

tillage Ofthe so il after the inu ndation . I n many parts the

fel lak begins with saffron and early corn . Small fish are

very abu ndant in the Nile waters. Large fish dimin ish insize and nu mber, with the exception Of the kinds calledm i and ebrimis, which grow and fatten . Pomegranatesare better now than in any other month . C ows

, sheep,and goats produ ce their you ng . Nile fish are salted (bou ri ) .Meat is n ot so good n ow as in other seasons, many an imals

being sick and lean from the heat of the Nile water.

Fru its are ab u ndant, and many flowers are now planted

( cl - Makrizi) . Babeh 3oth, Feast Of St . Mark the

Evangelist . May he be health to u s”

(C hu rch C alendar) .11

Badingan . T he egg-

plant, abu ndant in Egypt, and Of two

kinds, b lack and white . T he Egyptians say that du ringthe season of badingdn madness is u n u su ally prevalent .

T he tomato is also called Badingdn ou ter/i .

1 O n this day takes place the Mu lid Of theo

Sheikh’A bdallah el -Maghawri

(K eighu ssiz) , at the T ekkiyeh Of the Bektashi darwishes.

.

T he t omb of the

Sheikh in the depth Ofthe ancient qu arry in.

Mokattam Hl l l , now occupi ed bythe Bektashiyeh, is visited. Large qu antifi es of sou p, meats, etc . , prepared

in their kitchen, are distribu ted to the poor.

2 I n qu oting the K optic Chu rch C alendar, I borrow from that translatedby the Rev. S . C . Malan , 1 873:D . Nu tt , Strand.

GLO SSARY.

Bairam, v .

’Id el - K ebir and’Id es- Su gheiyer.

Balsam (A r. B eylaedn) , or Balm of G ilead .

’ T he tree

produ cing it (A myris Opobalsama, Forskal ; A myris Gilead

eneie, Linn . ) was grown in A rab ia, and thence introdu cedinto Egypt . T he fragran t resin from the tree is the once

celebrated Balm of Gilead. T he qu antity yielded be ingvery small , this balm was a costly article (and hence Oftenadu lterated) . Many virtu es were attribu ted to it, and a

drop in coffee has been belie ved to ac t as a ton ic . It was

prized by harems for co smetic pu rpo ses. T he bru ised barkalso yields the

‘Balm of Mekkeh,

’which is repu ted to

posse ss n u merou s m edicinal properties. I t was an

ingredien t in variou s highly prized compositions. T he

fru it ( C arpobalsamu m) and branches (Xylobalsamu m) are

also greatly valu ed. l ncision s are made in the tree in them iddle Of S umm er. T he resin is Of two kinds, white and

yellowish white , the latter be ing Of a b itter taste . T histree u sed to be cu ltivated spe c ially in the neighbou rhoodOf Matariyeh , a village abou t six m iles north of C airo ,near the ru ins Of Heliopolis . Here is to be seen

‘ the

Virgin Mary’s tree

,

’a sycamore presented by the K hedive

Isma’il to the Empress Eu gen ie . T he Fest ival of Balsamreferred to in the calendar was no dou bt celebratedannu ally like the

‘Feast Of the Ro ses .

’

Bamiyeh (H ibisc us esc u len ta) . T his vegetable is mu ch grownin Egypt. T he mu c ilaginou s pod forms a common and

m u ch esteemed dish , being generally prepared withchopped, fried meat, l imeju ic e being afterwards added.

Bar’

d el -’

A gf1z (O ld Folks’C o ld) . T his name is gi ven to seven

days that fo llow the second ‘Black and White Nightsand they are cou pled with the e v il wind, Hosum .

T he A rabs,says Mas

’

udi,have given names t o each Of

these days. T he po et has said: “ Win ter is pu rsu ed byseven days, sombre and ill - omened— by es-Sin ,

by es

Sinabr, by cl -Wabr,by A m ir and his brother Mu tamr

,by

Mualil,and by Mu tfi c l - Gamr. T hey correspond, he

says, to the last three days of Shebat and the first fou r Of

A dar. T hey are fou nd in the Syrian calendars. T heymark some period OfWinter su pposed to be partic u larlv

inj u riou s to O l d and. feeble persons, and are perhaps the

GLO SSA RY . 7 7

an tithesis Ofthe se ven days ofe xtreme heat at m idsu mmer.

I n Syrian folklore Shebat (Febru ary) is call ed‘O ne

eyed’

A poor and O ld woman who has n earlyperished from the c old rej oices at the departu re Of

Febru ary . A h she says,“ we have got rid O f Shebat .

Let him take this stick and b egon e adding some v eryinsu lt ing e xpressions. Shebat, in anger, begs his brotherA dar (March) to lend him three days, and retu rn ing with

yet more intense cold, c ompels the o ld woman t o sell herdistaff and her last scrap Of fu rnitu re t o kindl e a fire

against the co ld, to which , howe ver, she su ccu mbs.

Barmahat (the ancien t P hameno th) . T he se venth K optic month .

C u rc u rbitae and Su mmer produ ce generally begin to be

cu lt ivated. Bean s and lentils are ripe ; flu x is c u t ; and

su gar- cane is plan ted in lands already prepared for it .

Standing crops are cleared Of weeds . T here is a generalflowering Of trees. Q u ails are in their best condition .

North winds are most pre valent . Fu rther portions O ftax esare gathered. T his is the season for the arri val of foreignships. T roops are n ow stationed at the Mediterranean

ports Of A lexandria, D amietta, Rosetta, and T ani s. T he

fleets ofEgypt are also placed in a state O fpreparation in

the harbou rs .—El—M'

ahrizsi.

Barmfideh (the ancien t Pharmu thi) . T he eighth K optic month .

End Of cu ltivation generall y . Beans and wheat are now

c u t . T he A cacia medicinalis (K iah Shambar) is planted ;also budiugdn and molokhieh. Flax - seeds are separated.

Ro ses, which are abu ndant , are sweeter than in any other

month . T he first honey is taken ,and early sycamore figs

are plu cked. Portions Of taxes gathered. M u ch acac ia

(8am) wood is now ou t as an equ ivalent for certain taxes,

according t o an O ld cu stom Of the Fat imiyeh andEiyfibiyehdyn asties, and is brou ght by the Nile to C airo , being u sed

for fu el in the great kitchens Ofthe king .—El -Mahrisi.

Barmudeh 3oth .—Martyrdom of St . Mark, A postle and

Evangelist, first Patriarch ofA le xandria. Chu rch C alendar .

Bashans (the ancien t P akh on s) . T he n inth K optic month . C orn

is threshed and winnowed, also flax . Straw and chaff

stored. Balsam - trees planted, trimmed, and watered. It is

78 GLO SSA RY.

from the m iddle Of T u t t o the end OfHatfir ( the later theb etter) that the bark of the tree is scored for e xtractingthe resin ,

the qu ality of which will be be tter if there be

plenty Of dew. T he resin shou ld be kept one year exposedt o dew, and the process Of bo iling the balsam shou ld be

performed in the Spring, in Barmahat . K asimi applesare ripe, and mishi apples begin to ripen .

’A bdal lawi

m elons begin to come in . Gozbi (T u nisian) melonsappear, also apricots and su hri peaches. White roses

are gathered. North winds are chiefly prevalent . Land

m easu rements are revised, and extra ta x es, if required,

assessed—ELMahrizi .

Bashams 8th . O u r Lord Jesu s Christ went u p on highinto the heavens.

— 9 th . Rest in the Lord of St . Helena,the Q u een . 24th . O n this day ou r Lord

,to whom be

glory, came into the land OfEgypt . Chu rch C alendar.

Ratikh. T he water-melon ( C u cu rbita c itru l lu s) . T he watermelon OfEgypt is celebrated and largely grown ,

especiall ythe red pu l p variety (Batihh ahmar) . It is e xported toC onstantinople and o ther places. T hat grown near Lake

Burl os is repu ted the best . T he Egyptian s say that Openair bathing shou ld begin when the wateh mel on comes in .

T he French soldiers, du ring their marches in Egypt, weredevoted to the fru it, calling it S ainte P astégu e. Some

natives u se it as a charm to drive away ants from theirhou ses. T hey c u t a piece ou t Of the first melon brou ghtinto the hou se , and su spend it in a corn er of some room .

It is beli eved that this will effectu ally drive away antsfrom the hou se .

“ Written on the leafof the water-melon ”

is a proverbial expression for anything widely known .

Bafineh (the ancient Payni ) . T he tenth K optic month . O peningofnavigation on the Nile

,for the transport Ofgrain ,

straw,

raw su gar, m o lasses, and honey from K fisieh (the districtsabou t K fis) and Lower Egypt . Honey is still collected.

T he sehah (alms ordained by religion ) is given in kind bythose possessing vin eyards. Indigo (ni leh) is planted inUpperEgypt, and is ready to c u t in 1 0 0 days. T he rootsare left, and collection of indigo made every 1 0 0 days.

I n fertile lands it will thu s produ ce for three years. Watershou ld be given in the first year twice in ten days ; in the

GLO SSARY. 7 9

second, thrice in t en days ; and in the third, fou r times in

ten days. Figs of the Fayum,suhri peaches, and plums

are ripe ; al so pears, early grapes, and b lack mu lberries.

K atha cu cu mbers ripen ; also saffron . Early dates are

gathered. Figs are better now than in any other month .

—El -Mahrisi .

Bafineh l oth . C ommemoration Of the great joy thatfilled the whole earth (probably for deliveran ce from the

persecu tion Of C hrist ians by Su ltan Hakim ) .—1 2th . It isthe cu stom in some vi llages OfEgypt to hold a feast on thisday to the A rchangel Gabriel .—2l st . C ommemoration Of

O u r Lady Mary.— 3oth . O n this day was born St . John

the Baptist, greatest among those born Ofwomen . C hu rch

Beiyfimi ,EL. T he Seyyid’Al i cl -Beiyumi died towards the end

Of the twelfth centu ry of the Higreh . He is greatlyvenerated inEgypt, and the order OfBeiyumiyeh darwmhes,

which is an offshoot Of that Of the A hmedi'

yeh , is one Of

the most e x ten sive Of the more conspicu ou s orders.

A m osqu e, plain and u n in teresting, is dedicated to this

sain t in a northern district Of C airo .

T he great Mu lid Of Beiyi‘

imi is celebrated annu all y at

the tim e Of the high Nile , generally in O ctober,and not

according to the lu nar calendar. Like that of sr-Rifa’i,

it is only second to the Mu lid en -Nebi . T he scene O f the

festival is the desert tract north of C airo , bordering on the’A bbasiyeh road. Inn u merable sikre take place du ring then ights, am idst a blaze Of lights, and al l the charac teristicsof an Egyptian mu lid are to be fou nd. T here is one

particu lar Spot at which the Fat’bah shou ld be recited, to

ensu re the remission ofa whole year’s sins.

Bekriyeh. T he family Of the Sheikh el -Bekri, who claims

descen t from the Khalifeh A bu -Bekr,andwho is recognized

as the spiritu al chi ef of al l the darwishes OfEgypt. The

Sheikh is most cou rteou s and O bliging . T here is a sect Of

Bekriyeh darwishes. T he tombs and m osqu e of the

Bekri’

yeh are to the sou th ofthat Of the Imam esh- Shafe’i .

A mu lid celebrated abou t the 15th Of Shaaban is not Of

pu blic interest .

80 GLO SSA RY.

Bersim ( T rifol ium A lexandrinum) . T he rich Egyptian clover, Ofwhi ch two , three , and e ven more cu tting s are sometimesmade from one sowing . It is largely grown in Egypt, andis a valu ab le cropas green pastu re , especially near the town s .

‘Big Su n’

(D escen t of the) . T he name given to the vernalequ inox, when the su n enters A ries. (See Su n , Gamreh . )

Birket el -Hagg'

(the Lake of the Pilgrims) . Situ ate near the

margin of the desert , abou t twelve m iles north of C airo .

T he start OftheEgyptian caravan Of pilgrims to Mekkeh is

made from this po int .

Black Nights, v . Ley'

dl es- Sud.

Black andWhite Nights, v . Leyal el -Bu lk.

Bfilak. T he Nile port , and now a large su b u rb of C airo . I ts

importance was far greater when transport to the capital

was chi efly by river. Fou nded abou t 7 1 3 A .H . ( 1 31 3

(See Lane’

s C airo Fifty Years A go , p. 20 , etc . )Bu rak. T he animal on which Mohammed is generall y believed

to have made his ascen t to Heaven (v . Leyl et el

from buraha,‘a flash of lightning,

’- so call ed from the

intense brilliancy, or the speed, of the an imal . I n sizeit was b etween an ass and a mu le . A ccording to some

descriptions, it had the head Ofa man,with forehead shining

like the moon,and eyes like stars, the neck and breast Of

a swan ,loin s Ofa lion ,

tail and wings O fa peacock.

Cactu s. T he species of Opu ntia b earing the ‘

prickly pear,’

which is mu ch appreciated by natives, is a good deal grownin Egypt, and Oft en as a hedge , form ing an impenetrablebarrier.

C anal (C u tting of the) . A n annu al festival that inau gu rates

the irrigation of Lower Egypt . It takes place generallyabou t the m iddl e ofA u gu st, the e xact date depending u pon

the am ou nt Of the Nile’s rising . T he mou th of the K hal ig

or canal (the A mn ie T rajanu s) which rece ives the Nile

waters in the direction OfO ld C airo ,.

having been previou slydammed u p, is now opened. T he ceremony, formerlycelebrated with far m ore pomp than at present, is probablya su rvival , in altered place and circu mstances, Of the

ancien t festival Niloa, when the Nile with great ceremony

was diverted in to the canal connecting it with the Red Sea,and when the u n ion Of O siris with Isis took place (the

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82 GLO SSARY.

who took refu ge, together with their dog, in a cave isdescribed at length in Oh . xviii (

“ The C ave ) ofthe K u ran.

T heir names,together with that Of their dog, are con

sidered as potent charms, and writt en or engraved on

trays, drinking bowls, weapons, etc .

“ T heir names are

differently given by Latin ,Syriac, Greek, Ethiopic, and

K optic writers.

”

C opt, v . K opt.

C oriander (K usbara or M ela) . T he you ng leaves Of this plan tare eaten in salads. T he fru it is u sed for flavou ring

sweets, confectionery, and cu rries ; al so in medicine .

C otton. Sown general ly in March . T he first picking takes

place in September, the second and third in O ctober and

November. For an interesting accou nt of the differentvarieties Of cotton grown in Egypt, and on the bo tany and

cu l tivation Of the plant, see art icles by Mr. G . P . Foaden

(Jou rn. of the K hedivial A grie. Soc . and School ofA gric . ,

Cumin , or C ummin ( C uminum Cyminum) , an annu al,is in

digenou s to Upper Egypt. T he seed, whi ch is of hot

and rather b itt er taste , has been u sed in the pharmacy, asa spice, in cu rry powders, etc .

D arwish. T he darwi shes (dervishes) ofEgypt belong chieflyto the fou r following great orders and their nu merou s su b

divisionsT he Ahmedi

'

yeh (fou ndedby the SeyyidA hmed cl-Bedawiin the seventh c entu ry Ofthe Higreh

’

, or thirteenthThe K adriyeh (fou nded by

’A bd el -K adr el - C hilani in the

sixth centu ry Ofthe Higreh) .T he Rifa’iyeh (fou nded by the Seyyid A hmed er-Rifa’i,

nephew Of ’A bd cl-Kadr, in the sixth centu ryThe Burhamiyeh (fou nded by t he Seyyid Ibrahim cd

D esuki, ofD essfik,Egypt) .T he great sects ofthe Beiyumiyeh and Saadiyeh (offshoots

Ofthe Ahmediyeh and Rifa’iyeh) are almost as extensive as

their parent orders. Amongst the darwish sects most largelyrepresented in Egypt, after the above named, are the’A fifiyeh, Marganiyeh, A bu D eyf, Hefnawiyeh, Leysiyeh,

Bekn’

yeh, D imirdashiyeh, and Owlad’Enan. T he telciyehe,

or darwish monasteries, worthy Of visits are those Of the

GLO SSARY. 83

Mowlowiyeh, in the Helmiyeh of the Nakshibendiyeh, inthe D arb el -Gemamiz ; the Bektashiyeh, in the Mokattam

Hill ; the Gu l sheniyeh and K adriyeh, near the Bab el

Mu tawéli ; the K adriyeh, at K asr el -Eyn ; the Kadriyeh,at the A shrafi'yeh ,

near the Mosqu e ofNefiseh ; and of the

Kadriyeh, at the T ekiyeh Su l eymam’

yeh.

D arwish e1-’

A shmawi. A noted sain t Of C airo . A mu lid is

held near a small mosqu e in the Ghat cl-’A shmawi, near

theEsbekiyeh ( l st—1 1 th Rabia I) . Z ilm of darwishes are

performed. T he principal night is the eve of Friday.

(See Lane’s“ Mod. Egyptians,” ii, 1 6 8, etc . )

D ate-palm. T he vari eties of the date -

palm in Egypt are verynumerou s. T he fel lah can distingu ish, rou ghl y speaking,abou t thirty kinds . A bou t fifteen can be general ly seen,

du ring the season , by visiting the fru it market at Ban k.

The process offertil izing the femal e tree by carrying the

po llen from the male may be seen in the palm-

groves, e .g.

at Giza. T he C alendar refers to the ripening Of dates inthe Hedjaz . T he dates Of the Hedjaz are renowned

, and

nu merou s species ripen there from Ju l y to September. The

u nripe fi ui t is also eaten in variou sways, even in the greenstate before the stone has acq u ired consistency. T he A rabs

say that a good hou sewife may fu rnish her hu sband everyday for a month with a di sh of dates differently prepared.

”

T he date -harvest in A rabia is a most important period, andanxiou sly awaited.

M il k, v . Ibrahim cd-D esr‘

rki .D imirdash. T he Sheikh cd-D imirdash is a noted saint of

Egypt. O riginally a mamelu ke, or bou ght slave, he rose

to great eminence in the religiou s world, and numerou s

stories are told of his piety and miracu l ou s powers. The

mosqu e containing his tomb is to be seen at A bbasiyeh, nearC airo . A certain nu mber Of darwishes, inclu ding some

Of the Khalwet iyeh order, are always resident within the

precin cts. T here is also a following Of D imirdashiyeh

darwishes. T he word D imirdash is a corru ption of the

words T imur T ash . T he mu l id of D imirdash is ce lebratedin the vicinity ofhis mosqu e in the month Of the Shaaban .

D imiyaneh. Mu lid es-Sitt D imiyaneh (Festival of the LadyD imiyaneh) . This is a large K optic fair and festival held

GLO SSARY.

on the 12th OfBashams ( 1 9 th May) at the convent of thisK optic saint, which stands in solitu de in the waste grou ndnorth- east Of the D elta, abou t half-way between Lake

Burlos and the right branch Of the Nile . T he convent canbe reached by rail to Mansurah, Nile boat to K ilwah , anddonkey or mu l e to the spot itself. T he mu lid, which last seight or more days, brings together a vast gathering of

K opts, bu t only a fewMu slims,for the sake ofmerchandise .

T his convent is celebrated for the casting ou t of devils,’

and demoniacs (chi efly persons su ffering from epilepticcomplaints) are brou ght from far and wide at the time of

the festival. T here is a m iracu l ou s chamber in which,du ring the mai led, the shadows Of variou s saints, inclu dingthat Of the Virgin Mary, appear to the faithfu l . T heseapparitions are in real ity inverted shadows Of Objects madeto pass on the roofin front ofa small windowpierced in thedome which su rmou n ts the chamber, and cast u pon the

Opposite wall . T he mubid is worthy Of a visit to thoseinterested in Observing the cu stoms Of the K opts. Many

miracu lou s legends are associated with this convent. T he

K Optic Bishop Of Jeru salem , in whose diocese it is situ ate,is generally present. A lesser mu lid is held on the

12th T ubeh .

Dog Star, v . Siriu s.

D oseh. Ed - D oseh ( T he H eading) . T hi s was an annu alceremony, ofa barbarou s character, that u sed t o take place

on the last day of the Mu l id en -Nébi, and on the occasionof several other mu lids. T he Sheikh Of the Saadiyeh

darw'

i'

shes rode a horse over a pathway Of abou t 30 0

prostrate darwishes. T he practice was wisely abolished

by the K hedive Mohammed T ewfik Pasha, father of the

present K hedive . (For description Of the doseh,see Lane

’s

“ Mod. Egyptians ” )Duhr. Midday ; a little aft er noon , when the su n has begu n to

decline the hou r Ofthe fourth daily Mu slim prayer.

D im-palm. T his species is not grown in LowerEgypt, bu t thenu t can be obtained in the bazaars. T he pithy su bstance

between the nu t and the rind has a taste l ike inferior

gingerbread. A n infu sion Of this, with or withou t that Of

GLO SSARY. 85“

dates, is u sed as a cooling medicine and gentl e pu rge toredu ce the temperatu re in fevers.

Egg-Hatching (artificial) in Egypt . TheEgyptian process Ofhatching eggs by artificial heat in ovens has been describedin most works onEgypt . Twenty to twenty- one daysarerequ ired, as in natu ral incu bation . T he average heat inthe ovens is from 1 0 0 to 1 03 deg. Fahr . T he super

intendent has no thermometer, bu t , shou ld he wish to trythe heat, he applies one of the eggs to his eyelid.

Egyptian fowls are very smal l, as are the eggs. T hosehatched artificially will not sit on eggs. A ccording tothe“ Statistiqu e,

”

pu blished in 1 873,there are 6 03 of these

ovens in Egypt, in which in that year chickenswere hatched. A bou t five ou t Of seven are generallyhatched su ccessfu lly. T here are at present no establishments of the sort at C airo . T hey may be seen (in March,A pril, and May) at Giza

,where there are five or Six

belonging to the Government . (For details seeM. Gastinel’s

paper on the su bj ect. )Riyam en-Nasi, v . N91 31.

Eiyfib . Job the Prophet.’A rba

’aEiyfib (Job

’sWednesday) is the next before the

K Optic Easter. Many persons on this day wash themselves with cold water, and ru b themselves with the

creeping plant called raorao B ig/ab or ghc beyru (I nu laA rabica or I nu la u nchi lu ta), on accou nt Ofa tradition whichre lates that Job did so t o O btain '

restoration to heal th

(Lane’

s“ Mod. ii

,T his cu stom is still kept u p

by some persons.

El ias (Elijah) . T he Festival OfElias, cou pled with that oftheKhidr, and generally coinciding with the 6 th May, is

marked in the almanacs ofEgypt, T u rkey, and A rmcnia.

(See K hidr. )Embabeh. T he Sheikh , or Seyyid, Isma

’il cl-Embabeh is thepatron saint of the small vill age ofEmbabeh,

‘

Opposite the

north end of Bulak. He is often invoked by Egyptianboatmen

,and hi s name is in trodu ced in the songs, etc .,

with which they lighten their'

l abou rs.

’Eshéh. Nightfall ; the hou r of the second daily Mu slim

GLO SSA RY.

prayer, when the red gleam that foll ows su nset has

disappeared, and darkness sets in .

Fatimeh. Es—Sitt Fat imeh en -Nebawiyeh, the Lady Fatimeh,dau ghter of the Prophet, was born at Mekkeh six years

before the ‘Mission of the Prophet . She marri ed’A l i,

and was the mother of Hasan and Hu seyn . She was

regarded as the model ofvirtu e . She died at the age of

28 at Medineh . A mosqu e containing a cenotaph, situ atedin the recesses of the ‘A rab

’ qu arters of East C airo,is dedicated to her memory, and highl y venerated. A n

annu al mi lid is held in her honou r in the month of

Bahia et - tani .Fegr. D aybreak ; when the first faint light appears. T he

hou r of the third dail y Mu slim prayer. A lso called Su bh.

Fennel (Nigel la sativa) . T he seed Zrabbah sodci (b lack seed) or

Izabbet al- ba/ralceh (blessed seed) is u sed to flavou r bread,

to which it gives a light aromatic taste , and other kinds

Fenugreek, Zwlbeh (H igonel lafamum Gramm) , has been largelygrown in Egypt . T he green stalks and leaves are eaten in

November. Long shoots are often forced from seed and

eaten, occasional ly with honey . The seeds are bu rned and

prepared like coffee , sometimes with limeju ice added.

Sonnini qu otes the proverb Happy the feet whi ch pressthe grou nd on which the helbeh grows.

Fetteh, v. T harid.

Gfiber. The Seyyid Gaber ibn-’A bdal lah el -Ansari , commonl y

called ‘Sidi Gaber,’a fri end of the Prophet, died abou t

9 0 A J I . He came to Egypt with ’Amr, and settled in thecou ntry. Many miracu lou s stories are related of him .

His tomb is to be seen at Ramleh, near Al exandria.

A large annu al mum is held in his honou r, and generallycelebrated in the early Su mmer, after the arrival of themi edive, or any members of his famil y who may visitA lexandria. He may be called the patron saint ofRaml eh

Gfimreh (lit . live The names First, Second, and T hirdd ekare given to three periods , ofseven days respectively,which herald in the Spring. The first gdmreh is said to bethat of the air, the second that ofwater, the third that of

the earth or du st , when, as the Egyptians say, increasing

GLOSSARY. 87

warmth begins to be felt in these elements 1 respectively.

Mas’r‘

rdi allu des to them in his accou nt of the Syrianmonths, and says that they occu r on the 7th, 14th, and

21 st of Shebat. T hey mark the season in which periodicfogs ann ou nce the approach of mild Spring weather.

He says they are call ed el -Gebheh, ez- Z u breh, and es

Sarfeh . T hese three gdm eks figu re similarly in T u rkishand A rmenian almanacs. T hey are followed by the lasttou ch ofWinter cold, so preju dicial to ol d folks (v. Bar

’d

el T he figurative u se of a term signifying‘live

coal,’to express the influ ence of this season preceding the

vernal equ inox, wou ld appear to be of remote origin. For

the identification of the first goimrek (which coincides withthe ‘Little Su n ofA rab calendars) and of the ‘Big Su n

(coin ciding with the entrance of the su n into A ri es) withthe First and Second (or Little) Rukh—also signifying‘ live coal,

’or bu rning, in hieroglyphics, and marking the

same atmospheric influ ence, and increase of heat, at the

same time of year, viz., in Mekhir and Phamenoth, - see

R . S . Poole’s HorasEgyptiacae,” pp. 15 et seq .

Gamret al -Raiz. T he gdmrek, or live coal,’of Summer, or of

the most intensely hot season . T he term is appl ied to theseven days, or the season , of the most fierce Summer heat.

(See Kaiz .)Gargir. T he arm or rocket, a leguminou s plant . T he

cu ltivated or garden rocket (gargir bu stdm'

,Ar . ; Eraser

ratios ) is said to remove scars and cau se milk to flow.

Gumad el -owwal (the first Gumad) . The fifth Mohammedan

month. Generally derived from gemada, dryn e ss or hard

ness, as appl ied to the earth after the cessation of the rainsofthe preceding Spring months . (See Note II .)

Gamad et-tani (the second Gamad) . T he sixth Mohammedan

month (v . prec . andNote II) . Al so called Gumad el -akher

(the last Gumad) .Habbet el -barakeh (blessed seed). A lso called babbeh sodé

(black seed), the name given to the seed offennel. It is

1 O r, acc ording to modernEgyptian almanacs, the first is in the air and

is cold, or cool ; the sec ond, in water, is lukewarm ; the third, in the earth

or dust, is hot .”—Lane’s Ar. Diet .

”

88 GLO SSARY.

u sed for variou s pu rposes, espec ially for flavou ring cakes,bread, etc .

Hénafi.

‘Su l tan’Hanafi (who is not to be confou nded with

the fou nder of the Hanafi sec t ofMu slims) is one of the

celebrated saints of C airo , whose mosqu e is mu ch visited.

He died in 848 A n annu al malz'

d is held near his

mosqu e ( 1st to 27th Shaaban) .

Hasaneyn (lit. the two Hasans T he title given to the

two sons of’A.li and Fatimeh, Hu seyn and Hasan . T he

great Mosqu e of the Hasaneyn ,recently rebu ilt

,in which

the head ofHu seyn is believed to be bu ried, is generallycal led after him alone the Mosqu e of ou r Lord Hu seyn

’

(Gam’a SeyyidnaHu seyn) .

T he Mu lid el -Hasaneyn ,or festival of Hasan and

Hu seyn ,is celebrated du ring fou rteen days and fifteen

nights in the month of Rabia et- tani . It is held in the

streets near the mosqu e, whi ch faces the east ext remity of

the ‘T u rkish Bazaar.

’ Nu merou s tents are pitched in all

available spaces, and are almost entirely devoted to amu se

ments—singing, dancing, pu ppet shows (the Ear/ra Gymand K iriydl cid-dill

,the T u rkish Pu nch and Ju dy, and

magic-lantern , i.e . shadows thrown u pon a sheet) , coffeedrinking, etc . D arwish sailors do not figu re, as in most ofthe great mah

'

ds. T he mosqu e is the rendezvou s for thosewho are drawn to the place from religiou s motives. T hismu lid is not one of the most interesting, bu t it is, or ou ghtto be, from a rel igiou s point ofview, next in importance tothat ofthe Prophet .

Hashish. Lit . dry herbage or fodder, and also fresh herbage,grass, etc . T he term is more generally known as appliedto the preparations made from hemp for intoxicatingpu rposes (v. Lane’s Ar. Easks'sk is prepared fromthe exu dations and from the bruised seed capsu les and

leaves of Indian hemp ( Cannabis I nd/56a), inferior kindsbeing made u p after extraction of that ofthe best qu ality .

Heralds$; is consumed largely in Egypt by the lower orders,being either inhaled in the goseh, or cocoanu t pipe, or

eaten , in combination with other ingredien ts, in conserves.It is u sed as an element in numerou s aphrodisiacs (seeMaagu n) . T he u se Ofhemp for indu cing intoxication rs of

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9 0 GLO SSARY.

at special resorts, where it is smoked in pu blic, a pipecontaining it being handed rou nd. T he shops in which thenumerou s electu aries, or conserves, before allu ded to, aresold, are called mashasheks. T hey may be seen in almostevery street. T he chiefdepOt is near the entrance to theMosqu e of Su ltan K alafin

,near the ‘T u rkish Bazaar.

’

A man who indu lges in kashz’

sh is called a [rashask

(pl . leashashin, the origin of the word assassinStatistics respecting insanity in Egypt have shown that atone time, at any rate, a large proportion of cases has beendu e to the widespread abu se of this dru g .

Hasan . Son of ’A li and Fatimeh, poisoned at Medineh in6 6 9 A .H . (See Hasaneyn . )

Hatfir (the ancient A thyr) . T he third K optic month . T he

Egyptians begin to wear woollen clothes on the 1 7th of

this month . T he fou ndations of hou ses, etc . , are laid.

El -Malcrisz'

.

Hatur 12th . Feast of the Great A ngel Mikhai l, theA rchangel . Cku rck C alendar.

Helbeh, v. Fenu greek.

Henna. T heEgyptian Privet (Lawsom’

a T he powderformed from the leaves of this tree , which is grownabu ndan tly in Egypt and the Nile valley, is chiefly u sed

by the fair sex for dyeing the nails of the hands and feet,and also the palms. T he powder is of a greenish colou r.

It is formed into a paste by m ixtu re with water, and then

brou ght into contact with the parts to be stained, thehands or feet being bou nd u p and so remaining al l night.

T he dye that resu lts is an orange red, and the tint generall ylasts for ten days or rather more . I n Egyptian weddingsthe night following the bride

’

s Procession of the Bathis called the Leyl et el -Henna (the

‘Night of

the$

bride being then decorated with the tints of the‘flower of Paradise .

’ T his dye seems to have been u sed

in very ancient times in Egypt . T he Persians stain their

beards with henna, and old grey-headed women their hair.

T he flower Of the plant, whi ch has a pleasing fragrance, is

very greatly esteemed by the natives ofEgypt, and it is

said to have been the special favou rite ofMohammed.

GLO SSARY. 9 1

Higreh. T he Flight,’or exodu s ofMohammed fromMekkeh to

Medineh . T he actu al flight is said to have taken place on

the 9th ofRabia el - owwal . T he Mohammedan era of the

Flight (cl-Higreh ; Higriyeh A di . ) dates from the l st of

Moharrem, preceding the Flight by 6 8 days, and coincides,as shown by M. C au s sin de Perceval, with Monday,

April 1 9 th, 622 A .D .

Hippokrates. T he eminent physician of K os (46 0—357was au thor of numerou s works, which became the su bjectsofmany commentaries, e .g. by Galen . His repu tation and

au thority were great and widespread, and no dou bt theEgyptian schools of medicine were largely influ enced byhis teaching. His name still figu res in the EgyptianC alendar in connection with certain periods, or seasons,

du ring which medi cines shou ld or shou l d not be taken .

Hippokrates appears to have been mu ch attached to Egypt .

Hosum. A term of dou btfu l meaning. Perhaps it may be

identified with the evil wind that was sent to destroy theA dites, or people of A d, in the time of the Prophet Hfrd.

T hi s Hfid (su pposed to be Heber) was sen t to preachrepentance to the idolatrou s A dites, who refu sed to l istento his warning. T hey were therefore destroyed.

“ A nd

when they saw the preparation made for their pu nishment,namely, a clou d traversing the sky and tending towardstheir valleys, they said

,

‘T his is a traversing clou d whichbringeth u s rain .

’ Hfid answered,‘Nay ; it is what ye

demanded to be hastened,—a wind wherein is a severe

vengeance :it will destroy everything at the command of

its Lord.

’A nd in the morning nothing was to be seen

besides their empty dwellings. T hu s do we reward wicked

people . (K u ran ,ch . xlvi

,also ch . xxiii) . T his (m um

is supposed still to retain its inau spiciou s and blightingqu alities. Children born du ring the week in whi ch it issaid to blow are bel ieved to be endowed with bad qu alities,as those born u nder an u nl u cky star, and seed or risingcrops are believed to su ffer from the withering b last . T he

hosam is always cou pled in the calendars with the Ba/r’d

'

eL’A gfis. Sale describes the Zwsam of the K u ran as

“a hot and suffocating wind which blew seven nights and

9 2 GLO SSA RY.

eight days together, and entering at their nostrils passedthrou gh their bodies

”(see Sal e

’sK u ran

,Prelim. D isc . , p.

Howling D arwishes (v. K adriyeh and D iary for the Week at

C airo ) . Z z'

lcrs of Howl ing D arwishes,’

as they are

commonly called, are performed weekly at tekiyehs and

at variou s other times by variou s sects of some of the

darwish orders. A t C onstantin ople (Scutari) the tekiyekOf ‘Howlers mostly visited by travellers is one of the

Rifa’iyeh order.

Hu seyn . T he Imam el -Hu seyn ,son of ’Al i and Fatimeh,

killed on the plain ofK erbela (v . Hasaneyn and ’A shura) .His head is believed to l ie bu ried in the Mosqu e of the

Hasaneyn in C airo .

Hfisrfim, v . Verju ice .

I bn’En5.n, v . O wlad ’Enan .

Ibrahim el -D esfiki . T he Seyyid Ibrahim ofD esfrk (Nau loratz’

s,

a town in the D elta on the Rosetta branch of the Nile )is a celebrated saint, and the fou nder of the order of

Bfirhamiyeh (i .e . I brahimiyeh) D arwishes. He died in

6 7 6 A .H . ,and was bu ried at D esak. Malz

'

ds are held in his

honou r three times in the year, immediately after the three

male'

ds of A hmed el -Bédawi at T anta. T hese fairs are

attended by vast nu mbers of persons ; and what is said of

the T anta Fair may be considered to apply also , on

a somewhat smaller scale, to that of D esfik. T hese great

fairs are worth visiting.

’Id el -Adha. Festival ofthe Sacrifice v .

’Id el -K ebir.

’Id el -’Ansarah. Whit- Su nday of the K opte ; observed with

prayer, almsgiv ing, and rejoicing.

’l d el -Bisharah. T he K optic‘Festival

'

ofthe Annu nciation ,’or

Lady D ay ; observed, like other K optic festivals, withfeasting, almsgiving, and amu sements .

’Id el -Fitr, v .

’Id es-Su gheiyer.

’Id el -Ghitass. T he K optic Festival ofthe Baptism ofChrist,’

lit . of ‘ the plu nging .

’T he K Opts visit the tombs of

their relatives at the cemeteries (near O l d C airo ) on the

eve of this festival ; and many of them remain al l n ightthere, in the bu ildings situ ate amongst the tombs. Sheepare sometimes killed and the flesh distribu ted. Services

GLO SSARY. 93.

are held in the cathedral and other chu rches on the eve of

the’Id, and a priest washes, or tou ches, with holy water

the feet of those who attend.

’Id el -K ebir.

‘T he Great Festival ’ ; called al so’Id el -A dha.

(Festival of the Sacrifice) and ’Id el -K urban ,and in

T u rkish K firban Bairam . T his festival begins on the l 0 thof Z u

’

l -heggeh, and lasts for three and generally fou rdays. T he actu al festival is on the 1 0 th, when the

pilgrims at Mekkeh make the sacrifice whi ch commemoratesthe in tended sacrifice by Ibrahim of

’Isma’il (not , according

to Mu slim tradition , Izhak—I saac) , for whom a ram was

su bstitu ted. Every pilgrim shou l d slay either a ram ,

a he -

goat, a cow,or camel

,in the valley ofMuna (or Mina) .

Hence the Arabs sometimes call the festival the ’Id

en -Nahr (festival of the camel lawfu lly slau ghtered) .T hrou ghou t Islam all who can afford it slau ghter one of

the animals allowed for sacrifice . Poor fami lies often

receive a sheep, or portions of meat, from the rich .

Prayers are made in the mosqu es . I n other respects this’Id resembles the ‘Little Festival ’ (

’Id es - Su gheiyer) ,bu t is celebrated with perhaps less festivity . New

clothes are worn , visits made to the tombs, and amu se

ments provided for children . Friends meeting embrac e ,

with the kiss on each cheek,and e xpressions of good-wil l

are made u se ofas at the’Id es- Su gheiyer. Sometimes the

expression is heard Inshallah zei el yOm nakfin fi Mfina

( I f God will, this day next year we shall be at Muna) .T he K hedive holds a reception at an early hou r.

’Id el -Kiyameh. T he K optic Festival of the Resu rrection ,’

called also ’Id el -K ebir. Easter is the principal festival ofthe K opts. Services are held in the chu rches on the eve of

the ’Id. T he festival is observed with prayer and alms

giving and general rejoicing, and is similar in its ou tward

featu res to the’ids ofthe Mu slims.

’Id el -Milad. T he K optic‘Festival oftheNativity .

’C hristmas.

is celebrated with the u su al festivities that characterize an

’id in Egypt . New dresses are worn ,

and amu sements

provided in pu blic and private for children . Prayer is

made in the chu rches, alms are given , and visits made on

GLO SSARY.

the eve to the tombs ofrelatives. The chu rch services areon the eve .

’ Id er-Ru sfil . T he K optic‘Festival of the A po stles.

’ T his’Id is observed with prayers in the chu rches and a priest ,as at the

’Id el -Ghitass, tou ches with water, to signifywashing, the feet of each member of the congregation .

General ly speaking, the festival resembles other K optic’id:.

’ Id es-Sal ib (‘Festival of the I n the calendar of the

K optic C hu rch this is the festival of the findin g, or of the

exal tation ,of the C ro ss. “ O n this day we make mention

ofthe Gloriou s Cross ofou r Lord Jesu s Christ.” Properly,the festival lasts three days ( 1 6th- 18th T fit ) , beginning

with the preaching in the Chu rch of the Resu rrection, andending with the Feast of St . Porphyriu s, who is connectedwith the finding of the Holy Cross by Helena,

”and to

whose care it was committed.

Formerly the K opts assembled on this day at O ld Cairoopposite the Nilometer, and the Patriarch, after certain

formalities, threw into the Nile a silver cross, whi ch expert

divers endeavou red to recover. A ccidents frequ ently re

su l ted. After the arrival of the French the ceremony wasabolished, bu t the cu stom is preserved in some chu rches ofthrowing the cross in to a basin ofwater.

Salib also signifies su spension ,

’and as the water of the

Nile, being now at its fu ll height, is generally su spended,

or stationary , du ring some days, this anniversary has come

to have a sort of dou ble meaning, an d to mark the su s

pension ofthe Nile waters when at their maximu m height.

A K optic local tradition asserts that whatever he the state

of the Nile on the ’Id es-Salib, su ch will be the state for

fifteen su cceeding days, whether there be a ri se, fal l, or

su spension . T here is an other festival of the C ross (i.s. of

the discovery of the C ross) on the 2nd Barmahat ( l othMarch) .

’Id esh-Sha’

anin. The K optic‘Festival of the Palm-branches,

’

or Palm Su nday (Ahad esh the Su nday next

before the’Id el - K iyameh . A cu riou s cu stom, which

probably originated, as Lane su ggests, at the time of the

plagu e, is observed at this ’Id. T he burial service is read

GLO SSARY. 95

over the congregations assembled in the chu rches,and

shou ld any person die du ring the period interveningbetween this and the end of the ‘K hamasin ’

period, the

prayers are not repeated at the fu neral . T hose interestedin the K optic commu n ity shou ld v isit the cathedral, or

principal chu rch, near the north Esbekiyeh. T he K opts

c u t the long leaves offresh palm -branches into strips, andwork them into tastefu lly devised patterns—crosses, stars,etc . Many enclose the bread of the Eu charist—rou nd

, flat

cakes stamped with the chu rch seal— in baskets of the

interwoven leaves.

$id es-Su gheiyer (‘the Little in T u rkish

,

‘Ramazan

Bairam .

’ T his festival is held on the first three days ofShowwal , and celebrates the close of Ramadan , whence itis also called ’I d el -Fitr Festival ofBreaking theT his, thou gh called the minor, is in reality the greater of

the two great Mu slim ’ids as regards ou tward signs of

rejoicing. Prayers are performed in the mosqu es. Newclothes are worn . Visits are made

, especially by women ,

to the tombs, u pon which palm-branches,etc . , are laid.

Particu l ar dishes are prepared. Amu sements of variou ssorts are provided, and the streets present an animatedappearance . T he district ou tside the Bab en -Nasr is one of

the chief scenes of gaiety . I n the cemetery beyond, andnear the T ombs of the K halifs

,

’ tents are pitched, and

the bu ildings there situ ate are occu pied by visitors, manyof whom distribu te cakes, dates, etc . , to the poor. T he

K hedive holds an early reception, which all Officials and

many others attend. T he princesses also receive visits of

numerou s ladies. Visits are exchanged by friends and

relations amongst al l classes. T he ordinary salu tationbetween fri ends, who kiss each other on both cheeks, isK fil am wa int bikheyr (May you be prosperou s every

year) , or K fil saneh in t tayib ,”equ ivalent to ou r

“ Manyhappy retu rns of the day.

’Id es-So’ud. T he K optic

‘Fest ival‘

Of the A scension,

’one of

the principal festivals of the C hu rch calendar, and observedwith prayer, almsgiving, and rejo icing .

Imam el -Leys (or el -Leyth) . T he Imam el -Leyth—called

9 6 GLO SSARY.

A bou el - Haris el - Leyth, son of Saad, son of A bd

er-Rahman— Imam of the inhabitants of Egypt in the

religio u s law of Islam and the traditions, was originall yfrom Ispahan ; a man of u pright and firm character, richand generou s. He received instru ction from Mohammed,

son of Shihab ez - Z uhri . Hi s annu al income wasdinars

, the whole ofwhich he distribu ted to the poor. He

was born at K alkashanda, in the province of K el ifib

(Egypt) , in the year 9 4 A .H . He died on Friday, 15thShaaban , 1 75 A .H .

, and was b uried the same day in a smal lc emetery at C airo .

” His tomb is one that is mu ch visited.

It is situ ated a little to the sou th of that of the Imamesh- Shdfe

’

i .

Imam esh- Shfife’i . A bi'

r A bdallah Mohammed ibn Idris wassu rnamed Shafe

’i from the name of one of his ancestors

,

who was descended from Mu tal eb the K oreyshi te, great

grandfather of the Prophet . Hence he was also calledel -Imam el -Mu talebi and

’

A rif Billah . He was born at

Ghaza in Palestine in 150 A .H . (7 6 7 He spent somet ime at Baghdad and Mekkeh

,and on retu rning from the

latter place to Egypt , he stu died u nder the Imam Malikibn A ns. Esh- Shafe

’i is the fou nder of the Shafeiyeh, one

ofthe fou r orthodox Su nn i Mu sl im sects. He was the firstto compose awork on Mu slim j u rispru dence . He also wrotethe Elm sl or

“ Fou ndations of Islam, comprisingcivil and canonic law,

and o ther treatises. He died at the

age of54,in 204 A .H .

,at C airo . His tomb ,

overshadowed

by a large and conspicu ou s dome , a little to the sou th of

the T ombs of the Mamelu kes,’ is mu ch visited. Most of

theEgyptians belong t o the Shafe’

i sect .

A n annu al mz‘

rlz’

d is celebrated in the month of Shaabanin hono u r of the Imam . T en ts are pitched in the vicinityof the tomb , and large nu mbers of people flock to the

spot . A doselzwas formerly performed. T he mu lz'

d is not

a remarkable one .

Imsak ( lit .

‘the keeping,’ i.e . restraining) . The hou r at which

the daily fast of Mu slims du ring Ramadan begin s, viz . ,

always twenty minu tes before thefear (daybreak) .Imsakiyeh. A special diary for the month ofRamadan , which

gives the hou rs to be observed by prayer and fasting ;

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98 GLO SSARY.

withou t suffering will find the months that foll ow far lesstrying. T he A rabs have a legend whi ch refers the origin

of the K hamasin wind to a period of fifty days, du ringwhich C ain carried on his shoul ders the wasting body of

his brother A be l.Khamis el Mau ndy T hu rsday of the K opts. D u ring

service in the chu rches a priest, after blessing water,‘washes ’ or tou ches the feet of each member of the

congregation .

Khedive. T he title K hedive was bestowed on the Viceroy,Isma’il Pasha, in 1 86 7 , by Su ltan A bd cl-A ziz . It is thehighest title next to that ofSu l tan ,

and above that ofVizir,in the O ttoman Empire . Perhaps the nearest equ ival entto the actu al title wou ld be that of Lord

’

of Ireland,bestowed on some of ou r own sovereigns in early days bythe condescension of the Pope ( T imes, A u gu st 21 st ,Prono u nced in A rabic, el -K hediwy .

Khidr (EL) . A mysteriou s personage, who , according to learnedopin ion , was a ju st man

,or saint

, the Vizir ofZ u’

l -K arneyn

(who was a great conqu eror, contemporary with IbrahimA braham,

-and identified in other legends with A lexander

the Great, St . George, El -K hidr, it is believed, stil llives, and will live u ntil the D ay ofJu dgment . He is clad

in green garments, whence probably the name . He is

commonly identified withElias (El ijah), and this confu sionseems du e to a confu sion or similarity of some of the

attribu tes that tradi tion assigns to both .

T he ‘Festival of cl -K hidr and ofElias,’ fall ing generallyon the 6 th May, marks the twofold division of the year in

the T u rkish and Armenian C alendars, into the Ri m K asim

and the Ri mK hidr (of 1 7 9—80 and 1 85—6 days respectively) .K isweh (Procession ofthe) . T he K isweh is the robe or covering

ofthe K aabeh at Mekkeh, u pon which it is placed ann u allyon the l oth of Z u

’l -heggeh . A new K isweh is manufac tu red every year in C airo

, nominally at the Su ltan’s

expense , and early in Showwal it is co nveyed with pompfrom the C itadel to the Mosqu e of the Hasaneyn , there tobe sewn together. T he K isweh is ofb lack brocade, bearingin scri ptions in black silk, and to it is stitched a broad band,

also of black brocade, u pon which in scriptions from the

GLO SSARY. 9 9

Ku ran in large letters of gold are worked. Nu merou sbodies of darwishes

,with their banners, a military escort,

darwish j u gglers, buffoons, etc .,take part in the procession .

T he Mahmal is also borne on a camel, and thu s adds to thedisplay . T his procession is not to be confou nded with thatof the Mahmal, which takes place generally abou t a fortnight later, bu t the characteristic featu res of the two

fu nctions are mu ch the same . (See Burton’s“ Pilgrimage,

”

vol . iii , ch . v . )Kiyahk (the an cient K hoiak) . T he fou rth K optic month . T he

sowing of wheat, barley, clover, etc . , ends in lands thathave been plou ghed after the retreat of the waters. T he

north wind dimin ishes,and the sou th becomes more

prevalent .—.E’lK iyahk 3rd. Entrance ofou r Lady Virgin , Holy Mary,

Mother of God, into the T emple at Jeru salem .—22nd.

C ommemoration of the ill u stri ou s A ngel, the Archangel,Gabriel the harbinger.

—29 th . O n this day also do wekeep the feast of the gloriou s b irth of ou r Lord Jesu sC hrist . C lea/ ml» C alendar.

K ohl . A col lyriu m u sed for decorating the eyelids and eye

brows, and composed of smoke - black produ ced by bu rningvariou s resins. Some kinds of Icolcl are u sed onl y for

decorating the eyes ; others for medicinal pu rposes. (SeeLane’s Mod. i

,

K opt. T he K opts are the Christianized descendants of the

ancientEgyptians.

’ T he race , which is somewhat mixed,has diminished greatly since the A rab conqu est, owing to

persecu tions, conversions, etc . T he name K opt (K ybt ,Gibt,

’I bt , etc . ) appears to be connected with the ancient

city of K optos, and probably the name A Y- q vm o e. T he

K Optic langu age has been gradu ally su perseded by A rabic,u n til it has become extinct, except as u sed in litu rgiesand services of the Chu rch . Owing to their comparativeab ility and sharpness, the K opts have generally been mu chemployed in Government Offices as accou ntants and clerksin al l departments.

T he great majority Of the K opts, like the A byssinians,belong to the sect ofJacobites orEu tychians.

T heir Patriarch (Batrak) resides in the K Optic qu arter of

1 00 GLO SSARY.

C airo , close to the C athedral, near the Esbekr’

yeh . T he

Mu tran (Metropo litan) of the A byssinian C hu rch is

appo inted by the K optic Patriarch . T he K opts nu mber

abou t half a mil lion .

Labgeh. T he milky sap of the date -

palm drawn off for

drinking in the early Summer, especially in Jun e . T he

tree is tapped with an iron instrument, which is drivenin at a particu l ar point near the head of the tree bypersons skil led in performing the operation . O therwisethe palm wou ld be kil led. A t C airo there seem to be

no persons who tap, or sell , the j u ice ; bu t at Al exandrialabgek is drunk by many of the natives on accou nt of itsmedicinal and cooling properties. If simply fermentedit forms a kind ofdate -

palm beer.

Lawakh. A gu sty wind ; said to be chiefly prevalent inAmshir ; sometimes ac companied by rain .

Layal el - Bfilk. T here are two peri ods of forty days eachwhi ch go by the name of the Leyal el -Bu lk, and whichimmediately pre cede and follow the Leyal es- Sfid (BlackNights) ofWinter ; bu t their meaning is conjec tu ral . Balk

signifies, apparen tly, black and white .

’ Perhaps theyrefer to the longer and darker, bu t not yet the darkestnights ofWinter. O r they may indicate seasons havingreference to agri cu ltu ral operations, or perhaps to mythological beliefs of which the origin is lost . T he two

periods of the Leyal el -Bfilk, together with the Leyal

es- Sr’

rd, inclu de the fou r K optic months ofHatfir, K iyahk,

Tfibeh, and A mshir.

Leyal as-Sfid (the Black Nights) . What these dark nights

signify it is difficu l t to asc ertain . T hey occu r in the depth

ofWinter ( 1 1 th K iyahk to 2oth T fibeh) . A ccording to

some explanations, they represent su perstitions of whichthe origin is bu ried in obscu rity . Stories are to ld of

b lack phantom ships that are to be seen at sea du ring these

nights, always carrying a cargo of some black merchandise

liabl e]; sodé(fennel - seeds) , black slaves, etc .

—and

bou nd to and from some port which, like the Black Sea,begins with the word B lack.

I n the T u rki sh C alendar also there are certain nightsin the Winter cal led karakongolds , or tare- [cilia (Black

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1 02 GLO SSA RY.

revelation having been received by Mohammed on this

night . T radi tion states that the nightwas that ofthe 2l st ,23rd, 25th, 27 th, or 29th . Bu t it is general ly, and always

in Egypt, ob served on the 27 th, the other nights beingso lemnly kept wi th prayer by al l devou t persons. See

su rah xcvii of the K u ran Verily we have cau sed theK u ran to descend on the Leyl et cl-K adr. Who shal l teachthee what the Leyl et el K adr i s .

9 T he Leyl et el K adr 1 s

better than a thou sand m onths . T here in do the angels

descend,and the Spiri t (Gabriel) , by permi ssion of their

Lord, (with decrees) respecting every matter. It is peacetil l the opening of the dawn .

”T he gates ofHeaven are

Open , and all prayers of the tru ly devou t are favou rablyreceived. A visit shou l d be paid on this night to the

Mosqu e of Mohammed’A l i in the C itadel, where an

interesting spectacle is to be witnessed. No order is

requ ired forEu ropeans. Z t'

krs ofMowl owiyeh (Mevl eviyeh) ,K adriyeh, Rifa

’iyeh, Saadiyeh, and other darwishes are

held in variou s parts of the mosqu e, which is brilliantlyill u minated. T he minarets of al l the mosqu es of the cityglitter with circles of l ight. T his n ight is also called theLeyl et el

-Mu barekeh the BlessedNight

Leylet el Mi ’rag . The night of the Prophet’

s m iracu lou s

jou rney from the temple ofMekkeh to that of Jeru salem ,

and his trance (v . Opening of su rah xvi i of the K u ran) .D escribed by Mohammed as a dream or v ision , the j ou rneywas su bsequ ently accepted, in general, as having been

ac tu ally made . T he night is solemnly ce lebrated in Egyptand throu ghou t Islam. The minarets of the mosqu es areilluminated, and prayers made . I n C airo a festival is held,the prin cipal scene being near the Bab cl -A dawi . I n the

cou rtyard of the hou se of the Sheikh el -Bekri , sailors of

darwishes are performed. T he night is observed with greatceremony in the precincts of one of the K hedive’s palaces,

generally, if in Winter months, at A bdin . Spaciou s tents

are pitched, and many ofthe notables of C airo are invited.

T he grou nd is richly carpeted. Z ikrs of Mowl owiyeh

(Mevl evr'

yeh) and other orders of darwishes, inclu ding fireeaters, take place . A t a late hou r the narrative of the

night jou rney of Mohammed is recited by one of the

GLO SSARY . 1 03

principal’U

’lama. T he n ight is vu lgarly called the Leyletel - T ag wa

’l -Mi’rag the Night of the Crown and the

Leyl et en-Nuktah (‘the Night ofthe The eve of the

1 1 th Bafineh ( 1 7 th Ju ne) . O n this night a miracu l ou sdrop is su pposed to fall, at a moment exactly calcu lated byastrologers, u pon the waters oftheNile . A ncientEgyptianmythology, according to Pau sanias, tau ght that it was thetears ofIsis falling u pon the bosom ofthe river that cau sedit to rise . Many persons spend thi s night on the banks ofthe Nile, and it u sed to be the cu stom to examine on thi snight a clod ofNile mu d, and to infer from its weight andappearance the character and amou nt of the Nile’s rising ;bu t this practice is now little observed. T he mil led of the

SheikhEmbabeh at the village ofthat name, Opposite C airo ,has been fixed to take place on this n ight, and

, as largenumbers of C airenes cross the river to attend it, there are

many who now connect the o ld festival with the modernmal let .

Leyl et eu -Nu sfmin Shaaban (‘Night oftheMiddle of

This night, the eve of 15th Shaaban , is held in greatreverence, and special prayers are ordained for u se . O n

this night the Lote - tree ofParadi se, on the leaves ofwhichare inscribed the names ofal l living persons, is shaken, andthe leaf ofany mortal who is predestined to die du ring theensu ing year fal ls withering to the grou nd. T his Lote- tree

,

or T ree oftheExtremity ,

’ is said to stand in the seventhheaven ,

on the right hand of the T hrone ofA llah, and to

mark the bou nd beyond whi ch not even angels can pass, or

knowledge extend (v . Sale’s K u ran, notes to ch . liii) . It is

interesting to pay a visit to the Mosqu e of the Hasaneyn

soon after su nset, and to see the host of tu rbaned heads as

the prayer is made . Most ofthe m inarets are lit u p on this

night. T he moon at the same time lending her brill iance,the earth and the heaven are resplendent with light (I bnBatu tah) . In India the night is celebrated u nder the name

of Shab - i-Barat . Special prayers are Offered for the dead,

offerings made for them , etc .

Leylet ar-Raghaib (

‘theNight of T his name is given

to the eve ofthe 7 th, or, as some say, ofthe first Friday, of

1 04 GLO SSA RY .

Regeb . It is observed with solemnity and special prayers

by many Mu slims, and it is believed that prayers are

speciall y efficaciou s on thi s night . It is said by some to be

the night ofthe miracu lou s conception ofthe Prophet.Leyl et er-Rifrafeh (valgo Rafraf) . T he eve of the 2nd of

Ramadan ; a sort of popu lar fete night, observed in some

famili es by feasting at night, amu sements for children, etc .

Leylet er-Rfiyeh the Night of T his is the eve

of Ramadan , to fix the beginning of which persons are

appo inted to watch for the new moon , and then gi veevidence at the C ou rt of the K adi . It is cu stomary thereto go throu gh the form ofa trial in stitu ted for the occasion .

A man , for instance, su es another for a debt du e on the

l st of Ramadan ,and evidence is given by two witnesses

that the new moon of Ramadan has been seen by them,

thu s proving that the money is du e . Processions in whichal l the gu ilds, or trades, ofC airo are represented take placeon this night . When the commencement of the fast hasbeen lawft determined proclamations are made in al l the

qu arters ofC airo and other towns. (Lane’

s“ Mod.

ch . xxv.) (See Ramadan . )Leylet es

- Saratan Night ofthe T he night ofthe 15thofBafineh

, or, properly, the time at which the su n entersthe sign of C ancer. O n thi s n ight charms are obtainedto drive away bu gs, and fixed u pon the walls of rooms

,

there to remain u ntil the next Leylet es-Saratan .

Here is a specimen ofone ofthese charms

A tatash . T he bu gs came .

aA t atash . T he bu gs went.

A t atash . T he bu gs died.

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1 06 GLO SSA RY.

Mahmal (Procession of the) . T his is an annu al ceremony thattakes place generally on the 23rd of Showwal , three daysbefore the actu al start from C airo of the pilgrim caravanfor Mekkeh . T he Mahmal itselfis a squ are wooden framewith pyramidal top, covered with a richl y ornamented red

cloth, embro idered with gold. It represents the taktarawan

(or koclag, i .s . covered litter) of Fat imeh Shegeret cd-D or,

wife of el -Melek es- S'

a’leh Ncgm ed-din

,of the Eiyfibite

dyn asty in Egypt, and herself qu een ofEgypt in 648 A .H .

( 1 250 She performed the pilgrimage to Mekkeh, and

the fashion of carrying an empty litter, as an emblem of

royalty,in pompou s procession, was ever aft erwards kept

u p. O ccasionall y (as, for example, in complian ce with theobjections ofthe Wahabis) the cu stom has been abandoned

for a time,bu t again resu med. A long description of this

procession , in which nu merou s gu ilds or fratern ities of

Egyptian darwishes take part, and also ofthe retu rn of the

Mahmal to C airo,is to be fou nd in Lane

’s

“ Modern

Egyptians .

”

Manna. T he anniversary of the fall of manna and qu ails stillfigu res qu ain tly in the C alendar . Manna is said by some to

be a white gummy su bstance that e x u des from a tamarisk

(garfek, A r. ) —T aman'

acas manmfem—growing in the SinaiPeninsu la

,on the ou ter su rface being pu nctu red by an

in sect ( C oeeu s mannifera) which frequ ents the branches. Itis collected by the Bedou in s in the early morning, as it so ondissolves in the su n . It is eaten like honey, with bread,etc . , and has a sweet, pleasantly aromatic taste . It containsno mannite . O thers think it is a su bstance ( terengabin of

the A rabs) , ofsweet taste , obtained by shaking the branchesofcamel’s thorn (A shagi Mau rorum) .

[T he manna ofmedicine (which contain s 6 0—80 per cent .ofmanni te) is obtained from a species ofash-tree (Fraaez

'

nas

o mus, or O rnu s rotu ndifol i’

a) , grown chiefly in Italy(C al abria) and Sicily .]

Matariyeh . A v ill age abou t six miles north of C airo , situ atenear the ru ins of Heliopo lis. Formerly it was celebratedfor the cu l tivation of the balsam- tree, from which the

co stly Balm ofG ilead was e x tracted. T he sycamore u nder

which the Virgin Mary is said to have rested is carefu lly

GLO SSA RY . 1 07

preserved in a garden near the village . I n former timesthere existed a chapel and a spring, dedicated to the

Virgin , which latter was believed to possess miracu lou sand healing virtu es, and was mu ch visited and veneratedby K opts and also by Mu slims.

Méghrib , v . Maghrib .

Mekyas, v. Nilometer.

Milaneh. C hickpeas. T he Egyptians say that fleas come inwith the mi

'

laneh ; and as a matter of fact they do abo u nd

at this particu lar season ofthe year. C hickpeas are ripe inMarch and A pril, and are mu ch eaten

, both fresh and in

the prepared, dry state, in which they are called kommas.

Mi ’rag. v . Leyl et el-Mi’rag.

Mirisi Wind. T he generic name given to al l winds from the

Misreh (the ancient Mesori) . T he twelfth K optic month . T he

average increase of the Nile is 1 0 di'

rae . T he saying isthat if the Nile does not rise su fficiently in one Misreh one

mu st expect to wait for the Misreh following. T he Nilewater now fills the A lexandri a C anal

, which b ecomesnavigable, and by which boats convey corn

,spices,

su gar, and other articles of commerce . B ier dates are

abu ndant ; the se/cah (alms) is given in kind by those

possessing date -

palms. T he K opts nowmake wine (haamr)and vinegar from grapes. Bananas are ripe and better nowthan at any other time . T ifaht lemons and pomegranatesripen .—El -Malcrist.

Misreh 7 th. O n this day did God send the A ngelGabriel, who brou ght tidings to Joachim concerningO u r Lady .

— 1 2th . Feast of the good and piou s kingC onstantine—13th. T ransfigu ration of ou r Lord Jesu s

C hrist on Mou nt T habor.— 1 6 th . T he body of O u r Lady

was taken Up to Heaven (A ssumption) .— 2oth. Rest in the

Lord of the Seven You ths ofEphesu s. Chu rch Calendar.

Moharrem the Forbidden FirstMohammedan month, called

Moharrem el -haram Moharrem / the A s the

etymology signifies, this was one of the fou r months of

tru ce, in which all acts of hostility were strictly forbidden

amongst al l the A rab tribes . It is considered u nlu cky to

make a marriage contract in Moharrem .

1 08 GLO SSARY .

Molokhieh ( C orehoru s ol itori'

u s) . T his vegetable is mu chesteemed, and forms a good dish from the T u rkish or Arab

cu isine, being often made in to a kind of thick sou p. Plinymentions it as having been eaten at Al exandria.

Mowlowiyeh D arwishes. T he T u rkish order of the Mevl eviyeh

—in A rabic, Mowl owiyeh— commonl y known as the

‘Whirlers,’or

‘D ancing’D arwishes, has one tekkeh, or

tekiyeh, at C airo, in the Hilm iyeh . T heir sikr, so Oftendescribed, takes place (abou t 2 pm .) every Friday, exceptdu ring Ramadan . T he headqu arters of the Mevl eviyeh is

at K oniah,in A sia Minor

,and the Sheikh of the order

belongs to a family of the name of C helebi, in which thespirit u al headship is heredi tary . Shou ld the fam ily of the

O ttoman Su ltan become e x tinct, it is from this family thatthe fou nder ofa new dynasty shou ld be chosen .

Mfilid. A b irthday festival . T hi s name is given general ly tothe festivals held in honou r of prophets, saints, mél i

'

s,

sheikhs, etc . , and has also come to be u sed as equ ivalentto ou r word ‘fair.

’

A mal icl general ly lasts eight days.

Most of the important festivals ofC airo and LowerEgyptare noticed in this C alendar. For a short notice of the

more important ones we mu st refer to the names of the

sain ts and others in whose honou r they are held. Bu siness,

pleasu re, and religiou s du ty (which prompts pilgrimage tothe tombs of the great saints of Islam) are the motiveswhich bring together su ch vast crowds on these occasions.

Most of the w i ld s held in the different qu arters of C airo ,as throu ghou t Egypt, were formerly important fairs or

markets, certain of them being celebrated for special classesofmerchandise, so that persons cou nted u pon their annu aloccu rrence at fixed times for su pplying themselves withvariou s articles of commerce . T he establ ishment of

nu merou s bazaars in towns, and the increase of commu nication by road and rail, are proportionately changing thecharacter of these festivals as regards their commercialaspect. Many of the great national mu lz

'

ds,su ch as the

T anta Fair, are evidently ancient Egyptian festivals

Mohammedanized as regards the religiou s element.Mulid el -Embabeh. T hi s ann u al Mu slim festival is held in thev illage of Embabeh, where the saint of that name lies

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1 1 0 GLO SSARY.

Nebk, or Sidr. T he lots- tree (Rhamnu s lotu s) . T he fru it hasa pleasant, rather acid taste, and is mu ch appreciated bytheEgyptians. A decoction ofthe bark is said to promotethe healing of wou nds (Redwood

’s Su ppl . to

Egyptians sometimes u se the powdered leaves as soap.

Nefiseh. T he great-granddau ghter ofHu seyn , son of ’A l i and

Fatimeh . A mosqu e dedicated to her, and contain ing hersu pposed tomb, is situ ate in the so u th extremity ofC airo

,

in the direction of the T ombs of the Mamelr'

rks .

’ It isworthy of a visit. A pictu resqu e gateway and paved

passage lead to the entrance of the mosqu e, whi ch is one of

those held in the highest honou r, and mu ch visited by men

and women alike .

T he Mfilid ofthe Sitt Nefi seh takes place in the monthof Gu mad et - tani , and lasts nominall y 27 days, the greatday being on a T u esday, and generally abou t the 29 th of

the month . T his mil led, thou gh celebrated on a small erscale than some others in C airo , is interesting in many

respects. Z i'

lcrs are performed at n ight in the mosqu e, thebest mu nshz

’

ds of C airo being engaged to sing. T he u su alfestivities take place in the vicinity of the mosqu e, wheretents for dancing and singing women , etc . ,

are pitched.

Nights ofGloom,v . Leyal es

- Sfid.

Nilometer (el -Mekyas) . A measu ring instrument or columnfor measu ring the rise of the Nile . Nilometers ofvari ou skinds have no dou bt e x isted at different points in the cou rseof the river from very ancient times. T he one generallyall u ded to in connection with C airo and Lower Egypt isthat situ ate in the Island of ROda

,opposite O ld C airo .

’

T his nil ometer is an octagonal pillar ofwhite stone, eachface marking 1 6 cu bits of 24 digits (hz

'

rat) eachabou t 20 English feet . The pillar stands in the centre

of a reservoir ( into which you descend by stone steps)commu n icating with the Nile . A ccording to Mahmr

'

rd BeyFél eki, a late Governmen t A stronomer, the zero point isabou t 28 feet above the level ofthe Mediterran ean . A riseof 1 6 cu b its has been always considered necessary for

a prosperou s year ; and in law,thou gh not in practice , the

fu ll land taxes cou ld not be levied u nl ess the river attainedthis height. I n the statu e ofFather Nile in the Vatican ,

GLO SSARY . 1 1 1

the 1 6 genu who su rrou nd the river god appear to personifythese 1 6 cu bits. Prior to Islam the C airo n ilometer was in

the K asr esh - Shama on the east Side of the Nile . (For an

accou nt of the melez/e s in Mu slim times, see Lane’s

“ Modern

Egyptian s, and his “ C airo Fifty Years A go ,”

edited byS . L . Poole . )

Norfiz (New Year) . T his term is now u sed generally for NewYear’s D ay, as in the K Optic C alendar. Bu t it is properlyonly applied to the Norfiz es- Su l tan i, or time of the Vernal

Equ inox,as adopt ed from the Persian C al endar. T his royal

or imperial New Year’

s D ay is said t o have been institu tedby Djemshid, a king of the first Persian dynasty of

P ichdal ian .

” “ Formerly it was celebrated at the A u tu mnalEqu inox

,according to the calendar of Y ezdidjird bu t ,

u pon the reform ofcalendar by Jelal ed-din Melek Shah in

4 72 A .H . ( 1 0 78 the festival was fixed at the Spring,or tru e astronom ical equ ino x

,at the moment when the su n

enters the Ram .

”

(Univers Pittoresqu e : La

Nuktah, see Leyl et en -Nu ktah .

Nu sfmin Shaaban, see Leyl et en -Nu sf.

Omrah . T he Lesser Pilgrimage to Mekkeh (the Greater beingcalled the Hag, alias Hadj ) . I t consists in a visit, always

highly meritoriou s, to the K aabeh and sacred places of

Mekkeh,and the performance ofthe prescribed prayers and

O bservances there,bu t not involving the rites at A rafat,

Mirna,etc .

,which are pecu liar to the Hag . It may be

performed at any time e x cept the 8th—l oth Z u’

l -heggeh .

O pium (afian) . T he opiu m ofEgypt, especially that grown inthe u pper cou ntry, was formerly held in great repu te, andconsidered su perior to that ofA siaMinor. A great stim u lu s

was gi ven to opiu m cu ltu re by Mohammed’A l i Pasha, bu t

it had no permanent effect, the qu antity now grown beinginsign ifican t. Opiu m is considerably u sed in the largetowns ofEgypt, in the preparations allu ded to u nder the

words hashi'

sh and margi n . T he sedative and anodyn e

effects indu ced by opiu m differ considerably from the more

exciting sensations cau sed by hashi'

sh.

Owlad ’Enan . A sect ofdarwishes, the followers ofthe Seyyid,or Sheikh Mohammed ibn ’Enan . A fairly large nu mber

1 12 GLO SSARY .

of C airo darwishes belong t o thi s fol lowing. A mal id of

the Sheikh is held in Shaaban .

P istac cio. P istac c iO -nu ts are imported in considerable qu antityin to Egypt and neighbou ring cou n tri es. T hey are u sed

extensively in the sweets and fru it preserves made and so ldin the bazaars ofD amascu s.

P rayer. For hou rs ofMu slim prayer see the table on p. 55.

Q u ail . ( C otu rni'

x commu nes ; A r. se'

mda, sakaa. ) T he migra

tions of the qu ail to and from Egypt are regu lar. T he

sou thward flight across the Medi terran ean takes place inSeptember, when , owing to the inu ndation in the D elta

,

the best shooting is on the coast . Large qu antities, nettedby the Bedou ins, are e xported to Eu rope . T he northwardflight takes place in the Spring, the birds beginning toarrive in the neighbou rhood of C airo by the beginn ingof March . From early in that month there is good

shooting for abou t six weeks, the qu ail fattening greatlytowards the end on the ripening crops. T he C alendarhands down the Biblical tradition of the m iracu lou s su pplyofqu ail s and manna t o the Israelites. T he Jews ofA rab iahold that it was not qu ails bu t locu sts on which theywere fed.

Rabia el - owwal (the first Rabia) . T he third Mohammedanmonth . (See Note II . )

Rab ia et-tani (or Rabia el -akher, the second or last Rabia) .T he fou rth Mohammedan month . (See Note II . )

Ramadan (for etymology , see Note II) . T he n inth Moham

medan month, and fast of thirty days, which begins as

soon as it has been established that the new moon has been

seen by a Mu slim (see Leyl et er I fa clou dy sky

interferes, it shou ld begin after cou nting thirty fu ll daysfrom the 1 st ofShaaban ,

or in these days by annou ncementby te legram from C onstantin ople or elsewhere that the fasthas been proclaimed by proper au thority . T he observanceof the fast is one of the five pillars of practice in Islam .

Men and women alike are enjoined to observe it ; al l , in

fact, who are of su fficient age and strength . Exemptionsinclu de sick person s, women abou t to be confin ed or

giv ing no u rishment, and travell ers ; bu t these shou ld only

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1 14 GL O SSARY.

a wandering life . T his is par excel lence the great fireeating order

, which has gained for itselfa special repu tationfor sword j u gglery and miracles ’

of a like nature. T he

snake - eating Saadr'

yeh is one ofits importan t sects.

T he great Mr'

rlid sr-Rifa’i is held in the month ofGu mad

et-tani , the grand day being always T hu rsday, generallyabou t the middle of the month . T he spectacles presenteddu ring this mfrlid shou ld by al l means be witnessed. T he

great procession takes place at midday on the T hu rsdayabove mentioned, and passes throu gh the streets of C airo ,

past the Mosqu e ofRifa’i, throu gh the Bab el -K arafeh, intothe desert tract between the citadel and the tomb of the

Imam esh - Shafe’i, which is the scene of the mr‘

rlid. Here

are pitched the endless tents of the Rifa’iyeh ,

and ofvariou so ther darwish sects that take part in the festival . T he

Rifa’i darwishes mu ster in fu ll force from al l parts of

Egypt ; strange, wild- looking beings seem to emerge from

lu rking -

places and to fill the A rab qu arters at C airo .

T hose who have any desire to see the eating of snakes,

glass, and live coals, may do so to their hearts’ contentdu ring

'

the great procession . T he sword tri cks are in

reali ty of a very clumsy description . Hu ndreds ofmen ,

boys, and even infants, that take part in the procession ,have their cheeks, arms

,or breast s pierced with skewers,

at the extremities of which are fixed limes, dates,etc . Innu merable banners are borne al ong, and there ismu ch noise and mu ch beating of darwish dru ms. T he

procession ends at the scene of the mr'

rlid, where vari ou s

ordeal s are passed throu gh by men and boys in grou ps,

who he prostrate u pon the grou nd, with swords placed

across their breasts, necks, or mou ths, while the Sheikh

ofthe section to which they belong is l ifted u p, andproceeds

t o pass over them, pressing the swords with his feet. T hi s

is a doseh ofa pecu l iar kind, and not to be witnessed at any

other mr'

rl id. T he scene at night resembles that presented

at the other great mfil ids at C airo , the principal featu re

consisting ofendless sikre in illuminated tents.

Rifrafeh, v . Leyl et er-Rifrafeh .

Roses. T he ‘Feast of the Roses ’was no dou bt celebrated in

former times with rejoicings, perhaps after the gathering

GLO SSARY . 1 15

of the rose crops, so extensively grown in Egypt . T he

Fayum was especial ly celebrated for the roses it produ ced.

Rnkiyeh. T he Sitt, or Seyyideh, Rukr'

yeh died in Egypt abou t20 A .H . , and was bu ried at C airo . Her tomb may be seen

in the sou th ofC airo , shortly before you reach the Mosqu eof the Sitt Nefiseh . A little fraternity of Kadriyehdarwishes is settled at the spot, and in this retreat a silcr

may be witnessed on the evenings of Friday (i .s . ou r

T hu rsday evenings) . Ru hiyeh was a dau ghter of

Mohammed by K hadigeh , and was first marri ed to Utaibeh,son ofA br

‘

r Lahab . D ivorced by him,she married O sman , .

who afterwards became K halifeh .

Ruz ev hidr wa Elias. T he festi val of cl-K hidr and Elias(Elijah) . T hi s occu rs on the 29 th ofBarmr

‘

rdeh (general lythe 6 th ofMay) , falling abou t the time ofthat ofSt . Georgein the Ju lian C alendar. Respecting this problematic

personage , see El - Kh idr. T his day marks the twofolddivision of the tropical year, adopted in T u rkish and othercalendars

,in to the Rfiz K asim and Rfiz Khidr.

Saadiyeh Darwishes. T he foll owers ofSaad cd- din el -Jebbawi,who died at Jebba, near D amascu s, 736 A .rr. ( 1 335T he O rder of the Saadiyeh is extensively represented inEgypt, andholds a conspicu ou s position amongst the darwishfraternities in C airo . It is the snake - charming sect parexcel lence

, bu t its pretensions, often very ingeniou s, havebeen on variou s occasions exposed. The Saadiyeh are an

offshoot of the Rifa’iyeh . T heir Sheikh u sed to ride a horseover prostrate darwishes in the lately abolished doseh, or

‘ treading,’at the Mr

‘

rlid en -Néhi, and on a few otheroccasions. T his fu nction , with its implied miracu l ou s

powers, u sed to add greatly to his importance . A s to the

origin ofthe snake-eating propensity to which the Saadiyehare addicted

,a tradition asserts that Saad cd-din

,when once

threatened with starvation in the desert, su cceeded in

catching a serpent, with which he satisfied his hu nger.

A nother tradi tion all eges_ _

that the -father of Saad cd- d'

in,

whi le gathering sticks in the wood, was in want ofa cord

to fasten them, and that the you ng Saad, seeing a serpent ,seized it and bou nd the faggot . The ordinary sthr of the

Saadr’

yeh general ly consists in nothing more than the

1 1 6 GLO SSARY.

common j u mping and wriggling movements, accompaniedby ejacu lations of faith . T he Saadiyeh always figu re on

the occasions which bring together darwish gatherings .

T heir Sheikh preaches at the Mosqu e of the Hasaneyn on

certain occasions.

Sabt en-Nfir Satu rday of the T he Satu rday nextbefore the K optic Easter ( ’Id el -K iyameh) . A l ight,bel ieved to be miracu l ou s by the mu ltitu de , is made toappear in the C hu rch of the Holy Sepu lchre at Jeru salem .

I nEgypt it is the fashion to decorate the eyes with Icohl onthis day, not for ornament

, bu t as a preservative againstophthalmia, etc .

safar. The secondMohammedan month so call ed either becau seat the season when the month was originall y so named, i .e .

in the Winter, when provisions began to be scarce, theA rabs u sed to travel to procu re su pplies ofgrain, etc . , from

the markets andplaceswhere they were sold,their granaries

having becomem ty (sifar), according to Fresnel’s opinion ,

qu oted by Lane ; or becau se they went forth ,ou predatory

expeditions, leaving their homes emp ty ; or becau se theyleft Mekkeh empty. T he fairs in Yemen u sed to be called

Safarieh (v . Mas’r’

rdi, and Lane’s A r. T his m onth

is called Safar el -Mu zaffer (Séfar the au spiciou s) and also

sometimes Nezlet cl-Hagg (‘the D escent or A lighting of

the Pilgrims becau se theMekkeh pilgrims begin to retu rn

to Egypt towards the end ofSafar.

Safll ower. ( C arthamu s tinctori'

u s,A r. hortwm. ) Largely and

profitably grown in Egypt . T he flower (safranum,A r.

which yields the fine red colou r, is dried and largely

Sal eh. Su ltan el -Melik es-SalehNcgm cd-din Eiyr

’

rb (637—6 47

A .rr. ,1 240—1249 fou nder of the Maml r

'

rk dynasty .

His tomb—mosqu e is situ ate in the Nahassin (c oppermongers’

bazaar) , C airo (see Mu lid es-Saleh) . T he sa/rragin were

the cavalry of es-Saleh:whence the Franks adopted the

word sa/rrasi'

n (Saracen ) , which came to be applied to

Mohammedans generally.

Sal ib , v .

’Id es-Salib .

Sekineh. D au ghter ofHu sse in , son of’A li and Fatimeh . A

mosqu e, plain and u ninteresting, dedicated to the Sitt

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1 18 GLO SSA RY.

Spring festival of the New Year. T he wise men ofEgyptare su pposed to inhal e the Z ephyr at a very early hou r

on this occasion , and to retu rn from their more solemn

promenade abou t su nrise .

Shi’

ah. Followers, i .e . the followers of’Al i, first cou sin and son

in- law ofMohammed, married t o Fatimeh, the Prophet’s

dau ghter by K hadigeh . T he Shi’ah hold that ’A l i was the

first K halifeh, or su ccessor ofMohammed, and reject thekhalifates ofA bu -Bekr,

’Omar, and O thman, the three firstlegitimate su ccessors according to Su nni Mohammedans .

T hey, like the Su nnis, claim to be the tru ly faithfu l ororthodox T hey accept twelve imams or kha

l ifehs, descendants of ’A li, of whom the last, el -Mahdi,

they believe , is still alive , and will reappear before the D ayof Ju dgment . The Shi ’ah faith was established as the

national religion of Persia by the Sufi dynasty . T hereis bitter antagonism between the Shi’ah and Su nni , thelatter regarding the former as rawa

’

ficl forsakers

Showwal . T he tenth Mohammedan month, so called by theArabs becau se it marked originally, not, as Lane tell s u s

(A r. the breeding season of their camels (fromshowal,

‘to raise the bu t the season when the she

camels, being seven or e ight months gone with you ng,

raised their tails (camels general ly cou ple in the Winter) .O r

, possibly, the word refers to a deficiency of the camel’sm ilk in the season ofgreat heat. I n former times marri ageswere not allowed amongst the A rabs in Showwal ; bu t

Mohammed abolished the prohibition , and marri ed’K isheh

in this month .

Simirm,or Samirm. A hot wind that occasionally blows du ring

Spring and Summer, generally from the sou th - east. For

tu nately it is not frequ ent. It is generally of not more

than 15 to 20 minu tes du ration . I ts approach is u su allypreceded by a calm, du ring which the whole sky assumes

a du ll, coppery colou r, that gradu ally obscu res the su n .

T hen follows a hu rricane of blinding du st and fine sand,

extremely u npleasan t for those who happen to be exposed

to it .Siriu s. T he D og Star (esh T wo stars are call ed by

this name in A rabic, esh-Sha’reh el -Y emaniyeh (the sou th or

GLO SSARY. 1 19

tru e D og Star) and esh-Sha’reh esh- Shamiyeh (the north or

Syrian ) . T he former was worshipped by some A rab tribesbefore the time ofMohammed. Hence the passages in the

Ku ran that allu de to it and enjoin the worship of the tru eGod in its place . T he two stars are called the two sist ersofC anopu s (es-Suhéyl ) .

86m el -’

A dra (Fast of the Virgin ) . A K optic fast of 15 days,preceding the A ssu mption ofthe Virgin .

86m el -Ghitass (Fast ofthe Baptism,or Plu nging) . The K Optic

fast of Epiphany ; also commonly called Baramr’

rn . Itimmediately precedes the

’Id el -Ghitass, and is ofone, two ,or three days du ration .

86m el -K ebir (the Great Fast) . T he K optic Lent, precedingEaster ( ’Id el -K iyameh) . T his was formerly a fast of 40days, bu t it has been extended by different patriarchs to55 days.

86m el -Milad (Fast ofthe Nativity) . A K optic fast of28 days,beginning on the l st ofKiyahk, and ending the day beforethe

’Id ofMilad (Christmas) .s6m er-Ru sirl (Fast of the A postles) . A fast of the K opte

extending from the’Id es- So

’r'

id (Festival ofthe A scension )to the 4th ofA bib . It commemorates the fasting of the

A post les after the ascension ofC hrist .s6m Yu nan (Fast of Jonas) . A K optic fast of three days,

beginning a week before the SOm el -K ebir. It com

memorates the fasting at Nineveh which fol lowed the

preaching ofthe Prophet Jonah (el -Nébi Yr‘

rnis) .Sosigenes. An Egyptian (or Greek) mathematician and

astronomer of mu ch repu te in the time of Ju liu s C aesar,who entru sted him with the reform of the calendar, this

being mu ch needed, owing to the confu sion cau sed by thedefects of the lu ni - solar calendar then in u se . Sosigenes

adopted the Egyptian Sothic year, which became the

Ju l ian,starting from 45 B .0 . This measu red time for

fifteen centu ries, as it stil l does for some nations, bu t beingshort by 1 1 minu tes and a—fraction ; it was reformed u nder

Pope Gregory XIII .

Suhéyl (Es T he star C anopu s.

Su l tan . T his title is sometimes bestowed u pon saints andwe'

l i'

o

ofdistingu ished sanctity, e .g.

‘Su ltan’ Hanafi.

120 GLO SSARY.

Su n . The expressions‘D escent ofthe Little Su n ’

and ‘D escentof the Big Su n ’

are u sed of the periods when the su n

enters the signs of Pisce s and A ries. This calls to mind

what Macrobiu s says of the ancient Egyptians, who com

pared the cou rse of the su n to the fou r stages of a man’s

life Satu rnal ,” i

, T he su n in Winter was, he says,

represented u nder the form of a you ng child, at the Springequ inox as a you ngman ,

at the A u tumn solstice as a bearded,fu ll-grown man , and from that po in t as an aged man .

Sunni. T hose Mu slims who foll ow the sanneh, or path ,’

i.e. ofMohammed, as dedu ced from traditions, which forma su pplement to the Ku ran ; the T raditionist s.

’ Th is is

the title assu med by the greater body of Mu slims who

ackn owledge the fou r su ccessors ofMohammed (A bu -Bekr,’Omar, O thman

, and ’A l i) to have been legitimateK hal ifehs, and accept what they deem to be the orthodoxtraditions ofthe Prophet . T hey inclu de the large majorityofMu slims

, as opposed to the Shi’ah , or foll owers of

’A l i,

whom they regard as heretical . A cc ording to Mr. Wil fredBlun t’s estimate

,the Su nni inclu de abou t 1 45 mil lions

,as

against 15 millions of Shi’ah . (See Hu ghes’ “ D iet . of

Syrian Calendar. T he months of the Syrian year, to whichallu sion is occasionally made , are, and nearly correspond, asfollows

K ant’

in taniShebat Feb . Ab A u g.

’A dar Mar. Eylr

'

rl Sept.A pril T ishrin owwal O ct .

May T ishrin tani Nov.

Ju ne K anr‘

rn owwal D ee .

A lmanac s similar to those in Egypt are not , I believe,at present pu bli shed in Syria.

Syru ps. Vari ou s syru ps, decoctions, etc .,are u sed du ring the

hot weather. T hose chiefly made are of liqu orice , tamarind,raisins , lemo ns

,limes, and earou b (locu st) beans .

T adru s. Saint T heodore (Mar Tadru s) , commonly call ed el

Emir Tadru s . A co nvent to this sain t, who holds a con

spic u ou s place in the K optic Chu rch C alendar, is situ ate in

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122 GLO SSARY.

cu riou s re lics of old Saracenic and perhaps C ru saders’

armou r are kept in the precincts of the mosqu e .

T hree fairs are held annu ally at T anta ; the two lesserin the K optic months of T ubeh (Janu ary) and Barmahat

(March ) , and the greatmil led in A u gu st . T hey last nominall ye ight days, bu t traders often remain longer. A s many as

to persons often attend the great fair, andu pwards of are said sometimes to have been

present.

T ashtfishi . T he Sheikh A bu Saleh T ashtfrshi was a celebrated saint of C airo , whose tomb - mosqu e

,a plain

bu ilding with a dome su rmou nting the sepu lchre , is mu ch

frequ ented. It is near the Bab el -A dawi (Bab esh

Shariyeh) . Many healing virtu es are attri bu ted to the

spot . O n Fridays especiall y it is visited by harems. A

sihr of darwi shes is performed at m idday, after which

devils are cast ou t of those possessed, to the beating of

a tambou rine . T here is a maghtas, or reservoir, to whichSick folk descend by the light of a candle . I ts waters are

repu ted to heal vari ou s maladies. T he Mu lid of T ashtushi

is held in Regeb , the great night being the 27 th, that ofthe Leyl et el -Mi’rag. A doseh u sed to be performed on

this day close to the mosqu e .

Thamar (Ju neu s acu tu s) . A kind of reed u sed chiefly for

making mats . T he most valu ed are from the neighbou rhood of Helwan, those from the Fayr

‘

rm and Su ez be ingconsidered the next best.

Tharid (or Fetteh) . A dish composed of bread or toast cu t intosmall piec es, and pu t in to a bou il lon or broth, often withmolokhieh or some other vegetable . A dditions are made inflavou ring the dish , which varies according to the skill ofthe cook. It is eaten at al l times of the year, and wou l d

appear to be specially recommended in T u t ; a cau tion beingthu s given against a too exclu sive u se ofvegetable food.

Tiriék. ( T herz'

ahé—q t amj T he recommendation

(in Babeh) to take a dose of tiridh,fasting, mu st refer to

cu stoms that have passed ou t ofu se . T iriak being ofvari ou skinds, the particu lar sort here prescribed m u st be left to theimagination of the reader. It is not clear what beneficial

GLO SSARY .

effects it is su pposed to produ ce at this particu l ar sessothe year. T he celebrated tiriak, or treacle, ofVeni ce

finds its way to Egypt. O ne kind is u

antidote for the bites of

kinds of po ison . Generall

been u sed as a maagu n or aphrodisiac . T he Z heri'

aea

A ndromaehs'

had virt u es similar to those of the renown ed

M i'

tln odatz'

um or C onfecti'

o D amoc li. A mongst the endlessingredients figu res the Balm of Gilead. (See Redwood

'

s

Su ppl . to the T he term tz'

rz'

dhi, in T u rkish,is applied to a person who is addicted to the u se of tiriak,

j u st as the titles maagangz'

,afianz

'

, and hashash are bestowedu pon those who indu lge in maagftn , opium , and hashi

'

sh.

It is also u sed of a person who,being addicted to any

particu lar habit, is su ddenl y deprived of the power of

gratifying it and exhibits the effects of su ch deprivat ion ,

and so of one who has lost his head—a charlatan or'

impostor.

Tfibeh (the ancient T obi) . T he fifth K optic month . C orn and

flax shou l d be cleared from weeds, and land that is to bedevoted to cotton ,

sesame , and Summer cu eu rbi'

tee, is pre

pared u ntil the l st of A mshir. Land destined for the

growth ofhu lha’

s (colocasz'

a) and su gar shou l d be inu ndated.

Lands found to be u ncu ltivable shou ld be marked ou t and

declared u nprodu ctive, in order that they may be exemptfrom taxation . T he first cu tting of su gar

- cane takes place

(hdsab er-rds) , su fficient bein g left for seed, viz.,one kirat

in every fecldan . A t the end of the month work in canalsand dykes shou ld be taken in hand, and mu ch care shou ldbe bestowed u pon the repairi ng of sahhi

'

ehs (water-wheels) ,wells, etc . T he Nile water is in its clearest and best statein Tubeh, and cisterns shou ld be now fil l ed in C airo and all

large towns. T he flesh of sheep is better now than at any

other season . Vegetables, especially carrots, are at their

best . Horses and mu les shou ld be tethered in bersim,and

it is now time for the sale -

of—eatt le . Sou th winds (sibd)are more prevalent than north (dabnr) . T axes are now

co llected. T here are vari ou s popu lar sayings respectingT ubeh ; e .g .

,that if rain falls on any of the first eleven

days, bu t especially on the festival of the Epiphany, it is

124 GLO SSARY.

a certain Sign of good crops. The fellah says“ Yifi'

a en

Nu srani ” the C hristian is happy and asserts that Godis contented with His people , and will reward them witha bou n te ou s harvest—ELMalcrisz

'

.

T ubeh 6 th . O u r Lord went into the place of circu mcision , and fu lfil led the law.

—2l st . Rest in the Lord ofthe

Virgin Mother of God, the pu re Lady Mary .—22nd. Rest

in the Lord ofthe holy great A nthony, the father ofmonks.

T umbak ( lit .

‘

pu re flesh ’ in Persian) . A species of Persiantobacco , chi efly smoked in the shisheh, or w yhi

'

leh.

A legend exists according to whi ch the dau ghter of

a certain Su ltan of Persia was healed ofa terrible disease ,when all prescribed remedies had failed

,by eating the

leaves ofthis herb, whi ch she disco vered accidentall y whil eliving in seclu sion in a remote district ofPersia.

T u rkish Cal endar A lmanacs for general u se , verysim ilar in size and arrangement to the Egyptian , are

pu b lished at C onstantinople . Besides mentioning the greatreligiou s festivals (of the Mohammedan year) , and those

pecu liar to C onstantin ople the Salu tation of the

Prophet’s Mantle ( 15th of Ramazan ) ,—and besides many

entries relating to agricu ltu re , horticu lture, and natu ralhistory, they refer to variou s events of the Egyptian year,su ch as the rise of the Nile , cu l tivation of co tton, etc .

, and

they note the three gdmrehs, O ld Folks’ co ld, and other

periodic changes of temperatu re , as borrowed from the

calendars ofEgypt .T il t (the ancient T hoth) . T he first K optic month . T he waters

ofthe Nile shou ld ferti lize the whole ofEgypt. Lands are

l et,and estimates of taxes made for the ensu ing year by

the Government. Grain and seeds are brou ght ou t from

storehou ses for planting. T he ancient Egyptians did not

lay the fou ndations of hou ses in this month . T at is cele

brated for the harvest ofvariou s kinds ofdates. A popu lar

rhyme for the month says

Yikthah fi sr-Rr‘

rtab

Wa wagaa er-Rr’

rkab ,

i.e .,

“ T here is an abu ndance of ru tah (dates) and ofpain

in the knees .

” T his all u des to rheumatic pains, resu lting

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1 26 GLO SSA RY .

Winds ofEgypt. T hese are chi efly named as foll ows z—Bahriand Shimal (north) ; D abr

’

rr (north- east) ; K ibliyeh or

Mirisi (sou th) Siba (sou th -west) ; Nesim (west or

zephyr) . T he Shar’d is the hot K hamasin . A sho‘

heh

is a hot east wind, and shot is the Syrian te rm for greatheat, equ ivalent to harr in Egyptian A rabic . (See Lawakh,Z oba

’

ah , Hosr‘

rm . )

Yfim’A raf5.t (the D ay of

’A rafat) .

’A rafat is the hill, abou t

six hou rs distant from Mekkeh,to which Mu slim pilgrims

are requ ired to go on the 9 th of Z u’

l -heggeh, re tu rn ingfor the sacrifice in the Valley of Mfina on the l oth. For

description ofthe ceremon ies and origin of the name’A rafat

see Bu rton ’

s“ Pil grimage ,

”etc .

Yfim’A shfira, v . ’A shr

'

rra.

Y fim T ason’

a (the Ninth D ay) . T he 9 th ofMoharrem and of

the period of the ’A shr, a day of great sanctity, especially

as preceding the day of ’ashu rd ( v .

Y fimWéfa en-Nil (or el -Bahr) , v . Wéfa eu -Ni l .

Y unis. T he Sheikh Yunis ibn Saad cd-D in was a noted saintof C airo

,who died towards the close of the last centu ry .

A n annu al mu lz'

d is held in his honou r in the vicinity of

his tomb , which is near the Bab el -Nasr.

Z ar. A word sign ifying a sort offéte des dames, having for itsobj ect the casting ou t ofdevils. Women ofal l classes whoare afiii cted with any of those nervou s disorders that are

explain ed by‘

possession’are in the habit of assembling

for a fear , which is held either at some saint’s tomb or in

the privac y ofthe harem . T he process ofexorcising consistsbriefly in working the demoniac into a state of violent

e xcitement by dancing and the recitation of spe ll s, by thebu rn ing of incen se , the writin g of charms

, and,final ly,

often by sacrificing a sheep, fowls, or other victims, of

whi ch the flesh is distribu ted to al l gu ests and visitors

present.

Z emzem. T he well of Z emzem (el -Bir Z emzem) in the greatt emple ofMekkeh

,visited by all pilgrims. T he water of

Z emzem,often brou ght in b ottles by pilgrims, is highly

esteemed.

GLO SSARY . 127

Z eynab . T he dau ghter of ’A li and granddau ghter of the

Prophet. A mosqu e containing what is believed to beher tomb in the sou th of C airo is highly venerated. A

large mil led is held annu ally in her honou r, in the monthof Régeb , the great day being a Wednesday abou t themiddl e of the month . It resembles the other great mal ifclsheld within the city of C airo . A n order is requ ired forEu ropeans who desire to inspect the interior of the mosqu e,as also for the mosqu es ofel -A’

zhar and ofthe Hasaneyn .

Z ikir. T he performer ofa se’

hr .

Z ikr. Remembrance,and so mention or tell ing ; also praise,

celebration , glorification reading or reciting ofthe K u ran ;

prayer t o God, su pplication (see Lane’s A r. Z ikr is

the term u sed of the variou s religiou s exerc ises of the

darwishes. T he original object of the sihr is the fatigu ingof the body and consequ ent supposed elevation of the sou l ;and the pu rification of the breath and whole being byu nceasing repetition of the name or names of the D eity.

Z ihrs are very numerou s in character. T he silent and

higher forms are practised in the privacy of the tekiyeh.

T hose generally witnessed by Eu ropeans have often beendescribed.

Z oba’

ah. A whirlwind, or moving pill ar ofsand and du st, thatis seen (several are often visible at a time) du ring theSpring and Summer in the desert and Nile Val ley . Some

times they move along with considerable rapidity .

Z u’

l -heggeh. T he twelfth Mohammedan month , devoted to

pilgrimage, as the name implies. (See Note II . )Z u

’

l -kaadeh. T he possessor or holder of tru ce, or abstention .

T he eleventh Mohammedan month , signifying the month of

repose ; so called becau se the A rabs u sed to abstain from

warring and plu ndering e xpeditions, as well as jou rneyingfor su pplies of grain , etc .

, and prepared for the followingmonth of pilgri mage . O r

, perhaps, as Lane explains,becau se they then broke in their you ng camels (c l -haacldt)for riding.

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1 30 rxnnx .

PA GEMas

’udi

Mediaeval calendarsMedinehMekkeh .

Memphis 29,4 0

Menophres , Era of 30 , 32, 4 7

Mesopo tamia 39

Mohammed’A li, Mosqu e of 1 13

Months,K optic 27

Months,Mohammedan 33

Mu lid A bu Rish 1 6 , 1 8, 22

Mu lid el -Hasaneyn 21

Mul id c n - rlébi 20

Mu lid sr Rifa’

1 1 1

Mu lid es Seyyideh Z eynab 1 2

Mu lid I brahrm ed Besu ki l5,

Mu l ids ofEgypt 6 0 6 6

Nephthys 4 7

Ni le 1 9,20 , 22, 45

,9 4 , 1 0 3

Ni loa 80

O ld C airo 4 0

O ld Moore’s A lmahu e 51

O siris 28,4 6

Passion Play (Persian) 74

Paterson,J . D . 32

Pau sanias 1 03

Persia 39

Persian New Year 74

Petrie,Professor Fhnders 3 l

Pilgrimage . 36

P ilgrims, Start ofthe 1 6

Pliny 29 , 48

Plu tarch 28,4 6

Poo le,Professor S . L . 8

,40 , I l l

Po o le, R . S . 28, 87

Prayer, Hours ofMu slim 55

P to lemies 32

Qano on e I slam ,Herkl o .ts

’

43, 56

Q u ail Sho o tingRedwood

’s Supplement to the

P harmac opma”

Richet,M. C harles

Rogers , E. T .

Sale ’s K u ranSallier Papyru s IVSeasons

Seb

Set (T yphon)Shem eu - K esimSiri u sSo thic periodSo thic yearSo thisSqu are y earSu ltan’

s A ccession D aySu ltan ’

s Birt hday (A .H .

SyriaSyrian almanacsT anta Fair, GreatT anta Fair, LesserT ewfik el -Bekri , the SheikhThothT issot , E.

T o tmes I I I

T u rkey .

Unfortu nate days (see Fort u nate) .Vagu e ’

year29

Ventre Pasha 37

Whitaker’s A lmanac 51

e kinson,Sir G 28

,4 6

Wo olhou se , Measu res,Weights, etc .

”59

Xenophon 40

Yacou b A rtin Pasha (see A rtin) .Yatbreb

Yém u shers

Z adkiel

A C O MPLETEL IST O F

BO O K S PERIO D IC A LS,

PUBLI SHED A ND SO LD BY

L U Z A C a n d C o . ,

P u blishers to the I ndia Office , 1116 A siatic Sw ift$of

the University of C /zimg o , d o .

(With Index)

1 7 4 0

L O NDO N

LUZ A C C O .

4 6 , GREA T RUSSELL ST REET (O PP O SITE T HEBRU I SH MUSEUM) .1 898.

MESSRS . LUZ A C C 0 . hav ing b e e n appo in ted

O FFI C I A L A GENT S FO R T HES ALE O F IN

D I A N G O VERNMENT P UBLI C A T I O NS and

P UBL I SHERS T O T HESEC RET A RY O F S T A TEFO R INnI A IN C O UNC IL , are able t o su pply at

the sho rtest no t ic e al l Wo rks pu b lished b y the G O

VERNMENT O F IND I A .

T hey have also b e e n appo inted O FFI C I A L ENGLI SH A GENT S A ND P UBLI SHERS t o the

A S I A T I C S O C IET Y O F BENG A L ,and T HE

UNIVERSI T Y O F C H I C A G O , and ke ep al l Works

pu b lished by the ab o ve So c ie ty and Un iversity in sto ck.

O R IENT A L ST UD ENT S are invited t o su bm it t o

M essrs . LUZ A C 82:C 0 , the ir MA NUSC RI P T S fo r

pu b lic at io n b efo re se nding them e lsewhe re .

M essrs . LUZ A C and C o , are ab le t o Su pply , at

the Sho rte st No tic e and m o st favo u rab le T e rm s, al l

En gl ish , Fore ign , and O rien tal B o oks and P erio

dic al s . M on thly L ists Issu ed Regu larly and Sen t

Gratis o n A ppli catio n .

Me ssrs . LU Z A C and C O . have a Large Sto ck o fNew

and S e co nd- hand O rie n tal Wo rks , O f whic h they issu e

regu larly L ists and C atalogu es , whic h are t o b e had o n

applicatio n .

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2 L u za c é“ C o ’

s P u blz’

ca iz’

ons .

A siat ic S o ciety ofB engal ,Jo u rnal o f. Me ssrs L u zacand C o are the so le agen t s fo r Great Britain and

A m e ri c a o f the A siat ic So c ie ty o f Bengal and c an

su pply the co n tinu at io n o f the J o u rnal at 38. e achNo . ,

o f the Pro c e edings at 1 s . each No . A s theyke ep a large sto ck o f the J o u rnal and Pro ce edings ,they c an also su pply any single No . at the pu b lishedpri c e .

A ssab In iyya . A philo sophi cal Po em in A rab ic byMu sa B . T ab i . T o ge the r w ith the Heb rew Ve rsio nand C omm e n tary sty led Batte Hann efes b y So lom o n

Immanuél D apiera . Edit ed and t ranslat ed by HA RT WIGH I RSC HFELD . 8vo . pp. 6 1 . 25 . 6d . n e t .

A ssyrian and B aby l o n ian L et ters . 4 vo l s . S eeHarper.

A ston (W. G .) A G rammar of the Japane se \Vritt en L angu age . Se c o nd Edit io n , e n larged and impro ved .

Ro y . 8vo . C lo th . pp. 30 6 . (Pu b lished 28s . ) Redu c ed

Pric e , 1 8s .

A ston (W . G .) A Sho rt Grammar o f the Japan eseSpo ken Langu age . Fo u rth Editio n . C rown 8vo . C lo th .

pp. 2 1 2 . (Pu b lished 1 2s . ) Redu c ed- Pric e, 7 s . 6 d .

B aby l on ian and O rien tal Record . (T h e) A

Mo nthly Magazine o f the A n t iq u ities o f the East .

Edit ed b y Pro f. T ERRIEN D E L A C O UPERIE. Vo l . I

V I . (Vo l . V I I in progre ss) . P u b lished m o n thly . SingleNu m b e rs

, 1 8. 6 d . each .

B aby l on ian M agic and S orcery . S ee :K ing .

Bana’

s K adam b ari . T ranslated ,wi th O c c asio nal O m is

sio ns, with a fu ll A bstrac t o f the C o n t in u at io n o f the

Roman c e by t he A u tho r’s S o n Bhu shanabhat ta,b y

C . M . R IDD ING . 8vo . C lo th . pp. XXIV , 232 . 1 0 s .

Bana’

s Harsa C arita . A n H ist o ri cal Wo rk, translatedfrom the Sanskrit , by E. B . C owell and F . W . T hom as .

SVO . C lo th . pp. X IV , 284 . 1 0 s .

L azar and C o’

s P u bl ica tions 3

B ezo ld (O h .) O rien tal D ipl om acy:b e ing the

translite rat ed T ext o f the C u ne ifo rm D espatc he sb e twe e n the K ing o fEgypt and We stern A sia in theXVth . c en tu ry b efo re C hrist , disco ve red at T e ll e l

A marna , and now pre se rved in the British Mu se u m .

W ith fu ll Vo c ab u lary , grammatical No te s, &c . , byC HA RLES BEZ O LD . Po st 8vo . C lo th . pp. XL IV , 1 24 .

1 8s . n e t .

“ Fo r the A ssyrio lo g ist the bo ok is a servicab l e an d handy su pplem en t to

the Bri t ish Mu se u m vo lu m e o n the T e l l El - A marna tab le ts . T he au tho ris spec ial ly ski l led in the art of catalogu ing and dic t io n ary m aking and

it is needless to say that he has do n e his wo rk we l l” . 7 726 A cademy .

“ D ie in dem Hau ptwerke (T he T e ll e l A marna T ab le ts in the Bri t ishMu se u m au to type Facsim i les, e tc .) verm isst te T ran script io n des

K e il schrift texte s de r T afe ln,

sowi e e in sehr au sfu hrl iches,m itu n tu r die

Vo l lstandigke it e in er C o n c o rdan z erre i chende s Vo cabu lary b ie te t die

O rien tal D iplomacy vo n C . Bezo ld,das ebe n de shalb gew issermassen

al s Schlu sse l zu dem P u b l ic atio n swerke be trachte t werden kann .

”

L iter . C en t ra l bl a t t .

”W icht ig u nd sehr n u tzl ich vo r allem wegen der Ein le i tu ng u nd des

\Vo rterverze ichn isses T ran skript io n u nd ku rze I nhal tsangabe der Briefesehr zwe ckm assig e ine an erkenn en swerthe L e istu ng .

”

D eu tsc/ze L i t t era t u rzeit u /zg .

B ib l ia . A M on th ly M agaz ine ,de vo ted t o Bi

b l ic al A rc hae o logy and O rien tal Re search . Vo l . I— X .

(Vo l . X I in pro gre ss) . P u b lished m o n thly . A nnu al S u bsc riptio n , 5s .

B ib l ical World (T h e) C o n tinu ing the O ld and NewT e stam e n t S tu dent . Edited by W ILL I A M R . HA RPER .

New Series . Vo l . I— X . (Vo l . XI and XI I in pro gress) .Pu b lished m o n thly . A nnu al S u b sc riptio n , 1 o s . 6d.

“ T he Bibl ical Wo rld m akes a fai thfu l reco rd and he lpfu l cri t i c ofpresen t Bib l ical Wo rk

,as we l l as an effic ien t prac t ical and po si t ive

independen t force in st imu lat ing and instru c t ing the stu den t, preacher

and teacher”

B ib l io raph ic al L ist of B o oks on A frica and

the ast . Pu b lished -

in Eng fi nd . 2 Vo ls. Vo l . I . C o n

tain ing the Bo oks pu b lished b e twe e n the Me e tingso f the Eighth O rie ntal C o ngress at Sto ckho lm ,

in 1 889 ,

and the Nin th C o ngress in L o ndo n in 1 89 2. Vo l . I I .

C o n tain ing the Bo o ks pu b lished b e twe en the Me e tings

4 L azar (07 C o

’

s P uél ica tions .

o f the Nin t h O rien tal C o ngre ss in L o ndo n,in 1 89 2,

and the T e n th O rie n tal C o ngre ss at G en e va,in 1 894 .

Syst ematic ally arranged, with Prefac e and A u tho r’sIndex , by C . G . L u zac . 1 2m o . e ac h Vo l . 1 s .

B ib l io the ca In dica . Me ssrs L u zac 81 C O . are

age n ts fo r the sale o f this impo rtan t se rie s and ke epm o st o f the n u m b e rs in st o ck.

B lackden (M . W . ) and G . W . Frazer. C o l

l ect ion of H ierat ic G rafiiti, from the A labaste r

Q u arry o f Hat -Nu b , situ ated n ear T e ll El A marna .

Fo u nd D e c emb e r 28th . 1 89 1 , c opied S ept emb e r, 1 89 2 .

O b l . pp. 1 0 . 1 0 s .

B u ddha h o su ppat t i ; or, Historical Rom an ce of

the R ise and C are er of B u ddagho sa . Editedand t ranslat ed b y JA MES GRA Y, Pro fe sso r o f Pali .Rango o n C o llege . T wo Parts in o n e . D emy 8vo . C lo th .

pp. VIII , 7 5 and 36 . 6 s .

B u dge (E. A . Wal l is) T h e L au ghab l e S toriesco l l ected b y B ar-H eb raeu s . T he Syriac T e xtwith an English T ranslatio n , b y E. A . WA LL I S BUDGE,

L itt . D .,F . S . A . ,

K e epe r o f the D epartm e n t o f

Egyptian and A ssyrian A n t iq u it ies, Brit ish M u se u m .

8y o . C lo th . 2 1 s . n e t . [L u zac’

s S em iti c T exts and T rans

lat io n S e rie s , Vo l . I].“ D r. BUDGE ’S bo ok w i l l b e we lcom e as a handy reading bo ok fo r

advan ced st u den ts o f Syriac, b u t in the m ean t ime the sto ries wi l l b e anaddi t io n to the l i teratu re o f gn om es and pro verbs, o fwhich so many are

fo u nd in I ndia,

and in Persian,H ebrew and A rab ic

,altho u gh n o t ye t

pu b l ished. We are happy to say that D r. BUDGE’S n ew bo ok is we l ledi ted and tran slated as far as we c an j u dge A t /zena u m .

“ T he wo rthy Syrian Bishops idea ofhum o u r may exc i te adm irat ionwhen we hear that he co llec ted his q u ips in the grey dawn of the

m iddle ages”

. P a l l M a l l Gazet t e .

“Man sieht,das Bu ch ist in m ehr al s e in er H in sicht in tere ssan t , u nd

w ir sind Bu dge fu r die H e rau sgabe au fricht ig dankbar. t . C efi tra lé.“ So u s l e t i tre de Réc i't s am u san t s

,l e cé lebre po lygraphe syrien Bar

héb raeu s a réu n i u n e co llec t io n de sept cen t v ing t- sept co n tes, div isésen ving t chapi tres e t renferman t des apho rism es

,de s an e cdo tes e t des

fab les d’

an imau x ayan t nu carac tere so i t m o ral,so i t s implemen t 1 eere

at if. L e I ivre n o u s é tai t co nn u par q u e lq u e s spec imen s pu b l iés pi ece

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6 L u zac é’a’ C o ’

s P u bl ica t ions .

as to show its fo rmat ion,if it is no t i tse lf a stem . I t is n o t mere ly an

Engl ish versio n o f the au tho r’s San skri t-German D i c t io nary, n o r m ere lyan en larged edi t io n of the same ; it is a n ew wo rk

,w i th a dist in c t plan

and o bj e c t of its own . We c an recommend it to the San skri t stu den t as

a su ffi c ien t dic t ionary fo r al l pract i cal pu rpo se s, whi ch w i l l enab le himt o dispen se w i th larger and m o re co st ly and compl icated L exicon s t il lhe has acqu ired a co n siderab le pro ficien cy in this difficu l t and sc ien t ificlangu age A sia t ic Q u ar t er ly Rev iew .

C ey l on . A T al e of O ld . S ee :S innatamby .

C hakrabarti (J . C h .) T he Native States o f India .

8vo . C lo th . pp. XIV,274 . With Map. 5s . n e t .

C o o l (W .) With th e D u tch in th e East . A n

O u tlin e o f the Military O peratio ns in L omb o c k, 1 894 ,

G iving also a Popu lar A c co u nt o f the Native C haract e rist ic s

, A rchite c tu re ,Me tho ds o f Irrigatio ns, A gri

c u ltu ral P u rsu its,Fo lklo re , Re ligio u s C u stom s and a

Histo ry o f the In tro du c tio n o f Islam ism and Hindu ismin to the Island . By C apt . W . C O O L (D u tc hEngineer) ,K n ight o f the O rde r o f O range Nassau ; de c o ratedfo r impo rtan t War S ervic es in the D u tc h Indie s ;Professo r at the High S c ho o l o f War, the Hagu e .

T ranslated from the D u tc h by E. J . T aylo r. Illu stratedby G . B . HO O VER . Lat e L ie u t . C o l . o f the D u tc hIndian A rmy ; K n ight o f the Military O rde r o fWilliam ; de c o rated fo r impo rtant War Servi c e s in the

D u tch Indies . Ro y . 8vo . C lo th . z l s .

“ T here are,it is to b e fe ared

,b u t few bo oks pu b lished in this co u n try

from which Engl ish readers c an o b tain info rmat io n as to the do ings of

the Du tch in the ir Eastern co lon ies Fo r this reaso n we are glad thatC apt . C o o l ’s acco u n t of the Lomb o ck expedi t ion has been translated.

”

A thena u m .

“ T he bo ok con tains an in terest ing acco u n t of the Bal in ese and Sassak

cu stoms,

and throws some l ight o n the in trodu c t io n of the Mahomedan

and H indu re l igio n s into L omb o ck T he tran slat ion by M issE. J . T ayloris sat isfac tory, and some of the i l lu stratio n s are exce llen t .”

“ L omb o ck fo rms a small l ink in the lo ng chain of vo lcan i c landsT o fo lklorists and stu den ts of primi t ive re l igion s it has always presen tedm any at tract ive feat u res . T hey wi l l b e m u ch in terested in the lo caltradit io n s reco rded in the vo lu m e befo re u s . M iss T aylo r’s versio n deservesa wo rd of recogn i t ion , and the gen eral e qu ipmen t o f the bo ok is creditable to the A m sterdam press . T here is a go od index. A cademy .

L u zac <8“ C o’

s P u bl ica t ions . 7

“ T he au tho r n o t o n ly de scribes the m i l i tary operat io n s, b u t give s a fu l lhisto ry o fLomb o ck and its pe ople . M u ch c u rio u s info rm at io n as to a landvery m u ch o u t o f the way and l i t tle kn own t o Engl ish reade rs is given .

I n addi tio n the acco u n t o f the ac tu al warfare is fu l l o f inc iden t . T hebo ok is fre e ly i l lu s trated. Yarns/t ire D a i ly P os t .

“ T his is a wo rk whi ch w i l l n o do u b t at trac t co n siderab le at ten t io n,

bo th in the We st and thro u gho u t the East . M iss T aylo r has acq u i t tedherse lf as a tran slato r w i th rare ab i l i ty and tas te

,and the comprehen sive

and exce lle n t way in which the wo rk is i llu strated adds an addi t io n alcharm to what is a t o n ce the m o st en tertain ing an d m o st at trac t ive chapterO f Ne therlands I ndian histo ry.

” Eu ropean M a il .

“ Be side s co n tain ing a great deal o f info rmat io n co n ce rn ing this hi thertove ry sl ightly kn own island and its inhab i tan ts

,C aptain C o o l ’s v o lu m e is

profu se ly and exce llen t ly i l lu strated . M iss T aylo r’s tran slat io n o f it is

flu en t and tho ro u ghly readab le .

”G l asg ow H era ld .

C ow e l l , E. B . , S ee :Bana’

s Harsa C arita .

C owper (B . H . ) Prin ciple s o f Syriac G rammar. T rans

late d and ab ridged fro m the wo rk o f D r. HO FFMA NN .

8vo . C lo th . pp. 1 84 . 7 s . 6d.

C u st (R . N.) T he G o spe l Me ssage o r Essays , A ddre sse s

, S u gge stio ns and Warn ings o f the diffe re n taspe c t s o fC hrist ian M issio ns t o No n C hristian Rac e s andpe ople s . 8vo . pp. 4 94 . Paper 6 s . 6d . C lo th . 7 5 . 6d .

T here are few o bj e c ts o f co n tro ve rsy in m issio nary mat ters whichare n o t v ery fu l ly disc u ssed by D r. C UST

,and if w e n o t infrequ en tly

diffe r from h im w e gladly thank him fo r co pio u s info rmat io n and the

bene fi ts o f his lo ng experien ce ” . G u ardian .

“ I t is a b ig bo ok. it range s o ver a ve ry w ide fie ld,and it is n ever

du l l o r dry Exposzt o ry T u n es .

“ T he schem e is so comprehen sive as t o in clu de alm o st every de tai lo f the m issio nary en terprise . Every e ssay is stamped, o f co u rse w i th the

perso n al i ty o f i ts au tho r,who se views are expressed w i th cha1 ac teristie

fo rce an d clearn ess$. T /ze R ec ord .

C u st (R . N. ) Essay o n th e C omm on Featu res

w h ich appear in al l Form s ofRe l igio u s b e lief.

Po st 8vo . C lo th . pp. XXIV , 1 94 . 5s .

“ D r. C UST has pu t h is v ery co n s ide rab le kn owledge to exce l len t pu rpo sesin th is m ode s t l i t t le pu b l ic atio n .

~H e se em s’ m o st at hom e w i th the fai ths

o f the East,b u t e ven the m o st e lem en tary o f savage creeds have n o r

e scaped h im”

P a l l M a l l Gazet t e .

C u st (R . N.) Essay o n Re ligio u s C o n c eptio ns . Po st8vo . C lo th . pp. V , 1 48. 5s .

8 L u za c 59“ C o’

s P u bl i cat io ns .

C u st (R . N. ) L ingu istic and O rien talEssays .

Fo u rth S e rie s . From 1 86 1 t o 1 895. 8vo . pp. XXV,

6 34 . Paper C o vers . 1 6s ., C lo th . 1 7 s . 6d .

D aw latshah’

s L ives of th e P ersian P o ets . Editedby EDWA RD G . BRO WNE, L e c t u rer in Pe rsian in the

Un ive rsity o fC amb ridge . Vo l . 1 . T adhkirat u’

sh Sh ‘ara.

8vo . C lo th . 1 8s . n e t .

Edkins (Joseph ) C hina’

s P lace in P h il o l ogy .

A n A t t empt t o Show that the L angu age s o fEu ropeand A sia have a c omm o n O rigin . D emy 8vo . C lo th .

pp. XXIII, 4 0 3. (P u b lished 1 0 s . 6d. ) 7 s . 6d.

Edkins (Joseph ) In trodu ct ion to th e S tu dyof the C hinese. C haracters . Ro yal 8vo . Bo ards .

pp. X IX,2 1 1 , 1 0 1 . (Pu b lished 1 8s . ) 1 25 . 6d.

Edkin s (Jo seph ) Nirvana of the NorthernB u ddh ists . 8110 . pp. 2 1 . Reprint . 6d .

’

Edkins (Jo seph ) C h inese A rch itectu re . C o n

t e n ts . 1 . C lassic al S tyle . 2 . Po st - C o nfu c ianSty le . 3. Bu ddhist S tyle . 4 . Mo dern S ty le . 8vo .

pp. 36 . I s .

Edkins (Jo seph) C h in ese C u rren cy . Ro y . 8vo .

pp. 29 . 1 s .

Edkin s (Jo seph ) A n cien t Sym b o l ism am ongth e C h inese . C r. 8vo . pp. 26 . 6d .

Efes D am im . A Serie s o f C o nve rsatio ns at J erusalem b e twe e n a Patriarc h o f the G re ek C hu rch and

a C hief Rab b i o f the J ews, co n c ern ing the Malic io u sC harge against the J ews o f u sing C hrist ian Blo o d . By

J . B . LEVINSO HN . T ranslated from the Heb rew byD r. L . L O EWE. Ro y . 8vo . C lo th . pp. XVI , 20 8. (P ub lished 8s . ) Redu c ed Pric e 2s . 6d .

Eite l (E. J .) Eu rope in C hina. T h e H istoryofH ongkong . From the Beginn ing t o the ye ar 1 882

8vo . C lo th . pp. VI I, 575. With Inde x . 1 5s . n e t .

“H rs wo rk rise s co nsiderab ly abo ve the leve l comm on ly at tain ed by

co lon ial histo ries wri t ten from a co lo n ial po in t of View”. T u nes .

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1 0 L u za c 57 C o’

s P u bl i ca t ions .

G u irandon (F . G . de ) Man u e l de la langu e fo u le ,

parlée dans la Se’

négamb ie e t le So u dan . G rammairet ex t es, vo c ab u laire . 8vo . C lo th . pp. 1 44 . 6 s .

H al com b e (C harl es J . H . ) T h e Myst ic F l ow eryL and , A Pe rso nal Narrat ive . By C HA RLES J . H .

HA LC O MBE. L ate o f Impe rial C u st om s . C hina, 8vo .

C lo th . gilt . pp. 226 . 1 6 s .

“ T h is valu ab le an d handsom e vo lu me co n tains thirty lo ng chapte rs ,a fro n t ispie ce of the A u tho r and his w ife the lat ter in h er O rien talco stu m e n u m ero u s fin e repro du c t io n s from pho to graphs, and severalbeau t ifu l co lo u red pic tu res repre sen t ing m any scen es and phases o f

C hin e se l ife,e tchings and comprehen sive n o tes by the A u tho r.

“H is pages are fu l l o f in ciden t and his narrat ive often v ivid and

v igo ro u s T imes .

“ T he i l lu strat io ns are go o d and n u m ero u s . Many are facs im i les of

co lo u red C hin ese drawings show ing vario u s indu strial o cc u pat io ns:o thersare pho togravu res repre sen t ing bu i ldings and scen ery M orn i ng P os t .

“Handsom ely at t ired in red, ye llow and go ld, w i th C hin e se charac ters

to g ive fu rther appro priate ness to the o u ter garb , is this vo lu me of

free ly i l lu strated perso n al experien ce in C hina . Mr. HA LCO MBEg ive sa graphi c descript io n of place s and peo ples, w i th the ir m ann ers and

c u stom s’

. L i verpoo l C o u r i er .

“ T he i l l u strat io n s are al l go od, and the C hin ese pic tu re s repro du cedin co lo u rs in te re st ing . We have n o t seen any o f them be fo re

Wes tm in ster Rev i ew .

Han se i Z assh i . Mo n thly . Vo l . I— X I I . (Vo l . XI I I in

pro gre ss) . A nnu al su b scriptio n . 6 s .

Hardy (R . Spen ce ) T he L egends and th eories

of the B u ddh ists . C ompared with H ist o ry and

S c ien c e . 8vo . C lo th . pp. 244 . 7s . 6d.

Harrrr. T he A ssemb lie s O f al Hariri . T ranslated fromthe A rab ic with an In tro du c tio n and n o te s, Histo ri caland G rammat i cal , b y T H . C HENERY and F . STEI NG A SS . With Prefac e and Index , b y F . F . A RBUT HNO T ,

2 Vo ls . 8vo . C lo th . pp. X, 54 0 and X I

, 39 5. £ 1 . 1 0 s .

Harper (Rob ert Fran cis) A ssyrian and B a

byl o n ian L etters , b e lo nging t o the K . C o lle c t io no f the Brit ish M u se u m . By RO BERT FRA NC I S HA RPER ,

O f t he Un ive rsi ty o f C hi cago . Vo ls . I t o IV . Po st 8vo .

C lo th . Pri c e O f e ac h Vo l . 45

. I . 5s . n e t .

“ T he A ssyrio log ist, w i l l we lcome them w i th grat i tu de , fo r they o fi’

e r

L u zac C o’

s P u bl ica tions . 1 1

h im a m ass of n ew m aterial‘

wh ich has be en carefu l ly copied and we l lprin ted, and wh i ch can n o t fai l to y ie ld impo rtan t resu lts .

”A t lt en a zeizz.

“ T he bo ok is we l l prin ted, an d it is a pleasu re to read the tex tsg i ven in it

,w i th the i r large type and ample margin .

”A cadem y .

H eb raica . A Q u arterly Jo u rnal in the In te re stso f S em it ic S tu dy . Edit ed b y W I LL I A M R . HA RPERand the S taff o f the Sem itic D epartm e n t o f the Un i

ve rsity o f C hic ago . V o l . I— X I . P u b lished q u arte rly .

A nn u al S u b sc ript io n . 1 4s .

See A m e rican Jo u rnal o f Sem i t i c L angu age s, e tc .

India . (T h e Nat ive S tates of) . S ee :C hakrab art i .

India . (T h e A rm en ian s in ) . S ee :S e th .

Indian A n t iq u ary (T h e) A J o u rnal o f O rie n t alRe se arch in A rchae o lo gy , Epigraphy , e t c . e t c . Editedby R . C . T EMPLE. Vo l . I— XXVI . (Vo l . XXVII in

pro gre ss) . A nn u al S u b script io n ,1 . 1 6 s .

Indian T erm s . (A G l o ssary of) . S e e : T emple .

Indian Wisdom . S ee :M on ier-Wil l iam s .

Jastrow’

s D ictionary of the T argu m im ,the T al

m u d Bab li and Y e ru shalm i,and the Midrashic L it e

ratu re . C ompiled by M . J A ST RO W , Ph . D . Part s I t oIX . 4 t o . pp. 480 . 55 . e ac h Part .

“ T his is the o n ly T alm u di c dic t io nary in Engl ish, and al l st u den ts

sho u ld su bscribe to it . T he m eri ts of this wo rk are n ow to o we l l kn ownt o n e ed repe t i t io n .

”

7 e'wzs/z C lzron z

'

c l e.

Jinalankara o r“Em b e l l ishm en ts ofB u ddha by

Bu ddharakkhita . Edited with In tro du c tio n , No te s andT ran slatio n

,b y JA MES GRA Y . T wo Part s in o ne . D emy

8vo . C lo th . 6 s .

“ T he commen dab le care w i th which the vo lum e has be en prepared

fo r the u se o f stu den ts is e v iden t thro u ghp u t its pages . A t /zena u /n .

Johnson (C apt . F . N) . T h e S even P o em s e t c .

S ee :M u al lakat .

John ston (C .) Usefu l Sanskrit No u n s and Verb s .

In English L e t te rs . C ompiled by C HA RLES J O HNST O N ,

1 2 [n am e 57 C o’

s P u bl i ca tions .

Be ngal C ivil Se rvic e , D u b lin Un ive rsity Sanskrit P rizem an ,

India C ivil S e rvic e Sanskrit Prizem an . Sm all

4 t o . Bo ards . pp. 30 . 2s . 6d .

Johnsto n (C .) T h e A waken ing to the S e lf.T ranslated from the Sanskrit o f Shankara the Maste r.

O b lo ng 8vo . Pape r c o ve rs . 2s .

Jo u rnal of th e B u ddh ist T ext S o ciety of India .

Edi t ed by Sarat C andra D as , C . J . E. Vo ls . I t o IV .

8vo . C alc u tta,1 89 3

— 1 89 7 . 1 . 1 0 s .

Messrs . L u zac 8:C o . are the Engl ish agen ts fo r the abo ve and c an

su pply the C o n t in u at io n . S u b script io n . 1 0 9 . e ach Vo l .

Ju dson (A . ) Eng l ish - B u rm ese D ictionary .

Fo u rth Edit io n . Ro yal 8vo . Half b o u nd . pp. 1 752 .

i:1 . 1 2s .

Ju dson (A .) B u rm ese -Engl ish D ict io nary . Re

vised and e n larged b y RO BERT C . STEVENSO N . Ro yal8vo . Paper c o vers . pp. 1 1 9 2 .

K athakoca . S ee T awney .

K ing (L eonard W . ) B aby l on ian M agic and

S orcery . Be ing“ T he Praye rs O f the L ift ing O f the

Hand”

. T he C u ne ifo rm T e xts o f a Gro u p O f Bab ylo n ian and A ssyrian In c an tat io ns and magic al Fo rm u lac ,

edit ed with T ranslite ratio ns, T ranslat io ns , and

fu ll Vo cab u lary from T ab le t s o f the K u y u njik C o lle et io n pre se rved in the Brit ish Mu se u m . By LEO NA RDW . K ING ,

M . A .,A ssistan t in t he D epartm e n t o f

Egypt ian and A ssyrian A n t iq u it ie s,British M u se u m .

Ro y . 8vo . C lo th . 1 8s . n e t .

“ \Ve cann o t pre tend to fo rm an adequ ate j u dgm en t of the m eri ts o f

Mr. K ING ’S wo rk,b u t it is man ifestly co n ce ived and exe cu ted in a v ery

scho larly spiri t .” T u n es .

“Mr. K ING ’S bo ok,w i ll

,we be l ieve b e o f great u se to al l stu den ts o f

M esopo tam ian re l ig io ns, and it m arks an era in A ssyrio logical s tu dies inEngland A wo rd o f spec ial praise is du e to Mr. K ING fo r the ex

c e l l en c e o f his au tograph plates o f t ex t . ” A t lzena u zn .

“ T he wo rk w i l l b e fo u nd a valu ab le addi t io n to o u r knowledge o f

Babylon ian histo ry, and to the stu dy of comparat ive phi lo logy .

”

M orn i ng P os t .

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1 4 L u zac (of C o

’

s P u bl i ca tions .

royal and o ffi cial co rrespo nden ce o f the sam e pe riod:the C u n e ifo rmt exts edited wi th an I n trodu c t io n and sho rt descript io n s by L . W . K ing,

T his vo lu m e w i l l co n tain abo u t 1 0 0 le t ters re lat ing to a varie ty of

o fi‘ic ial su bje c ts

,and the ir co n ten ts are of great impo rtan ce fo r the st u dy

o f the histo ry of Babylo n ia, Elam and the n e ighbo u ring distric ts abo u tthe t ime o f the patriarch A braham . T hese le tters reveal the system b ywhi ch Hamm u rab i m ain tained his ru le in the

.

rem o te pro vinces of his

n ewly acq u ired empire , and co n tain som e of the o rders and dire c t io n swhi ch he issu ed fo r the m o vemen ts o f tro ops, fo r the bu i lding o f

canals and waterways, fo r the fo o d- su pply of h is capi tal, and fo r the

regu lat io n o f legal tribu nals . T he le tters of Hamm u rab i are the o ldestBabylo n ian de spatches ex tan t . Ready in 7 u n e.

Vo l . I I I . T he H isto ry of the Ble ssed Lady Mary the Virg in , and the

H isto ry o f the Image o f C hrist,whi ch the m e n of T iberias made to

m o ck at ; the Syriac tex t edi ted,w i th an Engl ish tran slat io n

,by E. A .

\VA LL I S BUDGE,L i t t . D .

,D . L it .

,e tc . Ready i n O c t ober .

T his L ife of the Virgin is the fu llest kn own to exist in Syriac , and

varies in m any impo rtan t part i cu lars from the versio n s o f which fragm en ts have already been pu b l ished . T he L ife has been copied from an

an c ien t Nesto rian MS .,to the text o fwhich have been added al l the va

rian ts fo u nd in the XVI th cen tu ry MS . in the po ssessio n of the RoyalA siat ic So c ie ty of Great Bri tain .

Vo l . IV . T he L e t ters and D e spatches o f Hamm u rab i toge ther w i tho ther o ffic ial and pri vate co rrespo nden ce o f the sam e perio d, b y I \V.

K ING,M . A .

T his vo lu m e wi l l co n tain a n u mbe r of tran sl i tera t io ns and translat io n sof the tex ts o f the 1 0 0 le t ters and de spatches which are prin ted in vo

lum e 2 ; to these w i l l b e added indexe s of proper,n am es e tc . and a

L ist o f C harac ters. A n attempt w i l l b e made t o g ive a de script io n of

the c ircum stan ces u nder which these le t ters were wri t ten,

and sho rtn o tes o n po in ts of grammar

,histo ry, e t c . w i l l b e added — I n t lze P r ess .

Vo l . V. T he H isto ry o f Rabban H o rm izd b y Mar Simo n,the disc iple

o f Mar YOzadhak; the Syriac tex t edited,w i th an Engl ish translat io n

b y E. A . WA LL I S BUDGE,L i t t . D .

,D . L it .

,e tc .

T he text describes the l ife of this fam o u s Nesto rian anchori te,the

bu i lding of h is m o nastery, and the s tru ggle which wen t o n in the VI I th

cen tu ry b e tween the ri val sec ts o fJac o b ites and Nesto rian s in Mesopo tam ia.

T his pro se version of the l ife o f Rabban Ho rmizd is, probab ly, the

so u rce from whi ch the m e trical v ers io n s were drawn ; and it is o f great

impo rtan ce fo r the stu dy o f the se co nd great deve lopmen t of mo nasti

e ism in M esopo tam ia. I n t li e P ress .

Vo l . VI . Babylo n ian Private L e tters wri tten du ring the period of the

F irst Dynasty of Babylo n ; the C u n e ifo rm t ex ts edi ted w i th I n trodu c t ionand sho rt descript io n s b y L . W . K ING

,M . A .

T his vo lume w i l l co n tain abo u t 20 0 le t ters o f a private natu re whichreveal the so c ial condi t io n of the co u n try and inc idental ly throw m u chl ight u po n the civi l izat io n o f the perio d . From grammat ical and lexi

L u eac (or C o

’

s P u bl ica tions . 1 5

c ographical po in ts o f view these tex ts are of co n siderab le impo rtan ce ,

fo r they affo rd nu m ero u s examples of u n u su al wo rds and fo rm s o f ex

pre ssio n . [ n t lt e P ress .

Vo l . VI I . T he L ife o f Rabban Bar- Idta b y John his disc iple ; T heSyrac tex t edi ted

,wrt lr an English translat io n

,b y E. A . WA LL I S BUDGE ,

L i t t . D .,D . L it .

,e t c .

Bar- I dta was the fo u nder o f a fam o u s ru le and m o nastery in M eso

po tam ia in the V I I th cen tu ry, and the au tho r o f a verv valu ab le wo rko n m o nast i c histo ry whi ch is q u o ted w i th respec t b y T homas , B isho pof Marga. H e was a co n tempo rary o f Babhai o f M o u n t 1 2123

,and o f

Jaco b of Beth A b b e.

Vo lu m es 5, 6 , and 7 wi ll , it is hoped b e re ady early n ext year.

M aena h ten (S irW . Hay ) P rin cipl e ofH induand ohamm edan L aw . Repu b lished from the

Prin c iple s and Pre c eden c e s o f the sam e . Edit ed bythe lat e H . H . W I LSO N . 8vo . C lo th . pp. 24 0 . os .

M argo l io u th (D . S . ) A rab ic P apyri of the

B odl e ian L ib rary repro du c ed by t he C o llo typePro c e ss . W ith T ransc ript io n and T ranslat io n . T e xt in

4 t o . pp. 7 and 2 Fac sim ile s in large fo lio . 5s .

M argo l io u th (D . S . ) C hrestom athia B aida

W iana . T he C omm e ntary o fEl - Baidawi o n S u ra I I I .

T ranslated and e xplain ed fo r the Use o f S tu de n ts o f

A rab ic . By D . S . MA RG O LI O UT H , M . A . , L au dianPro fe sso r o f A rab ic in the Un ive rsity o f O xfo rd ,

e t c .

e t c . Po st 8vo . C lo th . 1 25 .

“ T he bo ok is as scho larly as it is u sefu l . O f part i cu lar impo rtan ce are

the n u m ero u s grammat i cal an n o tat io n s which grve the begin ner an in

sight in to the m e tho d of the A rab i c n at io n al grammarian s,and whi ch

fo rm an e xce llen t preparato ry stu dy fo r the peru sal of these wo rks inthe o rig in al T he in tro du c t io n and the remarks in part icu lar showhow we l l Mr. M A RGO L I O UT H has mast ered the imm en se l i teratu res of

M o sl im T radi t io n,G ramm ar and K al alm . T he peru sal of the bo ok

affo rds pleasu re from beginn ing to en d.

”

7 on rn a l R oy a l A s ia t ic Soc i ety .

M irkhond . T he Rau zat - u s - Safa ; o r, G arden

of P u rity . T ranslated fro m the O riginal Pe rsian byE. REHA T SEK ; edited by A RBUT HNO T . Vo ls . I

t o V . 1 o s . eac h Vo l .Vo ls . 1 and 2 co n tain :T he H isto ries of Prophe ts K ings and Khal ifs .

Vo ls . 3 an d 4 con tain :T he l rfe of Muhammad the A po stle o f A llah .

Vo l . 5 co n tain s:T he L ives of A bu Bakr,O

’

mar,O

‘

thman,and A l i

’

,

the fo u r immediate su ccesso rs of M u hammad the A po stle .

1 6 L u zac <9” C o’

s P u bl ica t ions .

M on ier-Wil l iam s (S ir M on ier) Indian Wisdom ;

o r Example s o f the re ligio u s, philo sophi cal , and e th ic al D o c t rin es o f the H indu s, with a b rief Histo ry o f

the chief D epartm en ts of Sanskrit L ite ratu re , and

som e ac c o u n t o f the past and prese nt C o ndit io n o f

India, m o ral and in te lle c t u al . By S ir MO N IER M O N IERW I LL I A MS , K . C . I . E.

,M . A .

,Ho n . D . C . L . , O xfo rd .

Fo u rth Edit io n, en larged and impro ved . Po st 8vo .

C lo th . pp. 57 5. 1 . I s .

“ H is bo ok st i l l remains indispen sable fo r the growin g pu b l ic, whichseeks to learn the o u t l in e o f I ndian l i teratu re and tho u gh tlin a s imple and

readab le fo rm . We are glad to we lcom e the fo u rth edi t io n o fthis em in en t lyreadab le bo ok. D azl t' C /zrom c l e.

“ T he learn ed profe sso r’

s tho ro u gh mastery o f h is su bj ec t e nables himto deal effec t ive ly w i th his diffi c u l t task . He om i ts n o thing that

en ters the scope o f his wo rk :he is cho i ce in his se lec t io n s an d accu ratein h is comm en ts

,and the resu l t is a w o rk as in stru c t ive and so u nd as

i t is pleasan t to re ad A s ia t ic Q u ar t er ly R eview .

“ Fo r al l stu den ts o f the phi lo sophy o f re l ig io n , as we l l as fo r al l

espec ial ly in tere sted in I ndian l i te ratu re and tho u ght , the wo rk is o n e

o f v ery great valu e .

”G lasgow H era ld.

“ I t is a fine vo lu m e an d co n tains valu ab le addi t io n s b y the au tho rthis edi t io n w i l l b e mo re than e ver prized by s tu den ts o f I ndian lo re .

Sco ts/nan .

M u al lakat . T he S even P o em s su spended in

th e T empl e at M ecca . T ranslated from the A rab i c .

By C apt . F . E. J O HNSO N . With an In tro du c t io n b yShaikh T aizu l labhai. 8vo . pp. XXIV

, 238. 7 s . 6d .

“ T his handy vo lu m e dec idedly su ppl ies a great wan t fo r tho se who

m ake a serio u s st u dy o f A rab i c T he grammat ical,histo rical

, geogra

phic al and o ther n o tes commen ts and e xplanat io ns are ample an d

tho ro u gh$

. I mper ial and A sia t ic Q u ar t er ly Rev i ew .

M u l l er (F . Max) A ddress de live red at the O pe

n ing o f the Ninth In te rnat io nal C o ngre ss o f O rie ntal ists, he ld in L o ndo n , Sept . 5, 1 89 2, 8y o . pp. 6 6 .

1 s . 6d .

Myst ic F l ow ery L and . S ee :Hal com b e .

O rien tal T ran slation Fu nd (New ), S ee :M irkhond ,

T awney , B ana, and Hariri .

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1 8 L u zac (07 C o

’

s P u bl ica tions .

Sacred B o oks of the O ld T estam en t . A c ri

tical Editio n o f the Heb rew T ext , Prin ted in C o lo u rs ,with No te s . Prepared by em ine n t Bib li cal S cho larso fEu rope and A m e ri ca . Unde r the edit o rial dire c tio no f PA UL HA UPT , Pro fe sso r in t he J o hn Hopkins Un iv .

Balt im o re . Edition de L u xe , in 1 20 n u mb ered C o

pie s o n ly . 4 t o . S u b sc riptio n pri c e fo r the comple t eWo rk (20 Part s), 36 20 .

Pro spe c tu ses sen t o n appl icat io n . T he fo llow ing Parts have alreadybeen issu ed

Part 1 Bo ok of Gen es is, b y C . J. Ball . pp. 1 20 . L o ndo n . 1 89 6 . 2 .

Part 3:L ev it i cu s, b y Pro f. S . R . D ri ver. pp. 32 . 1 894 . 1 6 5 .

Part 6 :Jo sh u a, b y Pro f. W . H . Benn e t . pp. 32 . 1 895. 1 .

Part 8:S amu e l,b y Pro f. K . B u dde . pp. 1 0 0 . 1 894 . 1 . 1 0 s .

Part 1 1 :Jerem iah , b y Prof. C . H . C o rn il l . pp. 80 . 1 895. 1 .

Part 1 4 :P salms, b y J. We l lhau sen, pp. 9 6 . 1 895. 1 . 1 0 s .

Part 1 8:Bo ok o fDan ie l , b y A . K am phau sen , 4 to . pp. 44 . 1 89 6 . 1 .

Part 20 :C hro n i c les , by R . K i t te l . pp. 82 . 1 89 5. 1 . 1 0 3 .

A valu ab le “Edi t io n de L u xe in 1 20 n u mbered copie s o n ly, and

W t ll may b e de scribed as th e m o st splendidly go t u p H ebrew wo rk

in existen ce .

Each single part is nu mbered and sign ed b y the edi to r w i th his own

hand. T he single parts w i l l b e issu ed in highly e legan t co ve rs . A fter

the co ncl u sio n o f the wo rk a handsom e b inding co ver w i l l b e su ppl ied.

Sankaranarayana (P . ) Engl ish - T e lu gu D ic t i

o nary ,by P . SA NK A RA NA RA YNA M . A .

,M .

T u t o r t o the ir Highne sse s the Prin c e s o f C o c hin . 8vo .

C lo th . pp. 6 1 , 7 56 ,1 0 s . 6d .

Sanslirit P h onet ics . A M an u al of. S ee :Uh l en

b ee

Sanskrit No u ns and Verb s . S ee :John ston .

Sayce (A . H . ) A ddress t o the A ssyrian S e c t io no f the Nin th In te rnatio nal C o ngre ss o f O rien talists .

8vo . pp. 32 . 1 s .

Sau erw e in (G . ) A P o cket D ict io nary o f the

English and T u rkish Langu ages . Small 8vo . C lo th .

limp. pp. 298. 3s . 6d .

S ch o l ia on passages of the O l d T estam en t . ByMA X JA C O B Bishop ofEdessa . Now first edi t ed in the

L u za c fr C o’

s P u bl ica tions . 1 9

o riginal Syriac with an English translat io n and n o te sby G . PH I LL I P . D D . 8vo . Pape r C o ve rs . 5s .

S e th (M esrovb J . ) H istory of th e A rm en iansin India . From the e arliest T im e s t o the pre se n tD ay . 8vo . C lo th . pp. XXIV , 1 9 9 . 7 s . 6d . ne t .

“ T he su bj e c t is inv es t ed wi th pe cu l iar in terest at the presen t t ime byre cen t e ven ts in A s ia M in o r his u npre tending l i t tle wo rk is a valu ab lerepo rto ry o f o rig in al info rmat io n n eve r befo re accessible in prin t and

scarce ly even kn own to exist .

”T imes .

“ T he bo ok is happi ly di s t ingu ished am o ng the n u mber ofb o oks re cen t lyissu ed co n cern ing A rm en ia in that i t deals s tric t ly w i th fac t . T he

vo lu m e deserve s the at ten t io n o f every o n e in terested in the histo ry of

I ndia and o f the hardly treated race which se em s t o flo u rish b e tter therethan in its own co u n try Sc o tsm an .

S innatam by L e t c him ey . A T ale O f O ld C ey lo n .

8vo . pp. I I I, 54 . W ith Pho togr. Plate s an d Illu st ra

t io n s . [ n the P ress .

S te in (M . A .) C atal og u e of the San skrit M SS .

in the Raghu nata T emple L ib rary O f His Highn e ssthe Maharaja o f Jamm u and K ashm ir. 4 t o . C lo th . pp.

4 23. 1 2s .

S tee l e’

s (R . ) T h e D iscovery of S e crets , att rib u t edt o G e b

'

e r from the MS A rab ic t ext . 8vo . 1 s .

S toffe l (C . ) S tu dies in Engl ish ,Writt e n and Spo ke n .

Fo r the U se O f c o n t in e n tal S t u de n ts . W i th Index . F irst

Serie s . Ro y . 8vo . C lo th . pp. X I I, 332 . 7s . 6d .

S u hril l ekha (T he ) ; o r“ Friendly L e tter ; written

b y L u ng Shu (Nagarju na), and addre ssed t o K ingSadvaha . T ran slated from the C hin e se Edit io n O f

I - T sing , b y t he lat e Rev . SA MUEL BEA L , with theC hin e se T ext . 8vo . pp. XIII , 51 . 5s .

Swam i Vivekananda’

s A ddresses . S ee :Vivekananda .

T aw ney (C . H . ) T h e K athako ca ; o r T reasu ryof S t o ries . T ranslat ed from Sanskri t Man u script s .

W ith A ppe ndix ,c o n taining No t es, by Prof. ERNST

LEUMA NN. 8vo . C lo th . pp. XXIII,26 0 . 1 0 s .

20 L i izac C o’

s P u bl ica t ions .

T empl e (G .) A G lo ssary o f Indian T e rm s re latingt o Re ligio n , C u sto ms

, G o vernm e nt,L and

,and o the r

T e rm s and Wo rds in C omm o n Use . T o whi ch is addeda G lo ssary o f T e rm s u sed in D istric t Wo rk in the N.

W . Pro vinc e s and O u dh .,

and also o f tho se appliedt o L ab o u re rs . W ith an A ppendix gi ving C ompu tatio no f T im e and Mo ney ,

and We ights and Me asu re s,in

British India, and Fo rm s o f A ddre ss . Ro y . 8vo . C lo th .

pp. IV , 332 . 7s . 6a’.

“ T he bo ok is m o derate in price and clear in prin t ” A t /zcn con ni .

“ T he bo ok is handy, we l l prin ted and we l l go t u p and n o stu den t o f

I ndian su bj ec ts sho u ld b e w i tho u t it . ” A s i a t ic Q u ar t er ly Rev i ew .

“ S t u den ts o f O rien tal trave l m ay find some thing servicab le in its

pages ; and tho se who are e ngaged in trade in the East I ndies m igh to ccas io nal ly tu rn to the vo l u me

,wi th pro fi t , if i t were o n the o ffice

she lf. ” T /zc Na t i on .

T em l e (M ajor R . C . ) No tes o n A n tiq u it iesin am annadesa . (T he T alaing C o u ntry o fBu rma . )4 to . pp. 4 0 . With 24 Plat es and a Map. 1 8s .

T hom as , F . W .,S ee :Bana, Harsa C arita .

T ie l e (C . P . ) We stern A sia, ac c o rding t o the

Mo st Re c e n t D isc o ve rie s . Re c to rial A ddre ss o n the

O c c asio n o f the 31 8th A nn ive rsary o f the L eyde n

Un ive rsity , 8th Fe b ru ary ,1 89 3. T ranslated by ELI Z A

BET H T A YLO R . Small 8vo . Bo u nd . pp. 36 . 2s . 6d .

“ A n au tho ri tat ive su mmary of the resu l ts o f re cen t O rien tal researchand disco very.

”T he T im es .

“ T he address presen ts a graphi c pic tu re of the po l it ical s i tu at io n in

\Vestern A sia in the fifte en th and fo u rte en th cen t u ries B . C .

”

M orn ing P os t .

“ T he professo r’

s grasp o f his su bj e c t is very ev iden t,and hrs dedu c t io ns

from the materials comm en ted o n wo rthy of al l at ten t io n .

I mper i a l and A sia t ic Q u ar ter ly R ev i ew .

T’

o u ng P ao . A rch ives po u r servir a l e tu dede l

’

h isto ire , de s langu e s, de la géo graphie e t de

l’

e thno graphie de l’

A sie o rie ntale . (C hine , Japo n , C o ree ,

Indo - C hine , A sie C e n trale e t Malaise . ) Rédigées parMM . G . S C HLEGEL e t H . C O RD IER . Vo l . I— VIII .

Vo l . IX in progre ss). A nnu al S u b sc riptio n . £3 1 .

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22 L u zac (07 C o

’

s P u bl ica tions .

Prefac e by Pro f. GEO RGE F . MO O RE. Ro yal 8y o .

C lo th . pp. X I I , 1 82 . 7s . 6d .

“We w i ll o n ly add that we co rdially e cho the professo r’

s hope thath is bo ok may n o t o n ly b e read by professed st u den ts b u t that it may

com e also in to the hands of su ch as have already left the Un iversi ty .

”

G u ardi an .

“ T he m e thod adopted is that o f histo rical in vest igat io n :the stu den t

is th u s enab led to see how the resu l ts of cri t i cal inq u iry have beeno b tain ed he accompan ies a gu ide who is fam il rar wrth the way

wh ich leads to them .

”A cademy .

“ T he first thing to n o t ice is the tra n slat io n . T his is how a b o ok o u gh t

t o b e tran slated T he bo ok m u st b e u sed,n o t read m ere ly it is

independen t , parn staking, farse e ing Expos i t or y T im es .

Win ck l er (H . ) T he T e l l -El - A m arna L etters .

T ranslite rat io n ,English T ranslat io n ,

Vo c ab u lary , e t c .

Ro y . 8y o . C lo th . pp. XL II , 4 1 6 , and Registe rs 50

page s . 1 . 1 s . n e t .

T he sam e . I n Pape r C o ve rs . .8 1 .

With th e D u tch in th e East . S ee :C o o l .

Wrigh t (W .) T h e B o ok ofJonah in fo u r Se

m it i c v e rsio ns . C halde e , Syriac , A e thio pic and A rab ic .

W ith c o rre spo nding glo ssarie s . 8y o . C lo th . pp. 1 48. 4 s .

Wynko op (J . D . ) M an u al ofH eb rew Syn tax .

T ranslat ed from the D u t c h b y C . VA N DEN BIESEN .

8vo . C lo th . pp. XXII , 1 52 and Inde x . 2s . 6d . n e t .

“ I t 1 3 a bo ok,wh ich every Hebrew s tu den t sho u ld w e

re comm en d i t fo r gen e ral u sefu ln e ss, an d thank D r. van den B ie sen fo r

g ivin g i t to the Engl rsh reader.

”

jean s/1 Wor l d .

“ I t is o n e o f tho se bo oks wh i ch w i l l becom e indispensab le to theEngl ishs tu den t who w i l l desire to be com e acq u ain ted w i th the co n stru c t io n o f

Hebrew syn tax this takes a h igh rank and w i l l u ndou b tedly be com e

a gen eral tex t bo ok o n the su bj e c t in many co llege s and u n iversi t ies .

$

A mer i can H ebrew News .

Wynko op (J . D .) H ebrew G ramm ar. T rans

lat ed from the D u tc h by C . VA N D EN BIESEN . 8y o .

C lo th . 2s . 6d . n e t .

Yatawara (J . B .) T h e Umm aga Yataka, translat ed in t o English . I n t/zo P ress .

FO REIGN A ND O RIENT A L BO O K S .

Me ssrs . LU Z A C C o . having A gen ts in al l the prin

c ipal T owns of the C o ntin en t , A m eri ca and the East,

are ab le t o su pply any Bo o ks no t in sto ck at the sho r

te st n o tic e and at the m o st reaso nab le te rm s .

S u b scriptio ns take n fo r al l Fo re ign , A m e ric an and

O rie n tal Pe riodic als .

L IST O F

IND IA N G O VERNMENT PUBLIC A T IO NS .

Messrs . LU Z A C 81 C o . are O ffic ial A ge n ts fo r the sale 0 1

the Indian Go ve rnm en t Pu b lic atio ns .

A cts of the several G o vernmen ts in India. D ifferen t dates and pri ce s .

A den Gazett eer. By C aptain F . M . H u n ter. 1 87 7 . 5s .

A di Gran th . By E. T ru mpp. 1 87 7 . 1 .

A gric u ltu re , Repo rt o n I ndian . By J. A . Vo e lcker,P h . D . 1 893. 3s . 6 d.

A nnals of the C a l cu tta Bo tan i c Garden sI . Mo n ograph on F i cu s. Part 1 . 1 887 . 1 5s .

Part 2 . 1 888. £2 .

A ppendix . 1 889 . 1 0 s . 6 d.

I I . Spe c ies o f A rto carpu s, &c . 1 889 . 1 1 zs 6d.

I I I . Spe c ies of Pedicu laris,&c . 1 89 1 . £3 1 0 s .

IV . A n o naceae of Bri t ish I ndia. 1 893. 3 l o s.

V .

,Part 1 . A C en tu ry of O rch ids. Memo ir of W . R o xbu rgh . 1 895.

3 3s . co lo u red,

1 1 zs . 6d . u n co lo u red.

V .

,Part 2 . A C en tu ry ofNew and Rare I ndian Plan ts. 1 89 6 . 1 1 zs. 6 d .

VI .

,Part 1 . T u rgescen ce ofMo tor O rgan s of L eaves. Parasi t ic spec ies

of C ho an epho ra . 1 895. £ 1 l o s”

VI I . Bambu seae of British'

l ndia. 1 89 6 . 2 .

A nwar- i- S ohel i. By C o lo n e l H . S . Jarre t t . 1 880 . 1 5s .

A rc hae o logi cal S u rvey of Ind ia. (New Series) :IX. So u th I ndian In script ion s . ByE. Hu l tzsch

,Ph .D . Vo l . I . 1 89 0 . 4s.

X . VO L I I,Part . I .

7, 7)

1 89 1 . 3s. 6 a’.

77

24 L u zac 653° C o’s L is t of I ndian Governmen t P u bl ica t ion s .

So u th In dian I nscript io n s. ByE. H u l tzsch,Ph .D . Vo l . I I

,Part 2 .

1 89 2 . 3s . 6 d .

So u th I ndian I n script ion s. ByE. H u l tzsch,P h .D . Vo l . I I

,Part 3.

1 895. 5s . 6 d .

XI . Sharq i A rchi te c t u re o f Jau npu r. By A . Fu hrer,P h .D . 1 889 .

I I s . 6 d.

XI I . M o n um en tal A n t iqu i t ie s in the No rth-West Pro vin ce s . ByA . Fu hrer

,P h .D . 1 89 1 . 1 3s. 6 d.

XV . So u th I ndian Bu ddhist A n t iq u i t ie s. By A . Rea. 1 894 . 1 zs . 6a.

XVI I . A rchi te c tu ral &c . Remain s in C o o rg . By A . Rea. 1 894 . 2s .

XVI I I . T he Moghu l A rchi tec t u re of Fatehpu r S ikri . By E. W . Sm i th.

Part 1 5s .

T he Moghu l A rch i te ct u re o f Fatehpu r S ikri By E. W . Sm i th .

Part 2 . 1 89 6 . 1 7s . 6 d.

XXI . C halu kyan A rch i tec tu re . By A . R ea . 1 89 6 . £31 2s .

XXI I I . Muhammadan A rchi te c tu re in G u jarat . By J . Bu rge ss,LL .D . 1 89 6 . 1 .

A rmy L ist , T he I ndian . Q u arterly. 4 s .

A rt W are, Pho tographs o f Madras and Bu rmese . 1 886 . 1 1 ss .

A rzis:Bengal i , C anarese , H indi , Mahratta,Malayalam ,

T am i l,T e lu gu ,

and Urdu . 7s . 6 o’. each .

T ranslat io ns o f the abo ve ( exc ept H indi) . 7s . 6 d . each .

Beer C asks, D estru c t io n of,b y a Bo ring Beetle . By W . F . H . Blandfo rd.

1 893. 6d.

B ib l iograph i cal I ndex o fIndian Phi lo sophical System s . By F .Hal l . 1 859 . 9 s.

B ihar Peasan t L ife . By G . A . G rierso n,P h .D .

,C . I .E. 1 885. 6 s . 6 a

’.

B ihari L an gu age , Seven G rammars of. By G . A . G rierso n,

(8 parts) . 1 883— 87 . £ 1 .

B rhari , T he Satsaiya of.Edi ted by G . A . G rie rso n,Ph .D .

,.C I .E. 1 89 6 . 7s . 6d.

Bombay Gazetteer, Edi ted by J . M . C ampbe ll, LL .D .

,C .

I . (No t ye t pu b l ished) . I I . Su rat and Bro ach . 1 87 7 . 5s . 6 d.

I I I . Kaira and Panch Mahal s. 1 879 . 2s . 6 d. IV. A hmedabad.

1 879 . 3s . V . C u tch,Palanpu r, and Mahi Kan tha. 1 880 . 4 s .

VI . R ewa Kan tha,Naru ko t

,C am bay, and S u rat S tates. 1 880 . 3s .

V I I . Baro da . 1 883. 5s . V I I I . Kathiawar. 1 884 . 6 s . 6d.

IX . (No t ye t pu b l ished) . ‘X . Ratnagiri and Savan tvadi . 1 880 .

5s . XI . Ko laba and Janjrra. 1 883. 5s . XI I . Khandesh . 1 880 .

6 s . XI I I . T hana. (2 parts) . 1 882 . 8s . XIV. T han a:placeso f in terest . 1 882 . 5s . XV . Kanara. (2 parts) . 1 883. 7s . 6 d.

XVI . Nasik. 1 883. 6 s . 6 a'

. XV I I . A hmadnagar. 1 884 . 7s .

XVI I I . Po o na . (3 parts) . 1 885. 1 5s . 6 o’. XIX. Satara. 1 885.

6 s . 6 a’

. XX . Sho lapu r. 1 884 . 5s . XXI . Be lgau m . 1 884 . 6 s .

XXI I . Dharwar. 1 884 . 7s . 6 d. XXI I I . Brjapu r. 1 884 . 6 s . 6d.

XX IV . Ko lhapu r. 1 886 . 5s . XXV . Bo tany of the Presiden cy .

1 886 . 4 s . 6 a’. XXV I . Materials fo r a S tat ist ical ofBombay T own

and I sland,Parts I .

,I I .

,and I I I . 1 893

—94 . 5s . each .

Br

itish Bu rma Gazetteer. Edi ted b y H . R . Spearman . (2 vo ls .) 1 879— 80 .

1 1 3s . 6 a’.

Bu ddha Gaya ; the H erm i tage of Sakya M u n i . By Rajendral al M i tra.

1 878. 3.

Bu rmese , T ab le s fo r the T ran sl i terat io n o f,in to Engl ish . 1 89 6 . I s .

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26 L u zac és C o ’s L ist of I ndian Governmen t P u bl ica t ions.

L ansdown e, L o rd, T he A dm in istrat io n o f. By G . \V. Fo rrest,B . A .

1 894 . 2s . 6 d.

L epcha Grammar. By C o lo n e l G . P . Mainwaring . 1 876 . 3s .

L ightho u se C o nstru c t ion and I l lu m inat io n,Repo rt o n . By F . W . A shpite l .

1 895. 1 9 s . 6d .

M adras D istric t Man u als (rev ised issu esSo u th C anara ( 2 vo ls .) 1 894 . 4 s .

No rth A rco t (2 vo ls .) 1 895. 6 s .

M alabar Man u al . By W . L O gan . (3 vo ls .) 1 89 1 . 1 2s. 6d .

M anava-Kalpa-Su tra . By T h . G o ldstu cker. 1 86 1 . 3.

M an u al of Hydrau l ics . By C aptain H . D . L o ve,R .E. 1 89 0 . 5s .

M arath i D ic t io nary. By J. T . Mo leswo rth. 1 857 . 1 6 s .

M arath i Grammar. By the R ev . G anpatrao R . Navalkar. (T hird edi t ion .)1 894 . 1 0 s . 6 d.

M eteoro log i cal Departmen t Pu b l icat io n s.

M u n takhabat- i-Urdu . (Seco nd edit io n .) 1 887 . I s . 1 0 d.

M u t iny , the I ndian,Se le c t io n s from the Re co rds o f the M i l i tary D e

partm en t re lat ing to . Edi ted b y G . W . Fo rrest,B . A . Vo l . I . 1 893.

1 2s. 6 d.

North-East Fron t ier of Bengal , R e lat ion s of the G o vernm en t w i th the

H il l T ribe s of the . By Srr A lexander Mackenzie,K . C . S . I . 1 884 .

6 s . 6 d .

Nort h -W est P rov in ces Gazett eerI . Bu nde lkhand

,1 874 . 8s . 6d. I I . Meeru t Part . I . 1 875. 6s . 6d.

I I I . Meeru t,Part . I I . 1 876 . 8s . 6 d . IV. A gra, Part . I . 1 87 6 .

8s . 6 d. V . Rohilkhand. 1 879 . 8s . 6 d . VI . C awnpore , G o

rakhpu r and Bast i . 1 881 . 9 s . VI I . Faru khabad and A gra. 1 884 .

8s . V I I I . M u t tra,A l lahabad and Fatehpu r. 1 884 . 1 o s . IX .

Shahjahanpu r, Mo radabad au d Rampu r Nat ive S tate . 1 883. 8s.

X . H imalayan D istric ts, Part . I . 1 882 . 1 3s . XI . H imalayanD istric ts

,Part . I I . 1 884 . 1 zs .

$6 d. XI I . H imalayan D istric tsPart . I I I . 1 886 . 1 zs . X I I I . A zamgarh, Ghazipu r and Bal l ia11 883. 8s . XIV. Benares

,M irzapu r and Jau npu r. 1 884 . m s.

O u dh Gazett eer. (3 vo ls.) 1 87 7—78. 1 .

P ain t ings , &c . in the I ndia O ffice,D escript ive C atalogu e of. By W .

Fo rster. 1 893. rs .

P rakrita Prakasa. By E. B . C owe l l . 1 854 . 9 s .

P rem Sagar. By E. B . Eastw ick. 1 851 . 1 ss .

Rajpu tana Gazett eer. (3 vo ls.) 1 879— 80 . 1 ss .

R igveda Sanh ita . Vo ls. IV to VI . By Pro fesso r Max M u l ler. 1 86 2—74 .

2 1 2s . 6 d. per vo l ume .

Index to di t to . £2 55 .

R igveda T ran slat io ns . By H . H . W i lso n . Vo ls I,I I I and IV. 1 850

6 6 . 1 3s . 6d. per vo lu m e .

Vo ls. V and VI . 1 888. 1 8s . per vo l u me .

S anskritt M S S . in S . I ndia,F irst and Seco nd Repo rts o n . By D r.

H u l tzsch . 1 895—9 6 . 1 s . 8d. each.

S c ien t ifi c Mem o irs by Medi cal O fiic ers of the I ndian A rmyPart I . 1 885. 2s . 6 d. Part I I . 1 887 . 25. 6d. Part I I I . 1 888.

L u zac 67 ° C o’s L is t of I ndian Governmen t P u bl ica t ion s . 2 7

4 s . Part IV. 1 889 . 2s . 6 d. Part V . 1 89 0 . 4 s . Part V I .

1 89 1 . 4 s . Part VI I . 1 89 2 . 4 s . Part V I I I . 1 893. 4 s .

Part IX . 1 895. 4 s .

S elect ions from the Re co rds o f the Bu rmese H lu t taw . 1 889 . 6 s .

S ikk im Gazetteer. By H . H . R isley, C . I . E.

,and o thers . 1 894 . 1 zs . 6 d .

Spec im ens of Langu ages in India . By Sir G . C ampb e l l, K . C . S . I .

1 874 . 1 . 1 6 s .

S u rvey D epartm en t Pu bl icat io n s .

S u rv eys 1 875—9 0 , Mem o ir o n the I ndian . By C . E. D . Black . 1 89 1 .

7s . 6 d.

T am i l P apers . By A n drew R o bertso n . 1 89 0 . 4 5 .

T echn i cal A rt Series o f I l lu strat io n s o f I ndran A rchi tec tu ral D e co rat iveWo rk fo r the u se of A rt Scho o ls and C raftsmen

1 886— 87 . (6 plates .) 2s . 1 888— 89 . ( 1 8 plates .) 6 s . 1 89 0 .

( 1 2 plates .) 4 s . 1 89 1 . ( 1 8 plate s .) 6 s . 1 89 2 . ( 1 3 plate s .)4 s . 6 d . 1 893. ( 1 2 plates ) 4 s . 1 894 . ( 1 4 plates .) 5s .

1 895. ( 1 2 plate s .) 4 s . 1 89 6 . ( 1 5 plates .) 4 s .

T e legu R eader. By C . P . Brown . (2 vo ls .) 1 852 . 1 4 s .

T ext i le Man u fac tu res and C o stu m es o f the People ofI ndia. By D r. Fo rbes .

Watso n . 1 86 6 . 1 . 1 s .

T ibetan -Engl ish D ic t io nary . By H . A . Jae schke . 1 881 . 1 .

T imber, Men su rat io n of. By P . J . C arter. 1 893. I s .

T o bac co . C u l t ivat io n and Preparat io n o f,in I ndia. By D r. Fo rbes

Watson . 1 87 1 . 5s .

T ombs o r Mo n u m en ts in Be ngal, I n script io n s o n . Edi ted b y C . R .

W i lso n,M .A . 1 896 . 3s . 6 d .

Vikramarka,T ales of. By Ravipati G u ru m u rti. 1 850 . I s .

Y ield tab les of the Sco tch P rne . By W . Schl i ch,P h . D . 1 889 . I s .

N.B . I n addi t io n to the ab o ve,

a large n u mbe r of departmen tal repo rts, &c .

,are o n sale at the vario u s G o vernm en t presse s in I ndia.

T hese pu b l icat io n s are n o t kept in s to ck a t th e I ndia O ffic e 5b u t sho u ldcopies o f them b e requ ired

,they w i l l b e fu rn ished (o n paym en t) , as

far as po ssib le , from the su pply rece ived fo r o ffi c ial pu rpo se s .

I n al l case s appl icat io n s fo r pu b l icat io n s m u st b e made thro u gh the

o ffic ial agen ts .

INDEX O F PRIVA TENA MES .

A pte , .\I . C .

,1 C u nn in gham ,

S ir A .

,25

A rbu thno t , F . F.

,1 0

,1 5 C u st

,R . N.

, 7 , 8

D’

A rc y, W . E. D .

,25

A shpite l , F . W ., 26 D as,Sarat C andra

,1 3

A s to n,W . G

,2 Dri ver

,S . R .

,1 8

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, 9Bu dde

,K .

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,24

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,25

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