economic feasibility study for north zone - National ...

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-FINAL REPORT (Volume 1)

NATIONAL LEVEL TECHNO-ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY STUDY

FOR NORTH ZONE

Submitted to:National Horticulture Board

85, Institutional AreaSector 18, Gurgaon -122015

Haryana

AUGUST, 2003

!JPS ASSOCIATES

CONSULTANTSNEWDELID

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sections Contents Page Nos.

-~CJR~~:I~;'K~::{if;~fE~~~.:~'. '''''.UTTAR PRADESH . - '.~";'~~'--I-'~~t':~Y~:F;tt:"'.7:;',;'~~:;::-:'-.~.1. Introduction 1-2

1.1 Objectives , I1.2 Scope of work I1.3 Methodology 2

1.4 Organisation of report 2

2 Current Status of Horticulture in Uttar Pradesh 3-14

2.1.1 Introduction 3

2.1.2 Agro-ecological conditions of the state 4

2.1.3 Land holding pattern and land tenure System 7

2.1.4 Irrigation and water management 7

2.1.5 Major Cropping pattern 9

2.1.6 Distribution pattern of different horticulture crops in the State 12

2.1.7 Major horticultural crops ofthe State 14

2.1.7.1.1 Apple 15

2.1.7.1.2 Banana 'growth pattern the decade,.,Crop calendar, 15-17over

'Production technology 'Pest and disease management ,,

Harvest method and yield, 6 Crop economics, 'price trend'problems and constraints, 9Conclusion

2.1.7.1.3 Citrus 18-20

2.1.7.1.4 Grapes 21

2.1.7.1.5 Guava 21-24

2.1.7.1.6 Litchi 25

2.1. 7.1.7 Mango 25-29

2.1.7.1.8 Papaya 30

2.1.7.1.9 Aonla 30-33

2.1.7.1.9 Jackfruit 34-36

2.1.7.1.9 Ber 37-39

2.1.7.2 Vegetables, Roots and Tubers 40-73

2.1.7.2.1 Brinjal 40-42

2.1.7.2.2 Cabbage 43-45

2.1.7.2.3 Cauliflower 46-49

2.1.7.2.4 Okra 50-52

2.1.7.2.5 Onion 53-55


2.1.7.2.6 Tomato 56-582.1.7.2.7 Peas 59-612.1.7.2.8 Cucurbits 62-642.1.7.2.9 Pointed gourd 65-672.1.7.2.10 Potato 68-712.1.7.2.11 Sweet Potato 72-732.1.7.3 Floriculture 74-792.1.7.3.1 Traditional flowers of the State 742.1.7.3.1.1 Rose 752.1.7.3.1.2 Marigold 762.1.7.3.1.3 Jasmine 772.1. 7.3.1.4 Others 772.1.7.3.1.4.1 Tuberose. . 772.1.7.3.2 Cut Flowers 772.1.7.3.2.1 Rose 772.1.7.3.2.2 Carnation 772.1.7.3.2.3 Chrysanthemum 772.1.7.3.1.4 Gladiolus 772.1. 7.3.2.5 Gerbera 782.1.7.3.2.6 Lilium 782.1.7.3.2.7 Anthurium 782.1.7.3.2.8 Orchids 782.1.7.3.3 Dry flowers 782.1.7.3.4 Ornamental Plants and Avenue Plantation 792.1.7.3.5 Landscapping and Grasses 792.1.7.3.6 Cactus and Succulents 792.1.7.4 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 80-872.1.7.4.1 Medicinal plants 80-812.1.7.4.1.1 Amla 802.1.7.4.1.2 Aswagandha 802.1.7.4.1.3 Atis 802.1. 7.4.1.4 Brahmi 802.1.7.4.1.5 Chirayta 802.1.7.4.1.6 Guggal 802.1.7.4.1.7 Isabgol 802.1.7.4.1.8 Kudo 80


2.1.7.4.1.9 Kuth 80

2.1.7.4.1.10 Safed Musli 81

2.1.7.4.1.11 Senna 81

2.1.7.4.2 Aromatic Plants .81-87

2.1.7.4.2.1 Basil 81-82

2.1.7.4.2.2 Chamomile 82

2.1.7.4.2.3 Citronella 82

2.1.7 .4.2.4 Geranium 82

2.1.7.4.2.5 Jasmine 82

.2.1.7.4.2.6 Lavender 82

2.1.7 .4.2.7 Lemon grass 83

2.1.7.4.2.8 Mint 83-86

2.1.7.4.2.9 Palmarosa 86

2.1.7.4.2.10 Rosemary 86

2.1.7 .4.2.11 Scented Rose 86-87

2.1.7.5 Spices 88-97

2.1.7.5.1 Large Cardamom 88,2.1.7.5.2 Small Cardamom 88

,2.1.7.5.3 Coriander 88-89

I, 2.1.7.5.4 Cumin 89II 2.1.7.5.5 Fennel 89

, 2.1. 7.5.6 Fenugreek 89

2.1. 7.5.7 Garlic 90-91

2.1.7.5.8 Ginger 92-93

2.1.7.5.9 Pepper (Chillies) 93-95

2.1.7.5.10 Turmeric 96-97

2.1.7.6 Musbroom 98-101

2.1.7.8 Bee keeping 102

3. Post Harvest Infrastructure and Management 103-105

3.1 Production Infrastructure 103-104

3.2 Post harvest Infrastructure 105

4 Researcb and Development 106-121

4.1 Central Researcb Institutes in tbe State 106-118

4.1.a Indian Institute of Vegetable Research Varanasi 106

4.l.a2 Thrust Area of the Institute 106

4.l.a3 Achievements over the Decade 106

Sections Contents page~1

4.l.b Central Institute for Sub tropical Horticulture Lucknow 119-1214.l.b2 Thrust Areas 1194.l.b3 Achievements for the decade 1194.2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra 122-1254.2.1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra working in the State 1224.2.2 Thrust area 1244.2.3 Achievement over the decade for sample KVK in Faizabad and 125

Kanpur

4.3 State Agriculture Universities 126-1354.3.a1 Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agri. & Tech. , Kanpur 1264.3.a2 Thrust area 1264.3.a3 Major Achievement during the decade' 1264.3.b1 Narendra Dev University of Agri. and Technology 1314.3.b2 Thrust Area 1314.3.b3 Major Achievements during the decade 1324.4 State Department of Horticulture and Extension Services 136-1414.4.1 Name of Department, location and Manpower 1364.4.2 Thrust area 1364.4.3 Achievements during last ten years 1374.7 NCO's and Private agencies 142-1434,8 Training and Manpower Development 144-145

':, 5 Value addition 146-148

6 Marketing 149-1517 Case Studies 152-170

Success / Failure studies8 Regulatory Environment 171-182

8.1.2 Central Food Processing Laws 1718.1.3 State laws 1758.1.5 Incentives and schemes 177

Annexure-1 183-189, Annexure-2 (List of Cold Storages)

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PUNJAB, :' ,. ,":;;:;;',::'":"":',.'s:{=~1,.'''-f'' 0." ", ,"V.

2 Current Status of Horticulture in Punjab 1902.2.1 Introduction 1902.2.2 Agro-ecological conditions of the state 1912.2.3 Land holding pattern and land tenure System 192


2.2.4 Irrigation Facilities 192


2.2.6 Distribution pattern of different horticulture crops (Zone wise) 196

2.2.7 Major horticultural crops of the State 196

2.2.7.1 Fruits and Nuts 198-239

2.2.7.1.1 Apple .. 198

2.2.7.1.2 Banana 198

2.2.7.1.3.1 Citrus fruits I Growth pattern over the decade, 2 Crop calendar, 3 198-206Production technology 4 Pest and disease management, 'Harvest Method and Yield, 6 Crop Economics, 7 Price trend 8

Problems and Constraints, 9 Conclusion

2.2.7.1.4.1 Grapes 207-212

2.2.7.1.5.1 Guava 213-217

2.2.7.1.6.1 Litchi 217-220

2.2.7.1.7.1 Mango 221-225

2.2.7.1.9-a1 Other Fruits - Pear 226-229

2.2.7.1.9-b1 Other Fruits - Ber 230-233

2.2.7.1.9-c1 Other Fruits - Peach 234-239


2.2.7.2.1 Brinjal I Growth pattern over the decade, 2 Crop calendar, 3 240-245Production technology 4 Pest and disease management, ,Harvest Method and Yield, 6 Crop Economics, 7 Price trend 8

Problems and Constraints, 9 Conclusion

2.2.7.2.2 Cabbage 246-248

2.2.7.2.3 Cauliflower 249-252

2.2.7.2.4 Okra 253-255

2.2.7.2.5 Onion 256-259

2.2.7.2.6 Tomato 260-262

2.2.7.2.7 Peas 263-264

2.2.7.2.8 Cucurbits 264-268

2.2.7.2.9 Other vegetables 269

2.2.7.2.10 Potato 269-274

2.2.7.3 Floriculture • 275-280

2.2.7.3.1 Traditional flowers ofthe State 275

2.2.7.3.1.1 Rose 276

2.2.7.3.1.2 Marigold 276

2.2.7.3.1.3 Jasmine 276


2.2.7.3.2 Cut Flowers .

2772.2.7.3.2.1 Rose 2772.2.7.3.2.2 Carnation 2772.2.7.3.2.3 Chrysanthemum 2782.2.7.3.2.4 Gladiolus 2782.2.7.3.2.5 Gerbera 2782.2.7.3.2.6 Lilium 2782.2.7.3.2;7 Authurium 2782.2.7.3.2.8 Orchid 2782.2.7.3.3 Dry Flowers 279.2802.2.7.4 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 2812.1.7.5 Spices . 281-2822.1.7.5:7 Garlic 281-2822.2.7.6 Mushroom 283.2853. Post Harvest Infrastructure and Management 286-2913.1 Production Infrastructure 286-2883.2 Post harvest Infrastructure 289-2914 Research and Development 292-294

4.2.2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra 292-2944.3 State Agriculture Universities 295-3044.3.1 Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 2954.3.2 Thrust area 2954.3.3 Achievements 2964.3.l.a Department of Vegetable Crops of Punjab Agriculture 298

University, Ludhiana4.3.31 Thrust area 2994.3.a3 Achievements 3004.3.bl Floriculture Department ofPAU, Ludhiana 3014.3.b2 Thrust Area 3024.3.b3 Major Achievements during the decade 3024.4 State Department of Horticultnre and Extension Services 305-3124.4.1 Name of Department, location and Manpower 3054.4.2 Thrust area 3064..4.3 Achievements of the State Department of Horticulture 3094.5.1 Punjab Horticultural Post Harvest technology Centre PAU, 313.316

Campus, Ludhiana


4.5.2 Trusts areas 313

4.5.3 Achievements 314

4.6 Organisation of Extension Services in tbe State 316-319

4.6.1 Punjab Agri: Export Corporation LTD, Chandigarh. - 316Organisation

4.6.2 Thrust area 317

4.6.3 Achievements 317

6 Marketing 326-322

7 Case Studies 323-325

Success I Failure studiesAnnexur •...! 326-330

.;/.;:t~~;:~~1j~~~g.~,;S~.;.~..;;~'~~?~:;\:::~i:-~~IDrliy~*::;~'~~1Z~~.~.:i~:7f;f~~~.--:f:~~~1f;Current Status of Horticulture Crops-Haryana 331-341




2.3.4 Irrigation and water Resources Management 335


2.3.7.1 Fruits and nuts 342-368

2.3.7.1.1 Apple 342

2.3.7.1.2 Banana 342.. 2.3.7.1.3 Citrus fruits I Growth pattern over the decade, 2 Crop calendar, 3 342-347

Production technology 4 Pest and disease management, ,Harvest Method and Yield, 6 Crop Economics, 7 Price trend 8

Problems and Constraints, • Conclusion2.3.7.1.4 Grapes 348-352

2.3.7.1.5 Guava.. 353-357

2.3.7.1.6 Lichi 358

2.3.7.1.7 Mango 358-361

2.3.7.1.8 Papaya 361

2.3.7.1.9a Aonla 362-364

2.3.7.1.9b Ber 365-368


2.3.7.2.1 Brinjal 369-372

2.3.7.2.2 Cabbage 373

2.3.7.2.3 Cauliflower 373-377

2.3.7.2.4 Okra 378-381

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2.3.7.2.5 Onion 382-386

2.3.7.2.6 Tomato 387-391

2.3.7.2.7 Peas 392-395

2.3.7.2.8 Cucurbits and melons 396-399

2.3.7.2.9 Chilli 400-403

2.3.7.2.10 Potato 404-409

2.3.7.2.11 Roots and tuber other than potato 410-414

2.3.7.2.11a Carrot 410-411

2.3.7.2.11 b Raddish 412-414

2.3.7.5 Spice crops,

415-418

3 Infrastructure and Post harvest 419-429

4 Research and Development 4204.1.1 Department of Horticulture, H.A.D., Hisar 4204. \.2 Thrust areas ofthe Department 4204.1.3 Major achievements 4214.2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra 424-4294.3 State AgriculturelHorticulture Universities 4304.4 Department of Horticulture Haryana, Panchcula 431-4346 Marketing 435-4377.1 Case studies 438-442

Success Stories

Annexure-l 443-449-:-, "' ..'. ")';;;;;i;c{;::';$;i;~'-5';i:;c:" f., ",:~~iELmi~: "~'" , ',' :P,,,',; ., ;','

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CURRENT STATUS OF HORTICULTURE IN DELHI 450-4552.4 Introduction 4502.4.2 Agro-eco1ogical conditions of the state 4502.4.3 Land holding pattern and land tenure System 4512.4.4 Irrigation Facilities 4512.4.5 Major Cropping pattern 4522.4.6 Distribution pattern of different horticulture crops (Zone wise) 4532.4.7 Major horticultural crops ofthe State 453

2.4.7.3.Ll Rose 456-4582.4.7.3. \.2 Marigold 459-4612.4.7.3.\.4 Tubrose 462-4642.4.7.3.2.3 Chrysanthemum 465-467

Sections Contents I Page Nos.

2.4.7.3.2.4 Gladiolus 468-472


3.1 Production Infrastructure 473

3.2 Post hmvest Infrastructure 473

4 Research and Development 475-478

4.1 Central Research.Institutes in the State 475

4.1.1 Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 475

4.1.2 1brust Area of the Institute 475

4.1.3 Achievements over the Decade 476

4.4 Department of.Horticulture in the State 479-481

4.4.1 Organisational Set up of Horticulture Department of Delhi State 479

4.4.2 1brust area 480

4.4.3 Achievements of Horticulture Department during the year 2000-01 481

6 Marketing 482-485

7 Case Studies 486-507

Success I Failure stndies

8 Regulatory Environment 508-512

8.1.5 Incentives and schemes of the State 508-512

Annexure-I 513

UTTAR PRADESH

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sections Contents PageNos.

UTI AR PRADESH

1. Introduction 1-2

1.1 Objectives I

1.2 Scope of work I

1.3 Methodology 2

1.4 Organisation of report. 2

2 Current Status of Horticulture in Uttar Pradesh 3.14




2.1.4 Irrigation and water management 7


2.1.6 Distribution pattern of different horticulture crops in the State 12


2.1.7.1.1 Apple 15

2.1.7.1.2 Banana Igrowth pattern over the decade, 2 Crop calendar, 'Production 15-17technology 'Pest and disease management , ' Harvest method andyield, 6 Crop economics, 7price trend 'problems and constraints, 9

Conclusion

2.1.7.1.3 Citrus 18-20

2.1.7.1.4 Grapes 21

2.1.7.1.5 Guava 21-24

2.1.7.1.6 Litchi 25

2.1.7.1.7 Mango 25-29

2.1.7.1.8 Papaya 30

2.1.7.1.9 Aonla 30-33

2.1.7.1.9 Jackfruit 34-36

2.1.7.1.9 Ber 37-39


2.1.7.2.1 Brinjal 40-42

2.1.7.2.2 Cabbage 43-45

2.1.7.2.3 Cauliflower 46-49

ISections

IContents

IPage

INos.

2.1.7.2.4 Okra 50-522.1.7.2.5 Onion 53-552.1.7.2.6 Tomato 56-582.1.7.2.7 Peas 59-612.1.7.2.8 Cucurbits 62-642.1.7.2.9 Pointed gourd 65-672.1.7.2.10 Potato 68-712.1.7.2.11 Sweet Potato 72-732.1.7.3 Floricnlture 74-792.1.7.3.1 Traditional flowers of the State 742.1.7.3.1.1 Rose 752.1.7.3.1.2 Marigold. 762.1.7.3.1.3 Jasmine 772.1.7.3.1.4 Others 772.1.7.3.1.4.1 Tuberose 772.1.7.3.2 Cut Flowers 772.1.7.3.2.1 Rose 772.1.7.3.2.2 Carnation 772.1.7.3.2.3 Chrysanthemum 772.1.7.3.1.4 Gladiolus . 772.1.7.3.2.5 Gerbera 782.1.7.3.2.6 Lilium 782.1.7.3.2.7 Anthurium 782.1.7.3.2.8 Orchids 782.1.7.3.3 Dry flowers 782.1.7.3.4 Ornamental Plants and Avenue Plantation 792.1.7.3.5 Landscapping and Grasses 792.1.7.3.6 Cactus and Succulents 792.1.7.4 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 80-872.1.7.4.1 Medicinal plants 80-812.1.7.4.1.1 Amla 802.1.7.4.1.2 Aswagandha 802.1.7.4.1.3 Atis 802.1.7.4.1.4 Braluni 802.1.7.4.1.5 Chirayta 802.1.7.4.1.6 Guggal 802.1.7.4.1.7 Isabgol 802.1.7.4.1.8 Kutki 802.1.7.4.1.9 Kuth 802.1.7 .4.1.1 0 SafedMusli 812.1.7.4.1.11 Senna 81

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ISections

[Contents

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2.1.7.4.2 Aromatic Plants 81-87

2.1.7 .4.2.1 Basil 81-82

2.1.7.4.2.2 Chamomile 82

2.1.7.4.2.3 Citronella 82

2.1.7 .4.2.4 Geranium 82

2.1.7.4.2.5 Jasmine 82

2.1.7 .4.2.6 Lavender 82

2.1.7.4.2.7 Lemon grass 83

2.1.7.4.2.8 Mint 83-86

2.1.7.4.2.9 Palmarosa 86

2.1. 7.4.2.10 Rosemary 86

2.1.7 .4.2.11 Scented Rose 86-87

2.1.7.5 Spices 88-97

2.1.7.5.1 Large Cardamom 88

2.1.7.5.2 Small Cardamom 88

2.1.7.5.3 Coriander 88-89

2.1.7.5.4 Cumin 89

2.1.7.5.5 Fennel 89

2.1.7.5.6 Fenugreek 89

.2.1.7.5.7 Garlic 90.91

2.1.7.5.8 Ginger 92-93

2.1.7.5.9 Pepper (Chillies) 93-95

2.1.7.5.10 Turmeric 96-97

2.1.7.6 Mushroom 98-101

2.1.7.8 Bee keeping 102


3.1 Production Infrastructure 103-104

3.2 Post harvest Infrastructure 105

4 Research and Development 106-121

4.1 Central Research Institutes in the State 106-118

4.1.a Indian Institute of Vegetable Research Varanasi 106

4.1.a2 Thrust Area of the Institute 106

4.1.a3 Achievements over the Decade 106

4.1.b Central Institute for Sub tropical Horticulture Lucknow 119-121

4.1.b2 Thrust Areas 119

4.1.b3 Achievements for the decade 119

4.2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra 122-125

4.2.1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra working in the State 122

4.2.2 Thrust area 124

4.2.3 Achievement over the decade for sample KVK in Faizabad and Kanpur 125

4.3 State Agriculture Universities 126-135

ISections

IContents

IPage

INos.

4.3.al Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agri. & Tech. , Kanpur 1264.3.a2 TInust area 1264.3.a3 Major Achievement during the decade 1264.3:bl Narendra Dev University of Agri. and Technology 1314.3.b2 'Thrust Area 1314.3.b3 Major Achievements during the decade 1324.4 State Department of Horticulture and Extension Services 136-1414.4.1 Name of Department, location and Manpower 1364.4.2 'Thrust area 1364.4.3 Achievements during last ten years 1374.7 NGO's.and Private agencies 142-1434.8 Training and Manpower Development 144-145. 5 Value addition 146-1486 Marketing 149-1517 Case Studies 152-170

Success I Failure studies .

8 Regulatory Environment 171-1828.1.2 Central Food Processing Laws 1718.1.3 State laws . 1758.1.5 Incentives and schemes 177

Annexure-l 183-189Annexure-2 (List of Cold Storages)

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NATIONAL LEVEL TECHNO-ECONOMIC FEASIBILITYSTUDY FOR NORTH ZONE

Volume - I-Background and Resource Survey

1. Introduction

Northern zone comprising Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Punjab and Haryana is contributing

significantly in production of Horticultural crops especially Mango, Kinnow, Guava

and Aonla amongst the fruits and Potato, Peas and Cauliflower amongst vegetables

imd Mentha and Scented Rose amongst the Arometic and Medicinal plants. This zone

is also the major consumption / Marketing center of major Horticultural crops, such

as Banana, Apple, Mango, Sapota, Nagpuri Oranges, Papaya, and Pine Apple

amongst fruits, Onion, Ginger, Garlic, Capsicum are the major vegetables which are

coming from different regions of the country and are contributing significantly in

Horticultural trade in the cpuntry.

Recently a lot of stress is being made to diversifY agrarian system of this region from

Wheat- Rice rotation to Horticultural crops. This has been necessitated because of

technical as well as economic reasons. Hence Horticulture sector is going to witness

very active spread in the zone. Before implementing various schemes status-report of

Horticulture in the zone is required to be critically presented so that various plans are

suggested for its growth. This report envisages to present the present status of

Horticulture and visualise a preamble for the future development of this sector .

1.1

1.2

Objective of the study and methodology followed

The main objectives are:

I. To develop the blue print for Horticulture development during the last decade

and pinpointing the potentials of the zone.

2. The impact of the study wil1 help the policy makers to take various decisions

required to create environment for fast growth of Horticulture.

3. To identifY the factors which stimulated or dampened the gr(}wth in this

sector.

Scope of work

Diversification in horticulture is the best option as it has several advantages over

traditional agriculture such as:

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone'

1.3

1.4

I. It produces higher biomass than field crops per unit area, resulting in efficient

utilization of natural resources

2. They are highly remunerative for replacing subsistence farming and thus

alleviates poverty level,3. They have potential for development of waste and marginal lands through

planned strategies.4. These crops need comparatively less water than food crops, provides higher

employment, have high potential for earning foreign exchange and provides

nutritional security of the people.

Keeping above facts in view there is tremendous scope of horticulture

development in the state because of its good agro climatic conditions. Inspite

of all the positive factors, progress in horticulture in certain sectors is not as

good as it should be. In depth analysis and suitable remedeal measures have

to be identified and implemented boldly to enhance productivity in

horticulture sector.

Methodology

The methodology for conduct of this study has been through discussions and with

reports and data from various stake holders like Department of Horticulture, Central

Institutes, Agriculture Universities, Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), Farmers,

Marketers, Processors and Exporters along with the few cases of success and failure

in the field. The data collected will be analysed and inferences drawn to identifYthe

gaps and to suggest suitable remedies.

Organization of the report

The report is in tWoparts i.e. Vol.ume I covers the present status and development of

horticulture that have taken place in the last decade through the data from various

agencies like National Horticulture Board, Deptt. of Horticulture and fruit utilization

State Agriculture Universities, ICAR, National Institutes for horticulture, Ministry of

Food processing and other functionaries, on farm studies of success and failure cases

and Vol. II of the report studies in depth a few of the horticulture crops with high

potential and identified the gaps and suggests suitable measures to increase

production, quality & value addition etc. to enhance the farmers' income or

profitability per unit area.

Detailed Reports: The detailed reports for each of the States follows:

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 2

2.2.1.1

Current Status of Horticultural Crops - Uttar Pradesh

Introduction

Horticulture contributes 24.5 percent to agricultural GDP from an area of 8 percent in

the country. Uttar Pradesh has a total of 17.13 m.ha of cultivated area of which 1.89

m.ha is under horticultural crops, i.e. approximately II percent. Production of

horticultural crop is 27.94 MT. It occupies fIrst Position in area & production in

potato, second position in area and production of vegetables and fourth in area and

seventeenth in production of fruits in the country. U.P. has best climate, Soil & water

and there is enormous scope for increasing productivity of these crops. In depth study

of various factors will help us to identify the constraints and suggest suitable

measures so that production is improved and marketing is streamlined so as to meet

the Domestic and export market. This will boost the state economy. The principal

Horticultural crops of the state are Mango, Guava, Aonla, Potato, Tomato, Brinjal,

Peas, Rose, Marigold, Jasmine, and Mint, These crops needs special attention,

because these will boost the economic conditions of U.P. farmers. The Striking

examples of some Horticultural crops which have contributed substantially to

economIc conditions in their region are Faizabad's Aonla, Malihabad's Mango,

Allahabad's Guava and Potato of Meerut and essential Oils of Kanauj. The

summarised data of'the state at glance is given below

Summarised Data of Uttar Pradesh at glance over the decade is given below:

1990-91 2000-01

I GeOlrraohicalarea in Lakhha. .240.93 240.932 Develoomentblocks 802 8123 Ponulation

(a) Male in Crores 7.03 8.75(b) Female in Crores 6.17 7.86

4 Total cultivated land in Lakhha. 242.05 253.04Kharif 113.47 118.08Rabi 121.22 127.04

. Zaid 7.36 7.925 Area under horticulturalcrops in Lakhs 18.84 23.64

Fruits 7.16 8.70• Ve<>etables 8.45 11.00

Potato 3.23 3.946 % of irrirmtedarea

Kharif 40.3 55.1Rabi 76.1 83.1Zaid 73.9 82.2

7 lrri"atibn throu"h differentsources


fA) throW!hcanals ffi in Lakh ha. 43.96 40.34(iD in nercenta"e 30.8 22.8

(B) Govt tubewells (i) in Lakh ha. 8.69 7.36(ii) in oercentage 6.08 4.27d Private tubewells min Lakh ha. 81.06 121.39(ii) in percenta"e 56.7 . 68.6

(0) Other Sources (i) in Lakh ha. 9.15 7.81(ii) in oercentage 6.4 4.4

8 More than one croos area in oercentage 76.96 84.799 Crop intensliV 146.62 150.3910 Land holdin"s

(j) below I ha (in thousands) 14221 15573([i) 1-2ha . 2973 2983

.1jji) 2-4ha. 1461 1504(iv) 4-IOha. . 523 505

v) Above 10 ha. 43 3819221 20603

S.No. ZONE No. & DISTRICT No. OF NAMES OF THE DISTRICTS UNDERDISTRICTS ZONE

1. Zone no.4 23 Bahraich, Gonda, Basli, Sidarth Nagar,Jaunpur, Varanasi, Ballia, Gazipur, Mirzapur,

MIDDLE GANGETIC Son Bhadra, Mau,Balrampur, Ambedkar Nagar,ZONE Maharaj ganj, Kushi Nagar, Sant Kabir nagar,

Chandrauli, Sanl Ravi Das nagar Gorakhpur,Deoria, Faizabad, Azamgarh and Sharavati.

2 Zone no.5 39 Allahabad, Fatehpur, Unnao, Raebareli,Lucknow, Hardoi, Kanpur (R), Kanpur (D),

UPPER GANGOTRl Sitapur, Pratapgarh, Lakhimpur Kheri, Pilibhit,ZONE Sultanpur, Barabanki,Bareilly, Bijnor,

Bulandshahr, Gaziabad, Rarnpur,Muzaffamagar, Bagpat Nagar, Sahampur,Shahjahanpur,Jyotebe phule, Moradabad,Badauu, Agra, Hathras, Firozabad, Aligarh,Mathura, Farukhabad, Etah, Mainpuri, Gautambudh nagar, Aurya, Kausambhi & Kanauj.

3 Zone no. 8 8 Banda, Hamirpur, Jalaun, Jhansi,Lalitpur,Mahoba, Chattarpati sahuji Nagar, Sonbhadra.

CENTRAL PLATEAU

2.1.2

Dept. of Agri., Horticulture and irrigation UP

Agro-ecological conditions of the state

Uttar Pradesh is amongst the largest states in the country. It compnses Seventy

districts, which fall under three Agroclimatic zones viz.: 4, 5, and 8 as given in table -

l~~- •

Table -1

Zones and names of districts

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-EconomicFeasibility Study for North Zone' 4

Again these zones are subdivided in sub regions according to rainfall, soil type and

other climatic factors, and are given in table - 2

TABLE-2

SUB REGIONS OF UTTAR PRADESH AS PER CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

SUB NO. AND NAME OF THE DISTRICT RAINFALL SOIL TYPEREGION INMM

4 (I) TenNorth Eastern Bahraich, Gonda, Sharavati, Blalrampur- 1214 Sandy loam to calcareous

Basti, Sidarthnagar, Sant kabir nagar clay, Alluvium & patchesMahrajganj, Ambedkar Nagar, ofUsar ..Kushinagar

4 (2) EigbtEastern Azamgarh, Balia, Faizabad, . Gazipur, 1025 high Alluvium andUttar pradesh Jaunpur, Varanasi, Mau, Cbandrauli Calcareous soil.

4 (3) TbreeVindhyan Mirzapur, Sonbhadra,Sant Ravidas Nagar 1134 Sandy loam & red yellow

clay.5 (I) TbirteenCentral Allahabad, Fatehpur, Unnao, Lucknow, 979 Alluvial calcareous

RaeBareli, Hardoi,Sitapur, Lakhmpir Loam, saline & alkalineKheri,Pilibhit, Pratapgarh, Sultanpur, soils.BaraBanki, Kausambhi

5 (2) FourteenNorth Bareilly, Bijnor, Bullandshshar,Gaziabad, 807 Loam to sandy loam,Western Meerut, Bagpat, Moradabad, Rarnpur, saline and Alkaline.

Saharnpur, Shahjahanpur,Muzzafarnagar,Badaun, Jyotiba phule Nagar,GautamBudhNagar.

5(3) TwelveSouth Agra, Firozabad, Aligarh, Math- -ura, 721 Alluvial calcareous clay,Western Mainpuri, Etah, Farrukhabad, Kanpur (S), Saline and Alkaline.

Kanpur (D), Ferozabad, Aurya, Hathras.

8 (I) TenBundelkhand Jhansi, Jalaun, Hamirpur, Banda, Lalitpur, 902 Coarse loamy sand, red

Chitrakoot, Sant Ravi Das Nagar, Son or black.Bhadra, Mahoba, Kausambi.

Climate of the state is mostly sub tropical and January is coldest month & May is the

hottest month of the Year. The minimum temperature in January is from 4.95 to 6.8 °C and maximum 20.84 to 23.6 °C. The extremes are in Saharanpur and Jhansi. The

mean maximum & minimum temperature during May-June varies from 43 to 38.4 0 C

and minimum of28.8 to 19.8 °c, and humidity varies from 60-70 percent in eastern

to 30-40percent in the Southwest dry areas.

Detailed temperature prevailing in the Lucknow is given in table - 3

Final Renort: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 5

Table 3: Mean Monthly Min. - Max. Temp., RH and Rainfall For Lucknow Region

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995~onlhs Mine MaxC RH Mine MaxC RH Mine MaxC RH Mine MaxC RH Mine MaxC RH

an 6.8" 20.84 95.6 4.9 22.72 77.75 4.92 21.85 77.5 6.29 23.1if 70.0 11.60 21.41 57."

f"eb 13.2" 26.2 87.7 6.60 24.65 73.70 7.9 26.64 72.8( 8.11 25.0 70.3 11.70 24.25 64.2

lMarch 17.'" 30.08 77.8 13.3' 31.5 70.15 1O.6( 28.32 64.0( 12.3 33.73 65.75 18.7 31.7S 60.3'

IAnnI 22.5' 35.9 47.7 18.3' 37.33 46.0' 17.0 36.79 55.6 23.93 37.03 51.4 1604' 39.2 56.2

iMa" 20.5' 30.2 44.9< 2l.O3 38.61 47.7' 2204 40.29 57.2 25.35 40.0 53.2 22.3' 42.9' 64."

une 25.3 35.4 71.5 23.12 . 37.5' 6304' 25.8' 38.8 77.0 27.8 37.85 61.2 25.4 42.1' 77.93

ulv 25.83 35.61 91.4 24.7 33.93 37.3' 25.71 35.3 91.2( 25.28 34.78 88.75 25.53 36.7' 86.8'

[Aupust 25.03 32.1 9204 24.2 33.7( 91.5 26.3 36.1 86.85 27.8 35.8 87.3 24.9 34.1 89.2\

k~1 23.2 32.2 76.'" 23.2 32.83 81.4 22.9 31.81 83.2 24.13 32.4< 67.95 23.4 34.2' 77.8f

hCI 18.1 30.81 73.51 18.6 32.11 72.6 16.1 34.28 65.45 20.9 34.01 63.2 17.9 34.8 62.0

iToov 10.'" 28.9 62.11 13.62 28.7 60.57 10.3< 29.7 60.1 16.3 29.53 57.2' 11.3 29.71 57.7

Inec 4.3 23.9 7404 6.7 23.73 55.7 7.31 25.08 61.5( 10.4 24.8< 55.8' 5.5 25."' 67.7'

1996 1997 1998 1999 200010nths Mine MaxC RH RF Mine MaxC RH RF Mine MaxC RH RF Mine MaxC RH RF Mine MaxC RH R-

IO 5.8< 22.1 87. 5.4 23.5' 63.3' 2.6( 5.3 18.7 77.7 3.50 5.8 2104' 80043 3.6( 6.7 16.51 85.1 4eb 8.98 26.1 76. 8.7 25.23 62.6 5.8' 9.31 24.63 65.2 3.4( 12.05 26.3' 71.8' 204' 8.3 20.3 83.25 7.6

larch 14.05 3 .65.1 13.9< 30.5' 64.71 6.2' 12.8' 27.18 60.2 8.25 12.1 33.7 64.83 13.71 31.1< 73.7< 10,nrii 16.98 38.03 54.41 0.5 18.0 35.7' 61.5' 8.6' 2004' 37.41 55.2 1.7' 16.5 41.6 64.23 19.2' 36.0' 70.35

la" 23.7' 40.2' 57.2 2.4 24.6 35.7 49.0 23.4 38.6 51.0 0.20 22.82 40.51 77.8 24.8 3804 74.2'!Joe 25.1 35.91 I. 67.91 36.5 26.11 35.7 47.43 14.7( 35.3 37.21 67.3 35.1( 22.31 38.11 83.3 24.7 36.2 84.11

"Iv 24.95 33.43 96.4 9.53 23.7 35.7 78.2S 193.M 24.8 32.83 92.5' 126.7 24.73 35.93 84.5 24.1 33.1 ' 94.2',UC:nIst 24.32 31.4 97.8 21.5 24.0 35.7 77.4 56.1' 23.9 31.5' 90.5 199.11> 26.6' 31.9 90.23 24.7 34.3' 91.53enl 24.7 32.5' 87.6 1.2 22.41 35.7 82045 128.8 32.0 22.9' 85.1' 60.6 25.5' 33.41 93.53 22.11 32.1 87.75

let 20.9 35.98 66.3 2.03 17.03 35.7 7204' 25.5 31.8 20.5 82.6' 9.20 21.8 33.73 88.8 16.5 31.4< 72.5

lov 10.9' 28.51 52.73 12.5' 35.7 73.9' 59." 27.8 13.7 73.21 11.5 13.41 28.4 69.81 12.61 28.91 72.83lec 5045 24.68 63.4' 8.5' 35) 82.3 22Jl< 4.83 24.5 79.5' 8041 24.05 66.93 5.1' 24.1' 64.77

)a13 recovered from Central Institute for Sub.tropical Horticulture Lucknow

Soil Fertility:

None of the districts is rich in organic matter especially nitrogen. The districts of

bijnor, Berielly, Lakhimpur Kheri, Gonda, Basti, Jhansi, Hamirpur and Banda are

medium in organic matter. The entire state is medium to low in phosphorus, However

Saharanpur, Bundelkhand divisions soils are rich in phosphorus. Bahraich, Kheri and

Meerut districts are poor in potassium while rest of the state contains averagepotassium in the soil.

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic FeasibilityStudy for North Zone' 6

2.1.3 Land Holding Pattern and Land Tenure System

The average land holding in the state is 0.9 ha. The distribution ofland holding

in the state is presented in table.

Table - 4

AREA AND NUMBER OF OPERATIONAL HOLDING IN V.P.

Area Number

'Size in HA, Total area Percentage Total Holding %age holding

Less than 0.5 2217.4 12.6 9803.5 51.6

(421.5) (22.5) (1925.6) (63.0)

0.5 - 1.0 2775.9 5.7 3978.3 21.0

(426.4) (22.7) (614.2) (20.1)

1.0 - 2.0 4114.9 23.3 2964.3 15.6

(491.4) (26.2) (359.4) (11.7)

2.0 - 3.0 2605.3 14.8 1082.55 5.7

(217.2) (11.6) (91.0) (3.0)

3.0 -4.0 1707.8 9.7 499.2 2.6

(116.9) (6.2) (34.3) (1.1)

4.0 - 5.0 1190.7 6.7 268.6 1.4

(68.5) (3.7) (15.6) (0.5)

5.0 - 10.0 2186.7 12.4 333.5 1.8

(101.1) (5.4) (15.6) (0.5)

10.0 and above 849.5 4.8 55.3 0.3

(32.2) (1.7) (2.1) (0.1)

TOTAL 17648.2 100.0 18985.2 100.0

(1875.2) (100.0) (3057.8) (100.0)

It is evident that around 88 percent. of the holdings are with small and marginal

farmers who own about 52 percent area. Medium holdings of 2-4 ha account for 8

percent of farmers with an area of 24 percent while the big farmers with holdings of 4

ha and above are nearly 4 percent and own around24 percent of the total area. With

the overwhelming majority of small holdings, the farmers of V.P. have to adopt high

yielding more numerative crops with greater labour intensive and high return

vegetables, ornamental and spices cultivation to boost economy of the state.

2.1.4 Irrigation and water management:

Vttar Pradesh is one of the lucky states gifted with plenty of surface and ground water

and more than 60 percent area is irrigated through various sources. In 1990-91 surface

Final ReDort: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 7

irrigation was around 14.81 lakh ha brought under irrigation And One lakh ha,

additional area has been brought under fIrst fIve years and 1.2 lakh ha by year ending

2000-0 1,which means total area under assured irrigation is 20.07 lakh ha in the state.

Under minor irrigation 15.57 m ha, out ofthisl1.94 is handled by private tubewells

and 3.63 by public sector. The state has good number of tube wells as given in table-5

TABLE-5

S. No. MINORIRRI. POTENTIAL Upto 7th Plan Upto 8th plan Upto 9th

WORK (No. In lakh)1 Dug well 15 11.45 11.65 11.85

2 shallow 50 23.43 33.43 44.00Tubewells

3 Public deep 0.40 0.27 0.33 0.40Tubewells

4 Pumpsets 39.32 23.01 35.47 48.80

Besides the surface and under ground water being utilised, the state has made

assessments of available ground water potential for the state. The region wise

summary of ground water potential is given in table - 6

TABLE-6Region NetGW NetGW Balance StageofGW Category of Block

Available utilised M GWM DevelopmentMham Ham ham White' ~rev dark total

SOFT ROCKS .

Eastern 2.536 0.721 1.815 38% 326 17 NIL 343Re~ionCentral Re~ion 1.416 0.295 1.121 31% 145 1 NIL 146Western 2.591 0.954 1.637 47% 198 55 17 270RelrionHARD ROCKS .

Bundel Khand 0.387 0.134 .0.253 45% 43 4 NIL 47Re~ionTotal 6.930 2.104 4.826 45% 712 77 17 806

'White means utilisation less than 60%, grey between 60 - 80%, Dark more than 80% utilisation.

It is clear from the table that western region has been most exploited for under ground

water where more wells may not be advised & water saving devices like drip &

sprinkle Irrigation should be encouraged while central & Bundelkhand region has

vast scope for digging tubewells. The Vindhyan and Bundelkhand terrain's have fIne

to coarse & Gritiy sandstone's & granites, here open wells of 4m x 10m depth are

suitable with persain Wheel and Pumpsets as source of energy. Horticultural crops are

remurative cash crops & is necessary to apply the water to the root zone in such a

way that no excessive accumulation of undesired stagnant water is there nor any


2.1.5

moisture stress occurs which may hamper the yield and quality of fruits and

vegetables. The modem methods of irrigation i.e. sprinkler & drip system needs

special attention, because water is going to be a scarce input in the coming years.

Major Cropping Pattern:-

The state is predominantly wheat growmg, the major cereal crops are Wheat

(37.51%), Paddy (21.15%), other important crops are Sugarcane, Potato and Maize.

The area under different crops is given in the table-7

TABLE-7

81No. Crops Area (in lakh hal Percent of the total

I Cereals 166.73 73.732 Pulses 29.77 13.163 Oilseeds 7.98 3.524 SUl!arcane 18.01 7.945 Potato 3.37 1.496 Tobacco 0.13 0.067 Fibre 0.25 0.108 Total 226.14 100.00

Cropping Pattern of Horticultural Crops: -

There are very few farmers who grow only vegetables round the year except for

riverbed and areas around bigger cities.

Following rotations or inter-cropping are adopted:

Early Cauliflower - Onion.

Potato - Cowpea - Bhindi.

Brinjal - Onion (Green) - Tindil - Arvi.

Cabbage - Brinjal - Radish.

Tomato - Turnip - Frenchbean - Cucumber.

Bhindi - Carrot - Cauliflower - Radish.

Potato - Muskmelon - Bhindi.

Tomato - Radish - Cucumber.

Watermelon - Okra.

Potato - Pea - Onion - Okra.

Okra - Tomato - Bittergourd.


Inter-cropping of young orchards can be done with Pea, Beans, Tomato etc for first

few years. Sugarcane is inter-cropped with Bittergourd, Cowpea, during Spring-

Summer. The main cropping pattern with Cereals is --

Potato - Wheat - Paddy and Paddy - Cauliflower - Okra.

AREA AND PRODUCTION OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS DURING 1990-91 TO 2000-01

Area(InLakhHa)Production(InLakhtons)

1990-91 1995-96 2000-01AREA PRODCT, AREA PRODCT, AREA PRODCT.

FRUITS 7.16 59.00 7.94 77.00 8.70 95.70

VEGETABLES 8.45 113.00 9.75 151.00 11.00 183.70

POTATO 3.23 61.46 3.61 65.61 3.94 83.98

Source: Horticulture and fiuits utilisation Dept. U.P. year 2002-03

Area under fiuits has increased by 11 percent in first five years and 21.50 percent

over the decade. The production has increased 30 to 64 percent respectively. Under

vegetables production increased 33.6 percent for first five years and 62.6 for decade

while area recorded 15.3 and 30.1 percent increase. Increase in potato is 11.76 and

21.98 percent in area and 6.8 and 36.5 percent increase in production, which is clear

indication that productivity of fiuits, vegetables and potato have increased.from 8.24

to 11, 13.37 to 16.7 and 19.02 to 21.32 tons per ha. Over a decade. The approx.

percentage area under Mango is 85, Guava 6.4, Aonla 6.5 and other fiuits 2.1percent

While corresponding figure for vegetables, it is Potato 56, Peas 21,Okra 4, Chillies 3,

Onion 4 and others 4 percent are some of the crops as shown in chart one and two.


PERCENT AREA OF DIFFERENT FRUITS IN UTTAR PRADESH

GUAVA6%

MANGO85%

II!!JMANGO .AONLA ClGUAVA ClOTHERS I

PERCENT AREA OF DIFFERENT VEGETABLES IN UTTAR PRADESH

CHILUES,%

OTHERS5%

[I!IVB:E"ABLE .RJTAlO• M..S<M3..(l\J l]ctIICN

of6ll.S

.Q-ILLIES

POTATO5So",

oO<RA

OOTl-ERS

Final Rpnnrl! 'Nnf;nnni T,pvpl Tprhnn_Hr.nnomic Feasibilitv Studv for North Zone' I J

2.1.6

TABLE -7

Distribution Pattern of Different Horticultural Crops in tbe State

COMMODITY DISTRICT % AREA % PROD.

MANGO Lucknow, Unnao, Sitapur, Sultanpur, Jjyote bagh 60.0 85.9Pulenagar, Kushi Nagar, Saharan pur, MuzafarNagar, Meerut, Bulandsher, Muradabad, Biznor,Bareilly, Aligarh & Elba

GUAVA Etha, Unnao, Hardoi, Farrukha bad, Kosuambi, 43.9 55.8Bareill y and Badaun.

AONLA Sultanpur, Partapgarh & Faizabad 65.0 85

POTATO Meerut, Bulandsher, Aligarh, Hathras, Malbura 76.9 80.5Agra, Firozabad, Mainpuri, Elba, Badaun,Shahazanpur, Muradabad,Farookabad,Kanoj, Etawa, Kanpur, Felbpur, Allahabad,Prartapgarh, Jounpur, Gazipur, Balia, RaiBarelly, Hardoi and Barabanki

SWEET Etah,Ferozabad,Badaun,Shahazanpur, Farukabad 68.5 72.9POTATO Kanauj, Kanpur, Fethpur, Kausambi,

Pratapgarh, Sultanpur and Hardoi

ONION Etah, Badaun, Farukabad, Kanauj, Felbpur, 40.0 48.5Jaunpur, Gazipur, Balia, Adamgarh, Shravati,Sultanpur, Barabanki and Hardoi.


Zone Wise Distribution pattern of fruits and vegetables in the state:-

The distribution of area under different fruits and vegetables for the current year i.e.

2000 - 2001 is given in table 8 & 9. Divisionwise data of area production and

productivity for all the major crops dealt in volume I is given in Annexure 1.

TABLES.

Zone Wise Distribution oflmportant Fruits Zone wise area in ha. (2000-2001)

Name of the Zone MaUl!O Gnava Jackfruit Citrus Aonla BananaSaharanpurr 31,455 539 - 10 - 2Meerut 24,395 877 6 39 8 4Agra 15,592 5,218 41 505 810 6Bareilly 11,103 2,398 29 1 58 2Moradabad 20,762 1,374 5 2 - 1Kanpur 3,292 1,619 60 75 420 5Allahabad 3,170 1,315 30 113 12179 123Jhansi 90 258 3 I 17 260 -Chitraknt 121 46 1 18 150 -Varanasi 8,075 752 46 38 5 14Mirzapur 3,066 267 8 54 - 8Azamgarh 4,432 223 10 1 - 1Gorakhpur 16,928 360 149 - - 894Basti 9,635 79 5 - - 182Devi Patan 8,940 204 39 - - 76Lucknow 60,097 1,602 115 7 10 13Faizabad 30,924 180 22 - 417 41

Total 2,52,077 17,311 569 880 14317 1,372Source:- Department of Horticulture & Fruit Utilisation, U.P

Table- 9.Distribution oflmportant Vegetables Zones-wise area in ha. for 2000-2001

Name of the -Cucurbits Potato -Onion Tomato Sweet Chillies GarticZone Potato

Saharanpur 427 3294 496 93 117 325 87Meerut 1486 19165 685 152 280 1358 65Agra 6128 78768 1411 1138 5979 3496 5714Bareilly 3059 27008 2202 286 2324 250 856Moradabad 2032 16026 836 40 238 1273 320Kanpur 4659 82318 2370 549 4284 2494 1193Allahabad 2093 28900 2088 244 3194 2129 143Jhansi 179 784 284 642 83 176 -Chitrakut 80 484 428 178 67 292 -Varansi 842 26671 3009 14 204 579 46Mirzapur 105 4416 775 - 10 1061 61Azamgarh 442 14891 1427 - 54 123 34Gorakhpur 199 11244 1088 - 148 80 20Bastl 313 8587 554 - 141 71 68Dev Paltan 206 8723 2516 - 612 1017 21Lucknow 3039 32887 2165 282 2385 2419 478Falzabad 617 29817 1677 142 2531 589 222

Total 25906 393983 24011 3760 22651 17732 9328Source: Department of Horticulture & Fruit Utilization, U.P

"':••,.1 Donn"'" 'NntinHnl TDt!DI Tot"hnn_Prnnnntir Fpfl'/dhilitv .f\tudv for North Zone' 13

2.1.7

U.P. having sub-tropical to tropical climatic, harvesting seasons of different fruits,

and flowers are widely distributed with the result availability is for longer period. The

detail of harvesting months for horticultural crops is given below:-

Sowing and harvesting time of important vegetable crops in the state.

Crop Sowing time Harvesting time

Brinial All the vear round All the vear roundCabbage . July to November September - AprilCauliflower May to November MarchOkra January to September March to NovemberOnion August - November and April -June and December,

December . JanuaryTomato All the vear round All the vear roundPeas October - November December to AprilPotato October - November December to MarchBottle gourd All the vear round All the vear roundParwal August - October August to OctoberOther cucurbits Jan. - Feb. & Jun, Julv March to October

Availability I harvesting of Fruits in this state

Fruits Period of availabilities

Mango May to JulyGuava September to MarchPapaya August - NovemberAonla October"': DecemberJackfiuits Julv - DecemberBer Januarv - March

Major Horticultural Crops of the State

Uttar Pradesh ranks second in the country in area and productivity in vegetables and

fruits fourth and seventeenth. The area under fruits is 8.70 lakh ha and vegetables II

lakh ha and potato area is 3.94 lakh ha. The area under spices mainly Chillies, Onion,

Garlic, Coriander, Turmeric, and Fennel etc is 67 thousand hectares. The total 'area

under horticultural crop is II percent of the total cropped area. Mango constitutes 85

percent, 6.4 % Guava, Aonla 6.5 percent and 1.5 percent other fruits. The percent

area under different vegetables is Potato 56, Peas 21,Okra, Onion and Muskmelon 4

percent each. Chillies 3 and other vegetables 5 percent. The average yearly increase

in production of fruits in last decade is 3.67 percent, while in vegetables it is 7.07

percent which is a remarkable achievement

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' J 4

2.1.7.1

2.1.7.1.1

2.1.7.1.2

2.1.7.1.2.1

Fruits and nuts

Apple

There is no substantial area under Apples within the State as the entire Apple growing

area has been transferred to Uttaranchal. Hence the area under the- crop is insignificant

and no data is available for this crop in the State.

Banana

Growth Pattern for the decade

The area and production of banana during the last decade is given below:-

'9t-92 92.93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 OO-ot

Area in ha. 913 1145 1205 1308 1382 1369 1337 1315 1315 1358Production in tons 19142 26858 29909 26280 33930 35905 35849 33668 30175 33139Productivity in tons / 20.96 23-46 24.82 20.09 24.55 26.23 26.81 25.6 22.94 24.4ha.% Increase in NA 40% 11% -12% 29% 6% 0% -6% -10% 10%Production% Increase in NA 12% 6% -19% 22% 7% 2% -5% -10% 6%Productivity% Increase in Area NA 25% 5% 9% 60/0 -1% -2% -2% 0% 3%

It shows there is increase in area and production annually 5.3 and 7.49 percent over a

decade and productivity has also increased from 20.96 tons/ha. to 24.40 tons per ha.

illspite of the fact banana is not very much commercial crop in the state except for

Gorakhpur DiVision' (65% of the total area) good progress has been made. Basai

Dwarf and Robusta is good for table purpose and Campair Ganj for vegetable purposes

are good varieties for the area.

2.1.71.2.2

2.1.7.1.2.3

Crop Calendar

The planting of Suckers should be done in the month of July at 1.5 x 2 mt. Distance.

Heading back and auguring and application of kerosine oil (5 ml/sucker) to reduce the

number of excessive suckers does de-suckering in Banana.

Production Technology of Banana

ill October 50-60 g urea and 100-125 g Single Super Phosphate should be spread around

the trunk and light hoeing done. Remove the extra tillers. Again this fertilizer dose should

be repeated in November. Irrigate in December. Basrai Dwarf for table purpose and

Kampair Ganj for vegetable purpose are suitable for Allahabad, Gorakhpur, Lucknow

and Kanpur regions of the State.


2.1.7.1.2.4

2.1.7.1.2.5

2.1.7.1.2.6

2.1.7.1.2.7

2.1.7.1.2.8

Pest and disease management

For the management of storage rots in banana carbendazim 0.1% and methyl theophanate

0.1% common salt provide maximum control of storage rot. The other major disease

being Bunchy Top which can be controlled by using a good fungicide.

Harvest Method and Yield:

The harvesting of the bunches of Banana is made when they attain the proper size and are

still to ripen, this is to keep them suitable for transportation. The productivity in Banana

within the state presently stands at 24.40 MT per Hectare the quantity which has been

factually ascertained during the interaction with main farmers of the banana growing

regions of the State.

Crop economics

The crop economics for banana has been calculated on the 2nd year of production

considering that total number of plants being 3333 plants per hectare, giving an average

yield of 30 Kgs. per plant i.e. about 133 tons (This information has been taken from the

data made available by DOH, UP). Tbr average sale rate of banana for estimation has

been taken as Rs.2/- per kg generating a total income of Rs.2.66 lacs per hectare. The

expenditure incurred as cost of production being taken as Rs.53835/- per hectare. Thus

giving a net income ofRs.2.12Iacs per hectare.

Price trend

1991 1992-1996 1997-2001(Averal!e) (Averal!e)

Arrival in tons 7l7.3 1206.8 967.08Price in Rs.latl. 234.0 385 404.08 .

0/0 increase in arrival - 68.24 34.82. % increase in mice - .64.52 72.68

The increase over the first five year: arrivals increased by 68.24 percent and price

increase was 64.34 percent. For next five years corresponding figures is 34.82 percent in

arrival and 72.68% price which clearly indicates annual growth of 3.4 percent in arrival

and 7.2 per cent price increase in Luckoow banana market.

Problems and Constraints

Main problem in banana is ripening because .traditional way of ripening gives very poor

quality like uneven ripening. Transport of banana is another constraints because unripe

banana is transported by trains without any ventilation in the vagons and from main

markets it is transported by trucks without any packing and grading. The ripening is done


2.1.7.1.2.9

at the district mandi' s or regional mandies. This process takes minimum 5 to 7 days from

harvesting to actually reaching the district mandies where ripening is done and marketed

to retailers. In whole process no proper packing and ripening is done.

Conclusion

Since Banana is commercially not grown on large scale in Uttar Pradesh and quality is

also not comparable with Maharashtra banana we should not encourage banana area in

Uttar Pradesh while concerted efforts should be made to develop infrastructure for

handling of banana at rail heads and scientific ripening sheds using ethelene as ripening

chemical should be used.


2.1.7.1.3

2.1.7.1.3.1

Citrus

Growth pattern over the decade

Main Citrus Fruits of Uttar Pradesh are Lime, Lemon and Mausambi and the

area is also limited. This crop is mainly concentrated in Agra (57% of the

total area) and Allahabad (13% of the total area) Divisions with very small

presence in other areas of the State. Growth pattern during last decade is:

91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01

Area in ha. 1006 1108 1036 978 930 992 937 908 824 880Production in 2102 2338 2176 2058 1959 2089 1973 1990 1810 1980tons .

Productivity in 2.0~ 2.ll 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.19 2.19 2.25tons / ha.% Increase in NA 11% -7% -5% -5% 7% -6% 1% -9% 9%Production% Increase in NA 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 4% 0% 3%Productivity% Increase in NA 10% -6% -6% -5% 7% -6% -3% -9% 7%Area

It clearly shows that neither area nor productivity of citrus fruit has increased

in Uttar Pradesh. Since citrus is not commercial fruits of U.P not much efforts

are made to increase the area and productivity is static at 2.1 tons / h over the

last decade.

2.1.7.1.3.2.

2.1.7.1.3.3

Crop Calendar

Planting should be done from June to August. The young plants should be

protected from excessive heat for 1 - 3 years and young trees should be trained

to single stem upto 75 - 100 cm and side shoots should be removed and proper

shape should be given to the plants.

Production Technology:

Limes and Lemons are grown in area which are frost free and drier regions of

the state i.e. mainly Rohilkhand region. This crop is highly sensitive to water

logging. The pH range of 6.5 to 7 is ideal.


2.1.7.1.3.4

Cultivars

For Kagzi lime - Vikram, Pramalini and Lucknow Seedless are suitable, for

Mausambi or sweat lime Pant Lemon - I, Kagzi Kalan are better. Grapefruit

and chakotra are also suitable for region.

Sowing / Planting Techniqnes

Lime is generally propagated by seed because it is polyembryonic (90 -

100%) and has least chance of viral contamination. Seed propagation is

cheapest and plants are more hardy. But sweet lime should be propagated

through layering and hard wood cuttings while grape fruit and lemons should

be propagated by budding.

Planting'

Distance of 4 - 6 m is sufficient for limes and lemons and grape fruit 6 - 8 m

depending on the variety and soil conditions.

Nutrient Management

A fully grown lime and lemon plants should be given 50 Kg FYM, 750 g N,

400 g P and 750 ofK / year. Total quality ofFYM and P and half ofN and K

should be applied after rains whereas the remaining half of Nand K after

flowering i.e. March - April. In first year 75 : 40.75 gm NPK and quantity .

should be increased to same ratio upto 10th year.

Water Management

Limes and Lemons require 875 inm water / yr. Adequate moisture should be

maintained at critical stages of growth. The first irrigation at vegetative growth

stage and second at fruit growth stage are critical and water must be supplied at

these stages with light and repeated irrigation but water should not touch the

main trunk of the tree.

Pests and Disease Management

Lemon butterfly is serious pest and caterpillars eat the entire leaf except

midrib; citrus cylla is another insect which eat the young growth, citrus leaf

minor in which leaves have irregular white lines. To check these alternate

spray of monocrotophos 1.25 m / I and Dirnetheoate 3 ml / 10 litre water

should be done at 15 days interval. Citrus dieback is serious disease, the twigs


2.1.7.1.3.5

2.1.7.1.3.6

2.1.7.1.3.7

2.1.7.1.3.8

2.1.7.1.3.9

affected should be cut atleast 2 inches below the affected portion and pasted

with B1itox I gm / 5 m1 water and spray the plant with B1itox or Blue copper-

50 or phytolon 0.3%. Citrus canker is another disease and can be controlled by

the above chemicals

Harvesting and Post Harvest

The peak time of harvest in U.P is June - July and September - October. A

good crop of lime gives 2000 to 4000 fruits / year and Lemon 600 - 800 fruits.

Crop economic

The productivity for Citrus fruits peaks off after the lOthyear and in general the

incomes comes to around Rs. 82,500 per hectare which is based on the

calculation that the number of plants per hectare being 275 with an average

yield of 60 Kg per plant and the sale price of Rs. 5 per Kg.

Price trend

There is no regulated market for this fruit in U.P and price trend are just

speculation. The average price during July - September when local product is

available varies between RS.6000 - 8000 / ton. but afterward it increases. The

average price varies between 8000 - 10000 / ton. in the state.


The citrus die back and micro nutrients deficiency are main problems of its

cultivation. The suitable areas of Rohelkhand division there is good scope of

increasing the area.

Conclusion

There is limited scope of expansion of area in the state and we should

concentrate more on high productivity crops than citrus except for limes in

Rohelkhand division.


2.1.7.1.4

2.1.7.1.5

2.1.7.1.5.1

Grapes

This crop has not been considered for study as the area under this crop is quite

insignificant within the state and no data is available regarding its production.

Guava

Growth pattern over the last decade

Guava is one of the most important fruit crop of UP. The crop has a wide spread coverage

and has a major concentration in Agra (30%), Bareilly (14%), Muradabad (8%),

Kanpur (9%), Allahabad (7%) and Luclrnow (9%) Divisions of the State. The growth

pattern over the decade is as belowArea in Ha.

Production in tons~1-92 2-93 93-94 Q4-95 5-96 ~6-97 97-98 ~8-99 9-00 00-01

•••.ea inha. 18647 18448 1846q 1824( 18676 18090 17985 18219 17296 17311

roduction in tons 159737 174582 14646' 156194 17011' 19268( 186565 122697 14631~ 125878

Productivityin ton/ ha. 8.57 9.4( 7.93 8.5( 9.11 10.65 10.37 6.73 8.45 7.2

Yo Increaseinproduction N) 9% -16% 7"1. 9% 13% -3% -34% 19"1. -14"1.

Yo IncreaseinProductivity N) 10"1. -16% 8"1. 6% 17% -3"1. -35% 26"1. -14"1.

Yo IncreaseinArea N) -1% 0% -1% 2% -3% -1% 1% -5"1. 0"1.

This shows there is a decrease in the area over a decade with production level peaking off

during 1996-97 showing an increase by 13 percent, which is due to increase in the

productivity i.e. from 8.57 ton/ha. to 10.65 tons/ha which is 24.27 percent increase.

Thereafter the productivity level as well as the area and production have shown a

downward trend.

2.1.7.1.5.2

2.1.7.1.5.3

Crop Calendar

Guava is propagated both by seeds and vegetative, but vegetative propagation IS

commercially followed. In northern India, guava is propagated by inarching, giving a

very high percentage of success during rainy season. Patch budding, stooling are some

other popular methods of guava propagation.

Production Technology

Guava (Psidiurn guajava) is a very popular fruit. It is available through out the year

except during the summer season. Being very hardy, it gives an assured crop even with


very little care. Best quality guavas are produced in Uttar Pradesh, particularly in

Allahabad region.

Climate and Soil - Owing to its hardy nature guava is grown successfully in tropical and

sub-tropical regions. Best quality guavas are obtained where low night temperatures (l0

c) prevail during winter season. It tolerates high temperature and drought conditions in

north India in summers but it is susceptible to severe frost as it can kill the young plant. .

Very good quality guavas are produced in river basins. It tolerates a soil pH 4.5-8.2.

Cultivars - Important guava varieties are - Lucknow-49, Allahabad Safeda, Chittidar,

Harijha,Hafshi, Apple Colour, Saharanpur seedless, Arka Mridula, Allahabadd Surkha.

Propagation -Guava is propagated both by seeds and vegetatively, but vegetative

propagation is commercially followed. In northern India, guava is propagated by

inarching, giving a very high percentage of success during rainy season. Patch budding,

stooling are some other popular methods of guava propagation.

Sowiug and Planting Techniques - Planting: The pits of 1mx 1mx 1m size are dug and

filled with a mixture of FYM and soil. The planting is done during the rainy season by

adopting the rectangular planting system width of Spacing: 5m X 8 m. Training! pruning,

the plants should be trained as low headed trees to facilitate multiple hand pickings. The

open center or delayed open center system may be adopted. The scaffold branches in

young plants are to be tipped back to encourage secondary branching.

Nutrient management - For good quality, regular crop the following fertilizer schedule

should be followed

Age (In years) FYM (Kg) N(g) P,Os (g) K,O

I 10 60 30 602 20 120 60 1203 30 180 90 1804 40 240 120 2405 50 300 150 3006 vears& above 60 360 180 360

Water Management: In winter season 15-20days interval and in summer weekly

Harvesting and yield: The plants begin bearing at an early age of 2-3 years but they attain

full bearing capacity at the age of 8 to 10 years. A 10-year-old plant yields about 100kg

of fruits every year.


2.1.7.1.5.4

2.1.7.1.5.5

2.1.7.1.5.6

Pest and Disease Management

In April after hoeing, spray 16 percent Urea or prune the young branches to :y., th to

control flowering during rainy season. Dried twigs should be removed. In November a

solution of 1m!. Chlorophos per liter of water should be filled in the holes made by

caterpil1ars in the bark. Thereafter the holes should be plugged with fresh mud.

Neem cake @ 6 kg/plant and gypsum @ 2 kg/plant are effective against guava wilt.

Withholding irrigation from February to June by creating moisture stress also controls

flowering in rainy season crop. Two to Three Spray of 0.1% Malathion at 10-15 days

interval checks fruit fly. Against scales 1.5 ml Rogorllit. water after pruning the infected

twigs. Die back is a serious problem and occurs more when soil pH is above 7.5. Remove

the affected plants and bum them and spray 3 gm thiram 1 liter water in the uprooted tree.

Anthracnose control is possible by removing the affected fruits and spray of Fytolon 2-3

gm Iliter water at least 4-5 sprays at 10 days interval. The incidence of wilt is more in

Kanpur and Allahabad division.

Harvest Method and Yield

The rainy season crop should be avoided by de-blossoming but the practice is not

followed. The present status in majority of Guava orchards is the farmers are not

adopting the manurial schedule and in 70% of the cases even one-third fertilizers are not

applied which result in very poor yields. If the above practices are adopted the yield of

more than 10 tons per hectare can be achieved which would be much more than the

present status of 4 to 6 tons per hectare only.

Crop economics

Currently the average yield of Guava in the State are pegged at 8-9 tons per hectare but

the data given for calculation of the economics for the CH?P by the DOH as shown an

average yield at 22 tons per hectare. The calculations have been made on the basis of this

figure and therefore the income thus generated from the crop comes to Rs.66,000 per

hectare from tenth year onwards with the cost of cultivation benched at Rs.3,1251- per

hectare.


2.1.7.1.5.7

2.1.7.1.5.8

2.1.7.1.5.9

Price trend

There is no regulated market price data available however the price trend over the decade

has just doubled i.e. Rs. 2400 to 4600 per ton in the whole sale market of U.P over a

decade.


Because fruits are perishable in nature and low price fruit no attention is paid to proper

harvesting storage/packing and marketing. Immature fruits are harvested and they do not

ripe because of non-climatic nature value of the fruits. Two major constraints are Guava

wilt and. fruit fly and unfortunately there is no suitable control for wilt the planting

material should not be obtained from a wilt infected region or nursery.

Conclusion

Because of wilt problem the plantation of 25-30 years old trees should be replaced and it

is advisable that ifplants were affected by wilt area should be shifted and proper schedule

of plant protection should be adopted. Being a low input fruit crop little care and attention

is given the profitability of farmers can be increased.


2.1.7.1.6

2.1.7.1.7

2.1.7.1.7.1

Litchi

This crop has not been considered for study as the area under this crop IS quite


Mango


Mango is most important fruit crop of Uttar Pradesh having a widespread coverage in the

State. It is king of fruits. India shares 56% of total mango production in the world and it

contributes 39.2 percent to the fruit basket of the country. In India total area under Mango

is 1522.6thousand ha and production is 10237 thousand tons with a productivity of 6.7

tonslha. In U.P area is 252.2 thousand ha and production is 2250.3 thousand tons with a

productivity of 8.92 tonslha which is 2nd highest in the country. The progress over the

decade in area and production is given below:-

91-92 2-93 93-94 94-95 5-96 6-97 97-98 8-99 99-00 0-01

Area in thousand ha. ~36.55 36.55. ~38.18 ~45.03 48.93 47.98 ~33 44.43 ~41.12 52.15

Production in thousand 1776.79 1921.91 1677.09 ~307.2 038.02 263.28 1286.81 475.65 1911.8 165.35onsProductivity in tons / ha n.51 8.12 ~.04 9.42 8.18 .12 [5.52 10.12 n.93 12.55

Yo Increase in Production INA 8% -13% 38% -12% 11% -43% 92% -23% 66%

Yo increase illINA 8% -13% 34% -13% 11% -39% 83% -22% 58%Productivity}bIncrease in Area INA 0% 1% 3% 20/0 0% -6% 5% -1% 5%

Source: UP Deptl. of Horticulture and Fruit Utilization U.P

The area over a decade has increased 5 percent but production has increased 30.66 per

cent which means productivity has increased by 24.58 percent in the decade with annual

increase in productivity of 2.46 percent. It is a very slow growth and special efforts have

to be made to increase area. production and productivity in the state. The intra decadal

fluctuation which is visible is due to the alternate bearing nature of the crop.

2.1.7.1.7.2 Crop Calendar

Early maturity varieties - These varieties are available from 20th May to end of June e.g.

GoUIjeet, Bombay green, Ratoul. Mid season varieties - These varieties starts ripening

from third week of June e.g. Dashahari, Langra, Lucknow Safeda. Late maturing

varieties - These varieties matures during July-August e.g. Chausa, Fazli.


2.1.7.1.7.3 Production TechnologyCultivars

India is the home of about thousand'varieties. However, only about 20 varieties arecommercially cultivated in the state-

(i) Early maturity varieties - These varieties are available from 20'h May to end of

June e.g. Gourjeet, Bombay green, Ratou!.

(ii) . Mid season varieties - These varieties starts ripening from third week of June

e.g, Dashahari, Langra, Lucknow Safeda.

(iii) Late maturing varieties - These varieties matures during July-August e.g.

Chausa, Fazli.

(iv) Varieties for pickle making purpose-e.g. Rarnkela, Shukul, Ketki bihar.

(v) Hybrids developed from IARI, New Delhi.

Amrapali-dwarf variety developed from the cross of Dashahri X Neelum,

suitable for high density planting.

Mallika-Developed from the cross of Neelum X Dashahri, good carrymg

capacity.

Seed / Planting Material -Mango should be commercially propagated by veneer grafting

but at present age old method of in arching is followed in north India and stone

grafting/epicotyl grafting should be followed in humid region of eastern in Uttar Pradesh.

Sowing / Planting Techniques

Pits of IfiX IfiX Im size are dug, exposed to sun about 30 days and filled with FYM. The

grafts should be planted in rainy season.

Inter Culture Operations -It is essential to space the branches properly and to help inintercultural Operations.

Nutrient Management -The nutritional requirement of mango varies with the region,

soil type and age. A dose of 73g N, 18g P, and 68g Klyear of age from first to tenth year

and there after a dose of730g N, l80g P and 680g K should be applied in two split doses

during June-July and October.

Water Management -The water requirement mainly depend on age, soil type climate.

However, the young plants up to 2-years old watered regularly.


Management of Disease and pests• 2.1.7.1.7.4

(i) Alternate bearing -Most of the north Indian varieties are alternate bearing. Soil

drenching with 5 to 10 gm pactobutrazol in October-November gIves more

flowering without affecting fruit size and quality.

,.

(ii) Mango Malformation- Both at Juvenile stage and flowering stage malformaton

occurs. Compact leaves are formed at the opex of shoot or in leaf axil while floral

malformation directly effects the yield. Deblossming alone or coupled with 200

ppm NAA spray malformation is partically checked.

(iii) Black tip - This disorder is caused by smoke of brick-kilns located within 600 m

distance. The chimney of brick kins should be raised to. avoid the affect on

orchards. Spraying borax 0.6% at 10-14 days interval starting from the fruit set

controls the disorder.

(iv) Die back - Prune the disease twigs in such a way that twigs are removed 2-3inches below the affected portion. and spray copper oxychloride 0.3% and alsopaste the twig ends with copper oxychloride.

(v) Mango milly bug- In December 200 gm per adult tree of Methyl Parathion

(Folidol Dust) should be dusted and mud plastering upto I m trunk and 400

gauga polythene strip of 25 em width 30 em above ground level on the main

trunk and fresh mud plastering on both ends of polythene band ends prevents the

milly bugs to climb on the tree.

(vi) Mango hopper- This is most serious pest which causes heavy losses. The heavy

population of insect is in February to April and June to August and it is more

serious in old orchards where shade and humidity is move. Three sprays of

carbaryl 0.15% or 0.04% monocrotophos or 0.05% Phosphomidon or Methyl

Parathion helps in controlling hoppers. First spray at early age of panicle

formation second at full length of panicle but before full bloom and third spray

after fruit set at pea size stage are recommended.

(vii) Fruit fly- This is one of the serious pest and adversely affecting the export market

also. To control this insect bait sprays of Carbaryl 0.2% + molesses in I" week of

April and repeated spray after 21 days.


2.1.7.1.7.5

2.1.7.1.7.6

2.1.7.1.7.7

2.1.7.1.7.8

There are other minor insects pests like scale insect, shoot borer, bark eating

Caterpillars, stem bores. Remove the webs from tree trunks and put emulsion of

Moncrotophos 0.05% or DDVP in each hole and plug with mud.


Mango should be harvested with pedicle. Yield of mango varies with the variety and

region. However, on an average mango yields 9 tons/hectare.

Crop Economics

It has been observed that after the 10th Year Mango plantation gives a steady income of

approximately Rs. 45,000 per hectare. The economics has been worked out on the basis

of about 100 plants in a hectare of land averaging a yield of 90 Kgs. keeping in mind the

estimated selling rate of Rs. 5 per Kg. and the expenditure incurred by the farmer of

about Rs. 4,425 per hectare. Thus the net cash flow per hectare to the farmer comes to

around Rs. 40,575 per hectare.

Price trends

1991 1992-1996 1997-2001Yearly average Yearly average

.

Arrival.in tons 5096 2408.8 7078.0Price in Rs. loti 594.5 965.1 939.65Percentage increasedin arrival (-) 52.7 38.9Percentage increasein orice 62.3 58.1

From the base year 1991 the arrival in first four year i.e. 1992-1996 there was decrease in

arrival of mango by 52.7percentage while price rise was 62.3 percent but in the next five

years 1997 to 2001 there was increase of arrival by 38.9% while price rise was 58.1%.

Which indicates the price fluctuation is linked with supply of commodity. The average

annual arrival increased by 3.89 percent and price rise was 5.81 percent over the decade.


Main problem with Mango is alternate bearing nature of fruit coupled with serious

problems of diseases and pest like Milly bug, hoppers, Malformation, black tip of Mango,


•

2.1.7.1.7.9

clustering or Jhamka and fruit fly. There is no ripening standard practices and at farmers

field no proper package of practices are being adopted.

Conclusion

The Mango orchards are very old with very low productivity. The trees between 40-50

years old should be top worked and grafted and still older trees must be replaced with

new plantation. Plant protection measures and proper fertilizer schedule should be

adopted. Preference should be given to newer hybrids and close planting i.e. high density

orchards techniques should be adopted to increase productivity .


2.1.7.1.8

2.1.7.1.9

2.1.7.1.9a

2.1.7~1.9a.l

Papaya

This crop has not been considered for study as the area under this crop is quite


Other Fruits -

Aonla (Emblica officinalis)

Growth pattern over the decade.

Aonla or Indian gooseberry is one of the most important fruit crop mainly grown on

wasteland with high productivity. U.P occupies first position in the country for

. quality Aonla production. High productivity I unit area (15.20 tons I hal, nutritive

and therapeutic value this crop gained importance. The area and production is fast

increasing in Pratap garh - Sultanpur - Faizabad districts. The current division wise

area and production of this crop in U.P is:

Division 2000-2001 2001-2002Area Production Area Production

Meerut 8 46 8 46Agra 810 4647 900 5163Muradabad - - II 63Kanpur 420 2409 420 2409Allahabad 12179 69871 12179 69871Jhansi 260 1492 260 1492Chitrakut 150 861 430 2468Varanasi 5 29 5 29Azamgarh - - 1200 6884GorakhDur - - 1393 7992Basti - - 1486 8525Lucknow 10 57 10 57Faizabad 417 2392 462 2650State Total 14317 82137 18822 107982Increase % 31.5 131.5

It clearly shows that area and production has increased by 31.5 percent in one year

and there is no change in the productivity per unit area. It is likely that area and

production will further go up in the coming years. The major area for the crop is in

Allahabad Division comprising of 65% of the total area in the State.

2.1.7.1.9a.2 Crop Calendar

Aonla can be successfully propagated through patch I modified ring budding in north

India during mid-May to September with 60 - 100% success. Six months to one year

old seedlings obtained from desi aonla tree are being used as root stock.


,-

2.1.7.1.9a.3 Production Technology

Climate and soil - Aonla is a subtropical plant and prefers dry subtropical climate.

Since aonla is a hardy plant, it can be successfully grown in variable soil condition

and marginal soil-slightly acidic to saline / sodic (pH 6.5-9.5) conditions. Heavy soils

or high water table area are not suited for its cultivation.

Cultivars - There are three main varieties of aonla - Banarasi, Francis and chakaiya,

Other varieties identified and released for commercial cultivation and latest vars are:

Krishna - A selection from Banarasi, medium sized fruits with good yield.

Kanchan(NA-4)-Seedling selection from Chakaiya, it is a heavy and regular bearer.

NA-6 - seedling selection from chakaiya, prolific and heavy bearer, ideal for

preserve.

NA-7 - seedling selection from francis, precocious profile and regular bearer.

Seed / Planting Material - Aonla can be successfully propagated through patch /

modified ring budding in north India during mid-May to September with 60 - 100%

success. Six months to one year old seedlings obtained from desi aonla tree are being

used as root stock.

Sowing / Planting Techniques - Planting: 7-10 m apart during July - August or

February. Pits of I - 1.25m size are dug 2 months prior to planting.

Nutrient Management: - For good yield of aonla following fertilizer schedule

should be applied -

Al!eof the nlant (vear) Nitrol!en (l!m) Phosnhorus (l!m) Potash (l!m)I 100 50 752 200 .100 1503 300 150 1254 400 200 3005 500 250 3756 600 300 4507 700 350 5258 800 400 6009 900 450 67510 1000 500. 750

Inter Cultural Operations - Aonla plant should be encouraged to develop a medium

headed tree. The main branches should be allowed to appear at a height of 0.75 - 1m

above the ground level. Plant should be trained to modified central leader system.


2.1.7.1.9a.4

2.1.7.1.9a.5

2.1.7.1.9a.6

2.1.7.1.9a.7

Water Management:- No irrigation is required during rainy and winter seasons.

However, irrigation at 15-20 days interval is desirable in dry summer particularly

during early years of orchard establishment under waste land conditions.

Pests and disease Management

Bark eating caterpillar is most serious. One part Metasystex or Rogar in 10 parts

Kerosene Oil should be filled in the holes and plugged with fresh mud. Leaf eating

caterpillars and gal making insects can be controlled with 0.03% Dimecron spray.

Before spray in the month of October the affected twigs should be cut and burnt and

then spray of Dimecron is more effective. Termite are big enemy so in November

Forrate lOG@ 25-30 gm should be mixed in soil under the canopy of tree. Spray of

Dimethoate and Mancozab checks plant and fruit diseases.

Harvest & Method of Yield

Change in seed colour from creamy white to brown is an indication of fruit maturity.

An aonla tree may bear 2-3 q / tree, giving 15-20 tormes / ha.

Crop economics

The economics of the crop have been calculated on the basis of the production levels,

which peak off after the II th year. The total income thus generated from the crop

comes to Rs.62,500/- per hectare,.with a maintenance cost pegged at RS.4275/- perhectare.

Price trend.

The whole sale price in Lucknow market remained between Rs.400 - 500 per qtl. in2001.

2.1.7.1.9a.8 Problems and constraints

Necrosis a physiological disorder is major constraints in Aonla cultivation. Some

varieties are more susceptible like Francis. Comparatively tolerant var like Krishna,

Kanchan, NA-6 and NA-7 should be planted. This is .very susceptible to water

logging and pH of soil should not be less than 6.5


2.1.7.1.9a.9 Conclusion

There is vast area under Usar in Uttar Pradesh where no other crop can be taken

successfully and this is gift of nature that our waste lands should be utilized for this

crop. It is worked out that even with low inputs and comparatively bad land gives net

return of Rs. 70 to 80 thousand per ha. in Aonla production.


2.1.7.1.9b

2.1.7.1.9b.l

Jack fruit

Jack fruit is called poor man food but it is rich source of Vitamin A, C and minerals and

supplies large amount of Carbohydrate. Its timber is used for furniture because it is rarely

attacked by white ants. The flakes, seeds, sterile flowers, skin and core of fruit contains

calcium pectate 4.6,1.6,3.7,3.2 and 2.1% respectively hence it is rich source of pectin.

In V.P, the major divisions were Jack fruit is cultivated being Gurakpur and Lucknow

comprising 20% of the area in each of the divisions. Area and production over a decade is

given below:-

Growth Pattern over last decadeArea in Ha.

Production in tons~1-92 92-93 93-94 4-95 5-96 ~6-97 7-98 ~8-99 99-00 00-01

Area inha. ~52 07 661 69 536 ~49 614 635 80 569.

Production in tons 16300 17675 16525 14252 13396 13721 15350 15875 0300 14225Productivity in ton / ha. ~5 <5 5 5.04 5 ~5 5 ~5 5 25Yo Increase in Production l'IA 8% -7% -14% -6% 2% 12% 3% 28% -30%Yo increase in Productivity ~A 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 40% -29%

~ Increase in Area ~A 8% -7% -14% -6% 2% 12% 3% -9% -2%

It is clear from the data that area under Jack fruit is decreasing over a decade barring a

minor growth during 1992-93, @ 1.91 percent every year and production has decreased at

1.27 percent the main reason for decrease in area in long gestation period of trees to come

to bearing and moreover there is no concentrated planting as an orchard only few trees

are planted. Efforts should be made to commercialize Jack fruit cultivation because this is

a low input crop and can be grown on marginal lands also.

2.1.7.1.9b.2 Crop Calendar

The plants should be planted in square system and haxagonal if soil is less fertile 12 mt.

apart from June to August. Protective irrigation initially at 12-15 days interval depending

on soil type and rainfall. The plant should be trained by removing lower branches upto

1.5 metre.


2.1.7.1.9b.3

2.1.7.1.9b.4


Introduction- It can not tolerate cold and frost and grows well in warm humid climate of

central, eastern and Tarai belt ofU.P.

Cultivars - Local selection varieties i.e. Gulabi champa and Hazer. Muttam and Varikka

are improved varieties with average fruit of 7 kg white local varieties gives fruit of upto

40 kg. Jack fruit NJ-l, NJ-2, NJ-3 and NJ-4 from Faizabad University have good quality

fruit.

Seed I Planting Material- Jack fruit is commonly propagated from freshly extracted

seeds. Soaking seeds in 25 ppm NAA for 24 hours improves germination and seedling

growth. Now grafting (Inarching and epicotyle) and budded (Chip and Pateh) plants

comes into bearing earlier.

Sowing/Planting Techniques- The plants should be planted in square system and

haxagonal if soil is less fertile 12 mt. apart from June to August. Protective irregation

initially at 12-15 days interval depending on soil and rains. The plant should be trained by

removing lower branches upto 1.5 metre.

Nutrient Management- The plant should be regularly manured for good cropping. 80

Kg FYM along with fertilizer adopting following schedule gives better yield

Nutrient Al!e ofthe olant1-3 Years 4-7Years 7 Years and above

N (g) 200 400 600P (g) 120 240 300K 20 (g) 60 120 240

Pests and disease management

There is no serious insect pest of Jack fruit except milly bug. In December 200 gm per

adult tree of Methyl Parathion (Folidol Dust) should be dusted and mud plastering upto 1

m trunk and 400 gauga polythene strip of 25 cm width 30cm above ground level on the

main trunk and fresh mud plastering on both ends of polythene band ends prevents the

milly bugs to climb on the tree.


2.1.7.1.9b.5

2.1.7.1.9b.6

2.1.7.1.9b.7

2.1.7.1.9b.8

2.1.7.1.9b.9

Harvesting and Post Harvest Management

Seedling trees start bearing from 7'h to 8th year while grafted plants comes into bearing in

3"' - 4th year. The tree attains its peak bearing in 15-16 years.

Crop Economics

Tree bears upto 250 fruits annua11y. The average yield is 40-50 ton/ha. can be obtained.

Price Trends

There is no reliable data available on the price trend of this fruit in UP. However, as per

estimate whole sale price varies between Rs. 2000 to' 2500 per ton in Lucknow wholesale

market.


Seedling plants comes to bearing late. The newer varieties from Sri lanka and Singapore

should be introduced and grafted on local seedlings which comes to fruiting in 3"' year.

Closer planting to 10m. Should be adopted for higher yield.

Conclusion

Beaing highly productive fruit plant regular orchards should be planted with grafted

plants instead of scattered and few plants to grow commercia11y because per unit

productivity and profitability wi11be much higher than what it is now.

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone" 36

2.1.7.1.9c

2.1.7.1.9c.l

2.1.7.1.9c.2

2.1.7.1.9c3

Ber

Growth Pattern over the decade

Ber or Iodian Jujube is indigenous fruit of Iodia. It contains 5.6% digestible protein

and 49.7% total digestible nutrients present in the fruit. It is called poor and common

man fruit of the country. The approximate area and production ofBer in the country

was 29930 ha and production of 345679 t in 1990-91. 10 U.P concentrated areas of

this crops are under Agra, Aligarh, Varanasi, Faizabad and Jhansi. The exact data is

not available but rough estimates are: that area is around 3000 ha with annual

production of 24000 tons in this state.

Crop Calendar

Seeds should be sown during March - April. These seedlings could either be

transplanted in the field during July - August for in-situ budding or can be budded in

the nursery beds.


Soil - It is generally grown on marginal lands. It can withstand extremely hot

conditions but is susceptible to frost. Ber is not particularly exacting in its soil

requirement. It can grow on a wide variety of soils-sandy, clayey, saline and alkali

soils. Once established, it can withstand high salinity in soil.

Cultivars - More than 300 varieties have been listed but only a few are commercially

important. They are Umran, Banarasi Kadaka, Mundia, Seb, Gola and Kaithali.

Seed/Planting Material- Most common method of proparation of ber is by 1 or T

(shield) budding. Rootstock seedlings are raised by sowing seed kernels extracted by

breaking the stone. Seeds should be sown in a well-prepared nursery bed at 30 x 30

cm spacing and at 2 cm depth during March - April. These seedlings could either be

transplanted in the field during July - August for in-situ budding or can be budded in

the nursery beds.

Sowing /Planting Techniques - Beginning of monsoon is best time for planting. Pits

of 60 x 60 x 60cm are dug during summer and refilled after mixing 2 baskets of ,

farmyard manure and 50g of Heptachlor dust to protect from termite attack. Planting

is done at a spacing of 6m in low rainfall areas and 8m in the irrigated regions or in

areas receiving higher rainfall.

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Econ,omic Feasibility Study [or North Zone' 37

2.1.7.1.9c.4

2.1.7.1.9c.5

2.1.7.1.9c.6

2.1.7 .1.9c. 7

Nutrient Management- Ber orchards are seldom manured. How~ver, productivity of

trees can be improved if manuring is done every year. A dose of 250g Nand 250g P

increase fruit yield. Application ofK does not give any response.

Inter Cultural Operation- During the first 2-3 years after planting, ber trees should

be trained to develop a strong frame work. After that old growth is beheaded during

March keeping 1-2 nodes above the graft union to induce vigorous new growth.

Water Management - In rainfed areas, arrangement for in-situ water harvesting should be

done by giving 5% slope to the inter-row spaces towards the trees. Black polythene mulch

help conserves soil moisture and improves growth of the trees.


Bark eating caterpillar is major pest and can be controlled by applying chlorophos

0.1% in kerosin oil filled in the holes and holes should be plugged with fresh mud.

The fruit fly is serious pest and majority of fruits become unfit for consumption.

Spray of 3 ml Endosulphon, 2 mI Malathion / I litre water at 10 days interval from

January to March but fruits should not be harvested upto one week of spray. Major

disease of ber is powdery mildew and it can be controlled by spraying Karathane 5

gm / 10 litre water sprayed from July to December at monthly interval.


Ber matures 150.175 days after flowering. Spray of 750 ppm 2-chloroethyl

phosphoric acid (Ehtephone) at colour turning stage induced early maturity. Fully

mature fruits are harvested. Picking should be done in the forenoon. The average

yield during the prime bearing period (10-20 years) ranges 80-200kg / tree.

Crop economics

No authentic data is available for computation of the economics fr this crop' However

it has been observed that the farmers plant about 160 plants per hectare and thus with

an average yield of 100 kgs per plant the total expected yield is about 16 tons which

is being sold at RS.5000/. per ton giving a return ofRs.80,000/- per hectare.

Price trend

Since this fruit comes in January - February in U.P when no other fruit is available .

. Ber gets good price. The authentic figure of price is not available. However, as per


2.1.7.1.9c.8

2.1.7.1.9c.9

estimate and personal discussion in Lucknow whole sale market the average price

varies from Rs.5000 to RS.5500 per ton.

Problem and Constraints

Seedling plants comes to bearing late and hence the farmers has to wait for 2 to 3

years to get ideal yield levels

Conclnsion

Since this is a fruit which grows on marginal lands and scanty rainfall areas.

Concerted efforts should be made to increase the area in central plateau of the state

particularly. Banda, HllII1irpur Jalaun, Jhansi, Lalitpur, Mohaba, Sonbhadra and

adjoining areas and Mathura, Agra areas of State.


2.1.7.2 Vegetables, Roots and Tubers

2.1.7.2.1 Brinjal

2.1.7.2.1.1 Growtb pattern over tbe decade

Brinjal is one of the most common vegetables and cultivated throughout the state and

almost throughout the year. In India brinjal occupies 8 percent of the area amongst the

vegetables with 432202 ha. area and production of 6443062 tons. It is a rich source of Vi!.

A, B, Calcium, Phosphorus and iron. Growth pattern in Uttar Pradesh over the two years

for which data is available is given below:

Contents 1999-2000 2000-2001Area in ha. 1900 1950Production in M.T. 67300 68500Productivitv tJha. . 35.42 35.13Area expansion in % ---- 2.63Production increases % ---- 1.78

There is confusion over the data because as per estimates of 1993-94 the area was 29659

ha. with production of 414397 metric tons and area dropped to 7829 ha. in 1995-96 and

again in year 2000-2001 it is only 1950 ha. only which seems to be totally wrong. The data

collection system seems to be off the actual position. This matter was discussed at the

department level but they seems to be helpless as they have to depend upon the revenue

records. Suitable measures will be suggested in the second volume of this report.


Different varieties have different sowing timings and are generally sown between January -

February, Jime-July and September-October. Harvesting is done on maturity offiuits which

is generally 60-80 days from the.date oftransplanting.

2.1.7.2.1.3 Production Technology

Introduction -Below 10°C the growth ofbrinjal is hampered, average temperature of21 to

30° C is optimum which means extreme winters and summers should be avoided for good

crop.

Soils - Since it is heavy feeder rich soil are preferred.


Cultivars -The important varieties are Azad brinjal 2,3 and Azad Hybrid-I, Narendra

Hybrid-I, Narendra Hybrid-2 and Narendra Hybrid-3, ND brinjal-4, Pusa pumple cluster,

8-16, Pant Kranti, PBR-I29-5 Pant samrat, Azad Kranti, ARU-2C, H-8, Punjab Barsati and

FI hybrids are Pusa Hybrid 5,6 and 9, Mahyco hybrid 10 and 39, BH-I, NDBH-6, NDBH-

1 and ARBH-201.

Seed /Planting Material-400 gm seed is required for an ha.

Sowing I Planting Techniques -planting should be at 75x60 cm or 60x45 depending upon

variety.

Nutrient Management -25 tons FYM, 200 kg urea, 375 kg single super phosphate and 100

kg Potassium sulphate per ha. Nitrogen is to applied in three split doses 50%. before

planting 25% each after 3 weeks intervals.

2.1.7.2.1.4 Pest and Disease Management

Fruit and shoot borer is main insect. All effected twigs and fruits should be plucked and

burnt or burried in deep soil. After planting Furradon 10 Kg I ha should be mixed around

root zone and spray endosulphan 2ml/lit after picking of fruits. Mites is another insect

which can be controlled with 0.02% Thiodon spray again after picking of fruits. Mites is

another insects which can be controlled with 0.02% Thiodon spray.

In summer season seedlings are more effective by damping of hence treatment"of nursery with captaf

is essential.

2.1.7.2.1.5 Harvest Method and Yield

The yields vary between 20-40 tons per ha. depending upon the season and variety. Picking

is generally done between 60-80 days from the date of transplanting depending upon the

variety

2.1.7.2.1.6 Crop Economics

It is suggested that farmers should be inculcated. The use ofFI hybrid seeds whose

gennination is more than 90% and the yield gains are much more as compared to the

conventional varieties.

As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for brinjal works out to be as under:


Yield! hectare

Estimated selling rate RS.2600/- per Ton

Total cost of production

Net income to the farmer

2.1.7.2.1.7 Price trend

2 Tons

RS.52000/-

Rs. 19400/-

RS.32600/-

Monthly average price and arrival in Luckhow wholesale market over the decade is given

below:

1991 1996 2001

Arrival in tons 789.3 1135.0 1314.1Price in Rs. / ton 2330.54 3180.0 2720.66% Increase / decrease arrival -- 43.8 66.49% Increase / decrease in nrices --- 36.16 16.75

There is increase in the arrival ofbrinjal by 43.8% during first five years and 22.8% in last

five years. The total increase in decade is 66.49% which means in arrival there is 6.65

annual increase. In price trend there is substantial increase in first five years but in later half

there is marginal increase and overall price have increased by 1.67 percent annually which

is quite nominal increase.

2.1.7.2.1.8 Problems and Constraints

Fruits and Shoot borer is a serious problem in brinjal cultivation. Sometimes when the

temperature is mild and humidity is high there are huge losses. The work is going on to

evolve resistant varieties.

2.1.7.2.1.9 Conclusion

The area is fast increasing because number of Fl hybrids have been developed which are

high yielding and there is bound to be quantum jump in the productivity of this crop.


•

2.1.7.2.2

2.1.7.2.2.1

2.1.7.2.2.2

2.1.7.2.2.3

Cabbage

Growth Patter over last decade

There has been tremendous increase' In area and production of Cabbages in the

country during last decade. The area and production during 1991-92 was 177.3

thousand ha. and production was 2771.3 thousand tons which increased to 2455.4

thousand ha. and production of 5617.1 thousand tons in the year 2000 - 2001 which

means production bas doubled and productivity is increased by 48 percent. The main

area of cabbage is in Meerut, Saharanpur division followed by Moradabad and

Barielly divisions. The trend of cabbage in Uttar Pradesh is given below

Contents 1991-92 1996-97 2000 - 2001

Area inba. 21451 35205 7000Production in tons 501953 1047585 184400Productivitv in tonslha 23.4 29.76 26.34Percenlal!eincrease in area ---- 64.12 - 67.36Percenla"e increase in Prod. ---- 108.70 - 63.26

The above data shows that during first half of decade the area increased by 64 percent

and production increase was 108.70 percent. In the second half-decade the area and

production has decreased by more than sixty percent because major area was in Tarai

and hill portions which have become separate slate ofUttranchal Pradesh.

Crop Calendar

Sowing is generally done between September-November and are harvested between

60-120 days depending upon the variety


Soils - It can be grown in different types of soils. The land should be well prepared

Cultivars -The important varieties are Golden Acre, Pusa Mukta, Pride of India, Pusa

Drum head, Early September & hybrids are Ganesh Gol, BSS -32, Quisto, Nath 401.

Seed I Planting Material-The seed rate for varieties is I to 1.5kghawhile for hybrids

400 - 600gm seed is required for a haclare.

Sowing I Planting Techniques-The seed should be treated with Bavistin 2gmlkg

seed. To get early crop, nursery must be treated with Caplan or Thiram 3gmllitre

water @ 5 litre per square meter.

Pinal R,marl: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibilitv Studv for North Zone' 43

2.1.7.2.2.4

2.1.7.2.2.5

2.1. 7.2.2.6

Nutrient Management .The fertilizer requirement is 30-40 tons FYM, 120 kg N, 60

kg P and 60 kg K. Nitrogen is applied in three split doses 50:25:25 before planting, 25

days after transplanting and again after 25 days. If the growth in slow spray 20 gm

Urea and .20mgm Molybdenum per litre water after 30.35 days of transplanting.

Water Management - Irrigation should be given at 5.6 days intervals in case of

early variety and 10.15 days in case of late varieties.


The main insect are Diamond Back Month, hairy Catter pillar, White Butterfly, shoot

borer and Aphids. Spray Endosulphan or Malathion 2m111itreof water or planting two

rows of mustard after twenty rows of Cabbage helps in saving the crop. Downy

mildew, black rot and Sc1orotenia rot are common diseases. Spray Dithane M-45

(2gm/litre) or Ridomil (O.5gm/litre) or Bavistin (lgm/litre) alternatively at 15 days

interval, for black rot spray streptocyc1in (0.02gm/lit) or platomycin (lgm/lit).


Cabbage should be harvested when the head has attained the proper size and firmness

in case of the early varieties the harvesting is generally done between 60.80 days

from the date of transplanting and 100.120 days in case oflate varieties. The general

yield levels are between 25.35 tons/hec.

Crop Economics

The price increase over the decade is 281 percent which means annual

increase of 28 percent this is mainly due to heavy demand of this crop in the

fast food which is becoming extremely popular in the state.

As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for Cabbage works out to be as

under:

2.1.7.2.2.7

Yield! hectare

Estimated selling rate Rs.2000/. per Ton



Price trend

35 Tons

RS.70000/.

Rs.21300/.

Rs.48700/.

•

Average monthly arrival in tons and prices per quintal over the decade are given

below: .

Final Report: 'National Level Techno.Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 44

•

•

2.1.7.2.2.8

2.1.7.2.2.9

Contents 1991-92 1996-97 2000 - 2001

Price in Rs/ton . 990.75 2650.80 3800.86Monthly Anival in tons 653.25 489.40 415.14Percentage mcrease 10 ~~~- (-) 25.08 (-)36.45arrivalPercentaQe increase in nrice .... 166.47 281.81

The trend shows that there is decrease in the arrival over a decade, which means

cabbage, can with-stand better transport and must be going to other markets.


There is extreme shortage of seed production of this crop in the country and most of

the seed is imported. The small and marginal farmers are unable to afford the high

cost of hybrid seed., the other constraints is heavy attack of insects.

Conclusion

The varieties and hybrids'resistant to Diamond back moth (DBM) are main problem

in Cabbage production. The Biotechnological approach i.e. transfer of BT gene is a

must for increasing the production and saving the harmful effects of excessive use of

insecticides .

Final Rennrt: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Studv for North Zone' 45

2.1.7.2.3

2.1.7.2.3.1

2.1.7.2.2.2

2.1.7.2.3.3

Cauliflower


Cauliflower is major crop of the country and area expansion during the decade in the

country is 26 percent and production has increased by 56 percent. The area and

production in UP is also expanding but due to bifurcation of the state major area has

gone to Uttaranchal, hence it will not give clear picture of the state.

Contents 1993-94 1995-96 2000-2001.

Area in ha. 18375 8500 8500Productionin tons 207199 121600 123300Productivitvin tonslhec 11.29 14.31 14.51Percenta"e increase/decreasein area --- . (-)53.7 (-)53.7Percental!e.increase/decreasein Prod. --- (-) 41.3 (-) 40.5

The data shows that area and production has decreased to 53 and 41 percent, which is

not true picture, because major area has gone to Uttranchal Pradesh. The productivity

is increased by 28 percent. Since there is no data recording by the revenue department

and department of Horticulture has any resources to collect the data the true picture of

area and production cannot be relied. The suitable measures will be suggested in the

second volume.

Crop Calendar

Cauliflower is generally grown during different seasons depending upon the maturity

of with the sowing varying from May-June to September-October. The harvest also

depend upon different maturity groups with the time being from September-October

to January-March


Soils - It can be grown in different types of soils. The land should be well prepared

Cultivars - Pusa-Early Synthetic, Pant Gobi-3,Pusa-Deepali, Pant Gobi - 2,

hnproved Japanese, Pusa Hybrid-2, Pusa sharad, Pant Gobi-4, Pusa synthetic, Pusa

Shubra, Pusa Himjyoti, Pant Shubra, Pusa, Snow ball-I, Pusa Snow ball K-I

Seed/Planting Material - The seed rate for early varieties is 500 to 700 grn/ hil and

for mid and late varieties 300 to 350 grn/ ha.

Sowing /Planting Techniques- For early crop nursery must be treated with

Farmeldehyde or Karathane 2 gm / lit water and seed should be treated with 2 gm


•

•

2.1.7.2.3.4

Captan! kg seed. As per temperature requirement there are different groups of

Cauliflower and their time of sowing and varieties differ as given below:-

Maturity Varieties Sowing time Temp. req.group During curd

formationFirst early Pusa-EarlySynthetic End of May to 20-27*c

PantGobi-3 JuneEarlv Pusa-DeenaliPant Gobi - 2 June 20 - 25*cEarly-Mid Improvedjapanese End'ofJuly 16 - 20*c

PusaHybrid-2 to first week ofPusa sharad AugustPantGobi-4

Mid Season Pusa synthetic August end to 12 - 16*cPusa Shubra Early Sept.PosaHimjyotiPant Shubra

Late or Posa SnowbaIl-I September to 10 - 16 *cSnowbaIl Pusa Snowball K-I October ,

,Nutrient Management - For better yield 50-60 tons FYM, 120:50:50 kg NPK,

Nitrogen in split doses half before planting and after 35 days and curd development

stage.

Inter Cultural Operations - Planting is done 50x45 em distance and earthing up is

done after top dressings. The availability of improved seeds in Cauliflower is a real

problem.

Water Management - For early group varieties irrigation needs to be given at a

interval of 5-6 days and for later varieties 10-15 days. There should be sufficient

moisture in the soil at the time of curd formation.


There are many insects and pests of Cauliflower, spray of Endosulphan or Thiodon 2-

mlllit controls most of the insects. Downy mildew and black rot and Sclorotenia rot

are main diseases. Spray of Radomil 0.5 gm / lit, Dithane M-45, 2 gm / lit should be

sprayed

2.1.7.2.3.5

2.1.7.2.3.6.


The Cauliflower should be harvested when the curd has reached the proper size and

shape which generally depending upon the variety for early group ranges between 60-

80 days and for late group 90-120 days from the date of transplanting.

Maturity Varieties Harvest Time Yield ingroup Tons/hectare

First early Pusa-Early Synthetic September-October 4-5Pant Gobi-3

Earlv Pusa-Deeoali Pant Gobi - 2 October -November 5-8Early-Mid Improved japanese November-December 8-12

Pusa Hybrid-2Pusa sharadPant Gobi-4 .

Mid Season Pusa synthetic December-January 10-16Pusa ShubraPusa HimjyotiPant Shubra

Late or Pusa Snow ball-I January-March 12-18Snowball Pusa Snow ball K-1

Crop Economics

The price trend for the early variety is much better and remunerative for the farmers

as compared to the late group.

As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for brinjal works out to be as

under:

2.1.7.2.3.7

Yield! hectare




Price Trend

25 Tons

RS.50000/-

Rs.20000/-

Rs.300001-

()

The price trend during the decade in Lucknow whole sale market is given below

Contents 1991-92 1996-97 2000 - 2001

Price in Rsltons 1970.40 2550.0 3520.67Monthlv Arrival in tons 612.6 605 688.34Percentage Increase ill - . (-) 1.24 12.34arrivalPercentage increase in price ----- 29.18 78.66

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 48 ••

2.1.7.2.3.8

2.1.7.2.3.9

There is marginal increase in monthly arrival of 12.36 percent over the decade but

prices of Cauliflower increased by 78 percent which is 7.8 percent annually but

arrival is marginally increased.

Problems and constraints

Since this is highly cross pollinated crop and variability is more in selfed seed.

Farmers have to replace the seed every year in early and mid varieties. The late

Cauliflower, they are replacing because seed can not be produced in UP. This is

temperature sensitive crop right variety at right time must be sown otherwise total

failure occurs. Farmers must be educated to produce right variety. The availability of

improved seeds in Cauliflower is a real problem.

Conclusion .

Resistant variety for pests and with wider adaptability should be developed. FI

hybrids and synthetics are becoming popular and yield will go up in coming years.

Finnl Rpnnrt: 'Nntinnall.p.vel Technn.Economic Feasibilitv Study for North Zone' 49

2.1.7.2.4

2.1.7.2.4.1

2.1.7.2.4.2

2.1.7.2.4.3

Okra

Okra is major vegetable crop of the state and it occupies almost 4 percent vegetable area .

. It is a rich source of Vitamin A, B, Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron and Iodine. Its seed

contains 18-22% oil and 20-44% proteins. This is potential vegetable for export and

roughly seventy percent is Okra's share in total fresh vegetable export except onion.

Growth Pattern over last decade

The area and production in the state for the last two years is given below:-

1999-2000 2000-2001Area ha. Production in Area in ha. Production in tons

tons.

Okra 49000 594600 49000 605000

This clearly indicates that area has not increased over the last year but production and

productivity is increased. This vegetable is becoming more and more popular because it

can be grown for longer season i.e. January to September.

Crop Calendar

Okra can be planted from January to August. For early sowing seed rate in 18-20 kg and

for late sowing 8-10 kg/ha. The Yield levels vary between 5-15 tonslhectare depending

upon the season.


Introduction - Okra is grown in U.P in the concentrated areas of districts Rampur,

Barielly, Shahjahanpur and the districts around Delhi.

Soils-Okra can be grown in all types of soils of the state.

Cultivars-The important varieties are Pusa A-4, Punjab-?, Punjab-8, Hissar Unnat,

Varsha Uphar, Prabhani Kranti and Arka Anamika are suitable for the region both in Zaid

and Kharif cultivation. Besides these Fl hybrids Mahyco-l0, 12, Sun-40 and 8, Adhunik

and Panchali from Century, Varsha and Vijay of Indo American, Nath Shobha and


2.1.7.2.4.4

2.1.7.2.4.5

Sungro-35 are available in the market The concentrated area is in Rampur, Barielly,

Shahjanpur and the Districts around Delhi. ••

Seed / Planting Material- Okra can be planted from January to August. For early sowing

seed rate in 18-20 kg and for late sowing 8-10 kg/ha

Sowing / Planting Techniques -Accordingly space for early crop in 30x15 cm and for

late 45x30 cm. Before sowing treat the seed with Bavistin @ 2g/kg seed for 12-14 hours

which helps in germination also. Hot and moist climate is ideal. It cannot withstand cold

temperature.

Nntrient Management- 15-20 ton FYM+60:60:80kg NPK should be given before

sowing. After 30 and 60 days of sowing 50 kg urea/ha as top dressing and if necessary 1

percent urea spray prolongs the fruiting.

Water Management- Irrigation should be given at 5-6 days interval during the summer

season and need based during mansoon. The moisture should be maintained for proper

growth and yield.


Yellow vein mosaic is a serious disease. To control this virus disease keep the fields

clean and remove affected plants and spray Rogor a Metasystox before fruiting starts @ 2

m1I1itwater. Jassids and fruit borer are serious pests. Spray Deltamethrin (desis),

Ch10rophos or cypermethrin @ I m1/lit. but precaution should be that spray should be

done immediately after picking the fruits. Some time powdery mildew also becomes

serious, spray Diathane-M@2gm/litre water.


The fruiting starts after 45-50 days and continues for 100-150 days, harvesting should be

done at 5 days interval otherwise quality and quantity is reduced. During the spring

summer season the yields vary between 5 to 7 tons per hectare while in case of the rainy

season the yields are ar~und 10 to 15 tons per hectare.


2.1. 7.2.4.6 Crop economics

As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for okra works out to be as under:~ .

2.1.7.2.4.7

Yield! hectare

Estimated selling rate Rs.5000/- per Ton


Net income to the fanner

Price Trend

5.5 Tons

RS.27500/-

Rs.I5000/-

Rs.12500/-

2.1.7.2.4.8

2.1.7.2.4.9

The price trend in Lucknow whole sale market during 200 I remained as below-

April May June July Ang Sept. Oct Average

Price in Rs./ tons 10230 2830 3240 4890 4180 3980 6870 5170.43Arrival in tons 262 456 360 276 352 258 164 304.0

Since earlier data is not available, the present trend shows that May to August are peak

period of availability and prices are around 378 per quintal, the availability before and

after this period is reduced but prices after this period marginally increased.


There is no real yellow vein mosaic (virus diseases) resistant variety. Harvesting time

between two picking is short hence systematic insecticide can not be used. Now borers

and jassids are becoming serious problem. Development of resistant varieties for thesemaladies is real constraint in Okra production.

Conclnsion

Okra has very good potential for export .. Suitable varieties i.e. short and cylindrical

varieties should be developed. Resistant varieties for YVM, Fruit borer and jassid shouldbe developed .

. ..Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 52

2.1.7.2.5

2.1.7.2.5.1

Onion

Growth pattern over last decade

Onion is one of the most important commercial vegetables in national and international

market. This has a medicinal properties and improves digesion and reduces blood

pressure. No vegetable is complete without onion except for non-onion eaters. The onion

area is more in Badaun (6%) Kanauj (4%) Fatehpur (4%), Jaunpur (6%) and Shrevati

(6%) districts.


91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 06-01

Area in ha. 31223 33415 27285 26432 32200 28356 24214 23601 26976 24012Production in tons 468605 443326 319399 304480 380455 368212 249280 286625 380243 338208Productivity in tons I ha. 15 13.26 11.7 11.51 11.81 12.98 10.29 12.14 14.09 14.08% Increase in Production NA 7% -18% -3% 22% -12% -15% -3% 14% -11%% Increase in Productivity NA -5% -28% -5% 25% -3% -32% 15% 33% -11%% Increase in Area NA 7% -22% -3% 18% -14% -17% -3% 13% -12%

It is clear that area over the decade has decreased by 7.8 and production is reduced by 5.1

percent. This is mainly because good portion of onion area has gone to newly created

state of Vtlranchal. The productivity is almost static what it was decade before which is

not a healthy trend and suitable measures has to be taken to improve it. There is good

scope for increase in area and production.

2.1.7.2.5.2

2.1.7.2.5.3

Crop Calendar

The best time of sowing is November and transplanting in December. If planting

is delayed yield is reduced.


Introduction -Onion is grown throughout the state and the temperature before bulb

formation should be 13-24 °C but for bulb development 20-25 °C is ideal and PH 5.8 to

6.5 is good.

Soils - Grows well in loam soils

Cultivars -Following varieties are recommended for cultivation, Pusa Red, Pusa Madhvi,

N-53, Agri found light red, N-53 and Agri found dark red. For white onion Pusa white

flat and Pusa white round are good varieties.


2.1.7.2.5.4

2.1.7.2.5.5

2.1.7.2.5.6

SeedIPlanting Material -Seed rate is 8 to 10kglha.

Sowing I'Planting Techniques -Planting distance lOx 15 cm.

Nutrient Management- 20-30 tons FYM 110 kg urea, 300 kg single super phosphate

and 100 kg murate of potato per ha should be applied before planting and 110 kg urea in

two split doses 30 days and 45 days after transplanting.

Intercultural Operatons - Stomp 3.5 lit/ha spray immediately.after transplanting and

before irrigation and one hand weeding after 45 days checks weed growth. After harvest

curring in shade is necessary to prolong the storage life of onion

Water Management-First irrigation immediate after transplanting then at 15 days

interval and stop irrigation atleast 10-12 days before harvesting.


Thrips is a major insect and can be controlled by Dimetion 0.05% at 15 days interval

spray. Purple blotch and Stemphyllium blight are serious diseases and can be controlled

by Diathane M-45. 0.25% mixed with sticker triton at 15 days interval checks the spread

of Diseases.


The Yield of Onion vary between 10 to 16 tons within the state during Rabi and the

KharifOnion gives the Yield between 10 to 12 tons hectare.

Crop economics

As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for Onion works outto be as under:

Yield! hectare 20 Tons

Estimated selling rate Rs.2200/- per Ton Rs.44000/-

Total cost of production RS.2I200/-

Net income to the farmer RS.22800/-


2.1.7.2.5.7

2.1.7.2.5.8

2.1.7.2.5.9

Price trends

Monthly Av. Price and Arrival of onion is Lucknow whole sale market is given below:

1991 1996 2001base year

Arrivals in tons 890.82 . 696.83 516.08Price in Rs.l tons 3490.91 3180.17 5070.92% Increase/decreasearrival ---- (-) 21.78 (-) 42.07% Increase/decrease in Price ---- (-) 9.07 (+)45.16

The arrival of this commodity is reduced by 21.78 in first five years and 42.07 percent in

decade but prices in first five years rather decreased by 9.07% but increased sharply by

45.16 in a decade with annual increase of 4.5 percent which is reasonable in perishable

commodity.


Onion is bieneal in nature and quality seed is not available. The other problem is storage

of this crop. There are heavy losses from 15-45% and improved storage structures

developed by NHRDF should be built around the cities and production areas. The Hybrid

seed concept is not catching up in the country with the result high yield are not expected

from the traditional varieties. Hence F1 hybrids should be developed in short day onions.

Conclusion

Quality seed and timely sowing will improve the productivity. Storage structures should

be encouraged to be constructed to minimize the spoilage. Hybrid seeds have now started

in the country which will boost the productivity.


2.1.7.2.6

2.1.7.2.6.1

Tomato

Growth patterns over last decade

Tomato is becoming most remunerative crop in India. It is a rich source of minerals,

vitamins and organic acid. It contains 3-4% sugar and 4-7 TSS the area and production of

tomato in the state for the decade is given below.

91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 OO-ot I

Area inba. 4691 3591 3322 3937 3471 3843 3496 3919 3600 3955 IProduction in tons 29059 22275 20566 24377 21055 22259 20423 24266 55800 100854 ,Productivity in tons fha. 6.19 6.2 6.19 6.2 6.06 5.79 6.99 6.19 15.5 25.491%.lncrease in Production NA -23% -7% 19% -12% 11% -9% 12% -8% 10%,% Increase in NA -23% -8% 19% -14% 6% -8% 19% 130% 81% IProductivity

I% Increase in Area NA -31% -8% 16% -13% 10% -10% 11% -9% 9% L

It clearly shows that area under tomato has decreased by 23 percent but production has

increased by 217 percent with the annual growth of 217 percent which is remarkable

achievement. This has become mainly because of adoption of FI hybrid varieties. Major

areas were Tomato production is done within the State fall within the Western part of the

State viz Agra (29%), Jhansi (16%), Kanpur (14%), Lncknow (7%), Bareilly (7%)

Divisions.

I

2.1.7.2.6.2

2.1.7.2.6.3

Crop Calendar

Sowing of Tomato is generally done in two seasons of Spring summer sowing for which

is done in October-November and the autumn crop for which sowing is done in June-July


Introduction- The optimum temperature for its growth is 15-27°C. Mild winter

conditions in eastern and central UP. are ideal conditions for tomato production.

Soils-Sandy loam to clay having proper drainage with pH 7 to 8.5 is good.

Cultivars-Varieties recommended for D.P - Narendra Tomato-2 Azad T-3, Azad T-5,

Azad T-6, Pusa Ruby, SI-120 Punjab Chhohara, C03, Punjab Kesri, Arka Vikas Pant C-I,

DTlO, BT.12 and KS-17 are recommended. The FI hybrids for this region are ARTH-4,

Pusa hybrid-2, NA-501, KT-4, BSS-20 HOE-303, DTH-8 and CSTH-I, Rashmi and

lARS 9501, GC 1500, Nunhems 5005.


•

2.1.7.2.6.4

2.1.7.2.6.5

SeedIPlanting Material-The seed rate require for open pollinated variety is about 400-

500 gms per acre and about 60 gms for hybrids per acre.

SowingIPlanting Techniques- Transplanting is generally done after one month and

plantation is done at a distance of 45 cms X 60 cms.

Nutrient Management ~ For varieties 120:60:60 NP k/ha & 20 tons FYM and for FI

hybrids 180:80:60. For indeterminate hybrids 240:120:60 has given good results HalfN +full P and k before transplanting and rest halfN in 2.3 split doses at 15.20 days interval.

Starter solution of 12:24:12 ratio ofNPK.20 gm in 10 litre of water after transplanting.

Intercultural Operations- Normally deweeding is done twice during the cropping

season but can vary on need base. The first de weeding is done at an interval of 20.25

days and the second after 45 days from the date of transplanting.

Water Management- First irrigation is done immediately after transplanting and the

subsequent irrigation is repeated at 10.15 days interval or as may be needed.


Damping off, Altemeria blight, Bacterial wilt, Leaf curl and Mosaic are important

diseases. Damping off, can be controlled by seed treatment with thiram 2g!kg seed and

nursary bed treatment with Formalin or drenching with Mancozeb 0.25%. Altemerea

blight is controlled by Seed treatment with Thiram 2-5 g /kg. Seed and spraying the crop

with copper oxychloride 0.3% or Mancozeb at 10 days interval. For Bacterial wilt use

healthy seedlings and follow 3 years rotation. For leaf curl nursery should be under nets

and apply carbofuron in nursery @lkglha. Further, spray of Dimethoate 3-4 times at 10

days interval @1.6kglha to check white fly which spreads the virus. For mosaic treat the

seed with Trisodium phosphate followed by Sodium hybochloride for 95 and 30 minutes

to sterlize the nursery. The most common pests are Fruit borer, Aphids andThrips. For

fruit borer lPM is necessary African marigold should be planted 25 days before tomato

transplanting. Spray Endosulphan 0.07% after 28 and 35 days of transplanting.

Harvest Method and yield

Tomato is harvested at mature green, turning pink, red and fully red type depending upon

the distance of market. The yield varies between 25-55 tonslha. Cracking of tomato takes


2.1.7.2.6.6

place due to fluctuation of soil moisture and rain followed by dry spell or due to boron

deficiency. This can be cured by application of 15-20 kg borax or spray 0.25% two totluee times at fruiting stage.

Crop economics

As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for Tomato works out to be as under:

2.1.7.2.6.7

Yield! hectare




Price Trends

20 Tons

Rs.52000/-

Rs.25000/-

Rs.27000/.

2.1.7.2.6.8

2.1.7.2.6.9

1991 1996 2001base year

Arrival tons 397.91 817.33 643.25Price / ton 5110.27 7350.75 8150.42Increase arrival % - 105.40 61.66Increase Price % - 43.90 59.49

The figures show there is 61.6 percent increase in monthly arrival and price increase is

59.49 percent which means there is growth of market almost 6 percent in terms of arrivaland price which is healthy growth.


There is healthy trend of tomato productivity in the state which is mainly due to hybrid

varieties and better management, the constraints are growing nursery during rainy season,

polyhouse nursery or under nethouse nursery raising will boost the early crop in UP.

TMV and Mosaic resistant varieties are main constraints and problems of tomatoproduction.

Conclusion

There is healthy trend of Tomato production in U.P and we should encourage the August-

September Nursery under polyhouse / nethouse to save from virus infection. Fruit borerresistant varieties should be developed.


2.1.7.2.7 Peas

Pea is one of the important vegetables of Uttar Pradesh. It is rich source of Protein (25%)

and sugar (12%) and UP contributes 62.67 percent production in the country. The area

under Pea is more in the western and central part of the state.

r

2.1.7.2.7.1

2.1.7.2.7.2

2.1.7.2.7.3

Growth Pattern Over last decade

1991-92 1996-97 2000-01base year

Area in thousandHa. . 88.5 143.63 150.4Productionin thousand tons 843.8 1760.04 1884.7Productivityton / ha. 9.5 12.3 12.5% Increase in area ._-- 62.23 69.94% Increasein Production --- 108.57 123.36

The increase in pea area over a decade is 69.94 inspite of the fact that good area is now

under Uttranchal Pradesh and production has increased by 123.36 percent, which means

annual growth of 6.2 in area, and 12.3 in production, which is remarkable achievement.

The main growing areas of Peas are Meerut, Bareilly and Saharanpur.

Crop Calander

The best time for sowing is 15 October to 15November.


Soils- Alluvial soil with pH of 6 to 7.5 is good, in alkaline soil good crop can not be

taken.

Cultivars- The suitable varieties are:

Early-Arkel, Jawahar Matter-4 , Azad P.3 and Azad P-4

Mid Season- Bounvelle, Lincoln, Azad P2, Azad PI and Jawhar Mattar-I

SeedIPlanting Material- It requires cool temperature of 5-22°C. Seed rate for early

varieties in 100 kg and for mid and late varieties 80 kg per ha.

SowinglPlanting Techniques- The best time for sowing is Is October to 15 November

in lines 30 cm apart and between plant 6-8 cm for early varieties and for mid 45 x 8 cm.

For good germination sufficient moisture in the soil is must.

Nutrient Management- 15 tons FYM, 65 kgN, 40 kgP and 25kgKlba gives good yield.

Water Management- First irrigation after germination, 2ndat pre flowering and 3'd at

pod development in critical.


2.1.7.2.7.4

2.1.7.2.7.5

2.1.7.2.7.6


Powdery mildew and wilt are serious diseases. The powdery mildew is more common in

mid and late sown crops. This can be controlled by spray of Benlate or Bavistin.

2gm/1itre at 15 days interval. For wilt control, the seed should not be sown very early

because of high temperature the plants are killed at early stage. If temperature remains

high sowing should be delayed in 2nd or 3n1 week of October. Fruit borers can be

controlled with Malathion or Endosulphon 2ml / litre water at 10-12 days interval.


The yield of Peas is very good in the state which has risen from a mere 7 tons per hectare

to the present level of 14 tons per hectare.

Crop economics

As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for Peas works out to be as under:


2.1.7.2.7.7

Estimated selling rate RS.3000/-per Ton



Price trend

Rs.60000/-

RS.23000/-

Rs.37000/-

The price trend, arrival of Pea during last decade in Lucknow whole sale market is given

below

1991 1996 2001base year

Monthlyarrival in tons 677.75 493.33 332.60Price Rs. / tons 2840 4020.67 9310.40Increase in arrival % - (-)27.21 (-) 50.93Increase in Prices % - 41.78 227.95

The arrival in Lucknow decreased by 52.4 percent over the decade and price inflation

was 227.95 percent. This clearly indicates that product is shifted to other markets to get

betterprice. The main area of pea being in western Uttar Pradesh the product might be

going to Delhi market.


,-~

"

2.1.7.2.7.8

2.1.7.2.7.9


The pea production has very good scope in UP and with the release of better varieties

area and production is increasing. The major constraints is wilt that is why early crop

becomes risky. Varieties with wilt resistance should be developed.

Conclusion

Pea has very good scope of area and production increase in the state, if wilt resistant lines

are developed.


2.1.7.2.8

2.1.7.2.8.1

2.1.7.2.8.2

2.1.7.2.8.3

Cucurbits

The main Cucurbits grown in the state are muskmelon, bottle gourd, watermelon, bitter

gourd, Parwal and Ash gourd. There are 18-20 and other vegetables in this group grown

on smaller areas


The area under Cucurbits increased after 1995 is available for the state and given below

~1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Area in 00. 27972 28449 25228 27415 28104 25906

Production ill 728673 743255 655928 712790 730704 673556tons

This shows that area and production decreased by about 7.5 percent. This is mainly

because lot of area has gone to UttrancOOI but never the less this group of crop has come

up in a big way in the state.

Crop Calendar

Sowing is generally done in the fIrst week of February but it mainly depends upon the

temperature prevailing the ideal temperature for germination should be between 24° and

29°C


Introduction- The main Cucurbits grown in the state are muskmelon, bottle gourd,

watermelon, bitter gourd; Parwal and Ash gourd.

Soils- All these Cucurbits generally grow in all type of soils which have good drainage

Cultivars- The important varieties of Cucurbits and their yields level are given below:

CropsBottle gourd

VarietiesPusa Naveen, Azad nutan, Azad Sankar-I,

Narendra Rashmi, N. Dharidar, N. Shisher

Yields ton/ha.20-50

Bitter gourd Pusa Domousami, Pusa Vishesh, Kalyanpur sona 5-7


Pumpkin

Sponge gourd

Muskmelon

Parwal

Cucumber

Watermelon

Pusa Vishwas, Azad pumpkin-I, N. Agrim,

N.Amrit.

Pusa Chilmi, Pusa Supriya, Azad Torai-I

Pusa Madhuras, Pusa Sharbati, Hara Madhu,

Narendra Mulkmelon - I

Narendra Parwel 260, 307 and 604

Poinset, Puna khira

Sugar baby, Arka manik

20-40

5-7

8-14

6-10

4-6

30-50

SeedlPlantirig Material-The general seed requirement for the crops is as per the chart

given below

Cron Seed reauirement per acreBottle gourd 2 KgBitter gourd . 3 KgPumokins 1.5 - 2.0 KgSoonge gourd 1.5 - 2 KgMuskmelon I KgParwal I KgCucumber I K"Watermelon 2K"

Sowing / Plant Techniques- Maleic hydrozide 50-100 ppm Gibberalic acid (GA-3) 5-10

ppm, Ethrel 150-250 ppm, when sprayed at 2 and 4 leaf stage increases the female

flowers and ultimate yield. But unfortunately none of the farmers are adopting the simple

techniques.

Nutrient Management-15-20 tons FYM+125:60:60 NPK Kglha for muskmelon and

bottle gourd and 80:50:50 for sponge gourd, pumpkin and Cucumber. The Nitrogen

should be applied in split doses half before planting and rest half in two doses at 30 and

45 days after germination.

Inter cultural operations-For small vine crops 1-2 meter channels and for various crops

3-4 m and plant to plant distance should be 0.5 to I m. Sowing is done in January and in

river beds in November, December and seeds should be germinated by dipping in water

with 2gm captof or other copper fungicide! per kg seed for 4-20 hrs depending upon the


2.1.7.2.8.4

2.1.7.2.8.5

2.1.7.2.8.7

2.1.7.2.8;8

2.1.7.2.8.9

seed coat hardness. To get early crops seeds are sown in 4xlO cm polythene bags and

transplanted as soon as temperature becomes favourable.

Water Management - Irrigation needs to be at interval of 5-7 days after the germination

of the seed.


Powdery mildew, downy mildew and virus are main diseases. Spray of karathane or

Bavistin 1-2 gm/litre water at 15 days interval for insects' carboryl (Sevin) 2 g I litre

water showed be sprayed to kill red pumpkin beetle and fruit flies.

Harvest Method and Yields

Harvesting is generally done when the crop has attained maturity and the yield for each

one is as per table given below

CroDs Yield (toDS!hectare)Bottle l!ourd 20-50Bitter l!ourd . 5-7Pumnkins 20-40SDOnl!el!ourd 5.7Muskmelon 8.14Parwal 6.10Cucumber 4.6Watermelon 30-50 .

Price Trend

No authentic data was available to collate.


Only suitable varieties of muskmelon and watermelon. should be grown because besides

yield, TSS is important. Quality seed is not available. These are highly cross-pollinated

crops farmers should not use their own seed every year.

Conclusion

Vast areas in river beds are available in the state which should be utilized for Cucurbits

cultivation. Improved varieties seed should be made available to them.


2.1.7.2.9

2.1.7.2.9.1

2.1.7.2.9.2

2.1.7.2.9.3

Pointed gourd (parwal)

In Uttar Pradesh pointed gourd is becoming very popular and income generating

vegetable with small farmers. This vegetable is rich in Calcium, Phosphorus, Protein,

Carbohydrate and iron.


The area is fast increasing and as per estimate 6000 ha in Uttar Pradesh concentrated in

eastern Uttar Pradesh especially in Diara (riverside) lands.

No authentic data about its area, production, productivity is available for the state and

hence trend analysis can not be made.

Crop Calendar

This being monoecious plant (male and female plants separate) atleast 7-10 percent male

plants should be planted for better fruiting. This is propagated by stem cuttings from the

old crop


Introduction - In Uttar Pradesh pointed gourd is becoming very popular and income

generating vegetable with small farmers. This vegetable is rich in Calcium, Phosphorus,

Protein, Carbohydrate and iron.

Soils-Generally grown on the river bed lands which have good drainage. The soil should

be well areated.

Cultivars-This vegetable is used for making sweats also. The important varieties are FP-

3, FP-4 N.Parwal 260, N.Parwal 604 and N. Parwal 307 are important varieties released

by Naredra Dev Agri. University Faizabad and PG-I, Rajendra Parwal-I from Bihar are

also good varieties.

SeedlPlanting Material-This being monoecious plant (male and female plants separate)

atleast 7-10 percent male plants should be planted for better fruiting..

SeedlPlanting Techniques- This is propagated by stem cuttings from the old crop. It

requires warm and moist climate.


2.1.7.2.9.4

2.1.7.2.9.5

2.1.7.2.9.6

2.1.7.2.9.7

Nutrient Management -30 x 30 x 30 em pits filled with soil, FYM and Sand in equal

parts with 50 gm neem cake 150 gm Super Phosphate, 50 gm M.O.P, 50 gm Urea, 100

gm lime and previously sprouted seedlings are planted at 2 mt distance.20-25 gm urea

should be given as top dressing twice.

Intercultural Operatious- This crop continues for 2 to 3 years but top dressing should be

done twice every year. Removal of dried stems should be done regularly.


Downing mildew, Powdery mildews, Anthracnose and fiuit and stem ot are important

diseases. Spray of Radomil 2.5 gm/lit and sulfax - 80 WP 3 gm lIit controls the lnildews.

Anthracnose Trichodermi hazgianum 100 gm per plant around the base of plants checks

the disease.

Red pumpkin beetle, Mite, fiuit and shoot borer and Fruit fly are important pests. Sevin

50 wp 2gm for red pumpkin beetle Dycofol I mlllit for mite control and Malathion 2

mlllit for borers are effective. Fruit fly and Aphids can be controlled by methyl uginol

(sex faromon) 1.5 ml + 2 m!. In maetathion should be kept in wide mouth bottles to

attract them and kill them and spray Dimetheoate 1.5 m1I1it


The harvesting generally begins in March as it is harvested green. In the first year of

cropping the average yield ranges between 12.5-15 tons!hectare while as in the second

and third year the yield varies between 15-20 tons / hectare.

Crop Economics

The net return worked out for this vegetable in eastern Uttar Pradesh comes to around Rs.

One Lakh / ha.

Price "Trends

There is no authentic data available for the crop to make any analysis.


2.1.7.2.9.8

2.1.7.2.9.9


This crop is highly susceptible to pest and disease problems and not much has been done

to impart training to the farmers in this regard.

Conclusion

This is the most economical crop for the farmers as the net returns are quite high with

least investment.


2.1.7.2.10

2.1.7.2.10.1

Potato


Potato is one of the major vegetables of India and ranks fifth in world in area and

production. Uttar Pradesh State is at the top in area and production in the country, the

scenario of production and area during the last decade is as below.

91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01

Area in ha. 343578 371926 365284 360907 357260 410513 384017 414545 447749 394083Production in tons 6008656 5470665 7068556 6560815 7175649 9262863 5633747 9458654 10109067 639820:Productivity in 17.49 14.71 19.35 18.18 20.09 22.56 14.67 22.82 22.58 16.24tonslha.% Increase in -0.09 0.29 -0.07 0.09 0.29 -0.39 0.68 0.07 -0.37Production%Incrc~~n -0.16 0.32 -0.06 0.10 0.12 -0.35 0.56 -0.01 -0.2tProductivi% Increase in Area 0.08 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 0.15 -0.06 0.08 0.08 -0.1:

This clearly shows that area and production of potato has increased appreciably in

first five years but the area and production has gone down in 2nd five years that is

mainly due to bifurcation of the state and large potato growing area has gone to

Uttranchal Pradesh. Inspite of that area has increased by 23.53 percent and production

by 38.26 percent with annual growth rate of 2.3 and 3.8 respectively which is a very

healthy sign of growth

2.1.7.2.10.2

2.1.7.2.10.3

Crop Calendar

In western U.P first week of October and eastern U.P 2nd Week of October is best

time for planting.


Introduction- Potato grows well where mean temperature does not exceed 180 C and

optimum temperature is between 15_250 C and night temperature below 210 Cis ideal

for tuber formation.

Soils- Light Sandy loam soil with pH range of 5.5 to 7.5 is ideal.

Cultivars - Following varieties have been tested by Faizabad Agri University and

released for cultivation in the State during last decade.


2.1.7.2.10.4

S.No. Variety Duration Year of release Yield (q/ha) potentialIn days

1 Kufri Ashoka 75 1996 248-5602 Kufri Jawahar 90 1996 280-3253 Kufri Sutlei 90 1996 298.3444 Kufri Pukhrai 90 1998 369-3925 Kufri ChiDsona-l 90 1998 220.2556 Kufri ChiDsona-2 90 1998 241.2607 KufriAnand 90 1999 270-322

Seed /Planting Material - Seed potato involves 40-50 percent cost input in potato

cultivation. With development of seed plot technique seed potato production has

become easier in northern plains and cost in slightly reduced.

SowingIPlanting Techniques - Seed rate of 25-30 qt of 30 gm seed is ideal. It is

always advisable that whole potato should be used instead of cut potato to avoid

diseases. If cut potato is used it must be treated with 0.2% moncozeb.

Nntrient Management -15-20 tons FYM. Furrows are made at 60 cm and half dose

of N, full dose of P and K is applied and mixed in the furrow. Seed is kept 20 cm

apart in furrow and covered with the soil. A total dose of 120-150 kg N, 50 kg to 100

kg P and 70-110 kg K gives good crop. Zn and S are also necessary wherever

deficiencies is there. Half dose ofN is to be given in two split doses at 30 and 45 days

after planting.

Intercultural Operations - earthing up is necessary to cover the tubers from direct

sun light.

. Water Management-First irrigation after 12-15 days when 50% germination takes

place and then at 6-10 days interval.


Late blight of Potato is a common disease. Spray Mancozeb 0.2% at 15 days interval.

Use resistant varieties like kufri sutlej, kufri Badshah and kufri Ashoka. Early blight

or leaf spot complex is also serious. This is also controlled by mencozeb + 2% urea

spray. Mosaic and other virus diseases are also serious. The seeds should be replaced

every 2-3 years and spray Monocrotophos or Dimethoate 0.02% to check aphids

which spread the disease. Tuber moth and cut worms are serious pests. The soil

around plant should be drenched with Carbaryl 50 wp (2kg/ha) or Endosulphan 25EC

1.25 litlha. Besides this, Aphids, mites or tuber moth also damage which are

controlled with monocrotophos spray.


2.1.7.2.10.5

2.1. 7.2.10.6


The mature potatoes should not be allowed to remain m the soil which means

harvesting should not be delayed. After harvest potato should be surface dried and

kept in shade for 10-15 days, graded and packed in gunny bags. The Yield of Potatoes

is comparatively much better in the state varying between 15 to 30 tons per hectare.The variety wise yield is as under:

Variety Yields tons/hectare

KufriAshoka 24-56Kufri Jawahar 28-32Kufri Sullej 30-35Kufri Ptikhraj 37-39Kufri Chipsona-I 22-26Kufri Chipsona-2 24-26KufriAnand 27-32

Crop Economics

The Agri Export Zone at Agra has been made for Potato. It has started exporting

quality potatoes and 34 tons have been exported on a trial basis. Another 1000 tons

have been kept in cold storage for domestic market and 1400 tons kept for export

during the current year' from this Zone. This has led to accrual of benefits to the

farmer, who are presently getting a price of Rs.3 to 4 per Kg as against less than a

rupee ,lastyear. Similarly in Farrukhabad and Kanauj districts the potato export zonehas started giving remunerative prices to farmers.

As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for Potato works out to be asunder:

Yield! hectare




25 Tons

RS.65000/-

Rs.35000/-

RS.30000/-


2.1.7.2.10.7

2.1.7.2.10.8

2.1.7.2.10.9

Price Trend.

Monthly trend of price and arrival in Lucknow wholesale market will give an idea of

potato trade in state.

1991 1996 2001

Arrival in tons . 1669.55 855.67 898.8Price in Rs/atl. 23 \.64 312.17 465.30% increase or decrease in arrival 1.)48.75 1.)46.2% Increase or decrease in orices 1+) 34.77 1+) 100.9

This clearly indicate that arrival in Mandis of Uttar Pradesh has decreased by 4.6

percent per annum but the price has increased annually. This trend indicates that

being less perishable vegetable the commodity is sent to distant market to fetch more

prices. The total production has mcreased appreciably but it is not necessary that it is

sold in the local state only with the result higher prices are available.


The cold storage Industry in Uttar Pradesh is in bad shape because out of 1156 cold

storage in the state 158 have bcen closed and main reason for it is high cost of energy

and this industry must be encouraged by all means. The other constraints is high

input! risk crop hence farmers should be given minimum procurement price otherwise

this crop cannot have stablize production as in alternate years there is crash in prices

and farmers are put to great loss next year they don't grow potato with the result

consumers are at loss because ofless production.

Conclusion

This crop has a tremendous scope of increasing area production and productivity.

The processing industries like chips, fingers and other product factories should be

established.


2.1.7.2.11 Sweet Potato

Sweet potato is rich in calories produced per unit area and time. Grows in tropical &

subtropical frost free areas. India ranks 6th in the world in area but production wise ranks

very low. This crop has a major concentration in the Divisions of Agra (26%), Bareilly

(10%), Kanpur (19%), Allahabad (14%), Lucknow (10%) and Faizabad (11%).

Growth Pattern over Last decade

91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 . 00-01

Area in ha. 24681 25149 30586 29331 26560 27175 23936 24193 25574 22631Production in tons 245472 279757 315097 218867 282492 312159 297405 289856 301876 259773ProductiviNintons/ha 9.95 11.12 10.30 7.46 10.64 11.49 12.43 11.98 11.80 11.48% Increase in Production NA 14% 13% -31% 29% 11% -5% -3% 4% .)4%

% Increase in Productivity NA 12% -7% -28% 43% 8% 8% 4% -1% -3%

% Increase in Area .NA 2% 22% -4% -9% 2% -12% 1% 6% -12%

The national average productivity for the sweet Potato is 8.8 tonslha and U.P has

productivity of 13.38 tonslha. stands third in the Country after Tamil Nadu and Bihar.

There is increase in productivity by 3.44 tons/ha during the decade. Total production has

increased by 22.95 percent which is remarkable feature. This being low input crop

cultivation should be encouraged on marginal lands.

2.1.7.2.11.1

2.1.7.2.11.3

Crop Calendar

November is the right time for planting at river beds and 2nd week of September in

uplands.


Soils- Well-drained loam with clay sub soil is ideal and pH 5.2-6.7. It cannot stand

alkalinity and salinity conditions

Cultivars- The Improved varieties are Rajendra sakarkand 47, 35, 5, Kiran and pusa lal

and pusa safed are improved varieties for the region.

SeedIPlanting Material- Propagated by fresh vine cuttings and planted at 25 x 60 cm

spacing between plant and sows. Vines of 20-30 cm long cutting, the middle portion of

cutting with nodes is burried 5-10 cm depth keeping both ends exposed.

SowingIPlanting Techniques- About 82000 cuttings are required for one ha. November

is the right time for planting at river beds and 2nd week of September in uplands. Maize-

sweet Potato-Onion and Maize-Sweet Potato (early planting) - wheat are ideal rotations.


,

2.1.7.2.11.4

2.1.7.2.11.5

2.1.7.2.11.7

2.1.7.2.11.8

2.1.7.2.11.9

Nutrient Management- 10 tons FYM and 60:40:40 NPK / ha is enough. Full dose of P

and halfN and K as basal dose and remaining after 30 days of planting.

Intercultural Operations- Turning of vines after 30 days and 60 days is essential to

check excessive vegetative growth

Water Management- Irrigation is green if long dry spell of 10.15 days prevails. 2-4

irrigation are sufficient for better yield. Moderately warm climate and temperature

between 21_26. C is ideal for its cultivation. It can tolerate to drought to some extent but

can not stand water logging and shade. Temperature below 10. C checks the growth

completely. Excess of rainfall and long photo period encourages vine growth at the cost

of tubers.

It takes 120 days to mature crop. Delay of harvest invites insects which attack so harvest

should not be delayed. After harvest tubers are spread in partial shade for 5.6 days for

curing under semi dark condition but well ventilated place.


Fusarium is common disease and can be cured by Bavistin @ Ig/lit. At monthly interval.

Sweet Potato weevil and vine borer are serious pests. Keep the field free of weeds and

spray Endosulfan 0.05% at monthly interval and use infected free planting material.


,The crop is generally ready for harvest in 3-4 months period and gives an average yield

of 80.100 quintals per acre

Price Trend

No authentic data is available to collate


The planting material should be available at right time because normal practice in U.P is

that the vines are replanted after the harvest. The additional expenditure of preparing

nursery is coming in the way of area expansion.

Conclusion

This being low input crop, marginal lands should be utilized for growing this crop cause

productivity is high per unit area.


2.1.7.3

2.1.7.3.1

Floriculture

Floriculture in India had faced several constraints before attaining the present status. A

decade ago floriculture trade was limited to Mumbai, Pune and Bangalore only and total

area was very little. The export of floriculture products in 1991-92 was Rs. 144.54

million, which rose to 1320 millions in 2000-200 I, and there is significant increase in

area and production of flowers. This fact is visible that now with every street end of big

cities there is florist shop. The area under floriculture in 1993-94 was 53297 ha which

rose to 556424 ha and production of loose flowers 232536.3 tons and cut flowers 5552

lakh numbers rose to 556424 tons loose flowers and 8034.7 lakh cut flowers which

means in last 8 years production has increased almost ten times. Inspite of good progress

India's share in export market is less than 0.4 percent. There is tremendous scope of

expansion in this field.

In Uttar Pradesh area under Floriculture in 1995-96 was 160 ha. with production of 160

lakh flowers which rose to 5790 ha and produced 8280 tons of flowers which shows area

expansion of 36 times and production by fifty times. This shows that Floriculture is doing

very good progress in area and production. High tech projects in approximately 10

hectare were started in Saharanpur, Muzzafarnagar and Ghaziabad. But unfortunately,

none of them could come upto the mark.

NOTE:

The.consultants have not followed the prescribed sequence but have presented the status

of flowers comprehensively for the State. This has been necessitated as floriculture is still

in its infancy in the State and not much of data is available to be collated and presented.

Besides the important individual flower crops have been dealt more exhaustively in

Volume II of the report

Traditional Flowers of the State

Marigold, Jasmine and Rose are traditional flowers of the state and more recently

introduced are gladiolus, chrysanthemun and tubrose are gaining popularity. Besides

these number of annual flowers are grown in the state.

The area and production of flowers in the state during last five years in given in thetable:-


Prd hd . It'Ufflea 0 owersm ttar a es unng as two vears.CroD 2000-01 2001-02

Rose 240 . 300Gladiolus 1200 1500Mari~old 1200 1400Tuberose 360 425Jasmine 240 300Mehndi 180 0

Ar

The area under flowers had increased 36 times and production 52 times in last five years

with annual growth of 7 times for area and ten times for production which is remarkable

achievement.

2.1.7.3.1.1 Rose

More and more entrepreneurs in India are entering into this trade but main difficulty is

latest techniques of its production and post harvest management. The present area user

for cut flowers is. 240 ha with production of 240 Lakh Flowers and Rose Water (Ittar)

production area is 2040 ha with 54000 qtL However production for Cut Flowers area is

concentrated in Ghaziabad, Meerut, Kanpur, Forrukhabad, Lucknow, Agra and Pilibhit.

For Rose Water, the area is in Hathras, Etah, Kanauj, Mathura, Aligarh and Balia. In

Uttar Pradesh rose flowers best during winter when temperature range is from 15-25°C.

Rosa indica var. odorala is good rootstock for the region because of its hardy nature and

resistance to diseases. There is very large number of varieties but latest 10 varieties is Dr.

Barat Ram, Pusa Bahadur, Pusa Garima, Pusa Gaurav, Pusa Priya, Pusa Baramasi (F)

Pusa Pitamber and Pusa virangana. The pH requirement is 6 to 7 and planting in

September-October. Normal planting is at 75 cm but closer planting in green/polyhouse

i.e.35 x 25 cm is also practiced. The fertilizer mixture of 1 kg/sq.mt. with 1:3:2 NPK ratio

after pruning in the end of November, December and end of February in three split doses.

Foliar feeding of urea, di hydrogen ammonium phosphate and Potassium Sulphate in

1:2:I ratio. 3 gm per litre water with teepol or liquid soap at 10 days interval until last

flush in March. Mixture of manganese sulphate and chelated iron one part each and borax

1. part I gm mixture in litre of water once in two months improves the flower quality.

Pruning is done in October in northern plains. Die back, powdery mildew, black spot, rust

stem.blight are important diseases. Spray of Zeneb and captaf 2g / litre alternatively at

10 days interval controls most of the diseases. A good crop of roses can give net profit of

125000/-per ha.

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Sludy for North Zone' 75

2.1.7.3.1.2 Marigold

Marigold is one of the most commonly grown flowers in the country because of its longer

blooming and hardy nature and low price. No religious functions or happy occasion is

without Marigold flower. The present area under marigold is 1200 ha with production of

24000 qtl. flowers. There are three types of Marigold.

(I) African - which are 1m heights with broad leaves and globular flowers of yellow,

orange and white shades. The important varieties are - Pusa Narangi, Pusa

Basanti, Alaska, Happiness and FI hybrids Apollo, Climax, First lady, Gold lady,

snow boat. Giant double, African orange, Indian chief

(2) French type - Plants are 20-60 cm with profuse branching at the base and small

yellow or tinged red flowers. The important var. are Dainty, Marietta, Bolaro,

Bonita, Pygmy, Butterscotch, Fire Glow, Lemon Jam

(3) Inter-specific hybrids - Burpee's gold, Red glow, Red gold and yellow Nugget.

Redspider is serious pest and can be controlled with 0.2% malathion spray repeatedly.

Powdery mildew, rust and viruses are most serious. 0.2% sulphar-wp and matasystox

alternatively at 15 days interval controls the insects & diseases. The net return from good

crop of marigold gives Rs. 58090 per ha. Seed production of marigold is also profitable

business.

The zonal distribution of Marigold and the area covered under them is given in the table

below:

2.1.7.3.1.3

Zones

Western

Central

Bundelkhand

Eastern

Total

Jasmine

Area in Hectare

804

96

180

This crop is not cultivated in the State.


2.1.7.3.1.4

2.1.7.3.1.4.1

2.1.7.3.2

2.1.7.3.2.1

2.1.7.3.2.2

2.1.7.3.2.3

2.1.7.3.2.4

Others

Tubrose (Rajnigandha)

Amongst the scented flowers tubrose cultivation is becoming more popular in Uttar

Pradesh. The present area user this flower is 360 hectare with 720 lakh flower spike

production. The flowers have long shelf time and pure milky white colour adds to the

decoration. This is also cultivated for its essential oil. There are two type of tubroses i.e.

Single and Double and varigated. Two latest varieties are Swaran Rekha and Rajat Rekha

released from Lucknow. Shrinagar and Suvansine from Banglore Tubrose flowers has

great potential for export market especially to gulf and other Muslim nations.

6.5 to 7.5 pH with bright sunshine, 10-15 tons FYM and 50:100:100 NPK kg/ha and 40

to 50 kg. BHC should be mixed before planting in February to April. The planting

distance of 30 x 20 cm of 3.5 cm corms give good result. This flowers is not attacked by

serious disease and pests however preventive measures should be taken. The net return

worked out for this flower is Rs. 1.5 to 2 Lakh per ha.

Cut Flowers

Rose

Dealt as above.

Carnation

Chrysanthemum

The area under these flowers is quite insignificant and hence can be treated as not

cultivated.

Gladiolus

It is becoming one of the most wanted cut flowers because of array of colours, longer

vase life and various decorative uses. The present area is 1200 ha with 1200 lakh flower

spikes production in the state. The optimum day temperature 19-23 and night temperature

of 15 - 18 0 C with bright sunshine is ideal for its cultivation. pH should not be above 7

and pollution free. 5-10 kg FYM/sq. metre one month before planting and 50 gm bone

meal, 50 g Nand 20 gm each of Phosphorus and Potash per sq. mt for good crop raising

The corms have rest period of 2-3 months. The following important varieties on the basis

of time taken for flowering are.


2.1.7.3.2.5

2.1.7.3.2.6

2.1.7.3.2.7

2.1.7.3.2.8

2.1.7.3.3

Early Melody, Friendship, Happy End, Morning-kiss

Rose Supreme, Snow princess and Surya Kiran

Mid Bis-Bis, Patricia, Ratna butterfly, Rose spire,

Suchitra, Vikas glory, yellow stone and Neelum.

Late Hunting song, Mayur, Pusa Suhagin, Sylvia and .

white friendship

The best time for planting in U.P is September to November at 30x15 cm distance.

Major Diseases and Pests are Fussasium wilt, botrytis blight and curvularia blight. The

corms should be treated with Bavistin / Benlate 2gm/lit for 30 minutes and field spray at

15 days interval. Aphids / Thrips and cut warms are common insects. Rogor /

Metasystox-spray at regular intervals. A net profit of Rs. 155600 is expected from good

crop of one hactare.

Gerhera


cultivated.

Lilium


cultivated

Anthurium


cultivated

Orchids


cultivated

Dry Flowers

There is no authentic data available on this category of flowers.


2.1.7.3.4

2.1.7.3.5

2.1.7.3.6

Ornamental Plants and Avenue Plantation

There is no authentic data available on this category of flowers.

Landscaping and Grasses

There is no authentic data available on this category of flowers

Cactus and Succulents

There is no authentic data available on this category of flowers


2.1.7.4

2.1.7.4.1

2.1.7.4.1.1

2.1.7.4.1.2

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

NOTE:

The consultants have presented the status of Medicinal and aromatic plants

comprehensively for the State. This has been necessitated as the area under these crop is

marginal in the State and not much of data is available to be collated and presented.

Whatever information could be gathered regarding these crops has been presented

below.

Medicinal Plants

Amla

Insignificant area under this crop. Hence treated as not cultivated.

Aswagandha

Insignificant area under this crop. Hence treated as not cultivated

2.1.7.4.1.3 Atis


2.1.7.4.1.4

2.1.7.4.1.5

2.1.7.4.1.6

2.1.7.4.1.7

2.1.7.4.1.8

2.1.7 .4.1.9

Brahmi


Chirayta


Guggal


Isabgol


Kutki


Kuth



2.1.7.4.1.10

2.1.7.4.1.11

2.1.7.4.2

2.1.7.4.2.1

2.1.7.4.2.1.1

SafedMusli


Senna


Aromatic Plants

Basil

Basil or Indain basil (Ocimum basilieum)


The cultivation of basil has picked up in last ten years. The approximate area is 425 ha in

districts of Badaun, and Mathura with a major area of 340 ha in Badaun district itself.

There is another spp. of basil which is grown in tarai districts which contains mainly

eugenol (35-40%) and linalool (35-40%) but Indian basil contains methyl chavicol (70-

80%). These oils are used'in flavouring of food, bakery products and beverages and have

very good demand in USA and Europe.

2.1.7.4.2.1.2 Crop Calander

The best time for sowing of the crop is between Dec and March as this is along day plant.

2.1.7.4.2.1.3 Production Technology

Soils

Basil grows in a wide range of soils, but thrives best in deep well drained soils rich in

organic matter.

CultivarsThe most commonly grown variety in the area is Clo-ocimum variety remains productive

for 240 days.

SeedlPlanting MaterialPropagated through seed. 250 glha seed is enough and direct as well as transplanting is

done.


SowingIPlanting techniqueAdd 20 kg BHC or Aldrin (10%) to protect from soil insects. The seeds are very small

hence should be mixed in sand I: 10 ratio for uniform sowing and thinning is done to

maintain distance between plants at 40 cm. 60x40 cm distance is enough.

Nutrient Management

Usually 40 kg Nand P is applied before sowing and 25-40 N as top dressing. Three times

at 40, 60 and 30 days interval after harvesting.

2.1.7.4.2.1.4 Pest and Disease Management

Add 20 kg BHC or Aldrin (10%) to protect from soil insects.

2.1.7.4.2.1.5 Harvest Method and YieldThe crop is ready in 120-130 days and at peak flowering plants are cut 20 cm above the

ground and thicker stems are discarded and balance chopped and distilled. The fresh

herbage has 0.4-0.5% oil and gives yield of 15-20 tons of herbage which gives 66-70 kg

oillha. The ratoon crop is also taken in variety clo-ocimum and gives total yield of 40

tons with 150-160 kg oil/ha. Methyl chavicol is then chemically converted to anethole

and exported. Besides these Java citronella is cultivated in 60-80 ha. Palmarosa oil grass

is about 100haand rose gerenium in very small area.

2.1.7.4.2.2 Chamomile


2.1.7.4.2.3

2.1.7.4.2.4

2.1.7.4.2.5

2.1.7.4.2.6

Citronella


Geranium)


Jasmine


Lavender

Insignificant area under this crop. Hence treated as not cultivated .


2.1.7.4.2.7

2.1.7.4.2.8

2.1.7.4.2.8.1

Lemon Grass(Cymbopogon flexuosus)

It is a stem less, perennial edge, which grows wild in tropical southern state of India. It is

now cultivated commercially in about 30,000 ha in Kerala and Assam are main produces.

Orrisa, Andhra, Karnatka and U.P is coming up in cultivation of this crop. In U.P area is

around 400-450 hactare. The leaves contain aromatic oil called citrol with lemon like

odour. The plant continues growing for four years with 3-4 cuttings of leaves in each

year. Sugandhi is old variety, pragati variety is recommended for U.P RRL-16 and

Tetroploid mutant Praman gives much more herbage and oil yield.

Lemon grass is very hardy, drought tolerant crop and adopted to varied soil and climatic

conditions. It ceases growth where winter are sever. The crop is generally propagated

through seeds sown in nursery in April-May. 4-6 kg fresh seed is sufficient for ha. Two

. months seedlings are planted 40x 15 em during rainy season. 40 kg NPK as basal dose

and 20-25 kg N as top dressing after every cutting gives better returns. Earthing up

encourage more tillering. First cutting starts at 90 days after planting and subsequent 60-

65 days. The leaves contain 0.5 to 0.8% oil. It yields 18-20 ton/ha herbage from rainfed

crop and 25-30 tons from irrigated which produces 80-100 kg and 150-180 kg oil / ha.

The citrol content is 80-86% in oil.

Mint (Mentha)

Mint or Mentha or Japanese mint (Mentha arvensisis variety piperscens) an aromatic herb

of temperate region. The oil and its primary aroma compound menthol have cooling and

gastro-stimulant properties and its oil contains 75 to 80 percent menthol. Its cultivation is

in more than 50,000 ha in the country and main state producing this herbs are Uttar

Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana. India has emerged large exporter of mentha oil and

Menthol to world market especially to USA. There are different species of Mentha as

below:


The data for Mentha production for the decade is not available and the area under the

crop in the last two years are given as under:

1999-2000

54014

2000-2001

54440


2.1.7.4.2.8.2

The main producing areas in U.P are Moradabad (30%), Bijnour (30%), and

Sultanpur (33%). The approximate production is around 75,000 tons as per Dept. of

Horticulture & Fruit Utilization.

Crop Calendar

Since mainly Japanese mint is grown in U.P it requires deep fertile, loose, moist soil with

pH of 6 to 7 it grows on a wild range of soil, but thrives best in deep well drained soils

rich in organic matter.


Soils

Peppermint grows in a wide range of soils, but thrives best in deep well drained soils rich

in organic matter. Spear mint prefers loamy sandy soils or peaty soils rich in organic

matter. Drainage is very important and hence clayey soils should be avoided. Japanese

mint requires deep, fertile, loose, moist soil.

Cultivars

Japanese Mint Mentha arvensisis var piperscens

Paper Mint Mentha peperita

Spear Mint Mentha spicata

Btirgamot Mint Mentha citrata

However in U.P generally Japanese will is cultivated

There are other mints like Peppermint, Spearmint and Bergamot mint. The Peppermint

and Spearmint is mostly cultivated in Himachal and Punjab foothills and Japanese mint

(Mentha) and Bergamot mint is most popular in Uttar Pradesh.

Mentha is commercially raised through underground stems called stolons. The improved

varieties are Shivalik, MAS-I, Hybrid 77, EC 41911, Kalka, Gomti, Himalya and Kosi

are popular. The Shivalik variety is most popular and almost 80% in covered under this

variety. Variety kosi contains more oil content.


•

Seed! Planting Material

It is propagated by suckers, runners or stolons. About 500 to 600kg of suckers are

required per hectare. Though planting can be done form the end of December to March,

second week of February is considered best for higher herbage yield. Delay in planting in

reduction of herbage and oil yield.

SowingIPlanting Techniques

Stolons should be of 8-10 cm long with 2-4 growing points should be planted 1-2 cm

deep in furrows at 40xlO cm spacing. The stolons should be dipped in 0.1% agallol or

captaffor two minutes.

Nutrient Management

25-30 tons FYM with 25 kg BHC (10%) at field preparation and 40:60:60 NPK kg/ha

during planting in February another dose of 40 kg N is two split doses after 40 days and

2nd dose after cutting first flush.

Water Management

6-9 irrigation are required before rains and 2-3 after rains i.e. end of September to

November.

2.1.7.4.2.8.4 Pest & Disease Management

Root knot nematodes and lesion nematode is real problem. Apply Neem cake @ I tons I

ha or carbofuran 2 kg Iha or combination' of half dose each. Wilt, Stolon rot, sclorotium

rot, powdry mildew, leaf spot, leaf blight and rusts are common diseases. Always use

disease free planting material and treat with cgallol or captaf and spray wettable sulphar

0.3% or Karhane 0.05% for mildew, Mancozeb 0.2% for leaf spot and blights and rusts.

Water stagnation aggravates the diseases. -

2.1.7.4.2.8.5 Harvest Method and Yield

The harvesting age reaches after 105-110 days after sprouting and subsequent cutting

after 80-90 days. The crop is cut 10 cm above ground and left in the field for 4-6 hours

for wilting and reducing the moisture content by 50 percent. An average yield is 30

tonslha in two cuttings which produces ISOkg oil. The oil recovery ranges from 0.02 to

0.06%


2.1.7.4.2.8.6 Crop Economics

The basic cost of production of Mentha in the state comes to around Rs. 12,152/- which'

includes the cost of planting material manure, fertilizers, irrigation, interculture,

harvesting and distillation with net oiled yield of 100 liters per hectare at an estimated

selling rate ofRs. 250/- per liter generates an income ofRs. 25,000 per hectare realizing a

net profit ofRs. 12,488/- per hectare

2.1.7.4.2.8.7 Price trend

Mentha oil is a major export earner for the country and has been generally procured at

Rs. 250/- per liter over the last 2 years.

2.1.7.4.2.8.8 Problems and Constraints

A major constraints in the area expansion is that this crop requires sub tropical cool and

moist climate besides this is propagated through underground stems called stolons, the

planting material of which is not available in sufficient quantities.

2.1.7.4.2.8.9 Conclusion

This crop has a very good scope in the Tarai belt, Bareilly and Muradabad Division of

UP, The disease free planting material should be made available. The contract farming

and establishment of bigger .extraction plant for mentha oil will boost the production in

the state which will be big foreign exchange earner crop.

2.1.7.4.2.9

2.1.7.4.2.10

2.1.7.4.2.11

Palmarosa


Rosemary


Sceuted Rose

Scented rose or damask rose is grown in India for its pleasant, sweet smelling, large pink

to red flowers used for making rose water and attar. It is grown in 3000 to 4000 ha. in

Aligarh, Gazipur, Kanauj and Balia Districts of Uttar Pradesh. It is a perennial hardy


shrub growing about 2 m long, flowers are in groups of 5-7 and flowering is restricted to

spring season for 3-4 weeks. Half open flowers have more fragrance and should be

plucked at that stage. The other species called cheti gulab (Rosa centifolia) and Edward

rose (Rosa barbonia) are also grown for rose water and gulkand making are grown on

smaller areas.

The variety NOOljehanand jawala are recommended varieties. Well drained alluvial soil

with pH 8 - 8.5 and plants are raised from semi hard wood cuttings of 20-25 cm long. Use

rnA (Indole butyric acid) 200 ppm over cut ends induces early rooting. About 10,000

rooted cuttings are required for an ha planting at Ixlm spacing. During October to

December 1m deep and 0.5mwide furrows are made and soil is mixed with 2.5 to 3 tons

FYM and 20 Kg each P and K is applied 3 to 5 cm deep and rooted cuttings are planted.

It needs 200 kg N is split dose in October and January every year. Pruning of two year

old plant in 2nd half of December at height of 50cm above the ground level. Bushes

flower after 70-90 days of pruning. The first commercial crops is taken from third year

and continues for 12-15 years. The flowers half opened are pluck in the morning and

immediately distilled in hydro distillation or steam distillation units. The fresh rose oil

has delicate sweet scent containing 34% l-Citronellol, 35% geraniol and 12-13% nerol

and other minor aroma compounds.

Management of Disease and Pests

Powdery mildew, rust and Die back are common diseases. Spray of sulphur compounds

checks powdery mildew, Bordeaux mixture or carbendazim is effective. Red scale, bud

borer and chafer beetle and termites are important pests. Apply Carbofuran I Kg ai/ha

after pruning and spraying with Neem Kernel extract 4% checks insects.


2.1.7.5

2.1.7.5.1

2.1.7.5.2

2.1.7.5.3

2.1.7.5.3.1

Spices

Large Cardamom

Crop not cultivated in the State.

Small Cardamom


Coriander

It is used as common flavoring substance, the stems, leaves and fruits have pleasant

aroma. The whole young plant is. used in preparing chutney and leaves are used for

flavoring curries, sauces and soups. Dry fruits are used extensively for curry powder,

pickling spices, sauces and seasoning. It has a medicinal value as carminative, refrigerant

and diuretic. In Uttar Pradesh area is 6350 ha. with productivity of3741 tons.


91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 IArea in ha. 5980 5812 6027 6217 6016 6031 6126 6234 6221 6350 IProduction in tons 3370 3268 3568 3811 4170 4318 3700 4179 3640 3741Productivity in tons / ha. 0.56 0.56 0.59 0.61 0.69 0.72 0.60 0.67 0.59 0.59 I% Increase in Production NA -3% 9% 7% 9% 4% -14% 13% -13% 3%% Increase in Productivity NA 0% 5% 4% 13% 3% -16% 11% -13% lOki% Increase in Area NA -3% 4% 3% -3% 0% 2% 2% 0% 2%

The trend during the decade shows that area has increased by 6.19 percent but production

has increased by 11.0I percent with annual increase in production of 1.1percent which is

good trend inspite of the fact that large area has gone to UttaranchaI. This yield trend is

not true picture because data is for seed and large quantity as vegetative portion is cut and

used as green and that data is not available.


For the purpose of green leaves the sowing is recommended between October and

December. For the purpose of seed the sowing is recommended in the first fortnight of

November.


2.1.7.5.3.3

2.1.7.5.3.4

2.1.7.5.3.5

2.1.7.5.3.6

2.1.7.5.3.7

2.1.7.5.4

2.1.7.5.5

2.1.7.5.6


Introduction - It is a tropical spice and requires frost free climate particularly at

flowering and seeding stage but moderately dry and cool weather increases flowering and

seed formation which ultimately increases yield and quality.

Soils - This crop can grow in all types of soils of the State.

Cultivars - The improved varieties are Azad Dhania - I, Rajendra swathi, Sindhu,

Sadhna and Dhania hybrid - 5.

Seed/Planting Material - seed rate of 12-15 kg/ha.

SowinglPlanting Techniques - Sowing in 30 cm rows and within plants 10 cm.

Nutrient Management - NPK@20:30:20 and 10-20 tons FYM at the sowing and

another 40 kg N in 3 doses at 30,40 and 70 days after sowing.


The major pest in coriander is the thrips, which suck the sap from the flowers and the

leaves. This can be controlled by spraying 120 ml cypermethin 10 EC in 200 htres of

water


A good crop gives seed yield of 10-14 qtl / ha.

Crop Economics

There is no authentic data on the crop economics.

Price Trend

There is no authentic data on the exact arrival and price trend in different markets of the

state.

Cumin


Fennel


Fenugreek

Area under the crop is insignificant and hence treated as not cultivated.


2.1.7.5.7

2.1.7.5.7.1

Garlic


The garlic has a medicinal and theurapatic value and used as Spices in the country. This

is a foreign exchange earner crop of the country. It is a good source of protein,

carbohydrate, phosphorus, potash calcium and magnesium. Its peculiar flavor is due to Di

allyl - Disufide. This crop is mainly. cultivated in the Divisions of Agra, Barieliy,

Moradabad and Kanpur. The area and production trend over the decade in Uttar

Pradesh is given below:91-92 92.93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-0

Area in ha. 5844 5782 5793 6741 6867 6821 6796 6856 6973 93Production in tons 23402 23446 23114 29329 31163 30346 27245 29103 28031 41Productivity in tons I ha: 4.00 4.05 3.99 4.35 4.54 4.45 4.01 4.24 4.02 4% lncrease in Production NA 0% -1% 27% 6% -3% -10% 7% -4% ~% Increase in Productivity NA 1% -2% 9% 4% -2% -10% 6% -5% 1<% Increase in Area NA -1% 0% 14% 2% -1% 0% 1% 2% 2.

It clearly shows that area and production has increased appreciably in the state but

productivity is almost constant which has to increase.

2.1.7.5.7.2

2.1.7.5.7.3

Crop Calendar

The best time of planting is October.

Production Tecbnology

Soils- This crop grows in all types of soils of UP.

Cultivars • The important varieties are Jamuna safed, G-282, Agri found Parvati and

Agrifound white G-41 and HG-I and HG-2 are improved varieties.

Seedl Planting Material - 500 kg cloves are required for planting one hactare and

individual clove size for planting should be 8-10 mm.

SowinglPlanting Technique - Cloves should be planted at a distance of 15xlOcm and

be planted 5-7.5 em deep in the soil and pointed end should be upward.


2.1.7.5.7.4

2.1.7.5.7.5

2.1.7.5.7.6

2.1.7.5.7.7

2.1.7.5.7.8

2.1.7.5.7.9

Nutrient Management - 25-30 tons FYM, 150 kg Urea, 325 Kg. single super phosphate

and 100kg Murate of Potash. Half nitrogen at planting and rest in two top dressings at 30

days interval.

Pest and Disease management.

Purple blotch and stemphyllium blight are diseases and spray of sandovit or Tritone I

mllIit. and thrips is serious pest. Spray of Metasystox I ml/lit alongwith sticker in both

fungicide and insecticide spray should be used.


The good crop gives 10-I5 tons/ha. yield.

Crop Economics

The yield level of Garlic stand at 10 tons per hectare which is estimated to be selling at

Rs. 5/- per kg, thus the income to the farmers is around Rs. 50,000/- per hectare with the

expenditure on production' being Rs. 9,000/- per hectare. The net realization to the

farmers is about Rs. 41,000/- per hectare.

Price Trend


state.


The seed which is garlic cloves of proper variety are not available in sufficient quantity is

main constraint in garlic production.

Conclusion

With the development of high yielding variety Agrifond Parvati with a greater size cloves

will change the onion production in the country.


2.1.7.5.8

2.1.7.5.8.1

Ginger

Ginger is one of the oldest spices with distinct flavor and pungency. It has wide range of

uses like culinary, flavorant in drinks, beverages, confectionery, pickles and

pharmaceutical preparations. India is largest producer of ginger in the world and Kerala

is largest Producer State in the country.

Growth pattern over Last decade

Ginger is mainly produced in Jhansi division of the State, which has more than 90% of

the total area of the State. The growth pattern of the state is given below:

91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 I

Area in ha. 233 260 351 345 460 566 216 496 549 598 IProduction in tons 1192 1294 1810 1506 2036 3007 1164 3284 2271 1970Productivity in. tons I ha. 5.12 4.98 5.16 4.37 4.43 5.31 5.39 6.62 4.14 3.29 I% Increase in Production NA 9% 40% -17% 35% 48% -61% 182% -31% -13% ,% Increase in Productivity NA -3% 4% -15% 1% 20% 1% 23% -38% -20%% Increase in Area NA 10% 26% -2% 25% 19% -162% 56% 10% 8% I

The data shows that there is more than hundred percent growth in area and production

over the decade inspite of the fact that good chunk of area has gone to Uttaranchal. This

is a healthy trend. The added advantage is that it is also taken as intercropping in fruit

orchards.

2.1.7.5.8.2

2.1.7.5.8.3

Crop Calendar

Sowing of ginger is generally done between April and June


Cultivars - The important varieties are Rio-De-Janerio, China, Wynad local, Jamaica for

fresh ginger and Karakal, Nadia, Morau for dry ginger.

SeedlPlanting Material - The requirement of rhizomes is about 4'6 quintals per hectarefor planting.

SowinglPlanting Technique - It is advised to have a row to row distance of 45 ems andplant to plant of 30 ems.


2.1.7.5.8.4

2.1.7.5.8.5

2.1.7.5.8.8

2.1.7.5.9

2.1.7.5.9.1

Nutrient management - GInger is exhaustive crop and requires heavy manuring. 25-30

tons FYM and 50:50:100 NPKlha gives good results.

Intercultural Operations - Ginger is taken as mono crop or intercrop in the young

orchards because this crop can stand partial shade.

Pest and Disease management

Soft rot or Rhizome rot, leaf spots' and thread blight are common diseases. Seed

rhizomes should be treated with Agallol 0.5% for three minutes or cerason 0.1% for 30

minutes.


Crop takes about 8 months. If the Crop is for green ginger it takes 5- 6 months to

maturity and the indications are that leaves start turning yellow and start drying. The

average yield is 15 - 30 tons / ha. Rhizomes should be washed twice or thrice and then

dried for a day. For drying ginger only light outer skin is peeled and sundried for a week.

The dried product is 75%. of fresh wt. For storing Rhizomes are dipped in solution of

malathion 0.05 % + 0.3% Diathene M-45 for 30 minutes.


Soft rot or Rhizome rot is real constraint in ginger cultivation. Unfortunately one of the

variety is resistant hence preventive measures are necessary.

Pepper (ChiUies)

Chilly is one of the important vegetable and spice crop of the state. Its uses are salad,

vegetable stuffed preparations, pickles and spices etc. There is no household were chillies

are not eaten in one form or other. It is rich source of protein, carbohydrate and Vit A and

C. This is also one of our export earner crops.


The area under chillies in Uttar Pradesh is 17732 ha. with production of 14203 dry

chillies. The area under chillies is concentrated in Moradabad Bahraich, Mirzapur,

Fatahpur, Kanpur, Firozabad and Bulandshahr District.


The growth pattern over the decade is as below.

91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01

Area in ha. 16023 17713 20031 16001 16841 18469 16177 15225 16868 17732 'Production in tons 12591 13815 14742 10593 11334 15329 13831 12027 13887 14203Productivity in tons I ha. 0.79 0.78 0.74 0.66 0.67 0.83 0.85 0.79 0.82 0.80% Increase in Production NA 10% 7% -28% 7% 35% -10% -13% 15% 2%% Increase in NA -1% -6% -10% 2% 23% 3% -8% 4% -3%Productivitv .

% Increase in Area NA 10% 12% -25% 5% 9% -14% -6% 10% 5%

It is evident that area increased in frrst five years by 8.69 percent but in 2nd half of the

decade area expanded only 4.35, which means reduced from 1996 this is mainly because

some area has gone to newly created state of Uttranchal. The production trend is also

similar which means there is no change in the productivity during the decade, which is

matter of concern. The figures for area and production are confusing as in the year 1986-

87 the area was 24,800 as per Directorate of Economics and Statistics. Gov!. of India and

now it is drastically reduced.

2.1.7.5.9.2

2.1.7.5.9.3

2.1. 7.5.9.4

Crop Calendar

The ideal sowing time for nursery sowing is May - June and Oct - Nov.


Cultivars - The important chilly varieties are J-218 LCA-235 Bhagya Laxmi, Pure Sada

Bahar, Pusa Jwala, NP-46 A, Pant C-I Punjab Lal and Kalyanpur-I the hybrids are HOE-

888 and ARCH-236.

Seed/Planting material- About 400 gms seed is required for sowing in one acre of land.

Sowing /Planting Technique - The seed treatment with captaf and nursery drenching

with captaf, saves the seedlings from damping off.. Planting is done at 45x45cm.

Nutrient management - The fertilizer dose of 90:60:40 kg NPKJha under Faizabad zone

and 120 kg Nand 60 Kg P for Kanpur zone and 120:60:60 under Tarai region of the

state. Generally rainy season crop is taken in the state.

Water management - There should not be water stagnation even for a day.


Thrips, Mites, Aphid and fruit borer are cornmon insects and can be controlled by

Endosulfan / Thiodon 2 ml / litre water at 15-20 interval spray. Cut worms can be

controlled by Furradon 3G@! gm per plant around the root zone. Anthracnose, fruit rot

Final Report: 'Nanonal Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 94

2.1.7.5.9.5

2.1.7.5.9.6

2.1.7.5.9.7

2.1.7.5.9.8

2.1.7.5.9.9

and Powdry mildew are important disease and can be controlled by sulfax, Dithane M

and Copper Oxychloride alternatively @ 2-3 gmIlit. Wilting is another serious problem.

The Bavistin spray I gm 1 lit. water or Topsin should be drenched around the root zone.

Fussaruim is another serious problem which can be controlled by seed treatment and

again spray of Captof. Bacterial wilt is serious problem. The seed should be treated with

Mercuric compound or use resistant varieties and spray 0.01% plantomycin or

streptocycline.The virus diseases like leaf curl, mosaic are serious and affected plants

should be removed early.


The green chilli yield is 9-11 tons./ha and dry chilly 0.5-1 ton. 1ha.

Crop Economics

Chilli yield is around 9 tons per hectare which is estimated to be sold at Rs. 8/- per kg.

Thus the income to the farmers comes to around Rs. 72,000/- per hectare with the cost of

production being around Rs. 8,000 per hectare. The net income to the farmer is Rs.

64,000/- per hectare.

Price Trend


state. The Dry Chilli markets are in Kanpur, Kairana and Bareilly


This crop is affected by various diseases and insects pests, hence resistance varieties are

required. This is a very sensitive crop to abiotic stress also like excess of water and .

temperature the suitable varieties should be developed with wider adaptability.

Conclusion

With the development of superior varieties and hybrids which are comparatively resistant

1 tolerant to biotic and abiotic stress the area and production will increase substantially in

the near future.


2.1.7.5.10

2.1.7.5.10.1

Turmeric

Turmeric or Haldi is native spice of India and had various uses in medicine. India is

largest producer of turmeric and mainly grown in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra,.

Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Uttar Pradesh. More than 50 percent area

is in Tamil Nadu. In U.P area is around 1045 ha with production'of 1822 tons.

The major districts where turmeric is grown in UP are Badaun, Kushinagar,

Baharaich and Sitapur these districts comprise of more than 73% of the total area

under turmeric in the State.

Growth Pattern over the last Decade:

91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-1..

Areainha. 615 851 1152 1255 824 817 670 819 1135 104Productionin tons 1010 1397 1890 2059 1648 1624 1269 1523 1770 18'Productivityin tonsI 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 2.00 1.99 1.89 1.86 1.56 1.7ha. ~% Increase in NA 38% 35% 9% -20% -1% -22% 20% 16% 3~Production% Increase in NA 0% 0% 0% 22% -1% -5% -2% -16% 12~Productivity% Increase in Area NA 28% 26% 8% -52% -1% -22% 18% 28% -9~

The area and production has decreased initially but picked up in last two years. The

area increased by 26.8 percent and production by 10.6 percent. The productivity is

low because turmeric is generally grown as intercrop in orchards. It gives additional

income to the farmers.

2.1.7.5.10.2

2.1.7.5.10.3

Crop Calendar

Sowing is generally done in the months of May- June prior to the onset of monsoon.


Introduction - Turmeric prefers a warm and humid climate with temp. range of 20 -

30°C.

Soils - It thrives best in well drained sandy soil or clayey loam soil. The crop can not

stand water logging and alkalinity.

Cultivars - The suitable varieties for the area are Rajendra Sonia, Krishna, Prabha

Sugnna and Sudarsana.SeedIPlanting Material - 1.5-2.0 tons of rhizomes are required for one hec. of

planting.Sowing! Planting Technique - Whole or split mother rhizome or finger rhizomes @

2500 kg / ha of 20 - 25 g each is sufficient for ha. The seed rhizomes are treated with


','

2.1.7.5.10.4

2.1.7.5.10.5

2.1.7.5.10.7

2.1.7.5.10.8

2.1.7.5.10.9

Diathane M-45 (0.3%) and Ekalux (0.2%) for 30 minutes before planting at distance

of 40 x 25 em on ridges or 30 x 20 in beds.

Nutrient Management - 60: 50 : 120 kg NPK / ha is recommended. The entire dose

of K and half P is applied before planting. Half N after 45 days of planting and

remaining half P and N after 3 months of planting gives better results,

Intercultural Operations - Mulching is required immediately after planting with

green leaves. First earthing up 50 - 60 days and 2nd after another 40 days.

Water management - The water is supplied at 7 - 10 days interval if no rain occurs.


Rhizome rot is serious disease of rhizomes. Treat seed with 0.25% Ridomil MZ - 72

WP for 40 minutes or 0.3% Mancozeb for 30 minutes before planting. Drench the

mancoze~ 0.2% around plant. Leaf bloteh and leaf spot are other diseases.

MancozebO.25% spray controls these also. Shoot barer is serious pests. Spray

monocrotophos 0.05% from July to October at 21 days interval.


Turmeric takes 7 - 9 months for harvesting. Average yield is 20 tons / ha of fresh

rhizomes. The harvested rhizomes are washed well and fingers are separated and

cooked in boiling water for I hour with 100 gm sodium bicarbonate or sodium

carbonate in 100 lit water and sun dried for 10 - 15 days. For boiling turmeric

generally copper galvanized / iron or earthen vessels are used. The dried turmeric is

generally 15 - 30 percent and rhizomes are polished with turmeric powder to give

bright colour.

Price TrendNo authentic data was available to collate.

Problems and ConstraintsThe seed rate being very high and shoot barer and rhizome rot are serious problems.

ConclusionThis crop should be taken as intercrop in orchards because it prefers partial shade and

farmers can get additional income.


2.1.7.6

2.1.7.6.1

2.1.7.6.2

2.1.7.6.2.1

2.1.7.6.2.2

Mushroom

Wild

No authentic data is available on this crop in the State for wild grown mushrooms.

Cultivated

Introduction

Amongst the microbes used as human food mushroom is the most common source of

nutrition. Generally three types i.e. white button mushroom (Agaricus bisparus), Oyster

mushroom (Pleura/us spp.) and Paddy straw mushroom (valvariella spp) are

commercially cultivated. Amongst these three, button mushroom share is more than 90

percent. About 40000 tons of mushrooms are produced in the country and Uttar Pradesh

produces 4000 tons annually. The major share is button mushroom and small quantity of

Oyster mushrooms are produced. The production is almost constant for the last three

years.

The production of mushroom have attained the high tech. farming status and requires

constant regulated climatic conditions, and ordinary conditions with essential hygienic

conditions are adopted and this 2nd category is most suited to our conditions.


Mushroom spawn which is technically equivalent to seed of a plant is' produced on

sterilized grain medium which is highly technical work and normal grower may not be

able to produce the spawn. Compost is prepared by mixing in following proportions and

takes about 28 days.

Wheat Straw 300 Kg

Calcium Amm. Nitrate 9Kg

Urea 3Kg

Potassium Sulphate or 3Kg

Murate of Potash

Wheat bran 30Kg

Gypsum 30 Kg

Nemagon 40 ml.

Furudan 3G 15 gm

Lindance or BHC5% 250 gm


2.1.7.6.2.3

The straw after thorough wetting for 24 hrs. is mixed with the bran fertilizer mixture

prepared with 2/3'" quantities of ammonium sulphate and urea and the entire quantity of

Super phosphate and Potash added to 15 Kg of moistened wheat bran and left over night

covered with wet gunny bags. The mixture is put as heap to encourage intense microbial

activity and causing the generation of heat upto 70 - 800 C. The heap is broken and

remade on 6th day after adding the remaining bran fertilizer mixture made on previous

night with remaining ingredients like insecticide etc in 10 litre water. Every 3-4 days the

heap is broken and remade after adding water to maintain 75% moisture. Normally 7-8

turning are necessary with addition of gypsum at third and BHC at the 7th turning. The

compost is ready if no ammonia small comes from the compost.

The short method of compost making is also possible but it requires more investment for

pasturisation. Which may not be economical for common farmers.

Compost is then filled in.trays, shelves or more commonly in polybags after mixing the

spawn @ 0.5% of compost and covered with formalin soaked sheets or mouth of the bag

is closed. If the temperature is 24 0 C and relative humidity is 80-85% gets impregnated

fully with the mushoom mycelluim and the the colour of compost turns light brown from

dark brown and then casing of 1-2 inch layer with well rotten cow dung mixed with clay

loam soil in equal parts. The casing material should be sterilized with 3% formalin atleast

15 days before use then temperature is maintained around 240 C for 7 to 10 days and then

temperature should be brought down to 14 _180 C and ample ventilation is provided to

reduce CO2 level preferably below 1000 ppm and relative humidity is maintained at 85 to

90%. Light spray of water is given to avoid drying of casing material

Harvesting and Post harvest Management

About 2/3'" of the crop comes after 3 weeks of pin head formation and continues upto 6

weeks. The mushrooms should be harvested at button stage and if delayed quality is

deteriorated. They have very short shelf life and should be sold immediately after

harvesting. They can be stored in refrigerator for less than week.

For proper cultivation of mushroom following precautions should be taken

• Maintain cleanliness in and around the farm. Any left over or refuse must be burried

in soil.

Final Report: 'National Level TeclrnocEconomic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 99

2.1.7.6.2.4

o Prepare substrate only on a cemented platform cleaned with 2% formalin solution.

o Use of pasteurized compost and casing should be preferred.

o Use healthy spawn free from contaminants. Reject spawn showing even a little

infection.

o Clean area, trays, old bags before spawning.

o Growing rooms must be cooked-out with live-steam for 12 hr at temperature above

700 C, before / after a crop. Alternatively, spray thoroughly 2% formalin solution on

floor, walls, racks etc. and keep the room closed for 24hr before use.

o Use a foot-dip (with germicidal solution) before entering the growing area / rooms.

• Personal hygiene of workers and use of clean and disinfected tools/implements

during spawning/casing and harvesting

• Rejects any infected bags/mushroom and treat them with formalin before they are

buried in the soil.

• Growing rooms should be provided with insect-proof nets in doors and windows or

any other inlets.

• Use safe and recommended doses of pesticides only when absolutely necessary and

between the flushes.

Management of Diseases and pests

Cobweb disease

Dry and Wet bubble

disease

Yellow mould, green

mould

Mushroom flies, Dung

flies, Mites and

Nematodes

Maintain humidity and temperature below 90% and 18

o C as preventive measure and spray Bavistin orDiathen M-45

Proper pasteurization of casing soil and control of

vector and spray Diathene-Z -78 or Topsin-M

Proper pasturisation of casing and cleanliness and

spray of Diathene - M

are important insects. Old compost or casing material

should not be used again. Putting 14-16 mesh / cm is

preventive. Spray Malathion 0.25% and close the room

for 2 hours between flushes.


2.1.7.7

The main problem faced by the growers is in marketing their produce because of it being

highly perishable commodity with a short shelf life.

Plantation Crops

None of the crops i.e. Cashew, Arecnut, Oil Palm an Coconut are grown in the State and

have not been dealt.


2.1.7.8 Bee keeping

Cross pollination is essential for proper fruit set and honey bees are major insects

performing this natural duty and producing honey a valuable energy source. Honeybees

are most efficient pollinators on account of their special characteristics. In lndia four

species of honeybees are found i.e. Apis florea, A. dorsota, A. cerena and A. melifera.

The increase in yield of various horticulture crop due to pollination by honeybees ranges

from 5 - 25% and increase in fruit set is given in table

. dfh'bd/ d. f .ncrease 10 rUlt set see set an Dum ero Ives re U1reCrop. Increase in No. of hives Crop Increase in No. of hives /

vield % reQuiredlba Seed set % haCitrus 10-20 4 Carrot 135Cucurbits . 10-20 2-4 Cabbage 300Guava 5-10 Citrus 234Mango 3-5 8-15 Onion 9878 12-36

Radish 100 5Turnip 125 5

1

At present there are 8 lakh colonies of honeybees in India with annual production of 13

thousand tons honey. In addition to this about 18 thousand tons of honey is collected

from wild colonies. The productivity of honey in India has increased in the last decade as

given below -

Years Bee Colouies Production Productivity(in 000 (in 000 tons) (in Kg/colony)Number)

1993-94 678 5.53 8.151994-95 NA NA NA1995-96 610 7.84 12.851996-97 796 9.09 11.421997-98 814 9.31 11.431998-99 821 9.38 11.421999-2000 764 10.10 13.222000-2001 764 10.10 13.22KVICMumbai

As per estimate there are about 2.29 lakh beekeepers producing honey worth 43 crores in

the country. The role of honeybee in enhancing the fruit and seed yield is enormous and

much more than value of honey. However, the pollination power of the honeybee for

enhancing crop productivity remains to be tapped fully. In recent plans interventions by

distributing honeybee colonies to the farmers, has helped in generating awareness about

the prospects of bee keeping in the country.

Draft Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 102

3

3.1

Post Harvest Infrastructure and Management

Production Infrastructure

Uttar Pradesh has more than 60 percent area under assured irrigation with surface and

ground water resources, but still state experiences water scarcity because lif brief

monsoon period from July - August, low retention capacity of soil and high evaporation

during post monsoon season calls for judicious use of irrigation and appropriate water

management techniques. At present 16.87 lakh ha. area has been brought under command

Area Development programme. The Govt. of Uttar Pradesh has set up three command

Area Development Authorities (CAD) namely, Sharda Sahayak, Ram Ganga and Gandak

for the implementation of CAD programme including on farm development programmes

on surface irrigation projects.

Upto 9th Plan end under Minior irrigation group Dug well 11.85, private shallow

tubewells 44 Public Deep tubewells 29.5 and pump set 48.8 lakhs are working in the

state.

Inspite of plenty of water available modem methods of irrigation i.e. drip and sprinkler

have many advantages like 60-70 percent less water is required with better irrigation

efficiency and increased quality and quantity production because of regular supply of

water at root zone which is good for uneven gradient less weed growth, checks water

logging and salinity and helps in better utlilization of fertilizers.

One big polyhouse in one ha. has been constructed in Department of Vegetable Science,

Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agri. and Technology for production of high tech

vegetable crops including raising of early and disease free nursery of vegetable crops.

Besides above facility following infrastructure is being developed alongwith targets of

production.


~Production taJ1!ets

Names of Model Available Infrastructure Facilities being developed Grafts RootNurserv stockDemonstration & Green house, Net house Trolley, Motorized Mist blower 46000 40000Training centre Basti Mother stock protection cum duster pruning clippers, pH

house, Boiler Generator & meter, digital balance temp. andRefrigerator hvgrometer

Demonstration cum -do- -do- 77000trairtirtg centre saharanour'Demonstration training -do- -do- 90000centre ThansiNO uni of Agri. Tech, Green house and net house Portable generator, Refrigerator 10000Faizabad workshop tools, Motorised

sprayer and Misc. tools.Chandra Shekbar Azad Tropical Green house 200 mt. office structure, dripUni. of Agri. & Tech. irrigation system and all aboveKanpur articles

In addition to above five 2nd stage nurseries where protected mother stock will be

maintained are being developed at following centres.

Name oftbe Nursery Available Infrastructure Facilities being developed

Fruit Demonstration cum Power Tiller, tubwell irrigation Motorised power sprayer and duster,trairtirtg centre Malilabad channels Fencing and generator Garden tools trolley and wheel(Lucknow) barrowFruit Demonstration cum Tubewell, Fencing and - do-training centre Allahabad generatorGovt. Hort. Farm Machhari Tubewell and generator - do-(Meerut)Govt.Hort. Farm Bakhsha Pump house, Careller, irrigation - do-Jaunpur channels andGovt. Hort. Kosia Kushinagar Water Tower Harvesting tank, - do-

Boundry wall irrigationunderground line and generator

Low plastic tunnels and small polybouses

In private sector 4 small polyhouses and. 15010w plastic low tunnels were constructed

with assistance from the Government for early raising of vegetables seedlings.

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibiliiy Study for North Zone' 104

3.2 Post Harvest Infrastructure

Post harvest losses in fruits and vegetables are very high (20-40%). About 10-15 percent

fresh fruits and vegetables shrivel and stale, lowering their market value and consumer

acceptability. Minimizing these losses can increase their availability without additional

area expansion. Improper handling and storage causes damage due to mechanical injury,,microbial spoilage and physiological losses. About 36 percent of vegetables decay is due

to soft rot bacteria, whereas 30% fruits decays due to penicillium (fungus) and these

losses can be minimized by proper pre harvest treatments like selection of varieties,

cultural operations, preharvest treatments defming maturity standards, harvesting and

post harvest factors like curing, degreening, precooling, washing and drying, sorting and

grading, disinfaction and treatments like waxing, controlling of ripening processes, pre

packaging in plastic films and proper packaging, pelletization transportation and proper

storage including zero energy cool chambers and irradiation to check sprouting are some

of the important factors for prolonging the life of fruits and vegetables.

To minimize the losses Uttar Pradesh has started Agri. Export zones for mango at

Lucknow and Saharanpur and for potato at Agra where facilities from production to

harvesting and marketing are being developed like sorting and grading sheds, packaging

and storage facilities. At present there are 1156 cold storage's with storage capacity of

6595050 tons of horticultural produce in the state (Annexure-2). Two grading and sorting

sheds at Rehman Khara and Agra are built by D.P. Government for Mango and Potato

sorting and packing. One food park in Rae Barielly is being built where all facilities for

post harvest of horticultural commodities will be provided. There are 188 private

entrepreneurs for preparing fruit and vegetable products in the,state.


4

4.1.a

4.1.a2

4.1.a3

Research and Development

Indian Institute of Vegetable R.esearch, Varanasi, V.P.

Under the umbrella oflCAR, Founded in 1990

The main institute is approximately 20 KM away from City in Adalpura - Mohan

Sarai Road with the following manpower Director - 1, Principal Scientist - 4, Senior

Scientist - 10, Scientists - 10, Technical- 26, Ministrial- 14 and supporting staff-

16 with total strength of 81 personnel.

Thrust Area of the Institute

• To undertake innovative basic, strategic and applied research and developing

technology to enhance productivity of vegetable crops.

• To provide scientific leadership in coordinated netweork research for solving

location specific problems of production and to monitor breeder seed production

of released / notified varieties.

• To act as a national repository of scientific information relevant to vegetable

crops and as a centre for training for upgradation of scientific manpower in

vegetable crops.

•. To disseminate the vegetable production technology to the farmers and to provide

consultancy in vegetable research and development.

• To collaborate with relevant National and International Agencies for achieving

the above mandate.

Achievements overthe Decade

Significant achievements during the decade (1999 - 2000) are:

1.. (a) Vegetable Improvement

• Protocol has been developed for mass multiplication of elite clones of

pointed gourd.

• TLCV resistant lines viz. H24, H36, H86 and H88 have been bred in tomato.

These pre-breeding lines are being utilized worldwide for various purposes

including molecular tagging to TLCV gene.


• In tomato, eggplant, Chille and muskmelon male sterile lines have been

introduced and evaluated in order to examine their utilization in hybrid

breeding programme.

• In tomato, several parental lines have been identified, which possess

resistants to biotic. Such lines have been utilized to develop multiple disease

resistant hybrids, which are under experimental trials.

• In okra, DVR-I and DVR-2 hybrids resistant to YVMV developed at this

Institutes have been recommended for release and cultivation. These two

hybrids are first public sector bred okra hybrids, which have been identified

through AICVIP (All India Coordinated Vegetable Improvement Programe)

• Gynoecious plant in bitter gourd population has been identified and

gynoecism in this plant is being genetically characterized.

(b) Vegetable Production

• Inter culture practices including nutrients, spacing, training & pruning and

planting techniques have been standardized for hybrid tomatoes, cabbage and

capsicum.

• Aztobactor @ IS Kg ha alongwith recommended dose ofNPK (150: 80 :

100kg ha) improves the yield and shelflife in tomato.

• Application of press mud @ 5 t/ha alongwith 50% dose of NPK has been

found beneficial in increasing the yield of solanaceous vegetables, like

tomato and chilli, cabbage, chinense cabbage, cauliflower etc.

• Application of sulphur through press mud improves the yield of capsicum.

• Suitable herbicides have been identified for chemical weed control in okra,

pea, tomato and egg plant.

• For fruit set in autumn crop of tomato, recommendation of PGR (Plant

Growth Regulator) has been made.

(c) Vegetable Protection

• Rational control of okra pests has been. established. through chemical seed

treatment, foliar spray of insecticides and botanicals.

• Management practice for control of yellow mite of chilli is standardized.

• Biocontrol of tomato fruit borer, okra shoot and fruit borer, Spodoptera of

cauliflower has been achieved.

• Cloning of full length genome (2.7 kb) CpGMV and bean dwarf mosaic

gemini virus have been achieved.

Final Repon: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for Nonh Zone' 107

• Inoculum techniques for artificial screening of early blight of tomato has

been standardized with pure mycelial culture.

2 All India Vegetable Improvement Project (AIVIP) is also working at the

Institute. The recommendations for the 4th National Agroclimatic zone

which includes U.P. are summarised below.

Zone N: Sub-Humid Sutlej Ganga Alluvial Plains - This includes Punjab, Delhi and

UP. The following recommendations have emerged from All India trials.

Tomato

• Following open pollinated varieties developed at various centres have performed

well imd have been identified and recommended for cultivation:

Variety

PusaRubySL-I20T-lPusa Early DwarfPunjab ChhuharaKS-2CO-3Pb. KeshariLa BonitaPant T-3Arka VikasArka SaurabhSel-7DT-IOBT-12KS-17

Remark

Small fruitedLarge fruitedLarge fruitedSmall fruitedSmall fruitedDeterminateDeterminateDeterminateDeterminateIndeterminateIndetenninateIndeterminateDeterminateIndeterminateIndeterminateIndeterminate

DevelopingcentreJAR!JAR!CSAUA&TJAR!PAUCSAUA&TTNAUPAUNBPGRGBPUA&TIIHRIIHRHAUJAR!OUATCSAUA&T

• Following tomato hybrids have been identified and recommended for cultivation:

VarietyARTH-4Pusa Hybrid-2NA-50lKT-4FMH-2BSS-20HOE-303DTH-8CSTH-l

Growth habitIndeterminateDeterminateDeterminateIndeterminateIndeterminateIndeterminateDeterminateDeterminateDeterminate

Developing centreAnkur SeedsJARINath SeedIAR! (Katrain)IIHRBeejo SheetalNovartisJAR!Ranchi

• Under resistance varietal trial, nematode resistant variety FMH-2 developed at

IIHR has been recommended for cultivation.


• For Pusa Ruby, HS-IOI and Sioux varieties, 75 x 45 cm spacing and for KS-2

and HS-l 0 1 varieties 50 x 45 cm spacing has been recommended for agro-

climatic conditions ofFaizabad and Kanpur.

• Application of NPK @ 150:60:60 kglha has been recommended for the variety

Pusa Ruby, Sioux and KS-2, to get maximum return and highest costlbenefit ratio

under Kanpur conditions.

• In summer crop, mulching with sugarcane truss has been recommended to

economize the irrigation and maximize the yield and profit under agro-climatic

conditions of Northern Indian plains. The mulching should be done after one

manual weeding at about 35 DAT.

• Application of N as 40 kg/ha as basal dressing + 40 kg/ha as top dressing for

tomato has been recommended for Kanpur conditions.

• Application of N @ 40 kg/ha as basal dressing + 20 kg/ha through top dressing

and 20 kg/ha as foliar spray has been recommended for Varanasi conditions of

eastern U.P.

• Sprays of 4 ppm mixtalol, four weeks after planting, resulted in additional yields

of4.86%.

• Application of difolaton (0.1%) and blitox (0.3%) has been recommended to

control blight disease. These fungicides should be given at the interval of 15

days, starting from first appearance of the disease.

• Three sprays of 2,4-D ( 5 ppm) three times (first spray in nursery one day before

transplanting, second spray at first flower cluster appearance and third spray at

forth flower cluster appearance) has been recommended.

• Three sprays of fenvelerate @ 50 g a.i./ha and endosulfan @ 700 g a.i./ha

alternately at first sight of eggs or larvael5 plants, has been recommended.

• Marigold as a trap crop with only two sprays of endosulfan was found most

effective against fruit borer (H. armigera). However, caution should be taken to

. complete picking and destruction of attacked fruits to prevent emergence of

second generation of fruit borer.

• Against leafrniner, spray of cypermaizin (250 g/ha) at 15 days interval and

Sukrina (a neem formulation) @ 15 mIll has been recommended against

leafrniner.

FinalReport: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 109

• Seedlings of hybrid tomato Apoorva raised in potting plugs provides better

vigour and plant stand than the other methods. Further when the seedlings were

transplanted in the field gave higher yield of 391.96 q/ha. Hence it is

recommended for Kanpur conditions.

• At INR, Varanasi, raising of seedlings of tomato hybrid Avinash-2 in poly bags

gave better performance and become ready to transplant within 20 days after s,,~d

sowing. But when the seedlings were transplanted under field condition, the

maximum average yield (1026.6 q/ha) and C:B ratio (1:5.72) was recorded under

nursery raised by traditional method as compared to others, hence, this vari~:y

recommended for Varanasi conditions.

• Application of 20 T - FYM ha and Y, recommended dose of NPK (75:40:50

kg/ha) in tomato hybrid Avinash-2 gave maximum yield ( 773.0 q /ha) along with

C:B ratio (I :4.00), hence it is recommended for cultivation under the Varanasi

region.

• At Faizabad, the maximum yield ( 332.05 q/ha) and C:B ratio (I :3.45 ) of tomato

cv. Narendra Tomato-2 was recorded with green manuring + 1/2 recommended

dose of NPK (60:30:30 kg/ha) when the seedlings were transplanted at 60 x 45

em .. Hence it is recommended for Faizabad condition.

Brinjal

• Following open pollinated varieties have been identified for its cultivation in all

parts of the zone IV:

Variety

Pusa Purple LongPusa Purple ClusterS-16PusaKrantiPBR~129-5Pant SamratAzad KrantiARU-2CH-7NDB-25H-8Punjab BarsatiKS-224PLR-lKS-331CHBR-lGreen Long

Fruiting type

LongLongLongLongLongLongLongLongLongLongRoundLongRoundSmall RoundLongRoundGreen

Developing centre

IARIIARIPAUIARIGBPUA&TGBPUA&TCSAUA&TDARLHAUNDUA&THAUPAUCSAUA&TTNAUCSAUA&TCHES (Ranchi)RAU (Sabour)


• Following hybrid varieties have been identified, based on their better

performance:

Variety Fruiting type Developing centre

PusaHybrid-6 Round IARIPusaHybrid-5 Long IARIARBH-201 Long Ankur SeedsNDBH-I Round NDUA&TABH-I Small Round GAU (Anand)MHB-IO Small Round MahycoMHB-39 SmallRound MahycoNDBH-6 Long NDUA&TABH-2 Small Round GAU(Anand)BH-I Round Ludhiana

• Application of 50kglha N as basal dose and spacing of 75 x 60 cm has been

recommended for the variety Pusa Purple Long.

• For weed control, application of fluchloralirt @ 1.5 kg a.i./ha or pre- emergence

spray of alachlor @ 2.0 kg a.i./ha + one hand weeding 30 days after transplanting

(DAT) have been recommended.

• Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @1.0 kg a.i./ha + one hand weeding

at 30 DAT has been recommended for effective weed control.

.' Application of fluchloralin @ 1.5 kg a.i./ha (pPI) supplemented with one hand

weeding at 30 DAT has been recommended for weed control in kharif crop.

• Spray of 4 ppm mixtalol at 4 to 6 weeks after transplanting resulted in additionalyields of7.1 %.

• Seed treatment with Bavistin 2 glkg seed and seedling dip in 0.05% solution of

bavistin followed by two sprays of bavistin @ 0.05%, starting from one month

after transplanting at an interval of 10 to 15 days has been recommended against

brinjal blight disease.

• Seed treatment with Bavistin @ 2g / kg seed, seedling dip in 0.05% bavistin for

30 minutes before transplanting followed by two sprays of 0.05% Bavistin or

three sprays of fYtolan (0.3%) at 10-15 days interval starting after one month of

'transplanting, have been recommended to control phomopsis blight.

• For the effective control of brinjal blight in variety Pant Samrat and in Pusa

Purple Long, it has been recommended to treat the seeds with bavistin @ I glkg

seed and seedling dip in 0.05% solution of bavistin for 15 minutes followed by

application of two sprays ofbavistin @ 0.05% (30 and 50 DAT).

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' III

• Recommendation has been made on use of leafhopper tolerant variety Punjab

Barsati with a spraying schedule of cypermethrin @ 30 g a.i.lha at 20, 35, 65 and

80 OAT.

• It has been recommended to control fruit borers using spray of cypermethrin @

30 g a.i.lha at 20,35,50,65 and 80 OAT.

• For the management of fruit borer in brinjal four sprays of Polytrin C@ 700g

ailha at 15 days interval starting from flower initiation was found to be effective

under Kalyanpur conditions.

Chile & Capsicum

• Two open pollinated varieties viz. J-218 and LCA-235 (X-235) of chilli have

been identified and recommended for cultivation ..Among the identified hybrids

of chilli, HOE-888 and ARCH-236 are recommended for cultivation under this

zone.

• Application of NPK @ 90:60:40 kg/ha has been recommended for getting

economic red ripe chilli yield in variety Pant C-l under agro-climatic conditions

of Faizabad.

• Application of 120 kg Nand 60 kg Plha has been recommended to obtained most

economic dry chilli yield from variety Pusa Jwala under Kalyanpur conditions.

• Application of NPK @ 120:60:60 kg/ha has been recommended for Tarai regionofU.P.

• Use of nylon net of 400 mesh and soil application of furadon @ 1.0 kg a.i.lha in

seed bed and one application of furadon @ 5 kg a.i.lha at 6 OAT followed by 3

sprays of nuvacron I ml/li!. has been recommended.

• Application of75% of recommended N dose (150 kg/ha) + Azospirillum as seed

treatment, seedling dip and soil incorporation at lIVR, Varanasi gave maximum

yield of green chilli cv. LCA-235 (117.52 qlha) along with maximum CB ratio

(1:1.77) followed by application of 50% recommended dose of N +Azospirillum. Hence it is recommended for cultivation under Varanasi

conditions.

Garden Pea

• Following pea varieties have been identified for vegetable production:


Variety Maturity group Developing centre

Bonneville Mid season IARIArkel Early season IARI1P-3 Early season GBPUA&TP-88 Early season PAUVL-3 Early season VPKASVL-7 Early season VPKASAgeta-6 Early season PAUVL-6 Mid season VPKASNDVP-8 Mid season NDUA&TNDVP-IO Mid season NDUA&T

• Under resistant varietal trail, three powdery mildew resistant varieties viz., PRS-

4, JP-4 and NDVP-4 have been identified for cultivation.

• hi case of variety Azad P-I, Stomp 1.0 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence application

followed by one hand weeding at 45 DAS, has been recommended for effective

weed control for Kalyanpur (Kanpur) region.

Cow pea & French bean

• Following varieties oflegume vegetables have been identified for cultivation:

Vegetable Variety Centre

Cowpea Sel-263 PAUCowpea Sel-2-1 NDUA&TCowpea IIHR-6 IIHRFrench Bean VL-Boni-I VPKASFrench Bean UPF-!9! GBPUA&T

• At Kalyanpur, the maximum yield of green pods of French bean cv. Pant

Anuparna (77.18 q/ha) and C:B ratio (1:2.77) was recorded with the application

of 80 kg Nand 60 kg Pfha. Hence it is recommended for the Kanpur conditions.

Okra

• Till 200 I, following YVMV resistant varieties I hybrids have been identified:

Resistant/tolerant varietiesP-7PB-57Sel-IO (A. Anamika)HRB-9-2VRO-3VRO-4DVR-! (Hybrid)DVR-2 (Hybrid)DVR-3 (Hybrid)DVR-4 (Hybrid)

Developing centerPAUParbhaniIIHRHAUINRINRIIVRINRINRINR


• For kharif crop, application of herbicide metalochlor @ 1.00 kg a.i./ha (PE) has

been recommended for weed control in kharif crop in Varanasi region.

• Vegetable rotation, okra-tomato-bitter gourd gave the maximum return with cost

benefit ratio of I :2.06 under Kalyanpur conditions. Next best rotation was

cowpea- cauliflower-onion. Hence, these rotations have been recommended for

central V.P.

• Spray carbaryl (I kg/ha) at weekly interval for the control of fruit and shoot borer

has been recommended. For the contr?1 of jassids, seed treatment from

carbofuran 5% or soil application of carbofuran I kg/ha and disulfoton 0.5 kg

.a.i./ha has been recommended.

• For the effective control of leafhopper and fruit borer of variety Arka Anamika,

four sprays of cypermethrin (0.005%) at 20, 35, 50 and 65 DAS has been

recommended.

• Four sprays of monocrotophos @ 500 g a.i./ha at 20, 30,50 and 65 DAS has been

recommended to control pest complex under Varanasi and Kalyanpur conditions.

Further, it has been recommended that where not absolutely needed, synthetic

pyrethroids should not be used for management of pests.

• Application of Dual @ I kg a.i./ha as pre emergence spray is recommended for

effective weed management and to obtain economic yield (122.29 q/ha) and C:B

ratio (I :3.88) in okra cv. Parbhani Kranti followed by Basalin @ 1.5 kg ai/ha as

PPJ. Hence it is recommended for Kanpur conditions.

Onion

• Following open pollinated varieties have been identified:

Variety

Punjab SelectionPusa RedPusa RatnarPusa MadhviArka KalyanAgri Found Dark RedPunjab Red RoundAgri Found Light Red

Remark

Keeping qualityKeeping qualityRedRabi SeasonRabi SeasonKbarif seasonRabi seasonRabi season

Developing centre

PAUJARIJARIJARIIIHRNHRDFPAUNHRDF

• Application of N @ 120 kg/ha and planting distance of 45 x 30 cm has been

rec.ommended for onion variety Kalyanpur Red Round under Kanpur conditions

for seed production.


• Planting of bulbs (varietyPusa Red) at 45 x 30 cm spacing with 80 kg N,lha has

been recommended for seed production in Faizabad region.

• For the control of purple blotch, Stemphyllium blight and thrips, four sprays of

dithane M-45 @ 0.25% + monocrotophos @ 0.05% or dithane M-45 @ 0.05%

mixed + metasystox @ 0.05%, starting from 15 DAT at 15 days interval have

been recommended.

• Four sprays of dithane M-45 @ 0.25% mixed with methyl dimeton @ 0.05%,

starting from 15 DAT at 15 days interval has been recommended for the control

of thrips; purple blotch and Stemphyllium blight disease.

• Six sprays of 0.25% dithane M-45 (mixed with 0.1% sticker triton) at 15 days

interval has been recommended for the control of purple blotch in seed crop

under North Indian conditions.

Garlic

• Following varieties have been identified for cultivation:

Variety

G-41G-lG-50G-282

Developing centre

NHRDFNHRDFNHRDFNHRDF

• Application of N 100 kg, P 80 kg and K 60 kg Iha has been recommended for

getting most economic yield under Kanpur conditions.

• Application of 100 kg N, 80 kgP and 60 kg Klha in variety Local White has been

recommended for Faizabad conditions.


Cauliflower

• Following open pollinated varieties have been identified for the cultivation:

Variety

351-4-1Improved JapaniesSynthatic-IEC 12012Pusa SnowballK-ILine 6-1-2-1Early Synthetic

Maturity group

Oct. maturityNov. maturityDec. maturityJan. maturityJan. maturityJan. maturityDec. maturityEarly grOUp

Developing centre

JAR!JAR!JAR!JAR! (Katrain)JAR! (Katrain)JAR! (Katrain)lARIJAR!

Kalyanpur conditions.

• Pusa Hybrid-I developed at IARI, New Delhi has been identified in 1992 for its

cultivation.

• In late group (snowball), spacing of 60 x 40 cm has been recommended forKanpur conditions.

• At Kalyanpur, the best response was with 60 Kg N, Iha as basal + 60 Kg N,lha as

top dressing in two equal splits.

• Transplanting of mid-season variety Pusa Synthetic at the spacing of 60 x 40 cm

and application of 150 kg N,+ 120 kg P,O,lha has been recommended under(

• For variety Pant Shubhra, recommendation of 100 kg N, 60 kg P and 60 kg Klha

and spacing of60 x40 cmhas.been made for Faizabad conditions.

• Application of 120 kg N , 60 kg P and 60 kg Klha with plant spacing of 60 x 60

cm has been recommended for mid-season cauliflower variety Pant Subhra seed

production under Kalyanpur conditions.

• Seed treatment with 100 ppm plantomycin for 2 hr. followed by seedling dipping

in 0.5% sodium chloride solution has been recommended against curd rot disease.

Cabbage

• Sel-8 variety developed at lARI, Katrain has been recommended for cultivation.

• Following hybrid / varieties have been identified for cultivation:

Hybrid

Pusa SyntheticNath-401Quisto

Developiug ceutre

lARI (Katrain)Nath SeedsNovartis


• Planting spacing of 75 x 30 cm and application of 60 kg Nlba with basal dose of

50 kg PIha has been recommended for Kanpur region.

• Application of 180 kg/ha N + 60 kg/ha each of P and K at the plant spacing of 60

x 30 cm has been recommended for variety Pride of India under Kanpur

conditions.

• Diamond back moth can be successfully managed by sowing mustard as a trap

crop between the rows of cabbage, 15 days before cabbage planting along with 2-

3 sprays of dichlorvos @ I. kg a.i.lba in mustard and 2 sprays of cartap

hydrochloride @ 500 g a.i.lba or 5% neem seed extract in cabbage, starting from

primordial stage of the crop at 15 days interval.

• Application of Azotobactor as seed treatment seedling, dipping and soil

appli'cation of75% recommended dose ofN (140 kg/ha) in cabbage variety Pride

of India gave maximum yield (379.0 qlba) and cost benefit ratio (1:3.41 ). Hence,

it is recommended for application in the Tarai conditions.

Carrot

• Variety Sel-5 was recommended for cultivation.

• Application of N @ 150 kg/ha and planting of steck1ing at 60 x 30 cm for seed

production of variety Pusa Meghali has been recommended for Faizabad

conditions.

Muskmelon

• Following varieties have been identified for cultivation:

Variety

Pusa SarbatiHaraMadhuPusa MadhurasDurgapura MadhuDMDR-2

Developing centre

IARIPAUIAR!DurgapuraIARt

• Muskmelon hybrid M-3 developed at IARI has been recommended.

• Planting of variety Hara. Madhu at spacing of 280 x 90 cm and application of

NPK @ 100:60:60 kg/ha has been recommended for river bed areas ofFaizabad.

• Spraying of dithane M-45 (0.3%) at fortnightly interval has been recommended to

control downy mildew.

• Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 117

Watermelon

• Sugar baby, Durgapura Meetha and Arka Manik varieties have been identified forits cultivation.

• The fertilizer dose of 100 kg N + 60 kg P + 60 KJha at the plant distance of 320 x

120 em has been recommended for getting maximum net return from variety

Sugar Baby under river bed conditions of Faizabad.

Other Cucnrbits

• Following open pollinatep varieties have been identified in different.Cilcurbitaceous vegetables: h,

Vegetable Variety Developing centre

Bittergourd RHRBG-4-1 MPKVBittergourd KBG-16 CSAUA&TPumpkin CM-14 KAUPumpkin PusaVishwas JAR!Spongegourd Sel-99 lARIBottlegourd NDBG-4 NDAUCucumber CH-20 HARRPRanchi

• Recommendation has been made to control powdery mildew of bottle gourd

through spray of BenomyI and Bavistin (0.1%) at 10 days interval.

• In bitter gourd, application of N:P:K @ 90:60:60 kg/ha has recommended under

Faizabad conditions for local variety Jaunpuri Karela.

• The maximum yield (513.3 q/ha) and C:B ratio (1:2.68 ) was recorded when the

plants were trained on arbour system without pinching of shoots in the bottle

gourd hybrid Pant Sankar Lauki-l. Hence it is recommended for the Tarai

conditions.


•

4.1.b

4.l.b2

4.l.b3

Central Institute for sub tropical Horticulture, Lucknow, U.P.

Institute is located at Rehman Khera PO Kakori District, Lucknow which is 20 km away

from Lucknow with following manpower. Scientific 44, TechnicaL56, Administrative 25

and supporting staff 44 and total strength is 169.

Thrust Areas

Varietal improvement of tropical fruits through conventional and modem methods with

special reference to mango, guava, aonla, bael and papaya. Suitable varieties of mango

for export and multiplication of genuine planting material on large scale. Survey of

Disease and pests and work out suitable remedy measures. IPM, INM and IDM.

Development of maturity standards, harvesting methods, Harvesters and graders, suitable

packaging methods for domestic and export and development of processing technologies

for newer products and improvements of technologies for squash, juice, nector, jam and

jelly etc using aseptic packaging technique and analysis and monitoring of pesticides

residues in mango and guava. Utilization of fruit processing waste for value added

products. Marketing, reducing post harvest losses and working on other constraints of

production. Study the economic feasibility of techniques developed by the Institute at

farmers fields and entrepreneurial development amongst the growers.

Achievements for the decade

(I) A superior clone of Dashehari named Dashehari-51 with regular bearing and high

yield has been released for commercial cultivation.

(2) A promising Mango hybrid CISH-M-I (Amrapali X Janardhan Pasand), for export

and domestic is at advanced stage of release,

(3) Mango cr. Elaichi identified to be free from Mango malformation is being used for

breeding resistance varieties.

(4) Guava var Lalit with attractive saffron yellow colour with occasional red blush is

released which gives 25% more yield than Allahabad safeda. Two selections CISH-

G-I and CISH-G-4, are promising CISH-B-I and CISH-B-2 in Bel are identified as

promising clones.


(5) Protocol for Micro propagation of Guava var Allahabad Safeda and Sardar is at

advance stage of release.

(6) The Rejuvenation technology for mango old orchard of 40-50 years and above and

unproductive mango tree pruning beyond 4-5 meters during December is

Standardized.

(7) The one time application of I kg each N, P and K in the month of July gave

maximum yield (99.66 kg I tree) in mango

(8) Application of 300 g Azospirillum culture plus 20 Kg FYM per tree in both on and

off years gives higher yield of 134.37kg/tree in mango.

(9) Soil application of Pactobutrazol @ 3.2 mllper meter tree canopy area in Mango

cv. Dashahri and 4.8 ml in cv . Langra and chousa induced regular bearing and

gave better yield by 20 and 30 percent in on year and 45 and 60 percent in off year.

(10) High density planting (1600 plant/ha) in Amarpali produced fruit yield of 172

qtllha during 4'" Year of fruiting.

(II) Glycophosate @ 10 mIll applied to young orchards in the month of June in young

orchards and May in older orchards controls weeds without any adverse effect.

(12) . Technique for eliminating rainy season crop of Guava with 10 percent Urea

spraying twice in cv. Allahabad safeda and 25% single spray in cv. Sardar.

(13) Highest yield in Guava var. Sardar was with 800g neem coated urea, 600g

superphosphate and 600g Murate of Potosh.

(14) Alcoholic extract of neem Kernel (2%), Alpinia galanga (2%) and Buprofezin

(0.0625%) are effective against mango hoppers and mealy bug insects. Chlorphos

and monocrotophos (0.04%) are effective against bark eating caterpillars in Guava

while Monocrotophos (0.04%) and dimethoate (0.045%) against Guava scale

(Chloropulvinaria sp.)

(15) three pre harvest spray of Bavistin and Topsin-M (0.1% each) at 15 days internal

starting from I" week of May and dipping of fruits after harvest in 0.05%


•

fungicidal suspension completely controls the pre and post harvest losses from

diseases in mango.

(16) Harvester for Mango and guava developed and Mango grader designed and

fabricated for testing.

(17) Simple Technique for uniform ripening of mango, early harvested fruits (2 week

before maturity) can be ripened with 750 ppm Ethrel in hot water at 52 :t 2° C,

while mature fruits can be ripened with 100-500 ppm ethrel according to maturity

stage

(18) Training on production, protection and post-harvest management of Mango, guava,

papaya and aonla is organised for the master trainers i.e Deputy Directors, District

Horticulture officers and Senior Horticulture Inspectors. 20 different trainings

were conducted over a decade.


4.2.

4.2.1

Krishi Vigyan Kendra

Krishi Vigyan Kendra working in the State

There are two types of Gyan Kendras i.e. Krishi Gyan Kendra and Krishi Vigyan Kendra

operating under the University. The list and location is given below:-

S.No. Name and Address of KVK Host Organisation

1. Training Organiser, Vice ChancellorKrishi Vigyan Kendra, G.B. Pant University of Agricultural &Bachat Bhavan, Collectorate Compound, Technology,Shahjahanpur Pantnagar (UP)

2, Training O~ganiser, - do-Krishi Vigyan Kendra,Rice Research Station, Nagina,Bijnore-246762 (UP)

3. Training Organiser, - do-Krishi Vigyan Kendra,Chandra Nagar, Saharanpur (UP)

4. Training Organiser - do-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Badaun - 243601

5. Training Organiser, - do-Krishni Vigyan Kendra243, Vikas Bhawan, New Collectorate,Rajnagar Ghaziabad-20 100I (UP)

6. Training Organiser - do -Krishi Vigyan Kendra,Zila PanchayatBhawan, Rarnpur - 244901 (UP)

7. Training Organiser - do-Krishi Vigyan KendraJalalpur, Muzzaffarnagar (UP)

8. Training Organiser - do-Swami Kalyan Dev Krishi Vigyan KendraHastinapur, Meerut (UP)

.

9. Training Organiser - do-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Pilibhit (UP)

10. Training Organiser .

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Crop ResearchStation, Behraich (UP)


II. Training Organiser Vice ChancellorKrishi Vigyan Kendra, Ballia, P.O. Sohaon, N.D. University of Agricultural &Ballia - 277504 Technology

KumarganjFaizabad (UP)

12. Training Organiser - do-Krishi Vigyan KendraP:O. Haldhapur, Mau - 221705 (Up)

13. Training Organiser - do-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, S-4/50 A,'Mahaveer Road, Ardally BazarVaranasi - 221001 (UP)

.

14. Training Organiser - do-Krishi Vigyan Kendra Banjaria FarmP.O. KarYa, Basti (UP)

15. Training Organiser Vice ChancellorKrishi Vigyan Kendra C.S. Azad University of Agricultural &Regional Research Station TechnologyBharai, P.O. Bhojla Kanpur(Up)Jhansi (Up)

.

16. Training Organiser - do-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dairy Farm,Vety. Collage, Mathura - 281001 (Up)

17. Training Organiser - do-Krishi Vigyan KendraDariapur Garm, P.O. MunsiganjRaibarelly - 229405 (Up)

18. Training Organiser - do-Krishi Vigyan KendraTharion FarmAllahabad - G.T. Road, Fatehpur (UP)

19 Training Organiser - do-Krishi Vigyan KendraCentral Dairy Farm, Aligarh (UP)

20. Training Organiser DirectorKrishi Vigyan Kendra Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research,Lucknow (UP) Lucknow (UP)

21. Training Organiser Secretary,Krishi Vigyan Kendra Kamla Nehru Memorial TrustC/o Kamla Nehru Memorial Trust Sultanpur - 228118 (UP)Sultanpur - 228118 (UP)


22. Training Organiser PrincipalKrishi Vigyan Kendra Raja Balwant Singh CollegeEtah - Tundala Road Bichpuri, Agra (UP)Awagarh, Etah (UP)

23. Training Organiser ChairmanKrishi Vigyan Kendra Deen Dayal Research InstituteJai-prabha, Gram-Gopalgram Rani Jhansi RoadKhagru Chandpur, Gandhi Park New DelhiGonda - 271001 (UP)

24. Training Organiser - do-Krishi Vigyan KendraGaniwan, Banda - 210206 (UP)

25. Training Organiser The DirectorKrishi Vigyan Kendra Allahabad Agricultural ResearchC/o Allahabad Agricultural Res. Institute InstituteAllahabad - 211007 (UP) Allahabad - 211007 (UP)

26. Training Organiser The Secretary. Krishi Vigyan Kendra Leond Tel Area Development Society,

Sohna, Sidharthnagar - 272193 (UP) Sohna,Sidharthnagar - 272193 (UP)

27. Training Organiser Vice ChancellorKrishi Vigyan Kendra Banaras Hindu UniversityBarakachha, Mirzapur- 231001(UP) Varanasi - 110005 (UP)

4.2.2 Thrust area

1. To test, refine and transfer agricultural technology through on farm testing,

keeping in view the prevailing farming system and similar through participating

mode.

2. To plan and conduct long term and short term vocational training programme in

various enterprises or agricultural production.

3. To organise need based and demand driven, in service, training / workshop for

extension officials.

4. To conduct demonstration on technologies related to production, processing and

value addition in various agricultural enterprises.


4.2.3

5. To prepare a database on natural and human resources and identifiable farming

system / situation and possibilities prevailing in the district as a basis for

planning and implementing for KVK mandate.

6. To serve as an active link between research, extension and farmers and provide

critical feed back to the ICAR - SAU Research System on one hand and the main

extension system on the other.

Achievement over the decade for sample KVK in Faizabad and Kanpur

Every year training is conducted on latest vegetable varieties, mushroom cultivation, last

year Tomato hybrid Urvashi gave maximum yield of 558 qtl/ha. In pea variety trials

Azad P-3, 8 1 and Azad P-l gave 77 qtl/ha green peas. Hybrid brinjal developed by

NDAUT gave maximum yield. IPM in Okra against fruit bores gave 50% higher yield

over farmers practices Mango trees of old orchards, fertilizer applications and 3 sprays of

Insecticides give 78% more yield over farmers practices. Tomato hybrid Rupali is

comparatively more tolerant to Mosaic and better quality. Under irrigated Condition

Chilli var Tejaswni was better in taste at Bairaich. Pea Az:!d P-l was better over others.

At Jaunpur Maize, - Pea-Wheat rotation gave maximum benefit. At Basti in Pea var

malviya yield was 40 percent more when seeds was treated alongwith NPK +Trichodarma + Feramen trap. Hybrid Cauliflower trial Shweta the curd were white and

high yielding and chill Tapan gave 133.95 qtl/ha yield. At Varanasi Tamato Hybrid

Urvashi gave 558 qtl/ha. At Krishi Vigyan Kenma I V P on farm trial and validation

trials are conducted on the techniqw;:sdeveloped by the university every year. Every year

three trainngs are conducted by the university for KGK!KVK official in Rabi, Kharif and

Zaid season to update them and enlighten them the calendar of activities to be adopted in

respective areas.

Final Report: 'National LltVel Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 125

4.3

4.3.al

4.3.a2

4.3.a3

4.3.3 a.

State Agriculture Universities

Chandra Shekhar Azad University ofAgriculture Technology Kanpur

Department OfHorticulture and Department of Vegetable Crops are main component

of Horticulture work, the manpower of both the Divisions is Professors-6, Associate

Professors/Horticulturists-12, Assistant Professor-12, the total scientific staff is 37.

Thrust area

To develop suitable vegetable, spices and fruit varieties for the region. To develop

Agro techoiques for fruits, vegetables and spices. Standardize the seed production and

plant propagation techoique and work out the economics of production.

Major Achievements during the decade

Fruits

The department conducted pioneering work on bearing habits and floral biology in a

number of fruit crops. viz. Aonla, lackfruit, Litchi, Kamarakh, Khimi, lamun,

Annona, Breadfruit, wood apple, and Loquat etc. These are valuable to breeders and

researchers in planning their schedules and strategies.

Salt tolerance studies have been conducted on Mango, Guava, Ber, Grape, Aonla,

lamun, Bael, Pomegranate etc., which help in selecting salt tolerant strains I varieties.

Propagation studies have been conducted in a number of fruit crops viz. Mango,

Guava, Papaya, Litchi, Lime, Lemon, lackfruit, Ber, Aonla, etc. The stone grafting in

mango has been standardized. Healthy guava plants could be successfully

regenerated through stooling using IDA at 7500 ppm.

Application of 200 ppm NAA in mid October followed by deblossoming or

application of 200 ppm NAA alone is very effective In reducing mango

malformation. In aonla cultivars Banarsi provided good polliniser for cv. Francis

and vice versa. Therefore, both these vars. need be planted together in an orchard.

Studies on regulatin of cropping in guava revealed that use of urea (16%) or shoot

pruning (30 cm) proved useful to .avoid rainy season crop and getting a heaVyand

quality winter crop.

Agretechoiques with regard to pruning, nutritional requirements, screening of suitable

strains I varieties, use of growth regulators including other chemicals, have been

standardized in certain fruits viz. grapes, Phalsa, grape fruit, lime, lemon, mosambi,

ber, litchi, papaya and banana. The pre and post harvest physiological studies have

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study lor North Zone' 126

been conducted in mango, guava, litchi, loquat, phalsa, Jamun, Annona etc., which

helped in fixing maturity standards.

Recommendation for Fruit Production

Crops Variety Fertilizer Rec. Time of Plaut OthersApplication Production

MeasureMango Dashehari 1000 g.N Malformation Two or more

Langra 500 g.P combaled variety plantsChausa 1000gK April/Sept. considerably by together withLucknow Safeda + spraying of 200 good crops.Amrapali 50 kg FYM ppm NAA in mid

. Oct.Guava L-49 400g.N Guava will Res. Use of 16% urea

Allahabad. 400 g.P Work in in may to avoidSafeda 600g.K October / Feb. progress. rainy season

+ crop.Kg.FYM

Anoia Banarsi 500g.N Spray 6 g boric Two or moreChakiya N-7 & 10 400 g.P acid / It. Water varieties need to

500 g.K Janauary / to control be planted,+ August necrOSIS. together.

40Ke:. FYMBer Baransi Karaka 400 g.N June / Sept. To control

Pewandi 400 g. P powdery milldew500g.K spray wettable+ sulphur (0.2%) at

30Kg.FYM 10 days interval.

Jackfruit Soft Fleshed 500g.N Aug. - Sept.! To control fruit(Large fruited) 400 g.P Feb.-March rot sprayng M-45Soft Fleshed 500 g.K (0.2%) or(Small fruited) + bavistin (0.2%)

40Kg.FYM at 15 daysInterval.

Economics of Fruits Per ha. Under Kanpur Region(Age - Above 10 years)

Crop Cost of Production Income Net Profitms.) ms.) ms.)

Mango 15,000.00 75,000.00 60,000.00

Aonla 18,000.00 1,05,000.00 87,000.00

Guava 13,000.00 63,000.00 50,000.00

Ber 16,000 75,000.00 59,000.00


4.3.3 b. Vegetable

(I) The irrigation requirement of mid season pea var Azad P-I is two irrigations,

one at pre bloom stage and one after first tricking. The yield was 116qlhawith

net profit ofRs. 87461ha.Applications of stomp CO.5kg. ailha followed by one

hand weeding after 45 days after planting.

(2) Application of 150+60+60kg NPK per hectare gives maximum return in garlic

bulb yield. Net Profit ofRs. 29374lha with cost benefited ratio of I:257. For

cabbage var. Pride of India 160kg N with 60 x 60 cm spacing givesmaximum

return ofRs. 48337 / h with cost benefit ratio of I :3.85. For French beau 80 N +

60 P gives maximum yield.

(3) For'mid season Cauliflower var. pant shubra seed production planting to 60 x

60 cm with 120 kg Nih gave maximum return of Rs. 15995 with cost benefit

ratio of 1:2.95. For Radish seed production 80 Kg N with 60 x 45 cm spacing

gives maximum net return. For onion seed production 120 kg Nlha with 45 x 30

cm spacing gives maximum seed yield.

(4) Vegetable crop rotation of Okra-Tomato- bitter gourd gives maximum returns

ofRs. 287071hwith cost benefit ratio of 1:2.06.

(5) Application of 15 kg ai / ha of Fluchlorelin supplemented with one hand

weeding after 30 days of brinjal transplanting gives maximum control against

weeds. For Okra Dual @ 1 kg / ha and Basalin @ 1.5 kg / ha gives better check

against weeds.

(6) For indeterminate tomato hybrids 240 kg N, 120 kg P and with spacing 80 x 30

cmwith staking gives maximum return

(7) Stone grafting in mango has been standardized.

(8) Healthy quava plants can be successfully regenerated through stooling using

lBA at 7500 ppm.

(9) Application of 200 PPM NAA in Mid October followed by deblossoming is

very effective in reducing mango malformation.

(10) Banarasi Aonla is good pollinator for cv. Francis and vice verse which resulted

in mixed planting of these varieties for higher production.


(II) Urea 16% or shool pruning (upto 30 em) to reduce rainy season crop so that

quality produce of winter crop is more.

(12)

(13)

Agro Technique with regard to pruning nutritional requirement, screening of

suitable varieties / strains, use of growth regulators including chemicals have

been standarized in grapes, Phalsa, grape fruit, lime, lemon, mosambi and ber.

Agro Technique of rose, amaryllis, tuberose, gladiolus and marigold have been•standardized.

(14) Economics of different fruit crops production have been worked out for kanpur

region gives below

Varieties developed: During past decade a total of 27 varieties were developed in

different vegetable/spice crops. The cropwise varieties are:

Brinjal

Tomato

Chilli

Spongegourd

Bottlegourd

Azadhybrid

AzadB-2

Azad B-3

Azad T-3

Azad T-5

Azad T-6

Azad Mirch-l

Azad Mirch-2

Azad Torai-l

Azad Nutan

Azad Sankar-l

Round purple fruited with green calyxVery high yielding 65-70 tonlha shelf lifemore.

Round purple; calyx green high fruitnumber/plant

Long, glossy purple cylendrical withrounded stigmatic end

Determinate bold fruited, smooth Red,compact

Indeterminate, red, round, better shelflife.

Determinate, round, smooth, high fruitnumber per plant.

Fruit erect, borne in cluster plant dwarf

Stuffing purpose, medium long red,smooth, blunt stigmatic end.

Early, smooth, green fruited

Medium long, green, light weight

Fruit medium long, cylindrical attracture,smooth, sweet amenable to packaging

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic FeasibilityStudy for North Zone' 129

Bittergourd Kalyanpur Sona Fruit plump, dark green suitable forstuffmg

Pumpkin Azad Pumpkin-! Fruit green, medium uniform spherical"

French bean Azad Rajmash-l Pod green smooth flat non stringy

Peas AzadP-2 Powdery mildew resistantAzadP-3 Early podded, bold grain., AzadP-4 Powdery mildew resistantAzadP-5 Powdery mildew resistant, extended

bearing

Okra Azad Bhindi-! YVMV resistant, pod long, green, shiningAzad Bhindi-2 . YVMV resistant

Co!ocasia Azad Arvi-! Corms round to oval, resistant to leafblight

Turmeric Azad haldi-! Curcumen Content high

Varieties of Seed Spices developed

Aniseed Azad Saunf-! Dual Purpose

Coriander Azad Dhania-! Bolting early seed small

"Nigella Azad Kalaunji-! Profusely branched, highly seedy

Fenugreek Azad Methi-! Early & leafY

Azwain Azad Azwain-! Erect, internode short


4.3.bl

4.3.b2

Narendra Dev University of Agri. and Technology

Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj) Faizabad-224229 D.P .. with following manpower of

Horticulture discipline

Professors 8

Associate Prof. ISenior Scientist 9

Scientist 3

Total 20

Thrust Area

1. To evolve suitable varieties I hybrids of Fruits, vegetables and spices for location

specific areas i~e.North-Eastern plains ofD.P, Eastern Plains and Vindhyan areas of

state.

2. To Evolve Agro Techniques of horticultural crops for the region.

3. To evolve seed production technology of varieties/hybrids

4. Integrated development of Aonla, jackfruit and Papaya which are commercial fiuits

of the area.

5. Integrated development of cucurbits especially Parwal and Bottle gourd and early

cauliflower.


4.3.b3 Major Achievements during last decade.

Cylindrical fiuit

big fruit, sweet & less seeds.medicinal use

very good taste

Small fiuits & small vineEarly13-15 cm fiuit 40-60 gm resistant todisease & pest15 gm dark green60-150 days fiuiting smooth mediumShinning big fiuit & good forpreservationMedium fruit Necrosis resistantFlatish round fruitEarly medium 1 kg fiuitless seedy

Fruits medium 750 gTSS 10-12 sweet

Early, 7-8 grain/pod sweet a mature in70-75 daysMid season Diseases resistantlong pod & sweetMid season

long pod, short plant fiuiting 60 days

Fruits 50-75 g early and late sowing &tolerent to mosaicEarly resistant to nematode

White and solid curd of 700 gm.Fruits oval medium sizeFruits large round and less seedyFruits long shinning purpleFruit borer resistantFruit medium round suitable for all theyear round cultivation

25.53322.5

22.522.5O.I ton/tree

0.1 ton/tree0.1 ton/tree70-80 Fltree60-70 Fltree

60-70 fruit! tree0.9-1 ton. seed45-50 kg latex

412067.536.5

8..5-9.58.5-1014-1511-1217.5-20

50-55

30-3540-45

4038-41401013-1413-143514-1540-42.58-10

<a) The varieties developed by the university with important features.Name oUhe Variety. Years of Productivity Special features

release tons I ha1992 301992 32.5-351995 42.5-451996 55-60

Narendra gobhi.Narendra brinjal-INarendra hybrid brinjal-INarendra hybrid brinjal-2

Narendra hybrid brinjal-3 1999

N.D. brinjal-28 2001Narendra tomato-2 1995

Narendra.tomato-3 2001Narendra tomato-5. 2001Narendra tomato-6 2001Narendra lobia-! 1995

. Narendra arbi-I 1999Narendra arbi-2 1999Narendra banda-I 2001Narendra sweet potato-9 2001Narendra banda-3 2001Narendra sabzi mattar-I 1996

Narendra sabzi mattor-2 1997Narendra sabzi Mattor-3 1999Narendra sabzi mattor-4 2001Narendra sabzi mattor-5 2001Narendra muskmelon-I 1998

Narendra Rashmi bottle gourd 2001N. Dharidar bottlegord 2001N. Shiser bottle gourd 2001N. Sankar Lauki-4 2001NDBG-I04N. Agrim Pumpkin 2001N. Amrit Pumpkin 2001Narendra Parwal260 2001

Narendra parwal 307 2001Narendra Parwal 604 2001Narendra Aonla-6 1993

Narendra Aonla-7 1991Namedra Aonla-IO 1995Narendra Bel- 5 1991Narendra Jackfrit I 1997Naredra Jackfrit - 3 1991Naredra Bel-9 1991Narendra Posta (opium)-I 1991


(b) Agronomical recommendation emerged during the decade

Crop

BittergourdCarrot (Seed production)Cauliflower (Seed Production)GarlicPointed gourdPea

French beanCapsicumTomato

Tomato

CapsicunRadish Seed ProductionPotatocolocasia

Banda

Variety

Jaunpuri KarelaPusa MeghaliPant Shubralocal whiteFP.3Azad P-l

Pant Bean-2Hybrid BharatNarednra tomato-2

HybridMinakshi

Hybrid BharatJopanese whitePotato + MustardNarendra Arbi-2

Narendra banda 2

Treatment

90:60:60 NPK150N:60P120N:60P:0 K100N:80P:60kPaddy straw mulchThree irrigation i.e. Pre bloom,bloom and Pod set160 kg Nand 60 Plha240N, 180Plhagreen manuring & half dose ofNPK (60:30:30) at 60x45 spacing180:180:100 at 75xlO0 em withstakingMixture of micro nutrients75 N + 10 tons FYMnet income 17593lha80N :60P:80K interplanting greenchilli and mulching with Paddystraw for colocasia120 kg N with 40-50 gm seedsize

Yield (tonlha)

7.1-8.91.2 (seed)0.64 (seed)

15.24512.69611.872

9.78619.55933.2

81.786

21.658

Management of Disease and Pest

(i) Seed treatment with Bavistin @0.05 followed by 15 days interval spray controls

bottle gourd against anthracnose disease

(ii) Seed treatment with Bavistin 0.1% followed by Topsin - M 0.15% or Bavistin

0.1% at 15 days interval checks charcol rot of bitter gourd.

(iii) Ridomil - M.2 0.3% twice at 15 days interval or Diathene M-45 0.25% thrice at

10-20 days interval checks blight in colocasia

(iv) Potato tuber treatment with 3% boric acid checks seed disease of potato.

(v) For late blight control in potato, Ridomil M2 0.25% followed by Marcozeb

0.25% three sprays at 15 days interval are effective

(vi) For Powdry Mildew of pea one spray each of saprol 0.2%, calixin 0.1% and

Karathene 0.1% at 15 days interval

(vii) Delan I% followed by Diathene M-45 0.25% checks early blight of tomato.

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic .Feasibility Study for North Zone' 133

(viii) Two sprays of carbaryl IOD@20k!L ha or spray of deltamethrin 0.01 % controls

red pumpkin beetle in muskmelon

(ix) IPM Package involving dynithetic sex pheromon is very effective in controlling

sweet Potato weevil.

Following Potato varieties were found suitable for the region after exhaustive trials

Region Duration Year of Reed. Yield ton I ba

Kufri Asboka 75 1996 24.8-26.0Kufri Jawahar 90 1996 28.0-32.5Kufri Satlej 90 1996 29.8-34.4Kufri Pukhraj 90 1998 36.9-39.2Kufri Chipsona-I 90 1998 22.0-25.5Kufri Chipsona-2 90 1998 24.1-26.0Kufri Anand 90 1999 27.0-32.2

TPS (True Potato Seed) (HPS-1/13 and 42-PT-27) produces 20-30% more yield. Hybrid

JW-160 gives higher yield. Kufri Ashoka (Early variety) - wheat - Rice cropping

systems gives maximum return in eastern UP. For TPS raised crop 200 kg N, 125 P and

ISO kg K2 is recommended and closer planting 60x I0 em. gave better returns.

Amongst the spices ND-Coriander-2 is giving maximum yield of 17.33 qtlha. In Fennel

NDF-5 gave 16.96 qtlha yield. Turmaric NDH-18 gives 510 qtlha yield.

Fruit Crops

On the basis of trials following varieties of fruits are recommended for cultivation in thisregIon.

Aonla

Bael

Ber

'Papaya

Guava

Narendra Aonla - 6, 7 and 10

Narendra Bael 5 and 9

Gola, Umran, Banarsi Karaka and Seb

Pusa Dwarf, Pusa Delicious, Pusa giant and washington

Lucknow -49

Salt tolerent varieties identified for the area

Aonla

Ber

Guava

NA-7, 10, and 6, Chakaiya (45 ESP)

Umran, Gola, Banarsi Karake (50 ESP)

Lucknow - 49 (35 ESP)


Temrind (50 ESP) and Karonda (50 ESP)

Propagation Techniques Standardized

Jack Fruit

Aonla

Ber

Guava

Bael

Patch budding in May- June

Patch budding in June-July

Patch budding of defoliated seedlings in July under Poly

bag of25 x 15 cm.

Stoollayring - Heading back in February layring and earthing

in June

Patch budding in June-July

Inter-cropping in Papaya plantation with following vegetables gives better returns

Papaya

Papaya

Papaya

Potato -..

Potato -..

Rajma -..

Onion

Suran

Suran


4.44.4.1

4.4.2

State Horticulture Department Uttar Pradesh

Name of Department, location and Manpower: Department of Horticulture and Food

Processing UP Govt., Udyan Bhawan, 2 Sapru Marg Lucknow UP.

(a) Manpower

Senior level officers namely, I Director, I Additional Director, 6 Joint Directors and 3

chief Horticultwists / specialists, 37 Senior class I officers i.e., I Deputy Director

Planning, II Regional Deputy directors, I Senior Accounts Officers and 21 other Senior

Officers, ISS Class II officers, like district Horticulture officers, Potato Development

officers, Subject matter specialists, Accounts officer, Garden Superintendents etc., 4261

Non Gazetted Group ill and IV class Officials with, 4463 total Manpower of the state.

Thrust Area

I. Improve the productivity of fruit, vegetables and potato in the state.

2. More emphasis and time bound improvement in important crops of the state like

mango, guava,aonla, citrus spp., tomato, peas, parwal, okra, brinjal, and cole crops.

3. Export potential crops like mango, potato and flower specific Agri export zones with

single point information for integrated development of these crops will be

established. It will cover 32 districts.

4. Production of improved and pure seeds and planting material on large scale

5. To provide technical information on farmers field so that production and productivity

. is increased

6. To give training of fruit preservation, mushroom cultivation, bee keeping, cookery

and bakery to start small scale production to generate their income and rural

employment.

7. Rejuvenate the old and uneconomic gardens of the state

8. To reduce the post harvest losses, the marketing on cooperative basis will be

encouraged and storage facilities including cold storage capacity will be enhanced.

9. To get implemented the Modem Production Technology developed by different Agri

Universities of the state to farmers and train the horticulture' staff to update the

knowledge

10. More emphasis on organic farming INM, IPM to protect environment

II. Unproductive land like Us~r, Alkaline, Saline and Marshy lands will be put to better

use with hort. plants.


4.4.3 Achievements during last ten years

The area production and productivity of horticulture crops is increased during the lastdecade '

Area in lakh haProduction in lakh ton

Fruits Vegetables Potato

Area Pro. Area Pro. Area Pro.1990.91 7.16 59.00 8.45 113.00 3.23 61.462000-01 8.70 95.70 11.00 183.70 3.94 83.98Percent increase in decade 21.51 62.20 30.18 62.57 21.98 36.64AnnualGrowth rate in % 2.15 6.22 3.02 6.26 2.20 3.66

The above table clearly shows that area during the decade has increased. 21.51 percent

and production by 62.2 percent of fruits witb annual growth of 2.15 and 6.22

respectively. In vegetables area has increased 30.18 and production 62.5 percent witb

annual growtb of 3.02 in area and 6.26 percent in vegetables production. Similarly in

potato figurs are 21.98 and 36.64 with annual growtb of 2.20 in area and 3.66 percent in

production. In vegetables production growtb rate is remarkable as compared to fruits.

Farmers were provided with more number of fruit plants and vegetable seed for example

in the year 2000-0I, 49.31 lakh fruit plants were supplied, the area under floriculture has

increased to 2000 hectare. Fruit production ofU.P. is 40% of the country while vegetable

it is 14% and potato it is 40 percent. 26600 q potato seed and 2830 q improved vegetable

seed alongwitb 7598 on farm demonstration were held during the year 2000-01 with the

result U.P has become largest producer of potato and 2nd largest producer in vegetable in

the country.

Fruit belt development in the State

In 14 districts 17 fruit belts are identified for overall development and all farmers under

this belt Rs.I'O,OOOper ha (plenty year, RS.5,000 second year Rs.I,500, third year

Rs.2,OOO). In the year 2000-2001 under this scheme 728.3 ha mango orchards were

established and foot sprayers were distributed in 1999-2000. 681 the details of these fruit

belts are:


S.No. Name of the District Fruit belt Name of(blocks covered) Fruit belt

I. Luclmow Mal, Molihabad, Kakori, Bakshi Ka Talab Mango

2. Saharanpur Behat Mango

3. Bagpat Khekra, Janee and Pilava Mango

4. BularidshaJu: Syana, Uncha goan Mango

5. Meerut Shahj ahanpur, Machhra Mango

6. Muradabadl Amroha, Joya, Gajraula, Hasanpur MangoJ.P. Nagar

7. Pratapgarh Kunda, Kala Kauker, Sador and Mangsora Aonla

8. Varanasi I Chandauli Chirgaon Mango

9. Unnao Safipur, Mossauganj, Auras, Mianganj and Mango

Fatehpur Chauosi

10 Sitapur Mahmoodabad Mango

II Hardoi Shahbad Mango

12 Barabanki Deva and Bauki Mango

13 Faizabad Masauha and Suhawal Mango

14 Allahabad I Chagal and Suretganj Guava

Kausambi

To impart training to small entrepreneur and horticulturist 5 Regional demonstration cum

training centres have been established. at Basli, Saharanpur, Luclmow, Allahabad and

Jhansi, where integrated training right from the selection of variety to production, post

. harvest handling preservation up to marketing is provided and Technical staff of the

department is also provided training to update their Imowledge and skills.

To develop processing industry of potato improved and latest varieties like Chipsona-I

and Chipsona - II has been introduced. Similarly in onion Agri found' dark red for Kharif

onion production and garlic Jamuna Safed - 3 has been introduced. It clearly shows that

most updated varieties are being cultivated in the state.

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 138 •

Establishment of Agri-Export Zones - Potato export zone at Agra and Meerut and

Lucknow and Saharanpur for mango have been established. In these zones high quality

potato seed and mango plants along with package and practices to harvesting and

marketing facilities are provided.

Under UP diversified Agriculture Support Project (UPDAS) 157blocks of 37 districts are

selected for integrated development programme which includes establishment of modem

nursaries at Basti, Saharanpur and Faizabad, Demonstration on farmers fields, use of

corrugated boxes for mango packing, rejuvenation of old orchards and supply of low

tunnel plastic structures for nursery raising and IPM technology. In addition to this 10

nursaries for mango plants and 180 nursaries for vegetable seedlings production were

promoted financed and technical help provided in private sector. 821 departmental

officials and 27945 farmers were trained at state department I universities and Central

Institute. 3662 demonstration were held. Following centres have been identified for

integrated development of different commodities like for vegetables- Varanasi for

Mentha. Rampur and Barabanki for flowers - Ghaziabad and for Aonla - Pratapgarh and

Allahabad. Similarly food park in Barabanki near Lucknow is being developed to provide

all inputs for grading, packing, marketing, storage etc. for horticultural produce.

Fruit Preservation and Canning Institute, Lucknow imparts training of 2 year duration

where 25 students are trained every year and Associate-ship is awarded, at 10 regional

research and demonstration centres provide training to 660 students every year in food

processing, bakery, confectionery and cookery, one year diploma is awarded at 10 Food

Science training centres of Meerut, Moradabad, Barielly, Agra, Jhansi, Kanpur,

Allahabad, Faizabad, Gorakhpur and Varanasi. There are 101 food processing centres in

the state where 15 days training in fruit and vegetable preservation and 100 days training

is provided to small scale commercial entrepreneurs so that they can start home scale

industries.


Achievement under UP Diversified Agriculture Support Project

The remarkable achievements can be narrated as under because close linkages were

between State Department, farmers and NGO's under UPDASP (U.P Diversified

Agricultural Support Project working in the region has resulted fol1owingachievements.

1. Eighteen rehabilitation of old orchards of 0.5 ha. each with Amarpali hybrid

mango in 1999-2000 and 2000-200 I with high density planting of 1600 plants

per ha. in seven districts will set momentum for uprooting old and uneconomical

orchards and replanted with latest hybrid variety Amarpali of Mango in

Lucknow, Saharanpur and Meerut districts.

2. 4 demonstration of rejuvenation of old orchards by Technique developed by

Central Institute of Sub-tropical Horticulture Lucknow is Lucknow, Saharanpur

and Meerut districts in 1999-2000 and 5 demonstrations in 2000-200 I will set an

example for rejuvenation of old orchards between the age group of 40-50 years

will boost the Mango productivity in the state.

3. Replacement of wooden boxes with corrugated boxes for mango packing.

4. Varietal replacement

Garlie variety Yamuna safed with bigger cloves

5. Potato cultivation through True Potato seed. Varietal replacement in Onion and

Kharif onion cultivation in the state.

Kharif onion production of variety Agri. Found Dark Red through sets have

opened new crop of Kharif onion cultivation in the state. Agri. found dark red

for main rabi season have shown encouraging results and through this

intervention area under onion will increase and production wil1be more.

6. Induction of new technology and introduction of vegetable hybrid varieties -

hybrid in tomato, brinjal, cauliflower and chilli were far superior than varieties

on the farmers field trial and ultimately net profits was also much more. This will

encourage other farmers to grown hybrids.


Set up of Horticulture and Food Processing Departments, Uttar Pradesh

Mango Dev.Officer HomcultuVarana~i Lucknow

Aonla Guava Dev.Development Officer,Officer, AllahabadPratanl:!'arh

Pan Dev.Offi, Mahoba

Virologist Dy. Dir, Hort..l Div. Lev I.

Potato Res.Cent, Gaziabad

Supt !. Garden.PotatoNeg. Dev. Off.Dis!. Horti. Off. 1IDist. Horti. Off. 1IAgri-Horti. Off.Sr. Hom. InspectorHom. InspectorAssistant Garden Inspector

EntomologistPatholo~ist

Demonstrationand TrainingSec!.

Dy. Dir.

Demonstration JhansiTraining Center- .••LUCknOW/Illahabad Citrus

Demonstration spe ialistTraining Center-Bast~Sahranpur

.•• ChiefJt Dlf HortrUlturist

1 EntomologistPatholo~ist

Ass!. Eng. Processing

Chief food processing sp.

~ ~Jt Dir, Jt Dir,Horti. Veg.

I 1Jt Dir, Fruit Sr. Finance andpreservatir Acconnts Off

Class II Officers ~ ~ ~State food Dy. Dir Ext. Principal foodpreservation and Fruit Pres. Off. processingCanrlfng Ins!. Fruit pres. Dev. Off c1nter

•• Ex!. Off ••Food Technologist Officer in chargeBiochemist food Proc. CentPhysiologist Assistant in-chargeOfficer in charge SupervisorChief instructor Instructor CookeryBiochemist Instructor BakeryStatistician Instructor fruit pres.MicrobiologistChief chemist

Jt Dir,Adnm.

1

Director

Additiont Director

~-~

Class IOfficers ResearchOff.Dy. Dir (Potato) (Phlllning)Dy. Dir (Stats) Dy. Dir. Horti. (Hgr.)Landscape Arch. Potato Dev.Off.Dy. Dir (Plan.) Nursary Off.Dy. Dir Monit. Veg. Ext. Off.Dy. Dir Coord. Research off.

Plant Protection off.ApiaristStatistical off.FloriculturistSoil specialistRegistrarAdministrative off.

• At block level 126technical staff is posted

• Mobile teams 33

Veg. SpecIalist (d. I)Horticulturist (cl. I)Fruit pathologist (cl. I)Pest specialist (d. I)Chemist (cl. I)Ass!. HorticulturistDev. HorticulturistPomologist

Nursery 0 .(training)Veg. Off.Horticulture off.(training)Fruit breederCylogenetisistAss!. ChemistCold storage chemist

Ass!. Pest pecialistAss!. MicrobiologistAss!. Exh. Off.Jr. Plant pathologistFood technologistSoil SpecialistFlower BreederAsst. Plant pothalogist

141

4.7 NGO's and private agencies

The list of active NGO working in close association ofUPDASP is given below

S.N NameofNGO Districts Blocks

I Association for Women & Rural Development Agra Bah, Jaitpurkalan,"AWARD", 127/299, W Block, Keshav Nagar,

. Kanpur2 Adarsh Seva Sarniti Meerut Jhani, Maohra, Meerut

326/1 Sakat Colony, MuzaffarnagarMuzzafar Shamlli, Purkeji, Thanabhawan,

. nalZar Kandhla, Kairana, Jansath3 Allahabad Gram Swaraj Sarniti, M-79, Govindpur, Kaushambi Choka, Muratganj, Nevada

Allahabad ..

4 Athik Vikas Evam Jan Kalyan Sansthan 9/979, Lucknow Mohanlal Ganj, Mallhabad,Indira NalZar,Lucknow Kakori

5 Asian Society for Entire preneurship & Dev. P.O. Aligarh Atrauli, IglasBox 4546, C-8/8007, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi -110070 Baghpat Chaprauli, Baraut, Pilana,

Khekra, Baghpat

Hathras Sasni, Hathras, Hasavan6 Awadh Lok Seva Ashram, Jawahar Marge Ghaziabad Simbhaoli, Loni, Muradnagar,

Chauraha Main Road, Lalgani, Raibaraillv Haour Gadmukeaswar7 Baba Srinath Shiksha Sansthan, Dhangai Pratapgarh Mangbora, Shivgarh,

Sultanour Sadwachandika,8 Baif Allahabad Phoolpur (pvt. cxm. services)

27, A, Tagore Town, Allahabad 2110169 Dehati Gramin Vikas Samiti, Maudaha Harnirpur Mainpuri Bewar, Mainpuri, Ghiror,

Sultanganj10 Disha Social Organisation Saharanpur Gangoh, Puarka, Nakur, Sadauli

Sultanpur Chilkana, Saharanour, U.P. Kadim, Nanauta11 GorakhpurEnvironmental Action Group, 224 Basti Kaptanganj, Bahadurpur,

Purdilpur, M.G. College Road, Gorakhpur Rudhuli

Gorakhpur Pali, Jungle Kodia, Khorabar,Camplareganj

Maharajganj Nautanwe, Lakshmipur,Nichlaul, Mithaura

12 Gram Vikas Sarniti Kushinagar Hata, Khoda, Padraura, Dudhai,Chaddha Building KasiyaCivil Lines, Lucknow Road, Barabanki 22500 I

13 Gyan Bharti Mahila Evam Dal Vikas Trust Jalaun Konch, Madhogarh, Nadigaon,242, GopallZani,Oral Jalaun

14 Integrated Management Group IMG House, 4-B, Bahraich Ballah, Chitaura, KaiserganjPralZNarain Road, Lucknow

15 Krishi Evam Shaikshik Prabandh Sansthan, Jaunpur Shahganj, Khutan, Dharmapur,Narangpur Patti, Pratapgarh Buxa


16 Lok Vikas Sansthan, Ajeetmal Gandhi Nagar, Auraiya Ajeetmal, Airwa Katra, AuraiyaAuraiva

17 Rastriya Yuva Vikas Shodh Sansthan Teachers Bareilly Faridpur, Bahai, Chayanpur,Colony Jalalabad, Shahjahanpur Majhgaon, Nawabganj

18 Society for Management of Agri-Rural Projects Farrukhabad Kaimganj, Kamalganj,52-A, New Azad Nagar, Kalyanpur, Kanpur - 17 Moharnudabad, Sharnshabad

Kannauj Kannauj

Etawah Sefai, Jaswant Nagar, Mahewa19 Sarvodya Ashram 8 Khageshwar purwa, Canal Sant Kabir Khalee1abad, Haiser Bazar,

Road, Hardoi Nagar Harewa

Badaun Asafpur, Bisuali, Wazirganj,Jagat

Gonda Haldharrnau, Paraspur, Belkhar

Lucknow Bakshi Ka Talab, Mall

Barabanki Deva, Banki, Dariyabad,Haiderrgarh, Trivedlganj,Sidhaur

20 Urmila Khadi Grarnodyog Sarnit, 3/163, A-32, Varanasi Chiraigaon, Harhuba BaraMua Sarveshwari Nagar, PO Shoopur, Varanasi Gaon, Arajiline, Sevapuri


4.8 Training and Manpower development

In the state two Agricultural Universities namely Chandra Shekhar Azad University of

Agri. & Technology Kanpur and Narendra Deve Universtiy of Agri & Technology

Faizabad conducts following trainings for horticulture. Training of field officers / subject

matter specialists is conducted every year to update the knowledge 'of workers. Regular

radio and Television talks are given by the experts on various aspects of horticulture.

Similarly Central Institutes under the umbrella of Indian Council of Agri. Research i.e.

Indian Institute of Vegetable Research varanasi and Central mstitute for subtropical

horticulture Lucknow conducts regular training on production and Management training

for horticulturists and senior officials i.e. trainers training in different topics.

The Fruit Preservation and utilization wing of Directorate of Horticulture U.P conducts

several trainings of different duration. In the year 2000-0 ltotal of 821 departmental -

officials and 27945 farmers were trained in horticulture and related activities. Besides

this State Fruit Preservation and canning Institute, Lucknow gives 2 years training as

Fruit and Vegetable Associateship to 25 students and 10 Regional fruit & Vegetable

training centres trains 660 students for one year diploma annually in Food processing,

Bakery, confectionery and cookry, and 101 Community Fruit Preservation and training

centres imparts 15 days training in preservation and 100 days entrepreneur training is

provided every year. Besides the above regular trainings one day and three day training

cum demonstration is provided to farmers.

Diversified Agri. Support Project - Under this project training for human resource

development and skill upgradation of the farmers and staff were organised at various

departmental/national training centres since 1997 to 2001 is given below:-

Year oftraining Officers Mitra Kisan TotalKisan

1997 - 1998 6 - 369 3751998 - 1999 152 - 349 5011999 - 2000 360 20 2280 26602000- 2001 676 428 21731 22835Total 1194 448 24729 26371


For specialised training on particular crop, specific trainings were organised at following

centres. During the trainings conducted subjective literature was also given to trainees.

S.No. InstitutelOrganisation Level Subject

I National Botanical Research Institute, Lko. U.P. CSIR Floriculture2 Central Institute of Subtropical Horticulture Lucknow - ICAR Fruit cultivation

2266023 Water Technology Center Indian Agriculture Research ICAR Green House 1

Institute, New Delhi - I 10 012 Drip Irrigation4 Department of Vegetable science & Deptt. of Floriculture, ICAR Vegetable &

JAR!, New Delhi - 110 012 Flower Production5 Indian Institute for vegetable research (INR) ArajiIine, ICAR Vegetable Seed

Varansi production6 Central Potato Research Institute, Modipurarn Meerut ICAR True potato seed

m.p.) nrod. technology7 Central Food Technology Research Institute, Mysore CSIR Post harvest

technology8 Govind Ballabh Pant Univ. of .Agriculture & Tech State Bee Keeping

Pantnagar University9 Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Tech. State Fruit 1 Vegetable

Kanpur University MushroomCultivation

10 Agriculture Processed Food Products Export Development GO! & GOUP Marketing ofAuthority (APEDA) & U.P State Horticulture Co-operative Aromatic &Marketing Federation, Lucknow medicinal post

harvest11 National Horticulture Research Development Federation, Gov!. of India Production and

Kamal Subsidiary Post Harvest ofGarlic & Onion

12 Horticulture Experiment Training Centre, Malihabad, State Institute OrientationLucknow, Saharanpur, Basti, Jhansi, Progranune and

Farmers Training13 National Productivity Council, Chandigarh Council GO! WTOIQuientine

. reQulations14 FFDC, Kauuauj State Gov!. Medicinal &

Aromatic15 Indian Institute of packaging, Patpadganj, New Delhi Gov!. of India Packaging16 QRAT, 2/4161, Vivek Khand, Gomati Nagar, Lucknow Computer Trg. Computer

Inst.17 Central Integrataed Pest Management Centre, GO!, Gov!. of India IPM

Ministry of Agriculture, Lucknow18 Central Institute for Medicinal & Aromatic Plants CSIR Medicinal and

(CIMAP), Lucknow Aromatic Plants

The training was of two categories i.e. one to upgrade the skill of the field staff and 2nd

amongst the progressive growers to apprise them about latest technologies on the

problems and area specific needs of the state i.e. application of balance dose of fertilizers

!PM, Post harvest management, Drip irrigation, green house cultivation, Mushrooms,

True Potato seed production etc.

Final Report: 'National LevelTechno-Economic FeasibilityStudyfor North Zone' 145

5. Value Addition

There are 188 units of private fiuit product manufacturers under various categories. Listof which below:-

List of Private manufacturers of Fruits Products in UP

Name of Large SmalI SmalI Cottage Home Repaekers TotalDistricts Scale ScaleA ScaleB Scale Scale

Lucknow - 5 2 10 2 7 51Kanour 4 8 - 9 6 3 30AlIahabad 3 I 9 5 8 1 27Varanasi 2 2 7 9 6 2 28Bareillv - - - - - - 9OtherDistricts 23 18 33 72 134 26 306Total 32 34 51 105 181 39 451

Source: Directorate of Horticulture & Fruit utilization u.p

Though as per Ministry of Food Processing Industries, FPO has been provided to 563

units out of which 451 are dealing with fiuit and vegetable products and rest of them are.

dealing in aerated water and other drinks.

Total fiuit products manufactUredin the year 2000 in the state are 230063 thousand tons

with value of Rs.2711494 thousand and soft drinks including fiuit juices 260557

thousand tons with a value of Rs.2580984 thousands. It already shows that preserved

fiuit, vegetable and beverages etc. are manufactured worth Rs.284 crores.


There are 1156 cold storage in the state with storage capacity of 6595049.81 tons Detail

of these is given below

SI.No. Name of Division Working Cold Non working TotalStoraee cold Stora ••e

No No. Storage No. Storage No. StorageCapacity Capacity Capacity

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8I. Saharanpur 35 135603.98 14 43700.38 49 179304.362. Merut 101 503381.76 33 129805.01 134 633186.773. Aera 220 1562204.23 12 44588.57 232 1606792.804. Barilley. 97 407658.33 13 35680.11 110 443338.445. Muradabad 71 367537.79 16 42447.09 87 409984.886. Kanpur 185 1591813.53 15 71355.09 200 1663168.627. Allahabad 49 316149.31 4 14763.80 53 330913.118. Jhansi 2 4568.64 2 5522.54 4 10091.189. Varanasi 53 248237.05 11 27951.94 64 276188.9910. Mirzapur 11 28089.78 1 4425.67 12 32515.45II. Ajarngarh 20 88949.67 3 10912.75 23 99862.4212. Gorkhpur 17 61217.47 12 30949.79 29 92167.2613. Basti 6 18507.28 2 4826.56 8 23333.8414. Devioatan 14 51502.30 2 2826.88 16 54329.1815. Lucknow 76 442203.65 2 5039.00 78 44722.6516. Faizabad 41 244188.80 16 48441.06 57 292629.8617. Chitrakutdharn - - - - - -

Total 998 6071813.57 158 523236.24 1156 6595049.81

Causes of closure of cold storages due to high cost of energy i.e. electricity and non-

utilization of capacity. It is estimated that if capacity utilization is less than 70 percent

the cold storage runs into losses. For the last three years majority of cold storages are

under utilized and if this condition persists more number of cold storages will close

down.


Infrastructural support Available in the State

(a) Government Sector

SI. Name of Unit No. ofNo. Units1 Gov!. Nurseries 1332 Prol!env Orchard 93 Gov!. Garden 94 Potato Seed Multinlication Farm 195 Vel!etable Seed Farm 12 ,6 Horti.Expert & Trl!. CentreIHETC's) 77 MultinUrDose Horticultura1 Farm 18 Gov!. Fruit Preservation Centre 1039 Gov!. Food Craft Institute 10JO Bee-Keeoinl! Centres 3 .

11 ,Bee-Keeninl! Sub-Centres 1412 Mobile Teams 3313 Gov!. Fruit Preservation & Cannin" Institute, Lucknow I14 Gov!. Cold Stora"es 315 !PM Centre, Malihabad 116 TPS Unit, Alil!ani, Lucknow I17 ' Ve"etable Seed Processin" Units 218 Mushroom Spawn Production Laboratories 3

(b) Private Sector

Sl. Name of Unit No. of •No. UnitsI Nurseries 1055 •2 Coldstoral!es

-:- 10173 Ve"etables Seed Retailer/Seed Stora"e 30004 Flower Seller 5855 Bee-Keeoinl! Units 6686 Mushroom Production Unit 1457 Primarv Horticultural Cooperative Marketing Societies . 2908 Food Procecssing Unit

(a) Small Unit 374990;) Larl!e Unit 309

9 . Mentha Distillation.Unit (Small\ 200010 Perfumerv Units 12511 Tissue culture Units 0212 Hil!h Technic Floriculture Production Unit 04


6 Marketing

The price trend of last five years in Delhi wholesale market clearly indicates that mango

has most constant prices during last five years. The increase over wholesale and retail

price has changed by 2 and I percent only. Overall percentage of price rise in fruits is

14.25 percent with annual increase of 2.8 percent while in vegetables increase over last

five years is 10.1 percent with annual increase of 2 percent, which clearly shows that

during last five years there is only marginal increase in wholesale price except cabbage

and cauliflower where wholesale price has decreased by 8 and 32 percent.

In V.P. there are 3964 markets out of which 645 are wholesale market and 3322 rural

periodic markets. Out of these 265 are principal regulated markets and 380 sub yard

regulated markets for Agricultural produce and exclusively horticultural regulated

markets in KABAL tows (Kanpur, Agra, Bareilly, Allahabad and Lucknow) only.

The overall picture of important fruits and vegetable wholesale and retail prices in Delhi

are given in table -

The percentage of fruits arrival amongst the metro market shows that 58.4 percent comes

in Delhi while Chennai 5.3, Banglore 8.6, Mumbai 15.7 and Calcutta accounts for 12

percent while share of vegetables in 38.4, 10.9, 10.1, 22.6 and 18 percent. The overall

picture of fruits and vegetables in the metro is that Delhi market handles 48.4 percent

which is almost 50 percent and rest four metro markets arrival in 51.6 percent. The detail

is given in table:-


Monthly Fruitsand Vegetables arrivalsin Delhi wholesale Market and differenceinwholesaleand retailmarket.1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Annual Difference in %

Share of retail and IncreaseMetro wholesaleMarket oriceio %Banana Whole

salepriceRs. /qtl.(a) 449 507 531 460 555 47 101 23%

RetailpriceRs.l%~899 949 1088 1025 1067 18%Limes and

Lemons (a) 1119 1238 1045 1849 1478 49 93 32%Ih) 2121 2314 2158 3448 2862 34%Mango (a) 1370 1157 1530 1932 1400 53 59 2%(b) 2179 1805 2417 3148 2200 1%

.Papaya (a) 550 656 576 734 550 69 97 0%Ih) 974 1166 1125 1343 1430 47%Avera!!eFruits 54.5 88 -Brinja1 (a) 389 329 485 762 478 31 III 22%Ih) 826 726 1026 1476 1034 25%Cabbage (a) 410 393 367 586 377 25 102 (-)8%Ih) 765 703 737 1271 859 12%Cauliflower (a) 320 412 382 522 216 35 72 (-)32% .Ih) 576 844 592 800 399 (-)31%Okra (a) 914 946 995 1135 1099 32 60 20%(b) 1472 1317 1549 1885 1965 33%Onion (a) 395 329 431 1306 527 32 59 33%Ih) 602 582 741 1703 875 45%Peas (a) 1227 1228 1427 1904 1958 64 42 60%(b) 1651 1631 2179 2656 2903 76%Potato (a) 440 476 285 683 415 (-)6%

.

Ib) 613 . 638 467 962 647 52 47 6%Tomato (a) 721 677 649 1182 658 36 49 (-)8%(b) 1079 997 987 1732 980 (-)9%Vegetables 34.5% 77.4%


Percentage Annual Share of Fruits and Vegetables in Metro Markets during 1999

Delhi Chennai Bangalore Mumbai Calcutta

A. Fruits

AnnIe 83.0 1.0 5.0 6.0 5.0Banana 47.0 6.0 10.0 27.0 10.0Lime/lemon 49.0 12.0 11.0 18.0 10.0Oran"e 57.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 16.0Granes 51.0 3.0 5.0 21.0 20.0Mango 53.0 3.0 16.0 19.0 9.0Papaya 69.0 6.0 4.0 7.0 14.0

Averal!e 58.4 5.3 8.6 15.7 12.0B. Vegetables

Brinial . 31.0 11.0 5.0 24.0 29.0Cabbage 25.0 17.0 12.0 23.0 23.0Cauliflower 35.0 7.0 9.0 28.0 21.0Okra 32.0 11.0 5.0 28.0 24.0Onion 32.0 10.0 19.0 24.0 15.0Peas 64.0 2.0 6.0 18.0 10.0Potato 52.0 5.0 11.0 21.0 11.0Tomato . 36.0 24.0 14.0 15.0 11.0Subtotal 38.4 10.9 10.1 22.6 18.0

A+B totals 48.4 8.1 9.3 19.2 15.0


7. Case Studies

FAILURE CASE STUDY(Orchadist)

1. Name & Address of the

Farmer

2.. Total Holding.

3. Source of Irrigation

4. Soil Profile

5. What is Cropping Pattern

6. LeadCrop

7. Other Fruit / Vegetables

Crops

8. History of Crops grown

9. Area

10. Variety

II. Year of Planting

12. Production

(as per records available or

approximate)

13. Cultural Practices Adopted

14. Harvesting Techniques

15. Packaging System

Shri Azahar Ahmad Khan, S/o Shri Jaffar Ahmad Khan,

MALIHABAD, LUCKNOW

12.5 Acres (5 hal

Tube well

Loam to clay loam

Only Mango plantation

Mango

NIL

Orchards were planted in 1901 by grand father.

5 Acres have been replanted

Dashahri and few plants of Chausa

Eight acres plants are above 50 years of age, and 4.5

acres under 30-35 years

In on year 2001. 6000 boxes of 10 kg. per acre. In off

year 3000 boxes

Inter cultivation with tractor and only organic fertilizers

5 trolly per acre in alternate years and three sprays of

Monocrotophos.

Traditional pluckar i.e. bamboo with hooked knife and

net bag

10Kg in wooden boxes and also tried corrugated boxes.


. I

•

16. Marketing Channels

17. Sale Price Trends

18. Cost of Production

19. Gross Profit

20 Net Profit

21 Whose intervention are

22 What are the difficulties

23 Suggestions

24 Any other

Contractor - No contractor

Self Sale - Self sale

Market taken up - Delhi, Malihabad and Lucknow

In on year Rs. 60/- per box and Rs. 150/- in off year

Rs. 60 per box is cost of production

For the last two years no profit because in on year prices

are so low and off year production is less so only cost is

recovered.

Only marginal profit of Rs. 1000-1500per acre

No intervention of any department

Export incentives like free freight or nominal otherwise

we can not compete in foreign market.

More incentive for export, subsidised transport and

washing, grading waxing and packaging at reasonable

pnce

This subsidy or Incentive should be for minimum five

years so that export is stabilized. We had the best

varieties but unable to sell at premium price

Inspite of quality producers and good crops we are not

getting any profit because market price is uncertain and

commISSIOnagents are exploiting out weak financial

condition.

Regular bearing mango varieties are required and

research should be conducted to develop late varieties

and also shelf like prolongation techniques should be

developed. The agro technique should be developed so

that late crop is available i.e. fruit should motive in

August - September.


1. Name' & Address of the

Farmer

2. Total Holding.


4. Soil Profile


6. Lead Crop

7. Other FruitIVegetables

Crops


9. Area

10. Variety


SUCCESS CASE STUDY

(Orcbadist)

Shri NASm KHAN S/o Shri Habib Ahmad, Habib

Nursary, MALlliABAD, LUCKNOW

Family has 50 hectare and personal land 6.25 ha.

Tube wells

Sandy and clay loam

Only Mango

Mango

NIL

Sixty percent plants are over 60 years and 40 percent

10 to 40 years.

All under mango

Dashahri, Lucknow Safeda, Chausa and Langra and

have collection of more than 40 varieties

Oldest planting in of 1932 and latest 2002

12. Production


approximate)

In 2001

400 Boxes/Acre

In 2000

5000 boxes




In Nov. - Dec. FYM in alternate years. In April 1, Kg

urea + I kg DAP + Y,Kg Murate of Potash every year

By traditional pluckers

Long distance wooden boxes and Delhi market card

board Boxes

Final Report: 'Natianal Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 154




19. Gross Profit

20 Net Profit



23 Suggestions

24 Any other

Contractor - No contractor


Market taken up -Malihabad and B graue Kanpur

In off year Rs. 140 per box. In on year Rs. 60/- per

box of 10Kg.

Rs. 40 per box in off year and Rs. 45/- in on year

In off year almost mill, On year Rs. 12,000/- per acre

Average comes to Rs. 6000/- per Acre

Central Institute of Sub tropical Horticulture &

Department of Horticulture U.P is providing good

assistance

Commission agent charges Rs. 6/- per box and Delhi

market charges 10%commission.

I. There should Railway Rack loading of mango

during season because cartage for Delhi is too

much in the season.

2. Mandi tax should be abolished

3. . transport cost to foreign market should be borne

by the Gov!. only then we can complete in foreign

market

4. Pruning in mango will not be beneficial in the

long run. Only top working of inferior varieties

should be grafted an old orchards

5. Border trees of other fruits or timber trees are

creating hurdles and shade, the Gov!. should allow

these unproductive trees cuttings

The varieties Chausa, Luckoow Safeda should be

replaced with Dashahri in this region.


I. Name & Address of the

Farmer

2. Total Holding.

3. Source ofhrigation

4. Soil Profile


6. Lead Crop

SUCCESS CASE STUDY

(Orchadist and crop grower)

Shri Ram Prakash Yadava S/o Shri Shiv ~aj Yadav

viII. GADS KHERA P.O MALIHABAD Distt

Lucknow

5 bighas or 1.25 ha.

Pump set

Sandy and clay loam

2 bigha under Mango Orchard, Potato Maize, Wheat

Moong and Paddy and other crops

Mango, Potato, Paddy and Wheat

7. Other

Crops

FruitIVegetables Moongand Maize


9. Area

10.. Variety


12. Production


approximate)




for the last 8 years Moong - maize, wheat - Rice, is

being followed.

3 bighas

Dashehri mango

1980

gave to contractor for Rs. 60,000/- orchard of two

bighas.

From 3 bigha, wheat, maIze and potato he got

18,000/-

Fym only 2 to 3 basket per tree before rain

Traditional

10 Kg inwooden boxes





19. Gross Profit

20 Net Profit



23 Suggestions

24 Any other

Contractor - gave to contractor

Self Sale - Previous year sale at Malihabad, Lucknow

Market taken up -Malihabad and B grade Kanpur

In on year Rs. 60,000/- and previous year Rs. 15,000/-

i.e. off year

Rs. 5000/- per bigha for two bighas Rs. 10,000/- and

Rs. 1,000/- per bigha for other crop

Rs. 60,000/- from Orchard and three bigha Rs.

18,000/- @ Rs. 6,000 per bigha

Rs. 50,000/- from orchard +15,000 from three bigha

No intervention of any Department. Only fellow

farmers help in useful

No credit is available because Banks don't entertain

the illiterate small farmers

Marketing, The commission agent charges in high

For irrigation tubewell installation financial help IS

required

Mango varieties which bear fruit annually are

required.

Small farmers should be given more financial support

to uplift their production


SUCCESS CASE STUDY

(potato & Vegetable grower)

Shri Narayan Singh, S/o Shri Prem Raj viII. BHUD

GADI P.O. DASNA, District Gaziabad.

4 bigha (0.8 Acre or 0.32 ha.)

CANAL

I. Name & Address of the

Farmer

2. Total Holding.


4. Soil Profile


Clay loam

RADISH - CORlANDER-

(Greeo)

RADISH - RADISH

(Green)

CORIANDER

(Green)

CORIANDER

(Greeo)

6. Lead Crop

7. Other Fruit! Vegetables

Crops


9. Area

10. Variety


12. Production


approximate)






RADISH

NIL

For the last 8 years switched to vegetable.

Wheat - Paddy was earlier rotation

Taki Hilton variety of radish and local Coriander

Every year

5 qtl. per bigha of Coriander per cuttings and three

cuttings i.e. total 1500 kglbigha green

25 qtl per bigha (500 gadda) of radish

One weeding and one earthing up

by manual

Pack of 13 to 15 radishes in one bundle which is

approximately 5 Kg they call it gadda. Dhania is

approximately y, Kg per gadda

Self Sale - self sale in gazipur Sahibabad,

Sabzi Mandi Market taken up

Rs. 4 to 5 per gadda of 5 Kg radish.

Rs. 2 per Kg. of coriander


18. Cost of Production I Cost of production of radish Rs. 1/- per gadda

Cost of washing and transport Rs. 1/- per gadda

Commission by commission

Agent RS.I/- per gadda

19. Gross Profit

20 Net Profit



23 Suggestions

24 Any other

2

I

2

Total Expenses Rs.3/- per gadda

Cost of production of coriander RS.I/- per Kg.

Rs. I to Rs. 2 per gadda and yield is 500 gadda 1bigha

Rs. 500/- to 1000/- per bigha for Radish coriander

Rs. 1500/- to 2500/-per bigha for Coriander one crops

Rs. 1500/- to 2500/- per bigha for Coriander 2"d

Crops

Total 3500 to 6000/- per bihga in One year

No official visited his plot or given any advise. He is

unaware ofDepartrnental help

Good seed is not available

The commission of commission agent is Rs. 1/- per

gadda of 5 Kg which comes to almost 20 to 25%

which is abnormally high and this practice needs

improvement.

Gov!. should provide seed and fertilizer at reasonable

pnce

His total income is Rs. 14,000/- to 24,000/- from an

area of 0.8 Acre. In other words per ha. income comes

to Rs. 43,7501- to Rs. 75,000/- which is considered to

be very good income. Prior to switching over to

vegetables he use to get 4,000 to 5000 from wheat and

rice from 0.8 Acre and per ha. income was 12,500 to

15,625. He is taking 3 to 4 crops in a year i.e. two

crops of radish and two crops of green coriander.


1. Name & Address of the Farmer

2. Total Holding.

3. Source of Inigation

4. Soil Profile

5. What is Cropping Patt~

6. Lead Crop

7. Other Fruit/Vegetables Crops


"9. Area

10. Variety

11. Year of Planting

SUCCESS CASE STUDY

(potato & Vegetable grower)

Shri Dharampal Singh S/o Shri. Mukhtiar Singh viII.

Madia Lakhpat singh, Pilakhwa, Teh. Hapur, District

Ghaziabad

16Acres (6.4 ha.)

One tube well & one pumpset

Sandy loam

Potato 16 Acres - Muskmelon + bottle gourd spongegourd + khira

Potato

Muskmelon, bottle gourd and Sugarcane

For the last 10 years potato is main crop before that

sugarcane and wheat were main crops

Kum Satluj, Kufri Ashoka and Kufri Anand.

Every third year he replaces seed in one Acre and then

multiplies for rest of the area

12. Production(as per records available orapproximate)




9 tons / Acre or 25-26 tons / ha.

Green manuring 150 Kg DAP, 50 Kg urea twice + 50

Kg murate of Potash per Acre + 5 Kg Zinc + 10 Kg

Bio fertilizers and regular plant protection

Early crop manual but main crop with tractor

80 Kg in" gunny bag and proper grading in threegrades A, Band C grade





19. Gross Profit

20 Net Profit



23 Suggestions

24 Any other

Contractor - no contractor

Self Sale - self sale

Market taken up - PILAKHAWA MARKET and also

keeps in cold storage for later on selling

Last year he sold on an average Rs. 2601- per bag of

80 Kg or @Rs. 3.75 per Kg.

Rs. 25,0001- per Acre (As per records he narrated

including his labour also)

Rs. 39,0001- Per Acre. As per calculation

Rs. 14,0001- Per Acre or Rs. 35,0001- per ha.

Department of Horticulture is helping in new seeds of

Potato

Financial help is not coming from the bank easily

Procurement price of atleast @ Rs. 2.50 1Kg must be

assured to farmers

He is successful because he can manage to spent about

Rs. 4 Lakh and then gets profit of Rs. 2,24,0001- from

16 acres in four months from potato crops.

But as per his assessment every 4th or 5th year prices of

potato crash and he incure loss inspite of good crop.

Marketing is another hurdle because grower has no

holding resources.

For rest of the crops he gives on batai System on

50:50 basis and he says gets very little but manages

the expenses from these crops. In other words he gets

much more profit.


SUCCESS CASE STUDY

(potato and Vegetable grower)

I. .Name & Address of the

Farmer

2. Total Holding.


4. Soil Profile


6. Lead Crop

7. Other FruitIV egetables

Crops


9. Area

10. Variety


12. Production(as per records available or

approximate)




Shri Bhagmal S/o Shri. Bhagwana viii. BHUR GARIU,

P.O. DASNA District Gaziabad (V.P)

8 Acres (3.2 hal own Land + 4.5 Acre (1.8 hal taken on

lease

Tube well and Pumpsets

Loam and clay loam

Potato 8 Acres + 45 Acres wheat

Potato - watermelon - Tomato

Potato - Olcra - Chilli - Radish

POTATO

Tomato, Radish, Cliilli and Olcra are other crops

Before 1980 his father use to grow wheat and rice

After 1980 he switched over to potato and after 1990

other vegetables also

Kufti Ashoka, Chipsona I, Kufti Anand

Every year

16 tons per Acre or 40 tons / ha

Fym + 150 Kg DAP + 50 KgVrea + 80 Kg murate of

Potash /conlrols diseases & pest, top/acre dressing and

earthing up

Early crop by hand main crop by lractor

80 Kg in gunny bags





19. Gross Profit

20 Net Profit



23 Suggestions

24 Any other

Contractor - no contractor


Market taken up -Sahibabad, Mohan Nagar

Average Rs. 200/- per bag soon after harvest

Average Rs. 500/- after cold storage

Rs. 5000/- per bigha or Rs. 25,000/- per acre

Rs. 7,0001- per bigha & Rs. 35,000/- per acre soon after

harvest

Rs. 14,000/- per bigha after cold storage

Rs. 2,000/. per bigha immediately after harvest or Rs.

10,000/- per Acre or Rs. 25,000/- per ha.

Rs. 9,0001- per bigha after cold storage Rs. 70,000/- per

ha.

Department of horticulture advises veg. and latest

varieties and fellow fanners discussion is more useful.

Financial resources are main hurdle. Banks should be

more liberal

Minimum Rs. 2.50/- per kg should be the procurement

price.

Seed replacement is not done in 5 to 6 years. He gets

net profit Rs. 2000/- per bigha i.e. Rs. 10,000/- per acre

from potato crop and other crops give Rs. 1,000/- per

bigha means Rs. 5,000/- per acre. He earns this amount

even after paying the land rent @ Rs ..7,500/- per acre

from his own land profit is Rs. 17,500/- per acre per

year, they are not paying more attention to other than

potato crop.

If minimum procurement price @ Rs. 2.50 per kg is

fixed and Banks are more liberal in loaning the money

potato fanners can earn much more


I.

2.

3.

4.

5.

7.

Name of the Firm

Name of the person

contacted

TradeMark

Products

Turnover

Reasons for Failure

FAILURE STUDY

(FOOD PROCESSOR)

AKG Santhan (Food Division)

34/5 B.c.y Chintamani Road

Allahabad - 211002 U.P

Shri. Ishwar Chandra

Secretary

TREESON 5

Amla products pickles Jams and Jelly

17 to 18 Lakb invested 2.3 Lakb loss in year 2001

I Lack of running capital

2 Timely non supply of funds from Ministry of Food

Processing because intermediary officials are creating

problems

3 Sales tax 12% is main cause of high price of the

product.

4 Electricity Department creates lot of problems

5 Extra expenditure in anticipation of grant is spent and

now no running capital at had to run the factory


1. Name of the Organisation

2. Name of the Firm

3. Name of the person

contacted

4. List of Products being

manufactured

5. Year of start

6. Annual turnover at present

7. Reasons for success

8. Problems

SUCCESS STUDY

(FOOD PROCESSORS)

G.R. Sharma Archeological Society

POORVA FOOD PRATISHAN, Tagore Town,

Allahabad

Mr. G.K. Rai, Secretary

Jam, Jelly, Ketchup, Arnla Morabba, Bel Murabba,

Garlic chatni, Ginger mix, Green chilli sauce Pickles

(Jackfruit, lime, mango,' mix, Red) chilli chatni sauce

and squeshes.

Started with a small unit for demonstration about 10

years back

Approximately Rs. 50 Lakh.

I Quality at reasonable price

2 Direct linkages with consumers Door to Door selling

Unemployed youth and ladies are provided job at door

3 step for collection of material and primary processing at

village / centre level

I Lack of working capital

2 Technical help not available as research and training

centres for fruit preservation knowledge is not practical

from commercial point of view.

3 Quality control facilitators are not available

4 Lack of advertisement of processed food as for example

egg boared gives stogan eat egg for health. Similarly

Gov!. through Horticulture board should advertise for

preserved food should be given.

5 Economical packaging material with durability and

good appreance is required.


I. Name of the Finn

2. Name of the personcontacted

3. Brand Name

4. Range of Products

5. Turnover

6. Causes of Failure

FAILURE STUDY

(FOOD PROESSORS)

Overseas Agro Products Pvt. Ltd.

23/41 B UPSIDC Industrial Area

NAINI ALLAHABAD (V.P)

Mr. Manish Shukla

Managing Director

SATYA

Ketchup, Jam, Jelly, Pickles, squash / Syrup Vineger,

Amla products and Canned products

17-18 Lakh loss in seven years, 2.5 to 3 l;tkh every

year

Purchased Sick unit from GoY!. of u.p and all the

Departments are creating one and other problems.

Electricity Department is main problem creator

Electricity load is counted on the machinery but they

are actually put to use only for month or two hence

charges are more than actually use of electricity.

Arrear bills before I took over from the GoY!. are

pending.

2 Working capital at reasonable interest is not available.

3 Sales tax which is 12% and Mandi tax ar~ biggest,

hurdles. Th~re is margin of 2-5 % how one can pay

12% sales. tax that is 2'. main reason of failure

because NGO's are exempted but not Pvt. finns.

4 Centralised advertisement of preserved .products

should be done by central agencies.

5 There should be circular from central agencies to the

banks that Food processing is Industry and should be

treated at per with other industries.

6 Suitable varieties should be developed for processing.

1)


1. Name of the Firm

2. Name of the person

contacted

3. List of Products

4. Brand Name

5. Turnover

6. Reasons for success

Problems

SUCCESS STUDY

(FOOD PROCESSORS)

VAASUNDHRA

8/4 Panna Lal Road

Allahabad - 603135

Er. R.K. Dubey, Chief Executive

Pickles, Morabba, Jam, Jelly, Ketchup, Chatni

and Amla products.

Apex Foods

Approximately Rs. 20 Lakh. Started with 20

Lakh own capital and Rs. 6.75 Lakh from

Ministry of Food processing in 1998.

1 Initially the products were not of high standard

and after struggle and technical guidance from

private consultant quality production has started

and that is main reason of success

2 Quality at reasonable price

3 Resources for running the factory

4 No sales tax and Mandi Tax because of

affiliation with Khandi Gram Udyog

Electricity at reasonable price

2 Technical help provided by GoV!. agencies was

useless because of lack of commercial advise.

The advise provided by them is good for research

and teaching only but no use III commercial

production

3 Marketing IS biggest hurdle because of

perishable nature and financial help should be

provided for running the units.


Suggestion of the Finn I Technical !mow how should be provided by

GoV!.staff which is not upto the mark.

2 Processed product advertisement should be made

by the state or central GoV!. to encourage

processed food consumption on the pattern of

Egg Board.

3 For running the facility liquid money should be

provided more liberally at lower interest.

4 Banks should treat us like other industry but they

feel this is not profit making business so they put

restrictions

5 Sales tax and Mandi tax should totally be

exempted if this industry is to survive


I. Name & Address of the Firm

2. Year of Establishment

3. Capacity of Storage

4. Contact person

5. Cold Storage Code Number

6. Capacity utilisation during

last two years.

Utilization percentage

7. Charges of Cold Storage

8. Profitability / loss

9. Reason for loss

Suggestions for making

profit

FAILURE CASE STUDY

(Cold Storage)

M/s.Kasturi Bai Cold Storage Ltd., Hapur, Dist.

Ghaziabad

1969

13428 tons potato storage

Mr.K.V. Balachandran, Consultant

MT06.69.0155 / MTR-26

In 2000 - 8061 tons

In 200 I - 998 tons

In 2000 - 40 percent

In 200I - 9 percent

RS.65per quintal or Rs.52 per bag of 80 Kg.

For the last two year there is heavy loss

I If there is less than 70 percent capacity utilization the

cold storage runs into loss

2 Electricity by the Department is uncertain and low

voltage with the result they have stopped Govt. supply

and generating there own electricity which costs them

Rs. 7.50 per unit and Govt. supply is @ Rs. 4.50 per unit

but product gets spoiled due to erratic supply.

The Govt. should not encourage more cold storage till

installed capacity is utilized.

2 Electricity supply should be regular without cut and

proper voltage.

3 CIPC treatment (ISO propyle - 3 - chloro carbonate)

treatment should be popularised because this will cut the

storage cost. Farmers & consumers should be educated

the benefits of its treatment.


4 Electricity should be supplied on concessional rates.

This is the single reason that more than 200 cold

storages are closed down because of high cost of

running and under utilisation of the storage capacity.

5 Minimum price of potato at harvest time and after

storage should be fixed because number of time the

prices are so low that even cold storage and handling

charges are more than price of the product. It happenedin 1990 and 1999.

6 The grading and sorting must be done by the farmers

before storage otherwise it degrades the quality of wholeproduce.


8.8.1.2

Regulatory Environment

Central Food Processing Laws

Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954The Act is the basic statute intended to protect the common consumer against supply

of adulterated food and specifies different standards on various articles of food. The

standards are of minimum quality level intended for ensuring safety in the

consumption of these food items and for safeguarding against harmful impurities,

adulteration etc. The Central Committee for Food Standards under the Directorate

General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for

operation of this Act. Provisions of the Act are mandatory and contravention of the

Rules can lead to both fme and imprisonment.

Essential Commodities Act, 1954A.number of Control Orders have been formulated under the provisions of this Act,

main objectives of which are to regulate manufacture, commerce and distribution of

essential commodities including food. These orders include B2 (a) Fruit Products

Order, 1955

• This order regulates manufacture and distribution of all fiuit and vegetable

products, sweetened aerated waters, vinegar and synthetic syrups.

Manufacture or relabelling of these products can be carried out only after obtaining a

valid license from the Ministry of Food Processing Industries.

Standards on Weights and Measures (packaged Commodities) Rules, 1977These Rules lay down certain obligatory conditions for all commodities in the packed

from with respect to their quantity declaration. These Rules are operated by the

Directorate of Weights and Measures under the Ministry of Food and Civil Supplies.

Export (Quality Control and Inspection) Act 1963Recently, Government have exempted agriculture and food products, fiuit products,

fiuit products, fish and fishery products from compulsory pre-shipment inspection,

provided the exporter has a firm letter from the overseas buyer stating that the

overseas buyer does not want pre-shipment inspection from any official Indian

Inspection Agencies

Constitutional Status:Article 48A of the Directive Principles of State Policy provides for the State's

commitment to protecting the environment and Article 51A(g) states that to protectFinal Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 171

and improve the natural environment shall be the fundamental duty of the citizens of

India.

(a) Regulatory Environment Protection Laws:.

Observation of the Directive Principles, the Union of India has enacted the

following major legislations:

a) The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, which is the umbrella

Legislation

b) The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, as amended in

1978 and 1988.

c) The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, as amended in

1987. The above two Acts have been substantially amended in the recent

past and some of the most significant aspects of amendments are I. A

consent order is now valid for 15 years or till such time there is some

significant change in the process, whichever is earlier; 2. A consent

order cannot be provided provisionally and will be obtainable only when

all the pollution prevention requirements are adopted in toto; Action

under these two Acts are to be taken by the respective State Pollution

Control Boards.

d) The Forest Conservation Act, 1980

e) The Wildlife Preservation Act, 1982; extended to cover biosphere

resources and the Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules,

1989.

f) Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989

g) Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage or Hazardous Micro

organisms and Genetically Engineered Organism or Cell Rules, 1989, to

regulate the storage, use, trade, transport and disposal of hazardous

wastes

h) The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991

i) The Motor Vehicles Act, 1939, amended in 1988, and

j) The Environment Tribunal Bill, 1992.


(b) Promotional Policy Framework:

a) The National Forest Policy, 1988

b) The National Conservation Strategy and Policy (jf 1992.

c) The policy statement for abatement of pollution, 1992

d) The above policy statements complement the National Water

Policy and Factories Act, 1948, besides other related legislation

having a bearing on resources and economic activities

e) The national Housing Policy, 1988, the National Water Policy,

1987 and the National Land Use Policy, 1988, recognize the

importance of maintaining ecological balance.

(c) Organizational Structures of the Regulating Bodies for Environment

Management

The Ministry of Environment and Forests, created in 1986, is the nodal regulating

agency. The Ministry has four divisions:

a) Environment: The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) functions under it

and this Ministry is responsible for exercise of promotional and regulatory

functions under the Water, Air and Environment Protection Acts.

b) Forests and Wildlife: Wildlife preservation offices responsible for implementing

the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and the Regional Offices of the MOEF for

implementing the provisions of the Forest Conservation Act, 1980.

c) Ganga Project Directorate

d) National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board.

In addition to the above, there are various bodies and institutes under the MOEF or

working with it on other areas such as research, awareness drives etc. Other important

.Ministries and Departments of the Government of India looking after environment

protection include:

a) The Ministry of Rural Development - Regeneration ofbio-mass outside recorded

forest areas;

b) The Ministries of Power, Industry and Non Conventional Energy Sources -

Energy conservation and development of alternate sources of energy.

c) The Ministry of Water Resources - Monitoring of water quality and environment

impact assessment for water resource projects.


d) The Ministries of Water Resources and Agriculture - watershed management;

e) The Ministry of Agriculture - soil conservation;

f) The Department of Biotechnology - technical support for ex-site conservationand bio safety;

g) The Ministry of Urban Development - Solid waste collection and disposal in 500

urban areas. State-level machinery:

All the state governments looking after environment and forests collectively.

Most of the states have State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) which have a

significant role to play in enforcing environmental management and pollution control

as required under different laws.

EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES

Certain areas have been designated as free trade or export processing zones.

• These zones provide basic infrastructural facilities like developed land, standard

design factory buildings, built-up sheds, roads, assured power and water supply

• Customs clearance facilities are offered within the zone at no extra charge while

facilities of banking, post offices and clearing agents are also available in the

Service Centres attached to each zone.

• Currently there are six such zones in operation, located at Kandla (Gujarat), Santa

Cruz (Bombay), Cochin (Kerala), Madras, Falta (Calcutta) and NOIDA (Delhi)

and a seventh zone at Vishakapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) is under implementation.

• All export processing zones except the one at Santa Cruz are open to the foodprocessing sector.

Benefits offered to Units in EPZ

The main advantages in setting up an unit in an Export Processing Zone or as an100%export oriented units are

• Full duty exemption on all imports;

• Tax holiday for any 5 consecutive years within 8 years from the commencementof production;

• Full exemption from sales tax and excise duty on all local purchases;

• Permission to convert all foreign exchange earnings at market determined rate;

and

• Permission to have upto 100% foreign equity.Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 174

8.1.3

Voluntary StandardsThere are two organisations dealing with the voluntary standardisation and

certification systems in food. Bureau of Indian Standards looks after standardisation

of processed foods and standardisation of raw agricultural produce falls under the

Directorate of Marketing and Inspection.

Bureau oflndian Standards (BIS)

The activities of BIS are two fold; formulation of Indian Standards in the processed

food sector and their implementation by promotion and through voluntary and third

party certification system.

• BIS has on record, standards for most of the processed foods; these standards in

general cover raw materials permitted and their quality parameters, hygienic

conditions under which the product is manufactured and packaging and labelling

requirements.

• Manufacturers complying with the standards laid down by BIS can obtain an 'lSI'

mark which can be exhibited on their product packages. BIS has identified certain

items like food colours/additives, vanaspati and containers for their packing, milk

powder and condensed milk for compulsory certification.

Directorate of Marketing and Inspection (DMI)The DMI enforces the Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking). Act 1937. Under

this Act, Grade Standards are prescribed for agricultural and allied commodities,

which are koown as 'Agmark' Standards. Grading under the provisions of this Act is

voluntary. Manufactures who comply with standards laid down by DMI are allowed

to put 'Agmark' labels on their products.

State Laws

State Laws Regarding setting of Cold Storages in the State(a) Uttar Pradesh cold storage construction and operation rates under sector 44 of

1976 circulated Vide no. 3532/58 - I - 98 - 100 (28)/ 98 dated 16 - 10 - 1998.

The eleven conditions are specified for construction - operation and licence

renovation.(b) U.P Gov!. Horticulture and fruit utilisation - I No. 379/58 - I - 2001 - 100

(27)/ 90 dated 23 - 8 - 200I notification regarding renewal of licence for cold

storage.


(c) U.P cold storage regulation Act 1976 (Gazette notification No. II of 1976)

Containing details of rules and regulations regarding grant of cold storage

licence, operational rules have 46 paras.

(d) U.P Gazette notification 17 of 1983 Vide No. 27071l7/Misc - l(ka) - 23

Dated 21 - 9 - 1983. Containing in paras with amended procedures for

construction, Operation and renewal of cold storage in U.P with ,all the

proformas.

(e) U.P Gov!, Horticultural and Fruit Utilisation Dept. - I No. 511/55 - I - 2000 -

100 (27)/95 dated Lucknow 31 - 5 - 2000 regarding first amendment of

granting licence for cold storage.


8.1.5 Incentives and Schemes

Central Government Schemes

A. Commercial Crops - Under this disease free potato seed production and

distribution to growers so that production is increased. Under this scheme potato

seed multiplied and distributed to the farmers is given below.

Different Sta"e Potato Seed Produced in otl.Year Breeder Seed Foundation Foundation Truthfull Total

received in qtl. 1" Stage Dnd Stage Seed

1998-99 5130.40 22021 286 2713 250201999-00 7178.95 18263.35 1334.97 5745.3 25343.622000-01 8040.40 29136.25 - 3095.06 32231.31

There are 1013 cold storages with storage capacity of 64 Lakh tons. Out of these 1006 are

private, 5 under cooperative sector and 2 under State Government and total cold storage

capacity is 69 percent of production in the states

(i) Incentives

41 demonstrations in 20 districts for tuberlet production with central grant @ Rs.

500 per demonstration were conducted.

(il) Assistance in ornamental gardening

Flower production in 0.1 ha. land by marginal farmers, maintenance of public

parks were provided 50% of production cost or Rs. 60001- which ever is less.

Under this scheme 9.7, 11.01 and 7.95 ha. area in the year 1999,2000 and 2001

under parks were maintained.

(iii) Paan development scheme

Under this scheme for 200 sq. mt paan cultivation total assistance in the form of

Rs. 7501- for structure, 500 for demonstration, Rs. 1500/- for irrigation facility

and Rs. 500 for one sprayer is provided. Under this scheme following assistance

and achievement were made.

.. 1999-2000 2000-2001Units Rs. Units Rs.

Assistance Assistance1999-2000 For Structure construction 110 82500 74 55500

For demonstration 84 42000 100 50000For Irri2ation facilities 106 159000 67 100500Snraver distribution 25 12500 40 20000


(iv) Medicinal and aromatical plants

In the year 2000-2001 provision of flower seedlings for 0.05 ha half expenditure

or Rs. 1500 incentive - 12demonstration were held. In one ha. flower production

25% of total cultivation cost or 125001- which ever less was given in Badaun

District. This scheme is also run by the state funds, under this scheme 51 qtl

mentha planting material in 1999-2000 and 25 qtl in 2000-200I was distributed

to encourage mentha cultivation in the state.

(v) Use of Plastics in Agric,!lture including horticulture

Under this central scheme water is saved upto 70 percent and yield is increased.

Under this scheme subsidy ofRs. 130001- per ha or 25% of the cost is given

(vi) Green house construction

Under this central scheme for construction of 500 sq.mt Rs. 25,000 or 25% of the

cost for encouraging vegetable and flower production, in the state.

(vii) Low Plastic tunnels

For early raising of seedlings of hybrid seeds of vegetable subsidy of 25% of the

cost or Rs. 2 to 5 per sq. mt. area so that farmers are encouraged to grow costly

hybrid seeds and increase the productivity of vegetables.

(viii) Grant for development of new orchards

The following grant is given for plantation of new orchards in tropical arid zoneof the state.

S.No Fruits Amount Rs.Ihectare

I Mango, litchi, PomefITenateand Paoaoaya 10,0002 Guava, Ber, lime& lemonandAonla 70003 Banana and Pineaoole 300004 grapes and strawberrv 700005 Others fruits 7000

In first year of planting 50% and I" and 2" year 15% and remaining grant in 3" year i.e.

20 percent is given for maintenance of orchards. In the year 1999-2000 and 2000-200 I.

the new orchards is 1063 and 937 ha were planted.


(ix) Rejuvenation of old orchards

In the uneconomic old orchards pruning was done at height of 4-5 mt. in December and

thinning of branches upto 8-10 were selected. In O.5ha. orchards where number of plants

would be 40. The eighty units in ReIunan Khera block of Lucknow were rejuvenated and

following grant is provided per acre

For Prunning (manual + Pruning machine)

For Fungicide and application

For thinning of new branches

Total

RS.6000

RS.600

RS.400

Rs. 7000

Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Gov!. of India Insentive Schemes

Gov!. of India has floated number of scheme and Directorate of horticulture & Fruits

utilization U.P has been made nodal office where all assistance will be provided to

entrepreneur in Food Processing Industries at a single point. Nodal officer has been

appointed to monitor the work at single point, inspect and recommend for approval of

schemes as beIow:-

I. Infra Structure development scheme.

a) Post harvest Infrastructure and cold chain

facilities for Food processing and Integrated

Projects of Mushroom, Gherkin and Baby corn.

b) EstablisIunent of Food processing Industrial

Estate I Park - for providing common facilities

like uninterrupted power supply, water supply,

cold storage, ice plant and analytical laboratory

etc

2. Scheme for setting uplExpansionimodernisation

of Food processing Industries.

Grant 50% Cost of Capital and Civil

works upto 25 Lakhs to PSU I Joint

SectorlNGO's Cooperatives and 25% of

the cost or 50 lakhs to private sector.

grant of Rs. 4 crore to PSU/jointi

Assisted Private sector I NGO

Cooperative

The grant is50% of cost of capital equipment to


PSU and civil work upto 50 lakhs.

25% or upto 25 lakhs to NGO's /coop.

25% or 50 Lakhs to Private Sector

3. Dissemination of low cost preservation

Technology.

To encourage setting up units using low

cost preservation technology developed by

National Institutes.

NGO/ Coop. / PSU

Rs. 5 lakh grant

4. Scheme for research and development in Food processing Industries.

Laboratories / lIT / Universtiy /

NGO

Public Sector / Joint Sector /

Assisted Sector/ private sector

100% of the project cost as grant

1/3 of the projectcost as grant

5 Scheme for personal Development in Food processing Indnstries, to central /

State org. / NGO / Cooperatives.

Grant III Aid for Single Product linecenter

Multi product line Centre

Grant Rs. 2 Lakh for Fixed capital cost

and Rs. I Lakh as revolving capital

Grant of Rs. 7.5 Lakh and 2 Lakh

6 Scheme for Generic Advertisement on Processed Foods .andMarketing.

Central/State Gov!. Organs.

NGO/Coop

Industry Association

50% cost of compaingn or upto 25

lakh

50% or 10Lakh grant

For advertisement 70% of the project

cost


Private Sector!Assisted Sector 40% or 2 lakhs for publicity and

promotion

7 Scheme for strengthening of Backward linkages Of Food processing

Industries for regular supply of raw material to factories and inputs to

farmers.

Joint Sector! Private ! NGO !

Cooperative PSU's

10%of total purchase limited to

Rs.lO Lakhs

V National Horticulture Board Schemes for Horticulture Development

National Horticulture Board, Ministry of Agri. Gov!. of India bas floated several schemes

for the development of horticulture in the state. The subsidy of Rs. 792.88 lakh for

establishment of 35 cold storages in U.P with storage capacity of 193503 tons for

horticultural produce has been provided.

National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD) has also providedassistance of520.151akhs to 15 cold storages.capacity of9.68lakh tons.

Besides the above subsidy following schemes ofNHB are functioning.

S.No Name of Scheme Assistance ! Subsidy !"rant in Aid

I Introduction of New Tecbnologies

(a) Pilot Project based on high quality commercial 10LakhProduction A compact area development approach

(b) Post harvest Management 10Lakh(under A category)

(c) RcD projects on specific problems 25 Lakh!Under B & C category)

2 Visit of Progressive farmers(a) National! Domestic visits To and fro II class fare +

Rs. 100 per day for 30. farmers

(b) International Visit Economy to fro Air fare

3 Promotional and Extension activities Each case as perreauirement

4 Expert Services from India! Abroad Airfare & per diem as perGO! rules


5 Technology Awareness upto 50,000

6 Organisation / Participation in seminar/ workshops 3 lakh for state . level/ Exhihition etc. for promotion of Horticulture participation

(for 3 to 5 days) 5 lakh for National10 Lakh for International

(for I to 2 days) I lakh for state level I2 lakh for National level ,

3 lakh for International Ilevel I

7 Udyan Pandit competions 1.50 Lakh I8 Publicity I(a) Publication of Brochures, magzine, audio/video ment to be decided by Pannel

for farmers, NHB News letter, In house pub. by NHB I(b) Publication of horticulture related books Rs. OneLakh I(c) Films 100% cost to be decided I

bv Pannel ,

9 Observation cum study tours abroad Air fare and per diem as lner GOr rules I

10 Honorarium to 10 scientists for effective transfer of Upto 20000 for individual I

Technology and one lakh for group of I5 experts per projects

II Establishment of Nutritional Gardens in rural areas I

(a) distribution of fruit plants and vegetables seeds in mini @ Rs. 250 per family Ikits

I(b) Zero Energy cool chambers Rs. 2500 per school or I

Panchayat

(c) DemonstrationI

Rs. 5000/- per school /Panchayat who have Icultivated land.


DIVISIONWISE DATA OF AREA,. PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF UP FROM 1995-96 TO 2000~1ANNEXURE .1

Cron-Manoo1995-96 1996-97 1997.98 1998--99 1999.2000 2000-01

Producllvl Productivl ProducUvi Productivity Produetlvl ProduclivDivision Area IHa Prod 1M MTlHa Atea (Ha Prod 1M MYtHa Area (Ha Prod 1M MTIHa Area (Ha Prod 1M MY/Ha AreatHa Prod 1M MTlHa •••••• (H. Prod IMTI MYtHa

Saharanour 25802 247104 9.58 26128 434111 16.61 27124 386883 14.26 28001 606054 21.64 29753 702813 23.62 31455 601347 19.12Me"", 22050 210423 9.54 22200 163873 7.38 21865 105479 4.82 22527 66554 2.95 23510 91994 3.91 24395 276753 11.34Am 14472 130896 9.04 14229 143496 10,08 14291 143498 10.04 15103 91977 6.09 14439 68815 4.77 15592 177692 11.40Bareill 14343 68227 4.76 14170 69157 4.88 10248 56938 5.56 12165 192535 15.83 10157 47362 4.66 11103 112463 10.13Moradabad 21504 182152 8.47 20548 241786 11.77 19539 119989 6.14 19576 214042 10.93 20614 173140 8.40 20762 159759 7.69Kanour 2713 17110 6.31 3098 23369 7.54 2623 6731 2.57 3177 16900 5.32 3463 20230 5.84 3292 21418 6.51Allahabad 3484 25557 7.34 3289 20596 6.26 3142 14502 4.62 3504 24356 6.95 2782 7963 2.86 3170 18113 5.71Jhansi 18 142 7.89 31 284 9.16 30 165 5.50 29 294 10.14 33 262 7.94 90 560 6.22Chilrakool 103 809 7.85 87 1002 11.52 .73 36' 5.05 50 506 10.12 54 29 0.54 121 385 3.18Varanasi 8311 48952 5.89 8266 58024 7.02 8029 23679 2.95 8101 60848 7.51 7965 20512 2.57 8075 34092 4.22Mirza ur 3565 23144 6.49 2907 26564 9.14 2962 16359 5.52 3048 30870 10.13 3063 28439 9.28 3065 23328 7.61Azamaarh 5313 34501 6.49 5516 35507 6.44 4816 19533 4.06 4727 14532 3.07 4594 36426 7.93 4432 24359 5.50Gorakhour 19255 191405 9.94 19154 162668 8.49 17498 99326 5.68 17486 166047 9.50 17096 85068 4.98 16928 34197 2.02Basti 9990 71915 7.20 9471 49467 5.22 9159 35126 3.84 9563 74889 7.83 9416 32958 3.50 9635 28384 2.95Oevl Patan 8940 53202 5.95 .8934 81639 9.14 7616 51888 6.81 7835 29481 3.88 8098 29001 3.58 9017 31757 3.52Lucknow 51362 493737 9.61 53694 495985 9.24 49575 133818 2.70 5«92 589048 10.81 54623 480860 8.80 60097 1487794 24.76Faizabad 33729 200708 5.95 31901 183266 5.74 30118 122297 4.06 30847 201426 6.53 31462 85928 2.73 30924 129951 4.20

Cron-Guava1995-98 199&-97 1997-98 1995..Q9 1999-2000 2000~1

Producllvl Producttvl Productivity Productlvlb Producttvl ProductivlDivision Area IHa Prod 1M MT/Ha Area IHa Prod 1M MT/Ha Area/Hal Prod /M MTlHa •••••• fH.I Prod fM MTlHa Area (Ha Prod tM MTlHa Area(Ha ProdlMTI MT/Ha

Saharan ur 576 3604 6.26 56' 4714 8.28 556 4191 7.54 550 3847 6.99 534 5551 10.40 539 1884 3.46Me"", 1056 4434 4.20 1095 6897 6.30 1034 4573 4.42 1036 8477 8.18 925 7043 7.61 877 4744 5.41A c. 5273 51235 9.72 5336 69385 13.00 5159 47845 9.27 5277 12744 2.42 4505 25363 5.63 5218 14273 2.74Bareillv 1930 32287 16.73 1622 44425 27.39 1815 34945 19.25 2362 23814 10.08 2416 22232 9.20 2398 19093 7.96Moradabad 1840 20573 11.18 1322 7740 5.85 1517 14986 9.88 1447 9100 6.29 1298 21395 16,48 1374 13270 9.66Kan ur 1786 12163 6.81 1824 12872 7.06 1785 11981 6.71 1801 12717 7.06 2070 13147 6.35 1619 9923 6.13Allahabad 1573 7810 4.97 1529 3876 2.53 1477 24298 16,45 1428 7523 5.27 1468 9223 6.28 1315 29556 22.48Jhansl 65 517 7.95 75 7" 10.65 72 746 10.36 61 152 2.49 81 685 8.46 258 1876 7.27Chilrakool 151 1201 7.95 152 1628 10.71 154 1186 7.70 157 1198 7.63 15. 636 4.00 45 175 3.80Varanasi 690 4294 6.22 750 5694 7.59 741 5070 6.84 694 4462 6.43 722 6845 9.21 752 5807 7.72Mirza ur 283 1744 6.16 249 2652 10.65 258 2676 10.37 260 1751 6.73 244 1536 6.30 267 2282 8.55kJJ .m 346 2238 6.47 313 1455 4.65 280 2904 10.37 262 1218 4.65 280 4682 16.72 223 389 1.74Gorakh ur 637 4853 7.62 540 4536 8.40 430 2614 6.08 351 2609 7.43 3.7 1799 4.53 360 1022 2.848asti 83 632 7.61 76 810 10.66 84 664 10.38 70 471 6.73 111 469 4.23 7' 138 1.75Devl Patan 255 1836 7.20 263 1990 7.57 264 2527 9.57 280 2472 8.83 254 1707 6.72 204 1739 8.52Lucknow 1779 18576 10.44 2040 21003 10.30 2002 23021 11.50 1828 28491 15.59 1588 23391 14.73 1602 18118 11.31Faizabad 244 1580 6.48 217 1232 5.68 252 1396 5.54 228 762 3.34 244 807 3.31 160 309 1.72


CroD8 Banana1995.96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01

Productiv Productiv ProducUvI Productlv! Productlv! Producti,,'Dtvlslon Area 'Ha Prod MTlHa Area fHal ProdfM MT/Ha Area lHa Prod lM MTtHa Area (Hal Prod (MY MY/Ha Area (Ha Prod (M MT/Ha Area (Ha Prod (Mn MYIHa

Saharan ur 9 221 24.56 3 79 26.33 1 27. 27.00 4 102 25.50 1 23 23.00 2 .8 24.00Me"'" 14 344 24.57 9 238 26.22 3 80 26.67 8 205 25.63 5 115 23.00 • 98 24.50

'" 10 2'6 24.60 6 131 26.20 10 268 26.80 5 128 25.60 • 92 23.00 6 148 24.33Bareiltv 1 24 24.00 2 52 26.00 4 107 26.75 1 26 26.00 1 23 23.00 2 50 25.00Moradabad 1 25 25.00 2 52 26.00 3 60 26.67 2 51 25.50 1 23 23.00 1 24 24.00Kan ur 11 270 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 3 69 23.00 5 122 24.40Allahabad 117 2872 24.55 113 2964 26.23 81 2172 26.81 94 2407 25.61 103 2363 22.94 123 3002 24.41Jhansi 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00Chitrakoot 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00Varanas! 14 344 24.57 20 525 26.25 18 483 26.83 17 435 25.59 15 344 22.93 14 342 24.43MirzaDur 12 295 24.58 3 79 26.33 1 27 27.00 6 154 25.67 7 161 23.00 8 195 24.38AzB am 13 319 24.54 1 26 26.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 1 23 23.00 1 24 24.00Gorakh ur 788 19346 24.55 821 21532 26.23 664 23167 26.81 833 21327 25.60 838 19229 22.95 694 21816 24.40Sasti 216 5303 24.55 206 5403 26.23 177 4746 26.81 179 4583 25.60 191 4383 22.95 162 4441 24.40Devi Patan 72 1768 24.56 76 1993 26.22 8. 2252 26.81 88 2253 25.60 78 1790 22.95 76 1855 24.41L""know '2 1031 24.55 34 692 26.24 27 72. 26.81 23 589 25.61 '9 436 22.95 13 317 24.38Faizabad 62 1522 24.55 74 1941 26.23 64 1716 26,81 55 1408 25.60 48 1101 22.94 41 1001 24.41

Cron-Citrus1995-96 1996.97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01

Producttvlb Productlvlb Productlvl Productlvl Productivi ProductiviDivision Area IHa Prod 1M MT/Ha ArealHa ProdfM MTlHa Area IHal Prod 1M MT/Ha Area lHa Prod'lM MT/Ha Area (Hal Prod (M MT!Ha Area (Ha Prod IMn MT/Ha

Saharan ur 8 17 2.13 9 19 2.11 17 35 2.06 25 53 2.12 6 13 2.17 10 22 2.20Me"'" 43 90 2.09 37 78 2.11 37 77 2.08 25 54 .2.16 26 56 2.15 3. 86 2,26A", 573 1209 2.11 583 1189 2.11 548 1160 2.12 534 .1126 2.11 444 975 2.20 505 1137 2,25Sareill 1 2 2.00 0 0 0.00 1 2 2.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 1 2 2.00Moradabad 13 27 2.08 13 27 2.08 21 44 2.10 1 2 2.00 8 18 2.25 2 4 2.00Kan ur 60 '68 2.10 122 257 2.11 83 133 2.11 78 165 2.12 71 156 220 75 169 2.25Allahabad 106 228 2.11 110 231 2.10 107 224 2.09 '0. 231 2.12 119 262 2.20 113 254 2,25Jhansl 19 40 2.11 3 6 2,00 3 6 2,00 • 6 2,00 17 37 2,16 17 36 2.24Chltrakoot 31 65 2.10 37 77 2.08 37 77 2.08 24 50 2.08 26 62 2.21 18 40 2,22Varanasi 31 65 2.10 34 71 2.09 34 71 2.09 38 153 4.03 3. 66 2.21 38 66 2.26Mirza ur '6 34 2.13 • 6 97 2.11 52 10. 2.10 55 116 . 2.11 54 11• 2.20 5' 122 2,26AzB am 2 4 2.00 4 8 2.00 1 2 2.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 1 2 2.00Gorakh ur 0 0 0.00 2 4 2.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00Sasti 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 a 0.00 0 0 0.00De,,1Patan 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 1 2 2.00 0 0 0.00Lucknow 4 8 2.00 9 .1. 2.11 11 23 2.09 13 26 2.15 • 20 2.22 7 16 2.29Faizabad 0 0 0.00 1 2 2.00 2 4 2.00 0 0 0.00 2 • 2.00 0 0 0.00

Crop. J2ckfrult1995.ll6 1995-97 1997.911 1998-99 1999-2000 2000..Q1

Productivl ProductlvlProd IMT

ProductiviArea IHa Prod (M

ProductlvlArea IHa Prod IMT

ProducUvlArea (Hal Prod IMT

Product!vlDivision Area fHa Prod 1M MYfHa Area (Ha Prod 1M MT/Ha Area IHa MT/Ha MT/Ha MT/Ha MT/Ha

Saharan ur 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00Menu! 6 150 25.00 7 175 25.00 6 150 25.00 5 125 25.00 7 245 35.00 6 150 25.00

ca 30 750 25.00 52 1299 24.98 59 1475 25.00 64 1600 25.00 39 1365 35.00 41 1025 25.00Bareitl 34 850 25,00 42 1050 25.00 43 1075 25.00 44 1100 25.00 36 1260 35.00 29 725 25.00Moradabad 13 325 25.00 14 350 25.00 34 850 25.00 1 25 25.00 2 70 35.00 5 125 25.00Kanpur 42 1049 24.98 35 875 25.00 62 1550 25.00 58 1450 25.00 59 2065 35.00 60 1500 25.00Allahabad 22 550 25.00 19 475 25.00 23 575 25.00 81 2025 25.00 29 1015 35.00 30 750 25.00Jhansl 1 25 25.00 0 a 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 3 75 25.00Chitrakoot 2 50 25.00 3 75 25.00 1 25 25.00 2 50 25.00 2 70 35.00 1 25 25.00Varanasi 43 1075 25.00 32 800 25.00 33 825 25.00 34 850 25.00 37 1295 35.00 46 1150 25.00Mlaa r 9 225 25.00 6 150 25.00 6 150 25.00 10 250 25.00 8 280 35.00 8 200 25.00Azamgarh 16 400 25.00 14 350 25.00 10 250 25.00 11 275 25.00 10 350 35.00 10 250 25.00Gorakh ur 150 3748 24.99 165 4123 24.99 156 3900 25.00 158 3950 25.00 172 6020 35.00 149 3725 25.00Bastl 3 75 25.00 6 150 25.00 5 125 25.00 6 150 25.00 6 210 35.00 5 125 25.00Devi Patan 23 575 25.00 27 675 25.00 35 875 25.00 38 950 25.00 ,~34 1190 35.00 39 975 25.00Lucknow 124 3099 24.99 114 2849 24.99 110 2750 25.00 102 2550 25.00 114 3990 35.00 115 2875 25.00Faizabad 18 450 25.00 12 300 25.00 30 750 25.00 20 500 25.00 25 875 35.00 22 550 25.00

CroD. Potato1995-96 1998-97 1997.98 1998.99 1999-2000 2000-01

Productlvlh Productivl ProductlvlArea IHa Prod 1M

ProducUvi••••, IH,' Prod 1M

Productivl••••,'Hal

ProductlvDivision Area IHa Prod 1M MY/Ha Area 'Hal Prod 1M MTtHa Area IHa Prod (M MTtH. MytH. MYfHa Prod IMTl MYtH.

Saharan ur 3516 82853 23.56 3769 85600 22.71 3554 54827 15.43 3611 77561 21.48 3915 101568 25.94 3394 71586 21.09Merrut 18441 412661 22.38 19309 456443 23.64 19309 456443 23.64 21169 476811 22.52 20794 561147 26.99 19165 413217 21.56Aca 50863 1229017 24.16 68088 1836074 26.97 66482 1298843 19.54 82200 2243852 27.30 89428 2312234 25.86 78768 2048838 26.01Barelliv 28304 526313 18.60 35394 760192 21.48 28321 387233 13.67 30497 560657 18.38 33517 700840 20.91 27008 527493 19.53Moradabad 14415 339171 23.53 18029 409781 22.73 16939 242211 14.30 18224 429799 23.58 23191 549140 23.68 16026 381723 23.82Kan ur 72659 1730596 23.82 80126 2209314 27.57 79501 1273736 16.02 81389 2102716 25.84 91932 2382142 25.91 82318 2059185 25.02Allahabad 28007 511112 18.25 30087 610031 20.28 27670 461016 16.66 30310 574751 22.26 31345 525947 19.97 28900 488824 16.91Jhansi 943 18938 20.08 1100 24818 22.56 1058 15520 14.67 1067 24346 22.82 1463 33037 22.58 784 16708 21.31Chilrakool 479 9620 20.08 590 13312 22.56 541 7936 14.67 587 13394 22.82 878 19827 22.58 484 10315 21.31Varanasl 25617 396584 15.48 26285 515406 19.61 26150 372157 14.23 27684 587371 21.22 28535 610763 21.40 26671 591163 22.17Mirzaour 5453 97290 17.84 6042 108756 18.00 4666 67890 14.55 468f 98320 21.00 5275 112922 21.41 4416 96030 21.75AzamQar1l 15301 271670 17.76 16985 349600 20.58 15307 208288 13.61 15471 341105 22.05 16973 253517 14.94 14891 276186 18.55Gorakh ur 12525 131985 10.54 13785 172574 12.52 12407 106175 8.56 12282 180705 14.71 13317 178231 13.38 11244 159080 14.15Basti 8521 89792 10.54 8626 107989 12.52 8541 74162 8.68 8711 128165 14.71 8915 132958 14.91 8587 108462 12.63Devi Patan 8717 150124 17.22 10251 189550 18.49 9310 87559 9.40 8905 144355 16.21 9364 253875 27.11 8723 170945 19.60lucknow 32950 619874 18.81 37593 614307 16.34 3341. 332154 9.94 34763 636337 18.31 37072 680133 18.35 32887 448644 13.64Faizabad 30117 547867 18.19 33988 788487 23.20 30043 331499 11.03 32463 727004 22.39 31834 600788 18.87 29817 529804 17.77


CroD~OnIDn1995-9'1 1996-97 1997-98 1998.99 1999.2000 2000~1

Pm.I'MProductJvlt\ _.'H.' Prod 1M

ProductlvlProd 1M

ProductlvArea (Ha'

Productiv'Area IHa Prod IM~

Productrvl Product/viDivision Area (Ha MT/HI MTlHa Area 'HI MTlHa Prod 1M MTIHI MT/Ha Area IHa Prod (Mn MT/HaSaharan ur 838 11438 13.68 743 8651 11.64 701 6931 9.89 650 7849 12.08 604 8658 14.33 496 6986 14,08Me"'" 1181 16160 13.68 1226 14276 11.64 953 9422 9.89 880 10626 12.08 2358 33238 14.10 685 9645 14.08Ara 2544 23435 9.21 1955 22764 11.64 1750 17698 10,11 2050 24754 12.08 1627 23323 14.33 685 9648 14.08Bareill 6658 84324 12.67 4580 57250 12,50 2846 38697 13.60 2317 32459 14.01 2333 33444 14,34 2203 31029 14.08Moradabad 1362 17566 12.90 1042 12133 11.64 822 8127 9.89 836 10153 12.14 998 14068 14.10 536 11775 14.08Kan ur 3668 40557 11.06 3114 47457 15.24 2526 20834 8.25 2238 24558 10.97 2502 35866 14.33 2370 33382 14.09Allahabad 1719 20561 11.96 1765 22919 12.99 1720 17707 10.29 1801 21873 12.14 1826 26176 14.34 2088 29409 14.08Jhansi 221 2611 11.81 221 2870 12.99 211 2172 10.29 285 3461 12.14 345 4863 14.10 284 4000 14.08Chltrakoot 559 6605 11.82 603 7830 12.99 474 4880 10.30 377 4579 12.15 752 40600 53.99 428 6028 14.08Varanasi 3560 43108 12.11 3068 39842 12,99 3048 30136 9.89 2908 34409 11.83 2979 37646 12,64 3009 42382 14.09Mirza ur 650 7680 11.82 582 6777 11.64 566 5827 10.30 640 7773 12.15 675 9515 14,10 775 10916 14.09Azamaarh 1881 23684 12.59 1872 27674 14.78 1477 14603 9.89 1417 17110 12.07 1545 22148 14.34 . 1427 20099 14,08Gorakh ur 1295 16493 12.74 1412 18334 12.98 1132 11654 10.30 959 11580 12.08 1148 16457 14.34 1088 15324 14.08Bastl 784 9985 12.74 847 . 10999 12,99 714 7351 10.30 673 8174 12.15 733 10332 14.10 554 7803 14.08Devi Patan 1267 13452 10.62 1351 18622 13.78 1651 16997 10.29 1814 21904 12.07 2367 33931 14.34 2516 35438 14.09Lucknow 2343 24876 10.62 2276 26502 11.64 2007 20662 10.29 2094 25285 12,07 2448 35092 14.33 2165 30494 14.08Faizabad 1626 17263 10.62 1649 22730 13.78 . 1543 15256 9.89 1641 19815 12.07 1736 24886 14.34 1677 23621 14.09

CroD~ Tomato1995-96 1996-87 1997-98 1998-89 1999-2000 2000-01. Produe:tfv Product Productlvlt\ Productlvl Productiv' ProductiVft';Division Area (Ha Prod 1M MT/Ha Area 'Ha Prod 1M MTIHa Area (Ha Prod 1M MTlHa Area IHa Prod (MT MTIHa Area fHa Prod fM MTlHa Area (Ha Prod fMn MTfHaSaharan ur 47 241 5.13 16 93 5.81 144 844 5.86 0 0 0.00 89 1380 15.51 93 2371 25.49Me"'" 461 2507 5.44 891 5157 5.79 236 1378 5.84 0 0 0.00 148 2263 15.50 152 3888 25.58ra 737 2507 3.40 723 4188 5.79 809 4627 5.72 1257 7783 6.19 1090 16895 15.50 1138 29029 25,51Bareill 239 1479. 6.19 292 1691 5.79 289 1688 .5.84 332 2056 6.19 274 4247 15.50 286 7298 25.52Moradabad 53 331 6.25 20 116 5.60 41 259 6.32 43 268 6.19 38 589 15.50 40 1012 25,30Kan ur 671 4160 6.20 554 3208 5.79 562 3282 5.84 650 4025 6.19 526 8053 15.31 549 14010 25.52Allahabad 284 1726 6.08 361 2091 5.79 299 1736 5.81 424 2625 6.19 233 3611 15.50 244 6204 25.43Jhansi 210 1350 6.43 261 1512 5.79 291 1700 5.84 508 3146 6.19 615 9532 15.50 642 16379 25.51Chitrakoot 91 562 6.18 148 658 5.80 237 1426 6.02 275 1703 6.19 172 2666 15.50 178 4581 25.74Varanasi 9 60 6.67 0 0 0.00 70 470 6.71 0 0 0.00 14 217 15,50 14 373 26.64Mirzaour 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 15 90 6.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00Azamaartl 47 415 8.83 115 667 5.80 26 152 5.85 1 6 6,00 0 0 0,00 0 0 0,00Gorakh ur 67 415 6,19 115 667 5.80 26 152 5.65 0 0 0.00 0 0 0,00 0 0 0.00Bast! 48 296 6.17 27 156 5.78 0 0 0.00 37 229 6.19 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00Devi Patan 0 0 0.00 38 221 5.82 60 352 5.87 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00Lucknow 289 1776 6.15 207 1200 5.80 141 814 5.77 145 916 6.19 270 4185 15.50 282 7191 25.50Faizabad 174 1075 6.18 145 840 5.79 182 1054 5.79 151 1121 6.19 133 2062 15.50 142 3544 24,96

CrOD-Garllc1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01

Productlvi Productivi Productlvi Productivity Productivib ProductlviDivision Area tHa Prod (M MYlHa Area (Ha) P,o. (Mn MTlHa Area (Ha Prod (M MTlHa Area (Ha Prod 1M MT/Ha Area (Ha P,,",IM MYlHa Area (Ha Prod 1M MT/Ha

Saharanpur 121 649 4.54 106 471 4.44 91 365 4.01 102 433 4.25 92 370 4.02 67 391 4.49Menu! 59 268 4.54 55 245 4.45 59 237 4.02 72 306 4.25 57 229 4.02 65 291 4.48Ani 2790 12661 4.64 2768 12315 4.45 2770 11105 4.01 2790 11844 4.25 2794 11232 4.02 5714 25652 4.49Bammv 712 3231 4.54 611 3606 4.45 617 3275 4.01 730 3099 4.25 756 3039 4.02 656 3843 4.49Moradabad 297 1346 4.64 297 1321 4.45 300 1203 4.01 294 1248 4.24 262 1134 4.02 320 1437 4.49Kan ur 1266 5745 4.64 1096 4876 4.45 1122 4498 4.01 1316 5587 4.25 1352 6435 4.02 1193 5356 4.49Allahabad 174 790 4.64 195 668 4.45 163 653 4.01 144 611 4.24 159 639 4.02 143 642 4.49Jhansi 11 50 4.55 11 49 4.45 14 56 4.00 13 65 4.23 19 76 4.00 0 0 0.00Chitrakoot 4 16 4.50 7 31 4.43 5 20 4.00 6 25 4.17 9 36 4.00 0 0 0.00Varanasi 172 761 4.64 185 623 4.45 2" 674 4.01 169 717 4.24 176 706 4.02 46 206 4.48Mirza ur 15 66 4.53 25 111 4.44 23 92 4.00 16 76 4.22 20 60 4.00 61 274 4.491= am 135 612 4.53 129 574 4.45 104 417 4.01 114 464 4.25 120 462 4.02 34 153 4.SOGorakh ur 131 595 4.54 130 576 4.45 126 505 4.01 139 590 4.24 144 579 4.02 20 90 4.50Sasti 99 449 4.64 99 441 4.45 99 397 4.01 91 366 4.24 100 402 4.02 66 305 4.49Dev] Patan 159 722 4.64 216 961 4.45 177 710 4.01 161 768 4.24 160 724 4.02 21 94 4.48Lucknow 474 2151 4.64 497 2211 4.45 S06 2037 4.01 463 2OSO 4.24 494 1986 4.02 . 478 2146 4.49Faizabad 236 1071 4.64 161 605 4.45 166 745 4.01 163 177 4.25 219 880 4.02 222 997 4.49

Crao. Sweet Potato1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01

ProducllviArea (Ha\

ProductlvlProd fMTI

ProductlvlArea (Ha) p,od(Mn

Productivi"'ea (Ha' P,od (MTJ

Productivi"'ea (Ha\ P""' (Mn

ProductiviDivision Area (Ha Prod 1M MY/Ha Prod 1M MY1H. Area (Ha MY/Ha MT/Ha MYlHa MY/Ha

Saharanpur 269 2861 10.64 227 2606 11.49 164 2036 12.43 139 1666 11.99 100 1181 11.81 117 1343 11.48Merrut 673 7158 10.64 667 7622 11.43 466 6064 12.43 637 7632 11.98 612 7224 11.80 260 3214 11.48Ani 6748 71772 10.64 7624 87577 11.49 6464 80315 12.42 5923 70963 11.98 6273 74046 11.80 5979 68630 11.48Bareil1 3426 36460 10.64 3552 40802 11.49 2201 27348 12.43 3285 39358 11.98 3711 43805 11.80 2324 26676 11.48Moradabad 655 6967 10.64 466 5353 11.49 359 4461 12.43 332 3978 11.98 606 7153 11.80 256 2961 11.48Kan ur 4459 47426 10.64 4450 51117 11.49 4494 55838 12.43 4240 50799 11.98 4440 52410 11.80 4284 49175 11.48Allahabad 3173 33748 10.64 3187 36609 11.49 3123 38803 12.42 2980 35703 11.98 3069 36108 11.80 3194 36663 11.48Jhansl 16 192 10.67 29 332 1.1.45 37 460 12.43 36 432 12.00 25 295 11.80 23 264 11.48Chitrakoot 27 267 10.63 42 463 11.50 104 1292 12.42 59 707 11.98 62 732 11.81 67 769 11.48Varanasi 203 2159 10.64 205 2355 11.49 169 2346 12.42 197 2360 11.98 202 2384 11.80 204 2342 11.48Mirza ur 27 267 10.63 30 344 11.47 12 149 12.42 26 312 12.00 43 506 11.81 10 115 11.501= am 156 1680 10.63 133 1528 11.49 116 1441 12.42 106 1294 11.98 63 744 11.81 64 620 11.48Gorakh ur 353 3755 10.64 366 4434 11.49 156 1938 12.42 136 1929 14.18 162 1912 11.80 146 1699 11.48Basti 334 3552 10.63 297 3412 11.49 271 3367 12.42 209 2S04 11.98 206 2455 11.80 141 1616 11.48Devi Patan 497 5266 10.64 561 6444 11.49 503 6250 12.43 607 7272 11.98 661 8039 11.80 612 7025 11.48Lucknow 2667 26366 10.64 2606 29935 11.49 2619 32541 12.42 2529 30300 11.98 2778 32792 11.80 2385 27377 11.48Faizabad 2867 30493 10.64 2706 31084 11.49 2629 32665 12.42 2729 32696 11.98 2649 30066 11.80 2551 29282 11.48


eroD. Chillies .

1995-9& 1996-97 1997.98 1998.99 1999.2000 2000-41Productlvl Productlvl Productlvl Producllvl PrDductlvl Productivl

Division Area IHa Prod (MTI MTtH. Are. {HI' P•••• (MTI MYlHa Arel (HI) Prod 1M MY/Ha Area fHa P•••• ,M MTlHa Atea (Ha Prod 1M MY/Ha Area (Ha Prod (M MT/HaSaharan r 684 460 0.67 566 470 0.83 488 417 0.85 358 281 0.79 331 273 0.82 325 260 0.80Memrt 1903 1280 0.67 1933 16{)4 0.83 1779 1521 0.85 '6{)5 1268 0.79 1578 1299 0.82 1358 1088 0.80Aara 2237 1505 0.67 2649 2199 0.83 2420 2069 0.85 2297 1815 0.79 2683 2209 0.82 3496 2800 0.80Bareill 1117 752 0.67 939 779 0.83 484 414 0.86 513 405 0.79 35' 289 0.82 250 200 0,80Maradabad 2110 1420 0.67 1949 1618 0.83 '565 1338 0.85 1506 1190 0.79 1442 1187 0.82 1273 1020 0.80Kanour 1870 1259 0.67 2317 1923 0.83 2280 1949 0.85 1918 1515 0.79 2426 1997 0,82 2494 1997 0.80Allahabad 1423 958 0.67 1683 1397 0.83 1579 1350 0.85 1412 1115 0.79 1921 1582 0.82 2129 1705 0.80Jhansl 97 65 0.67 '88 156 0.83 133 114 0.86 '88 14. 0.79 198 '63 0.82 '76 '41 0.80Chltrakaat 265 17. 0.68 335 278 0.83 260 222 0.85 241 '90 0.79 255 210 0.82 292 234 0.80Varanasi 883 594 0.67 1062 881 0.83 612 523 0.85 703 555 0.79 549 452 0.82 579 464 0.80MJrzaour 442 298 0.67 845 701 0.83 747 63. .0.86 739 584 0.79 1091 8.8 0.82 1061 850 0.80- am 116 78 0.67 115 96 0.83 80 68 0,85 99 78 0.79 6' 50 0.82 '23 98 0,80Gorakh ur 80 54 0.68 118 98 0.83 159 136 0.86 13. 110 0,79 '29 106 0,82 80 64 0.80Basti 6{) 40 0.67 91 76 0.84 82 70 0.85 38 30 0.79 '63 134 0,82 7' 57 0.80Oevi Patan "3 668 0.67 1029 854 0.83 730 624 0.85 766 605 0.79 .73 801 0.82 1017 8'5 0.80Lucknow 2167 1458 0.67 2192 1819 0.83 2357 2015 0,85 2190 1730 0.79 2241 1845 0.82 2419 1938 0.80Faizabad 374 252 0.67 435 36' 0.83 411 352 0.86 506 400 0.79 476 3.2 0.82 58. 472 0.80

Cron. Coriander1995-96 1996-81 1997-98 1998-99 1999.2000 2000-01

Productlv Productlvl Producllvib Productlvl Productivi ProductiviDivision Atea IHa Prod 1M MYIHa Area (Ha Prod 1M MY/Ha Area CHa Prod 1M MY/Ha Area CHa P",dIMTI MT/Ha Area IHa P",d 1M MT/Ha Area (Ha Prod (MTI MT/Ha

Saharan ur 12 • 0.75 12 10 0.83 12 7 0.58 13 9 0.69 '2 7 0.58 13 8 0.62Memrt 36 24 0.67 34 24 0.71 32 1. 0.59 35 23 0.66 41 24 0.59 64 38 0.59Aara 128 89 0.70 '33 '5 0.71 134 81 0.6{) 154 103 0.67 160 '4 0.59 '41 83 0,59Barem 700 485 0.69 6.6 4'8 0.72 703 425 0.60 67' 454 0.67 685 401 0.59 6.3 408 0,59Moradabad 26' 186 0.69 264 18. . 0.72 26' 158 0.61 267 '7' 0.67 265 155 0,58 265 156 0.59Ken , 261 181 0.69 270 193 0.71 288 174 0.60 297 '99 0.67 293 172 0.59 405 239 0.59Allahabad 346 240 0.69 362 25. 0.72 383 231 0.60 446 298 0.67 40. 23. 0.58 46' 272 0,59Jhansi 29. 207 0.69 304 218 0.72 2.0 175 0.6{) 2.3 "6 0.67 2.8 '74 0.58 284 '67 0.59Chltrakoot 476 330 0.69 476 341 0.72 504 305 0,61 510 34' 0.67 511 2•• 0.59 535 3'5 0.59Varanasi 335 233 0.70 333 238 0.71 31. '93 0.61 311 208 0.67 333 "5 0.59 246 145 0.59MirzaDur '4 65 0.69 8. 64 0.72 73 44 0.60 7' 53 0.67 82 48 0.59 '33 78 0.59- am 204 141 0.69 209 150 0.72 229 138 0.6{) 233 156 0.67 236 '38 0.58 '61 '5 0.59Gorakh ur 407 282 0.69 3.3 281 0.72 363 2" {l,60 40. 274 0.67 440 257 0.58 5.2 34. 0.59BasU 345 23' 0.69 363 260 0.72 382 2" 0.60 381 255 0.67 382 223 0.58 366 2'6 0.59Devl Patan 385 287 0.69 373 267 0.72 38' 218 0.60 3.5 264 0.67 336 "7 0,59 325 '" 0.59lucl<.now 1213 841 0.69 1212 858 0.72 1278 772 0.60 1145 766 0.67 1167 683 0,59 1083 638 0.59Faizabad 505 350 0.69 504 361 0,72 532 321 0.60 584 3" 0.67 571 334 0.58 583 343 0,59

Rnal Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic FeaSibility Study for North Zone' 188

Cron. Ginner1995.96 1998.97 1997-98 1998.99 19951-2000 2000..Q1

Productivil't Productlvl Producliv"Area 'Ha Prod IMT

ProductlviAre.'H.' Prod 'M

ProductlvlArea (Ha P",d 1M

Productivtl:\Division Area {Ha Prod 1M MT/Ha Area lHa Prod 1M MT/Ha Area IHal Prod IMT MT/Ha MT/Ha MTlHa MT/Ha

Saharan ur 2 9 4.50 4 21 5.25 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00Meerut 0 0 0,00 0 0 0.00 #DiV/01 0 0 0.00 2 8 4.00 38 119 3.31AQra 0 0 0.00 . 0 0 0.00 1 5 5.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00Bareill 2 9 4.50 2 11 0.00 0 0 0.00 4 27 6.75 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00Moradabad 0 0 0.00 1 5 5.00 1 5 5.00 0 0 0.00 1 4 4.00 1 3 3.00Kanpur 1 4 4.00 2 11 5.50 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00Allahabad 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00Jhansi 218 985 4.43 332 1784 5.31 125 874 5.39 424 2807 6.62 435 1800 •. 14 488 1542 3.29Chitrakoot 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00Varanasi 4 18 4.50 ., 223 5.31 0 0 0.00 10 88 6.60 42 174 4.14 22 72 3.27Mirzaour 4 18 4.50 3 16 5.33 2 10 5.00 4 26 6.50 0 0 0.00 3 10 3.33Aza "h 2 8 4.00 4 21 5.25 4 22 . 5.50 23 152 6.61 9 37 4.11 0 0 0.00Gorakh ur 204 903 4.43 154 816 5.31 84 345 5.39 1 7 7.00 16 66 4.13 9 30 3.33Basti 17 75 4.41 17 90 5.29 5 27 5.40 5 33 6.60 '0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00Devi Patan 3 13 4.33 2 11 5.50 14 76 5.43 24 159 6.63 30 124 4.13 45 148 3.29

Lucknow 3 14 4.67 2 11 5.50 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 10 41 4.10 8 26 3.25Faizabad 0 0 0.00 1 5 5.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 4 17 4.25 6 20 3.33

CroD. Turmeric1995.98 1998-97 1997.98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000..Q1

Productlvl ProducUvArea 'Ha P",d IMT1

ProductlvlArea 'Ha Prod'M

Productlvih.Area 'Ha Prod'M

ProductlvlArea 'HI P<Od'MT1

ProductlvlDivision Area (H, Prod 1M MTIHa Area lHa Prod IMTl MT/Ha MT/HI MTtH. MTlHa MT/HI

Saharan ur 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 1 2 2.00 0 0 0.00 7 11 1.57 1 2 2.00

Merrul 27 54 2.00 6 12 2.00 3 6 2.00 3 5 1.67 5 6 1.60 12 21 1.75

Am 21 42 2,00 6 12 2.00 4 8 2.00 16 30 1.88 22 34 1.55 11 19 1.73Bareill 125 250 2,00 71 141 1.99 82 155 1.89 133 247 1.86 294 456 1.56 177 309 1.75Moradabad 13 26 2.00 19 37 1.95 7 13 1.86 12 22 1.83 29 45 1.55 41 72 1.76Kan ur 1 2 2.00 , 18 2.00 6 11 1.83 9 17 1.89 5 8 1.60 6 10 1.67Allahabad 12 24 2.00 14 28 2.00 17 32 1.88 23 43 1.87 19 30 1.56 22 38 1.73Jhansl 0 0 0,00 1 2 2.00 5 9 1.80 6 11 1.83 16 28 1.56 4 7 1.75Chitrakoot 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00Varanasi 26 52 2,00 2 4 2.00 5 9 1.80 0 0 0.00 1 2 2.00 0 0 0.00Mirza ur 20 40 2.00 4 6 2.00 7 13 1.86 11 20 1.82 3 5 1.67 4 7 ' 1.75

Azamarh 20 40 2.00 15 30 2.00 0 0 0.00 31 56 1.87 38 59 1.55 2 3 1.50Gorakhpur 161 322 2.00 274 547 2.00 232 440 1.90 214 398 1.86 276 430 1.56 294 513 1.74Basli 84 128 2.00 7 14 2.00 39 74 1.90 57 106 1.86 5 8 1.60 0 0 0.00Devi Patan 186 376 2.00 259 513 1.98 144 273 1.90 166 30' 1.86 184 267 1.56 226 394 1.74lucknow 139 276 2.00 126 250 1.98 114 216 1.89 137 255 1.86 21' 341 1.56 '229 399 1.74

Faizabad 7 14 2.00 4 6 2.00 4 8 2.00 1 2 2.00 10 '6 1.60 16 28 1.75

Final Report: 'National Level TechncrEconomic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 189

U.P.1

12!i

, Mis Stayendra Cold Storage,, Mainpuri Road,• Shikohabad - 205135i District Ferozabad (UP),i! (Based on the cost of 3000 MT coldi storage)• Mis Kesarawani Sheetalaya,: Village & Post OfficeSoraon,~District Allahabad (UP): Ph.: 86251

II

Plant:I,

, Mis Udai Cold Storage & Ice. Pvt. Ltd.,

Nai Bazar, Khega,. Fatehpu; :.U.P.). Mis Girir'ilj Udyog Limited,Ved Bhawan, Purshotiam Das,Shastri Lane,Raja Bazar, Lucknow,

I Mis Ajanta Cold Storage & GeneralMills,

• A-18, Anand Vihar, Alipur Road,: Delhi - 110054 .. Ghaziabad (UP).', Mis Dwarika Cold Storage.

Khasara No. 436, Village Bahrauli,. Tehsil Fatehpur Kursi, Barabanki

! (Based on the cost of 3000 MT cold. storage)

Mis Adarsh Cold Storage & Icefactory,Chandpur, Tehsil Soraon,District Allahabad

: Mis Kanodia Cold Storage,• 50-A, Tara Kutir Road, Lukerganj,, Allahabad-211 001• Ph.: 0532-615718, 616706.

Fax: 616371. Mis Prakash Cold Storage.• Jamuir Jamuhar, Chunar. District Mirzapur (U.P.).

9

:8,

:7

.6

;5

. 4.

:3

\.

10

I 11I

! (UP).'I Mis Padmawati Bateshwar Dayal i• Cold Storage Pvt. Ltd.,! Land Araji No. 337,i Village Terua, Tehsil Bilgram,i Hardoi (UP): Mis Nangola Agro Chillers Pvt. Ltd., 'I115, Madhuban Colony, Meerut.

IRoad, IHapur,.District Ghaziabad (UP) I

I

II .; (restricted 3000 MT)

12 Mis C.S. Ice & Cold Storage,Village KhClsra, Plot No. 573 & 575,

, Pu,amana,! The: Kirawali, DistrictAgra (UP)!

113

I

14

. 15

!

1

16

II

I

1

17

iI! 18iiII

I 19I

i Mis Mis Chaudhary Cold Storage I(P) Ltd.,Village Nagla Udaipur,Radha Kund Road,P.O. Goverdhan,District Mathura (UP).Mis Jai Bharat Cold Storage,Village Kakua, Gwalior Road,Agra (UP)Mis Siyaram Ramshree Sheetalaya i(P) Ltd., !

Village Medua, P.O. Araul, .The: Bilhaur, District Kanpur (UP.)Mis Katiyar Cold Storage,Village Narainpur, Central Jail I,Crossing, Fatehgarh,District Farukhabad (UP)Mis Kaushambi Cold Siorage (P),Ltd,Village Nidura, The : Si~athu, Block:Kada, iDistricLKaushambi (UP) :M/sSheelaCold Storage Pvt. Ltd.,Jungle Sikri Khori3bar,Gorakhpur Deoria Road. Near MM ,Engg. College, Gorakhpur (UP).Mis Goyal Ice & Cold Storage (A unit iof Kumar Oil Mills Pvt. Ltd.), .

iI

I!

I:1 .

Ice I:;II

20

iI 21iI122

II,!:23

. i! 25

: 27

Naraich, Hathras Road,Tehsil Etmadpur, Agra (UP)

MIs Owais Cold Storage & General:Mills, i.

Adampur Road(Malhi Sarai) Sambhal,District Moradabad (UP)MIs Guljar Cold Storage &Factory,GT Road, BhogaOl1,District Mainpuri (UP)MIs Raghunath Cold Storage,Village Rampur Taga.Chanderpur Road,Tehsil Dhanora,District J.P. Nagar (UP)MIs Shyam Cold Storage,Village Banika Ka Purva,P.O. & Tehsil Salon,District RaeBareli (UP)MIs Shiv Kripa Cold Storage & Ice;Factory,Village Gaddopur,Phapphamau,Allahabad (UP) .MIs Kansallce & Cold Storage,Naraich, Hathras Road,Agra - 282 006 (UP).MIs Shyam Sheet Grah,Village Balal Malau,Post Nawabganj, District Allahabad:(UP). .MIs Ganga Cold Storage & IceFactory,Saran Hoad, Near FCI Godown,Kasganj (U.P.) ..

(restricted to 3000 MT): 28 Mis Maa Gayatri Cold Storage,

Village Kuberpur, Tehsil Etmadpur,District Agra (UP).

: 29 Mis Durga Cold Storage,Village & Post Loharamau,Tehsil & District Sultanpur (UP) .

. 30 Mis Bhola Sheetgrih.

I

I! 31i!,Ii 32

33

I

I134

II 35,,

. Village Kaserukalaon,Post Sahson, District Allahabad:

. (UP).

I (restricted to 3000 MT)I Mis Tiwari Sheet Grah Pvt. Ltd.,! Village Ganga Garhi, Tehsil Iglas;i District Aligarh (UP).

Mis Abhishek Cold Storage Pvt. ltd., .Village Parsadepur, Tehsil - Salon,!District Raibareily (UP)

I Mis Annapurna :

I Preservation Pvt. Ltd., ;Village Tidiapur, Tirwa Road, Kannauj !

! (UP). . i. i

! (restricted to 5000 MT)i Mis Balaji Cold Storage & Ice Factory, ;! Village Pathra, Badaun Road, '! Chandausi, District Moradabad (UP) I

I Mis K.N. Go~al Ice & Cold: Storage, 131 Milestone, PiliI Pokhar, Hathras Road, Agra (U.P.)

PUNJAB

•

TABLE OF CONTENTS


PUNJAB

2 Current Status of Horticulture in Punjab 190








2.2.7.1 Fruits and Nuts 198-239

2.2.7.1.1 Apple 198

2.2.7.1.2 Banana 198

2.2.7.1.3.1 Citrus fruits I Growth pattern over the decade, 2 Crop calendar, 3 198-206Production technolo¥y 4 Pest and disease management, 5 HarvestMethod and Yield, Crop Econontics, 7 Price trend '. Problems andConstraints, 9 Conclusion

2.2.7.1.4.1 Grapes 207-212

2.2.7.1.5.1 Guava 213-217

2.2.7.1.6.1 Litchi 217-220

.2.2.7.1.7.1 Mango 221-225

'2.2.7.1.9-al Other Fruits - Pear 226-229

2.2.7.1.9-bl Other Fruits - Ber 230-233

2.2.7.1.9-cl Other Fruits - Peach 234-239


2.2.7.2.1 Brinjal' Growth pattern over the decade, ' Crop calendar, 3 Production 240-245technology 4 Pest and disease management,S Harvest Method and Yield,6 Crop Economics, 7 Price trend 8. Problems and Constraints, 9 Conclusion

2.2.7.2.2 Cabbage 246-248

2.2.7.2.3 Cauliflower 249.252

2.2.7.2.4 Okra 253-255

2.2.7.2.5 Onion 256-259

2.2.7.2.6 Tomato 260-262

2.2.7.2.7 Peas 263.264

2.2.7.2.8 Cucurbits 264-268

2.2.7.2.9 Other vegetables 269

2.2.7.2.10 Potato 269-274

Sections Contents Page Nos.2.2.7.3 Floriculture 275-2802.2.7.3.1 Traditional flowers of the State 2752.2.7.3.1.1 Rose . 2762.2.7.3.1.2 Marigold 2762.2.7.3.1.3 Jasmine 2762.2.7.3.2 Cut Flowers 277

I. 2.2.7.3.2.1 Rose 2772.2.7.3.2.2 Carnation 2772.2.7.3.2.3 Chrysanthemum 2782.2.7.3.2.4 Gladiolus 2782.2.7.3.2.5 Gerbera 2782.2.7.3.2.6 Lilium 2782.2.7.3.2.7 Authurium 2782.2.7.3.2.8 Orchid 2782.2.7.3.3 Dry Flowers 279-2802.2.7.4 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 2812.1.7.5 Spices 281-2822.1.7.5.7 Garlic 281-2822.2.7.6 Mushroom 283-2853. Post Harvest Infrastructure and Management 286-2913.1 Production1nfrastrucnrre 286-2883.2 Post harvest Infrastrucnrre 289"2914 Research and Development 292.294

4.2.2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra 292-2944.3 State Agriculture Universities 295-3044.3.1 Punjab Agriculnrral University, Ludhiana 2954.3.2 Thrust area 2954.3.3 Achievements 2964.3.l.a Department of Vegetable Crops of Punjab Agriculture. University, 298

Ludhiana4.3.a2 Thrust area 2994.3.a3 Achievements 3004.3.bl Floriculnrre Department ofPAU, Ludhiana 3014.3.b2 Thrust Area 3024.3.b3 Major Achievements during the decade 3024.4 8tate Department of Horticulture and Extension Services 305-3124.4.1 Name of Department, location and Manpower 3054.4.2 Thrust area 3064.4.3 Achievements of the State Department ofHorticulnrre 3094.5.1 Punjab Horticultural Post Harvest technology Centre PAU, Campus, 313-316

Ludhiana4.5.2 Trusts areas 3134.5.3 Achievements 314

Sections Contents Page Nos.4.6 Organisation of Extension Services in the State 316-3194.6.1 Punjab Agri. Export Corporation LTD, Chandigarh. - Organisation 316

4.6.2 TIuust area 3!7

I 4.6.3 Achievements 317

6 Marketing 320-322

7 Case Studies 323-325Success I Failure studiesAnnexure-l 326-330

2.2

2.2.1

PUNJAB

Current Status of Horticulture Crops - Punjab

Introduction

The state of Punjab which constitutes a very meager proportion of country's

Geographical area i. e, 1.6% has the distinction of almost getting synonymous with

agrarian revolution in the country. It has brought the country to a level of not only self-

sufficiency but even to the threshold of surpluses in cereals. The states contribution to the

country's food reserves are very high, the production of cereals exceeding 25 million

MT. Within the framework of such an intensive agriculture system, Horticulture crops

have not failed to make a headway. Evidently ecological conditions with high fertility

levels of soils and extensive irrigation facilities i.e. 94%, being highest in the country

provide ample opportunities for profitable horticulture. Successful Kinnow (citrus)

cultivation in the state has made it the forerunner state in citrus production. Advances in

production of Potato, Cucurbits, Chillies, Brinjal and Tomato amongst vegetables are

equally sigoificant.

At the present scenario when the continuous cultivation of Paddy and Wheat has resulted

in. degradation .of soil and depletion of ground water and fetch lesser income per unit

input, horticulture crops offer more numerative alternatives to this all cere.alrotation. This

is because agro-climatic conditions of the state are suitable for competitive production of

many fruits and vegetables. Horticulture scenario assumes greater sigoificance from the

point of view of fruit utilization since consumption of fruits and vegetables in the state is

quite high as compared to other parts of the country, hence appropriate technologies and

financial inputs with respect to post-harvest handling will not only mitigate the losses of

fruits and vegetables grown in the state but will also contribute towards saving such

losses, in crops which come from other states. This report, hence envisages to access the

present status of horticulture industry of the state, spell out ways and means to hasten the

pace of development in a sustainable manner and suggest complete and integrated

approach in this field.


as the Trans Gangetic Plains region.

2.2.2 Agro-Ecological condition ofthe state

Agro Climatic zones of Pnnjab

Zone District Fruit trees recommended,

I. Sub-mountainous The districts of Ropar, Mango, Litchi, Kinnow andzone Hoshiarpur, Gurdaspur (except other Manarins , Pear,

the Batala tehsil), Dera Bassi Guava, Peach and Plum.block of Fatehgarh Sahib Lemon and Loquat are ofDistrict and union territory of minor importance I in thisChandigarh. region.

2. Central zone The districts of Amritsar, Pear, Guava, Grape, Peach,Kapurthala, Jalandhar, Plum, Kinnow and otherLudhiana, Sangrur (except mandarins and :Mango.Sunam tehsil) Fatehgarh Sahib Ber, Sweet orange and(except the Dera Bassi block), lemons are minor fruits ofPatiala , Moga and Batala tehsil the region. Iof Glirdaspur. ,

3. Arid-irrigated zone The districts of Bathinda, Kinnow . and otherFaridkot, Ferozepur (except mandarins, Sweet,: Orange,Zira tehsil) and Mansa district. Grape and Ber, Grapefruit,

Lime and Lemon are minorfruits of the region.

4. Special Areas: (i) Kandi Area Guava, Ber, AmIa; Mangoand Galgal are importantfruits of the region, whileKinnow and otherMandarins and lem~n are ofminor importance. ,

I(ii) Bet area Pear, Guava and Plum are

important fruits while fruitsof minor importance arePhalsa and Ber.

According to the central survey of Agriculture, the state is located in zone 6-designatedI

:ed_:::a::dd:::::n:::e:~~ a:~:-::~:a~~c:a::~s~n:~e~:::ain zone, cenr zone,

The annual rainfall ranges from 250 mm in the southern limits to 1000 mm m the

Northern Shivaliks belt. The 500 mm precipitation line, running from northwest to

Southeast direction, almost bisects the state. Most of the annual precipitation ,comes in

I


I

2.2.3

2.2.4

the summer monsoons. However, winter rains in the month of January and February are

very important as they prove to be very useful for Rabi crops all over the state.

The state experiences low temperatures in winter and exceedingly high temperature (48

degree C or even higher) in summer. Though minimum temperature rarely drops below 0

degree C, ground frosts are a common feature in the state.

Land holding pattern and land tenure System

Size Class (ha) Number (000) Area (OOOHa) No. of total landner cent

Below-I, Marginal f3fl!lers 144 85 2.06

1-2, Small farmers 192 260 6.29

2-4, Medium small 323 863 20.58

4-10, Medium 301 1756 42.50

10 and above . 78 1168 28.27

Total 1038 4132 -Source- PAU Agric. Diary, 2002

The total number of holdings in Punjab is 1038000. The highest number of holdings

(323000) fall in the category of 2-4 (small medium) ha. The percentage area in this

category is 20.58. The medium scale units, which are 301000 in number occupy 42.50 of

cultivated land. The units beyond 10 hectares, which are 78000, constitute 28.27 percent.

Hence, these three categories constitute the bulk (91.65 percent) of cultivated land. So,

.unlike other states these three categories, if we call them small medium to large farms

mainly constitute the predominant land holding system in the state. Such farm sizes in a

way has helped in adoption of mechanization and higher use of inputs-fertilizers, high

quality seeds and plant protection chemicals, thereby resulting in higher yields.

Land tenure system

Majority of the farmers are land owners, but good percentage of farms lands are

cultivated on lease basis.

Irrigation and water managemeut:

The state has 94 percent of the net sown area as irrigated as compared to about 31% of

country as a whole. Irrigation' from tubewells accounts for 75.32 percent and by canals

24.68 percent.


Irrigated area (1999-2000)

Source Area (000 ha) Percent ofirril!ated area

Canals 977 24.68Tubewells 2982 75.32Total 3959Irrigated Area 940ercent

The over exploitation of sub-soil water resources through a very exhaustive cropping

system of wheat-rice rotation has been a matter of concern in the recent past. The studies

in water resources in Punjab by a group of scientists of PAU has shown thlit except in

certain parts of Sub-mountainous zone, the supply of water is less than demand, thus

resulting in negative water resource. Such a situation offers a strong point of argument in

favour of diversified agriculture, which ensures rationale of most economical use of this

natural resource.

In contrast to the above, in certain areas especially in canal irrigated areas of arid-

irrigated zones of the state over irrigation has resulted in the rise of water table thereby

creating water-logged conditions.

Another, paradoxical situation with regard to water resource has emerged because of

wide spread plantation of Poplar on prime agricultural lands. Whereas in water logged

conditions it is considered to be helpful in view of its heavy water requirements, but in

other areas it is bound to further aggravate the problem of water table and net water

reserves in the soils.

Further, another equally worrisome possibility could be that when a sizeable quantity of

present good quality water gets over exploited from the upper ground water strata, the

subsequent lower level supplies may turn out to be unfit for irrigation primarily because

of higher accumulation of salts. Such problems appear in the districts of Bathinda,

Ferozepur, Sangrur, Faridkot and parts of Arnritsar, Patiala and Ropar. Ground water of

most of these areas contain high concentration of soluble boron and long term use has

resulted in the built up of boron to toxic levels, concentration of Flourine in irrigation

water is related to water soluble Flourine in soil.

Use of gypsum has been recommended to offset the effects of high bicarbonate and

sodium on soil properties and growth of crops.


2.2.5

Keeping in view, the above issues of water-table, soil and water salinity as well as over

exploitation of water resources, use of drip irrigation for Horticultural crops appear to be

ideally suited.

Major Cropping patterns:

Sr. No. Cronninl! nattern Maior areasI. Wheat-Rice Arnritsar, Ludhiana, Ferozepur, Sangrur and

Patiala2. Cotton Ferozepur, Bathinda, Muktsar and Mansa

(91.48%)3. Potato Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana and Patiala

(61.12%)4. Citrus.Fruits. Ferozepur, Hoshirpur and Muktsar (82.34%)

(Kinnow)

5. Mango Hoshiarpur, Gurdaspur, Ropar and Patiala(82.50%)

6. Vegetables Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Patiala, Amritsar,Ludhianaf60.88%)

7. Sugarcane Gurdaspur, Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Arnritsar andNawanshahar (56.68%)

8. Oilseeds Ferozepur, Hoshiarpur, Amritsar, Bathinda(46.83%)

The major field crops in the state are rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton, maize and oilseeds.

Out of these rice and wheat are fairly well distributed throughout the state, with main

concentration being in the districts of Arnritsar, Ludhiana, Ferozepur, Sangrur and

Patiala. Cotton is predominant in the Ferozepur, Bathinda, Muktsar and Mansa.

Amongst vegetables, Potato has come to occupy first position with an area of about

75000 hectares and production of 1412876MT (2001-2002). Its production is confronted

with frequent sharp ups and downs in market prices and hence annual fluctuations in area

and production. In Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur production of seed Potato is quite

significant whereas in Ludhiana and Patiala Potato is grown mainly for direct

consumption. Supplies of the seed Potato from the state to other parts of the country are

quite significant.

Chillies, Tomato, Brinjal and Onion crops have also witnessed sharp progress in area and

'production in the recent past. In case of Chilies and Tomato productivity has substantially

increased because of the adoption of hybrids.


Amongst fruits Kinnow has assumed a significant place occupying approximately 33

percent of total area under fruits. Other types of citrus such as Sweet orange, Lime,

Lemons etc have been left far behind. The gap almost advancing towards a situation of

monoculture. This necessitates a close watch on its performance upkeep of sustainable

production technology and sound marketing system.

Another significant change in cropping pattern recently emerging is the increase in area

under poplar plantations, which at present is 70 thousand hectares, almost double the

areas under fruits. The pace of progress got speeded up especially in the recent past to an

extent that almost half of this area has come up during last year (2000-200 I). In.general

poplar plantations can fetch an average income of Rs. thirty thousand per acre per annum.

Over and above this, inter-cropping has become an accepted and good practice for the

first three years of planting. Such specific advantages and disadvantages of poplar

plantation along with price trends and marketing problems are to be viewed seriously ifthe area continues to expand at a similar pace.

In.brief main characteristics of cropping pattern in the state are.

(a) Highly exhaustive Wheat-Rice rotation

(b) Cotton in the arid and semi arid areas of the state. In.the recent past this has been

seriously affected by the attack of American Bollworm infestation to. theeconomy of the farmers.

(c) Oilseeds have been the center of attraction in the state planning because of

cooking oil needs of the country and also to diversify from Wheat to Rice

rotation, however, distinct rise in area and production are yet to be achieved..

(d) Potato which, because of its adaptability has further scope of expansion,

however, in view of marketing status, it appears to have reached a plateu.

Frequently increase in area and production result in sharp fluctuations in prices.

Expanded market position and diversified use of potato can help in increasingarea under this crop.

(e) Sugarcane have further scope of expansion and production of this crop IS

increasing in areas where sugar factories are coming up.


2.2.6 Distribution pattern of different horticulture crops (Zone wise)

District Area under Principal fruit Area under. Percent areafruits hectares crop principal crop under principal

cronFerozepur 8270 Kinnow 5250 63.48Hoshiarpur 4912 Kinnow 2527 51.44Muktsar 3055 Kinnow 1696 55.51Gurdaspur 2659 Mango 1405 52.84Amritsar 2575 Pear 1285 49.90

2.2.7 Major horticultural crops of the state

Crop Areas under the Total fruit are in the Percent of total areastatecrop

KINNOW. 11434 34209 33.42MANGO 5608 34209 16.39GUAVA 4357 34209 12.73SWEET 3317 34209 9.70ORANGEPEAR 2147 34209 6.28

Lead Kinnow producing districts of Punjab (2000-01)Total area under Kinnow = 11434 hectare

District Area under Kinnow hectare Percent of total areaunder Kinnow

Ferozepur 5250 45.91Hoshiarpur 2527 22.10Muktsar 1696 14.33

Lead Mango producing districts of Punjab (2000-01)Total area under Mango = 5608 hectare

District Area under Mango hectares Percent of total areaunder MaDlw

Hoshiarpur 1648 29.39Gurdaspur 1405 25.05Ropar 947 16.56Patiala 628 11.20

Lead Guava producing districts of Punjab (2000-01)Total area under Guava= 4357 hectares

District Areas under Guava hectares Percent of total areaunder Guava

Sangrur 678 15.56Patia1a 620 14.23Amritsar 501 11.50


Lead Sweet Orange producing districts of Punjab (2000-01)Total area under Sweet Orange= 3317 hectares

District Areas under Sweet Orange Percent of total areahectares under Sweet Orange

Ferozenur 2156 65.00Muktsar 731 22.04

Leading Vegetable growing districts of Punjab (2000-01)Total Vegetable area = 140453 hectaresProduction = 2337345 ro. tones

District Area Production Percent of Percent of total(hac.) (ro. tonnes total area production

Jalandhar . 26762 458364 19.05 19.61Hoshiarour 20914 310171 14.04 1327Arnritsar 16769 203262 11.94 8.70Patiala 13006 243503 9.26 10.42Ludhiana 10121 207677 7.20 8.88

Growth pattern of Vegetables in Punjab during the decade

Year Area (hac.) Production Productivity(ro. tones) (rot. hac.)

1991-92 84050 1453028 17.281995-96 10500 1774102 16.902000-01 140453 2337345 16.64

Principal Vegetable crops in Punjab iu 1991-92Area and ProductionTotal Area = 84050 hectares, Production = 1453028 ro. tones

Principal crop Area Production Percent of Percent of total(hac.) (ro. tones) total area production

Potato 46200 923119 54.97 63.53Root crop 12905 240664 15.35 16.56Vine crops 8935 48141 10.63 3.31. Chillies 5150 7644 6.13 0.53Tomato 3940 94889 4.69 6.53

Principal Vegetable crops in Punjab iu 2000-2001Area and ProductiouTotal area = 140453 hac., Production = 2337345 Tons.

PrinCipal crop Area Production Percent of Percent of total(hac.) (ro tones) total area production

Potato 70122 1371816 49.92 58.70Peas 13460 80693 9.58 3.45Root croos 13410 262550 9.55 11.23Vine croos 9640 127383 8.86 5.45Chillies 8250 13068 5.87 0.56

Fina( Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 197

(

2.2.7.1

2.2.7.1.1

2.2.7.1.2

2.2.7.1.3

2.:Z.7.1.3.1

Fruits and Nnts

Apple

There is no area under Apples within the state and hence not covered.

Banana

There is no substantial area under Banana within the state and hence not covered.

Citrus - (Kinnow, Sweet oranges, limes to lemons)

Citrus fruits occupy third position after mango and banana in the production of fruits in

India. The state of Punjab which has much lower are a under citrus than many other states

has the credit of having achieved higher productivity (12.900) which is only second to the

productivity of these fruits in the state of Andhra Pradesh (13.5 mt. per hac.). This has

been possible because of the wide spread plantations of Kinnow. At one stage in sixties

and seventies when the citrus industry of the state was in very bad shape because of wide

spread decline of Sweet Orange varieties planted extensively in semi-arid and arid

regions of the state. At the stage it appeared certain that the cultivation of citrus fruits will

loose its significance in the state, but the introduction and instant spread of Kinnow

turned the situation in a positive direction. Presently (200I) citrus fruits occupying as

much as 45.07 percent of the total area under fruits in the state.


The area under citrus fruits has steadily increased during the decade. The increase in area

and production has been primarily due to rapid increase in area under Kinnow. By the

year 2000-01 Kinnow has come to occupy over 74% of total area under citrus, about 22%

under Sweet Orange and the balance of 4% under Lime/lemon. It is primarily because of

this that citrus has become number are fruit in the state leaving Mango as a poor second.

The future trends indicate that percentage area under citrus is going to increase further.


Area, Production and productivity of citrus fruits

Year Area Production Productivity(hac.) (mt.) (mt.l hac)

1991-92 35820 293790 8.201992-93 37464 306080 8.171993-94 39128 319755 8.171994-95 39128 319755 8.171995-96 40073 328590 8.201996-97 42085 347925 8.301997-98 42085 347925 8.301998-99 42976 356735 8.301999-00 13965 177219 12.702000-01 15070 194405 12.90Area, production and productivity of different citrus fruits 1991-92 to 2000-01

1991-92 1996-97 2000-2001Lime/ lemon Area 1121 1320 668

Production 5605 6600 4676Productivitv 5 5 7

Kinnow Area 22932 27500 11434Production 229320 275000 171510Productivitv 10 10 15.00

Malta! Mosambi Area 11773 13265 3317Production 58865 66325 23219Productivitv 5 7.0

In the year 1999-2000 the Directorate of Horticulture, Punjab realizing that all previous

statistics' about the ~ea and production of fruits in the state are not based on any realistic

figures and hence conducted a State wise survey through its field staff. Hence efforts

resulted in revision of the figures, which came down to 30091 hec. in the year 1999-2000

instead of 93220 hec as projected in the year 1998-99, Similarly production figures were

also scaled down to 418639 MT in the year 1999-2000 as compared to 844705 MT in the

year 1998-99. In our discussions with the Director Hort. Punjab it was revealed that the

present system of collecting data on the area and production are realistic based on the

data collected by their field staff after factual survey. This data was also accepted by

NHB since these figures were published as such in its publication 'HorticultureProduction Year Book 200I'.

The consultant has a strong feeling, but refrains from making any comment about the

anomalies persisting in most of the States where area and production figures are far in

excess of the factual position but that needs to be boldly accepted so that real position

emerges on these aspects and the available information can be of utility in planning otherissues such as marketing or processing units.


2.2.7.1.3.2

2.2.7.1.3.3

Crop Calendar

Almost all citrus types are propagated by T-budding method. The time of budding in case

of Sweet Orange, Kinnow and grapefiuit as recommended by P.A.U. is during mid

February-March and again during August-September. The rootstock recoinmended is

rough lemon- Jathi Khalti. However, in case of Blood red and Mosambi varieties of

Sweet Orange, Cleopatra and Pectinifera rootstocks have been recommended.

Production Techuology

(a) Maudarins (Santra)

KinnowIntroduction - It has emerged as the prime fiuit of the state. It covers 74 percent of the

area under citrus and 33 percent of total area under fiuits in the state. Its productivity,

which at present is reported to be 15 MT per hectare, is the highest amongst citrus fiuits

in the country. The quality of this variety is also being widely accepted as a fresh fiuit,

however, it has not been found good for processing because ofbilterness, which develops

in the juice during processing.

Cultivars -(a) Local mandrin restricted in Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur and Ropar districts.

(b) Sweet Orange: Musambi, Jaffa, Blood Red, Valencia

(c) Grape fiuit, Red Blush, Mash Seedless, Duncan and Foster. Good in production

especially in arid regions but is not much acceptable in the market.

(d) Lemon - Eureka and Baramasi - PAU selection I. Both these have not been

much commercialized through the second one has become a popular kitchen

garden tree.

(e) Punjab Galqal- This has been a popular lemon type because of its good

characters for pickle making. Mainly grown as stray seedlings in' the sub-

montane areas of Hoshiarpur, Ropar, Gurdaspur and Pathankot. Very useful plant

because of hardiness to cold while other limes and lemons are quite susceptible.

SeedlPlanting material-Almost all citrus types are propagated by T-budding method. The time of budding in case

of Sweet Orange, Kinnow and grapefiuit as recommended by P.A.U. is during mid

February-March and again during August-September. The rootstock recommended is

rough lemon- Jathi Khatti. However, in case of Blood red and Mosambi varieties of

Sweet Orange, Cleopatra and Pectinifera rootstocks have been recommended. As these


two sweet orange varieties, happened to be the most common varieties recommended in

the state and eventually suffered heavily from citrus decline, hence new rootstocks were

tried and recommended. However, till now these two rootstocks have not come in

common usage and rough lemon continues to be the main rootstock even in case of these

varieties Limes and Lemons is recommended to be propagated by air layering (Gootie) or

by cutting.

Sowing / Planting techniqnesTwo planting seasons are recommended for citrus one in spring and the other in the

monsoon season. The spring plantings starts from 15'h February and continues up to 15th

March. The monsoon season start from middle of August and continue up to middle of

October. Kinnow plants, as per the recommendation can be successfully transplanted

bare-rooted during December-February.

Training and pruningDead Wood Pruning - Main-pruning operation recommended in the state is removal of

dead and dried wood so as to check further spread of diseases. It is a well established

recommendation for almost all citrus types of fruits in Punjab for many years. Almost all

the farmers are adopting this practice; hence it need not be considered as a significant or

recent development. Instead of giving significance to a routine practice of removing

deadwood pruning the consultant is tempted to making a suggestion of "Green Wood

Pruning" which is a regular practice in many advanced Citrus growing countries; but

refrained on doing so, since no significant work on this has been done so far in this State.

Hence the Consultant would like to put it under technology gaps.

The conventional, green wood pruning has not been tested and recommended, as is the

case in many citrus growing countries. However, some pruning has been found to be

beneficial, this is just removal of some branches to open up the tree for proper ventilation

and provide more chances for inner wood to bear fruit.

Nutrient management -

The recommended schedule for fertilization is

Age of tbe tree (year) Dose per treeFYM(kQ) N (2) Urea (46 % N) (2)

1-3 5-20 50-150 100-3004-6 25-50 200-250 400-5007-9 60-90 300-400 600-80010 and above 100 400-800 800-1600

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study JOl' North Zone' 201

In place of urea, nitrogen can be supplied in the form of Ammonium sulphate (20.5 % N),

CAN (25% N), DAP (18% N).

FYM is to be applied during December. Nitrogen dose is to be splitted in two equal parts,

first half in February and the second half in April-May after fruit set.

For Kinnow, add 200 g phosphorous - 1.25 kg super phosphate per tree in addition to

above doses ofN. Zinc deficiency is prevalent and symptoms appear on fully mature new

leaves. This is rectified by spraying 0.3 percent zinc sulphate on spring flush in April -

May, summer flush in June and on late summer flush in August- September.

Water Management-

Young plants up to the age of 3-4 years are to be irrigated at weekly intervals, whereas

older tees be irrigated 2-3 weeks interval, depending upon climate, rainfall and type of

soil. Irrigation in February before sprouting, after fruit set in April and in the hot weather

is crucial for successful crop.

Intercultural operation -

Appropriate technologies for intercropping, weed control and control of pre-harvest fruit

drop have been recommended for successful cultivation of citrus. Thinning of fruits in

Kinnow is important as this variety tends to over bearing thereby affecting the size and

quality of fruit.

Harvesting and yield- Kinnow is to be harvested when the fruits develop proper colour

and acceptable T.S.S. acid ratio. The fruit in the periphery of the tree be harvested when

such ratio is 12:1, whereas the fruit in side the tree may be harvested when the ratio is

14:1. The best time for picking Kinnow fruits is from mid January to mid February.

Fruit, during harvesting operation is not to be pulled from the bra';ches but use clipper so

as to retain a non-protruding short fruit stalk (button).

Again the package of practice contains the general recommendation that the fruit should

not be pulled from the branches during harvesting as the skin from stem end can be

ruptured. Further the harvesting with the clippers is recommended retaining a non

protruding short fruit stocks (Button) which in packaging the damages the other fruits.


2.2.7.1.3.4

The main issue instead of the above which still remains a understood problem is when to

harvest the fruit. The available recommendation of TSS / Acid Ratio (as mentioned in

the recommendation of PAD) is not well understood by the growers and not easy to

follow. The grower on the basis of his visual observations adjusts the harvesting time.


Citrus psylla, leaf miner, white fly, mite, leaf folder, bark eating caterpillar are the main

insect pests of citrus. The symptoms of their attack and control measures of each have

been worked out and are recommended. However the integrated spray schedule has to be

followed for the control of all pass and diseases.

Canker (bacterial disease), scab, gummosis, wither tip, stem and fruit rot, virus and virus-

like diseases such as greening, tristeza, exocertis, ring spot are quite serious disorders

making citrus production a difficult task. Like insect pest, there are control measures for

all these diseases but a regular integrated spray schedule is recommended to be followed

for keeping the tree healthy.

Method of Controlling Phytophathora foot rot: The control measure for this disease

stand included in the standard package of practice for Citrus.


Integrated spray schedule for controlling insect pests, diseases, nutritional deficiencies and (ruitdrop in citrus.

Month Treatment Quantity in 500 Insect pestl diseaselitres water

December- January F~eaIlJE' miJEture 2.3.2$9"- Root rot, gu1&Mnq...,ot 8>r> , .e ,;2~' J~I-. canker ok.o.\ & ~

February- March" Rogoror 670 ml Citrus psylla, "Nuvacron 625 ml Leaf minor

April (after fruit set) Thiodan + 1000 ml Citrus psylla, white fly,Zinc sulphate + 1.5 kg leaf minor, fruit drop andAureofungin or 20 g zinc deficiencyBavistin + 500 g2,4-D 5 g .Bordeaux mixture 2:2:250

May-June Rogoror 670 ml Citrus psylla and miner,Nuvacron'+ 625 ml mite, scabZinc sulphate 1.5 kgBordeaux mixture 2:2:250

July-August Rogor 670ml Citrus psylla, leaf miner,or Nuvacron 625 ml whitefly, mite, lemon,Aureofungin solution 20 g Caterpillar, scab, cankeror Bavistin 500 g and pathological fruitor Bordeaux' mixture 2:2:250 Drop.

September 2,4-D + 5g Physiological andZinc sulphate 1.5 kg pathological fruit dropSolution or Bavistin 500g zinc deficiency, lemonOr Bordeaux' 2:2:250 cterpillar, leaf miner,Mixture citrus psylla and canker

, Copper oxychloride (Blitox, blue, copper, Fytolan)

" Before the flowers open.

2.2.7.1.3.5 Harvest method and yield

Harvesting and yield- Kinnow is to be harvested when the fruits develop proper colour

and acceptable T.S.S. acid ratio. The fruit in the periphery of the tree be harvested when

such ratio is 12:1, whereas the fruit in side the tree may be harvested when the ratio is

14: I. The best time for picking Kinnow fruits is from mid January to mid February.

Fruit, during harvesting operation is not to be pulled from the branches but use clipper so

as to retain a non-protruding short fruit stalk (button).


2.2.7.1.3.6 Crop Economics

The productivity for Citrus fruits peaks off after the lOthyear and in general the incomes

comes to around Rs. 82,500 per hectare which is based on the calculation that the number

of plants per hectare being 275 with an average yield of 60 Kg per plant and the sale price

ofRs. 5 per Kg.

2.2.7.1.3.7 Price trends

Amongst all the citrus fruits there was in general rise in wholesale prices from 1991 to

200 I except few years when lower prices were recorded because of heavier cropping and

thus more arrivals in the.market. Limesl lemons which were having an average whole

sale price of Rs. 768-75 in 1991, fetched a price of Rs.996.58 in 1996: In case of

Mosambi corresponding figures for 1991 and 1996 were Rs. 574.18 and 700.50

respectively. The rise in prices during the corresponding years were rather sharper in care

of Mandarin which rose from Rs. 631.50 per quintal in 1991 to RS.1229.14 per quintal in1996.

The average price of Kinnow prevailing in Punjab during 2002 - 03 was in the range of

RS.8 to IS per Kg. Depending upon the size and quality. The properly graded I treated

and waxed which is generally done for long distance transportation to distant marketsfetch a price of Rs.20 per Kg.

Total arrivalsMT25861897285160691029398107289

Year

1991199219931994.199519961997

Total arrival and average wholesale prices of Limel Lemon in Jalandhar market (1991-1997

Avg. wholesale price Rs. Range of Price (Rs. per ton)er ton7687.57381.77948.37067.591209965.89371.7

2.2.7.1.3.8 Problems and constraints

Out of citrus fruits sweet orange varieties continue to suffer from citrus decline caused by

certain viruses, pathological disease or insect pest and yet such technologies are not

available to the level of brining back these varieties on a revival path. Moreover sweet

orange as such is not likely to match in productivity with Kinnow. Hence, Kinnow is

likely to dominate the citrus scenario of the state in the foreseeable future. However,


2.2.7.1.3.9

predominance of Kin now at the existing level or still at higher level as in visualized is not

going to remain without problems. Tree of Kinnow is also likely to be prone to decline if

full care and preventive measures are not regularly taken. This variety appears to have a

tendency of comparatively shorter productive life. This could be due partly because of

over productivity, starting bearing at an early age, higher seed content which is said to be

a sink for nutrients from the tree. High seed content is also a disadvantage from fresh

eating point of view as well as being an hindrance in processing. This variety is

otherwise, also unsuitable for processing because of the bitterness of juice which

develops during processing.

Limes and lemons have also not picked up well in the state because of their susceptibility

to certain diseases especially Canker which being a bacterial disease is not easy to

control. Only exception in this group has been Hill lemon-Gal gal which traditionally has

been used for home scale pickle making or is used for the preparation of citrus squash by

certain processing companies in the state but the product is sold generally under the name

Orange squash / lemon squash. The production of this variety has so far not assumed

great commercial significance in view of its limited market demand.

Conclusion

It is a welcome development that Kinnow has made the citrus Industry of the state a .

viable proposition because of its high productivity and good eating quality. However, still

such developments are to be closely watched so that its cultivation remains sustainable.

Since, this variety also is prone to many incurable viral disease like other citrus varieties,

required surveillance on its performance has to be regular. Most important step in this

direction has to be up gradation of nursery production programme in the state. Bud wood

used in the propagation has to be virus free and rootstock source has also to be true to

type and from identified! indexed mother trees.

Since increase.d area under this variety is going to result in more production, protocol for

post harvest handling of the fruits need further refinement. This has to match with efforts

to expand its market base both within the country as well as in the foreign markets.

Diversification in varietal situation has to be taken up intensively partly because of some

of the above reasons as well as to have expanded availability period especially earlier

than Kinnow since it is rather a late variety. This will avoid dependence on single variety

and will expand the availability period of fresh fruit.

Final Report: 'National Level TechnocEconomic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 206

2.2.7.1.4

. 2.2.7.1.4.1

2.2.7.1.4.2

Grape

Grape growing in the state has assumed great significance in view of heavy investment

needed to develop the recommended structure for the vines training system as well as

because of high returns. It is grown on an area of 1378 hectares producing 37206 MT. It

is mainly cultivated in the arid and semi-arid conditions of Ferozepur and Bathinda

districts.


Table

Area, Production and productivity of Grapes for the period 1991-92 to 2000-2001

Year Area hac. Production MT ProductivityMT/hac.

1991-92 2238 60426 27.001992-93 2255 60885. 27.001993-94 2289 61803 27.001994-95 2289 61803 27.001995-96 2336 63072 27.001996-97 2462 66474 27.001997-98 2462 66474 27.001998-99 2487 67145 27.001999-00 1280 34560 27.002000-01 1378 37206 27.00

The area under grapes during the decade increased only marginally from year to year. In

the first slab of eight years from 1991-92 to 1998-99 the total increase was 249 hectares

whereas in the year 1999-2000 to 2000-2001, there was an increase of 98 hectares. The

productivity of grapes during the decade remained static at 27 MT/ hectare. The two

districts of Bathinda and Ferozepur remained the leading districts accounting for 70percent of area under grapes in the state.

Crop Calendar

The planting is done from middle of January to first half of February.


2.2.7.1.4.3 Production technology

Cultivars

Perlette

Predominant variety occupying about 90 percent of the acreage under grapes in the state.

It is seedless and early maturing.

Beauty Seedless

Early and seedless. Keeping quality is poor.

Flame Seedless

A seedless varietybut is not early maturing.

Propagation

Grape plants are propagated through, hard woodcuttings. The cuttings are prepared from

the pruning wood of selected vines, which are marked for bearing good crop. The

cuttings are made in the months of December- January.

Seed I Plauting Material

The planting distance recommended is 3 x 3 metres. The planting is done from middle of

January to first half of February.

Intercultural Operations-

Most common method of training of vines is the Bower system. A number of other

systems like Kniffen system (Vertical Trellis), Telephone system (Horiwntal Trellis) and

Head system were tried also but under the growing conditions of the state Bower system

of training was found to be successfuL The detailed stepwise development of vines on the

Bower system has been explained in the recommendations.

Impact of Quality Improvement Technology on cultivation

As per the discussions with Director Horticulture, Punjab, new technology is being

imparted by continuous demonstrations in production technology. The department lays

out 500 acres of technology demonstrators annually among the leading grape growers.

The results of demonstrations have shown a significant increase in receptiveness of this

technology. There is a perceptive change in the quality of fruits which can be seems on

the basis of the following indicators:

o Maturity period reduced by 7 - 10 days.

o Increase in TSS content in fruits from earlier 12-13 to 21-22.

o Change of fruit colour to golden yellow.

o Increase in berry size to twice its earlier size.

o Heavy reduction in the No. of small berries.


• Damage due to rain reduced as compactness of bunch is not there.

• Ripening is uniform.

Recommended pruning intensities for different varieties are given hereunder:

TablePruning intensities recommended for Grape varieties

Variety Planting Training system No. of canes NO•.ofbudsdistance per vine per cane.(meters)

Per lette 3x3 Bower 60-80 4

Beauty 3x3 Bower 60-80 4Seedless

Pruning time is from mid January to first week of February.

Nutrient Management.

Newly planted vines are to be given 60 g urea and 125 g Muriate of potash in April

followed by a siinilar dose in June. For older vines the schedule is given in Table.

Age (year) FYM Urea (46%N) Super phosphate Muriate of potash(kg) (kg) (16% P,O.) (60% K,O)

(kl!) (kl!)1 20 0.4 1.5 0.252 35 0.5 2.5 0.353 50 0.6 3.5 0.504 65 0.8 4.0 0.655 and above 80 1.0 4.5 0.80

FYM along with super phosphate, halfof Nand K are to be applied after pruning. The

remaining Nand K are to be given in April.

Water Management-

The water requirement mainly depends on age, soil type and climate. The young plants

are to be irrigated regularly. The bearing plants are to be irrigated as per the requirements

taking care that excessive irrigations are to be avoided at the time of the fruit - set as well

as at fruit ripening stage.


2.2.7.1.4.4. Pest and disease management

Insect pestsGrapevine thrips, Jassid, leaf roller, Defoliating beetles, yellow and red wasps are the

major pests of grape vine.

DiseasesAnthracnose die back, Cercospora leaf spot, downy mildew, foot rot or collar rot,

powdery mildew and rotting of berries are the main diseases affecting the grape vine.

Control measures for each insect pest and disease have been worked out. Individual

control measures are to be adopted if some pest or disease appears in an acute form.

However, in general to have a complete control of all pests and diseases so as to keep the

vines healthy and productive an integrated spray schedule is recommended.

TableIntegrated spray schedule to control insect pests and diseases of grapes

Month Mateials Quantity of Insect pests/ diseases500 litres

February Methyl parathion 250ml Bark eating insects(before 50 EC Bordeaux 2:2:250 anthracnosesorouting) MixtureMarch (first Malathion 50 EC 500 ml Thrips, Powdery mildewweek) Bayleton/ Topaz 200 g Anthracnose/ Cercospora

Bordeaux mixture 2:2:250 leaf spots powdery mildewLast weekApril-mid month Wetable sulphur 1.25 kg Powdery mildew

Or Bayleton/ Topaz 200 g AnthracnoseBavistin 500g Cercospora leaf spot

Fourth week Malathion 50 EC* 500 ml ThrinsMay (first week) Bordeaux Mixture 2:2:250 Anthracnose

Bavleton/ Topaz 200 <> PowderYmildewJune (first week) Cantan or Ziram I kg Rottin<>of berriesJuly (after Hexavin 50 WP 1.5 kg Thrips, jassid, chafferharvest) Bavistin 50 WP 500 g BettIe, leaf roller,

Anthracnose,Cercospora leaf spot

August (middle) Bordeaux Mixture 2:2:250 Anthracnose, Cercosporaleaf spot, Downv mildew

September (first Hexavin 50 WP 1.5 kg Thrips and jassids,week) Bavistin 50 WP 500 g cercospera leaf spot, downy

mildewSeptember Bordeaux Mixture 2:2:250 Anthracnose, Cercospora(middle) leaf spot, Downv mildew


Bordeaux mixture should not be sprayed in mixture with other chemicals. Rest of the chemicals

indicated against a given spray is compatible and can, therefore, be mixed..

• In Perlette cultivars, carbaryl should prefer as it also looks after thinning of berries apart

from thrip control.

• Zinc. sulphate 3 kg plus 1.5 kg unslaked line should be sprayed if deficiency symptoms

appear.

2.2.7.1.4.5

2.2.7.1.4.6

2.2.7.1.4.7


Grapes are to be harvested when they are fully ripe. Repeated pickings are recommended

as the bunches do not ripen at the same time. The fruit yield per hectare in the state is 27

M. tones per hectare, which is highest in the county.

Crop economics

Currently the average yield of grapes in the State are pegged at 4-6 tons per hectare but

the data given for calculation of the economics for the crop by the DOH as shown an

average yield at 13.32 tons per hectare. The calculations have been made on the basis of

this figure and therefore the income thus generated from the crop comes to RS.6.66 lacs

per hectare from eighth year onwards with the cost of cultivation benched at RS.22.600/-

per hectare.

Price trends

Grapes appear to be the costliest fruit in Punjab markets. This could be due to its limited

cultivation in certain western and southern states- Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and

Karnataka, as well as due to its perishable nature, which results in more losses during

transit over long distance. However, reverse is true with regard to the lowest prices

during the year amongst most of the fruits, the range being Rs. 309 per quintal in1991

and highest in1995- Rs. 628 per quintal. However, such low prices are due to the

availability of locally grown grapes in the state, which is inferior in quality as compared

to the grapes of Maharashtra. This inference is drawn from the fact that during all the

years lowest prices prevailed in the month of June when only local grapes gets availableand Maharashtra grapes are over much earlier.


. 2.2.7.1.4.8

2.2.7.1.4.9

Total arrival and average wholesale prices of Grapes in Jalandhar market(1991-1997)

Year Total arrivals MT Avg. wholesale price Range of Price (Rs. per ton)Rs. ner ton

1991 1236 13320 309 (June) 17020 (April)1992 1451 14090 379 (June I8780(May)1993 1527 14660 344 (June 24470(May)1994 1625 13820.0 444 (June I7760(Mav)1995 4974 . 21180.0 628 (June 29400(Mav)1996 6570 15220.80 569 (June I9740(Feb.)1997 3086 16020 464 (June) 20030 (Anril)


Spread of, grape cultivation is restricted because of heavy investment required for

developing the structure for Bower system. The fruit quality is not as good as the grapes

that come in the market <luringwinter months from Maharshtra and some Southern states.

As the fruit in the state ripens in the hot months of May and June, post harvest handling

and marketing gets quite difficult. Some of the crop gets damaged if the monsoon rains

are early and the crop maturity gets delayed.

Conclusion

The grapes in the state ripen when grapes from other areas are not available. Moreover,

grapes availability period does not coincide with any major fruit in the market. Hence,

scope of good market is there. A new hope for grapes has arisen due to the efforts of the

state Department of Horticulture through which a package of quality improvement

technology has' been practically demonstrated at farmers' fields. If such results are

confirmed at wider adoption level and are matched with efficient system of harvesting,

post harvest handling, improved transportation system and opening in big markets, then

there is a scope of increasing area and production of grapes in the state. Easy financial

support will also have to be arranged along with cheaper technology of erecting structure

of Bower system of training.

. Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 212

2.2.7.1.5

2.2.7.1.5.1

2.2.7.1.5.2

Guava

Guava is an important fruit crop of the country. It is grown almost in every state. It is

grown in an area of 148.2 thousand hectares with a production of 1631.5 thousand MT.

The average productivity in the country is 11 MT/ hectare which is quite high as

compared to many other fruits. The state of Punjab though occupying a very small

proportion of the country's area under this fruit but the productivity (17.5 MT/ha) is only

next to Madhya Pradesh (20.0MT/ha).


The area under Guava in the state has ,gradually increased over the decade (1991-92 to,

2000-2001) and presently it is grown over an area of4375 hectares with a production of

76248 MT. The productivity (17.5 MT/hac.) of Gauva in the state is much above the

national average productivity (IIMT/ hac.) and is second only to Madhya Pradesh. It is

grown in all the districts of the state but Sangrur, Patiala aud Amritsar are the leading

districts accounting for 41.29 percent of the total area of this fruit in the state.

TableArea, production and productivity of Guava for the period 1991-92 to 2000-01.

Year Area hac. Production MT ProductivityMT/hac.

1991-92 4301 43010 101992'93 4694 46940 101993-94 5367 53670 101994-95 5367 53670 101995-96 5833 58330 101996-97 6875 68750 101997-98 6875 68750 101998-99 7518 75180 101999-00 3418 59815 17.52000-01 4375 76248 17.43

Crop Calendar

Guava is recommended to be planted in February- March and August-September with

earthballs or bare rooted.

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-EconomicFeasibility Study for North Zone' 213

.;

2.2.7.1.5.3 Production techuology

Cultivars

Sardar (L-49)- yield 125 to ISO kg per tree

Allahabad Safeda- Yield 120-140 kg per tree

Seed I Planting Material

Guava is commercially propagated by patch budding- seedlings of Sardar variety are

commonly used as rootstock because of its resistant to Guava wilt.

Sowing I Planting technique

Guava is recommended to be planted in February- March and August-September with

earthballs or bare rooted. In the latter case the plants should be defoliated and roots

covered with some moist material.

Intercultural Operations

Modified leader system of training is commonly followed. The main objectives of

training Guava plants is to provide a strong framework and branches suitable for bearing

very heavy crop load without breakage of the branches. The flowers and fruits in Guava

are borne on current season's growth, hence, a light annual pruning upto 10 cm tip

removal proves useful to encourage new shoots after the harvest. Dead, diseased,

intercrossing branches and suckers coming up from the base and sides of the framework

should also be pruned back annually.

Nutrient Management -

Age of tree Farmyard Fertilizer dose ner tree(years) manure Urea Super phosphate Muriate of potash

(kg) (46%N) (16% P,O,) (kg) (60% K,O) (kg)(I!)

1-3 10-20 150-200 0.5-1.5 0.1-0.44-6 25-40 300-600 L5-2.0 0.6-1.07-10 40-50 750-1000 2.0-2.5 1.1-1.5Above 10 50 1000 2.5 1.5

Farmyard manure should be applied in May. Half of the inorganic fertilizers should be

applied in May-June and the remaining half in September-October.


2.2.7.1.5.4

Zinc deficiency

It has been commonly noticed on Guava plants in the state. The affected plants produce

small leaves with yellowing or chlorosis in between the veins. The plant growth is

suppressed and the branches start dieing back. The deficiency is cured by spraying the

trees with Zinc sulphate- lime mixture- I kg of Zinc sulphate and 0.5 kg of unslaked lime

in J 00 litres of water. Two to three sprays of this mixture are recommended between June

to September.

Water Management

The young Guava plants need irrigation at weekly interval during summer months and 2

to 3 irrigations during winter months. Irrigation to bearing trees depends upon age, soil

type and climate. Normally such trees require irrigation for flowering and better fruit set

at an interval of 2 to 3 weeks during summer and at monthly intervals during winter.

Crop regulation

Guava gives two crops a year. Winter season crop is superior in quality than rainy season

crop, which may get infested with fruit flies. Hence crop regulation is required to get

winter crop. The P .A.U. has made the recommendations for this: .

i) Spray urea 10 percent or naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) @ 600 mg/litre during

May when maximum flowers have opened.

ii) Pruning of terminal portion of the shoots upto 20 and 30 cm in the second half of

April.

iii) Apply fertilizers during June to encourage growth in July-August for getting.

maximum flowering during August-September for winter season crop.

iv) Withhold irrigation during April-May.


Fruit fly is the most serious insect pest of Guava. This pest is more serious on rainy

season crop. The other important pest is shoot borer. For the control of fruit fly

recommendations include (a) the cleanliness especially the removal and destroying of

fallen infested fruits (b) Avoiding rainy season crops (c) Harvesting the fruits at a slightly

hard stage.

For the control of attack of shoot borer spray of Monocrotophos, Chloropyriphos and

Ekalux is recommended.


2.2.7.1.5.5

2.1.7.1.5.6

2.2.7.1.5.7

2.2.7.1.5.8

Diseases

Wilth of Guava is very serious disease especially in heavy soils or wet conditions. The

control measured include (a) Plant Guava in a well drained soil (b) Drenching the soil in

the pit with formalin solution (c) Uprooting of affected trees (d) Using Sadar Guava (L

49) seedlings as rootstock. Fruit rot, anthracnose or dieback- control measures

recommended are (i) Avoid water to stand around the tree trunk (ii) Spray with Bliotox or

Captan (d) Cleaning the soil from any fallen and rotten fruits.


Guava fruit is recommended to be picked when it is mature but firm. The fruit change

colour from dark green to be greenish yellow. Guava yield is 17.5 MTlhac, which is

much higher than the national average of II MT/ hac.

Crop economics

Currently the average yield of Guava in the State are pegged at 17.5 tons per hectare. The

calculations have been made on the basis of this figure and therefore the income thus

generated from the crop comes to Rs.52,500 per hectare from tenth year onwards with the

cost of cultivation benched at Rs.3,200/- per hectare.

Price Trends

There is no regulated market price data available. However, the price trend for the

product has increased over the past decades and currently is being sold at around Rs.450

per quintal in the wholesale market of the State.


Guava wilt which results in mortality of plants both young and old is quite a serious

problem in the state. Remedial measures have been suggested but still the malady is not

completely cheked. Sardar (L-49) Guava seedlings have been found to be tolerant to this

disease. Further work on this disease is required to be undertaken. Fruit fly is the second

main problem in Guava. This pest is quite difficult to be controlled. Further efforts are

needed in this direction also.


2.2.7.1.5.9

2.2.7.1.6

2.2.7.1.6.1

2.2.7.1.6.2

Conclusion

Guava fruit is getting popular in the state and is quite remunerative to the farmers. More

varieties and rootstocks are required to be worked out to avoid wilt and fruit fly attack.

Post harvest handling, proper packaging and grading of fruit needs to be improved.

Presently almost all the fruit produced in the state is consumed locally, however, if the

area and production increases, distant markets will have to be explored.

Litchi

India ranks.first in area, production and productivity of litchi in the world. Leading litchi

growing states are Bihar, Bengal and Assam. In Punjab, litchi is successfully grown in

the sub-mountainous parts of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Ropar and Patiala districts. The

litchi plant is quite exacting in its climatic requirements, hence the production is

restricted to few areas only.


TableArea, production and productivity of Litchi for the period 1991-92 to 2000-2001Year Area hac. Production MT Productivity MT/hac.1991-92 1523 9138 6.001992-93 1673 10038 6.001993-94 1910 11460 6.001994-95 1910 11460 6.001995-96 1990 11940 6.001996-97 2166 12996 6.001997-98 2166 12996 6.001998-99 2306 13236 5.701999-00 IIII 11100 10.002000-01 1146 11460 10.00

The area and production of litchi in the state has gradually increased during the decade.

In the year 2000-2001 it occupied an area of 1146 hectares yielding a production of

11460 tonnes achieving a productivity level of 10 tonnes per hectare.

Crop Calendar

Middle of July to September are the best months for propagation.


Sucking Mangoes

Another important varietal feature in the state is recommendation of seedling selections

GNI to GN7. Though these selections have not yet assumed commercial status in the true

sense but definitely hold good promise either straight way for cultivation or as useful

parental material in varietal improvement programmes.

Propagation

Side grafting has been found to be the most efficient method of propagation. It has

largely replaced the old difficult method of Inarching. The randomly selected seedlings

are used as rootstock. Best time of side grafting in Punjab is March to Sept. excluding

May and June- being dry and hot months.

Sowing I Planting techniques

Recommended planting time is (a) February- March (b) August- Sept. The later time is

preferred because weather is relatively cools down.

Recommended distance of planting is 9 x 9 metres for grafting varieties and lOx 10

metres for sucking types.

Pruning

No specific training or pruning is required for mango tree. Only recommended approach

is to space the main scaffold branches at 20-25 cm distance. No regular annual pruning is

required. However, after a period of 20-25 years when the tree grows very tall, the

fiuiting gets restricted to only the peripheral part, the tree has to be headed back to

invigorate the trees to increase productivity.


2.2.7.1.7.4

Nutrient management

The nutritional requirement of mango varies with the region, soil type and age.

Recommendation also differ for 'on and off year of production.

Age FYM (kg) Dose ner tree r,,)Urea Super phosphate Muriate of Potash

(60% K,Q)1-3 5-20 100-200 250-500 175-3504-6 25-50 200-400 500-750 350-7007-9 60-90 400-500 750-1000 700-100010 and 100 500 1000 1000Above

Water management

Frequency of irrigation of mango orchards depends upon the type of soil, climatic

conditions, especially the rainfall and its distribution and the age of the tree. Generally

young plants require frequent irrigation during the dry period.

Intercultural operation

Mango tree has a juvenile period ranging from 3 to 7 years depending upon the variety

and climate. Therefore, in young orchards intercropping in advised to profitably use the

vacant space. Vegetables like onion, tomato, radish, beans, cauliflower, cabbage, .leafY

vegetables and leguminous crops like moong, mash, gram and lentil can be grown


(a) Diseases

(i) Mango malformation occurs both at juvenile and flowering stage. Compact

leaves are formed at the apex of shoot or in leaf axil in the young trees. In the

case of bearing trees, the panicles are affected- peduncles become thickened and

fleshy with heavy numerous branches. Removal of affected shoots every month

and destroying them in case of young trees helps in checking the disease. In case

of bearing trees, de-blossoming affected panicles and spray of 200 ppm NAA in

October is recommended to keep malformation under check. However still no

complete control measure is known and it appears to be a teclmology gap in thesuccessful cultivation of mango.

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for No~rh Zone' 223

.<)o

2.2.7.1.7.5

2.2.7.1.7.6

(ii) Black tip

This disorder is caused by smoke of brick kilns. Control measures include

spraying three times with 0.6 percent Borax before flowering, during flowering

and along with Bordeaux mixture (2:2:250) or 1.5 kg of Copper Oxychloride in

500 litres of water after fruit set.

In addition to these two diseases, mango is also affected by powdery mildew,

anthracnose or dieback, twig dieback or leaf blight and stem canker. All these

. maladies can be completely checked by adopting recommended practices.

(b) Insect pests

Important insect pests attacking mango are mealy bug, hoppers, scabs, stem borer, shoot

borer and red.ants. General cleanliness around the tree and physical barriers on the main

trunk of the tree are quite efficient remedial measures to control mealy bug. The other

serious pest of mango is hopper. It is kept under check by pruning old dense orchards

during winter. It is also advised to avoid too dense plantations. Chemical control by spray

of carboryl, melathion or Thiodan.

Recommendations for other insect pests are also available, regular adoption of such

sprays, keeps the mango trees from such pests.

For complete control of aforesaid diseases and insect pests on integrated spray schedule

has worked out.


Mango should be harv~sted with pedicel. Yield varies with the variety and the region.

The average productivity in the state has touched 10 MTIHA in the year 1999-2000 as

compared to 6 MTIHA in 1991-92.

Crop economics

It has been observed that after the IOth Year Mango plantation gives a steady income of

approximately Rs. 45,000 per hectare. The economics has been worked out on the basis

of about 100 plants in a hectare of land averaging a yield of 90 Kgs. keeping in mind the

estimated selling rate of Rs. 5 per Kg. and the expenditure incurred by the farmer of

about Rs. 4,425 per hectare. Thus the net cash flow per hectare to the farmer comes to

around Rs. 40,575 per hectare.


2.2.7.1.7.7

2.2.7.1.7.8

2.2.7.1.7.9

2.2.7.1.8

Price trends

Average wholesale price of mango in general tended to increase annually. During the

decade. however. there were some overriding influence of 'off and 'on' year of

cropping. The decade started with an average wholesale price of Rs. 617.5 per quintal in

1991, which rose to Rs.1108.25 in 1996 and Rs. 1456.67 per quintal in 2000" The total

arrivals increased more than double in 1997 in comparison to 1991. TI,e comparison of

some of the important markets of the state showed that Ludlriana market registered the

highest arrival of fruits- 14023-2MT. In this market arrivals of mango were second onlyto Banana (26686.9).

The 'off and 'on' years of the mango crop significantly affect the arrivals and prices in

all the major markets of the country. The available price trends also indicate the sharp

influence of inflation from the I" three years of the decade 1991-93 as comparl:d the rest

of seven years whereas after this quantum jump in prices there was prevalent a stabilizing

factor maintaining the prices in the range of 1000 to 1100 rupees per quintal in theJalandhar market.


Alternate bearing and malformation especially in North-Western India still pme serious

problems. These are the two major technology gaps in the production of mango. Black tip

of mango, hoppers and mealy bugs, attacks are assuming significance in certain areas.

Protocol for harvest time, field handing, control of oozing sap at the harvest time thereby

causing black spots on the skin, grading and packaging standards one still imposing

problems in view of the facts that much of the fruit is harvested in the midslcof rainy •

seasons. Such situations are serious bottlenecks to expand accessibility and acceptabilityto foreign markets.

Conclusion

Since Mango is a minor crop in the State, it is suggested that preference should be given

to new hybrids and close planting i.e. high density orchard technique should be adoptedfor higher productivity.

Papaya

TIlls crop has not been considered for study as the area under this crop IS quite


Final Report: 4National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 225

)

2.2.7.1.9 Other Fruits

In addition to the fiuits described earlier, Pear, Ber and Peach are prominently grown in

the state. Pear has been a popular fiuit plant in Amritsar district for quite sometime

whereas Ber has been an old poor mans fiuit well spread in almost all the districts of the

state, main area of this fiuit, however, being in Sangrur and Bathinda districts. Peach,

mainly its presently recommended varieties, has been rather recent introduction from

Florida state of U.S.A. However, earlier very few plantations of indigenous variety

'Sharbati' introduced from U.P. existed in the state. It is considered worthwhile to make a

detailed mention of these tree fiuits. Some other fiuits are also grown on a smaller scale

in the state. These include Plum, Phalsa, Jamun,Papaya, Loquat etc. however, these fiuits

so far have not achieved commercial significance.

2.2.7.1.9-a Pear

Pear is an important fiuit crop of the temperate regions of the world. In area and

production it is second to apple, though the difference both in area and production

amongst the two is quite wide. In Punjab the principal variety of pear is Pathamakh-stone

pear, which because of its low chilling requirements and hardiness to hot summers has

thrived well. However, because of being poor in eating quality its spread remained

restricted. With the introduction of new semi soft pear varieties, the area under this crop

has been increasing.

2.2.7.1.9-al Growth pattern over last decade.

TableArea, production and productivity of Pear for the period 1991c1992 to 2000-2001

Year Area bac. Production MT Productivity MT/hac.1991-92 7777 116655 15.001992-93 7899 118485 15.001993-94 8049 120735 15.001994-95 8150 122250 15.001995-96 8226 123390 15.001996-97 8350 125200 15.001997-98 8350 125200 15.001998-99 8381 125715 15.001999-2000 2068 41360 20.002000-2001 2147 42940 20.00


2.2.7.1.9-a2

2.2.7.1.9-a3

The area under pare in the state during the decade has been sometimes static for few

years and then showing some increase. For instance, the years of 1999-2000 and 2000-

2001 showed same increase and also registered increase in productivity. Now at the end

of the decade it has come to occupy an area of2147 hectares with a production of 42940

tonnes.

Crop Calendar

The planting of pears is recommended to be done in the month of January and in no case

it is to be delayed closer to sprouting of the buds in February.

Productioir technology

Cultivars

Hard pear

Pathamakh- Good keepiog quality, stands transportation well. Matures in th,e last week

of July. Average yield 150 kg per tree.

Semi soft pear

Baggugosha matures in the first week of August and stands transportation weIl. Average

yield is 60 to 80 kg per tree.

Leconte

Matures in the first week of August. Average yield is 60-80 kg per tree.

Pnnjab Beauty

It is more juicy and sweeter than baggugosha and Ie conte. Fruits mature in third week of

July. The average yieldis 80 kg per plant.

Propagation

Pear is propagated either by cuttings, T-buddings or Tongue grafting. When propagated

through T-budding or Tongue grafting, Kainth (Pyrus pashia) is recommended to be used

as rootstock. Tongue grafting is done in December-January and T-budding in May-June.

Seed / Planting material

The planting of pears is recommended to be done in the month of January and in no case

it is to be delayed closerto sprouting of the buds in February.

Fi,!al Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study jor North Zone' 227

Training and proning

The training system recommended for pear is modified leader system.

Pruning

The pear trees bear on spurs, which remain productive for about eight years. So pears

trees do not require pruning every year. Only in older trees dead wood and old crop

producting spurs are recommended to be pruned. Such pruning is done in January.

Thinning out and heading back of laterals may also be done to encourage the production

of more fjuiting spurs.

Nutrient Management

Age ofthe. Farmyard Dose per tree* fertilizer £I!)

tress (years) manure Urea Superphosphate Muriate of(kg) (46% N) (16% P,O.) potash

(60% K,O)1-3 10-20 100-300 200-600 150-4504-6 25-35 400-600 800-1200 600-9007-9 40-50 700-90 1400-1800 1050-135010 and above 50 1000 2000 1500

These nutrients can also be supplied from other fertilizers available in the market.

Note: All the farmyard manure; superphosphate and muriate of potash should be added in

December. Half of urea should be added in early February before flowering and other

half in April after the fruit set.

Water ManagementPear trees need irrigation after transplanting. In case of young trees, the interval of

irrigation may be 5 to 7 days in summer. Irrigation in rainy season should depend upon

frequency of rains. Even the old bearing trees need irrigation in summer months so that

the developing fruit attains good size.


2.2.7.1.9-a4

2.2.7.1.9a5

2.2.7.1.9a.6

2.2.7.1.9a7

2.2.7.1.9a8

2.2.7.1.9-a9


(a) Insect pests: Hairy caterpillar, mite, leaf hopper and aphids, bark eating caterpillars

are the important pests of pear. Spray schedule for the control has been worked out and

recommended.

(b) Pear scab, shoot I phoma, fruit blight and bar canker, root rot and sapwood rot are the

diseases affecting pear plant. To check the spread of these diseases, the orchard is to be

kept clean of fallen leaves and fruits. For the control of these diseases spray sc:hedule has

been recommended.


Pear fruit is harvested at proper stage of maturity: The fruit should be picked by giving an

upward twist to the fruit so that the spurs are not damaged.

Crop economics

Based on the productivity levels of pears in the State of Punjab which is about 20 MT per

hectare the total income to the farmers works out at Rs.80,000/- per hectare at a selling

price of Rs.4/- per kg. The cost of maintenance of the orchard works out at Rs..3,OOO/- perhectare.

Price Trends

This is also a mmor crop in the State and there is no regulated market price data

available.


Long juveline period, limited market acceptability and phoma blight disease are the main

problems in the growing of pear plant.

Conclusion •For further spread of this fruit, its utilization over and above the fresh marke,t has to be

worked out. Its juice which is flavorless and colourless can usefully be used in fruit juice

blends. Further selection of soft pear types will also help in increasing area and •

production of this fruit.


'2.2.7.1.9-b Ber

2.2.7.lo9-b1

2.2.7.lo9-b2

2.2.7.lo9-b3

Ber is an ancient fruit grown in Punjab. Earlier it was planted in small gardens or in the

backyard of houses but in the recent past it has attained a commercial significance. Now

it ranks fifth in area after citrus, mango, guava and pear. It is quite a favourite fruit with

the consumer because of its high nutritive value and also because of availability in

March-April when no other major fruit is in the market.

Growth pattern over last decadeTable

Area,production and productivity ofBer for the period 1991-92 to 2000-2001

Year Area hac. Production MT Productivity MT/ha.1991-92 1797 7188 4.001992-93 1928 7712 4.001993-94 . 2113 8452 4.001994-95 2317 9268 4.001995-96 2523 10092 4.001996-97 3010 12040 4.001997-98 3010 12040 4.001998-99 3247 12588 3.901999-2000 1339 20085 15.002000-2001 1735 26025 15.00

The area under Ber during the decade increased gradually. In the year 2000-2001 it

occupied an area of 1735 hectares with a production of 26025 tonnes. The districts of

Sangrur, Bathinda and Patiala have emerged as the main areas of production. The

significant point in ber cultivation in the state has been progressive and sharp increase in

productivity which at present is estimated to be 15.00 tonnes per hectare which in 1991-

92 was only 4 tonnes per hectare. This has been largely due to recommendation of

appropriate varieties to be grown in the state and also because of standardization of

production technology of the fruit.

Crop CalendarIt is quite a favourite fruit with the consumer because of its high nutritive value and also

because of availability in March-April when no other major fruit is in the market.

Production technology

Cultivars

(a) UmranIt is the principal variety of the state. Ripens in the second fortnight of March. Average

yield is 150 kg per tree. It is resistant to powdery mildew diseases- most suitable for

kandi areas.


(b) KaithliRipens in the end of March. This variety is sometimes severely affected with powdery

mildew disease. Average yield is about 75 kg per tree.

(c) ZG-2

It is a mid season variety ripening in the end of March. Average yield is 150 kg per tree.

Less susceptible to powdery mildew disease.

(d) Wallaiti

It is an early variety and ripens during the first fortnight of March. Average yield is 114

kg per tree. Moderately susceptible to powdery mildew.

Propagati~nThe most common method of propagation of ber is shield or T-budding. The rootstock

used is the seedlings of Ziziphus mauritiana preferably Elongated Dehradun or

Coimbatore. Budding in ber is done during Jooe- September.

Planting

The budded. plants are usually transplanted during February- March or August -

September. The planting distance recommended is 7.5 x 7.5 metres in Square system.

Success of per plants in the field largely depends upon the proper digging from the

nursery with a good sized earthball so that the minimum roots are lost.

The ber plants can also be transplanted bare rooted with equal success. For this, lift the

plants from nursery in the usual manner from mid January to mid Februa~y and plant

them immediately. Defoliate the plantsjust before lifting them from the nursety.

Training and pruning

Training

The ber plant is recommended to be trained according to modified leader system.

Pruning

Pruning is'done during second fortnight of May when the trees are dormant light pruning

i.e. heading back of 25 percent previous years growth and severe pruning after every

four-five years is recommended.

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for Non'h Zone' 231

2.2.7.1.9-b4

Nutrient Management / Manures and Fertilization

Table

Manures and Fertilizers recommended for Ber plants

Age (years) Farmyard manure Fertilizer dose per tree (g)(kp/ tree) Urea46%N

I 20 2002 40 4003 60 6004 80 8005 or more 100 1000

Water Management / Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the age of the tree, soil type and climate. Young trees are to be

irrigated regularly. For bearing trees irrigations is essential during the development of the

fruit i.e. from October to February. It may be given at 3 to 4 weeks interval. Irrigation

should be stopped in the second week of March, as fruits in branches lying on the ground

get damaged and their ripening is delayed.


Insect pests

Fruit fly is a very serious pest of ber. Clean cultivation and destroying the infested fruits

is recommended to keep the fruit fly attack under check. Control measures include spray

of Rogor 30 EC (dimethoate). Spraying must not be done within 15 days of fruit harvest.

Leaf eating caterpillar

Control measure for this pest is spraying Hexavin 50 WP (carbaryl) as soon as the insect

attack is noticed.

Lac insect

It is useful if reared commercially for lac production. However, when the tree is grown

for fruit production, the pest is harmful as it devitalize the tree. Control measures are (a)

remove and destroy the infected parts and scrap off the infested twig before treatment (b)

spray Rogor 30 EC (dimethoate) or Dimecron.


2.2.7.1.9b5

Diseases

Powdery mildew is the most important disease of ber. This is controlled with the spray of

Wettable sulphur or Karathene in September (at flowering) and early October (fruit set)

and then again in end of October.

Leaf mould and leaf sot caused by Isariopsis and Phoma macrostoma. Spray with

Bozdenx mixture (2:2:250) or with Copper Oxychloride.

Harvestin~ and yield

The ber tree grows quickly and the first crop can be harvested within 2 to 3 years of

planting. The peak season for harvesting is mid March to mid-April. The fruit has to be

harvested when fully ripe. Since all the fruits on the tree do not ripen at the same time so

4 to 5 spot pickings are recommended.

The ber has a tendency of producing heavy yield. The average productivity in the state

has gone up as high as 15 tonnes per hectare.

2.2.7.1.9b.6 Crop economics

With the productivity at 15 MT per hectare for ber the income to the farmer works out at

Rs. 45,000/- per hectare at wholesale selling price of Rs. 3/- per kg. The cost of

maintenance works out to Rs. 3,000 per hectare.

2.2.7.1.9b7

2.2.7.1.9b8

2.2.7.1.9-b9

Price Trends

This is also a mmor crop m the State and there is no regulated market price data

available.


Attack of powdery mildew, difficult pruning process in the summer months, fruit fly

attack and lack of good soft varieties are the serious problems in the growing ofber.

Conclusion

This fruit crop in view of its wider climatic activity, hardiness to varying soil conditions,

thriving even under poor soil conditions, good keeping quality, short juvenile period, and

high nutritive value and high productivity can be grown on a larger area in the state.


2.2.7.1.9c Peach

Peach is oj temperate zone plant but it is possible to grow it in the sub-tropical climate of

Punjab plains also because of availability of suitable low chilling varieties. Earlier some

indigenous varieties like Sharbati were grown in the state on a very small scale and this

fruit hardly created any impact in the local markets. However, introduction of some low

chilling varieties mainly from Florida state of U.S.A. opened new opportunities for

growing of this fruit on a larger scale. All these varieties were selected on the basis of

their chilling requirements which matched the chilling hours available in the major areas

of the state (around 300 hours of chilling).

2.2.7.1.9cI Growth pattern over last decade

TableArea, production and productivity of Peach for the period 1991-1992 to 2000-2001

Year Area hac. Production MT ProductivityMTlbac.

1991-92 3410 51150 15.001992-93 3569 53535 15.001993-94 3792 56880 15.001994-95 3996 59983 15.001995-96 4237 63555 15.001996-97 4822 72330 15.001997-98 4822 72330 15.001998~99 5130 76950 15.001999-2000 927 13905 15.002000-2001 1101 16515 15.00

The area under this fruit gradually increased during the decade. In the year 2000-2001 it

occupied an area of 110I hectares with a production of 16515 tonnes. The productivity of

this crop has been 15 tonnes per hectare which in comparison to sub tropical peaches, is

quite high and quality is reasonably good and gets well accepted in the market. It is well

distributed in the state and so far any distinct advantage in favour of any specific growing

pocket as not been noticed.

2.2.7.1.9c2 Crop Calendar


2.2.7.1.9c3

Peach is planted in the orchard during winter when the plants are completely dormant.

The nursery plants should be free from the incidence of nematodes and crown galldisease. The best time of planting is in December- January


Cultivars

Partap

It is the earliest maturing variety, third week of April. Flesh is yellow ~nd firm. It is a

free stone variety at full ripe stage. Average fruit yield is 70 kg per tree and fruit weightis 65-70g.

Flordaprince

It ripens in the fourth week of April. Flesh is yellow and firm, it is a free stone vari~ty.Average yield is 100 kg per tree and average fruit weight is 65-70g.

Sbane-e-Punjab

It ripens in the first week of May. Flesh is yellow and firm. It is free stone variety.Average yield is 70 kg per tree.

Earli Grande

It ripens in the first week of May about four days earlier than Shan-e-Punjab. The flesh;is

yellow and firm. It is a free stone variety. Fruit size is large (90g) and keeping quality isgood.

Kburmani

It ripens in the first week of June. Fruit is medium size (70 g). The flesh is white and soft.It is cling stone.


Sharbati

It ripens in the end of June to first week of July. Flesh is white and juicy. Fruit is of

medium .size(70g). The yield is very high 100-120 kg per tree.

Propagation

The peach is commonly propagated by budding or grafting on seedling rootstocks.

Rootstock is raised from the seeds of Sharbati and Khurmani.

Best time of budding is the first week of May. Grafting is also successful in peach and

that is done during the dormant seasons.

Sowing I Planting techniqnes

Peach is planted in the orchard during winter when the plants are completely dormant.

The nursery plants should be free from the incidence of nematodes and crown gall

disease. The. best time of planting is in December- January. Plant to plant distance

recommended is 6.5 x 6.5 m in square system of planting.

Training and prnning

Training

Peach plant is trained according to modified leader system.

Pruning

Peach bears fruit on one year old branches. Pruning should be done by thinning out some

one year old shoots expected to bear fruit. Some heading back of old and unsuitably

placed branches should also be done. About 40 percent of one year old branches are

recommended to be thinned out to ensure proper tree growth and improve size and

quality. Best pruning time is January.

Fruit thinning

As peach is a heavy bearer, fruit thinning is recommended to increase fruit size and

quality. In Partap variety best time of fruit of thinning is second and third week of March

while in Shane-e-Punjab it is third to fourth week of March. So far in Punjab only hand

thinning is recommended.

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic FeasilJilityStudy for North Zone' 236

2.2.7.1.9-c4

Nutrient management / Manuring aud Fertilization

Age (Years) Farmyard Dose ner tree (emauure (kg) Urea (46% Superphosphate Muriate of

N) single . potash(l6% P2OS) (60%K2m.

1-2 10-15 180-360 190-380 150-3003-4 20-25 540-1000 570-760 450-8305 and above 26 1000 760 830

Peach plant especially when planted in light textured soil with high pH, is prone to iron

deficiency. Inter veinal cWorosis of developing.leaves on the terminal part of shoots are

clear symptoms of deficiency. To control iron deficiency spray peach tree with 0.3

percent ferrus sulphate on spring flush in April, on summer flush in June and late summer

flush in August- September.


Special problem in peach irrigation is that the trees should not suffer from any moisture

stress particularly 25-30 days before maturity of fruit, because of maximum weight gain

is during these days.

The irrigation frequency depends upon the type of soil and the source of irrigation: In

early maturing varieties like Partap, Flordaprince, Earli- Grande and Shan-e-Punjab,

irrigation should be given during the first 3-4 weeks after fruit set at weekly intervals.

Thereafter, from the second week of.April to the start of harvesting, the trees may be

irrigated at 3-4 days intervals.


Insect pests

Peach leaf curl apid

Control is through the spray of Rogor EC (dimethoate) immediately after fruit-set and

repeat after 15 days, if necessary.

Peach black aphid

Spray Malathion 50 EC on the colonies on the stem and limbs as soon as pest congregates

on these parts. Spray the tree when the sun is high.

Chaffer and other defoliating beetles

Spray in the evening Hexavin 50 WP (carboryl) as soon as the damage starts. Repeat the

spray after 5-6 days if the damage continues or the insecticide is washed away by rain.

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Fe,!sibility Study for North Zone' 237

2.2.7.1.9c5

2.2.7.1.9c.6

2.2.7.1.9c7

Hairy caterpillar

Control measures include (a) Collect and destroy the egg masses and the young

caterpillars (a) spray Thiodan (endosulphan).

Peach fruitl1y

The attack is checked by (a) Planting early varieties i.e. Partap and Shan-e-Punjab (b) Do

not let the ripe fruit on the tree (c) Burry the infested fruits (d) Hoe the orchards in May

and June to expose the pupae which are present mostly at 4-6 cm depth.

Flat headed borer

Spray of chlorophyriphos 20 EC during February- March and September-October.

Diseases

Shot hole- Spray with Captan, Ziram or Thiram (0.2 %) at leaf full bud swelling stage.

Bacterial canker- Before the start of rains apply Mashobra paste after cleaning the

wound. Repeat the treatment on the new lesions.

Brown rot

(a) As collect and destroy the fruit mummies (b) cut and burn the infected twigs (c) spray

with Captan @ 0.2 % about three weeks before harvesting the fruits; and repeat the spray

at fortnightly interval after harvesting the fruits (d) avoid injury during picking (e) Select

healthy, unbruised fruits for marketing.

Harvest method and yield

Peach is a fragile fruit and it needs to be harvested early and should be harvested when it

attain the desired size. The average productivity in the State is around 10 tons per

hectare.

Crop economics

With the productivity at IS MT p~r hectare for ber the income to the farmer works out at

Rs. 75,000/- per hectare at wholesale selling price of Rs. 5/- per kg. The cost of


Price Trends

This is .also a minor crop in the State and there is no regulated market price data

available.

Final Report:. 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 238

2.2.7.1.9c8

2.2.7.1.9c9


Attack of powdery mildew; difficult pruning process in the summer months, fruit' fly II

attack and lack of good varieties are the serious problems

Conclusions

This fruit crop in view of its wider climatic activity, hardiness to varying soil conditions,

thriving even under poor soil conditions, good keeping 'quality, short juvenile period, ;and

high nutritive value and high productivity can be grown on a larger,area in the state.


2.1.7.2

2.2.7.2.1

2.2.7.2.1.1

2.2.7.2.1.2

2.2.7.2.1.3

Vegetables, Roots and Tubers

Brinjal

Brinjal is an important vegetable grown extensively in all parts of the state. Punjab

Agricultural University released two hybrids of Brinjal- Brinjal hybrid-I (BH-I) and

Brinjal hybrid -2 (BH-2) in 1994, which outyielded all the recommended varieties by a

margin of 40-50 percent.


Year Area Production Productivity (M.T/ha)(ha) lMT)

1991-92 1700 25284 14.871993-94 1750 25284 14.451994-95 1750 25284 14.451995-96 . 1800 26600 14.781996-97 2526 37347 14.801997-98 2526 37347 14.801198-99 2702 39920 14.801999-00 2439 34987 14.302000-01 2350 33201 14.132001-02 2455 34694 14.13

There is general increase in area and production from 1991-92 to 1995-96 and thereafter

increasing drastically in 1996-97 (+ 726 ha area, + 10, 747 MT production) and reaching

a plateau in 1998-99 both in area and production. This increase in area and production

may be due to the adaptability of BH-I and BH-2. Afterwards in 1999.2000 there is

decline in both area and production i.e. (-236 ha and --4933 MT). As for as productivity

in concerned there is slight variation from 14.13 to 14.87MTI ha during the decade.

Crop Calendar

Brinjals are generally grown three times in a year. The winter sowing is done in June,

July. The summer plantation in October, November and while the monsoon plantation in

March.


SoilsBrinjal grown on practically all soils from light sandy to heavy clay. Light soils are good

for an early crop, while clay loam and silt loam are well suited for heavy yields.


Generally, silt loam and clay loam soils are preferred for Brinjal cultivation. The soil pH

should not be more than 5.5 to 6.0 for its better growth and development.

Cultivars

The cultivars are divided into four types according to the shape of the fruit.

(1) Rounded fruited

Punjab Bahar

It is thornless variety of round Brinjal developed mainly for cultivation in spring season.

The fruits of this variety are dark purple with shinning surface and weight of an

individual fruit is 200-300g. The fruit is plump with more of the flesh and less of seed. Itsyield potential is 185q/ acre.

Punjab jamuni gola

This variety has been developed through selection from the local material and suitable for

growing as an autunm crop. Its plants are medium in height and spreading. The fruits are

oval round purple. It is tolerant to fruit borer. Its average yield is 125 q/ac,-e.

(2) Oblong Fruited

BH-l

This hybrids has been developed from the cross i. e. Punjab Jamuni gola (female) x

Punjab Barsati (male). Its plants are medium in height, vigorous, compact and erect,

leaves are green. The fruits are shining purple and oblong. It takes 52 days from

transplanting to first picking. It is tolerant to fruit borer. Average yield is about250q/acre. This variety can be transplanted in Feb. and August.

BH-2

This hybrid has been developed from the cross i. e. Punjab Neelam (female) x Punjab

Barsati (male). The fruits are deep shinning purple, tender, oblong and purple. It takes 62

days from transplanting to first picking. It is tolerant to fruit borer. Average yield is235q/acre. It is more suitable for "bhartha" making due to its large size.


Punjab Neelam

It is selection from an inter-varietal cross between S-16 and PBR-91-2. Fruits are oval

round, medium sized and shinning dark purple. It takes 65 days to first picking. Average

yield is 140 q/acre. It is suitable for transplanting in February and August.

(3) Long Frnited

Pnsa Purple LongFruits are long, thin and uniformly purple. The yield is 60-65 q/acre but under high soil

fertility conditions, a yield up to 160q/acre may be obtained. It can be grown during

summer, auturrm, spring and rainy season.

Punjab BarsatiThis variety has been developed from the cross ppe x H-4. The fruits are medium-long

and shinning purple. It takes about 64 days from transplanting to picking. Its average

yield is 140 q/acre. This variety is more tolerant to fruit borer and is most suitable for

transplanting in rainy season.

Punjab Sada Bahar BainganThis variety has been developed from the cross Japanese long x R-34. The fruits are long,

thin and deep purple. It takes 76 days from transplanting to first picking. Its averageyield

is 125 q/acre. It is comparatively tolerant to fruit borer. It is good for summer, auturrm

and also as ratoon crop.

Small Fruited

Punjab Mati:

This variety has been developed from the cross SM-17-4 x PBR-91'2. Fruits are small

round and shinning deep purple in color suitable for sowing in auturrmand spring season.

It takes 60 days from transplanting to first picking. Its average yield is 125q/acre.


2.2.7.2.1.4

Seed rate and seed treatment

Crop Sowing time Transplanting time

1" October November2"" November* First fortnight of February3'. Feb-March End April4th - July August* November sown nurse should be protected against frost.

Sowing I Planting technique

To raise nursery for one acre, an area of 25 square meters is required. Mix five quintals of

well rotten farm yard, manure (FYM) with the soil and prepare 1.0 m wide and 20 cm

raised beds, before sowing the seeds in nursery beds, it should be drenched with 1 to

1.5% Formalin by applying 4 to 5 litre of solution! meter square. Thereafter the beds

should be covered with plastic sheet for 72 hours, after formalin application, the soil in

the beds should be thoroughly turned once a day for 2 to 3 days to eliminate its adverse

effect on germinating seeds. Seeds are sown I to 2 em deep in row, 5 em spaced apart.

The nursery should be drenched with 0.4% Caplan or 0.1% Bavistin after 5 to 7 days of

germination .The irrigation should be with held 4-5 days before transplanting to harden

the seedlings.

The seedlings should be transplanted in field on flat beds at row-to-row spacing of 60 em

and plant-to-plant spacing of 30-45 cm.

Nutrient Management

About 10 tonnes ofFYM incorporated in the soil before sowing. Apply 55kg of urea, 155

kg of Superphosphate and 20 kg of Muriate of Potash per acre at transplanting. After one

month, again apply 55 kg of Urea per acre.

Water Management

First irrigation should be given just after transplanting. Later irrigation should be given

after 4-6 days interval during summer and 10-14 days interval during winter depending

on soil type. Total number of irrigations would be 10-16.


Insect pest

Jassid,hadda beetle and brinjal fruit and shoot borers, spider mites are important insect

pests ofbrinjal.


2.2.7.2.1.5

2.2.7.2.1.6

Diseases

Phomopsis blight and little leaf are important diseases ofbrinjal.

Recommendations for the control of insect pests and diseases have been worked out.

Little leaf is mycoplasma disease transmitted by jassid. Rougning out of affected plants

and control of jassid are the only measures to keep this disease under check.


The fruits should be harvested when they attain the right colour and size. The average

yield ofbrinjals is between 100 - 130 quintals per hectares depending upon the season.

Crop Economics


germination is more than 90% and the yield gains are much more as compared to the


As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for brinjal works out to be as under:

2.2.7.2.1.7

Yield! hectare




Price trends

2 Tons

Rs.52000/-

Rs. I 9400/-

Rs.32600/-

Total arrival and average wholesale prices of Brinjals in Jalandhar market

(1991-1997)

Year Total Avg. wholesale price Range of Pricearrivals MT Rs. er ton owest

1991 .3531 2046.78 880 (Nov .1992 3217 2426.7 1090 (May)1993 3809 2556.7 1290 Dec1994 5237 2694.2 1320 (Jan)1995 10708 287.17 .1690 a1996 9090 228.33 1770 (Feb.1997 7857 319.25 2150 (June)


2.2.7.2.1.8

2.2.7.2.1.9


Insect pests especially fruit and shoot borer, disease like little leaf caused by mycoplasma

transmitted through jassid are serious problems. The crop is sustained by the application

of many insecticides and fungicides, hence harmful rsidual effects of these especially insummer cops are harmful.

Conclusion

Development of varieties resistant to important pests and diseases are required.

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility StUdy for North Zone' 245

.2.2.7.2.2

2.2.7.2.2.1

2.2.7.2.2.2

2.2.7.2.2.3

Cabbage

Cabbage is an important leafy vegetable in India. The total production in the country is

56.171akh tones. The major cabbage growing states are D.P., Orissa, Bihar, Assam, West

Bengal, Maharashtra and Karnataka.


Though an important crop from consumption point of view, it remained a crop being

grown in a limited scale in the state. It was only in 2000-2001, that this vegetable

established its identity, previously it being categorized amongst other vegetables. In the

year 2000-2001, it was grown on an area of 1210 hectares which is just 0.86 per cent of

the total area under vegetables. However, its productivity of 29.08 M.T. per hectare is

highest and compares favourably with that of West Bengal (29.6 MT/hac.), which is the

highest in the country.

The growth pattern over the decade is not available as it was grown on a small arc;aand

was just categorized amongst other vegetables.

Crop Calendar

September to October is the ideal planting time.


Cultivars

Pride oflndia

Early varietyIts head are round and medium sized. This variety has a potential of yielding 8 MT per

acre.

Drum Head-EarlyIt is also an early variety. Its heads are large, flat and pale green. Its yield potential is 15

to 25 MT per hee.


2.2.7.2.2.4

2.2.7.2.2.5

2.2.7.2.2.6

Drum-Head late

It is a late variety. Its heads are large, flat and pale green. Its yield potential is 10 to 25

tonnes per hec.


September to October is the ideal planting time. Seed rate is 500-650 g per ha. Spacing of

plants at 45 x 45 cm or 60 x 45 cm are considered optimum.

Sowing I Planting techniques

Nutrient Management /Manures and Fertilizers

Its manurial requirements are the same as for cauliflower.

Water Management I Irrigation

First irrigation should be given immediately after transplanting. The subsequent

irrigations should be given at 10-15 days interval.


The insect pests and disease control recommendations of Cabbage are the same as for

cauliflower.


Harvesting should be done as soon as the heads reach marketable size and become hard.

The heads should be properly packed and sent to market after cuttings stomps.

Crop economics

As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for Cabbage works out to be as

under:

Yield! hectare

Estimated selling rate Rs.20001- per Ton


Net income to the fanner

35 Tons

Rs,700001-

RS.213001-

Rs.487001-



Total arrival and average wholesale prices of Cabbage in Jalandhar market (1991-

1997)

Year

1991199219931994199519961997


Avg. wholesalerice Rs. er ton

1313.31977.12973.73250.83250.02802.53612.5

2.2.7.2.2.8

2.2.7.2.2.9


The major problem is the availability of seed within the country as most of the seed is

being imported and the small and marginal farmers cannot afford the high cost. These

imported varieties are more so prone to higher incidence of disease and pests.

Conclusions

There is a serious need to develop areas for seed production within the country and also

good hybrid which are resistance to diamond black moth which is a main problem in

cabbage production.


2.2.7.2.3

2.2.7.2.3.1

2.2.7.2.3.2

2.2.7.2.3.3

Cauliflower

Cauliflower is a lead crop amongst cole crops. The other cole crops recommended for

cultivation in Punjab are Cabbage, Broccoli and Chinese Cabbage. This group of crops

has establish well under varied climatic conditions i.e. temperate, tropical and sub-

tropical.

Growth patter over the decade

Year Area (ha) Production ProductivityIM.tones) 1M. tones/ ha)

1991-9.2 2095 50456 24.0841993-94 2160 51971 24.061994-95 . 2160 51971 24.061995c96 2310 56879 24.6231996-97 3548 84982 23.951997-98 3548 84982 23.951998-99 3879 95332 24.571999-2000 . 2750 66462 24.172000-2001 3240 78041 24.872001-2002 3665 84951 23.17

There has been gradual increase in area under this crop in the state, however, the

productivity has been almost static.

Crop Calendar

It varies with the maturity season of the variety. The best transplanting time is June-July

for early varieties, August to Mid-September for the main season varieties and October to

first week of November.


Cultivars

Main season

Giant Snowball- Its curds are snow white and large. Its yield potential is 9 to 10 tonnes

per acre.

Punjab Giant-26- Its curd is solid, yellowish, white and heavy. It has a yield potential of

11 tonnes per acre.


2.2.7.2.3.4

Late Season

Pusa SnowbaU-lIts curd is compact, snow white and slightly raised in the center. Maturity is late by one

week than Pusa-Snowbal1-1. It has a yield potential of 22.5 tonnes per ha.


Planting seasonIt varies with the matUrity season of the variety. The best transplanting time is June-July

for early varieties, August to Mid-September for the main season varieties and October to

first week of November.

Seed rateIt also varies with the matUrity period of the variety. The seed rate for main season and

late varieties is 600 g per acre, whereas, for early season varieties 1250 g seed is required.

SpacingFor main season crop the spacing recommended is 45 x 45 em and 40 x 30 em for early

and late season crops.

Nutrient Management / Manures and Fertilizers

Forty tones of F.Y.M. with 50 kg of N (110 kg of urea), 25 kg of P,O, (155 kg of

superphosphate) and 25 kg of K,O (40 kg of muriate of potash) is recommended for one

acre.

Water Management / IrrigationFirst irrigation should be given just after transplanting. Subsequent irrigations are given

at 7-8 days interval during summer and 10-15 days interval during winter depending

upon soil type and weather.


In case of early season crop (July-October) stem borer, Diamond back moth and tabacco

caterpillar are the main insect pests. Insecticide sprays have been recommended for these

pests. However, sprays are to be made only when the insect attack is severe enough to


2.2.7.2.3.5

2.2.7.2.3.6

cause economic loss. To avoid residual effect of the insecticides, observe the seven days

waiting period after each spraying for next picking.

Mid season crop (Sept. to Dec.)

The main season crop is seldom severely attacked by any of the above mentioned insect

pests. However, if such attack appears, then the same chemical control measures are to be

followed.

Late season crop (Dec. to March)

Main insect pest of this season crop is Aphids. Melathion 50 EC or Thiodan 35 EC is

recommended for their control.

Diseases

Main diseases are damping off, crown rot, black rot, alternaria blight, downy mildew and

stalk rot of cauliflower, seed crop are the important diseases attacking cauliflower or

other similar vegetable crops falling under the group of cole crops. Control measures for

all these diseases have been worked out and recommended.


The curds should be harvested at the marketable stage. Delay in harvesting causes

loosening of the curd. Early crop fetch higher prices depending upon the arrivals in the

market. Mid season crop which constitutes bulk production generally is cheaper.

Crop Economics

The price trend for the early variety is much better and remunerative for the farmers as

compared to the late group.

As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for Cauliflower works out to be as

under:

.Yield! hectare




25 Tons

RS.50000/-

Rs.20000/-

RS.30000/-


2.2.7.2.3.7 Price Trend

Total arrival and average wholesale prices of Cauliflower in Jalandhar market (1991-

1997)

Year

1991199219931994199519961997



2165.03601.43414.03235.73081.73631.26398.9

2.2.7.2.3.8

2.2.7.2.3.9

Problems IlDd constraints

In view of the bulk and shape of the head, distant marketing is a problem.

Conclusions

There is a serious need to' develop varieties which are resistance to various pests which

pose a major problem in maintaining the quality of the produce. There is also need for

development of good FI hybrids which have wider adaptability to the Indian climate.


2.2.7.2.4

2.2.7.2.4.1

2.2.7.2.4.2

.2.2.7.2.4.3

Okra

Okra is an important vegetable crop of India accounting for over seventy percent of world

production. Its productivity is also second only to that of Egypt. In the state of Punjab, it

is grown in almost all parts and is a well-accepted vegetable in the market.

Growth pattern

Growth of area, production and productivity of Okra during the decade 1991-92 to 2000-

2001.

Year' Area (ha). . Production /M.T) Productivity /M.T.lha)1991-92 815 6080 7.461993-94 855 6384 7.471994-95 855 6384 7.471995-96 855 6675 7.461996-97 1230 9091 7.401997-98 1230 9091 7.401998-99 1488 11152 7.491999-00 1454 10918 7.512000-01 1520 11418 7.572001-02 1575 11839 7.52

Crop Calendar

In Punjab spring! summer crop is sown in February -March whereas rainy season crop is

sown in the month of June-July. Seed crop is usually sown in June-July.


Cultivars

The old varieties being recommended in the state are Pusa Sawani, Punjab Padmini and

Punjab-7. All the three have a yield potential of 112.5 tons/ha. However, the new variety

Punjab-8 has a yield potential of 137.5 tonsl ha.


Planting time

In Punjab springl summer crop is sown in February -March whereas rainy season crop is

sown in the month of June-July. Seed crop is usually sown in June-July.


2.2.7.2.4.4

2.2.7.2.4.5

2.2.7.4.4.6

Seed Rate

Fifteen to eighteen kg of seed is required for sowing upto ISth February, 8-10 kg for

March sowing and 4-6 kg of June-July sowing.

Spacings

4S cmx IS em

Nutrient Management I Manures and Fertilizers

IS-20 tonnes of F.Y.M. along with 18 kg ofN (40 Kg of Urea) as basal dose per acre.

Second dose ofN-18 kg (40 kg Urea) as top dressing after first picking of fruits.

Water Management I Irrigations

Seed to be sown in proper soil moisture conditions. First irrigation is given after 4-S days

of sowing. Subsequent irrigation at 10-12 days interval whereas during rainy season less

irrigation is required.


Insect pests. Jassids and spotted bollworms, spider mites are important pests of Okra.

DiseasesYellow vein mosaic (Virus), damping off and cercospora, leaf spot are the main diseases.

Control measures of all these pests have been recommended.

Harvest method and Yield

Crop is ready for harvest in about 4S-S0 days depending upon season and variety. Fruits

should be picked tender. Frequent pickings would be required during peak season, 10-12

pickings are done.

Crop Economics

As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for okra works out to be as under:

Yield! hectare 7.S Tons

Estimated selling rate RS.SOOO/-per Ton Rs.37S00/-

Total cost of production RS.ISOOO/-

Net income to the farmer RS.22S00/-



Total arrival and average wholesale prices of Okra in Jalandhar market

(1991-1997)Year

1991199219931994199519961997



5352.85653.75493.35024.44713.74355.75386.0

2.2.7.2.4.8

2.2.7.2.4.9


Yellow vein mosaic a viral disease is difficult to be controlled. More resistant varieties

need to be developed.

Conclusion

Since India produces over 70 percent of worlds production of this vegetable, hence has a

vast potential for export. Further efforts are needed to develop post harvest protocol for

handling this crop. New markets in other countries are required to be explored.


2.2.7.2.5

2.2.7.2.5.1

2.2.7.2.5.2

2.2.7.2.5.3

Onion

Onion is an important crop of India and it produces 12 per cent of world production.

Though India stands second largest onion producing country in the world, largest

producer being China, yet productivity level is one of the lowest. Maharashtra,

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat are the major

onion producing states of the country. Productivity of onion is the highest (22.2 MTlha)

in Gujarat, this being almost double the national average.


Year Area (ba) Production Productivity(M.tones) (M. tones! ha)

1991-92 1800 50733 28.1851993-94 2600 50260 19.331994-95 2600 50260 19.331995-96 2800 54124 19.3301996-97 N.A N.A N.A1997-98 N.A N.A N.A1998-99 4400 94600 21.51999-00 800 18100 22.622000-2001 6040 129316 21.412001-2002 6865 147108 21.42

The area under onion during the decade registered a sharp increase from only 1800

hectares in 1991-92 to 6040 hectares in 2000-2001. However, the matter of concern is

that the productivity of onion as recorded in 1991-92 (28.185 MTlhac) which is higher

even than the highest productivity reported from Gujarat (22.2 MTlhac) in the year 2000-

200 I, declined sharply in the subsequent years.

Crop Calendar

Best time for sowing nursery is middle of June, whereas to produce bulbs sets it is middle

of March.


In the state of Punjab two crops of onion are taken in a year i.e. Kharif Onion and Rabi

Onion.



Kharif Onion

'Improved varieties

Agri Found Dark Red (ADR): The bulbs are medium large, deep, dark red with an

average yield of 30 tonnes per ha.

N-53

The bulbs are bell shaped, medium sized and very attractive. It has a potential of

producing a yield of 37.5 tonnes per ha

Sowing I Planting Techniqnes

Sowing time

Best time for sowing nursery is middle of June, whereas to produce. bulbs sets it is middle

of March.

Bnlb set techniqne

For kharif onion, to avoid failure of seedlings during June, planting with bulb sets is

economical. For this, sow 5 kg seed in .beds of 8 marla (200 sq.m) in middle of March.

Irrigate the seedlings twice a week in the last week of June, uproot the bulb sets and store

in a well ventilated dry sown in baskets. Plant these bulb sets in the field in second

fortnight of August. Bulb crops would be ready for harvesting by the end of November.

Nntrient Management I Mannres and Fertilizers

Add twenty tones of compost! F.Y.M with 40 kg of N (90 kg of urea and 160 kg of

CAN), 25 kg ofP20,- (125 kg of superphosphate) and 20 kg ofK20 (35 kg of Muriate of

Potash per acre). Apply whole F.Y.M. compost, P,O, and K20 and Y, N before

transplanting and remaining dose ofN as top dressing after 4 weeks of transplanting.

Transplanting

Nursery is ready for transplanting after 6 to 8 weeks of sowing. The seedlings are

transplanted in the first week of August- Close planting at 15 x 7.5 em is most conducive

t6 high yield.


•Irrigation transplants are to be irrigated immediately after transplanting. Subsequently the

crop is irrigated as and when required .

Rabi Crop of Onion

Varieties

Punjab whiteThe bulbs are medium large, round with tight neck. Yield potential is 33.75 tonnes per

ha.

Punjab NaroyaBulbs are red, medium to large, round with close neck. Yield potential is 37.5 tonnes per

ha. This varieiy is resistant to purple blotch disease and tolerant to thrips and heliothis.

Punjab red roundBulbs are medium to large, shinning red, globular and thin necked. It is early maturing

and has a yield potential of 30 tonnes per ha.

Punjab 48Bulbs are medium, large, round and white. Yield potential is 27.5 tonnes per ha. It is

suitable for dehydration.

Punjab selectionBulbs medium to large, globular to red. Yield potential is 20 tonnes per ha.

Sowing / Planting Techniques

SowingSow nursery from mid October to mid November and transplant from the first week of

December to middle of January. Seed rate is 10 to 12kg per ha.

SpacingClose planting at 15 x 7.5 cm is most conducive to high yield.

Nutrient Management / Manures and FertilizersTwenty tones of compost, together with 40 kg ofN (90 kg of Urea), 20 kg ofP,O, and 20

kg of K,O (35 kg of Muriate of Potash) per acre is recommended. Whole of FYM, P,O,


2.2.7.2.5.5

2.2.7.2.5.6

and K,O and half of N is applied before transplanting and remaining dose of None

month later as top dressing.

Water Management I Irrigation

Irrigate immediately after transplanting and then irrigate at 7-10 days interval. Stop

irrigating at least fortnight before harvesting.


Harvest when tops dry up and fall. After harvesting cure the bulbs under shade and then

cut the leaves 1-2 cm. above the bulb. Store in a well-ventilated and dry place. Turn the

bulb once in a fortnight during storage and sort out and discard injured areas.

Crop Economics

As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for Onion works out to be as under:


2.2.7.2.5.7

Estimated selling rate RS.2200/- per Ton'



Price trends

RS.44000/-

Rs.21200/-

RS.22800/-

Total arrival and average wholesale prices of Onion in Jalandhar market

(1991-1997)Year

1991199219931994199519961997


Avg. wholesale priceRs. er ton3140.82024.23625.53509.23581.73370.04002.5

2.2.7.2.5.8

2.2.7.2.5.9


There is a major problem of storage for this crop which results in heavy losses from 15 -

45%. Improved storage structure should be build around Cities and Production areas.

The concept of hybrid seed should be popularised especially for the short day onions.

Conclusions

Quality seed and timely sowing will improve the productivity and construction of storage

structure should be encouraged to minimise the spoilage.


•••

2.2.7.2.6

2.2.7.2.6.1

2.2.7.2.6.2

2.2.7.2.6.3

Tomato

Tomato ranks very high in its importance as a vegetable. It is cultivated and consumed

almost everywhere in the world. It is used in varied manners both in fresh form as well as

in processed farm. Its availability in fresh form throughout the year is the characteristics

of all markets an over the world. In the state of Punjab, it is also available during an the

months of the year, however, the prices are very variable depending upon the distance of

producing areas from the markets, productivity during those months in the production

centers, total produce available and many markets forces operating in a given season.

Many of the leading vegetable seed companies in all parts of the world have developed

their own hybrids, the seeds of which now are readily available, but at a very high cost.

Growth pattern

Growth of area, production and productivity of Tomato during the deade 1991-92 to

2000-2001.

Year Area (ha). Production lM.n Productivitv lM.T.lha)1991-92 3940 94084 24.081993-94 5600 135486 24.191994-95 5600 135486 24.191995-96 5750 139093 24.191996-97 5986 92747 15.501997-98 5986 92747 15.501998-99 6740 163242 24.211999-00 6745 164281 24.352000-01 6850 165359 24.142001-02 7280 175892 24.16

Crop Calendar

Nursery sown in October- November. Recommendation is to sow 100 gm seed for one

acre. Nursery is ready for transplanting in 4 to 6 weeks .

Production Tehnology

Tomato is a warm season crop and requires a relatively long growing season with plenty

of sun shine and moderately high day temperature (20-28°C). It is sensitive to frost.

Any well drained soil rich in organic matter is good for growing Tomato .


Cultivars

Year Varieties recommended1991 Punjab Tronic, S12, Puniab NR7, Punjab Chhuhara; Puniab Kesri1994 TH-2312, Punjab Tropic, S12, Punjab NR-7, Punjab Chhuhara,

Punjab Kesri1996 TH-2312, Punjab Tropic, S12, Punjab NR7, Punjab Chhuhara,

Punjab Kesti2001 Punjab Upma, Castle Rock, TH-802, TH-23 12, Punjab Tropic, S-12,

Puniab NR-7, Puniab Chhuhara, Punjab Kesari

••Sowing / Planting techniques

Nursery sown in October- November. Recommendation is to sow 100 gm seed for one •

acre. Nursery is ready for transplanting in 4 to 6 weeks.

2.2.7.2.6.4

For raising nursery of hybrid tomato seeds, it is recommended to grow them under

'polythene cover. The seeds sown in first week of November are transplanted towards the

end of November. The seeds are also sown in the last week of December and are

transplanted in mid February. Spacing recommended for Punjab Tropic is 120 x 150 cm

x 30 cm and for other varieties it is 75 cm x 30 cm.

Nutrient Management / Manuring and Fertilizers

Ten tones of F.Y.M + 20 kg of N (45 kg of Urea) along with 25 kg PzO, (155 kg

superphosphate) and 25 kg of KzO, (45 kg of Muriate) of potash as basal dose. 35 kg of

N (75 kg Urea) per acre after removing the protection cover in mid February.


First irrigation is to be given just after transplanting and subsequently after 6-7 days in

summer and 10-15 days in winter.


Insect Pests

Aphid and fruit borer are important inset pests.

Diseases

Early blight, late blight, damping off, leaf curl, mosaic, root knot are the major diseases

of tomato. Control measures for all pests and diseases have been recommended.


•e

2.2.7.2.6.5

2.2.7.2.6.6


Pick the fruits when mature but green for distant markets and at turning red stage for

local market. For processing pick fruits when fully red..

Crop Economics

As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for Tomato works out to be as under:


2.2.7.2.6.7




Price trends

RS.52000/-

Rs.25000/.

RS.27000/.

Total arrival and average wholesale prices of Tomato in Jalandhar market (1991.

1997)

Year

1991199219931994199519961997


Avg. wholesale priceRs. er ton4735.84912.56004.24792.55044.25364.24939.2

(

2.2.7.2.6.8

2.2.7.2.6.9


A number of virus diseases and root knot nematode are serious problems. The use of

disease free seed and controlling vectors i.e. whitefly for leaf curl and aphids for mosaic

virus are to be strictly followed to control these diseases.

Conclusion

Many of the seed companies are selling their hybrid without careful testing of such

varieties for production and market acceptability. Appropriate storage and handling

protocols will be useful to reduce vide variation in prices from season to season.


2.2.7.2.7

2.21.7.2.7.1

2.2.7.2.7.3

2.2.7.2.7.4

Peas

Growth Pattern Over last decade

Year Area (hal. Production (M.T) Productivitv lM.T./ha)1991-92 50500 479000 9.51993.94 13100 79072 6.031994-95 13100 79072 6.031995-96 13200 79701 6.031996.97 13900 82566 5.941997-98 13900 82566 5.941998-99 14413 86461 6.001999-00 14082 84378 6,002000-01 13460 80693 6.002001-02 14385 86281 6.00

The main growing areas of Peas are Hoshiarpur, Jullendar and Kapurthala districts.

Crop Calander

The best time for sowing is 15 October to 15 November.


Soils- Alluvial soil with pH of 6 to 7.5 is good, in alkaline soil good crop can not be

taken.

Cultivars. The suitable varieties are:

Early-Arkel, Jawahar Matter-4 , Azad P-3 and Azad P-4

Mid Season- Bounvelle, Lincoln, Azad P2, Azad PI and Jawhar Mattar-I

SeedIPlanting Material- It requires cool temperature of 5-22°C. Seed rate for early

varieties in 100 kg and for mid and late varieties 80 kg per ha.

SowingIPlanting Techniques- The best time for sowing is 15 October to 15 November

in lines 30 em apart and between plant 6-8 em for early varieties and for mid 45 x 8 em.

For good germination sufficient moisture in the soil is must.

Nutrient Management- 15 tons FYM, 65 kgN, 40 kgP and 25kgK/ha gives good yield.

Water Management- First irrigation after germination, 20d at pre flowering and 3'd at

pod development in critical.


Powdery mildew and wilt are serious diseases. The powdery mildew is more common in

mid and late sown crops. This can be controlled by spray of Benlate or Bavistin.


c

; :I

,r

2.2.7.2.7.5

2.2.7.2.7.6

2gm1litre at 15 days interval. For wilt control, the seed should not be sown very early

because of high temperature the plants are killed at early stage. If temperature remains

high sowing should be delayed i~ 2nd or 3nl week of October. Fruit borers can be

controlled with Malathion or Endosulphon 2m! / litre water at 10-12 days interval.


The yield of Peas is very good in the state which has risen from a mere 7 tons per hectare

to the present level of 14 tons per hectare.

Crop Economics

As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for Peas works out to be as under:


2.2.7.2.7.7

. Estimated selling rate Rs.3000/- per Ton



Price trend

Rs.l8000/-

RS.8000/-

Rs.10000/-

2.2.7.2.7.8

2.2.7.2.7.9

2.2.7.2.8

The price trend, arrival of Pea during last decade in Jullendar whole sale market is given

below1991 1996 2001base vear

Monthlvarrival in tons 677.75 493.33 332.60Price Rs. /qtl. 284 402.67 931.40


The pea production has very good scope in Punjab and with the release of better varieties

area and production is increasing. The major constraints is wilt that is why early crop

becomes risky. Varieties with wilt resistance should be developed.

Conclusion

Pea has very good scope of area and production increase in the state, if wilt resistant lines

are developed.

Cucurbits and Melons

Cucurbits are a group of vegetables, which are quite popular in the state. The two crops

i.e. musk melon and water melon are used. as fruits and cucumber finds an important

place amongst salad crop. These all are summer vegetables.


2.2.7.2.8.1

2.2.7.2.8.2

2.2.7.2.8.3


Year Area (ha). Production (M.T) Productivity (M.T./ha)1990-91 9145 62490 6.8331991-92 8935 48141 5.3881993-94 8530 111214 13.041994-95 8530 111214 13.041995-96 N.A . N.A N.A1996-97 N.A N.A N.A1997-98 N.A N.A N.A1998-99 N.A N.A N.A1999-00 N.A N.A N.A2000-01 10740 149348 18.1972001-02 11050 154212 13.96

Crop Calendar.

Sowing is gcnerally done in the first week of February but it is mainly depend on the

temperature prevailing. The ideal temperature for germination should be between 240and 29° C


Varieties

Crop 1991 1994 2001Muskmelon Lucknow, Hara Punjab Rasila, Punjab Rasila, PunjabMadhu, Punjab Punjab Hybrid, Hybrid, Hara Madhu,Sunehri, Punjab Hara Madhu, Punjab SunehriHybrid Punjab SunehriWater melon Sugar Baby, Sugar Baby, Sugar Baby, Shipper,Shipper Shipper,Bottle gourd Punjab Round, Punjab Round, Punjab Long, PunjabPunjab Komal Punjab Komal Round, Punjab

KomalBitter gourd C-96, Puniab -14 C-96-Puniab-14 C-96-Punjab-14Soonge gourd Pusa Chikni Pusa Chikni Pusa ChikniSummer squash Punjab Chappan Punj ab Chappan Punjab ChappanKadoo Kadoo KadooCucumber Balam Khira, Balam Khira, Balam Khira, PunjabPunjab No. 10 Punjab No. 10 No. 10Long melon Lucknow Early, Lucknow Early, Lucknow Early,Pb.No. I Pb.No. I Pb.No.1Tinda S-48 S-48 S-48Wanga - - Punjab Wanga-1


Seed I Plantinl! Material I PlantiDl' TechnioueCrop Sowing time Snacin" Seed rateMuskMelon Mid February 4 m wide bed for Hara 3.75 kg per

Early planting Madhu haunder cover 3 m wide bed for other

varietiesSeeds 60 cm distance onboth sides of bed

Watermelon Mid January to 2.5-3 m wide beds for 3.75-5.0 kgMarch Sugar Baby 4-5 m wide per haNov. to Dec. beds for Shipper(under protection) Seeds 60 em distance on

both sides of bedBottle gourd Feb-March, June- 2.0-2.5 m wide beds Seeds 5 kg per ha

July 45-60 cm on both sides ofNov. -Dec. (under bedcover)

Bitter gourd. Feb-March, June- Bed size 1.5 m wide, plant 5 kg per haJuly distance 45 cm on both

sides of bedSponge gourd Mid Feb to March Bed 3 mwide 5 kg per ha

Mid May to July Seed spacing 75-90 cm onone side of bed

Summer gourd Mid January to 1.25 m wide beds, seeds 45 5 kg per haMarch cm apart on both sides ofOct. to Nov.(under bedcover)

Cucumber February-March 3 kg per haLong melon for cucumberTinda and longWanga melon

5 kg per hafor others

Nutrient Management I Fertilization

eroMuskmelonWatermelonBottle gourd

Fertilization10 to 15 tonnes ofF.Y.M. + 50 k N, 25 k P,O, and 25 k K,O8 to 10 tonnes ofF.Y.M. + 25 k N, 16k P,O, and 16k K,O20 to 25 tonnes of F.Y.M. + 30 kg Urea before sowing and 30 kgat earl ickin sta e10 to 15 tonnes ofF.Y.M. +40 k N,20 k P,O, and 22 k K,O40 k ofN, 20 k P,O, and 20 k K,O15 tonnes, F.Y.M. + 40 k N, 4 kg P,O, and 15kg K,O40 kg N + 30 kg P,O, and 20 kg K,O40 kg N + 30 kg P,O, and 20 kg K,O40 kg N + 30 kg P,O, and 20 kg K,O40 kg N + 30 kg P,O, and 20 kg K,O

Final Repurt: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study fur North Zune' 266

2.2.7.2.8.4

2.2.7.2.8.5


In general first irrigation just after sowing. Subsequent irrigations depending upon

season. In summer season more frequent irrigations are required. In rainy season over

irrigation generally is harmful. Proper drainage during rainy season is required. Water

should not be allowed to touch the fruits. Generally 7 to 10 irrigations are requireddepending upon the crop and the season.


hnportant insect pests of cucurbits are red pumpkin beetle, Aphid and Jassid, Spider mite,

Fruit flies. hnportant disease include powdery mildew, downy mildew, collar rot,pythium rot, Alternaria blight, mosaic virus and root knot.

The spray schedule for all these insect pests and disease have been recommended.


MuskMelon

Fruits on Hara Madhu to be harvested when turn yellow Other varieties to be harvested at

mature green stage for distant markets and at 'half slip' stage for local markets.

WaterMelon

Ready for harvest in 95-120 days of flowering. To be harvested when fruit is fully matureand sigo of maturity is drying of tendril.

Bottle Gourd

Crop ready in 60-70 days after sowing seed depending upon variety and season. Harvestonly tender to medium sized fruits.

Bitter Gourd

Crop is ready for harvesting in about 55-60 days after sowing depending upon variety andseason. Picking at 2 to 3 day interval.

Sponge Gourd

Crop is ready in about 70-90 days after sowing. Harvesting at 3 to 4 days interval.


2.2.7.2.8.6

2.2.7.2.8.7

2.2.7.2.8.8

2.2.7.2.8.9

Summer Squash

Crop is ready for first picking 60-80 days after sowing depending upon variety and

season. Fruits become fit for harvesting after 7 days of fruit setting.

Cucumber

Crop is ready after 60-70 days of sowing

Long Melon


Tinda


Crop Economics

Authentic Data not available

Price Trend

No data on the price trend of any of the gourds is available.


Since Melons are highly cross pollinated crops farmers should not use their own seed

every year.

Conclusions

Since most of the Cucurbits are cultivated along the river beds, there is a need to increase

the area under cultivation of these crops as there is a lot of availability of such areas.


2.2.7.2.10 Potato

2.2.7.2.10.1 Growth Pattern over decade

Year Area (ha). Production (M.T) Productivity (M.T.lha)1990-91 46000 953542 19.851991-92 46200 923119 19.981993-94 48500 971261 20.001994-95 48500 971261 20.001995-96 49800 998092 20.041996-97 46500 845400 18.181997"98 54700 852000 15.571998-99 50300 941900 18.721999-00 75500 1563200 20.702000-01 70123 1371826 19.562001-02 70500 1412876 20.04

2.2.7.2.10.2 . Crop Calendar

The appropriate time of sowing for Kufri Chandramukhi and Kufri Jawahar is first week

of October. Kufri Badshah and Kufri Satluj should be sown between 5-15 October. For

every crop, Kufri Chandramukhi and Kufri Jawahar should be planted in last week of

September.


Cultivars

Early varieties: Kufri Chandramukhi, Kufri Jawahar

Mid season varieties: Kufri Satluj

Late varieties: Kufri Sindhuri, Kufri Badshah

Variety Days taken to maturity Yield ImportantItons/ha) characters

Kufri Chandramukhi 90 10 Early maturing

Kufri Jawahar 80-95 10-12 Moderately resistantto late blight

Kufri SaUui 90-95 12-14 -do-Kufri Sindburi 110-10 12 Good keeping

quality

Kufri Badshah 110-120 12 Resistant to lateblight


Seed I Planting Material I Seed sonrce

Obtain the seed from a reliable source, preferably from a Government seed production

agency. It is beller to replace the seed every 3-4 years, because of using the same seed

year after year, there is increase in the number of viruses and the yield also reduces

progressively.

Field Preparation

Plough the field with a mould board or disc plough, followed by the disc harrow or the

tiller, depending upon the soil type. There should be proper drainage facility in the potato

field. Alkaline and Saline soils are not suitable for growing potatoes. In loamy sand soil,

discing alone is sufficient. If weeds or stubbles of the previous crop are not a problem,

potato can be grown with minimum tillage without loss in yield.

Sowing I Planting techniques I Seed rate and method of planting

After the field has been prepared well, mark rows with a row marker. A ridger should be

used for planting the crop manually. Semi automatic planters are recommended where

tractor power is available.

The quantity of seed used for planting depends upon its diameter. The tubers of about 30-

70g at the spacing of 55-60 cm between the rows and 20 cm between the tubers. In this

way, about 12 quintal tubers are sufficient for planting one acre. If the tuber of 100 gm

are used than these should be planted at spacing of about 30-40 cm. More than this size of

tuber can also be used but they should be cut before planting and each cut tubers should

at1east contain 2-3 eyes, weighed more than 25 gm and should be planted after 10'h

October. The cut tubers should be dipped in 0.25% Dithane M-45 solution for 5-10

minutes. Later on keep the treated seeds in a cool placel shade for 14-16 hours to dry

them and then use for planting in the field.

Seed preparation

The seed potatoes obtained from the cold store, can not be planted immediately. It should

first be dried with the help of blowers. Keep the treated seed in a cool placel shade

exposed in diffused sunlight for 8-10 days which initiates sprouting and helps the sprouts

to become strong. Keep the potatoes in basket or trays. If baskets or trays are not


available then thepotatoes should be kept on the floor and the thickness of potatoes heaps

should not be more than 4 inches. Don't use the potati)es for sowing with poor sprouting

or with hairs.

Time of sowing

Different varieties have different time of sowing. The appropriate time of sowing for

Kufri Chandramukhi and Kufri Jawahar is ftrst week of October. Kufri Badshah and

Kufri Satluj should be sown between 5-15 October. For every crop, Kufri Chandramukhi

and Kufri Jawahar should be planted in last week of September. At that time, soil

temperature is low so there is more problem of rotting the tubers. To save the tubers from

rotting, use of mulching is highly beneficial. Mulching not only reduces the soil

temperature but also maintain humidity in the soil.

Nutrient management / Manures and Fertilizers

Twenty tonnes of farmyard manure or green manuring alongwith 50-60 kg N (50 kg for

early and 60 kg for late sown varieties), 20 kg P,Os and 40 kg K,O per acre should be

use. If the soil is sandy loam then drill all P and K and Y. N at sowing and the remaining

Nat 25-30 days after sowing i.e. at the time of earthing up.

Weed control and Earthing up

It is noticed that if at the time of sowing there is proper earthing up and weeds should be

destroyed by use of suitable chemical, then there is no effect of earthing up after sowing

on the yield of potato but if at the time of sowing, light earthing up is done then there is

need of later earthing up after 25-30 days of sowing. A double mould board plough or a

ridger should be used for earthing up. By this method, the number of green potatoes can

be reduced. :

For control of weeds use anyone of the following herbicides by dissolving in 250 litres

of water for one acre and spray within 10 days after sowing. At the time of using

herbicide, there should be proper moisture in the fteld.

I. Alachlore 1.0-2.0 kg / acre (Lasso 50% 2 to 2.4 litre)

2. Alachlor 0.5 kg lacre (Lasso 50% 1.0 liter) +Simazine 0.5 kg are (Tafazine 50 % 100g)

3. Pendimethalin 4'80-600 g1acre(Stomp 30 % I lit)


2.2.7.2.10.3

2.2.7.2.1 0.4

If the weeds emerge in the field then parquet 240-300 g per are (Gramaxone 1.0-2.0 liter)

should be applied after IS days of sowing by dissolving in 250 litres of water.

Storage of Potato

After harvesting, cutted and mis-shapened rotted tubers should be removed. For home

consumption, the potatoes should be stored in cool and humid place with sufficient air

ventilation. High temperature results in high respiration rate of potatoes, which cause

heating and spoilage by rotting and sprouting. High humidity is desirable to avoid

excessive. shrinkage. For commercial use, the potatoes should be sorted, graded and

packed in perforated jute bags/ plastic mesh bags before storage, otherwise, black heart

symptoms will develop in the tubers. The local cold storage facilities should be available

for the.storage.ofpotato in large quantity and in the cold storage temperate ofO-4°C and

relative humidity of75-80% is required for long term storage.



Use resistant varieties like kufri sutlej, kufri Badshah and kufri Ashoka. Early blight or

leaf spot complex is also serious. This is also controlled by mencozeb + 2% urea spray.

Mosaic and other virus diseases are also serious. The seeds should be replaced every 2-3

years and spray Monocrotophos or Dimethoate 0.02% to check aphids which spread the

disease. Tuber moth and cut worms are serious pests. The soil around plant should be

drenched with Carbaryl 50 wp (2kg/ha) or Endosulphan 25EC 1.25 lit/ha. Besides this,

Aphids, mites or tuber moth also damage which are controlled with monocrotophos

spray.


The mature potatoes should not be allowed to remain in the soil which means harvesting

should not be delayed. After harvest potato should be surface dried and kept in shade for

10-15 days, graded and packed in gunny bags. The Yield of Potatoes is .comparatively

much better in the state varying between 15 to 30 tons per hectare. The variety wise yield

is as under:


2.2.7.2.10.6

Variety Yields tons/hectare.

Kufri Ashoka 24-56Kufri Jawahar 28-32Kufri Sutlej 30-35Kufri Pukhraj 37-39Kufri Chipsona-I 22-26Kufri Chipsona-2 24-26Kufri Anand 27-32

Crop Economics

As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for Potato works out to be as under:


2.2.7.2.10.7

Estimated seIling rate Rs.2600/- per Ton



Price Trend

Rs.52000/-

Rs.25000/-

RS.27000/.

2.2.7.2.10.8

Monthly trend of price and arrival in Lucknow wholesale market will give an idea

of potato trade in state.

1991 1996 2001

Arrival in tons 1669.55 855.67 898.8Price in Rs/ ton. 2316.4 3121.7 46530% increase 'or:decrease in arrival (-)48.75 (-) 46.2% Increase or decrease in prices (+) 34.77 (+) 100.9


After planting, there is problem of poor germination and seed dormancy. Seed tubers do

not geminate if planted soon after removal from cold storage. Poor germination may be

due to use of unsprouted seed tubers. If the rains occur after planting or due to heavy

irrigation, the water goes above the ridge, then there is crust formation on ridges, which

ultimately results in poor germination.

Later in the growing season there is problem of early and late blight and mosaic and leaf

roll which significantly reduce the yield. Early and late blight can be controlled to some

extent by Indofil M-45/ Kavach @ 500-700 g or coper oxychloride 50 WP @ 750-1000

g1acre by dissolving in 250-300 liters of water at 7 days interval starting from the first


2.2.7.2.10.9

week of November. But it is very difficult to control the viruses. We can produce the

virus free seeds through seed plot technique. Due to more problem of viruses, farmers are

advised not to use the same seed for more than 3 years.

By the use of tractor ,!perated diggers, large quantity of potato is wasted due to cut on the

surface of tubers by the blades of the diggers. Moreover, the cold storages meant for

potato seed have problem of irregular power supply leading to unnecessary wastage. The

high initial investment for large quantity of seeds is also the main constraint i.e farmers

use same seed year after year which ultimately reduce the yield due to increase in number

and concentration of viruses in the tubers.

COIiclusions

This crop has a tremendous scope of increasing area production and productivity. The

processing industries like chips, fingers and other product factories should be established.

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for'North Zone' 274

2.2.7.3

2.2.7.3.1

Floriculture

NOTE:

The consultants have not followed the prescribed sequence but have presented the status

of flowers comprehensively for the State. This has been necessitated as floriculture is still

in its infancy in the State and not much of data is available to be collated and presented.

Besides the important individual flower crops have been dealt more exhaustively inVolume II of the report

Traditional flowers of the State

Area, production and productivity of important flower plants in Punjab

Area (ha) Production in MT Productivity in MTfha1996 1997 1998 1999 1996 1997 1998 1999 1996 1997 1998 1999-97 -98 -99 -00 -97 -98 -99 -00 -97 -98 -99 -00

Carnation 5 5 5 5 20 20 20 20 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0

Chrysanthemu 40 40 40 40 200 200 200 200 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0rnGladiolus 173 173 173 173 1020 1020 1020 1020 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9

.

Jasmine 2 2 2 2 10 10 10 10 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0

Marigold 200 200 210 210 1600 1600 1680 1680 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0

Rose 130 130 130 130 325 325 325 325 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

The area, production and productivity of flowers in the state has been rather static during

the past decade. Only some area and production increase has been reported on marigold.

The main development in the field has been introduction of some new varieties of

traditional flowers such as Marigold, Rose, Chrysanthe main as well as the popularization

some new flowering plants such as Carmation, Gladiolus and Gerpera. The details of

varieties now being recommended are as under:

Marigold- Giant Double African Orange, Cracker Jack, Pusa, Narangi, Many local

selections are also being grown.

Roses First Red, Noblesse, Konfeti, Prophyta, Starlite, Gladidious- White prosperity,Eurovision, Nov Lux, Snchitra, American Beauty.


Chrysanthemum- Birbal Sohni, Baggi, Tatlam selction

Carnation- Scania, Arthur Sim, White Sim, William Sim.

Tube Rose- The Pearl

Technical information available

The research done at P.A.U. and H.A.U has yielded scientific information or gradiolus

chrysanthemum, marigold, carnation, roses, seed production etc. The recommendation

available in these crops, which could be utilized in production highest yieldlha. Some are

briefly described:

2.2.7.3.1.1. Ilose

As explained in the Production of Cut Flowers at Item NO."2.2.7.3.2.1"

2.2.7.3.1.2

2.2.7.3.1.3

Marigold

By making three plantings VIZ. July, September and February, the flowers can be

produced round the years. Seedlings are raised a month prior in raised nursery beds by

sowing 600 g seed per ha. The common varieties planted are : Giant Double African

Orange, Cracker Jack, Pusa Narangi etc. Field is prepared by incorporating 100 tons of

well rotten FYM, 200kg N, 100 kg P,Os and 100 kg K,Olha. Application of remaining

200 kg Nlha is applied after the month of transplanting. Flower production starts 60-70

days after transplanting. A good yield of 500, 600 , 200 qlha is obtained during rainy,

winter and summer plantings, respectively. Plants are commonly attacked by black leaf

spot disease which can be controlled by spraying .2% Dithane M-45.

Jasmine

Prospects

At present, gladiolus, tube rose and rose are main cut flowers, which are grown in these

two states for local markets only. The estimated areas under gladiolus, tube rose open

grown rose is about 80 ha. The area under greenhouse is about .10 ha. Domestic demand

of flowers is increasing @ 10% every years which can be judged by opening of several

retails outlets in various towns which are good indicator of increasing demand which

ultimate results in increased employment. Thus various further floriculture activities can

be started and reasonable diversification and increased prosperity of farmers can be

achieved. Various floricultural activities need further strengthening are:


2.2.7.3.2 Production of cut flowers

The production and supply of good quality flowers in the region can be sustained up to 5-

6 moths with cost effective technology. The flowers in this category can be grown are:

green house roses, lilies, gladiolus, carnation calla lilly, Freesia, Chrysanthemum,

Molucella etc.

2.2.7.3.2.1 Rose

It is a leading cut flower. In India too, the shift in liking of green house grown roses has

taken place in domestic market and are being sold at remunerative prices. For green

house cultivation, varieties like First Red, Konfetri Noblesse, Prophyta, Starlite, Pareo,

Cocktail, Dalles, Kiss Frisco, etc. are being grown. About 70,000 plants are grown in one

ha green house. The ideal temp ranged 16-250C and 60-65%. RH are being maintained

which improve the quality of lower and production. Similarly, the pH of soil is being

maintained around 6.5-7.0. Rose needs heavy fertilization i.e. 100 tons. FYM, calcium.

nitrate 200 kg: Pot nitrate 1600 kg, Urea 1200 kg, Magnesium sulphate 800 kg,

fertilization sho.uld be based on so.il and leaf analysis. About 1,500,000 flowers are

produced / hal year, which are grades and marketed.

Disease and post control in green house is a great challenge as disease like, Downy

mildew, Powdery mildew Botrytis, black spot, canker, mosaic etc attack roses. Regular

spray schedule is required to control rose pests like termites Aphids, Thrips, mites etc.

2.1.7.3.2.2 Carnation

It is next to rose in importance. Seed grown carnations have been totally replaced by sim

types in green house. Standard varieties like Scania, Arthur, Sim, William Sim, White

Sim, Arsito Sim, Yellow Dusty Sim are grown whereas spray types includes Sam's Pride,

Scarlet Elegance, White elegence, etc. It is propagated easily through terminal cuttings

made during October-February by treating the basal and with 500 ppm NAA. Soil pH

Between 6.0-7.0 is most ideal. The rooted cuttings are planted shallow at IS x IS em

spacing. Application of 100 ton ofFYM 400 kg N, 200 kg PzO, and 100 kg Olba helps in

better production of flowers. It is a leggy plant so it needs support to grow upright. For

this 3 layers of wire mesh structure is made. The lower layer is about 15 em above and

the soil and upper layers are separated 20 em apart Pinching, deshooting and disbudding

determine the quality of blooms and is done in standards. Standard carnations produce

10-10 flowers/ plant! year. The flower are bunched 20 each and firmly bound at base and


2.2.7.3.2.3

2.2.7.3.2.4

2.2.7.3.2.5

2.2.7.3.2.6

2.2.7.3.2.7

2.2.7.3.2.8

neck. Flowers and foliage should be free from insect, pests and diseases. Fusarium wilt,

leaf spot, and heiothis borer are serious diseases and pests, which should be controlled.

Chrysanthemum

Studies reveals that this crop is grown for loose flower, cut flower and pot plant. For

loose varietIes like Birbal Sahni, Baggi and Ratlam selection are recommended. It is

commonly propagated through terminal cuttings. About 1.5 lacs cuttings are required for

raising one hectare crop and about 10, 000 kg loose flowers are produced. This crop is

attack by black aphids which can be controlled by mixing Thimet in the soil by spraying

.1% Malathion.

Gladiouls

Studies on timing production reveals that it an be planted from September to November

after 15 days succession and thus flowers are produced continuously from November to

April. About 1, 00, 000 bulbs are planted per ha and same number of spikes are produced

which are sold @ 12-24/ dozen. Common varieties which are being grown are

Eurovision, Nova Lux, white prosperity, Rose Supreme, Suchitra Chinon Hanting Song,

American Beauty etc. For raising healthy crop, it is fertilized with 400 kg N, 100 kg

P,Os and K,O per ha. This crops is attacked by Fusarium wilt, Botrytis, Curvularia,

diseases and thrips. Some of varieties exhibit iron deficiency which can be corrected y

spraying with 0.2% iron sulphate.

Gerbera


Lilinm


Anthurium


Orchid


Final Repart: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 278

2.2.7.3.3 Dry flowers and foliage

There is a good scope for dry flowers and foliage for domestic and export purposes.

Flowers and foliage of many species grown are dried during the period of high

temperature and low humidity and coloured. Such flowers are Acrocliniums, Craspaedia

Limonium, Larkspur, Helichrysums, Sorghum, Zinnia, Rose, Brumus , Briza, lotus pods

and some trees and shrub pods and foliage etc.

Flower Seeds

During the last two decades, Punjab has become the biggest producer of seeds of many

varieties of flowers. From India, the export of flowers seeds is estimated around to be Rs.

7 crore. This industry in Punjab has been established on the basis of contract production

for the foreign companies. There is a very high degree of volatility in pricing at

international level. Yet,.there is a scope for increasing are a under flower-seed production

up to about 2000 hectares in coming years.

Flower Bulbs

The period between September to April is highly favourale for the production of many

kinds of flower bulbs of temperature and tropical origin. These flower bulbs are used

both for landscaping and cut flower production. For cut flower production, bulbs are

required to be programmed using storage technology at suitable temperatures, which

offer a good commercial opportunity both for domestic and'export market. Flower bulbs,

which can be produced most economically are : Gladiolus, Fressia, Ornithogalum Iris,

Narcicus, Hipeastrum, Nerine, Zephyranthus, Agapanthus, Haemanthus, Haemerocllis,

Dahlia tubers, Canna etc.

Product base floriculture

The interest of n!,tural products derived from plants and flowers are increasing all over

worlds and many countries like Bulgaria and France have developed perfume industry

depends on Rose and Jasmine oils as base for patented perfumes. Similarly, natural dyes

from plant parts including flowers have commercial importance in textile industry and for

culinary purposes. At present very small beginning has been made which needs further

strengthening. Round the year plant can be run if 2-3 crops are grown. The plants

yielding essential oils during winter, spring and summer and rainy season can be

commercially exploited ego Essential oils and oncress of Rose, Jasmine, Tuberose,

Chamomile, Tagetes minuta etc and natural dyes from flowers like Marigold.


2.2.7.3.4

2.2.7.3.5

2.2.7.3.6

Modern nurseries of ornamental plants

Setting up of high tech nurseries for production of ornamental plants for landscape in

homes and public gardens is a prerequisite and a paying proposition. The success in

growing of high quality cut flowers depends on the quality of planting material, which is

required by the growers every year. High each nurseries for the propagation of planting

material backed by tissue culture techniques should set up for the successful production

programme of cut flowers and other ornamental plants.

Target for the development for next 10 years

Floriculture is highly intensive and remunerative, which offers substantial employment

opportunities for engaging rural unemployed educated and semi-educated youth who can

be make a fairly good living even from one acre of land. System of contract farming, led

by local entrepreneurs can be developed to avail the opportunities.

Keeping in view, the rapidly domestic market and opportunities for the export of

floriculture produce from Punjab and Haryana for next ten years, production targets may

initially be considered as under:

Crop Area Value I Ha Product Valuein Ha' IRs. m) IRs. m)

Roses and Carnations(High tech) 100 2.2 . 220Drv flowers and pot pouries 200 0.75 150Loose cut flowers 1000 0.08 80Flower bulbs 250 .10 25Flower seeds 2000 0.075 150Product base floriculture 1000 1.0 1000Modern nurseries of ornamental plants 200 1.5 300Total 4950 1925Ornamental Plants and Avenue Plantation

There is no authentic information I data available for the State.

Landscaping and Grasses


Cactus and Succulents



2.2.7.4

2.2.7.5

2.2.7.5.7

2.2.7.5.7.1

2.2.7.5.7.2

2.2.7.5.7.3

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

There is no authentic information / data available for the State.

Spices

Garlic

Common garlic (Allium sativum L.) and great headed garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.)

in India is the second most widely cultivated Allium after onion. It has since long been

recogoized all over the world as a .valuable spice and remedy for various ailments. It has

a.high nutritive value. Recently there has been noticeable increase in area under garlic in

the state though the exact figures are not yet available.


Crop Calendar

Optimum time of sowing time is from last week of Sept. to the first week of October.


Improved varieties

Punjab Garlic-I, Garlic- 56-4


Optimum timc of sowing time is from last week of Sept. to the first week of October.

Sowing / Planting techniques

Put the cloves at 3 to cm .depth. The sowing is done by kera method.

Spacing

Close planting at 15 cm between rows and 7.5 cm between plants is recommended.

Seed rate

225-250 kg of healthy cloves are needed for planting one acre of garlic.


2.2.7.5.8.4

2.2.7.5.8.5

2.2.7.5.8.8

2.2.7.5.8.9

Nutrient management IManuring and Fertilizer. Twenty tones of F.Y.M. 50 kg N (100 kg Urea) and 25 kg Phosphorous (115 kg

superphosphate) is recommended. Apply nitrogen in three equal splits, 30,45 and 60 days

after sowing.

Water Management I IrrigationFirst irrigation is given immediately after planting. Subsequent irrigation are to be given

at 10-15 day interval depending upon soil type and weather conditions.


Garlic has the same insect pests and diseases as in onion. Similar plant protection

measures are recommended for this crop also.


At maturity the tops dry. Stop irrigation atleast a fortnight before harvesting to prolong

storage life of bulhs. After harvesting cure the plants in a dry and shady places for 5-7

days- tie in small bundles to store in a well ventilated dry place. Sort act-bulbs with dried

cloves during storage.

Problem & constraints

Good varieties which meet the demands of the foreign markets and required planting

material have to be arranged.

Conclusion

Garlic demand both in the domestic market and foreign markets is increasing Punjab state

has a good potential of growing this crop in a large scale.


2.2.7.6

2.2.7.6.1

2.2.7.6.2

2.2.7.6.2.1

2.2.7.6.2.2

2.2.7.6.2.3

Mushroom

Wild

No authentic information / data is available for the wild grown mushroom in the State.

Cultivated

Introduction

There are about 400 mushroom growing units in Punjab which harvest 6000-7000 tonnes

of fresh mushrooms annually. These units are mainly situated in the Districts of Patiala,

Ropar and Hoshiarpur.


No authentic data is available.However, about 6000 - 7000 tons are produced annually.

Crop Calendar

Appearance of mushrooms- small buttons of mushroom start appearing about two weeks

after casing and each one matures in 2-3 days. Mushroom should be picked daily just

before they open out.


Two types of production system for the production of mushroom are adopted in Punjab.

(a) Temperate Mushroom (Sept.- March - 2 crops)

Improved strains are S IT PAU Selection

Production of comport states in mid September. Three types of composting using wheat

straw, wheat straw along with paddy straw and wheat straw with biogas slurry are used.

Recommendations with regard to preparation of compost, filling and spawning, casing or

covenng, arrangement of trays have been made by P.A.U.

Appearance of mushrooms- small buttons of mushroom start appearing about two weeks

after casing and each one matures in 2-3 days.


Picking

Mushroom should be picked daily just before they open out.

Packing and storage

Small pockets of 200 g each should be made in perforated polythene bags for marketing

as fresh mushrooms.

Yield

One square meter bed gives 8 kg of fresh mushroom in one season and its cost is Rs. 15-

16 to produce 1 kg of freshmushrooms.

(b) Tropical Mushrooms (April-August, 4 crops)

Paddy straw (not more than one year old o~ly is recommended in this).

Full details of preparation of bundles, lying of beds spawning and seeding, watering and

ventilation are provided by the PAU scientists. Small buttons start appearing after 7-9

days of supa spawning. They are ready to be picked on 10th day. Mushroom continue to

appear 15-20 days in flushes. 11 takes about one month to have one crop of this

mushroom and consequently four crops can be taken for the end of April to August.

Packing

Small packing of 200 g each should be made in perforated polythene bags for marketing.

This mushroom an be dried in shade or sun under natural climatic cpnditions.

Yield and economicsEach bed of 22 kg dry paddy straw yield 2.5-3 kg fresh mushroom in the above

mentioned period. lis cost of production varies from Rs. 9-10 per kg.

Dhingri (October- April, 3 crops) .The state department of Horticulture has taken up vigorously the cultivation of Dhingri in

the villages of local markets. This is one of the thrust areas of the department. Such

details have been given earlier under the Caption- Thrust areas of the state department of

Horticulture.

Material required include perforated polythene bags (having holes of I cm diameter at a

distance of 5 ern) cut paddy straw/ wheat straw, spawn and gunny thread varieties -


2.2.7.6.2.4

2.2.7.6.2.5

2.2.7.6.2.7

2.2.7.6.2.8

2.2.7.6.2.9

Pleurotus florida (PF-5), Pleurtus Sayor- Caju (PSC-3) and Pleurotus Ostreatus (P02) can

be activated in October -March, Nov. to February and Dec. - January, respectively.

The detailed methodology of growing this mushroom has been recommended by P.A.D.

Yield --each crop will yield 400-500 g of fresh mushroom per kg dry straw.


Mushroom flies is the main pest of mushroom. The central measure consist of Nuvan

spray. Avoid direct spraying of beds, only the room walk, ceiling and window panes and

ceiling of the room are to be sprayed.


One square meter bed gives 8 kg of fresh mushroom in one season and its cost is Rs. 15-

16 to produce 1 kg of fresh mushrooms.

Price trend

No authentic information / data is available.


Supp}¥ of good quality spawn, maintaining hydienic conditions in the production room,

proper packaging and marketing are the main constraints. Conclusion market demand for

mushroom is fast increasing both in Indian markets as well as foreign markets. There is a

good scope for increasing production, however, production system has to be made

economically efficient to compete in foreign markets.

Conclusions

This is a need for steady supply of good quality spawn and training of the cultivators in

proper maintenance ofhygenic conditions in the production rooms. There is also a need

to control the humidity levels within the production area.


3.

3.1

Post harvest infrastructure and management

Production infrastructure

(a) Irrigation infrastructureThe departmeIit of Horticulture of the state helped 187 fruits/ veg. / flower growers in

bringing 631.34 hectares under drip/ sprinkler irrigation. The distinct wise no. of farmers

and area covered under drip / sprinkler irrigation is given in Table

Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation

District No. offarmers Area (hac)

Ferozeour (Abohar) 38 196.35Rooar 6 9.80Arnritsar I 2.20Gurdasnur 4 9.50Fatehgarh Sahib 2 3.34Sangrur 21 10.60Bathinda 29 64.68Hoshiamur 43 135.63Moa II 10.69Total 154 453.39

Fruit Plant Nurseries

(a) Punjab Agricultural University Nurseries

Nursery Place Fruit Plants

Ludhiana Kinnow, Sweet Orange, Grapes, Peach, Pear, Ber ,Limes/ Lemon, Pa a a

Abohar Grapes, Sweet Orange, Kinnow, Grapefruit, Ber,Peach, Plum, Date aimMan 0, Litchi, Guava, Pear, Peach, PlumMan 0, Litchi, Guava, Pear and BerPear, Plum, Kinnow, Local San ra, Man 0, LitchiBer, Guava, Amla, GuavaGuava, Pear, Plum, Peach, Amla, Kinnow, Lime/Lemon, Ber


(b) Deptt. Nurseries

Spray pumps

The department of Horticulture helped the fruit / vegetable/ flower growers to create

plant protection equipment by way of providing knap sack sprayers and power sprayers.

Knap Sack Sprayers

Sr. No. Distt. No. of snrav DumpsI Ferozepur 3002 Gurdaspur 603 Hoshiarpur 3004 Amritsar 1105 Ludhiana 406 Fatehgarh Sahib 507 Jullundhar 808 Sangrur 509 Mansa 2010 Faridkot 10011 Bathinda 8012 Patiala 20013 Ropar 6014 Kapurthala 50

Total 15.00

Power Spray Pumps

Sr. No. Distt. No. of spray pumpsI Ferozepur 402 Gurdaspur 53 Hoshiarpur 204 Amritsar 55 Ludhiima 26 Fatehgarh Sahib 27 Jullundhar 18 Sangrur -9 Mansa -10 Faridkot 9II Bathinda 412 Patiala 213 Ropar 214 Kapurthala -15 Muktsar 15Total 107

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study fOT North Zone' 287

Provision of hand tools

The department horticulture to facilitate orchard operations especially relating to pruning,

training and harvesting of fruit, imported some hand tools and distributed these to the

progressive fruit growers in the state. The details of such tools are given in the Table.

Sr. No. Distt. Orange Pruner Folding Pruningnicker saw saw

I Amritsar - 10 6 IS2 Bathinda - 20 6 203 Faridkot - IS 6 IS4 Muktsar 200 IS 6 IS5 Mansa - 20 6 206 Abohar 450 20 8 20

(Ferozenur)7 SanlrrUT - 20 10 208 Patiala - IS 6 IS9 Ropar - IS 6 IS10 Hoshiarour 350 25 10 2011 Jalandhar - IS 6 IS12 Ludhiana - IS 6 IS13 Kanurthala - 10 6 IS14 Gurdasnur - 10 6 ISIS Fatehgarh - 10 6 .15

SahibTotal 1000 240 100 250


3.2 Post Harvest Infrastructure

3.2.1 No. of working Cold Stores hi the State

Year No. of cold stores Caoacitv (]akh tones)1994-95 309 5.711995-96 320 5.71996-97 356 8.061997-98 355 8.001998-99 390 10.501999-2000 441 12.752000-2001 306 11.50

Sector wise distribution of cold storages in Pnnjab

State Private Sector Cooperative Sector Public Sector TotalNo. Capacity No. Capacity No. Capacity No. Capacity

Punjab 379 1016000 08 18824 03 14440 390 1049264Total of Three cold storages have been provided assistance by National Horticultural

Board with 85.28 lacs Rupees and storage capacity of these three cold storage is 10833tons.

3.2.2 Processing Infra-structure in the state

There is good Infrastructure of food processing in the state, Ministry of food processinghas given F.P.O. license to following units till 2001.Product Large Small Small College Home Relabellor Total

scale scale scale A scale scaleFood 10 17 22 52 100 11 212

I productsSoft drinks 6 3 -- 4 4 I 18Total 16 20 22 56 104 12 230

The production along with value of the food products for the year 2000-200 I IS gIvenbelow:

Product Quantity in tons . Value in RupeesFood Processed 123181000 2316814000Soft drinks 95018000 1064842000Total 218199000 3381656000


3.2.3

There are 230 licenced processing units in Punjab with annual production of 123181 and

95018 thousand tons of processed food and beverages with a value of3381656 Thousand

Rupees in the year 2000-2001.

Following projects have been assisted by NHB in Punjab to develop infra structure for

Horticulture development.

S.No. Name and address of Project Nature of Activities

I M/s.Glossy Food Limited Village Habat Pur Canning and dehydration ofRoad, Tehsil, Derabassi, Dist. Patiala, Puniab Fruits & Vegetables

2 M1s.Sandlas Air - Con System, Pvt. Ltd. Vill & Frozen Fruits & VegetablesP.O. Jandiala Guru, Amritsar, Puniab . bv IOF Technology.

3 . Nijjer Agri Foods Ltd. Village Meharban Pura Storage & Processing ofP.O. Jandiala Guru, Amritsar, Puniab Fruits & Vegetables.

4 Roses Floriculture Ltd. V.P.O.O. Khanna Green house cultivation ofNagar, Kashmir Road, Amritsar, Puniab Roses.

5 Himalayan Frozen Foods Ltd. Village Rajgarh, Frozen Fruits & VegetablesP.O. Shambu, Tehsil, Raipura, Patiala, Puniab. bv IOF Technology.

6 PAGRO Foods Ltd., Village Dalomajra Rajpura Processing of Fresh and- Sirhind GT Road, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab Frozen Fruits & Vegetables

IQF Technology.7 M/s.Karlar Herbs Pvt. Ltd., Village Brundi, Cultivation of flowers and

Tehsil - Raikot, Ludhiana. extraction of Aromatic Oilstherefrom.

8 M1s.Rakhra Spice And Herbs Pvt. Ltd., Village Cultivation of flowers andRakhra, Distt. Patiala extraction of Aromatic Oil

therefrom9 Phulwari Bio Tech Ltd., Village Malakpur, Near Tissue Culture Project

Lalru Patiala10 Punjab Horticulture Post Harvest Technology Training & Demonstration

Centre P.A.U. Campus, Ludhiana. on Post HarvestTechnologies of Fruits &Vegetables.

There are 390 cold storages in Punjab with storage capacity of 1049264 tons of

horticulture produce.

Mentha extraction units iu the State

No. of units

Area under Mentha

Production

=

=

=

40

3295

9965 quintals


3.2.4

3.2.5

3.2.6

PAGREXCO has set up five mechanical sorting, waxing and grading centeres with

capacity of 2 MTs per hour for Kinnow in five citrus estates- Hoshiarpur-2, Badal- I,

Baliana- I, Tahhwatajalam. The cost of waxing is 50 paise per kg.

Two pre-cooling cum cold stores have been set up at Badal and Talwandi Saboo and

assisted co-operative cold store at Hoshiarpur. Pre-cooling cum cold store in private

section at Samana.

For creation of cold chain infrastructure in the state of Punjab 8 projects with investment

of around 2200 lakh have been approved by PAGREXCO with soft loam assistance of

Rs. 980 lakhs.


4.2 Research and Development

4.2.1. Central Research Institute in the State

4.2.2. K.V.K. Achievements

(a) Training Achievements

K.V.K. No. of Total oarticinaots SCIST oarticioantscourse Male Female Total Male Female Total

sBathinda 50 728 423 1151 49 35 84Ferozeour 27 421 84 505 65 12 77GurdaSDur 100 2946 197 3143 290 190 480Hoshiarpur 74 670 683 1353 107 127 234KaDurtha1a 60 1423 152 1575 128 28 156Patia1a . 63 1205 94 1299 54 25 79Faridkot 63 1181 253 1434 398 134 532Nawanshahar 49 621 242 863 204 140 344Sangrur 76 1327 146 1423 55 22 77Abohar 9 87 40 127 67 34 101Total 571 10609 2314 12923 1417 747 2164

(b) Impact of Training Programme

K.V.K. Name of Specific No. of %of Chan!!e in incometechnologyl skill farmers adoption Before Aftertransferred trainin!! trainin!!

Bathinda Popularization of 358 35 - 750000-improved shorl 80000 perduration to high ha.yielding varieties ofcereals and vegetables

Ferozepur Bee-keeping 30 20 5200 6000/unit

Gurdaspur Bee-keeping 75 5 12000 20000/unit

Mushroom growing 102 8 14000 22000/ann

Faridkot Bee-keeping 105 15 1300 l500/ann

Nawanshabar Seed production of 12 10 37500 64100lhacarrot 21200 722501haSeed production of 16 13 24000 42000lhahybrid chilli - 13001unitPoly house technology 8 12 - 9500 I unitMushroom growing 34 6 22500 460001 haBee keeping 13 30Ve"etable l>rowin" 42 5


(c) On farm testing of technology

K.V.K. HoshiarpurTechnology of intercropping of Sunflower with different vegetables

Table: Performance of intercropping with different crops

Crop Yield Der ha(o)Pnre CroD Inter crOD

Sunflower ". 19.5Cauliflower 175.5Cabba!!e 216.0Cucumber 200.0Lon" Melon 200.0ChananKadu 205.0Cauliflower + Sunflower 170+16.5Cabba!!e+ Sunflower 210.5+ 16.5Cabbaie + Cucumber 204.0+ 160.0Cabba!!e+ Lon!!Melon 1800+175.5Cabba!!e+ Chanan Kadu 195.0+170.0

(d) In(Nov.)ative Technology- Faridkot .

Off-season Vegetable Nursery: Growing of off season nursery in the plastic trays under

50 per cent shade ensures early arrivals of vegetables in the market and hence good

returns to the grower.

Gurdaspur- Intercropping of Cabbage and Muskmelon in Sugarcane.

Farmers of Gurdaspur district are inter-cropping cabbage and muskmelon in sugarcane,

raddish in sunflower and also tomato in cauliflower to avoid the effect of frost on tomato

and io get early crop of these vegetables.

(e) Success Stories of KVKs

Patiala

S. Harbans Singh took practical training in hybrid seed production of chilli from Krishi

Vigyan Kendra, Patiala in June 1998. He started cultivation of hybrid chilli (CH-I) and

raised a good crop of CH-I on an area of about 1.75 acres during 1998-99. From time to

time, he visited KVK, which helped him get yield of about 250 q/ha. He incurred an

expenditure of about 1.10 lakh on 1.75 acre land under this crop. In return, he received an

income of Rs. 3.10 lakh and earned net profit ofRs. 2 lakhs from the same piece of land.


•

..

He put three acres ofland under CH-I hybrid and spent about one lakh rupees to get net

return of Rs.2 lakhs in whole season. Simultaneously, he started raising parent lines of

CH-I hybrid to produce FI seed. He put half acre land under hybrid seed production and

four acre under chilli hybrid (CH-I). Upto September 2000, he earned Rs. 4.31 lakh

though sale of produce from four acre land. He incurred expenses of Rs. 1.70 lakh in

raising the crop. His net income from 4 acres comes to Rs. 2.61 lakh (Rs. 65000/- per

acre). Further, from the half acre area under hybrid seed production, he produced 25 kg

CH-I seed. Expenses in producing this seed were approximately Rs. 15000.At present,

prevailing rate ofCH-1 seed is Rs. 6000-7000 per kg (PAU has fixed rate ofCH-1 seed at

Rs. 6000/- per kg). He is very much satisfied with the rate ofremuneration and planning

to capture the seed market by the start of new season.

SANGRURSh. Nirmal Singh of village Dharamgarh Chhanna,Tehsil Sunam, Distt. Sangrur, has five

acres of land in which he grows paddy and wheat. The KVK scientists suggested him to

start some subsidiary occupation. After getting training at Krishi Vigyna Kendra during

February 1999, he started taking keen interest in mushroom. He decided to adopt

mushroom cultivation and visited National Centre for Mushroom Research and Training,

Chambaghat (Solan) along with KVK scientists. He started this profession during winter

of 1999 and succeeded to harvest 12 quintals of fresh mushroom per quintal of dry wheat

straw. He sold mushroom under the trade name of (Sidhu Mushroom) @ Rs. 60-70 per kg

of fresh mushroom and earned Rs. 60000 during the last winter season only. He is

encouraged very much with this profession and is in touch with the KVK scientists.


4.34.3.1

4.3.1.1

4.3.1.2

State Agriculture University

Punjab Agricultural University- Ludhiana

Department of HorticultureManpower

The faculty of the department of Horticulture has been organized into a number of teams,

each team having been designated to. work on a particular crop. The details of the fruit,wise teams are as under.

Fruit Team of scientistsCITRUS Dr.S.N.Singh, Dr. G.S. Bajwa, Dr. H.S. Rattanpal,

Dr. RC. Batra(Entomologjst), Mrs. Shashi KapurPEAR Dr.K.K.Sharma, Dr. S.S.Mann,

. Dr. Raghbir Singh, Dr. W.S. DhillonGRAPES Dr. J.K.SharmaGUAVA Dr.G.S.Dhaliwal, Dr.J.S. Bal, Dr.B.S. ChahilMANGO Dr C.S.Malhi, Dr.Jalriit Sinl!hPLUM Dr. J.S. Randhawa, Dr. Gurcharan Singh

Dr. Harminder KaurBER Dr. J.S. Bal, Dr.J.S. RandhawaLIMES TO Dr. Harminder KaurLEMONSPEACH Dr. J.S. Kanwar, Dr. Y. R. Chanana,

Dr. Gurcharan Singh, Dr. Harminder SinghPOME Dr.K.K. SharmaGRANATEALMOND, Dr. Y.R ChananaAPRICOT ANDKIWIJAMUN AND Dr. S.N. Singh, Dr. Raghbir SinghLOOUATMICRO Dr. H.R Chopra, DMIS GillPROPAGATION

Thrust area

Presently the department of horticluture of PAU, Ludhiana has identified the important

fruit crops of the state and serious efforts are being made on the following major issues.

a) Varietal selections

b) Standardization of propagation techniques and identification of rootstocks

c) Raising of virus free plants of citrus especially of Kinnow

d) Standardization of nutritional and irrigation requirements of the fruit crops.

e) Pruning and training needs of fruit plants

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-EcOllOmic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 295

f) Maturity standards, harvesting techniques and post harvest handling

g) Plant protection- Integrated spray schedule

Research Goals and Thrust PointsSr. Research Goal Thrust PointNo.I Improvement in yield and quality of Crop improvement involving introduction!

important fruit crops by evolution and development and evaluation of varieties for higherevaluation of new varieties yield and better quality traits for consumer

requirements..

2 Development of rootstocks for citrus, Evaluation of suitable rootstocks for different fruitpeach, pear, guava, ber etc to overcome crops.biotic and abiotic stresses.

3 Maximizing the results from orcharding Standardization of nursery production techniques.by precisely standardizing various Standardization of. training, pruning and other horti-horticulture techniques and techniques for maximizing the profit per unit inputmanagement practices (including land and time).

.

4 Formulation of eco-friendly integrated Studies on eco-friendly insect pest and diseaseinsect pest disease management management practices.programmes.

5 Minimizing the post harvest handling Standardization of post harvest handling techniqueslosses in fruits. for domestic and distant marketing.

6 Monitoring and management of the Strengthening of research on emerging problems likeemerging problems in fruit growing pre harvest fruit drop and foot rot in Kinnow, pre

mature leaffall in pear.

4.3.1.3 Achievements.

Significant/Salient achievements during 1991-2001

1. Crop Improvement

Sixteen varieties of different fruits were released. These are namely, Red, Blush

(grapefruit), Punjab Galgal (hill lemon); PAU Baramasi: Lemon-I (lemon); Partap,

Florida Prince, Earli Grande (Peach); Satluj Purple (plum); Pusa Delicious, Pusa Dwarf,

Punjab Sweet (papaya); Punjab Beauty (pear); Alponsoe (mango); Ganesh, Kandhari

(pomergranate); Wallaiti (ber) and Flame Seeless (grapes).

2. Rootstock and Propagation

• 'Pectinifera' rootstock for Mosambi cv. of sweet orange and 'Elongated Dehradun

and' Coimbatore' for ber were recommended.


• The technique for simultaneous grafting and rooting of plum and pear plants has been

standardized. It saves one-year period in nursery production.

• Clonal propagation of Kabul Green Gage plum and rooting of cutting of pomegranate

with 200 ppm IBA has given commercial success.

• The rooting medium of hyacinth for air-layering of litchi, lemon and guava has beenrecommended.

3. Transplanting

• Transplanting with partially defoliated bare-rooted plants of Kinnow and lemon

during December-February has been found to be equally successful as that with

earthballs. The former technique economises lifting and transport labour andexpenditure.

4. Canopy. Management

• The time and intensity of pruning have been standardized in ber and grape.

• The methods of rejuvenation of old orchards of pear, ber, mango and litchi have beenstandardized.

5. Nutrients management

• Two sprays of I% urea i)ave been found to improve the fruit quality of 'Perlette'grapes.

• The leaf sampling procedure for citrus has been recommended.

6. Weed Control

• The weed control with herbicides application has been found to be economicalmethod of pear, grape, citrus and ber orchards.

7. Yield and quality improvement

• The spray application of 2% Dormex for early npening of peach has beenrecommended.

• The spray of 10% urea in May effectively deblossomed rainy season bloom andresulted in high yield of winter season crop in guava.

• The fruit quality of 'Perlette' grape was improved with application of a package

technology comprising flower thinning, stem girdling and GA" application.


4.3.1.a

4.3.l.al

8. Post harvest handling

• The storage of Kinnow fruits at ambient and cold storage temperatures by unpacking

in HDPE bags has been standardi;zed.

9. Plant Protection

• Integrated schedule for the control of various insect-pests and diseases of fruits have

been formulated by employing newer techniques and safer chemicals.

Department of Vegetable Crops of Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana

List of faculty members of the Department of Vegetable Crops

I Dr. Jarnail Sinl!h Hundal, Prof. ofVel!etables-cum Head2 Dr.surianSingh, Sr. Vel!etable Breeder .3 Dr. R. Mahajan , Sr. Nematolol!ist4 . Dr. S.K. Arora, Sr. Olericulturist5 Dr. Daliit Singh, Sr. Olericulturist6 Dr. Tarsem Lal, Sr. Vegetable Botanist7 Dr.J.C Thakur, Sr. Vegetable Breeder8 Dr. B.S. Sooch, Sr. Vegetable Breeder9 Dr. T.R. Ghai, Prof. of Vegetables10 Dr.Mohan Sinl!h, Sr. OlericulturistII Dr.Sampuran Kaur, Sr.Plant Patholol!ist12 Dr.D.S. Cheema, Sr. Vel!etable Botanist13 Dr. K. S. Koorier, Vegetable Botanist14 Dr.S.S. Bal, Vegetable BreederIS Dr.N.P.S. Dhillon, Assoc. Professor16 Dr. Maior Singh Dhaliwal, Vel!etable Breeder17 Dr.D.S. Khurana, Assoc.Professor (Vel!etable)18 Dr.P .S. Brar, Vegetabel Breeder19 Sh. Aimer Singh Dhatt, Asstt. Veg. Botanist20 Dr. Neena Chawla, Asstt. Biochemist21 Dr. Ga"andeep Singh, Asstt. Olericulturist22 Dr. Sandeep Kaur, Asstt. Entomologist23 Sh. Jaswinder Singh, Asstt. Olericulturist24 Sh. Dilbal! Sinl!h, Asstt. Vel!. Breeder (Usman)25 Dr. V. K. Vashisht, Asstt. Vel!etable Breeder

EXTENSION

26 . Dr. Inderiit Singh Dhaliwal, Extn. Specialist (Ve". ) Hoshiamur27 Dr. Kulbir Sinl!h, Extension Specialist (Veg. ), Ronar28 Sh. Buta Sinl!h, DES (Vel!.)29 Sh. Parminder Sinl!h, DES (Veg) Kaourthala30 Sh. Navdeep Sinl!h, DES (Vel!.) Ferozeour31 Sh Amariit Singh, DES (Vel!.) Bathinda32 Sh. Harvinder Singh, DEE (Vel!.) Jalandhar


4.3.1.a2 Thrust areas of Research ideutified by the Departmeut of Vegetable Crops, PAU,

Ludhiana

Development of new varieties

The department of vegetable crops have taken up breeding programme on a number of

vegetable crops. The main thrusts in selecting new varieties are improvement in quality,

suitability to export markets and processing. The specific issues taken up are:

Quality Improvement

1. Potato

To develop varieties with higher dry matter content- above 20 percent. Presently local

varieties have 16-17 percent of dry matter. Some of the new varieties such as Chipsona I

or 2 are having a higher content of dry matter. The second objective is have varieties

which are low in sugar content. The sugar content should not be more than 150 mIl 100

gms. Amino acid and phenols content should be low; Shape of the fruit for french mes

and fingers should be oblong and for chips it should be round.

2. Chilies

Low pungency, intense colour, oborasin cotent high. Some of the exotic varieties, which

have above characters get infected with virus under Punjab conditions.

3. Tomato

Higher total soluble solids content above 5 percent (local varieties have in general less

than 4), high Iycopine, weight of fruit should be 70-80 gm, egg shapes tomato are to be

preferred.

4. Onion

Higher dry matter content, higher T.S.S. while column for export. Yellow column for

salad. Small, compact neck, non-bolting type , better keeping quality.

5. Garlic

White colour, clove size big, increased shelf life.

6. Peas

Higher protein, dark green column, snow peas to be encouraged for export markets.


4.3.1.a3

Disease! Insect pests resistant:

Chillies

Virus resistant, thrips and mites are also serious problems. Resistance to these pests and

diseases is being actively perused.

Tomato leaf curl virus, no resistance varieties have been developed as yet. Potato, late

blight, caused by virus- it is carried though seed.

Onion

Purple blotch more dangerous for seed crop. Thrips and stem of Phillim.

Garlic

Same as for onion.

Peas wilt early, Powdery mildew, rust.

Okra

Yellow vein mosaic, fruit borer.

Organic farming-Vegetable gram under sanitation conditions.

Hybrid seed production

Taken up in chilies, musk melon, brinjal. The state department of Horticulture has trained

many farmers for the.production of Brinjal seed.

Irrigation

The main thrust is to find out critical period when water is required. The studies are also

envisaged to find out critical period in important vegetables, when water is to be stopped

for the improvement of quality as well as storage life.

Achievements

During the decade twenty eight improved varieties including F I hybrids have been

released in the state. In tomato cv. TH 2312, TH S02, Castle Rock and Punjab Upma; in

chili cvs. ClI-l, CH-3, Punjab Surakh and Punjab Guchhedar, in muskmelon cvs Punjab

Rasila and MH 10; in brinjal cvs Punjab Moti, BH-I and BH-2,in Okra cvs, Punjab-S, in

caulifloer cvs.Pusa Snowball-I, in Broccoli cvs. Punjab broccoli-I, in Onion cvs. Punjab

Naroya, Punjab White and Pro-6; in Radish cvs. Pusa Himani and Punjab Pasand, in pea


4.3.1.bl

cvs. Mithi Phali in Longmelon cvs. Punjab Longmelon-l, inWanga cv.Punjab Wanga-l,

in lettuce cvs Punjab Lettue-l, in sweet potato cv. PSP-I, in sponge gourd cv. PSG-I, in

ash gourd cv. PAG-3 have been released in the state. As far as production technology is

concerned, the production techniques of nursery raising under polyhouse, chemical weed

control in case of seed crops of onion, radish, carrot and turnip, optimum plant density in

case of chilli, have been included in the package of practices. Net house cultivation in

case of capsicum has been found to give income to the tune of Rs. 2.00-2.50 lakhs / acre

and produce is free of chemical residues. The hybrids developed in case of chilli have

shown their impact in the state's agricultural economy. fu case of chilli, hybrid CH-I is

being grown by about 200 farmers trained by the department in hybrid seed production

and the farmers are able to produce the seed of FI hybrid. As a result, the area under

chilli increased from 2900 ha during 1995"96 to 8250 ha during 2000-2001. The

experiments on growing vegetables under net house has a great potential in the

production of pesticide free vegetables and may promote export also. These techniques

have proved their sustainability as regard to their productivity.

Transfer of technology programme through Kisan Melas, Kisan Divas, Seminars,

Symposia, Agriculture / Horticultural Workshops, Press, Radio and Television have

shown their impact by increasing the production of vegetable crops and increasing the

area under vegetable crops. Imparting training to the farmers by the department regarding

hybrid seed production of chilies, tomato, muskmelon and brinjal have been

tremendously fruitful in transferring the technology to the vegetable growers. The

distribution of seeds of open-pollinated varieties/ hybrid and literature, field

demonstrations, field days at farmer's fields, training programmes at Regional stations

and Krishi Vigyan Kendras have been very successful in the adoption of new package of

practices and new hybridS! varieties. The adaptive research triilis on new varieties and

production technologies at the farmers fields have give the real feed back about the

problems faced by the vegetable growers in the state and helped the scientists to reorient

their research programme and objectives to achieve the thrust areas.

Floriculture Department ofPAU, Lndhiana

The department of floriculture and landscaping ofP.A.U. is the leading department with

well qualified staff and equipped with well-established research facilities consisting of


4.3.l.b2

4.3.l.b3

green houses, modified structures and laboratories. If has projects fmancially supported

by I.C.A.R. and National Horticulture Board.

The scientific staff position is as under:

Professor = I

Associated Professor = 2

Assistant Professor 2

Research Scientists = .4

Thrust areas

The major thrust areas are (a, To standardize commercial varieties of important flowering

plants such as Roses, Teqetes- marigold,carnation, chrysamthemum, bulbous crops such

as Gladioli (b) To find out their agronomic requirements (c) Investigation in the seed set

potential of various high value flowering annals (d) Post-harvest packaging technology

(e) Production technology for Gerbera.

Achievements

Gladiolus

For timing production of cut flowers of gladiolus, it has been found that quality flowers

can be produced from end of October to April by adjusting planting from July to

December. Fertilizer trials conducted for three years revealed that 40 kg N, 109 P,O, and

20g/k 20 was found optimum for Snow Princess cv. In gladiolus first pair of leaves at S3

stage-6 leaf stage (73 days after planting) should be sampled for determination of N, P

and K nutrients in the plant. Studies on the removal of nutrients by gladiolus plants cv.

Sylvia revealed that 154 kg N, 10.5 kg P205 and 108 kg K20/ha was removed from the

soil. Studies on iron deficiency revealed that white coloured varieties exhibit more

deficiency than coloured varieties. SO white varieties should be sprayed 0.2% iron

sulphate at 24 leaf stage. Spacing trials revealed that 63 corms/sq/m for flower production

and 36 corms/sq/m for corm and cormel production were found optimum.

Studies on corm production from cormels exhibited that cormels of 1.25 cm size

produced flowering grade corm in two years. Experiments on the production of disease

free corms showed that corms of cv. Fidelo withstood hot water treatment of 57°C for 30

minutes and produced fairly disease free plants, soil drenching with 0.3% Bavistin and


occasional soil upturning have shown encouraging results in checking fusarial wilt in

gladiolus cv. Oscar.

Carnation

Seven varieties of Margenrite type and 20 varieties of sim type were evaluated. High

flower production was .recorded from August and September plantings with good stem

length in comparison to earlier or late plantings. Yield of cut bloom varied from 180 to

720 depending upon time of planting when planted at a density of 36 Isq/m. However, the

yield of high quality saleable blooms (320 Isq/m) was obtained from September planting.

Experiments conducted at PAU have been shown clearly that sim carnations can be

raised as annual crop only. Ratoon crop is not very profitable.

Amongst macro nutrients, carnation responded to N only. The effects of P and K were

not significant. In case of Marguerite Scarlet , 40 g N/sq.m was found to be optimum

whereas 20 g N/sq.was found to be optimum for Margeurite White. In addition to this,

the basal dose of 5 kg well rotten farm yard manure, 10 g P,O, and 15 K,O is

recommended. Out of two sources ofN, Calcium ammonium Nitrate (CAN) was found to

be significantly better than urea. The application of N in three equal splits proved

significantly better for carnation crop than in single or applied in two doses. Therefore, it

emerged that 113of N full dose of P and K should be applied before transplanting of

seedlings, 1/3 of N one month after transplanting and remaining 1/3 one month after

se,condapplication. Highest number of flowers per unit area was observed under closest

spacing of 15 x I cm. Pinching the carnation plants three times i.e. 40, 60 and 80 days

delayed flowering and reduced the stem length. Single pinching (60 days after planting)

produced flowers on par with twice or thrice pinching. Regular disbudding was found to

improved flower size.

To determine the ideal time for making cuttings, these were made during different moths

and were rooted. High percentage of rooting was observed in cooler months i.e. October

to'February than summer months ie. April to August. Highest percentage of rooting

(83%) was recorded inll2 sand + Y, burnt rice husk medium. Unrooted cuttings of

carnation were successfully stored from April to September in the cold storage.

Successful carnation plantation were raised from stored cuttings.


Marigold

Amongst varieties tried African Giant Double Orange was found to be a better

commercial variety. Application of 40 g Nand 20 g P,O, was found optimum dose for

highest flower production of marigold. Out of three spacings tried i.e. 40 x 30, 40 x 40

and 40 x 50, the spacing of 40 x 30 or 40 x 40 found to be optimum. Marigold plants

pinched 40 days after transplanting gave better yields especially in July and August Crop.

Pinched plants stood better in comparison to non-pinched. For meeting the demand of

flowers for longer period, the effect of 8 planting revealed that by planting in July, Oct.

and Feb. The flowers could be supplied fOT8 month from October to May. However,

November, March and April planting failed to yield commercial crops.

AsterIn aster application of 20 kg N and 109 P,O, was found to be optimum which revealed

1.56 kg /4 sq.m (15.6 q/acre) yield of loose flowers. The spacing of 20 x 20 cm was

found to be optimum which recorded highest flower yield (3.44 kg /4sq.m or 34.4 q/acre)

in comparison to other spacings.


4.4.1 ORGANIZATIONAL SET UP OF HORTICULTURE DEPAREMENT.

DIRECTOR OF HORTI~ULTURE (CHANDIGARH)

tJOINT DIRECTOR OF HORTICULTURE (CHANDIGARH)

DDH ADH Fa DDH DDH DDH DDH DDH DDH DDH DDH DDH DDHChandigarh Chandigarh Chandigarh Jalandhar Abohar Amritsar Faridkot Gurdaspur Hoshiarpur Ludhiana Sangrur Bathinda Patiala

1 1 -1 1 1 1DSO ADH ADH ADH ADHSujanpur Ludhiana Sangrur Bathinda Patiala

ADH soPati Mukerian ADH

Hoshiarpur

ADHJalandhar

ADHFerozepur

I. DDH. Deputy Director Horticulture2. ADH -Assistant Director Horticulture3. DSO-Divisional Sericulture Officer4. FO.Field Officer5. SO Scrieulture

"H.K"

ADHMuktsar

DDHAbohar

DDHMoga

ADHRopar

ADHFatehgarh Sahib

ADHMansa

ADHKapurthala


t~,

4.4.2 Thrust areas

The state department of Horticulture is the nodel department responsible for

overall development of horticulture in the state. The thrust areas taken up by the

department are Nursery Production.

Three model nurseries have been set up at Chauni Kalan (Hoshiarpur), Khiala

Bulanda (Hoshiarpur) and Gobindgarh (Abohar) to raise quality plants and disese

free plants. Initially, the target is to raise 60, 000 plants at each nursery in

polythene bags. Each model nursery will have a green house so as to produce

virus free plants of citrus

(a) Phytophthora control in citrus. Subsidy of Rs. 5000/- per hectare are given

for the treatment of the trees with ridomil fungicide

(b) Spray schedule of Kinnow trees is followed to keep them free from insect

pests.

(c) Grapes

Fro improvement in fruit qUality. The package includes pruning- keeping only

60.80 canes, brushing at flowering stage to keep only 125-150 flowers and

treatment with 40 ppm GA by dipping the bunch at flowering stage and repeating

the dip after 6 days. This is followed by girdling of the vine. For GA treatment

subsidy of Rs. 1400 is given per acre. Every year 500 acres are treated.

(d) Guava:

To stop rainy season crop by withholding water and spraying the trees with 10

percent urea in April. Resuming irrigation by 15'h May and. adding manure to

encourage winter crop.

(e) Peach

Manual thinning of fruit on five trees in each orchard is done by the staff of

horticulture department for demonstration purposes.

Mango: Demonstration in February-March by spraying Endosulfan for Aphid

control and Karathene or Bavistan for control of powdery mildew.


Marketing

For increasing shelf life of fruits five grading and waxing centers are established

in the state. Distribution of plastic crates 50% subsidy..

Vegetables

In onion and garlic use of F.Y.M. and increased plant population. Peas for early

sowing increased seed rate of 60 kg per acre, for new field under peas applying

Rhizobium culture (making it available from microbiology department ofPAU.

Cauliflower

Early varieties to be planted on ridges.

Kharif onion

Planting to be done with bulb lets in August. Bulbelts to be raised by sowing

seeds in February and storing the bulblets till August.

Cucurbits

Protected cultivation, low tunnels of plastic, sowing of seed under tunnels inDecember or early January.

Capsicum, tomato and chilies also to be planted early under tunnels.

Cheap screen houses for raising nurseries of chillies and tomato.

Potato

Seed plot technique

To save from attack of white fly, aphids and jassids, the vegetative portion!

haulms is cut by 31" Dec., by this time tuber harvesting also starts.

Mushroom

Dhingri

Every HDO adopts two villages every year and encourages growing of Dhingri athome scale.


Floriculture

To provide seeds and bulbs, two nurseries are established at Patiala and Doraha

(Ludhiana). One hundred demonstrations in two Kanal area each are organized

and. Former is given subsidy ofRs. 800 per plot.

Sericulture

To encourage sericulture, subsidy is given for rearing but the department has

built up a grainage center at Dalhousie (H.P.) to supply planting material.


4.3.3.

4.3.3.1

4.3.3.2

4.3.3.3

Achievements of the State Department of Horticulture

Area brought under plantation (Hac.)

Year Target Achieved(hac.) (hac.)

1994-95 4000 24001995-96 4000 26561996-97 4000 32611997-98 2500 26121998-99 3000 29251999-2000 3000 33012000-2001 3000 3483

Nursery plants supplied to the growers

Year Target Plants supplied(hac.) (Jakbs)

1994-95 1.00 8.671995-96 11.00 8.501996-97 10.00 8.251997-98 6.25 6.331998-99 7.50 7.311999-2000 7.50 8.252000-2001 7.10 8.85

Institutional loans advanced

Year Target (Rs. Crores) AchievedAdvancedfRs. Crores)

1994-95 - 1.321995-96 - 1.591996-97 1.50 3.481997-98 1.50 4.541998-99 1.50 6.341999-2000 1.50 3.542000-2001 1.50 1.12

Final Report: '!VationalLevel Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 309

4.3.3.4

4.3.3.5.1

4.3.3.6

4.3.3.7

Development Activities

Year Number of plants Area sprayed No ofT/well andpruned / trained (ha) kitchen gardens

covered1994-95 275100 37970 350001995-96 2.80150 40110 361051996-97 319142 43960 210301997-98 245700 28600 220001998-99 221000 32000 230001999-2000 253000 29000 240002000-2001 287000 35000 23000

Vegetable area sprayed

Year Area sprayed(hac.)

1994-95 725301995-96 726301996-97 726781997-98 800001998-99 860001999-2000 1050002000-2001 100300

Area brought under seed Potato on govt. farms

Year Area Production Avg.lyield per(ha) (otIs) acre otIs

1994-95 140 23981 67.951995-96 135 23143 69.291996-97 154 19105 49.381997-98 . 152 20409 53.781998-99 135 19000 55.951999-2000 173 28000 64.602000-2001 141 21245 60.36

Other Activities

Year No. of persons trained No. of demonstrationunder S.P.T. given on use of

weedicides1994-95 968 6581995-96 1005 6701996-97 1500 6781997-98 1550 6901998-99 . 1000 7061999-2000 1070 10702000-2001 1008 560


4.3.3.8

4.3.3.9

4.3.3.10

20- Point Programme

Year Families covered1994-95 54881995-96 1161996-97 1351997-98 2001998-99 1891999-2000 1972000-2001 284

50 percent snbsidy on inpnts/ tools (Rs. In 1akhs)

Year . Snbsidv lRs. in 1akhs)1994-95 30.211995-96 19.161996-97 19.841997-98 30.001998-99 .34.751999-2000 27.622000-2001 9.25

Development of Sericulture

Year No. of families covered Cocon Prod. (kl!)1994-95 425 210001995-96 845 280001996-97 660 200001997-98 825 300001998-99 756 27000 .

1999-2000 840 329002000-2001 716 30023

Community cauning centers/ Processing labs

The department of Horticulture has one community canning center/processing

lab in each district of the state. These centers provide training in the processing

of fruits and vegetables at home scale and also process them on a semi

commercial scale and sells the same on no profit! loss basis. Such centers have

become very popular in their respective areas and the demand for their products

has increased very much in the recent past. The quantities processed in these

centers are given in the following table.


,

TableCommunity canning! processing labs of the state, Department of Horticulture

Sr. No. District Quantitv nrocessed (k!!)I Amritsar 80002 Bathinda 5003 Ferozenur 100004 Faridkot 5005 Gurdasour 5006 Hoshiarour 240007 Ludhiana 5008 Patiala . 300009 . Fathe!!arh Sahib 50010 Ronar 500II San= 50012 Mansa 50013 Kaourthala 500014

... Jalandhar 8000Total 84500

Mushroom Spawn labs

The department of Horticulture has four spawn laboratories in the state to provide

good quality spawn to the mushroom growers. The details of these labs are give

in the table below:

TableSpawn labs of the Department of Horticulture

St.No. Location Spawn produced bottlesdurin!! 2000-2001

I Hoshiarour 100002 Patiala 175003 Sanl!lUr 50004 Jalandhar 17500

Total 50000

Plastic CratesThe state Department of Horticulture under the National Horticulture Board

Subsidy Scheme provided 54000 plastic crates to the farmers during the year

2000-200I in order to assist them in the marketing of perishable produce such as

fruits, vegetables and flowers etc.


4.5.1

4.5.2

Punjab Horticultural Post Harvest technology Centre

PAD, Campus, LudhianaThrust areas

1. To determine the specific needs of trainees for post-harvest information

services and training (trainers, extension workers, Mandi Board Officers,

farmers, traders, labourers, processors, self marketers and exporters)

2. To strengthen linkages between India and International post harvest

institutions in order to develop an up-to-date post harvest knowledge

base, plan collaborative applied, research projects can train the trainers in

methods of post harvest loss assessment, applied research

demonstrations. Centre administration and management and evaluationof project tasks.

3. To serve as a Centre of Post harvest information in order to disseminate

information by telephone, FAX, e-mail and written publications to all

interested parties.

4. To. provide training for university, government and private industry

trainers and extension workers in post-harvest technologies from harvest

through marketing (Training and Trainers courses).

5. To provide effective local training (taking into consideration education

level, literacy, gender and language variations) for farmers, traders and

self marketers in appropriate post harvest technologies from harvesting,

storage, transport to developing new marketing strategies.

6. To assist India's horticultural producers to become more market oriented

by providing information and demonstrations on cost effective post

harvest and direct marketing practices and assisting clients with project

appraisals when applying for funding from financial institutions for

investments in post harvest technology.

7. To provide laboratory services for private industry (pesticides residue,

quality parameters etc.) To assist the domestic horticultural industry to

achieve international standards and to set a benchmark for qualityproduce in India.

8. To facilitate the planning and implementation of needs-based research

and extension projects, both by applying to external funding (state

national and .international) and by providing grants through the Centre


•4.5.3

for applied post harvest research and demonstrations on a competitive

basis for collaborative, efforts between university/ government and the

private horticultural Sector.

Achievements

1. Establishment of tbe Centre

(i) Post harvest laboratory

(a) Erection of pre-fabricated walk in-cold rooms/ degreening rooms

To modular type pre-fabricated walk in cold rooms, ripening and pre-cooling

chamber were received from Mis ..Blue Star Limited have been erected. The

performance of these chambers is under testing. The refiigeration units and

accessories such as CO, sensors, ethylene generator have been received and

installed. The storage for different fruits and vegetables are being

standardization, capacity I tone each of cool rooms.

(ii) Quality Analysis LaboratoryThe laboratory has now become fully operational to cater the needs of quality

analysis of foods to the clients on payment basis. Various clients are now,

approaching this center for tests on payment basis. In quality analysis laboratory

instruments like HPLC, GLC, table Centrifuge, UV-VIS. Spectrophotometer,

Moisture analyzer, Tissue Homoenizer, Digital Titrimeter, Freeze Drier, BOD

Incubator, Texture analyzer, Deep. freezer, water activity meter, Atomic

Absorption Spectrophotometer, Muffle furnace, pH meter. Viscometer, Hot plate

with magnetic stirrer have been acquired and installed.

(iii) Post-harvest Information center and library

Literature for the reference room in the form of books, manuals and journals

published in India and abroad has been purchased or down loaded from internet

sites are placed in the folders for use by the readers (Annexure A.)

2. Research ActivitiesDesign, fabrication and testing of a forced air pre-cooler: A forced air pre-cooler

to pre-cool fruits and vegetables in a batch of 50 kg was designed. This pre-


cooler includes an insulated chamber of approximately IS m3 capacity,

refrigeration system to maintain temperatures in the range of O-SoC, a humidifier .

with humidistat for maintenance of high humidity (Above 90%) and a system for

air circulation which sucks air through the commodities loaded in plastic crates.

The fabrication was carried out by MIs Blue Stat Ltd. The preliminary testing of

the system on pre cooling of cauliflower was successfully carried out, however,

the system is to be tested on various summer fiuits and vegetables.

3. Storage studies of pear

An experiment on cold storage of pear was conducted. The pear fiuits cv. Pather

Nakh were pre-packed in perforated polythene bags and utilized in wooden

boxes. The second lot was packed in wooden boxes along with ne,¥spaper shreds.

The fiuits were stored in walk-in cold chambers maintained at O-loC and 90-9S%

RH. The observations on weight loss, TSS, acidity were recorded periodically. It

was observed that pear fiuits packed in perforated polythene bags can be stored

successfully with acceptable quality up to 3 months.

4. Studies on banana ripening

Mature bananas were either dipped in SOO ppm a.i. ethephon then maintained at

14AoC or kept in leakage tight (Blue Star supplied) ripening chamber at 14AoC

and exposed 100 ppm gas from ethylene generator operated for 8 hours. The

ethephon treated fiuits developed beautiful yellow colour on 6th day and had TSS

18.S"B, whereas fiuits exposed to ethylene gas developed acceptable yellow

colour after 12 days with TSS 18"B. However, the control fiuits did not develop

colour an remained greenish soft

In another experiment the mature banana fiuits were dip treated with ethephon @

12S, 2S0 and SOO ppm concentration for 2 minutes. The control fiuits were

dipped in water for 2 minutes. The fiuits were air dried and packed in plastic

crates and kept in cold storage maintained at 16.8°C and 90-9S per cent relative

humidity. It was observed that ethephon @ SOO ppm proved quite effective in

stimulating the ripening and colour of the fiuit. The fiuits developed beautiful

yellow colour on 6th day compared to control which greenish in colour.


•

4. Waxing and cold storage of Kinnow

Citrashime, CMC (Carboxymethyl cellulose), SF91, Shield Safe (Sempor Fresh)

waxes were applied to Kinnow fruits at washing, waxing and grading Unit of

PAGREXCO at Kang Mai in District Hoshiarpur. The treated fruits were packed

in CFB boxes and shifted to Coop. Store' in Hoshiarpur for storage and

maintained at 6°C and RH 90-95 per cent. The observations on weight loss, TSS,

acidity, juice percentage, ascorbic acid content and disease incidence. were

recorded periodically. It was observed that fruits treated with Citrashine or SF

921 could be successfully stored up to 60 days with acceptable taste and quality.

5. Storage studies on OkraThe fresh tender green okra pods were washed with 100ppm chlorinated water

and packed either in perforated polyethylene bag (PPB) or kept unpacked in

plastic crates. These were stored in cold storage at 11-13oC.Thedata reveals that

okra packed in PPB were marketable even after II days of storage at II-13°c

while okra were marketable only up to 7 days. The poly packed okra had lesser

browning appearance as compared to unpacked okra.

4.6.1 PAGREXCO- Punjab Agri. Export Corporation LTD, Chandigarh.

BOD•Chairman•MD~----+

Executive

••ManagerTech

••Executive

Sr.Manager(Hort)

fManager contract.• F~rming

••Executive Executive Executive

Sr. ManagerCommercialBRe FiRsHss

Executive

••MgL

Martc_t_in_g_ ....n .•Executive

Sr. Manager(Agric.

Information)


4.6.2

4.6.3

•

•

•

••

•

Thrust areasPromotion of Horticulture- commercial production and export

During last four years 9500 MTs ofkinnows were waxed. 7.5 lac CFB cartons

sold on subsidized rates and around Rs. 120 lacs released as subsidy. Around 200

MTs of Snow peas was exported to Australia! U.K/Holland.

AchievementsAssistance! Incentives for fresh! processed fruits and vegetables

Subsidy is being provided on packaging material, inland haulage, waxing and

grading pre cooling and cold storage and sea freight for promoting kinnow and

grape crops in distant! export markets.

For other fruits subsidy is being provided on packaging material, inland haulage,

post harvest treatment and pre-cooling-cum-cold-storage.

Frozen fruits and vegetables including frozen mushrooms Sweet Com, Baby

Com except Peas are also provided subsidy on inland reefer haulage for

marketing.

Import of seed! planting material for vegetables are also subsidized.

For exports of fresh vegetables subsidy is being provided on packaging material,

inland reefer freight, .air freight! sea freight. Also frozen fruits and vegetables

being exported are provided subsidy on.inland reefer haulage and sea freight.

For export of flowers subsidy is provided on packaging material and inland reefer

haulage.

Development oflnfrastructure for Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits and Vegetables by

PAGREXCO1. PAGREXCO has set up 5 Nos. Mechanical Sorting Waxing and Grading Centres with

capacity of 5 MTs per hour for kinnow in five Citrus Estates.

2. Two Pre-Cooling cum Cold Store have been set up at Badal and Talwandi Saboo and

assisted Co-operative Cold Store at Hoshiarpur.

3. Hydraulic pruners, horticultural tools, Improved spray pumps, internet facility have been

provided in Citrus Estates.4. Postharvest treatment, packaging development for Litchi carried out and trial exports

made to U.K and Gulf.


Cold Chain Infrastructure

Corpus Fund

1. The State Government has created a Corpus Fund for creation of Cold Chain

Infreastructure in the State of Punjab and 8 projects with investment of around Rs.

2200 lacs have been approved with soft loan assistance of Rs. 980 lacs.

Food Parks

1) The first Food Park is being established in Punjab in District Fatehgarh Sahib at a

project cost of Rs. 15.10 crores. The Food Park will have central facitilies of

Automated Nursery Post Handing cum Grading Waxing. Pre Cooling cum Cold

Storage. Controlled Atmospheres Cold Storage and Service facitilies of Rand D

Labs. Agric Information Centre/ Training etc and would contract with around 1000

farmers in over 5000 acres in 50 km. Radius. PAGREXCO is now going ahead with

the implementation of the project as approved by the State Project Approval Board.

2) An Organic Food Park is proposed to be set up at Gobindwal Sahib District of

Kapurtala where 250 acres ofland is available for Organic farming.

3) 500 Refrigerated Outlets are proposed to be set up in major towns and blocks of the

state to provide the consumers quality food products to meet daily needs.

Agri Export Zone for Vegetables

1. Under the New EXIM policy of Government of India, PAGREXCO has signed a

Memorandum of Understanding with APEDA on October 29,2001 for setting up

of Agri Export Zone for vegetables covering the districts of Fatehgarh Sahib,

Sangrur, Patiil1a, Ludhiana and Ropar. The objective of the Agri Zone is to

provide financial assistance to the growers / exporters available from various

Central! State Government Agencies in a contiguous area through a single

agency. The State Government for implementing the project has declared

PAGREXCO as the Nodal Agency. The Agri Export Zone will utilize the

facilities being created under the food park.


2. Trial exports to U.KJ Gulf have been initiated for fresh fruits and vegetables to

see the acceptability so that exports can be increased from the state under the

Brand of Punjab Produce. 19 consignments of fruits and vegetables from Punjab

have been exported to U.K. and Gulf comprising of Muskmelons, Litchi,

Mangoes, Okra, Karela, Arbi, Gren Chilii, Ghia Tinda etc. Presently 2-3

consignments of around 3.5 to 4 MTs are exported fruits vegetable of 50-60MTs.

3. Frozen peas 500 MTs to Saudi Arabia, Frozen Okra 17MTs and 20MTs Frozen

Green Gram have been exported to U.K. by processing unit located in AEZ.


6 Marketing

The price trend of last five years in Delhi wholesale market clearly indicates that mango

has most constant prices during last five years. The increase over wholesale and retail

price has changed by 2 and I percent only. Overall percentage of price rise in fruits is

14.25 percent with annual increase of 2.8 percent while in vegetables increase over last

five years is 10.1 percent with annual increase of 2 percent, which clearly shows that

during last five years there is only marginal increase in wholesale price except cabbage

and cauliflower where wholesale price has decreased by 8 and 32 percent.

The overall picture of important fruits and vegetable wholesale and retail prices in

Delhi are given in table -

The percentage of fruits arrival amongst the metro market shows that 58.4 percent comes

in Delhi while Chennai 5.3, Banglore 8.6, Mumbai 15.7 and Calcutta accounts for 12

percent while share of vegetables in 38.4, 10.9, 10.1,22.6 and 18 percent. The overall

picture of fruits and vegetables in the metro is that Delhi market handles 48.4 percent

which is almost 50 percent and rest four metro markets arrival in 51.6 percent. The detail

is given in table:-


Monthly Fruits and Vegetables arrivals in Delhi wholesale Market and difference in wholesaleand retail market.

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Annual Difference in %Share of retail and IncreaseMetro wholesaleMarket price in 0/0

Banana Whole sale

price Rs. /qtl. (a) 449 507 531 460 555 47 101 23%Retail price Rs.lqtl

(b) 899 949 1088 1025 1067 18%Limes and .

Lemons (a) 1119 1238 1045 1849 1478 49 93 32%(b) 2121 2314 2158 3448 2862 34%

Mango (a) 1370 1157 1530 1932 1400 53 59 2%(b) 2179 1805 2417 3148 2200 1%

Papaya (a) 550 656 576 734 550 69 97 0%(b) 974 1166 1125 1343 1430 47%

Average Fruits 54.5 88 -.

Brinjal (a) 389 329 485 762 478 31 III 22%(b) 826 726 1026 1476 1034 25%Cabbage (a) 410 393 367 586 377 25 102 (-)8%(b) 765 703 737 1271 859 12%Cauliflower (a) 320 412 382 522 216 35 72 (-)32%(b) 576 844 592 800 399 (-)31%Okra (a) 914 946 995 1135 1099 32 60 20%

.

(b) 1472 1317 1549 1885 1965 33%Onion (a) 395 329 431 1306 527 32 59 33%(b) 602 582 741 1703 875 45%Peas (a) 1227 1228 1427 1904 1958 64 42 60%(b) 1651 1631 2179 2656 2903 76%Potato (a) 440 476 285 683 415 (-)6%(b) 613 638 467 962 647 52 47 6%Tomato (a) 721 677 649 1182 658 36 49 (-)8%(b) 1079 997 987 1732 980 (-)9%Vegetables 34.5% 77.4%,

!


Table:-

Percentage Annual Sbare of Fruits and Vegetables in Metro Markets during 1999

Delhi Chennai Bangalore Mumbai Calcutta

A. Fruits

AnnIe 83.0 1.0 5.0 6.0 5.0Banana 47.0 6.0 10.0 27.0 10.0Lime/lemon 49.0 12.0 11.0 18.0 10.0Orange 57.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 16.0Grapes 51.0 3.0 5.0 21.0 20.0ManQo ..53.0 3.0 16.0 19.0 9.0Papaya 69.0 6.0 4.0 7.0 14.0

Average 58.4 5.3 8.6 15.7 12.0B. Vegetables

Brinia] 31.0 11.0 5.0 24.0 29.0CabbaQe 25.0 17.0 12.0 23.0 23.0Cauliflower 35.0 7.0 9.0 28.0 21.0Okra 32.0 11.0 5.0 28.0 24.0Onion 32.0 10.0 19.0 24.0 15.0Peas 64.0 2.0 6.0 18.0 10.0Potato 52.0 5.0 11.0 21.0 11.0Tomato 36.0 24.0 14.0 15.0 11.0Subtotal 38.4 10.9 10.1 22.6 18.0

A+B totals 48.4 8.1 9.3 19.2 15.0


7.

7.1

Case studies

Success/ Failure

Success story ofKinnow

S. Kashmir Singh Village Monak , Distt Sangrur

Area 8 acres

Year of plating 1985-86

Planting distance 20' x 20'

Cultural practices Zero tillage

Channel system of irrigation channel between the trees, water is taken by the

plant through seepage. No direct contact with the tree trunk.

Fertilizer

Application of gypsum is the main feature IS bags per acre in the beginning,

first 3-4 years, now 8-10 years.

Recommended dose of urea as source ofN02 and P20, also given.

Pruning

Two main central headers removed to make plant low headed. Side also prepared

marketing - self marketing- main market Patiala some in Sunam Markets.

Plastic crates are use- 4005 grades- 36, 48 and 72 pieces per crates. Return Rs.

1.5 lakh per acre from an area of 8 acres.

Plant protection

Special feature is uses of self prepared Bordeaux Mixture against all diseases

attack.

Ridomil fungicide used to control phytophthora .No SIgnS of citrus decline

observed. This success is around 20 tonnes per acre.

This success story refutes the general assumption that citrus- Kinnow is a failure

in central districts. The orchardist has expanded his Kinnow plantation over an

other l7 acres in the year 200I.


The orchardists complimented the state Department of Horticulture for regular

technical advice and providing various facilities such as plastic crates. According

to the orchardist Dr. Kulbir Singh Jossan, Deputy Director Horticulture Sangrur

played a commendable role in his orchards success.

Success story of Kinnow marketing

Name of the farmer

Place

Area

Age of orchard (Kinnow)

Quantity marketing in 2001-2002

Destination markets

Bangalore

Varanasi, Calcutta, Delhi

Total

Mar; Deepak POO

Hoshiarpur

15 acre

7 years

88 tons

Quantity

118 tonnes

70 tons

188 tons

Overall cost per box- including grading, waxing, transport, marketing commission and

other general expanses.

Up to Bangalore Rs. 70 per box

Up to Varanasi Rs. 50 per box

Transportation time up to Bangalore- six days

Prices realized per box

Grade (Fruits ner box) Percental!e of crOD Price Rs. ner box48 or 54 15-20 200.225

60 15-20 15072 15-20 13084 60-70 100


1980-81

Tibbaland,noinigation

Beant Singh

Nangla Distt. Sangrur

6 acres

Success Story of Ber Orchard

Orchardist

Address

Area

Planting year

Land situation

First planting died

The farmers used an innovative method of inigation. He replanted the trees and

inigated the plants by fetching water in pitches loaded on a Behngi' He didthis for two years to make the plants successful.

Varieties planted- Umran, Gola-4, Sanuar-6. In the year 1994-95 the trees

became too close and yield was less. So in 1995-96, 5 to 6 trees ere headed back

up to 2.5 ft main limbs from the trunk. The yield and quality improved. Now in

2002 all plants given severe heading back pruning to rejuvenate the trees.

Average yield is about 200 kg per plant and 72 trees per acre, the productivity is

about 15 tons per acre. Average net returns quoted by the farmer are Rs. 50 to Rs.60000 per acre.

The orchardists mentioned that all the recommendations as per the advice of the

state department of Horticulture are regularly followed. The dehorning operation

was suggested and supervised by Dr. Kulbir Singh Jossan, Deputy Director ofHorticulture, Sangrur.


Dlstrctwlse Decadal Data of Different Vegetable Crops For the State of PunjabDistrIct. Hoshlarpur

Annexure 1

Crops 1990.91 1991.92 1992-93 1993.94 1994.95 1995-96 1996.97 19S17.98 2000-01 2001-02

A (ha.) Y(T) P (lIHa) A (ha.) Y (T) P (l/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (lIHa) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) Afha.) YITI P (TIHa) A (ha.) Y (T) P (l/Ha) Alha.) Y(T) P (TIHa) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) Alha.) Y (T) P (T/HlI) Alha.) Y (T) P (T/~

Potalo 1142 173542 15.19 11473 16685 16.4 11672 16356 14.01 11796 192361 16.3 12044 2_ 17.36 12347 2291816~

2235 19631 16.04 1201 168774 14.04 14326 24206 16 14403 232421 "Tomato 29 6757 22.51 370 66 22.91 451 10328 22.9 529 1211 22.9 538 1234 22.9 552 12686 22. 1256 22.7 54 636 11.5 234 51 22.9 23 547 22

Bnn I 13 186 14. 124 1799 14.51 102 1829 14. 12 165 14.51 131 1901 14.51 13 19 14 24 3481 14. 67 1254 14.52 11 16i 15.51 121 17 1

Cauliflower 134 314 23. 129 3034 23.52 131 305 23.32 13 3102 23.3 134 312 23.32 14 342 23.91 14 348 23. 172 4096 23.01 16 442 13.9 2 500 ,Ok", 396 7.1 4 348 7.1 35 7.1 5 36 7.1 52 37 7.1 36 7.2 61 7.2 39 7.26 2 1 7,21 2 187 ,Onion 12 312 26.0 12 312 26.00 12 26 22.23 16 359 22.44 1 362 22,44 1 411 22,83 116 269 22.82 111 253 22.83 142 415 23,8 " 4794 22

Garlic 7 864 12.0 4 604 12. 66 616 12 72 664 12 73 67 12 6 9 11.9 7 69 11.9 56 671 11.97 7B 19.12 130 "Chillies 1 23 ,. 1 27 1.4 16 37 lA 22 3 1. 23 3 1. 24 36 1. 4 1. 16 1.5 74 11 0.68 8 12

Cucurt>its 2897 14410 6A 29 149 5.2 2796 3103 11.1 2803 3112 11.11 2699 2995 1.11 274 30906 11.2 232 2622 11.2 162 1634 11.27 151 17111 11.27 135 1748 l'Cabba e N N. N. N N N. N N. N. N. N. N. N N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. 11 236 20. 144 300 2(

Peas N. N N. N. N. N. N. N.A N. 429 25917 6.03 4328 2611 6.0 4361 26327 6 4261 2573 6.04 3661 2327 5. 32981 1993 60 352 2132 (

DIstrict. JALANDHAR

Crops 1990-91 1991-92 1992.93 1993.94 1994.95 1995.96 1998-97 1997-98 2000-01 2001-02

Alha.) Y(T) P (TIHa) A (ha.) Y (T) P(T/HlI) A (ha.) Y (T) P (l/Ha) A (ha.) Y(T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y(T) P (T1lia1 A (ha.) Y (T) P (T1Ka) Alha.) YITI P,(l/Ha) A (ha.l Y(T) P (T1Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T1Ha) A (ha.) Y(T) P (TIl

Potato 15607 312062 19.99 15673 31104 19,84 1594 279992 17. 1611 305121 18.9 1645 326131 19.82 16732 332917 19.87 1674 29052 17.34 1621 229312 14,14 17361 318 10,46 17454 34256 11

Tomalo 371 4349 20.2 464 1169 25.2 553 13421 25,1 64 16337 25.2 659 1664 20,3 67 1709 25.29 453 1251 25.12 29 4317 14. 630 15930 26.2 67 16951 "Bnn I 233 363 15 2 3772 15.6 224 331 15. 324 386 15.66 251 3931 13. 256 404 15.6 3 626 15.6 3 562 15. 2 3994 15,6 261 4097 "Cauliflower 4 9600 24 402 972 24.2 407 964 24.19 41 999 24. 41 10044 25.2 1099 24.7 331 8196 24.7 32 77 23.76 10 2501 24,7 11 2942 2.

Ok", 9 663 7 72 7.5 97 732 7.54 1 75 7. 102 77 15.66 10 60 7.52 10 7 7.52 661 7. 97 73 7.5 101 761

Onion 32 944 29 36 10 29.6 3 65 18.3 49 99 20.3 51 103 24.2 111 20.2 6 17322ij7

73 147 20.27 233 5423 23.2 264 614

Gar1ic 47 62 33.3 49 66 13,6 660 13. 53 721 13. 53

41

7. 5 776 13.5 61 13. 43 13.5 64 67 13.5 66 693

Chimes 61 1242 1.52 617 12 1.53 82 1267 1. 952 146 154 963 ,. 1007 1633 1.62 96 159 ,. 96 156 1.64 1053 171 1.63 113 166

Cucurbils 346 2422 7. 3300 166 5.52 333 4240 12. 3347 4264 12.71 3222 12.71 456 42256 12.8 33 4328 12.6 251 32482 12.8 2243 2893 12.9 2292 2907

Cabba e N N. N N. N. N N.A N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. 52 11 23.7 6 150 2:

Peas N.A N.A N N. N N N N. N 4464 2723 6.1 449 2741 6.1 452 2763 6.1 360 23241 6.1 1 1143 6.01 143 677 6.11 193 '36 ,

District. LUDHIANA

Crops 1990-91 1991.92 1992.93 1993.94 1994.95 1995-98 1996-97 1997.98 2000-01 2001-02

A {ha.) Y (T) P fTlHa) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (TfHa) A (ha.) YITI P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) IP (T'''') A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) Alha.) YITI P (TIHa) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T1Ha) A (ha.) Y(T) P fTlHa) Afha.) Y(T) P (TI

Potato 524 113856 21.6 5272 122511 23.23 5251 99254 18.66 5317 112471 21.1 642 125763 23.1 5536 12267 22.1 554 9652 17.4 566 100 17. 653 1056 22.22 656 10781 2

Tomato 10 2638 24.2 143 3461 24,2 1 3780 25.2 176 44 25,31 17' 4531 25.31 1 465 25.29 24 6" 25.18 2 477 18.1 3 642 25.2 364 6997

Bnn I 131 2031 15. 126 1966 15 104 1622 15. 106 165 15,6 100 1 15.63 103 161 15.6 112 1751 15.6 114 1782 15.63 16 1652 11.22 172 1952 1

Cauliflower 211 504 24. 2 464 24,2 12 3679 24,2 164 372 24,21 156 377 24.21 16 4134 24,4 16 4404 24,46 22 5031 22.87 697 402 26.66 223 545 2

0'"' 6 436 7.3 6 47 7.3 6 43 60,2 62 45 7.03 64 46 7.3 6 46 7.2 7 51 7.28 6 503 7,29 13 110 62 13 "'Onion 96 2013 29.3 9 2803 29. 6 1198 18.1 91 16. 18.16 , 172 18.1 10 16. 18,21 10 191 18.21 11 200 18,22 573 12713 22,22 64 1440 2

Go,", 9 1134 12,6 81 1037 12,8 42 497 11. 4 522 11.61 4 522 11. 4 57 11.6 62 721 11.6 6711 77 11.63 126 136 11.0 126 1392 1Chillies 3 1 4 61 1. 3 1.2 3 4 1.3 36 47 1. 3 1.3 6 6 1.3 22 314 1,41 16 22 136 17 240

Cucur1Jits 461 3227 7 451 24 5.51 4 500 1 402 6031 1 387 560 1 3 5 15.1 431 15.1 4 15.1 4 53' 13.21 41 5512 1

Cabba e N N. N N N. N N N N. N. N. N. N. N. N N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N N 6 199 23. 10 253 2

Peas N N. N N N. N. N N. N. 69 537 541 90 545 791 47 6.Q1 61 4 6.01 33 263 8.01 362 217

Final Report: 'NatIonal Level Techno.Economlc Feasibility Study for North Zone' 326

District. FEROZPUR

Crops 1990091 1191-92 1992.93 199309'" 19804095 1885096 11198.97 1997.98 2000-01 2001-02A (ha.) Y (T) P (TlHa) Alh •• ) YITI P (T1Ma) A (ha.) YITI P (TIKI) A (ha.)IY (TI P (T/Ha) A (h •• IIY (TI P (T1Ha1 A (ha.) Y ITI P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y IT) P (TIHa) Alha.) YITI P (Tllial Alha.) Y ITI P (T/Ha) A (ha.1 Y ITI P (T/Ha)

Pota'o 6794 1207 17.39

~8

13839 19.82 71 1212 17.08 718 12501 17.41 733 143 10. 74 1459 19,54 524 7713 14.72 740 1132 15.12 73 15410 20.6 73 1476 20.09Tcmalo 28 704 2~ 870 24.7 42 105 24.7 1237 24.7 12 24.7 52 12924 24.71 521 1282 24.61 54 012 14.71 2 3164 16.72 222 399 24.7B 131

18 ''''.1966 14.2 14 108 ''''.1 14 201 14.2 14 1 14.2 1 204 14.22 13 103 14.63 13 107 14.34 4 1656 15.62 111 1734 13.6

ca•.•rfIower~22. 10 2341 22. 1 23 22.2 1 238 22. 10 2 22. 114 2611 22. 11 256 22,91 137 2937 21.87 18 2428 22.91 13 27 21,91

""'"7.7 608 48 7.7 81 47 7.7 6 48 7.7 48 7.7 511 7.74 2 15 7,74 2 17 7.79 87 874 7.74 896 7.7

On'on 177 23.1 1 206 23.2 160 18.7 124 232 18.7 129 2421 18.7 13 260 18.7 11 318 18,7 178 333 18.7 28 68' 21.18 32 692 25.37Garlic 1 176 11. 7" 22 11. 1 22 11. 20 232 11.61 2 232 11.61 22 254 11.54 32 37 11. 34 392 11.54 8 928 11. 63 , 11.9Chillies 72 93 1.2 241 93 1.2 7 947 12 646 1091 12 87 112 1.26 68 121 1.36 7 1031 1.37 32 4 1.36 311 42 13 33 462 13CUC\lrbits 11 71 6. 108 561 5.1 1 16 1 106 169 16.01 102 1624 16.01 104 1686 16.21 76 1232 16,21 8 130 16.31 160 259 16.22 163 2540 14.2Cabba e N. N. N. N. N. N N. N. N. N. N. N.A N. N. N. N.A N. N. N. N. N. N N N. 29 63 21,91 37 801 21.91Peas N. N N N. N. N. N. N. N. 214 126 5.' 21 126 5.9 217 1279 5.89 197 1161 58 202 110 5.7 86 597 5.9 92 644 8.91

District. AMRIT$AR

e.••• 1990-91 1991-92 1982093 1993-94 1994-95 1995.96 1998-97 1997.9S 2000-01 2001-02A (ha.) YITI P (T1Ha1 A (ha.) YITI P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y IT) P (T/Hal A (ha.) Y(T! P (T1Ha) A (ha.) YIT) P (TlHa) A (ha.) Y IT) P (T/Ha) A (ha.1 YITI P (TfHa) A (ha.) YITI P (T/Hal Alha.) YITI P (TIHal A {ha.1 YITI P (T/Hal

Potato 171 3229218~

1726 37777 21.88 17 3105 17.66 tn8 3420 19.2 181 38716 21.3 224 3993 17,7 245 37610 15.32 2631 46924 17.83 2 54651 18.27 300 31312 17.07Tomato 60 156 25. 771 1927 25. " 22996

2~107 26857

2~109 2733 24 112 2802 24.9 224 31036 24.87 1214 18908 15.57 138 34569 24.94 1472 3672 24.9

Brlnal 27 424 15. 20 414 15. 27 420 16 27 429 15. 277 4321 15. 28 44 15.61 2 4531 15.62 29 462 15.63 46 679 14.64 43 71 14.64Cauliflower 356 912 25.50 34 680 25,6 352 901 25.6 35 914 25.61 356 9168 25. 383 10034 26.1 48 1270 26.1 59 15569 26,20 56 13152 26.2 568 1147 20,20,,", 191 13 7.2 17 127 7.2 17 128 7.19 164 132 7.2 18 13 7.2 194 139 7.1 111 798 7.1 128 9' 7.3 20 143 7.1 207 148 7.1Onion 133 321 24.2 12 307 24.6 12 283 22.4 17 3887 22.4 18 404 22.4 194 435 22.4 19 4334 22.4 20 453 22.4 178 4912 22,54 202 485 22.3Garlic 1 228

'~2 288 12. 2 28 12 2 31 12. 2 33 12,01 3 36 12.2 42 514 12.2 46 563 12.23 3 673 12,22 37 698 12,2

Chillies 1927 2891 1. 1927 2871 1.48 19 290 " 224 339 1.51 231 3488 1. 237 376 1. 257 408 1.58 3550 6809 1.88 3777 600 1.5 4072 648 1.5Cucurbils 497 328 6. 48 2527 5.21 47 727 15.1 48 729 15.2 482 7022 15.2 429 9341 21.77 66 10266 15.41 699 1080 15.4 644 1301 15,42 262 13294 15,42Cabba N. N. N.A N. N. N. N. N N. N.A N N.A N N N. N. N. N. N. N N N. N. N 134 269 20.12 17 2422 20.13Peas N N. N N N. N.A N. N. N. 52 315 6.01 52 3176 6.00 533 3204 6.01 205 12314 6.01 2107 12452 5,91 3946 2376 6,02 4217 23407 6.02

District. GURDASPUR

c•••• 1990-91 1911.12 1992-93 1993.94 11194095 1995.95 1998.97 1997.118 2000-01 2001-02A (ha.) YITI P (T1Ha) A (ha.) Y ITI P (TIHa) A (ha.) YIT) P (T1Ha) A (ha.) Y IT) P (TIHa) Alha.) Y ITI P (T1Ha) A (ha.) YITI P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y ITI P (TfHa) A (ha.1 Y IT) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) YITI P (T1Ha) A (ha.) Y ITI P (TfHal

Potato 30 631 20.70 306 7647 25. 311 8832 18.7 314 5986 19.06 321 38718 21.3 64 1739 20. 8 1765 21.0 89 1368 15.38 80' 16916 21.04 80 17267 21.37T"",to 243 549 22.60 29 622 226 354 8017 22.64 414 93 22.68 422 2733 24.9 43 9832 22,7 44 10014 22.6 52 6198 11.76 160 31971 12.7 1432 33974 22.76Srin I 202 282 14,00 20 29 14.2 21 299 14.2 21 305 14.22 21 4321 15.7 216 307 14.2 23 336 14.2 241 343 14.26 2 3054 14.68 217 3188 14.6Cauliflower 334 801 24. 34 6228 24.2 344 8324 24.1 34 64'6 24.20 916 25.61 37 9271 24.7 27 681 24.78 337 8083 23.96 314 7706 24,79 35 6803 24.79

0""' 6 54 7. 69 54 7.9 7 553 79 72 569 7.90 72 1332 7.2 7 594 7.92 7 610 7.92 88 69 7.93 97 76 7,92 101 801 7,92Onion 8 20.UI. 4 8 20.UI

2~10.6 7 89 12.67 7 404 22.47 8 98 12.00 8 96 12.01 8 104 13,01 48 913 19,02 54 1028 19.03

Garlic 1 N. Ult 22 253 '~ 22 11.5 23 26 11.51 2 336 12.01 2 290 11.6 2 290 1\ 27 314 11,61 3 497 11,62 36 '19 11.62Chillies 53

~6 90 1. 61 92 ,. 7 10 I. 72 346 ,. 74 11 1.56 74 11 1. 60 9 1.6 62 98 1,59 67 107 1.69

Cucurblts 9 61 92 477 5.18 91 1382 15.1 92 1398 15.19 6 7022 15.2 90 1396 15.51 92 142 15.52 97 1493 15,39 132 206 15,52 136 2111 13.52Cabba e N. N. N. N. N N. N. N. N N. N. N. N N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N NA N.A N. , 1117 22.7 62 1419 22.89P",,' N. N N. N. N. N. N N. N. 10 614 5.6 106 3176 6.0 107 62 5.84 103 599 582 106 598 5.64 293 172 5.87 313 1888 5.8

Rnal Report: 'National Level Techno.-Economlc Feasibility Study for North Zone' 327

•District. ROPAR

33,,71,1

Crops 1990.91 1991.92 1992-93 1993.94 1i94.95 1995-96 ti9S.97 1997-98 2000-01 2001-02

A (ha.) Y[TI P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (TI P (TfHa) A (ha.) Y[TI P (TfHal A (ha.) Y[TI P (TfHa) A (ha.) Y[TI P (TIHa) A (ha.) Y[TI P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y[TI P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y[TI P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y[TI P (TJHa) A (ha.) Y[TI P(T

Potato 1908 5129 26.8 1916 43401 22.6 1903 3929 20.64 1923 37637 19,67 1963 43058 21.93 893 20 23.02 1004 2271 22.62 6044 10.67 1301 26354 20.2 130 31096 2Tomalo 559 1302 23.3 714 16636 23.30 62 19106 23.3 960 224 23.34 977 2280 23. 100 2340 23. 68 1600 23.2 243 4516 18.58 12 317 23.34 146 340 2Brin' I 68 118 'H 8 1162 14.0 7 98 14 71 99 14.0 7 10 14.00 7 1096 14,0 107 1504 14. 10 153 14.08 20 57 14.77 41 60 1Cauliflower 32 77 22. 3 67 22. 2 4 22 2 4 22.51 2 4 22.51 2 492 24.6 10 2594 24.61 129 3066 23.77 124 3052 24.61 14 344 2Okrn 3 27 7. 3 27 7.06 3 212 7.0 31 21 7. 31 21 7.06 32 22 7.1 9 68 7.1 1 762 7.17 113 81 7.1 12 981Onion 21 52 25,2 21 542 25.60 1 328 21.83 21 45 21.64 22 481 21.84 2 51 20.72 22 4662 20.7 23 32 20.7 71 1 21.7 81 1769 2Gartic 90 10 1 1 10.00 8 8 10.00 9 10. 10 1 9 9.8 1 147 9.81 1 34 9.81 2 24 9.' 2 256Chillies 81 68 1.4 • 9 1.46 • " 1.46 • 10 1.48 71 10 1.48 7 113 1.54 7B 121 1. 12 1.56 7 11 1. 7B 122Cucurbits 1 104 ••• 1 '0 5.1 1 1 15 1 1 15 1441 15.01 9 1486 15.1 29. 451 15.1 312 4747 15.21 38 5671 15.22 374 "9 1Cabba e N N.A N.A N N. N. N. N. N N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. 4 '7 20.41 54 110 2P•• , N.A N.A N.A N N.A NA N.A N N. 27 1631 5.92 27 1611 5. " 1854 5.9 21 1271 5.91 221 1273 5.76 4 254 5.' 4 273 ,

District. BHATINOA

Crops 1990.91 1991.92 1992.93 1993.94 1994.95 1995.96 1996.97 1997.98 2000..01 2001..02

A (ha.) Y(T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.l Y(T) P (TfHa) A (ha.) Y(T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y(T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y(T) P (TlHa) A (ha.) Y[TI P (TIHa) Alita.) Y (TI P (TIHa) A (ha.) Y(T) P (T/Ha) A (I\a.) Y{T) P (Tn

Polato 386 890 23.0 38. 767 19,70 316 '22

'~31 631 19.97 323 7426 22.9 34 7848 23,8 4 902 22.22 446 .04 18.0 2923 64686 22.12 293 77387 H'

Tomato 74 166 22. • 1936 22,51 82 184 22 9 21. 22.53 9 220 22. 101 2268 22.4 13 302 22.2 142 276 19.4 203 63 22 301 ~87 "Brin'al 81 1069 13.2 87 1131 18,0 7 81 12. 71 923 13.00 72 93 13 74 964 13.02 7 1031 13.0 81 106 13.1 84 1344 14.01 • 13 f---f,CauliflOYlef 89 23.0 3 742 23,20 2 56 23.1 2 56 23.2 2 23.2 2 63 24.42 1222 24.4 81 1457 23.8 122 3013 24.4 12 33 2'Okrn 102 747 7.32 100 77 7.7 81 82 77 9 844 7.7 83 844 7.76 • 873 7.73 • '56 7.73 • 763 7.7 10 " 7.7 10. 83 ;Onion • 2256 28.20 7 216 ". 62 115 18.68 8 156 18,6 " 164 18,69 9 1771 18.64 1044 18.64 5 110 18.64 301 594 19.7 342 87 11Garlic 52 572 10. 57 57 10.00 48 40 9.99 49 4 10,0 49 490 10. 53 53 10. 10.09 10,09 10.12 " 60 1<Chillies 151 211 1.4 14 212 14 12 172 1.43 ". 20 1.4 14 207 1.4 14 224 1.53 77 11 1. 52 62 1.56 21 32 1.54 23 9Cucurblls 97 566 6. • 438 5.1 6 99 15.13 • 15.13 989 15.14 6 1000 18.7 117 1801 15.39 12 18 15.3 19 306 15.4 20 212 1!Gabba e N N.A N N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. • 2077 24.43 1 283 2'Peas N N N N.A N N.A N N. N. • 46 5.7 89 512 5.7 516 5.73 • 4 5.7 • 491 5.64 3 189 5.64 32 181 ,

District. PATIALA

Crops 19110.91 1991.92 1992-93 1993.94 1994.95 1995.96 1996-97 1997-98 2000..01 2001-02A (ha.) Y(T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (TI P (TfHa) A {ha.) Y(T) P (TlHa) A (ha.) Y(T) P (TlHa) A (ha.) Y(T) P (TfHa) A (ha.) Y(T) P (TfHa) A (ha.) Y(T) P (T/Ha) AtM.) Y(T) P (TlHa) A (ha.) Y(T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y(T) p(Tn

Potato 4056 115211 28,4 407 95728 "- 3331 7050 21.16 336 6313 19.97 343 7963 23.1 3524 83110 23.7 3528 79292 22,4 3642 62471 17.1 5789 131306 22. 562 156004 "Tomato 24 5954 24 313 767 24,52 301 738 14.51 352 2163 22.53 358 8797 24.5 38 9037 24,5 '04 9876 '24,44 70. 12652 17.87 90 2223 24.5 962 2363 2.Brinal 97 1416 14.6 J03 1514 14,8 84 123 14.7 • 923 13. 64 123 14.71 06 1273 14,8 252 3732 14.81 257 380 1.48 341 j 15.71 4 87 1!Cauliflower 12 3087 24. 119 291 22 " 2352 24 97 56 23.2 97 227 24. 104 2601 25.01 34 'SO 25.01 418 10032 24.11 37 94 25.01 42 1 "Okrn 63 444 7.0 59 41 7.0 4B 33. 7.0 49 7.76 4 346 7.07 52 382 '.9 152 105 .. 17 1220 6.97 20 14 '.9 21 151 ,Onion 1077 3047 28.3 1103 3143 ".> 897 17922 1;,~ 1231 1589 18.69 4128 256' 19.9 1378 27548 19.9 1421 2639 19.91 148 2974 19.98 2114 489 22.22 2396 532~ ZGarlic 6 7

'~1 12 12.5< 10< 12 9 49 10.00 113 12.11 1 124 12.4 9 1178 12.4 10 127 12.4 13 171 12.41 143 1776 1:

Chillies 774 1207 78 123 ,. 637 9 ,. 733 20 1.4 75 1142 ,. 776 1234 ,. 871 1074 1.' 781 12 1.63 77 126 1.62 839 13Cucurbits 423 2934 '.7 414 2184 5.27 32 S02 15.28 33 99 15.13 31 4864 15,2 324 5018 15.4 7808 15.4 829 .19 15.49 59 93013 15.59 61 951 "Cabba e N. N.A N. NA N.A N.A N. NA N. N. N. N. N. N N N. N. N. N N. N. N. N N. 1481 25.02 71 177 "Peas N N N. N. N.A N.A N.A N N. 62 480 5.7 62 371 59 62 374 5 " 4944 5. '" 4829 5.67 1451 ." 59 1061 92 ,

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North lone' 32'

District. SANORUR

Crop. 1890..•1 1"1-82 1"2-13 1993.84 11M-85 1815 ..•6 1996.97 11197.98 2000-01 2001-02A (ha.1 Y(TI P (TlHal A (ha.1 YIT) P (T1Ha) A (ha.) Y(TI P (TfHal A (ha.) Y(TI IP ITIlta) A (ha.1 Y(TI P (T/Ha) A (ha.) YIT) P erlHa) A (ha.1 Y(TI P (TlHa) A (ha.) Y(TI P (T/HaJ A (ha.) V(TI P (TfHa) A (ha.) Y(TI P (T/HalPotato 1227 24,1 512 11924 23.2 521 12 23. 52 1129 21,4 538 11797 21,92 7 17046 22.63 8 18227 21.3 850 14870 11.49 194 45690 23.51 1953 5029 25.7

Tomato 6 164 24. 7 192 24.6 8 2292 24.64 1 2 26. 111 .295 26.6 11. 304 26. 1 26 26. '62 3153 19.4 222 5922 26,66 236 6297 26.68B ,I 11 117 15. 121 1888 15. 1 1 15. 12 93 15.6 122 190 15.6 12 '963 15.7 10 160 15.71 10. 1634 15.71 263 36 14.06 274 3854 14.06Cauliflower 291 6693 2 296 6808 23. 3 889 22. 304 6992 23.0 306 T03 23.0 32 770 23. 5 12958 23.56 673 1511 22.4 56 13314 23 63 1506' 23.570,"" 3 287 7.96 30 7.9

~30 7.0 39 312 7.99 3 31 7.9 41 326 7.9 79 62 79 91 726 7.97 97 772 7.96 101 804 7.96

Onion 17 554' 31. lB 584 31. 278 14.82 2 362 14.8 28 3974 14.83 26 • 27 14. 204 3042 14.91 21 3214 14,9 42. 988 209 .81 10081 20.9Ga'" 10 12 11. 1 117 11.3 119

'~112 1267 11.31 11 127 11.3 123 139 11.34 8 964 11.34 92 1044 11.34 144 1634 11.3 14 16092 11.3

Chmles 3 58 1.5 382 596 1. 38 5 1. 444 69 1. • 718 1.56 47 776 1.6 39 659 1.6 84 1424 1.68 812 '348 1.66 87 14 1.6Cueurblts 7 46 8 69 359 5.2 72' 10. 6 724 10.6 6 692 10.6 6 71. 15.8 17 1937 10.82 '88 222 1.48 213 269 12.63 216 2734 12.63Cab" N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N.A N.A N N. N N. N.A N 74 1111 23.12 94 2174 23.13P." N N. N. N.A N N. N N. N. 32 1901 5.9 322 1911 5.9 324 192 5.9 33 196 5.9 339 197 5.82 171 1017 5.9 183 109 5.9

District. KAPURTHALA

C"'Ps 1990.91 1"1.92 1992 ..•3 1"1.94 1194 ..•5 1195.96 1996.97 1997.98 2000-01 2001-02A (hil.) Y(TI P (TlHa) A(ha.) Y(T) P (T1Ha) A (Ita.) Y(TI P (T1Ha) A (hil.) Y IT) IP ITIlta) A (Ita.) Y(TI P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y(TI P erlHal A (ha.l Y(TI P (T/HaJ A (hll.) Y(TI P (T/Hal A (hll.) Y(TI P (T/Hal A {ha.l Y(TI P (T/Ha)Potato 2951 4705

'~2 5317 17.91 301 64426 21.34 3051 64491 17.86 311 59447 19.08 3316 59993 18.0 332 48492 14. 368 5837 15.8 .99 10974 21,97 502 103408 20.3

Tomato 112 267 23. 147 351 23. 17 "92 23.8 20 • 23. 209 • 99 23 . 21 5130 23.8 72 17252 23.73 1032 14984 14.52 442 19551 23.07 47 1122 22,87Brin I 122 176 14. 116 1694 14.6 11 17 14.5 11 1737 14.6 121 176 14.6 12. 1820 14.67 257 3757 14,62 262 38 14,71 8 1108 13.03 6 1161 13,04Cauliflower 46 117 24. • 1103 24. • 1127 24. 47 1152 24.50 4 1152 24.50 1261 25.22 150 376 25.22 194 4621 25.11 163 4112 25,22 10 4667 25.220,"" 2 17 7.02 2 141 7.0 2 141 7.04 21 14 7.0 21 14 7. 22 15 7.04 6 62 7.14 101 712 7.0 100 762 7.0 10 77 7,07Onion 1 384 26. 1 39 26. 1 294 17.5 22 391 17.7 2 40 17.76 2 440 17,60 22 3961 17. 23 4157 17.61 11 226 20,61 12 2576 20.62Garlic 14 17 12.40 19 23 12. 1 236 12. 20 250 12.50 2 2 12.51 22 27 12.4 12 151 12.41 132 1639 12.41 134 166 12.42 13 171 12.42ChlUies 2 3 1.46 2 2 1. 20 29 1.4 2 34 1. 24 3 1.4 2 152 1.52 92 142 164 381 600 1.57 564 663 1.53 606 931 1.5Cucurblts 70 6417 6. 767 4172 5.43 7 1397 18.43 76 14014 18.44 73 13494 18.43 74 18683 18,6 77 426 18,6 616 15288 18,69 746 13963 18.6 762 14283 18.69Cabba e N. N. N N N N. N N. N. N. N. N. N N.A NA N N N.A N. N N.A N N.A N.A 56 1301 23,22 71 164 23,22P." NA N. NA NA N.A N.A N.A NA N.A 862 400 6.0 668 '04' 6.0 673 6066 6.0 64 3256 6,03 564 3246 5,86 333 201() 6,06 356 21S8 6.06

Disbict. FARIDKOT

emps 1190-91 1991-92 1982-93 1993-94 1194.115 111115-96 1996-97 1997.98 2000-01 2001-02A (ha.) YITI P (T/Hal A (ha.1 Y IT) P (T/Ha) A (ha.1 YITI P (T/Hal A (ha.) YITI P (T/Hal A (ha.1 YITI P (T/KllI Alba.) YITI P (T/Hal A (ha.) YITI P (T/Hal A (ha.) YITI P (TfHa) A (ha.l Y IT) P (TfHa) A (ha.l YITI P (TlHalPotato 1189 2866 24.1 119 29344 24. 121 22041 18.12 122 2442 19,87 12 2774 22.1 1411 31272 22.1 1507 31242 20.73 26 394 15.16 23 4387 19.50 236 4733 20.0

Tomato 15 373 29.8 19 459 23.82 22 23.88 26 6404 23.8 273 6524 23.8 26 6702 23.93 77 '8 23.8 , 277 16.48 160 3351 23.93 149 3567 23.9Srin I 8 'fi 14.7 1273 14.6 6 126 14.6 6 1319 14.61 90 1333 14.81 93 1373 14.76 11 166 15.7 40 632 15.78 26 153 10,7 19 20. 10,7CautiflaNer 46 10 23. • 1132 23,1 11 23. 51 1176 23.1 51 117 23,1 5 1289 23,4 8 1406 23.43 26 656 23.42 2 596 23,44 26 657 23.40,"" 3 3 7.8 43 336 7.8 44 34 7.8 • 354 7.86 • 354 7.86 47 372 7.6 71 502 7,07 2 177 7.08 3 23 7.87 31 244 7.88Onion • 107 25( 36 958 25.2 ~ 582 15.3 52 797 15.32 54 627 15.32 56 891 15.36 7 1076 15,36 32 .91 15,37 72 43 15,37 82 142 17.37'Garlic • 531 11.3 4 642 11.3 • 554 11.3 52 686 11,30 52 686 11.30 57 642 11.26 6 732 11,2 34 361 11.36 3 1107 11,2 37 417 11.27Chlllies 163 236 1.4 164 239 1.46 166 24 1.46 191 283 ,. 197 292 1.48 202 316 1.56 7 11 1.56 23 37 1.57 27 '06 1.68 2 46 1.58Cueurblts 10 6 6.8 9 53 5.04 9 102 10.4 98 1021 10.42 96 10.42 96 1011 10.53 271 285 10.53 34 36 10.0 62 716 11.54 6 72 11,54Cabba e N N. N. N.A N. N.A N. N.A N. N. N. N. N. N N.A N.A N. N. N. N. N NA N N 16 231 221 14 310 22.13P•• , N. N. N.A N N N N N.A N. 266 1731 5.9 293 1742 5,94 29 1756 5.9 201 1199 5.96 53 311 5.67 1 69 597 16 9 5,97

Rna' Report: 'Natlona' Level Techno-EconomIc Feaslbfllty Study for North Zone'

329

District. FATEHGARH SAHIB

Crops 1990.91 1i91.92 1992.93 1993.94 1994.95 1995-96 1i96.97 1997.98 2000~1 2001~2A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y(T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (TfHa) A (ha.) Y(T) P (T/HaJ A (lIa.1 Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y(T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y(T) P (TfHa) A (ha.) Y(T) P (TfHa) A (ha.) Y (T) P (TIH

Potato N NA N. N N.A N. 96 18970 19,7 97 1873 19,31 992 1986 20.02 1018 19200 18.86 150 31242 20.72 109 1446 13.2 159 3325 207 1608 2776 17Tomato NA N N. N N.A N. 12 912 7.3 \4 359 24.59 149 3664 24.59 1 37 24.6 18 23.81 at \41 17,26 127 49 21.67 199 4302 21Brin' I N N N.A N N. N. 5 696 12.00 59 70 12.01 5 69 12.01 6 71 11.9 118 18 15.76 12 1473 11.97 2 3473 11.9 303 36 11Caulinower N N N.A N.A N N. 64 201 24.0 6 2041 24.0 96 2064 24 92 225 24. 6 14 23.43 116 2954 25.46 26 5456 13.5 327

~0,", N. N N.A N.A N N.A 27 192

M26 202 7.20 26 202 72 2 211 7.27 71 502 7.0 3 263 7.29

2~

7.6 6279~Onion N. N N. N. N. N. 25 507 19 35 6972 19.92 364 7251 19.92 39 7808 19.91 7 107 15.3 19 3886 19,93 130 17.01 157

Garlic N. N. NA N N N " 553 12 4 591 12,57 46 604 12.5 5 662 12,7 6 732 11.2 6 641 12.74 7 12 17,71 7 129 17Chillies N. N.A N.A N N.A N.A 171 2 1.4 19 29 1,51 204 307 1. 20 332 ,. 7 11 1.66 104 10 161 12 191 1,59 13 217 1Cucurb(ts N. N.A N N N.A N 18 1837 10.2 18\ 184 10,21 174 1777 10.21 177 183 10.3 271 2. 10.53 1 114 10,51 16 186 11.3 16 1 11Cabba e N N N. N.A N. N. N. N. N. N N. N.A N N N N. N N.A N. N. N. N. N. N. 224 43 20.4 26 6554 "Peas N N.A N. N.A N N. N. N. N. 266 1352 5.93 23 136 5.92 232 1372 5.91 201 119 59 96 531 5.41 156 92 50 1 98 ,

DIstrIct. MANSA

Crops 1990.91 1991-92 1992.93 1993.94 1994.95 1995-96 1996.17 1997-98 2000~1 2001~2A (ha.) Y (T) PIT/Hal A (ha.) Y (T) P (TIHa) A (ha.) Y(T) P (TIHa) Alha.) Y(T) P (TIHa) A (ha.) Y (T) P (TIHa) A (ha.) Y(T) P (T/Ha) Alha.) Y(T} P (T/tIa) A (he.) Y (T) P (TfHa) Alha.) Y(T) P (TIHa) A (ha.) Y (T) P (Til

Potato N.A N N N N NA 7 1554 19.66 8 156 19,6 82 1842 20,02 93 1884 20.04 9 1659 17.4 tOl 1527 15.12 \4 273 19.56 18 879 "Tomato N N N.A N.A N N.A 2 440 22 23 22.0 23 506 22. 24 52 21 4 89 21. 3 694 19.2 3 , 23.92 81 191 2;

Brin 1 N N N.A N. N N 18 \41 7.8 18 198 11.0 1 19 11.0 1 204 10.7 2 301 10.7 3 314 10.82 \4 2 14.71 18 283 "Cauliflower N. NA N N NA N.A 7 \40 20.00 160 20.0 16 20 176 19.5 2 391 19. 2 '" 18.68 2 46 23.41 34 591 t;

Ok~ N.A N.A N N N. N 2 154 7.7 21 162 7.7 21 162 7.7 22 16 7.66 2 192 768 2 21 7.6 37 29 7.' 3 282 :Onion N.A N. N.A N.A N.A N 1 27 18. 21 37 18. 22 396 18.0 24 426 17.7 1171 17. 6 122 17.7 79 15.3 133 27 21Garlic N. N.A N N.A N N. 12 84 7.0 1 104 8 13 104 8.01 \4 114 8.14 2 22 8.14 3 24 8.16 1 16 11.2 3 421 "Chillies N.A N N.A N.A N N.A 3 42 1.4 3 4 1.4 36 51 1.41 3 5 1.48 84 1.4 4 72 1. 9' 153 1. 81 12Cucufbits NA N N. N N N. 1 43 2 17 17 20. 2 26 10. 2 2 10.3 12 1311 10,32 1 13 10.36 \4 154 10.51 13 \41 "Cabba e N N.A N.A N N N.A N.A N.A N. N N. N. N. N N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. 16 20.43 1 2 21Peas N.A N.A N. N N N.A N. N N 21 121 5.7 21 121 5.7 21 122 5.81 19 5.81 3 19 5.61 3 58 19 ,

District. NAWANSHAHR

Crops 1990-91 1991.92 1992-93 1913.94 1994.95 1995-96 1996.97 1997.9a 2000~1 2001~2A (ha.1 V(T) P (TIHa) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y(T) P(T/Ha) A (ha.) Y(T) P (TIHa) A (ha.) Y(T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y(T) P (T/Ha) A (ha;) Y(T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y(T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y(T) P (TfHa) A (ha.) Y(T) P(T"

Potato N.A N N.A N.A N N.A N N.A N.A N N. N.A N.A N.A N N N.A N N. N. N 184 2592 25.92 187 32071 17.1 188 26581 ,.Tomalo N N. N.A NA N N. N.A NA N. N. N. N.A NA N. N. N. N.A N N.A N. N. 107 138 1.3 101 241 23.9 107 2562 2Brin' I N N N N N.A N N.A N.A N N N. N N.A N.A N. N. N. N N. N. N. 20 3062 3.06 \4 2 \4. \4 212 1.

Cauliflower N N.A N N N.A N N N.A N. N.A N N N.A N.A N. N. N.A N N N. N 8 2021 2.02 7 182 23.43 " 2063 2Ok~ NA N.A N N. N N.A N NA N N.A N N. N.A N.A N N N.A N N. N.A N 4 352 0.3 53 411 7.7 5 427Onion N.A N.A N N.A N.I NI N N.A N. "' N NI N. N. N.I N. N.A N N. N. N 2 621 0.62 10

1~~15.39 119 1936 1

Gartic N. N.A N. N.A N N N N.A N N.A N N N. N. N N. N. N. N. N. N. 4 611 0.61 84 11.27 60 76 1Chillies N. N.A N. N N.A N.A N N N N. N. N.A N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. 12 204 0,24 194 20 " 20 31

CucurtJils N.A N. N. N N. N.A N N. N N. N. N. N N. N. N N. N. N. N. N. 1821 221 22.1 162 17091 10,5 16 174 l'Cabba e N. N N. N N. NA NA N N. N. N.A N N N. N. N N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. 1 24 18.4 204 3761 1Peas N N. N N.A N. N.A N. N N.A N. N. N. N. N.A N. N. N. N. N. N. N. 249 1500 15. 1757 10217 5. 187 1092

Rnal Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 330

HARYANA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sections Contents Page Nos.HARYANA

Current Status of Horticulture Crops-Haryana 331-341




2.3.4 Irrigation and water Resources Management 335


2.3.7.1 Frnits and nuts 342-368

2.3.7.1.1 Apple 342

2.3.7.1.2 Banana 342

2.3.7.1.3 Citrus fruits I Growth pattern over the decade, 2 Crop calendar, 3 342-347Production technology 4 Pest and disease management, 5 HarvestMethod and Yield, 6 Crop Econontics, 7 Price trend '. Problems andConstraints, 'Conclusion

2.3.7.1.4 Grapes 348-352

2.3.7.1.5 Guava 353-357

2.3.7.1.6 Lichi 358

2.3.7.1.7 Mango 358.361

2.3.7.1.8 Papaya 361

2.3.7.1.9a .Aoola 362-364.

2.3.7.1.9b Ber 365-368

2.3.7.2 . Vegetables, Roots and Tubers 369-414

2.3.7.2.1 Brinjal 369.372

2.3.7.2.2 Cabbage . 373

2.3.7.2.3 Cauliflower 373-377

2.3.7.2.4 Okra 378.381

2.3.7.2.5 Onion 382-386

2.3.7.2.6 Tomato 387-391

2.3.7.2.7 Peas 392-395

2.3.7.2.8 Cucurbits and melons 396.399

2.3.7.2.9 Chilli 400-403

2.3.7.2.10 Potato 404-409

2.3.7.2.11 Roots and tuber otber than potato 410-4142.3.7.2.l1a Carrot 410-411

2.3.7.2.l1b Raddish 412-414

Sections Contents Page Nos.2.3.7.5 Spice crops 415-4183 Infras.tructure and Post harvest 419-4294 Research and Development 420

4.1.1 Department of Horticulture, H.A.U., Hisar 4204.1.2 Thrust areas of the Department 4204.1.3 Major achievements 4214.2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra . 424-4294.3 State AgriculturelHorticulture Universities 4304.4 Department of Horticulture Haryana, Panchcula 431-4346 Marketing 435-4377.1 Case studies 438-442

Success Stories .

Annexure-l 443-449

2.3

2.3.1

HARYANA

Current Status of Horticulture Crops - Haryana

Introduction

Haryana state which came into existence less than four decades ago has come to be

recognized as one of the most progressive states of India and has made significant

progress in several spheres. It has played a pivotal role in ushering in an era of green

revolution in India. At present, there are 19 districts in the state. Haryana contributes

only 1.38 per cent of the geographical area of India but accounts for 2.4% of India's

cultivated area. About 85 per cent of the total cropped area is irrigated and major

sources of irrigation are ground water and canals. The state has not only realized self-

sufficiency in food grains requirement, it also contributes 40-45 lakh M.T. every year

to the central food reserves. Now cereal crops are not so remunerative as a result of

the increase 'of farm input costs that has increased many times over the cereals price.

After years of unidirectional march towards achieving self-sufficiency in food grain

production, Haryana' s agriculture is all set to change its track. Like Punjab, rice-

wheat rotation system is very common and successful in Haryana but the profit under

this system are marginal for small land holding farmers. Moreover, it is facing a

problem of plenty as the storage godowns are totally filled and market is flooded with

wheat and rice in open, leaving no room for the coming crop. Despite the hardship

being faced for nearly a decade, marginal farmers have been tilling the land with the

hope of good days ahead. To bring the stability in the production system and to make

agriculture remunerative some basic changes have to be made. Obviously, need of the

hour is to find out some suitable crops which could replace rice and wheat in the

state. In this direction, horticulture crops are good alternative for the diversification.

Haryana state is ideally suited for exploiting the potential of horticultural crops as the

agro-climatic conditions of the state are highly suitable for successful raising of fruits,

vegetables and flowers.

The area and production of fruits and vegetables in Haryana state which stood at

19,170 ha and 1,62,887 M.T. during 1966-67 has increased to 1,81, 517 ha and

23,85,200 M.T. respectively during 2001-2002 (Table). While the area has increased

about nine times, the production has increased more than fourteen times. Out of the

area of 38.87 lakh ha under fruits in India (2000-2001), Haryana accounts of 30715

ha, which is only 0.79% of total area. Similarly Haryana's share in fruit production is

2.32 lakh MT. (0.51%) of the India's total production of 453.7 lakh M.T. Again

average yield of all fruits is only 7.55 M.T./ha as against all India average of 1.7


M.T.fha. In case of vegetables, Haryana's share is 2.13 per cent in area and 2.24 per

cent production. Average yield of vegetables in the state is slightly higher than the all

India average. The Aonla, Guava, Kinnow, Ber, Grapes and Mango are the major

fruits of Haryana while Potato, Tomato, Onion and Chilli are the major vegetables

under which the area has increased tremendously in the last few years. Among spices,

the total area and production during 2001-2002 was 15000 ha and 105000 M.T.

respectively. The major spices of the state are fenugreek, coriander and turmeric.

Mushroom has become an important cash crop ofthe state and Haryana has become

one of the leading states in mushroom production. During the year 2001-2002, the

production of mushroom was 4500 M.T. The total area under floriculture in the year

2000-200 I was about 3200 ha with production of 52, 835 tonnes of loose flowers and

119.5million cut flowers.

There is tremendous scope of horticulture development in Haryana due to close

proximity to New Delhi and better infrastructural facilities existing in the state. Since

August I, 1991 to Dec. 31, 1995, a total of 134 proposals have been approved for

setting up of the project as 100% export oriented units (EOU) for cut flowers. In

North Zone, Gurgaon and nearby around Delhi have been the major focus. Out of the

total, 36 projects grouped under North Zone, 12 are in Gurgaon, 5 are near Faridabad

and 5 projects have come in area near high way connecting Delhi with Chandigarh.

The Haryana Government have identified horticulture particularly flowers and

. vegetables as thrust areas for development. The government provides technical and

financial support to the farmers. Subsidies are given on adoption of water

management technologies like drip irrigation, establishment of green houses and

polyhouse. To encourage farmers for growing flowers, fruits and vegetable, small

quantities of seeds are provided free of cost. The state government is taking keen

interest in establishing an ultra-modem international level horticulture complex at

Sonepat in an area of more than 500 acres for taking care of post-harvest handling,

grading, processing and exports. An international flower auction house has been

planned to be established in Gurgaon district to facilitate the flower growers for

domestic and export marketing of flowers. A commercial tissue culture center with an

investment of Rs. 6.00 crores has been established at Hisar to take care of the supply

of good quality plating material. A society with a capital ofRs. 10.00 crores has been

established for undertaking research and development activities for horticulture.


2.3.2

The state department of horticulture and H.A.U. Hisar are developing the technology

for Hi-tech horticulture and also making efforts to transfer this technology to the

farmers. Farmers are also taking up horticulture crops as separate viable economic

activity. An activity which hitherto remained in the backyards of the kitchen gardens

has positioned itself in the front line of the farmers activities in the fields like fruit

plantation, floriculture, vegetables growing and mushroom cultivation.

Agro-Ecological conditions of the state

From horticulture point of view, Haryana state can be divided into two distinct zones.

These are briefly described below:

Zone I Area Covered Fruit Crons Recommended(A), Eastern Zone(i) Shivalik Hilly Region Kalka, Naraingarh, Peach, Plum, Pear, Mango,(sub~humidwith high Jagadhri, Kamal, Loquat, Litchi, Sapota, Papaya,rainfall) Panipat, Ladwa and Aonla, Jamun, Guava

part of Indri(ii) Alluvial Plain Faridkot, Palwal, Citrus, Guava, Grapes,(Semi-arid with Ballabgarh, Datepalm, Papaya, Phalsa,medium rainfall) Gurgaon, Nuh Jamun, Mulberry, Aonla

Pataudi, Sonipat,Kamal, Panipat,Kurukshetra,Kaithal, Guhla,Pehowa and parts ofRohtak and Jinddistricts

(B). Western Zone(i) Alluvial Plain (semi Parts of Hisar, Citrus, Grapes, Phalsa, Guava,arid with medium Rohtak, Bhiwani Ber, Aonla Datepalm, Jamun,low rainfall) and whole of Mulberry, Fpomegranate, Bael

Mahindergarhdistrict.

(ii) Sandy dunal (arid In the Western and Ber, Bae1, Aonla, Mulberry,zones, rainfed with Southern parts of Phalsa, Karonda, Pomegranatelow rainfall) state and adjoining

Rajasthan, Sirsa,Hisar and Bhiwani

Haryana lies in subtropical belt in the North West India Shivalik touch its North-

Eastern comer and Rajasthan desert is in the South. Both these affect its climatic

conditions to a large extent. The monsoon season extends from late June to end of

September. It experiences deep winters from (November to end March or early April

and harsh summer between mid April to mid June. The south-easterly current of

summer monsoons brings rain from the end June. Some cyclonic rains also, occur

during Rabi season which range from 100 mm in the North-Western part of the state

down to 50 mm on the South-west and is very important for winter crops. Total


2.3.3

annual rainfall varies from 300 mm near Rajasthan border to over 1000 mm in theNorth.

The state experiences low temperatures in winter and high temperatures (40°C or

above) in Summer. The coldest month is January when, though temperatures seldom

falls below OOC,but ground frosst are not uncommon especially in the areas with

sandy soils. June is usually the hottest month when temperature rises above 40°c.

The salt affected soils of Haryana may be broadly classified as saline soils or sodic

soils from reclamation point of view. Bhiwani is the worst affected district having

more than 36% area under saline I sodic ground water. Problem is quite serious even

in Rohtak and Sirsa districts where 20.66% and 18% area respectively are affected.

Except in districts of Ambala and Kurukshetra the problem of salinity I alkalinity of

water is present in all the districts and ranges between 0.6 per cent in Kamal to 14.46

per cent in Jind. Figures for other districts being 4.12 per cent in Mohindergarh, 4.15

per cent in Sonipat, 10.06 per cent in Gurgaon, 10.73per cent in Hisar and 12.89 percent in Faridabad.

Land holding pattern and land tenure system

Classification oflaud holdings (1995-96)

Size Gronp Number Area ('000 Percentage of(000) ha.) total area

Below 1.0 814.659 404.155 11.00Marginal farmers

1.0-2.0 338.446 473.042 12.87Small farmers

2.0-3.0 328.467 915.553 24.91Semi medium farmers

4.0-10.0 206.358 1222.431 33.26Medium farmers

10 and above 40.063 660.546 17.97Large farmers

Total 1727.993 3675.727

Haryana is considered the land of relatively small farmers. According to agricultural

census 1995-96 there were about 17.3 lakh operational agricultural holdings in the

state, covering an area of 36.76 lakh hectare which comprised of 7.30 lakh individual


2.3.4

holdings, 9.87 lakh joint holdings and 0.11 lakh institutional holdings. These covered

respectively 34.42 per cent, 63.34 per cent and 2.25 per cent of total area. The higher

number of holdings (8.15 lakh) was in the size group of less than 1.0 ha (small

farmers), however, these covered only about 11.00 per cent of the total area. The

overall average holding size was calculated as 2.13 ha which size group again

covered less than 25% total area and hence it would be rather misleading to take it as

representative holding size in the state, particularly when more than 48 per cent area

is covered by large size holdings of four hectares and above. Of course, very big

holdings (10 ha and above) are few in number, in all about 2.32 per cent holdings

covering 17.97 per cent of total area of the state. Hence, these four categories which

comprised ofless than 10ha. land holdings constitute about 82.03 per cent of the total

area Of the state. It further clearly indicates that majority of farmers are small to

medium. All these holdings have a great potential to diversify their production

schedule and to give boost to the horticultural development in the state, so their

problems need to be tackled more ingeniously.

Irrigation and Water Resources Management

The state has 85 per cent of the net sown area as irrigated from one source or the

other as compared to about 31 per cent of the country as a whole. Irrigation from

tubewells accounts for 49.58 per cent and by canals 49.90 per cent. The total net area

irrigated was more than 28.88 lakh ha which resulted in heavy consumption of

fertilizer. Due to the Rice-wheat rotation, the water table in Haryana soils is depleting

day by day. The excessive use of water for rice cultivation might one day results into

barren lands. Recently on the suggestion of Punjab Government, an expert Committee

under the Chairmanship of Dr. S. K. Sinha was constituted by the Ministry of

Agriculture, Gov!. of India to study the problems concerning Punjab and Haryana

agriculture. This committee identified that the root cause of crisis is non-sustainability

of the traditional monoculture of wheat and rice system. The committee strongly

recommended to switch over to less water demanding, e co-friendly, value added

crops including fruits, vegetables, mushrooms, maize, soybean etc. along with

reversion to organic culture, nutrient management and integrated pest management.

Net irrigated area increased from 12.93 lakh ha in 1966-97 to 28.88 lakh ha in 1999-

2000. The irrigated area comprised of 14.41 lakh ha. irrigated by canals, 14.32 lakh

ha irrigated by tubewells and 0.15 lakh ha by other sources. In the districts of

Panchkula, Gurgaon, Rewari, Mohindergarh and Bhiwani, the percent of gross area

irrigated varies from 40-60 per cent which indicated that there is more scarcity of


irrigation but in the districts of Kurukshetra, Panipat, Kaithal and Kamal almost 100

per cent cropped area irrigated. Though the state Government has tried to provide

irrigation facilities in the state through network of canals, yet in some areas rising

water table due to continuous canal irrigation has caused concern, particularly in

areas where soil salinity / alkalinity is a great problem.

Net area Irrigated by different sources in Haryana (1999-2000)

Source Area ('000 ba) Percent

Canals. 1441 49.90

Tubewells 1432 49.58

Others 15 0.52

Total 1888

Progress oflrrigated area (Iakh ba.) by different sources in Haryana.

Year , Source of Irrigation

Canals Tubewells Otbers Total

19966-67 9.91 - 3.02 12.93

1970-71 9.52 - 5.80 15.32

1975-76 10.36 6.82 0.36 17.54

1980-81 11.61 9.41 0.32 21.34

1985-86 11.91 10.42 0.15 22.48

1991-92 13.37 12.48 0.15 26.00

1995-96 13.75 13.52 0.33 27.60

1997-98 13.97 13.63 0.32 27.92

1998-99 14.33 13.95 0.14 28.42

1999-2000 14.41 14.32 0.15 28.8


•

•

2.3.5 Major Cropping Pattern (1999-2000)

Sr. Crop Major AreasNo.I Rice Kaithal, Kamal, Jind, Kurukshetra, Sonipat, Ambala, Panipat,

Fatehgargh (77.8%)

2 Jowar Jhajjar, Rohtak, Faridabad, Gurgaon (81.3%)

3 Bajra Bhiwani, Mahendragarh, Fatehabad, Gurgaon, Rewari

(79.2%)

4 Maize Pacnhkula, Ambala, Yamunanagar (85.0%)

5 Wheat Sirsa, Jind, Hisar, Kaithal, Fatehabad, Kamal, Bhiwani.

(55.1%)

6 Barley Sirsa, Bhiwani, Hisar, Fatehbad, Jhajjar, Faridabad (75.0%)

7 Gram Bhiwani, Sirsa, Hisar, Mahendragar (77.8%)

8 Sugarcane Yamunagar, Kurukshetra, Ambala, Rohtak (63.0%)

9 Cotton Sirsa, Hisar, Fatehabad, Bhiwani, Jind (96.2%)

1"0 Rape & Bhiwani, Mahendragarh, Rewari, Gurgaon, Hisar, Sirsa

Mustard (85.0%)

II Potato Kurukshetra, Ambala, Yamunagar, Kamal, Panipat, Sonipat

(72.6%)

12 Onion Gurgaon, Sonipat, Panipat, Ambala (48.9%)

13 Cabbage & Panipat, Sonipat

Cauliflower

14 Vegetables Sonipat, Gurgaon, Panipat, Kamal, Kurukshetra, Ambala

(53.4%)

15 Aonla Gurgaoti, Sirsa, Namaul, Fatehabad, Ambala, Rewari (67.0%)

16 Citrus Sirsa, Hisar, Fatehbad (62.6%)

(Kinnow)

17 Grapes Sirsa, Hisar, Fatehabad (83.4%)

18 Mango Yamunnagar, Panchkula, Ambala (69.0%).

19 Fruits Yamunagar, Sirsa, Panchkula, Ambala, Hisar (50.8%)


Progress of Horticulture work in Haryana .

(A= Area in hectare, P= Production in tones)

Year Fruit Ve!!etable Mushroom Flower. SpicesA P A P No of P A P A P

trays(O00)

1966-67 7865 27527 11305 135360 - - - -1990-91 12640 99800 55360 802240 252. 850 50 -1991-92 13930 110000 60800 877000 210 800 640 -1992-93 15303 121390 69586 1029423 324 1050 1000 -1993-94 6761 128300. 75260 1155000 325 1200 1200 -1994-95 18310 133500 85000 1275000 425 1620 1600 -1995-96 19960 145000 94000 1420000 550 2410 1800 -1996-97 21775 .150000 98000 1455000 566 2525 1850 616*

31120**1997-8 23863 166000 102000 1350000 556 2680 1950 633* 10125 66525

33040**1998-99 26177 192400 120000 1850000 698 2850 2250 760* 12755 81097

40500**1999-00 28629 212000 135000 2094500 760 3200 2550 832* 13100 95035

41000**2000-01 30715 232000 133000 2100000 820 4200 3200 1195* 14200 102000

52835**2001-02 31317 235200 150200 2150000 900 4500 3250 1127* 15000 105000

17890**# Tray size is (2' x 3' x 6')* Stands for in lakhs cut flower** Stands for in Tonnes


• !

2.3.6 Distribution pattern of different horticulture crops (district wise)

(A= Area in hectare, P=Production in Tonnes)Sr. Name of Fruits. Vegetables MushroomsNo. District

A P A P No. of Ptravs

1 Panchku1a 3118 14645 7000 90000 10000 552 Amba1a 2522 20620 9000 108000 25000 1403 Yamuna Nagar 4459 36216 8000 98650 39100 1804 Kurukshetra. 1539 10475 9500 16050 19300 1305 Kaitha1 693 3858 6000 70560 15800 906 Kamal 1421 10700 12500 194390 60000 3007 Paninat 1056 5800 12275 195460 140000 5508 Soninat 1739 10626 23925 381610 315000 17409 Rohtak 1016 6111 4700 75000 46000 21010 Jaiihar 539 5523 5200 75050 - -11 Namau1 670 5455 4000 52000 - -12 Faridabad 1093 10020 6000 100010 5500 3013 Fatehbad 1102 7907 3700 57500 5500 2514 Rewari 485 1892 2800 35000 2100 1515 Gurgaon 1751 14908 13000 183410 160500 80016 Bhibani 1018 6441 6500 85000 1600 1017 Hisar 2065 14930 6300 90000 35000 12018 Sirsa 3732 37860 4300 67000 2000 1519 Jind 1299 11213 5500 75310 17600 90

Total 31317 235200 150200 2150000 900000 4500

,District wise area and production of fruits, vegetables and mushroom for theyear 2001-2002

Leading fruit growing districts of Haryana (2001-02)

(Area = 31.32 thousand ha, Production = 235.2 thousand M.T.)

District Area (ha) Production Percent of Percent of(tones) total area. total

nroductionYamuna Na"ar 4459 36216 14.24 15.40Sirsa 3732 37860 11.92 16.10Panchku1a 3118 14645 9.96 6.23Ambala 2522 20620 8.05 8.77Hisar 2065 14930 6.59 6.35GUI""aon 1751" 14908 5.59 6.34Soninat 1739 10626 5.55 4.52


2.3.7

Growth pattern of fruits during last decade in Haryana

Year Area (ha) Prodnction Prodnctivity(tonnes) (MTlha)

1991-92 13930 110000 7.901995-96 19960 145000 7.261998-99 26177 . 192400 7.351999-00 28629 212000 7.402000-01 30715 232000 7.552001-2002 31317 235200 7.51

Major Horticultural Crops

Leading fruit crops of Haryana (2001-02)

(Area = 31.32 thousand ha, Production = 235.2 thousand M.T.)

Principle Crop Area (ha) Production Percent of Percent of(tones) total area total

production

Mango 7526 45020 24.03 19.14Gauva 5944 41226 18.98 17.73Citrus 5576 43644 17.80 18.56Ber 4538 42534 14.49 18.08GraDes 126 6420 3.60 2.73Aonla 740 4056 2.36 1.72

Principle vegetable crops of Haryana during 2001-2002(Total area = 150.2 thousand ha. Total production=2150.0 thousand M.T.)

Sr.No. Principle Crop Area Production Perceut of Perceut of(OOOha) (OOOMT) total area total

production

1 Onion 14.83 236.84 9.87 11.022 Potato 13.82 304.97 9.2 14.183 Cauliflower 12.38 189.89 8.24 8.834 Tomato 11.60 165.18 7.72 7.685 Radish 11.28 156.12 7.51 7.266 Carrot 1I.14 175.22 7.42 8.157 Cucurbits 18.49 243.43. 12.31 11.348 LeafyVeg. 12.34 140.28 8.22 . 6.52


,

Leading Vegetable Growing Districts of Haryana (2001-2002)

Sr.No. District Area Productio Percent of Percent of(OOOba) n (000 total area total

!\in production1 Sonioat 23925 381610 15.93 17.752 GUrlraon 13000 183410 8.66 8.533 Kamal 12500 194390 8.32 9.044. Paninat 12275 19540 8.17 9.095 Kurukshetra 9500 116050 6.32 5.406 Amba1a 9000 108000 5.99 5.02

Growth pattern of Vegetable during last decade in Haryana

Year Area (OOOha) Production (000 Productivity. MT) (M.T./ha)

1991-92 60.8 877.0 14.41995-96 94.0 1420.0 15.11998-99 120.0 1850.0 15.41999.00 135.0 2094.5 15.52000-01 141.7 2191.5 15.52001-02 150.2 2150.0 14.3

Average Productivity (MT/ha) of some vegetable crops (2000)

Sr. No. Vegetable World (MT/ha) India (MT/ba) Haryana(MT/ha)

.1 Tomato 27.2 15.9 21.72 Brinia1 16.7 16.3 18.03 Onion 17.2 10.5 12.604 Okra 6.9 9.6 10.75 Potato 6.5 18.4 15.46 Cauliflower 17.8 18.3 17.57 Peas 7.9 9.4 8.18 Cabbal!e 21.3 22.9 21.2


2.3.7.1

2.3.7.1.1

2.3.7.1.2

2.3.7.1.3

2.3.7.1.3.1

2.3.7.1.3.2

Fruits aud nuts

Apple

There is no area under Apples within the state and hence not covered.

Banana

There is no substantial area under.Banana within the state and hence not covered.

Citrus fruits

In the state of Haryana citrus fruits occupy third position after mango and guava.

Sirsa is the main citrus growing district, which accounts for about 50 per cent of the

area and over 60 per cent of the production in the state. The state has recently taken

up kinnow like that in Punjab but stilI its predominance amongst citrus is not that

pronounced. However, watching the astounding success of kinnow in Punjab,

Haryana state has also started more stress on this variety.


The area under citrus fruits has steadily increased during ihe decade. However,

productivity of citrus has rather declined, starting at 10.23 MT per ha in 1991-92 and

coming down to 7.93 MT ha in 2000-2001 in table.

Area production and productivity of citrus fruits

Year Area (ha) Production ProductivityIMTI IMTlha)

1991-92 3189 32630 10.231992-93 3361 27380 8.141993-94 3580 25719 7.181994-95 3824 28600 7.481995-96 4043 32400 8.011996-97 4278 37800 8.801997-98 4590 42900 9.301998.99 4895 39154 8.01999-00 5301 37509 7.12000-01 5657 44889 7.93

This could be due to un-productivity of old orchards, spreading of area under less

favourable conditions and citrus decline.

Crop Calendar

Two planting seasons are recommended for citrus, one in spring and the other in the

monsoon season. The spring plantings start from 15th February and continue up to the

15thMarch. The monsoon season planting starts from middle of August and continues

up to middle of October.



Cultivars

Varieties of citrus fruits recommended in the state are as given in the table.

Citrus varieties recommended

VarietiesPinea Ie, Jaffa, blood Red, Mosambi

KinnowMarsh seedless, Duncan, Rub RedBaramasi, Kaz hi Kalan, Sweet lime

Propagation

All citrus types are propagated by T -budding method. The details of the method

including time of budding, rootstock used and nursery. management are almost the

s~me as explained for Punjab conditions.

Limes and Lemons are recommended to be propagated by air layering (Goatie) or by

. cuttings also.


Two planting seasons are recommended for citrus, one in spring and the other in the

monsoon season. The spring plantings start from 15th February and continue up to the

15th March. The monsoon season planting starts from middle of August and continues

up to middle of October.

Training and Pruning

Dead wood Pruning - Main pruning operation recommended in the state is removal

of dead and dried wood so as to check further spread of diseases. It is a well

established recommendation for almost all citrus types of fruits in the State for many

years. Almost all the farmers are adopting this practice; hence it need not be

considered as a significant or recent development. Instead of giving significance to a

routine practice of removing deadwood pruning the consultant is tempted to making a

suggestion of "Green Wood Pruning" which is a regular practice in many advanced

Citrus growing countries, but refrained on doing so, since no significant work on this

has been done so far in this State. Hence the Consultant would like to put it under

technology gaps.


The conventional, green wood pruning has not been tested and recommended, as is

the case in many citrus growing countries. However, some pruning has been found to

be beneficial, this is just removal of some branches to open up the tree for proper

ventilation and provide more chances for inner wood to bear fruit.

Water Management

Young plants up to the age of 3-4 years are to be irrigated at weekly intervals,

whereas older tees be irrigated 2-3 weeks interval, depending upon climate, rainfall

and type of soil. Irrigation in February before sprouting, after fruit set in April and in

the hot weather is crucial for successful crop.

Nutrient Mauagement

The recommended schedule for fertilization is

Age of the tree (year) Dose oer treeFYM (kl() N (l!) Urea (46 % N ) (,d

1-3 5-20 50-150 100-3004-6 25-50 . 200-250 400-5007-9 60-90 300-400 600-80010 and above 100 400-800 800-1600

In place of urea, nitrogen can be supplied in the form of Ammonium sulphate (20.5 %N), CAN (25% N), DAP (18%N).

FYM is to be applied during December. Nitrogen dose is to be splitted in two equal

parts, first half in February and the second half in April-May after fruit set.

For Kinnow, add 200 g phosphorous - 1.25 kg super phosphate per tree in addition to

above doses ofN. Zinc deficiency is prevalent and symptoms appear on fully mature

new leaves. This is rectified by spraying 0.3 percent zinc sulphate on spring flush in

April-May, summer flush in June and on late summer flush in August- September.

Cultural Practices

Appropriate technologies for intercropping, weed control and control of pre-harvest

fruit crop have been recommended for successful cultivation of citrus plants.

Thinning of fruits in kinnow is important as the variety tends to over bear thereby

affecting the size and quality of fruit. In all other citrus fruits only thing required is to


2.3.7.1.3.4

remove the fruits on young trees so that proper frame is developed in the initial years

of the plant life.


Like Punjab the major insect pest of citrus are leaf miner, citrus psylla, black and

white flies, termites and Inderbela are the main pests of citrus. The main diseases are

Twig die black, gummosis, phytophthora, scab, stem and fruit rot. Canker (bacterial)

and various viruses- An integrated spray schedule has been recommended is given

hereunder.

Integrated spray schedule for controlling insect pests, diseases, nutritionaldeficiencies and fruit.drop in citrus.

Month Treatment Quantity in 500 Insect pest!litres water disease

December- January Bordeaux. mixture 2:2:250 Root rot, gummosisand canker

February- March •• Rogoror 670ml Citrus psylla,Nuvacron 625 ml Leaf minor

April (after fruit Thiodan + 1000 ml Citrus psylla, whiteset) Zinc sulphate + 1.5 kg fly, leaf minor, fruit

Aureofungin or 20 g drop and zincBavistin + 500g deficiency2,4-D 5gBordeaux mixture 2:2:250

May-June Rogoror 670 ml Citrus psylla andNuvacron + 625 ml miner, mite, scabZinc sulphate 1.5 kgBordeaux mixture 2:2:250

July-August Rogor 670 ml Citrus psylla, leafor Nuvacron 625 ml miner, whitefly,Aureofungin 20 g mite, lemon,solution 500 g Caterpillar, scab,or Bavistin 2:2:250 canker andor Bordeaux. pathological fruitmixture OrOD.

September 2,4-D + 5g Physiological andZinc sulphate 1.5 kg pathological fruitSolution or 500g drop zincBavistin 2:2:250 deficiency, lemonOr Bordeaux. cterpillar, leafMixture miner, citrus psylla

and canker• Copper oxychloride (Blitox, blue, copper, Fytolan)

•• Before the flowers open.


2.3.7.1.3.5

2.3.7.1.3.6

2.3.7.1.3.7

2.3.7.1.3.8


Harvesting and yield- Kinnow is to be harvested when the fruits develop proper

colour and acceptable T.S.S. acid ratio. The fruit in the periphery of the tree be

harvested when such ratio is 12:1, whereas the fruit in side the tree may be harvested

when the ratio is 14:I. The best time for picking Kinnow fruits is from mid January to

mid February.

Again the package of practice contains the general recommendation that the fruit

should not be pulled from the branches during harvesting as the skin from stem end

can be ruptured. Further the harvesting with the clippers is recommended retaining a

non protruding short fruit stocks (Button) which in packaging the damages the other

fruits.

The main issue instead of the above which still remains a understood problem is when

to harvest the fruit. The available recommendation of TSS / Acid Ratio is not well

understood by the growers and not easy to folio\\". The grower on the basis of his

visual observations adjusts the harvesting time.

As in Punjab, kinnow yields are the heaviest amongst all citrus fruits- Average

healthy kinnow tree produces about 1000 to 1500 fruits.

Crop Economics

The productivity for Citrus fruits peaks off after the lOthyear and in general the

incomes comes to around Rs. 82,500 per hectare which is based on the calculation

that the number of plants per hectare being 275 with an average yield of60 Kg per

plant and the sale price of Rs. 5 per Kg.

Price trends in Major Market

The prices have been generally rising annually during the decade. Kinnow fruits have

started fetching higher prices than the sweet oranges or mandarins.


The ove~all situation in Haryana is similar to that in Punjab. Sirsa has emerged as the

predominant citrus growing districts of Haryana. The situation is similar to arid

region of Punjab- Abohar belt. Hence the problem and constraints are the same.

Kinnow amongst citrus fruits is likely to dominate the citrus scenario of the state. In

Final Repart: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 346

2.3.7.1.3.9

fact, it will not be out of proportion to suggest that citrus growing areas of Punjab and

Haryana along with parts of Rajasthan should be grouped into one citrus growing

zone of the country so that common strategies for production and marketing are

developed collectively.

Conclusions

There is no protocol for post harvest handling of the fruits which needs further

refinement. There is also need for diversification in varietal situation to get better

yield levels.


2.3.7.1.4.

2.3.7.1.4.1

2.3.7.1.4.2

2.3.7.1.4.3

Grapes

Like Punjab, grape growing in Haryana has assumed great significance in view of

heavy investments and high returns. The state has grown grapes under very similar

agro climatic conditions as in case of Punjab. Hence, the varieties and technology of

production is almost the same in the two states. It is grown over an area of 1186

hectares (2000-2001) with a production of7671 M tones.


Area, .Production and Productivity of Grapes in Haryana

Year Area (ha) Prodnction Productivity(MT) (MT/ha)

1991-92 1129 . 19840 17.571992-93 1157 18740 16.191993-94 . 1113 19185 17.241994-95 1142 19600 17.161995-96 1157 18000 15.561996-97 1184 15300 12.91997-98 1197 17400 14.51998-99 1208 9089 7.51999-00 1213 8400 6.92000-01 1186 7671 6.47

The area under grapes has increased only marginally during the decade. The

production and productivity, however, declined appreciably during the decade

starting from a yield of 17.57 M T Iper ha in 1990-91. The productivity came down

6.47 MT per ha in 2000-200 I. Such a significant reduction in productivity has to be a

matter of major concern and will be a decisive factor to decide if grape cultivation is

to remain a commercially viable proposition.

Crop Calendar

The planting is done from middle of January to first half of February.


Cultivars

(a) Seedless Varieties-Per1ette, beauty seedless, Thomson Seedless, delight. Out of

these recommended varieties only parlette is a commercial variety.


(b) Seeded Varieties- Bunquabad, Champion, early Muscat, Gold and Cardinal. Out

of these none of the variety has attained any commercial significance.

Propagation

Grape plants are propagated through hard woodcuttings. The cuttings are prepared

from the pruning wood of selected vines, which are marked for bearing good crop.

The cuttings are made in the months of December- January.

Seed! Planting Material

The planting distance recommended is 3 x 3 meters. The planting is done from

middle of January to first half of February.

Training and Pruning

Most common method of training of vines is the bower system. A number of other

systems like Kniffen System (Vertical Trellis), Telephone system (Horizontal Trellis)

and Head System have been tried but under the growing conditions of the state,

bower system of training has been found to be successful. The detailed step-wise

development of vines on the bower system has been explained in the

recommendations.

Recommended pruning intensities for different varieties are given hereunder:

Pruning intensities recommended for different varieties of grapes

Variety NO.ofcanesoerolant No. ofHead Kinffen Telephone Bower buds! canesvstem

Parellete 8-10 20-24 32-40 45-50 2-3Beauty Seedless 8-10 20-24 32-40 45-50 2-3Delight 8-10 20-24 32-40 45-50 3-4Pusa seedless 8-10 20-24 32-40 45-50 8-9ThomsonseedlessGold 8-10 20-24 32-40 45-50 4-5Early Muscal 8-10 20-24 32-40 45-50 3-4Bangna bad 8-10 20-24 32-40 45-50 5-6Anab-e-Shahi 8-10 20-24 32-40 45-50 6-8Champion 8-10 20-24 32-40 45-50 5-6Cardinal 8-10 20-24 32-40 45-50 2-3


2.3.7.1.4.4.

Pruning time is mid January to first week of February

Nutrient Management

The recommended fertilization is as follows:

Age (Years) Fertilizer oer olantFYM(kg) Kissan Superphosph Potash

Fert (k,,) ate Sulohate2 30 0.500 1.00 0.5003 45 0.750 1.50 0.6004 60 1.000 2.00 0.8005 75 1.250 2.00 1.00

FYM .alongwith .superphosphate, half .of Nand K to be applied after pruning- the

remaining Nand-K are to be given in pril.

Water Management

The water requirement mainly depends on age, soil type climate. The young plants

are to be irrigated regularly. The bearing plants are to be irrigated as per the

requirements taking care that excessive irrigations are to be avoided at the time of

fruit set as well as at fruit ripening stage.

Bunch Thinning

Perlette variety tends to over bear, hence bunch thinning is very important so as to

maintain fruit size and quality. On a vine planted at lOx lOft distance, keep only 100

bunches. A bunch thinning is done just after fruit set.

Quality Improvement

GA at 20 ppm at full bloom and 40 ppm at fruit set is recommended to improve fruit

size and quality in seedless varieties.


Insect Pests

Grape vine thrips, jassid, leaf roller, defoliating beetles, yellow and red wasps are the

major pests of grape vine.


Diseases

Anthracnose, die-back curcospora leaf spot, downy mildew, foot rot or collar rot,

powdery mildew and rotting of berries are the main diseases affecting the grape vine.

Control measures for each insect pest and disease have been worked out. Individual

control measures are to be adopted if some pest or disease appears in an acute form.

However, in general to have a complete control of all pests and productive so as to

keep the vines healthy and productive an integrated spray suggested hereunder.

Intelrrated SE rav schedule to control insect oests and diseases of l!raoesMonth Mateials Quantity of Insect pests! diseases

500 IitresFebruary Methyl parathion 250ml Bark eating insects(before 50 EC Bordeaux 2:2:250 anthracnosesOTOutine:) MixtureMarch (first Malathion 50 EC 500ml "Thrips,Powdery mildewweek) Bayletonl Topaz 200 g Anthracnose! Cercospora

Bordeaux mixture 2:2:250 leaf spots powdery mildewLast weekApril-mid month Welable sulphur 1.25kg Powdery mildew

Or Bayletonl Topaz 200 g AnthracnoseBavistin 500 g Cercospora leaf spot

Fourth week Malathion 50 EC* 500ml "ThriosMay (first week) Bordeaux Mixture , 2:2:250 Anthracnose

Bavletonl Tooaz 200 g Powderv mildewJune-rflrstweek) Caolan or Ziram I ke: Rottine:of berriesJuly (after Hexavin 50 WP 1.5 kg "Thrips,jassid, chafferharvest) Bavistin 50WP 500 g Bettie, leaf roller,

Anthracnose,Cercosoora leaf spot

August (middle) BordeaUxMixture 2:2:250 Anthracnose, Cercosporaleaf spot, Downv mildew

September (first Hexavin 50 WP 1.5 kg "Thripsand jassids,week) Bavistin 50 WP 500 g cercospera leaf spot, downy

mildewSeptember Bordeaux Mixture 2:2:250 Anthracnose, Cercospora(middle) leaf spot, Downv mildew

Bordeaux mixture should not be sprayed in mixture with other chemicals. Rest of thechemicals indicated against a given spray are compatible and can, therefore, bemixed.* In Perlette cultivar, carbaryl should preferred as it also looks after thinning of

berries apart from tOOpcontrol.• Zinc sulphate 3 kg plus 1.5 kg unslaked line should be sprayed if deficiency

symptoms appear.

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study jor North Zone' 351

2.3.7.1.4.5

2.3.7.1.4.6

2.3.7.1.4.7

2.3.7.1.4.8

2.3.7.1.4.9


Grapes are to be harvested when the fiuits are fully ripe. Repeated pickings are

recommended as the bunches do not ripen at the same time. The yield per ha isapproximately 16 to 17M tonnnes.

Crop Economics

Currently the average yield of grapes in the State are pegged at 4-6 tons per hectare

but the data given for calculation of the economics for the crop by the DOH as shown

an average yield at 13.32 tons per hectare. The calculations have been made on the

basis of this figure and therefore the income thus generated from the crop comes to

RS.6.66 lacs per hectare from eighth year onwards with the cost of cultivationbenched at RS.22.600/- per hectare.

Price trends and arrival

The price trends are almost similar as those as explained for Punjab since grapes from

Haryana are sold in the same markets as the grape from Punjab.


Spread of grapes in Haryana is restricted because of heavy investment required for

developing the structure for Bower system. The fiuit quality is not as good as the

grapes, which come in the north fudian markets during winter months from

Maharashtra and some southern states. As the fiuit in the state ripen in the hot moths

of May and June, post harvest handling and marketing gets quite difficult- Some of

the crop gets damaged if the monsoon rains are early and the crop maturity getsdelayed.

Conclusion

The grape cultivation in Haryana is on the decline. The productivity has drastically

came down by about one third during the decade. IN the year 2000-200 I are and

production also was reached as compared to the previous year. On the existing

plantations there is a need to test the Israel technology of berry thinning, GA

application and girdling. If this package works, there could be some hope of revival

other wise further reduction in area and production will make grape growinguneconomical and will loose favour with the farmers.


2.3.7.1.5.

2.3.7.1.5.1

2.3.7.1.5.2

Guava

Guava is an important fruit crop of the country. It is grown almost in every state of

the country. It is grown in an areas of 148.2 thousand hectares with a production of

1631.5 thousand M tones. The average productivity in the country is 11 MT/ hectare

which is quite high as compared to many other fruits. In Hayrana, guava is grown

over an area of 5278 hectares with a production of 40092 MT, the productivity being

7 MT per hectare. It is thus evident that productivity in the state is much lower than

that of the country as a whole.


Area, Production and Productivity of Guava in Haryana

Year Area (ha) Production (MT) Productivity(MT/ha)

1991-92 1909 15645 8.201992-93 2172 16350 7.501993-94 2509 22301 8.891994-95 . 2778 22700 8.171995-96 3160 25500 8.071996-97 3504 26850 7.71997-98 4062 30450 7.51998-99 4648 44771 9.61999-00 5194 43709 8.42000-01 5728 40092 7.00

The area under guava in the state has increased consistently during the decade,

however, matter concern is that productivity has not increased. There has been

intermittent increase in productivity in some years ie. In 1993-94 and again 1998-99

registering increase of 1.39 MT and 2.10 MT over the previous years respectively.

Since the increase in productivity has not been a regular feature over the decade, so

some increases could only be attributed to unusually favourable weather conditions

during those years.

Crop Calendar

Guava is recommended to be planted in February-March and August-September with

earth ball training and pruning.


2.3.7.1.5.3. Production technology

Cultivars

Allahabad Safeda- Yield 120 -140 kg per tree

Sardar (L 49)-yield 125-150 kg per treeHisar Safed- A cross of Allahabad Safeda and Seedless Gauva. The fiuits are sweeter

and with lesser seeds. Seeds are soft also.

Hisar Surkha- A cross of apple guava and Banarsi Surkha- Pink freshed, skin yellow

and tastes sweeter than stress.

Propagation

Guava is commercially propagated by patch-budding seedlings of sardar guava are

used as rootstock.


Guava is recommended to be planted in February-March and August-September with

earth ball training and pruning.

Modified leader system of training is commonly followed. The main objectives of

training plants is to provide a strong frame work and branches suitable for bearing

very heavy crop without breakage of the branches. The flowers and fiuits in guava are

borne or current seasons growth, hence a light annual pruning up to 10 cm tip

removal proves useful to encourage new shoots after the harvest. Dead, diseased ,

inter crossing branches and suckers coming up from the base and sides of the

framework should also be pruned back annually.

Nutrient Management I Manures and Fertilizers

Doses of F.Y.M and chemical fertilizers per tree of Guava.

Age of plant FYM(kg) Amm. Snper Muirate ofSnlphatel phosphate Potash (gms)Kissan (kl!) (l!ins)

1 15 0.5 250 1002 30 1.0 500 2003 45 1.5 750 3004 60 2.0 1000 4005 and above 75 3.0 1250 500


2.3.7.1.5.4

F. Y.M, half of super phosphate and sulphate of potash to be given in February and

the rest of the fertilizers in middle of July.

Zinc deficiency- It has been commonly noticed on guava plants in the state. The plant

growth is suppressed and the braches start dieing back. The deficiency is cured by

spraying the trees with Zinc sulphate- lime mixture- I kg of zinc sulphate and 0.5 kg

of unslaked lime in 100 litres of water. Two to tbree sprays of the mixture are

recommended between June to September.

Water Management

The young guava plants need irrigation at weekly interval during summer months and

2 to 3 irrigations during winter months. Irrigation to bearing trees depends upon age,

soil type and climate. Normally such trees, require irrigation for flowering and better

fruit set at an interval of 2 to 3 weeks during summer and at monthly intervals during

winter.

Sowing I Planting Techniques

Guava gives two crops a year, winter season crop is superior in quality than rainy

season crop, and is also infested with fruit flies. Hence crop regulation IS

recommended as follows.

(I) Spray urea ten percent or Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) @ 600 mg! litre

during March when maximum flowers have opened.

(2) Pruning of terminal portion of the shoots up to 20 and 30 cm in the second

half of April.

(3) Withhold irrigation in April- May

(4) Apply fertilizers during the encourage growth in July-August for getting

maximum flowering during August September for winter season crop.


Insects

Fruit fly is the most serious pest of guava. This pest is more serious in rainy season

crop. For the control of fruit fly recommendation incidence (a) cleanliness especially

the removal and destroying of fallen infested fruits (b) ploughing of field, during


2.3.7.1.5.5

summer months (c) avoid rainy season crop (d) Harvest fiuits at slightly harder stage

(e) Spray of Melathion 50 EC when the attack is there (f) Do not harvest the fiuits for

five days from the date of spray.

The other important insect pest IS short borer. Spray of Monocrotophos,

Chlorpophyriphos or Ekalux is recommended to control this pest.

Diseases

Wilt of guava is very serious disease especially in heavy soils or wet conditions. The

control measures include (a) Plant guava in a well drained soil (b) drenching the soil

in the pit, prepared for planting the trees, with formation solution (e) uprooting of

affected trees (d) use of Sardar guava (Lha) seedlings as rootstock. Fruit rot,

anthracnose or dieback control measures recommended are (a) Avoid water to stand

around the tree trunk (b) Spray with Blitox or Captan (c) cleaning of the soil from any

fallen and rotten fiuits.


Guava fiuit is recommended for harvest when it is fully mature but firm. The fiuit

change colour from dark green to greenish yellow. Guava yield in the state is 7.0

tonnes per hectare, which is much lower than the national average. Plants both young

and old are quite a serious problem for the state. Remedial measures have been

suggested but still the melody is not completely checked. Sardar ( L-49) Guava

seedling have been found to be tolerant to this disease. Further work on this disease is

required to be undertaken. Fruit fly is the second main problem in guava. This pest is

quite difficult to be controlled. Further research efforts are needed in this direction

also.

Guava fiuit is getting popular in the state and is quite remunerative to the farmers.

More varieties and rootstocks are required to be worked out to avoid wilt and fiuit fly.

Post harvest handling- proper packaging an grading of fiuit needs to be improved.

Presently almost all the fiuit produced in the states is consumed either locally or goes

to Delhi market.

Declining yield is a matter of concern and need to attend to both by researches as well

as developmental workers.


2.3.7.1.5.6

2.3.7.1.5.7.

2.3.7.1.5.8.

2.3.7.1.5.9

Crop economics

Currently the average yield of Guava in the State is pegged at 17.5 tons per hectare.

The calculations have been made on the basis of this figure and therefore the income

thus generated from the crop comes to Rs.52,500 per hectare from tenth year onwards

with the cost of cultivation benched at Rs.3,200/- per hectare.

Price Trend

There is no regulated trend market price data available. However, the prices of

Guvava have increased drastically over the years and currently are pegged at RS.300-

450 per quintal in the wholesale market of the State.


Guava wilt, which results In high mortality of young plants, remains a serious

problem. fruitfly is quite difficult to be controlled and yet is a serious problem.

Conclusion

Guava is the crop, which has the prospects of engaging as a good fruit crop for

Haryana


2.3.7.1.6

2.3.7.1.7

2.3.7.1.7.1

2.3.7.1.7.2

2.3.7.1.7.3

Litchi

There is no area under litchi within the state and hence not cultivated

Mango

Mango is the most important fruit crop of India. The country produces 56 per cent of

total mango production in the world and it contributes 39.2 per cent to the total fruit

production of India. In India, mango is grown over an area of 1522.6 thousand

hectares hiving a production of 10237 thousand M tonnes. In Haryana, mango is

grown over an area of 7281 hectares with a production of 42838 M tonnes, the

productivity being 5.9 M tonnes per hectares. Yamunnagar, Panchkula, Ambala and

Kamal are the main mango producing districts accounting for 76 per cent area of the

state. The productivity of mango is also lower than the country's average.


Area, production and productivity of Mango for the period 1991-92 to 200-2001Year Area (ha) Production (MT) Productivity

(MTlha)

1991-92 3727 20600 5.521992-93 4457 26780 6.001993-94 4774 20661 4.331994-95 5049 21800 4.321995-96 5386 21650 4.021996-97 5704 24780 4.301997-98 6000 28100 4.701998-99 6405 29188 4.601999-00 6849 33546 4.902000-01 7281 42838 5.90

The area under mango has consistently increased during the decade, however,

productivity has not increased and continues to remain below the national average.

Crop Calendar

Recommended planting time is (a) February- March (b) August-September. The latertime is preferred because weather if relatively cools down.

ProduCtion Technology

Cultivars

The recommended varieties are:

Dusehri

Amarpalli

Chaura

.Langra

Bombay green

Fazri

Mullika

Samarbuhisht

Sippia Shah PasandFinal Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 358

Propagation

Side grafting has been found to be the most efficient method of propagation. It has

largely replaced the old, difficult method of inarching. The randomly selected

seedlings are used as rootstock. Best time of side grafting is March to September

excluding May and June being dry and hot months.


(a) Recommended planting time is (a) February- March (b) August-September. The

later time is preferred because weather if relatively cools down. Recommended

distance of planting is 9 x 9 meters for grafter varieties and 10 x 10 meters for

sucking types.

No specific training or pruning is required for mango. Only recommended approach

is to space the main scaffold branches at 20-25 em distance. No regular annual

pruning is required. However, after a period of 2-25 years, when the tree grows vary

tall, the fruiting gets restricted to only the peripheral part, the tree has to be headed

back to invigorate the trees to the increase the productivity.

Nutrient Management I Manuring and Fertilization

The nutritional requirement of mango varies with the region, soil type and age.

Recommendations also differed for on' and off year of production.

Water Management

Frequency of irrigation in mango orchards depends upon the type of soil, climatic

conditions, especially the rainfall and its distribution and the age of the tree.

Generally you11gplants require frequent irrigation during the dry period.

Intercultural Operation I Intercropping

Mango trees have a juvenile period ranging from 3 to 7 years depending upon the

variety and climate. Therefore, in young orchards intercropping in advised to

profitably use the vacancy space. Vegetables like onion, tomato, radish, beans,

cauliflower, cabbage, leafy vegetables and leguminous crops like moong, mash, gram

and lentil can be grown.


2.3.7.1.7.4

2.3.7.1.7.5


(a) Diseases

(i) Mango malformation occurs both at juvenile and flowering stage. Compact leaves

are formed at the apex of shoot or in leaf exiting the young trees. In the case of

bearing trees, the panicles are affected- peduncles become thickened and flashy with

heavy numerous branches. Removal of affected shoots every month to destroy then in

case of young trees helps in checking this disease. In case of bearing trees,

debloosoming affected panicle and spray of 200 pmm NAA in October is

recommended to keep malformation under check. However, still no complete control

measure is known and it appears to be a technology gap in the successful cultivation

of mango. (ii) Black tip this disorder is caused by smoke of brick kilns. Control

measures include spraying three times with 0.6 per cent. Borax before flowering,

during flowering and alongwith Bordenx mixture (2:2: 250) or 1.5 kg of copper

oxychloride in 500 litres of water after fruit set.

In addition to these two disease, mango is also affected by powdery mildew,

Anthracnose or dieback, twig dieback a leaf blight and stem canker. All these

melodies can be completely checked by adopting recommended practices.

Insect Pests

Important insect pests attacking mango and mealy bug, hoppers, scabs, stem borer,

shoot borer and red rots. General chainless around the tree and physical barriers on

the main brick of the tree and quite efficient remedial measures to control mealy bug.

The other serious pests mango hopper is kept under check by pruning old dense

methods during winter. It is also ildvised to avoid too dense plantations. Chemical

control by the spray of carbaryl, melathion or Thiodan.

Recommendations for other insect pests are also available, regular adoption of such

sprays keeps the mango trees free from such pests.


Mango should be harvested with pedicel yield varied with the variety and the region.

The average productivity in the state touched 10 MT/ha in the year 1999.2000 as

compared to MT/ha in 1991.92.


2.3.7.1.7.6

2.3.7.1.7.7

2.3.7.1.7.8

2.3.7.1.7.9

2.3.7.1.8

Crop Economics

It has been observed that after the 10th Year Mango plantation gives a steady income

of approximately Rs. 45,000 per hectare. The economics has been worked out on the

basis of about 100 plants in a hectare of land averaging a yield of 90 Kgs. keeping in

mind the estimated selling rate of Rs. 5 per Kg. and the expenditure incurred by the

farmer of about Rs. 4,425/- per hectare. Thus the net cash flow per hectare to the

farmer comes to around Rs. 40,575 per hectare.

Price trends

The off and on years of the mango crop significant affect the arrivals and prices in all

the major markets of the country. The available price trends also indicate the sharp

influence of inflation from the first three years of the decade 1991-1993 as compared

the rest of the seven years where in after this quarter jump in prices, there was

prevalent a stabilizing factor maintaining the prices in the range of 100 to 1100 rupees

per quintal in the Jullundhar market.


Alternate bearing and malformation especially in North Western India still pose

serious problems. There are the two major technology gaps in the production. of

mango. Black tip of mango, hoppers and mealy bugs, attacks are assume significance

in certain areas. Protocol for harvest, field handling, control of oozing sap at the

harvest time thereby causing black spots on the skin, grading and packaging standards

still are imposing problems in the vies of the facts that much of the fruit is hashing in

the midst of rains. Such a situations are serious bottlenecks to expand accessibility

and acceptability to foreign markets.

Conclusion

There is a need to come over the problems of alternate bearing andmalformed fruits

in Mangoes. These need to be looked into seriously as well as preference should be

given for cultivation of new varieties / hybrids of this crop under close plantation to

have higher density for increase productivity.

Papaya

There is no area under Apples within the state and hence not cultivated


2.3.7.1.9

2.3.7.1.9a

2.3.7.1.9 a1

2.3.7.1.9 a2

2.3.7.1.9a3

Other Fruits

Aonla or Amla

Aonla or also called Arnla is emerging as an upcoming fruit plants in the north Indian

conditions in view of its high nutritive value especially its vitamin C content (more

than citrus fruits),medicinal value and suitability to dehydration and other means of

processing. From growing point of view, its tolerance to draught conditions and

suitability under dry conditions, absence of any major pest and diseases are

significant points for expanding its cultivation.

Table 23: Growth pattern over the decade

Year Area (ha) Production Productivity(MT) (MT/ha)

1999-2000 585 3063 5.22001-2002 666 4614 6.9

The data on earlier years are not available as this fruits was grouped under other

fruits. However, the present figures of 666 hectares and its productivity at 6.9 MT are

quite encouraging. Another significant point is that no double Gurgaon has the largest

area (ISS ha) but some plantations have come up in almost all districts of the state•except Rohtak apparently there might not to be any problems in its growing even in

this districts and is due course of time, hopefully some farmers will came up to grow

this plant in the district also.

Crop Calendar

Recommended planting time is in Julywith the onset of Monsoon rains.


Cultivars

Banarsi- Fruit size large, average yield 200 kg per plant.

Chakaiya- Fruit size large, suitable for picking.

Hathijhool- Fruit size large, suitable for preserve making.

Krishna- Fruit size small

Sowing I Planting Material

In July with the onset of Monsoon rains.

"FinalReport: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 362

•

•2.3.7.1.9a.4

2.3.7.1.9a5

2.3.7.1.9a.6

2.3.7.1.9a.7

Nutrient management 1Manuring and Pruning

FYM to be given at the time of 15 kg per year age of the tree, reaching up to 150 kg

at the age of ten years. One kg of Kissan and 2.5 kg of superphosphate are

recommended to be given .in February. Another one Kg of Kissan fertilizer to be

given in July.

Water Management 1Irrigation

Young plants are to given irrigation regularly till its establishes itself. Further

irrigations depends upon climate and soil conditions.

It is needless to say that its production technology needs specified up gradation and

refinement to exploit its full yield potential.


So far, inderbela spp, termites and betira typophora pests have been reported on

Aonla plants. Similar control measures are recommended for these pests as

recommended in other crops ..

Harvest method and yieldChange in seed colour from cremy white to brown is an indication of fruit maturity.

A tree may bear 2 - 3 quintals giving 1.5- 2.0 tons per hectare yield.

Crop economics

Aonla gives the best economics after the 10th year where the yield per plant is

estimated at 100 kg thus with 100 plants per hectare the yield level is 10 tons. Aonla

fetches an estimated market price Rs. 4/- per kg realizing the revenue of Rs; 40,000/-

per hectare. The estimated expenditure for maintenance of the Orchard comes to

around Rs. 4,3001-. Thus the net profit comes.to about Rs. 5,700/- per hectare.

Price trends

The prices of this fruit are gradually minimizing as the de~and is mmlmlzmg.

Sometimes, fresh fruits in the local market gets glut and prices are lowered to

uneconomic level.


2.3.7.1.9a.6

2.3.7.1.9a.9


Specific problems will emerge as its cultivation spreads. However, the problem of

long juvenile period has to be shortened. Right protocols for its post harvest handling

and processing technology have to be developed.

Conclusion

This crop has a good potential of growing over larger area. Both its nutritional. and

medicinal values will expand its market demand as the knowledge on such issues

spreads.

Final Report: 'National Levei Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 364

•

2.3.7.1.9.b Ber

Ber is an ancient fruit grown in Haryana. Earlier it was planted in small gardens or in

the backyard of houses but in the recent past, it has attained a commercial

significance now, it ranks fourth in the state after mango, Guava and citrus in area;

and third .in production after mango and citrus. It occupies an area of 4490 hectares

giving a production of 43312 MT with an average productivity of 9.65 M tonnes per

hectare. It is quite a favourite fruit with the consumer because of its nutritive value

and also because of the availability in March-April when no other major fruit is in the

markets.

•

2.3.7.1.9b.l

2.3.7.1.9b.2

2.3.7.1.9b.3


Year Area (ha) Production Productivity(MT) (MT/ba)

1991-92 1606 13115 8.171992-93 1841 18145 9.851993-94 .

1994-95 2420 18000 7.441995-96 2778 24600 8.861996-97 2759 26150 7.01997-98 2568 29700 11.561998-99 3934 26940 16.81999-00 4143 41753 10.02000-2001 4490 43312 9.65

The area and production of Ber increased consistently during the decades. However,

there was no specific indication of increase in productivity.

Crop Calendar

The budded plants are usually transplanted during February- March or August

September. The ber plants can also be transplanted bare-rooted with equal success.

For this, lift the plants from nursery in the usual manger from mid January to Mid-

February and plant them immediately. Defoliate the plants just before lifting them

from the nursery.


Cultivars

Early ripening (ripening in Feb.) Gola, Seb, Sandhura Narmanl


Mid Season ripening (3 rd week of Feb to 3rd week of March) Kaithli, Mudia,

Musbra '

Banarasi Karaka, Sanauri-5, Chanara

Late ripe~ing (2nd week of March to April)

Umran, Alaichi, Kathaphal

Propagation

The common method of propagation of ber plants is T-budding or shield budding.

The rootstock used in the seedlings of Ziziplus manuritiana. Budding is done during

June- September.


The budded plants are usually transplanted during February- March or August

September. The planting distance recommended is 7.5 x 7.5 metres in square system.

Success of per plants in the field largely depends upon the proper digging from the

nursery with a good sized earth ball so that the minimum roots are lost.

The ber plants can also be transplanted bare-rooted with equal success. For this, lift

the plants' from nursery in the usual manger from mid January to Mid-February and

plant them immediately. Defoliate the plants just before lifting them from the nursery,

Training and pruning

Training: The ber plant is recommended to be trained according to modified leader

system.

Pruning: Pruning is done during second fortnight of May when the trees are dormant.

Light pruning i.e. heading back of 25 per cent previous years growth severe pruning

after four five years is recommended,

Nutrient management / Manuring and Fertilization

Table 25: Fertilizer Schedule recommended for the age of the tree in Haryana

Al!:eof the tree FYM (kl!:!plant) Kissan (kl!:/ plant)1 10 0,52 . 15 1.03 20 1.54 25 2.05 and above 50 2.5Note: FYM is recommended to be supplied in the end of June or beginning of July


•

•

2.3.7.1.9b.4

2.3.7.1.9b.5

Half of Kissan fertilizer to be given in July and other half in November

Water Management

Irrigation depends upon the age of the tree, soil type and climate. Young trees are to

be irrigated regularly. For bearing trees irrigation is essential during the development

of the fruit i.e. from October to February. It may be given at 3 to 4 weeks interval.

Irrigation should be stopped in the second week of March, as fruits on branches lying

on the ground get damaged and their ripening is delayed.

Disease and Pest management

Insect pests

Fruit fly is a very serious pest of ber. Clean cultivation and destroying the infested

fruits is recommended to keep the fruit fly attack under check. Control measures

include spray of Rogor 30 EC (dimethoate). Spraying must not be done within 15

days of fruit harvest.

Leaf eating caterpillar control measure for this pest is spraying Hexavin 50 WP

(Carbaryl) as soon as the insect attack is noticed. However, when the tree is grown for

fruit production. The pest is harmful as it devitalized the tree. Control measures are

(a) remove and destroy the infested parts and scrap off the infested twig before

treatment (b) spray Rogor 30 EC (dimethoate) or Dimecran.

Diseases

Powdery mildew is the most important disease of ber. This is controlled with the

spray of wettable sulphur or karathene in September (at flowering) and early October

(fruit set) and then again in end of October

Leaf moulds and leaf spot caused by Isariopsis and Phoma Macrostoma. Spray with

Buzdenx mixture (2:2 : 250) or with copper oxychloride.


The ber grows quickly and the first crop can be harvested within 2 to 3 years of

planting. The peak season for harvesting is Mid April. The fruit has to be harvesting


2.3.7.1.9b.6

2.3.7.1.9b.7

2.3.7.1.9b.8

2:3.7.1.9b.9

when fully ripe. Since all the fruits are the tree do not ripen at the same time so 4 to 5

spot pickings are recommended.

The ber has a tendency of producing heavy yield. The average productivity in the

state has gone up as high as 15 tonnes per hectare.

Crop Economics

With the productivity at 15 MT per hectare for ber the income to the farmer works out

at Rs. 45,000/- per hectare at wholesale selling price of Rs. 3/- per kg. The cost of


Price trend

This fruit comes in the season when no other fruit is available, thus getting a good

price. The authentic figures of price is not available, however, as per estimates and

personal discussions with the Mandy officials the average price varies from Rs.500

per quintals.


Attack of powdery mildew, difficult pruning process in the summer months, fruit fly,

attack and lack of good soft varieties are the serious problems in the growing of Ber.

Conclusion

This fruit crop in view of its wider climatic acceptability, hardiness to varying soil

conditions, good keeping quality, short juvenile period and high nutritive value, has a

good potential of being grown over larger area in the state. However, efforts have to

be made to upgrade its production technology so as to increase productivity ..


2.1.7.2

2.3.7.2.1

2.3.7.2.1.1

2.3.7.2.1.2

2.3.7.2.1.3

Vegetables, Roots and Tubers

Brinjal


Year Area (ha) Production (MT) Productivity(MTlha)

.'

1993-94 4000 68500 17.131994-95 4800 80000 16.671995-96 3950 69900 .17.701996-97 4200 69900 16.641997-98 4300 73800 17.161998-99 5000 89100 17.821999-00 5500 99600 18.112000-01 5557 100256 18.04

There is gradual increase in area and production during in 1994-95. Thereafter in

1995-96 there is decrease in area and production (-850 ha and -10 I00 MT) than the

previous year, but the productivity increased. No doubt the area and production

increased from 1996-97 to 2000-2001, the productivity also increasing steadily till

1999-2000.

Crop Calendar

The brinjal can be sown thrice in a year. For winter season, sowing is done in June-

July; for autumn season, sow the seed in October-November and for rainy season,

seed is sown in nursery beds in March.


Like tomato, the brinjal is' also susceptible to frost. It requires a long and warm

growing season. The plants should not be transplanted in the field until the daily

mean temperature reaches 18.30 to 21.loC.

The brinjal grows on practically all soils from light sandy to heavy clay. Light soils

are good for an early crop, while clay loam and silt loam soils are well suited for

heavy yields. If the soil is acidic liming is advocated, as brinjal does best in a soil that

has a soil reaction from pH 6.0 to 7.0.


Cultivars

BR-112, Hisar Shyamal, Hisar Pragali

Table 27: Yield of different varieties of Brinjal

VariBR-112Hisar Sh ainalHisar PTa ali

Seed I Planting material

Seed rate: About 200 gm seed is enough for one acre.

The brinjal can be sown thrice in a year. For winter season, sowing is done in June-

July; for Autumn season, sow the seed in October-November and for rainy season,

seed is sown in nursery beds in March. For raising seedlings for one acre, about 20beds of 3.0 x 1.0m size are required.

Transplanting

For winter season crop, sow the seedlings on flat beds where as for autumn and rainy

season crop, sow the seedlings on ridges. For round-fruited varieties, row-to-row

spacing of 75 cm and plant to plant spacing of 60 cm is required whereas for oblong

and long fruited varieties spacing of 60 x 60 cm is required.

Nutrient Management

Apply 10 tonnes well rotten farmyard manure, 40 kg N, 20 kg P20, and 10 kg K20

per acre. Full P and K and .113 N should be applied before transplanting the seedlings

in the field. The remaining nitrogen is applied in two equal split doses, the first at 30days and second at 60 days after transplanting;

Water Management

First irrigation should be given immediately after tran,splantingand second irrigation

at 4-5 days after the first irrigation. Thereafter during summer months, irrigate the

crop at 7-8 days interval whereas during winter season irrigate at IS days interval.


2.3.7.2.1.4

2.3.7.2.1.5

2.3.7.2.1.6


Pests

Jassid, hadda beetle and brinjal fruit and shoot borers, spider mites are important

insect pests ofbrinjal.

Phomopsis blight and little leaf are important diseases ofbrinjal.

Recommendations for the control of insect pests and diseases have been worked out.

Little leaf is mycoplasma disease transmitted by jassid. Rougning out of affected

plants and control of jassid are the only measures to keep this disease under check.


Fruit should be harvested when fully developed, tender and attain proper colour.

Crop Economics


germination is more than 90% and the yield gains are much more as compared to the


As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for brinjal works out to be as

under:

2.3.7.2.1.7

Yield! hectare




Price trends

2 Tons

RS.52000/-

RS.19400/-

Rs.32600/-

Are very variable and prices vary locally depending upon demands and supplies.

The average price in the wholesale market over the last decade is given below:

1995 2001

Arrival in Tons 31827 34890

Price in Rs. / Per ton 3890 4780.


2.3.7.2.1.8

2.3.7.2.1.9


The main problem in brinjal is fruit and shoot borer. About 25-40% of the fruits are

damaged by the attack of borer farmers use systemic chemicals at frequent intervals,

so there is a great problem of chemical residue in the fruit and most of our country's

export assignments are rejected at destination because of presence of chemical

residues. The other problem in brinjal is of phomopsis blight and long fruited

varieties are more susceptible to this problem. It can be managed to some extent by

use of seed and soil treatment with Captan or Thiram. But the little leaf of brinjal is

caused by mycoplasma like organisms (MLO) so is difficult to control but the

damage can be minimized by controlling its vector (jassid) with the sprays ofMelathion.

In Brinjal, there are 4 types of styles in the flowers i.e. psudo-short style, true short

style, medium style and long style. Flowers with only long and medium style bears

the fruits. Those with pseudo short style and true short style have rudimentary

ovaries, which do not develop into fruits i.e. problem of poor fruit set exists in brinjal.

Sprayings the crop with PCPA 50 ppm, 2,4-D 5 ppm and NAA 100ppm at full bloomstage of plants can increase the fruit set.

Conclusion

The development of varieties or hybrids resistant against fruit and shoot borer need to

develop. In this direction work on tansgenics is going on. This crop has a vast export

potential if the crop can be produced with the minimum use of insecticides!fungicides.


2.3.7.2.2

2.3.7.2.3

2.3.7.2.3.1

2.3.7.2.3.2

2.3.7.2.3.3

Cabbage

There is no area under cabbage within the state and hence not covered.

Cauliflower


Year Area (ha) Production (M.T.) Productivity(M.TJha)

1993-94 53.0.0 . 106.0.0.0.

2.0..0.01994-95 625.0 128125 2.0.5.01995-96 64.0.0 134.0.0.0 21..0.01996-97 68.0.0 122.0.0.0 17.941997-98 8.0.0.0 1.099.0.0 13.741998-99 .. 92.0.0 . 16.05.0.0 17.451999-.0.0 . 12.0.0.0 22.05.0.0 18.382.0.0.0-.01 12.071 21.0659 17.452.0.01-.02 12382 189885 15.34

From 1993-94, there is gradual increase in area and production of about 39.0.0ha and

545.0.0 M.T. respectively but the productivity increased from 1993-94 to 1995-96

only. Thereafter, there is drastic decrease in productivity (-6 ..03 M.T./ha) during

1996-97. Later in 1997-98, the productivity was least of the decade i.e. 13.74

M.T .fha. In 1999-.0.0, there is drastic increase in area and production (28.0.0 ha and

6.0.0.0.0M.T., respectively) than the previous year. In 2.0.0.0-.01and 2.0.01-.02there is

slight increase in area but the productivity decreases than the previous year.

Crop Calendar

The best time for sowing early varieties is May-June and it should be transplanted in

field in June-July. Mid season varieties are sown from Mid July to First week of

August and transplanted from August to Mid-September. Late season varieties are

sown from October to first week of November and transplanted from November to

December. To check buttoning and bolting, sow the recommended varieties at their

appropriate time.


Introduction

The varieties of cauliflower are very much sensitive to temperature and photoperiodic

requirements. It is therefore, essential to choose the proper variety to be sown at the


proper time. Cauliflower generally requires a cool and moist growing season. It can

not withstand so low temperature or so much heat as cabbage does. Dry weather and

low humidity cause curds to be small and hard. For good seed germination,

temperature of 10°-21.1°c is required. High temperature produce poor quality curds,

like ricey, leafy, fuzzy, loose and yellow coloured ones. Temperature below the

optimum during growing period delays maturing and undersized, small, unmarketable

'buttons' may be formed. The optimum monthly average temperature ranges from 15-

25°C for varieties of different maturity groups for curd formation. The varieties of

early maturity groups require higher temperature and longer day lengths.

Soils

It can be grown on a wide range of well drained soils. However, the early varieties

prefer, sandy loam, whereas for the late varieties loam or clay loam are preferred. It

requires an averaged pH range of 5.5 to 6.6 and below pH 5.5 it would be necessaryto do liming at the rate of 4 to 8 tonnes/ ha.

Cultivars

There are 3 varieties recommended for cultivation by HAD.

Early variety: Pusa Katki

Mid season variety: Hisar-I

Late variety: Snowball-16

Yield of different varieties of CauliflowerVariety Days taken to Yield (tons/ba) Maturity group

maturity

Pusa Katki 60 12.5-15 EarlyHisar-I 90 21.5 Mid seasonSnowball-16 100-110 15 Late

Seed/planting materials

The seed rate for early season varieties is 300-500 gm per acre whereas for main andlate season varieties 250-300 gm seeds is required.

Sowing/plantiug techniques

The best time for sowing early varieties is May-June and it should be transplanted in

field in June-July. Mid season varieties are sown from Mid July to First week of

August and transplanted from August to Mid-September. Late season varieties are

sown from October to first week of November and transplanted from November to


December. To check buttoning and bolting, sow the recommended varieties at their

appropriate time.

Nursery Raising: For sowing early varieties prepare nursery beds for about 3 x I m

size, 15 cm below the ground level. About 15-20 beds are required to raise nursery

for one acre. For main and late season varieties, prepare beds 15 cm above the ground

level. Mix 2 cm layer of well rotten farmard manure in the beds before sowing. Sow

the seeds in rows and cover them with thin layer of well rotten farmyard manure. To

minimize mortality of early sown nursery and transplanted crop, apply heavy dose of

well rotten farmyard manure and irrigate frequently. Protect seedlings in the nursery

beds against sun stroke with Sarkanda thatch. Transplant seedlings in a cool 'wattar'

field in the afternoon and irrigate immediately.

Method of transplanting and spacing: Early season varieties are transplanted on the

ridges but main and late season varieties are transplanted on flat beds. To increase

number of beds in early sown varieties, ridges should be lightly irrigated 5-6 hours

before transplanting. The following spacing is recommended:

Early varieties: 45.x 30 cm

Mid season varieties: 60 x 60 cm

Late varieties :45 x 45 cm

Nutrient Management

Twenty tones offarmyard manure with 50 kg N (200 kg CAN or 110kg Urea), 20 kg

P,O, (120 kg of superphosphate) and 20 kg K,O (32 kg of muriate of potash) per acre

make the optimum fertilizer dose for all these varieties. Apply whole of farmyard

manure, P and K and 1/3N before transplanting. The remaining N is applied twice in

the standing crop at 4 weeks interval. Application of Zinc sulphate @ 8-10 kg; acre is

beneficial for this crop.

Water management

First. irrigation should be given just after transplanting. For early season varieties

irrigate at 5-6 days interval but for late season varieties, irrigate at 10-15 days

interval. At the time of curd formation there should be enough moisture in the field. If

the cauliflower is transplanted late then irrigate the field at short intervals.


2.3.7.2.3.4

2.3.7.2.3.5

2.3.7.2.3.6


In case of early season crop (July-October) stem borer, Diamond back moth and

tobacco caterpillar are the main insect pests. Insecticide sprays have been

recommended for these pests. However, sprays are to be made only when the insect

attack is severe enough to cause economic loss. To avoid residual effect of the

insecticides, observe the seven days waiting period after each spraying for nextpicking.

Diseases

Main diseases are damping off, crown rot, black rot, alternaria blight, downy mildew

and stalk rot of cauliflower, seed crop are the important diseases attacking cauliflower

or other similar vegetable crops falling under the group of cole crops. Control

measures for all these diseases have been worked out and recommended

Pests

Mid season crop (Sept. to Dec.)

The main season crop is seldom severely attacked by any of the above-mentioned

insect pests. However, if such attack appears, then. the same chemical controlmeasures are to be followed.

Late season crop (Dec. to March)

Main insect pest of this season crop is Aphids. Melathion 50 EC or Thiodan 35 EC isrecommended for their control.


Cauliflower should be harvested when the curd has attained the proper size, bright

color and compactness. Delay in harvesting causes loosening of the curd. Early

season varieties are harvested 60 to 80 days after transplanting, mid season after 90-

100 days and late season after 110-120days. The plant is cut off well below the curdso that the stub thus left protects the curd during transplant.

Crop Economics

The price trend for the early variety is much better and remunerative for the farmersas compared to the late group.

As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for Cauliflower works out to beas under:


2.3.7.2.3.7

Yield! hectare

Estimated selling rate RS.2000/-per Ton



Price trends

25 Tons

RS.50000/-

RS.20000/-

RS.30000/-

2.3.7.2.3.8

2.3.7.2.3.9

Prices have seen an upward trend during this decade. 'Off season crop fetches higher

prices


There is main problem of physiological disorders in the cauliflower. The mam

physiological disorders are whiptail, browning, buttoning, blindness, fuzziness,

ricyness and leafyness. Whiptail occurs due to deficiency of molybdenum and

develops on very acidic soils. Whereas, Browning occurs due to deficiency of Boron

and develops on highly saline soils. Ricyness and Fuzziness appear due to

temperature. Fluctuations at the time of curd development. Blindness generally occurs

due to breakage of terminal bud or it may be eaten by insects or rodents. Leafyness is

due to inferior quality of seeds and unfavourable growing conditions (high

temperature). Moreover, there is a problem of yellowing of curds. The curd is

protected against sun burning and yellowing by covering the curd, which is known as

blanching.

At the seedling stage there is a problem of damping off. In the early season crop,

there is more problem of stem borer. Diamond back moth and hairy caterpillar. Late

season crop is more attacked by aphids. In main season crop, there is fewer problems

of insect pests but sometime incidence of tobacco caterpillar may become severe.

There is also a problem of downy mildew in cauliflower, which can be managed by

spraying indofil M-45.

Conclusion

Resistant varieties for pests with wider adaptability should be developed. F I hybrids

are becoming quite popular and the yield.levels are showing upward trends.


2.3.7.2.4

2.3.7.2.4.1.

2.3.7.2.4.2

2.3.7.2.4.3

Okra


Year Area (ha) Production Productivity(MT) (MTlha)

.

1993-94 4650 50500 10.861994-95 4900 55000 11.221995-96 6450 72900 11.301996-97 6600 73400 11.121997-98 5800 64400 11.101998-99 7550 77600 10.281999-00 8500 87600 10.312000-01 8531 91466 10.72

There was gradual increase in area from 2000-200 I except in 1995-1996, when, there

was drastic increase in area and production of 1550 ha and 17900MT respectively the

previous year. Moreover, the productivity was also maximum (11.30 MT/ha) during

this year. FroiD 1998-99 to 2000-2001 there was gradual increase in area, production

and productivity (+ 1615 ha, + 24195 MT and +0.83 MT/ha respectively).

Crop Calendar

Spring / Summer crop is sown in February-March whereas the rainy season crop is

sown in the month of June-July.


Climatic and Soil Requirements

It is a warm season crop and thrives best during warm humid seasons, although it

grows fairly well in the hottest summer.

It grows best in comparatively lighter soils ranging from sandy loam to loam though

it gives a normal crop in relatively heavier. soils also. The land should be well

prepared with 2 or 3 ploughings and should have proper drainage system.


Cultivars.

Varsha Vphar, Hisar Vnnat, Pusa Sawani

Yield of different varieties of Okra

Variety Days taken to first Yield Importantpicking (tons/ha) characters

Varsha Vphar 45 4.0 Yellow vein mosaictolerant, suitablefor rainv season.

HisarVnnat 47 4.0-5.0 -do-Pusa Sawani 50 3.04.0 Suitable for

. summer season

Seed (Planting material

Seed Rate: '16-18 kg of seed per acre is required for summer crop whereas for rainy

season crop about 5-6 kg of seed per acre is required.

Sowing / Planting techniques

For'spring season crop, make the ridges in the field at the spacing of 30 cm. Seed is

sown on both sides of the ridge at the spacing of 10 cm. For rainy season crop, row to

row spacing of about 40-60 cm is required. The seed should be soaked in water

overnight before sowing.

Nutrient Management

10 tonnes of well rotten farmyard manure should be incorporated into the soil atleast

3 weeks before sowing. Apply 40 kg N and 24 kg P20S per acre on soils of average

fertility. Apply K,O according to need after testing the soil. 1/3 N is applied at the

time of sowing. The remaining 2/3 N is usually applied in two split doses, the first to

be top dressed 3 weeks after sowing and the second at the time of flowering.

. Water Management

Seed should be sown in proper soil moisture conditions. For spring season crop,

irrigate the field at 5-6 days interval whereas during rainy season, irrigation is doneaccording to requirement.


2.3.7.2.3.4

2.3.7.3.4.5

2.3.7.3.4.6

2.3.7.3.4.7

2.3.7.3.4.8

Weed Control

Spray basalin 45% @ 3.5-4.0 mil liter of water, one day before sOWlng andincorporate itinto the soil (3-4 cm ) by harrowing.


Insect pests

Jassids and spotted bollworms, spider mites are important pests of Okra.

Diseases

Yellow vein mosaic (Virus), damping off and cercospora, leaf spot are the main

diseases. Control measures of all these pests have been recommended.

Harvest.method and yield

The fruit should be picked tender (before fibre development). The crop will be ready

for harvest in about 45-55 days depending upon season and variety. Varsha Uphar,variety should ~e harvested at one day interval during peak seas~n.

Crop Economibs,

As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for okra works out to be as! .

under: II

Yield! Hectare 7.5 TonsI

Estimat6d selling rate RS.5000/-per Ton Rs.37500/-I

Total cQstof production RS.15000/-

Net incdme to the farmer RS.22500/-I

Price trends

Since this crop ik consumed in all plants, hence local demands and supplies determine,

the prevailing pnces. Generally prices have been rising during the decades.I

i

Problems and <j:onstraints

There is poor ge'rminationof seeds in spring season crop (February planting) but this

problem can be isolved by soaking the seed for 24 hrs in water before sowing. The

main problem i~ Okra is of yellow vein mosaic virus (YVMV). The appearance of

YVMV also dePFndsupon climatic conditions. It is transmitted by white fly. There is


2.3.7.3.4.9

no YVMV resistant variety. The YVMV resistance generally break in the variety

after 3-4 years. An important problem is of spotted bollworm and 10-25 % fruits are

damaged by this problem. In rainy season, there is problem of weed growth. If

weeding is not done frequently there is 30-40 per cent reduction in yield. The method

of harvesting also affects its quality. Rough method of handling generally injure the

pubescence on the ridges of okra pods, which ultimately increase more water loss and

blackening of ridges and finally reduce the market acceptability.

Conclusion

Okra has a vast potential as one of the foreign exchange earner crop and accounts for

about 60% of the export of fresh vegetables excluding potato, onion, garlic, etc. In

this direction hybrids are gaining more popularity. Till date there is no YUMV

resistant variety. Due to highly perishable nature of okra, there is more need of post

harvest management like cold storage and packaging by use of shrink warp consumer

packaging, Cold storage and refrigeration use can exploit the full potential of export.


2.3.7.2.5

2.3.7.2.5.1

2.3.7.2.5.2

2.3.7.2.5.3

Onion


Year Area (ha) Production Productivity(tonnes) (MT/ha)

1993-94 4300 74000 17.211994-95 4800 82000 17.081995-96 6250 106300 17.011996-97 6400 109500 17.111997-98 8200 142700 17.401998-99 14700 219000 14.901999-00 12500 180000 14.40200-01 12212 '153838 12.602001-02 14825 236835 15.98

It is observed that from1993-94 to 1997-98 there is gradual increase in area and

production (+ 3900 ha and + 687000 M.T., respectively), but there is slight change in

the productivity during these five years. Thereafter, in 1998-99, there is a drastic

increase in an area and production of about 6500 ha and 76400 MT (+79.26% are,

+53.54% production) respectively as compared to the previous year. The productivity

of 1999-2000 can be comparable to the previous year. Afterwards in 2000-01 there is

slight decrease in the area but the productivity decreases drastically (-1.8 MTI ha),

Crop calendar

For Rabi crop sowing is done from October to Mid-November and transplant from

Mid-December to Mid-January. In the case of Kharif crop, the seed can be sown in

the last week of January to first week of February and transplanted in Mid August.


Soils and Climate requirements

The onion is very sensitive to photoperiodic requirements. Generally it can be grown

under a wide range of climatic conditions and is best suited as a tropical crop. It does

best where the season is mild without the extremes of heat or cold or excessive

rainfall. It requires a temperature of 12.5-23.9°C before bulbing and for better bulb

production, it requires 15.6-21.loC for about 10 hours a day and about 70 per cent

relative humidity. In India mostly short day onions are grown except in hills. The

plant is quite hardy and in the young stage it can withstand freezing temperatures.


It can be grown on various types of soils but it grows best in light soils which may be

sandy loam to silt loam. Heavy or clay soils should be avoided as they do not permit

proper bulb development. The optimum pH range is between 5.8 and 6.5. In

preparing the land for onion the field is ploughed to a fine tilth by giving four or five

ploughings. The ploughings may be shallow because the roots do not penetrate deep

in the soil.

Cultivars .

(A) Rabi Onion : Hisar 2, Pusa Red

(B) Kharif Onion: N-53, Agri Found Dark Red (ADR)

Table 34: Yield of different varieties of Onion

Variety Days taken to Yield (tons/ha) Importantmaturity. characters

Hisar -2 130-145 12 TSS 11.5-13.9%,less pungent, good

keeping quality

PusaRed 125-140 10-12 TSS 13-14%, goodkeeping quality

N-53 140-145 9-10 Moderatelypungent, deep red

bulbs

ADR 140-150 11-12 More pungent thanN-53, deep dark red

bulbs

Seed/planting material

Sow 4-5 kg seed to raise seedlings for transplanting in one acre. Beds are prepared

60-100 cm in width and 1.5-2.0 cm high. The length of the beds is made according to

the requirements. To raise nursery for one acre about 50-60 beds (3.00 x 1.00 m)are

sufficient.

To protect the seedling from damping off, treat the seeds with Captan! Thiram @ 2-3

g/kg of seed. Sow seeds 1 to 2 cm deep in lines with 5 cm spacing. The seed should

be sown uniformly in these lines and covered with a thin layer of well rotten

farmyard manure. The seed should be sown in the proper moisture condition. First

irrigation should be given just after sowing with the help of sprinker.


The nursery beds should be irrigated daily till the seeds germinate. To save the

nursery from damping off, drench the nursery beds with Thiram, Captan @ 2 g/ liter

of water after. an interval of 15 days. The seedling are ready for transplanting 6-8

weeks after sowing.

Sowing/planting techniques

For Rabi crop, sow nursery from October to Mid-November and transplant fromMid-

December to Mid-January. For Kharif crop, the seed can be sown in the last week of

January to first week of February and transplanted in Mid August. Kharif crop can

also be obtained from bulb sets which are transplanted in August to Mid-September.

The bulb sets are prepared by 'bulb set technique'.

Spacing: Close planting at 15 cm between rows and 10 cm between plants is most

conducive to high yields. After transplanting immediately give light irrigation to the

field.

Bulb-Set Technique: To grow kharif onion crop successfully and avoid failure of

seedlings during June, planting with bulb-set is economical. To raise bulb-sets, sow 5

kg seed in beds (80-100 beds of 3.0 x 1.0 m) in middle of March. Irrigate the

seedlings twice a week. In the last week of June, uproot the bulb sets and store in well

ventilated dry room in baskets. Plant these bulb-sets in the field in Mid August. to

September. Bulb crop would be ready for harvesting by the end of November to MidDecember.

Nutrient Management

Add 20 tonnes of compost! farmyard manure per acre at the time of field preparation.

Apply 50 kg N, 20 kg p,os, and 10 kg K,O per acre. Apply whole P,Os, K20 and Y,

N before transplanting and remaining dose of nitrogen in 2 splits at 30 days interval.


Water Management

Irrigated the seedings just after transplanting. Further irrigations depend upon soiltype and weather conditions ..Stock irrigations before harvest.


2.3.7.2.5.4

2.3.7.2.5.5

2.3.7.2.5.6

Pest and DiseaseManagement

There is no serious problem of insect pests


For Rabi crop, green onion should be harvested 60-90 days after transplanting. For

mature onion, harvest the crop 125-150 days after transplanting when the tops dry up

and fall.

For kharif crop, onion in ready for harvesting in last week of November to Mid -

December. Stop irrigation 15 days before harvesting so that leaves fall down.

After harvesting cure the bulbs under shade for a week and then cut the leaves 3-5 cm

above the. neck of bulb and let them dry for 3-5 days more. Store them. in a well

ventilated and dry place. Turn the bulbs once in a fortnight during storage and sort out

and discard injured.ones.

Storage or Management after harvesting

To increase the storage period of onion, spray the crop with 1500-2000 ppm. Maleic

hydrazide (MH) ie. 300-400 g/ acre by dissolving in 200 litres of water, 15-20 days

before harvesting when 50 percent ofleaves are still green. After harvesting keep the

bulbs under shade for a week to let them dry and then remove the stem 2-2.5 cm

above the neck of bulb.

Crop Economics

As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for Onion works out to be as

under:

2.3.7.2.5.7

Yield! hectare




Price trends

20 Tons

Rs,44000/-

RS.2 I 200/-

RS.22800/-

There have been wide fluctuations in prices of onion depending upon the availability

at a given season. During the decade prices have generally been rising.


2.3.7.2.5.8

2.3.7.2.5.9


Bolting in onion is the major problem. Rabi onion (December to May) require mild

temperature of 20-250C and long photoperiod for bulbing, and bulb development

takes place in high temperature conditions. On the other hand, kharif onion (August

to December) is produced in somewhat shorter day length and moderate temperature.

If bulbing and bulb development are coincided with the set in of low temperature,

bolting may take place. 'For this reason, when kharif onion is planted late and rabi

onion early, chances of bolting would be more.

During the growing season, there is also problem of purple blotch which normally

occurs under the favorable conditions of 28-30oC and 70-90% relative humidity. For

this reason, incidence of purple blotch is more in kharif onion than in rabi onion.

Silver top is another problem in onion which is caused by thrip. This problem starts

on foliage during February and at the time of flowering they are highly injurious

which ultimately impair seed production.

After harvesting, there is problem of bulb storage. Rabi onion harvested in summer

(late April - May) and stored in ambient condition of high temperature and high

humidity and in this condition bulb sprout very easily besides being rotten due to

fungal and bacterial diseases. At that time (Apnl- May) there is glut in the market

and many a times the prices crash down to the lowest i.e. proper storage is essential

for rabi onion. In case of kharif onion, harvesting of bulbs is done in winter ,md

consumed during winter and summer months, hence the problem of storage is not as

acute as in case of rabi crop.

Conclusion

There is a great potential of onion storage because when the rabi onion come in the

market (April- May) there is low market price due to bulk production of rabi season

crop. So focus on onion cold storage"need to be concentrated. In Haryana, onion

hybrids are not more liked by the farmers because of high cost of seeds and yields of

hybrids are at par with that of open pollinated varieties. Moreover, open pollinated

varieties have more shelflife. There is also need for onion processing.


2.3.7.2.6

2.3.7.2.6.1

2.3.7.2.6.2

2.3.7.2.6.3

Tomato


Year Area (ha) Prodnction (M.T.) ProductivityIM.T./ha)

1993-94 5400 99700 18.461994-95 6400 125000 19.531995-96 7600 145200 19.111996-97 8800 135300 17.441997-98 7500 142400 18.991998-99 9000 199000 22.111999-00 9000 199500 22.172000-01 . 9153 198889 21.73

There is gradual increase in area and production from 1993-94 to 1996-97 but the

productivity don't increase gradually. After 1997c98, there was gradual increase in

the productivity due to the adoption of more number of hybrids. In 2000-0 I, there

was some decline in productivity, which could be due to unfavourable weather

conditions.

Crop calendar

For winter season crop, the tomato is sown in June-July and for spring season crop it

is sown in November -December .

. Production Technology

Soil and Climatic requirement

.The tomato is a warm season crop and requires a relatively long growing season with

plenty of sunshine and moderately high day temperature (20-28°C). High

temperature, accompanied by low humidity and dry winds frequently damage floral

parts and there is no fruit-set. It is sensitive to frost. Under low temperature, the plant

growth is restricted and the cool winter season may interfere with fertilization of

flower. Fruit setting is restricted to a relatively low (below 13°C) or high (above

38°C).The critical factor in the setting of fruits is the night temperature, the optimum

range being 15°C_20°C.The red pigment in the fruit will develop only when the

temperature is between 15°C and 30°C. Above this temperature, only the yellow

pigment continues to be formed. When the temperature exceeds 40°C, no pigment


will be formed. The tomato withstands drought fairly well but fruits are subject to

blossom end rot and to growth cracks if moisture supply follows drought.

The tomato grows on practically all soils from light sandy to heavy clay. Light soils

are good for an early crop, while clay loam and silt loam soil are well suited for heavy

yields. If the soil is acidic liming is advocated, as tomatoes do best in a soil that has a

soil reaction from pR 6.0 to 7.0.

Cultivars

There are 3 varieties oftomato namely:

Risar Arun (Selection-7), Risar Lalit (N.T.-8) and Risar Lalima (Selection-18). All

these three varieties have yield potential of 120 quintals per acre. Risar Arun and

Risar lalima are early maturing varieties and ready for first picking about 70 days

after transplanting. Risar lalit is root knot resistant variety and recommended for

those areas where there is problem of root knot nematodes.


For winter season, crop about 400-500 gm and for spring season crop, about 200 gm

seed is enough for one acre.

SowingfPlanting techniques

For winter season crop, the tomato is sown in June-July and for spring season crop itis sown in November -December.

For preparation of tomato seedling, special care of nursery done especially during

rainy season, because there is more problem of damping off at that time..So the seed

should be sown on raised beds so that it can be.prevented from the adverse effects of

excessive rains. In this way for raising seedling for one acre about 40 beds (3.0 x 1.0

m) for winter season crop and 15beds for spring season crop as required.

Tomato seeds should be treated with Caplan or Thiram or Emisan @ 2.5 glkg of

seeds before sowing. For controlling damping off disease, drench the nursery plants

with 0.2% Captan/ Thiram (2g/ liter of water) after 5 to 7 days of germination andrepeat after 7 to 10days.


2.3.7.2.6.4

After sowing the seed in the nursery, it should be covered with thin layer of well

rotten farmyard manure and watered with the sprinkler. To ensure successful growing

of healthy seedling, it is better to cover the nursery with sarkanda/ polyethylene film

till the seeds germinate and later on it should be removed. III summer months,

seedlings are normally ready for transplanting in 4 weeks but this process in winters

takes about 8-10 weeks. It is also necessary to regularly irrigate the nursery uproot

weeds and manage disease and insect pests.

Time oftransplanting and spacing: Transplant winter crop during July-August and

Spring crop during Mid-January in the field at the time of transplanting, seedling

normally contain 5-6 true leaves. Row to row spacing about 60 cm and plant to plant

spacing of about 45 cm is required. By planting two plants per bulls, there is increase

in tomato yield.

Nutrient and water management

Use of Growth regulators: To ensure ripening of tomato at high and low

temperature, spray the crop with 50 ppm para-chlorohenoxy acetic acid (PCPA) (10

gm PCPA) by dissolving in 200 Iitres of water at the time of flowering.

Pest and disease managementDamping off, Altemeria blight, Bacterial wilt, Leaf curl and Mosaic are important

diseases. Damping off, can be controlled by seed treatment with thiram 2g1kg seed

and rtursary bed treatment with Formalin or drenching with Mancozeb 0.25%.

Altemerea blight is controlled by Seed treatment with Thiram 2-5 g /kg. Seed and

spraying the crop with copper oxychloride 0.3% or Mancozeb at 10 days interval. For

Bacterial wilt use healthy seedlings and follow 3 years rotation. For leaf curl nursery

should be under nets and apply carbofuron in nursery @Ikg/ha. Further, spray of

Dimethoate 3-4 times at 10 days interval @1.6kg/ha to check white fly which spreads

the virus. For mosaic treat the seed with Trisodium phosphate followed by Sodium

hybochloride for 95 and 30 minutes to sterlize the nursery. The most common pests

are Fruit borer, Aphids and Thrips. For fruit borer IPM is necessary African marigold

should be planted 25 days before tomato transplanting. Spray Endosulphan 0.07%

after 28 and 35 days of transplanting.


2.3.7.2.6.5

2.3.7.2.6.6

Harvesting

Harvesting should be done according to distance from the markets. For long distance

markets pick mature green fruits whereas for local market pick at turning red stage.

For processing, pick when fruits are fully red.

Crop Economics

As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for Tomato works out to be as

under:

2.3.7.2.6.7

Yield! hectare




Price trends

20 Tons

Rs.52000/.

Rs.25000/-

Rs.27000/-

There is a lot of variability in the prices of tomatoes depending upon the seasons and

the weather vagaries. The arrival and average wholesale prices of Tomatoes in

Kamal Mandy are as follows:

Price trends of Tomato

Year

1991199219931994199519961997


Avg. wholesale priceRs. erton4735.84912.56004.24792.55044.25364.24939.2

2.3.7.2.6.8 Problems and Constraints

In the nursery stage there is a problem of damping off. In November-December sown,.

(Mid January (transplanted) crop oftomato, there is problem of damage to the crop

by frost and severe cold conditions. Moreover, due to quick change in temperature

conditions from March to April, the fruit-setting period is also short (20-30 days).

High temperature in summer effects flower buds and fruit-set, and leads to immature

fruit drop in tomato. In winter low temperature also affects fruit set and decreased the

production. Delayed fruit ripening is also a major problem during winter and early

autumn winter season of tomato growing. Due to high temperature in the summer, if


2.3.7.2.6.9

the tomato is exposed to high sun light than there is problem of sunscald. Much of the

summer crop is damaged if rains (monsoon sets in early)

The main problems during crop growth period is of root knot nematode and leaf curl

and mosaic viruses. Hisar lalit variety is highly resistant to root knot nematode and it

is advised to grow this leaf curl and mosaic viruses are managed to some extent by

controlling the vector by spraying the crop with Rogor or Metsystox @ Iml/litre of

water at 10 days intervals.

After harvesting, lot of produce get wasted due to lack of post harvest management

practices like precooling, cold storage, processing industry, in appropriate packaging

and transportation systems.

Conclusio,n

In Haryana, tomato crop can be exploited for maximizing yield and quality by

growing tomato hybrids in low tunnel polyhouses during winter. We can manage the

diseases to some extent but short time availability for fiuit setting don't allow even,

the hybrids to exploit their full potential.

Fin~l Report: 'National Level Te,chno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 391

2.3.7.2.7

2.3.7.2.7.1

2.3.7.2.7.2

2.3.7.2.7.3

Peas


Year Area (ha) Production Productivity(MT) (MT/ba) I,

1993-94 6450 83000 12.871994-95 6900 91000 13.191995-96 7100 93400 13.161996-97 7500-c- 94600 12.61 :1997-98 7600 52100 6.861998-99 8300 68500 8.251999-00 8500 70000 8.242000-01 . 5786 46847 8.10 I

There is gradual increase in area and production from 1993-94 to 1996-97. The,

productivity was maximum (13.19 MT/ha) during 1994-95. No doubt, the area under

peas increased in 1997-98 than the previous year but the productivity almost come

down to half. In 1998-99 and 1999-2000 the productivity is stabilized at 8.25 MT/ha.

During 2000-01 there is drastic decrease in area and production (-2714 ha and'-23153

MT/ha respectively) than the previous year but the productivity was not much

affected.

Crop calendar

The best time of sowing is 15thOctober to 15thNovember.

Production Techuology

Soil and Climatic requirements

It is a cool weather crop and grows best at the optimum mean monthly temperature of

1O-18.3°C. It is relatively tolerant to frost when compared with Solanaceous and

Cucurbitaceous crops. Blossoms and pods are susceptible to frost, whereas, leaves

and stems are relatively tolerant. Seed germinates better at the soil temperatu~eof 10-

18.30C

It can be grown on all types of soils but the early crop is expected in light soils and

higher yields in loose, friable and heavy soils. It grows best at the pH of5.5 to 6.7. It

does not thrive in highly acidic or alkaline soils. The field should be well prepared

with 3 to 4 ploughings.


Cultivars

Arkel, PH-I, BonnevilleArkel and PH-I are early maturing varieties and take about 60-70 days from sowing

to marketable green pod stage whereas, Bonneville is suitable for late sowing and

takes about 100 days from sowing to marketable green pod stage. The yield potential

of Arkel, pH-l and Bonneville are 25-30 q/acre, 30-35 q/acre and 30 q/acre

respectively.


Seed rate is 75-100 kg per ha for early maturing varieties and 50-75 kg per ha for

main and late season varieties.


Normally, in Northern plains of India, Pea is sown from Mid September to Mid

November. The early crop is sown from second fortnight of September to first week

of October. For late sowing end October to Mid-November is the appropriate time.

Method of sowing: Line x plant spacing should be 30-40 cm and 3-5 cm for main

season crop. For early sown varieties, the row to row spacing is 20-25 cm. In areas

where pea crop has not been sown earlier, it is advisable to treat the seed with

bacterial culture (Rhizobium leguminosarum) to ensure nodule formation and quick

growth. It increases the yield and quality of pods. The Rhizobium culture should be

mixed with 10% gur solution and rub this mixture thoroughly on the seeds to give

fine covering of the culture to every seed. Spread the seed in shade for drying and

plant it immediately afterwards.

Nutrient management

Apply 8 tonnes of well rotton farmyard, 15-20 days after sowing and incorporate well

in the soil. 12 kg Nand 20 kg P,O, is enough for one acre. Half dose of N and full

P,O, is applied before sowing and remaining Y,N is applied 4-6 weeks after sowing.

Water Management

Seed should be sown in proper soil moisture condition. First irrigation should be

given 15 days after sowing. Next irrigation be given at flowering and then at fruit set


2.3.7.2.7.4

2.3.7.2.7.5

2.3.7.2.7.6

if necessary. The total number of irrigations will be 3-4 depending upon the soil type

and weather conditions.

Weed Control

Hoeing and weedicide application according to need. Spray Pendimethalin @ 400-

500 gm per acre (Stomp 30 EC @ 1.3-1.7 litre per acre) 2-4 days after sowing to

control weeds. Dissolve the herbicide over the entire field.

Pest and Disease management

Powdery mildew and wilt are serious diseases. The powdery mildew is more common

in mid and late sown crops. This can be controlled oy spray of Benlate or Bavistin.

2gm/litre at 15 days interval. For wilt control, the seed should not be sown very early

because of. high temperature the plants are killed at early stage. If temperature

remains high sowing should be delayed in 2nd or 3"' week of October. Fruit borers can

be controlled with Malathion or Endosulphon 2ml I litre water at 10-12 days interval.

Harvesting

Harvest at the proper edible maturity stage and do not allow the pods to over mature

which impairs quality of the peas. Harvest the crop carefully so that there is minimum

damage to pods and plants.

Crop Economics

As per the figures given by the DOH the economics for Peas works out to be as

under;

2.3.7.2.7.7

Yield! hectare




Price Trend

6 Tons

Rs. I 8000/-

RS.8000/-

RS.IOOOO/-

1991 1996 2001base vear

Monthly arrival in tons 677.75 . 493.33 332.60Price Rs. Iton. 2840 4026.7 9314.0


•

2.3.7.2.7.8

2.3.7.2.7.9.


In the early crop of pea, there is a problem of wilt during September. At seedling

stage, pea stem fly sometimes cause serious damage. Sow the crop in second fortnight

of October to escape the damage of wilt and stem fly. The chemical treatment of seed

with Bavistin I g per kg of seeds is used as preventive measure to minimize the effect

of fruit fly and wilt. Pea leaf minor also cause serious damage during December-

March which can be managed by spraying Rogor 30 EC @ 4 ml/liter of water.

Powdery mildew and pea pod borer are other problems occurring during the growing

season. There is also the lack of processing industry in Haryana. Otherwise, there is

great scope of processing peas into durable products like dehydrated peas, frozen

shelled pea, canned peas etc.

Conclusion

Pea is highly self-pollinated crop so there is no need of hybrids for this crop and

farmers can save their seeds for next season planting. From early crop, high profits

can be earned. Inoculation of pea, seeds with Rhizobium culture can increase the

yield and quality of pods. There is great export potential for frozen shelled peas and

fresh edible podded peas .


2.3.7.2.8

2.3.7.2.8.2

2.3.7.2.8.3

Cucurbits and Melons

Cucurbits are a group of vegetables, which are quite popular in the state. The two

crops i.e. musk melon and water melOll are used as fruits and cucumber finds an,important place amongst salad 'crop.These all are summer vegetables.

Crop calendar

These all are summer vegetables. Sowing is generally done in the first, week of

February, when the ideal temperature is between 24 & 29 Deg. C

Production Tecbnology

Cultivars

Different varieties of melons and gourd

Crop VarietyMuskmelon Hara Madhu, Puniab Sunehri,Watermelon Su"ar Babv, Charslton GrowBottle gourd Ptisa Summer Prolific long, Pusa Summer prolific roundBitter gourd Coimbitore Lon", Pusa bi seasonSponge gourd Pusa Chikni, Pusa NasdarSummer squash Pusa AlankarCucumber Jananese Long GreenLong melon Lucknow Earlv, Kamal SelectionTinda Hiussar Selection, Bikaneri Green

Seed/planting materials and Sowing/planting techniques

Sowing time, spacing and seed rate

Crop Sowin" time Spacinl! Seed rateMuskMelon Mid February 4 m wide bed for Hara 3.75 kg per

Early planting Madhu haunder cover 3 m wide bed for other

varietiesSeeds 60 cm distance on I

both sides of bedWatermelon Mid January to 2.5.3 m wide beds for 3.75-4.0 kg

March Sugar Baby 4.5 m wide per haNov. to Dec. beds for Shipper(under protection) Seeds 60 cm distance on I

, both sides of bedBottle gourd Feb.March, June. 2.0.2.5 m wide beds Seeds 5 kg per ha

,July 45-60 cm on both sides ofNov. -Dec. (under bedcover) ,

Bitter gourd Feb-March, June. Bed size 1.5 m wide, plant 5 kg per haJuly distance 45 cm on both ,,

sides of bed ,Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for NorthZone' 396

,r..•

..

Cron Sowinl! time Snacin2 Seed rateSponge gourd Mid Feb to March Bed 3 m wide 5 kg per ha

Mid May to July Seed spacing 75-90 cm onone side of bed

Summer gourd Mid January to 1.25 m wide beds, seeds 45 5 kg per haMarch cm apart on both sides ofOct. to Nov.(under bedcover) .

Cucumber February-March 2.5 kg per haLong melon for cucumberTinda and long

melon5 kg per hafor others

Nutrient managementlFertilization

CroMuskmelon

Watermelon

Bottle gourd

Bitter gourd

S on e ourdSummer s uashCucumberLong MelonTinda

Fertilization10 to 15 tonnes ofF.Y.M. + 50 kg N, 25 kg P,O, and 25k K,O8 to 10 tonnes ofF.Y.M. + 25 kg N, 16 kg P,O, and 16k K,O20 to 25 tonnes ofF.Y.M. + 30 kg Urea before sowingand 30 k at earl ickin sta e10 to 15 tonnes ofF.Y.M. + 40 kg N,20 kg P,O, and 22k K,O40 k ofN, 20 k P,O, and 20 k K,O15 tonnes, F.Y.M. + 40 k N, 4 k P,O, and 15k K,O40 kg N + 30 kg P,O, and 20 kg K,O40 kg N + 30 kg P,O, and 20 kg K,O40 kg N + 30 kg P,O, and 20 kg K,O40 kg N + 30 kg P,O, and 20 kg K,O

2.3.7.2.8.4

Water managementIn general first irrigation is done just after sowing. Subsequent irrigations are done

depending upon season. In summer season more frequent irrigations are required. In

rainy season over irrigation generally is harmful. Proper drainage during rainy season

is required. Water should not be allowed to touch the fruits. Generally 7 to 10

irrigations are required depending upon the crop and the season.


Important insect pests of cucurbits are red pumpkin beetle, Aphid and Jassid, Spider

mite, Fruit flies. Important disease include powdery mildew, downy mildew, collar

rot, pythium rot, Alternaria blight, mosaic virus and root knot.

The spray schedule for all these insect pests and disease have been recommended.


2.3.7.2.8.5

2~3.7.2.8.6

2.3.7.2.8.7

Harvesting

MuskMelon

Fruits on Hara Madhu to be harvested when turn yellow other varieties to be

harvested at mature green stage for distant markets and at 'half slip' stage for local

markets.

WaterMelon

Ready for harvest in 95-120 days of flowering. To be harvested when fruit is fully

mature and sign of maturity is drying of tendril.

Bottle Gourd

Crop ready in 60-70 days after sowing seed depending upon variety and season.

Harvest only tender to medium sized fruits.

Bitter Gourd

Crop is ready for harvesthlg in about 55-60 days after sowing depending upon variety

and season. Picking at 2 to 3 day interval.

Sponge Gourd

Crop is ready in about 70-90 days after sowing. Harvesting at 3 to 4 days interval.

Summer Squash

Crop is ready for first picking 60-80 days after sowing depending upon variety and

season. Fruits become fit for harvesting after 7 days of fruit setting.

Cucumber


Long Melon


Tinda


Crop Economics

Authentic Data not available

Price Trend

No data on the price trend of any of the gourds is available .

. Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 398

2.3.7.2.8.8

2.3.7.2.8.9


Since Melons are highly cross pollinated crops farmers should not use their own seedevery year.

'Conclusions

Since most of the Cucurbits are cultivated along the river beds, there is a need to

increase the area under cultivation of these crops as there is a lot of availability of, such areas.,


2.3.7.2.9

2.3.7.2.9.1

2.3.7.2.9.2

2.3.7.2.9.3

Other vegetable: Chillies


Year Area (ha) Production (MT) Productivity(MTlha)

1993-94 3850 35800 9.301994-95 4800 ,45000 9.381995-96 5250 49700 9.471996-97 5380 50100 9.311997-98 5500 . 50400 9.161998-99 6350 58700 9.241999-00 6500 60200 9.262000-01 5835 60150 10.31

From 1993-94 to .1997-98, there is gradual increased in area and production but

during these years there is no increase in productivity. in 1998-99, there is drastic

increase in area and production ( + 850 ha and 8300 MT respectively) than the

previous year. The productivity was maximum i.e. 10.31MT/ha during 2000-01. .

Crop calendar

Chilli seeds are sown in May-June or October- November.


Climatic and Soil requirements

Chillies can be grown in the same climate where tomato and brinjal are grown. It is

also susceptible to frost. It geminate well at soil temperature of 18.3 to 26.7°C. Best

fruit set is obtained when the plants are growing at temperatures of I0 to 15.60C.

Chillies can be grown on many classes of soils like tomato and brinjal. However, the

germination and early vigour are very much affected in saline soils. in sandy soils, the

crop can be grown with success provided adequate irrigation and fertilizer practicesare adopted.

Cultivars

NP-46A, Pusa Jwala, Pant C-I, Hisar Shakti, Hisar Vijay


Yield of different varieties of Chilli

Cultivars Yield (ton/acre) Important characterNP-16A 4.0 Fruits are long, thin and green where

unripe and bright red when ripePusa Jwala 3.0-3.5 Plant dwarf, tolerant to thrips, mite and

aphidPant C-I NA Fruits born upright in clusters, small

size, highly pungent, tolerantto mosaicand leaf curl virus

Hisar Shakti 5.0-5.5 Red ripe fruits have oleoresin content of12-15 per cent tolerant to viruses.

HisarVijay 5.0-5.5 Fruits born up right 10 clusters. Inwinter fruits tum, black and tum red atmaturity. Oleoresin content is 11-12%,

. tolerant to viruses .


Seed rate: For sowing in nursery for one hectare about 1000 gm of seed is required.

Method of raising seedlings: For Sowing in May-June use flat beds while for

October-November sowing, deep beds are recommended The seeds should be sown in

lines which 2-3 em apart.

Transplanting: Transplant chilli seedlings on the ridges. Usually the seedlings are

transplanted in rows about 60 em apart on ridged. The plants in the row are kept

about 45 em apart.


Time of sowing: Chilli seeds are sown in May-June or October- November. The

seedlings are ready for transplanting 30-35 days after sowing. For transplanting

nursery in one acre, about 15-20 beds of3.0 x 1.0m size are required.

Nutrient Management

Apply 10 toones of well. rotten farmyard manure, 20 kg N (55 kg Urea), 12 kg P,Os

(75 kg of super phosphate) and 12 kg of K,O (20 kg of muriate or potash) per acre.

All P and K alongwith 1/3 N should be drilled at transplanting and the remaining 2/3

N sh01,lldbe applied one month after transplanting.

Water and Weed Management

First irrigation should be given just after transplanting. Second irrigation should be

given after gap filling (3-4 days after transplanting). After two irrigations, next

irrigation is given after 8-10 days interval. Irrigation should be given according to


,2.3.7.2.9.4

2.3.7.2.9.5

2.3~7;2.9.6

2.3.7.2.9.7

flowering and fruit set requirements. The first earthing up should be done 25-30 days

after transplanting. Second earthing up is done at the time of flowering. For the

control of weeds, spray the crop with Stomp 30 EC @ 130-175 liter per acre, 3-4 days

after transplanting.

Flowering and fruit drop

At the time of flowering and fruit setting in August - September, there is a problem

of flower and fruit crop. The temperature during early flowering stages of the crop is

very high, which induces lot of flower and fruit drop. Yield is considerably reduced

sometimes whole of the blossoms on a plant may get shed. To prevent this problem,

spray the crop with Planofix @ I mI / 4.5 Iitres water once at the time of flowering

and again 3 weeks after the first spray.


Virus resistant, thrips and mites are also serious problems. Resistance to these pests

and diseases is being actiyely perused.


For local markets, pick the fruits when they are fully developed but still green and

shinning. For drying purpose, harvest the fruits at red ripe stage. About 0.75-1.0 tons

of dry red chilli can be obtained from one ha.

Crop Economics

Chilli yield is around 9 tons per hectare which is estimated to be sold at Rs. 8/- pcr

kg. Thus the income to the farmers comes to around Rs. 72,000/- per hectare with the

cost of production being around Rs. 8,000 per hectare. The net income to the farmer

is Rs. 64,000/- per hectare.

Price trends

The prices of Green Chillies varies a lot depending upon the availability and the

season. There is no authentic data available for monitoring the trend. However, in

our discussions with the Mandy officials, it was found to vary between Rs.5000 toRS.8000per tons.


2.3.7.2.9.8

2.3.7.2.9.9


In the nursery, there is main problem of damping off. The field used for transplanting

must have proper drainage facility for excess water. If there is not proper drainage

facility, then due to accumulation of excessive rain water, there is a problem of wilL

Sometimes there is also a problem of flower and fruit crop which can be managed by

spraying planofix@ I ml /4.5 litre of water. Fruit rot and die back are other problems

in Chilli which can be managed by spray of Indofil M45. Due to these problems, the

fruit bearing branches start drying soon after the fruit begins to ripe. The main

problem in ChiJlies is of viruses, (leaf curl and mosaic). It is very difficult to control

viruses but we can minimize their impact by control of vectors (whitefly in leaf curl

and aphid in mosaic). Another problem is the lack of processing industry in Haryana

which can do processing of chiJlies.

Conclusion .

Chilli is emerging as a good export item. During 1998-99, India exported near about

55750 tonnes of dry chilli worth Rs. 210.13 millions to different countries. At present

chiJli is exported in the form of dry powder or dry fruit but there is a great scope to

export chilli products in the form of chili paste, sauces, ketchup, pickles, oleoresin,

paprika etc. of high quality to compete in the international market. It can be logically

concluded that with large scale production of chilli, there will be a possibility that

market glut of the produce may arise. So the large scale adoption needs strong

support of planners for developing market infrastructure including the establishment

of chili processing units.


2.3.7.2.10

2.3.7.2.10.1

2.3.7.3.10.2

2.3.7.2.10.3

Potato


Year Area (ha) Production Productivity(tonnes) (MTlha)

1993-94 14760 245000 16.601994-95 15600 210000 13.461995-96 14500 210300 14.501996-97 15300 229900 15.031997-98 14500 150000 10.341998-99 16300 255000 15.641999-00 16500 260000 15.762000-01 16677 257514 15.44

There is slight up's and down's in the area from 1994-95 to 1996-97 but there is

gradual increase in production and productivity (+19900 M.T. and 1.57 M.T/ha

respectively) during this period. Thereafter, in 1997-98, there is quick decline in area,

production and productivity. The productivity was least in the year 1997-98.

Afterwards from1998c99 to 2000-01, there is slight increase in the area (+377 hal but

the productivity slightly decline (-0.2 M.T./ha).

Crop calendar

Sowing time of potato varies from September to October, depends' upon different

varieties of potato.


Soils

The requirement of the soil is same as that for the Punjab.

Cultivars

Early varieties: Kufri Chandramukhi, Kufri Jawahar

Mid season varieties: Kufri Satluj

Late varieties: Kufri Sindhuri, Kufri Badshah


•

Yield of different varieties of Potato

Variety Days taken to Yield Importantmaturity (tons/ha) characters

Kufri 90 10 Early maturingChandramukhi

Kufri Jawahar 80-95 10-12 Moderatelyresistant to late

bli!!htKufri Sat1uj 90-95 12-14 -do-

Kufri Sindhuri 110-10 12. Good keepingaualitY

Kufri Badshah 110-120 12 Resistant to latebli"ht


Seed source: Obtain the seed from a reliable source, preferably from a Government

seed production agency. It is better to replace the seed every 3-4 years, because of

using the same seed year after year, there is increase in the number of viruses and the

yield also reduces progressively.

Field Preparation: Plough the field with a mould board or disc plough, followed by

the disc harrow or the tiller, depending upon the soil type. There should be proper

drainage facility in the potato field. Alkaline and Saline soils are not suitable for

growing potatoes. In loamy sand soil, discing alone is sufficient. If weeds or stubbles

of the previous crop are not a problem, potato can be grown with minimum tillage

without loss in yield .

Seed rate and method of planting: After the field has been prepared well, mark

rows with a row marker. A ridger should be used for planting the crop manually.

Semi automatic planters are recommended where tractor power is available.

The quantity of seed used for planting depends upon its diameter. The tubers of about

30-70g at the spacing of 55-60 cm between the rows and 20 cm between the tubers.

In this way, about 12 quintal tubers are sufficient for planting one acre. If the tuber of

100 gm are used than these should be planted at spacing of about 30-40 em. More

than this size of tuber can also be used but they should be cut before planting and

each cut tubers should at1eastcontain 2-3 eyes, weighed more than 25 gm and should

be planted after lOthOctober. The cut tubers should be dipped in 0.25% Dithane M-45


solution for 5-10 minutes. Later on keep the treated seeds in a cool place/ shade for

14-16 hours to dry them and then use for planting in the field.

Seed preparation: The seed potatoes obtained from the cold store, can not be planted

immediately. It should first be dried with the help of blowers. Keep the treated seed in

a cool place/ shade exposed in diffused sunlight for 8-10 days which initiates

sprouting and helps the sprouts to become strong. Keep the potatoes in basket or

trays. Ifbaskets or trays are not available then the potatoes should be kept on the floor

and the thickness of potatoes heaps should not be more than 4 inches. Don't use the

potatoes for sowing with poor sprouting or with hairs.

Sowing/planting techniqnes

Time of sowing: Different varieties have different time of sowing. The appropriate

time of sowing for Kufri Chandramukhi and Kufri Jawahar is first week of October.

Kufri Badshah and Kufri Satluj should be sown between 5-15 October. For every

crop, Kufri Chandrarnukhi and Kufri Jawahar should be planted in last week of

September. At that time, soil temperature is low so there is more problem of rotting

the tubers. To save the tubers from rotting, use of mulching is highly beneficial.

Mulching not only reduces the soil temperature but also maintain humidity in the soil.

Nutrient management

Twenty tonnes of farmyard manure or green manuring alongwith 50-60 kg N (50 kg

for early and 60 kg for late sown varieties), 20 kg P20, and 40 kg K,O per acre

should be use. If the soil is sandy loam then drill all P and K and % N at sowing and ,

the remaining N at 25-30 days after sowing i.e. at the time of earthing up.

Weed control and Earthing up

It is noticed that if at the time of sowing there is proper earthing up and weeds should

be destroyed by use of suitable chemical, then there is no effect of earthing up after

sowing on the yield of potato but if at the time of sowing, light earthing up is done

then there is need of later earthing up after 25-30 days of sowing. A double mould

board plough or a ridger should be used for earthing up. By this method, the number

of green potatoes can be reduced.


2.3.7.3.10.4

For control of weeds use anyone of the following herbicides by dissolving in 250

litres of water for one acre and spray within 10 days after sowing. At the time of

using herbicide, there should be proper moisture in the field.. ,

1. Alachlore 1.0-2.0 kg / acre (Lasso 50% 2 to 2.4 litre)

2. Alachlor 0.5 kg /acre (Lasso 50% 1.0 liter) +

Simazine 0.5 kg are (Tafazine 50 % 100g)

3. Pendimethalin 480-600 g/acre (Stomp 30 % I lit)

If the weeds emerge in the field then parquet 240-300 g per are (Gramaxone 1.0-2.0

liter) should be applied after 15 days of sowing by dissolving in 250 liters of water. .

Storage of Potato

After harVesting, cutted and mis-shapened rotted tubers should be removed. For home

consumption, the potatoes should be stored in cool and humid place with sufficient air

ventilation. High temperature results iii high respiration rate of potatoes, which cause

heating and spoilage by rotting and sprouting. High humidity is desirable to avoid

excessive shrinkage. For commercial use, the potatoes should be sorted, graded and

packed in perforated jute bags/ plastic mesh bags before storage, otherwise, black

heart symptoms wi1ldevelop in the tubers. The local cold storage facilities should be

available for the storage of potato in large quantity and in the cold storage temperate

of 0-4°C and relative humidity of 75-80% is required for long term storage..



Use resistant varieties like kufri sutlej, kufii Badshah and kufri Ashoka. Early blight

or leaf spot complex is also serious. This is also controlled by mencozeb + 2% urea

spray. Mosaic and other virus diseases are also serious. The seeds should be replaced

every 2-3 years and spray Monocrotophos or Dimethoate 0.02% to check aphids

which spread the disease. Tuber moth and cut worms are serious pests. The soil

around plant should be drenched with Carbaryl 50 wp (2kg/ha) or Endosulphan 25EC

1.25 lit/ha. Besides this, Aphids, mites or tuber moth also damage which are

controlled with monocrotophos spray.


2.3.7.3.10.5

2.3.7.3.10.6


The mature potatoes should not be allowed to remain m the soil which means

harvesting should not be delayed. After harvest potato should be surface dried and

kept in shade for 10-15 days, graded and packed in gunny bags. The Yield of Potatoes

is comparatively much better in the state varying between 15 to 30 tons per hectare.

The variety wise yield is as under:

Variety Yields tons/hectare

Kufri Ashoka 24-56Kufri Jawahar . 28-32Kufri Sutlei . 30-35Kufri Pukhrai 37-39Kufri,Chinsona-I 22-26 .

Kufri Chiosona-2 24-26Kufri Anand 27.32

Crop Economks

As per the figures giv~n by the DOH the economics for Potato works out to be as

under:

2.3.7.2.10.7

Yield! hectare

Estimated selling rate RS.2600/.per Ton



Price trends

Price trends of potato over the last decade

25 Tons

RS.65000/-

Rs.35000/-

RS.30000/.

2.3.7.2.10.8

1991 2001

Arrival in tons 770.35 625Price in Rs/tons. 2316.4 4653

Prohlems and constraints

After planting, there is problem of poor germination and seed dormancy. Seed tubers

do not,geminate if planted soon after removal from cold storage. Poor germination

may be due to use of unsprouted seed tubers. If the rains occur after planting or due to

heavy irrigation, the water goes above the ridge, then there is crust formation onridges, which ultimately results in poor germination.

Later in the growing season there is problem of early and late blight and mosaic and

leaf roll which significantly reduce the yield. Early and late blight can be controlled


2.3.7.2.10.9

to some extent by Indofil M-45/ Kavach @ 500-700 gm or coper oxychloride 50 WP

@ 750-1000 gm/acre by dissolving in 250-300 liters of water at 7 days interval

starting from the first week of November. But it is very difficult to control the

viruses. We can produce the virus free seeds through seed plot technique. Due to

more problem of viruses, farmers are advised not to use the same seed for more than

3 years.By the use of tractor operated diggers, large quantity of potato is wasted due to cut on

the surface of tubers by the blades of the diggers. Moreover, the cold storages meant

for potato seed have problem of irregular power supply leading to unnecessary

wastage. The high initial investment for large quantity of seeds is also the main

constraint i.e farmers use same seed year after year which ultimately reduce the yield

due to increase in number and concentration of viruses in the tubers.

Conclusion

This crop has a tremendous scope of increasing area production and productivity.

The processing industries like chips, fingers and other product factories should be

established.


2.3.7.2.11 Roots and tuber other than potato

2.3.7.2.11a Carrot

2.3.7.2.11a.2 Production Technology

Soils

Carrots can be grown on sandy loam to sandy type of soils with good irrigation

facility. Since this is a root crop cultivation should be done on the risers to get the

best results.

Cultivars

Pusa Kesar, HC.I, Early Nantes.

Yield of different varieties of Carrot

CultivarsPusa Kesar

HC-I

Early Nantes

Yield25

27.5

25

1m orlant CharactersIt is a local variety, early maturing, theleafs are small. The roots are deep saffroncolored.

This is also a local variety with the rootbein Ion ,havin oran e colourThis is a European variety widely adaptedhaving cylindrical roots with deep orangecolour


Seed Rate: Carrot seed is directly sown and the requirement is 10 kgs per ha.


Time of Sowing: Carrot seeds of local varieties are sown in the months between

August and September while as the European varieties are sown between October and

November.

Nutrient Management

The fertilizer dosage to be followed is applying Urea 90 Kg Super Phosphate 190 kg

and MOP 35 kg per acre. The application of Super Phosphate and MOP along with

half quantity of Urea is recommended at sowing and the balance of Urea to be applied

after 30 days of sowing.

FinalReport: 'National Lt!VelTechno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 410

'.

Water Management

Carrot require 5-6 irrigations during the cropping season. It should be adequately

ensured that soil has sufficient moisture at the time of sowing.. Each irrigation should

be done at an interval of 10-15 days or depending on the level of moisture in the soil.

2.3.7.2.11a.5 Harvesting

The harvesting is generally done when the crop is about 100-130 days old in case of

local varieties and about 60-70 days in case of European varieties and the roots have

attained the desired size.

2.3.7.2.11a.6 Crop Economics

No authentic data is available.

2.3.7.2.11a.7 Price trends

No authentic data is available.

2.3.7.2.11a.8 Problems and constraints

Good quality Carrot seeds are not available and hence the farmers has to rely on local

varieties where the productivity is very low and hence farmer is not interested in

cultivation due to low profitability.

2.3.7.2.11a.9 Conclnsions

There is a need to augment the research and production of good quality hybrids seeds

in Carrot and make them available at reasonable prices to the farmers.


2.3.7.2.llb Radish

2.3.7.2.llb.2 Crop calendar

Radish varieties are generally sown in the months between August and September

and also in February and March.

2.3.7.211b.3 Production Technology

Radish can be grown on sandy loam to sandy type of soils with good irrigation

facility. Since this is root crop cultivation should be done on the risers to get the bestresults.

Cultivars

Pusa Chetki, Punjab Safed, Japanese White, White Icecle

Yield of different varieties of Radish

Cultivar Yield (tons/ha) Important CharactersPusa Chetki 15 This variety has the capacity to stand high

temperature. This variety can be cultivatedin summer and rainy season.

Punjab Safed 20 This variety is slightly pungent and snowwhite in colour.

Japanese White 20 This is an Asiatic variety good for latesowing. It is thick and snow white Incolour.

White Icicle 75-100 Early maturing European variety. Sown incold climate. The roots are soft and thin.


Seed Rate: Radish seed is directly sown and the requirement is 7.5 kg per ha.


Time of Sowing: Radish varieties are generally sown in the months between Augustand September and also in Feb and March.

Final Report: 'Naiional Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 412

" Nutrient Management

Apply 30 Mt of well rotten FYM, The fertilizer dosage to be followed is applying

Urea 225 Kg Super Phosphate 475 kg and MOP 87.5 kg per ha, The application of

Super Phosphate and MOP along with half quantity of Urea is recommended at

sowing and the balance of Urea to be applied after 30 days of sowing,

Water Management

Radish require 3-4 irrigations during the cropping season, It should be adequately

ensured that soil has sufficient moisture at the time of sowing, Each irrigation should

be done at an interval of 12-15 days or depending on the level of moisture in the soiL

2.3.7.211bA Pest and Disease Management

Pests

Thrips and mites are a serious problem these generally suck the sap from the leaves,

To control one needs to spray 250-400 ml Methyl Dimetone 25 EC or Dimethoate 30

EC in 250-400 Iitres of water per acre of land,

2.3.7.211b.5 Harvest method and yield

The harvesting is generally done when the crop is about 40-50 days old in case of

local varieties and about 35-40 days in case of European varieties and the roots have

attained the desired size. The yield level vary between 6,0 to 8.0 tons per hectare,

2.3.7.2.11b.6 Crop Economics

The average yield of Radish is about 7 ton per hectare which realizes estimated price

ofRs. 3/- per kg which is average depending upon the season, thus the farmers gets a

return of Rs. 21,000/- per hectare with the cost of cultivation averaging at Rs. 5000/-

per hectare,

2.3.7.2.11b.7 Price Trend

The prices of Radish depend upon its availability and the season. There is no

authentic data of prices available and in our discussions with Mandy officials it was

understood that the prices range betweenRs.I 000 to RS.5000per ton,


2.3.7.2.11b.8 Problems and constraints

There is a general problem of good quality authentic seeds being made available to

fanners. This needs to be redressed.

2.3.7.2.11b.9 Conclusions

The fluctuating prices needs to be addressed to as many a times the fanners run into

very high losses and hence desist from cultivating such crops. This trend needs to be

checked and corrective measures needed.


,

2.3.7.5

2.3.7.5.1

2.3.7.5.2

2.3.7.5.3

2.3.7.5.3.1

2.3.7.5.3.2

2.3.7.5.3.3

Spice Crops

Large Cardamom


Small Cardamom


Coriander


This is one of the most widely grown spice crop within the state. The area under this

crop has not been accounted for and hence the exact figures of area under cultivation

are not available.

Crop calendar

For leafYcrop the ideal sowing time is Oct to Dec and for seed production sowmg IS

recommended in November.


Cultivars

Namaul Selection, Pant Haritima, Hissar Anand.


Seed Rate: The seed rate recommended for coriander is about 10kgs per ha for seed

production purpose and 15kgs for leaf production.


Sowiug Time: For leafy crop the ideal sowing time is October to December and for

seed production sowing is recommended in November.

MethOd of Sowing: It is recommended that the seed should be split into half before

sowingSpaciug: Planting should be done in rows 20-30 cms apart with plant to plant

distance of 20 cms.


2.3.7.5.3.4

2.3.7.5.3.5

2.3.7.5.3.6

2.3.7.5.3.7

2.3.7.5.4

2.3.7.5.5

2.3.7.5.6

2.3.7.5.6.1

2.3.7.5.6.2

Nutrient management

About 8 MT of FYM should be along with 20 kg of Nitrogen and 20 kg phosporus.

Half the quantity of Nitrogen and whole of phosporus should be used as basal dose

and the balance of nitrogen 6-8 weeks of sowing.

Pest and disease Management

The major pest in coriander is the thrips, which suck the sap from the flowers and the

leaves. This can be controlled by spraying 120 ml cypermethin 10 EC in 200 litres of

water.


A good crop gives seed yield of 10-14 qtl / ha.

Crop Economics

There is no authentic data on the crop economics.

Price Trend

There is no authentic data on the exact arrival and price trend in different markets of

the state.

Cumin


Fennel


Fenugreek


The area under this crop has not been accounted for and hence the exact figures of

area under cultivation are not available.

Crop calendar

For leafy crop the ideal sowing time is Sept to Nov and for seed production sowing is

recommended in first fortnight of October.


2.3.7.5.6.3

2.3.7.5.6.4

2.3.7.5.6.5

2.3.7.5.7

2.3.7.5.8


Cultivars

Pusa Early Bunching, Hissar Methi - 57 and Kasuri Methi.


Seed Rate: The seed rate recommended for coriander is about 25 kg per ha for Kasuri

Methi the seed rate recommended is 7.5 kg per ha.


Sowing Time: For leafy crop the ideal sowing time is Sept to Nov and for seed

production sowing is recommended in first fortnight of October.

Spacing: Planting should be done in rows 20-25 ems apart with plant-to-plant

distance of 10 ems.

Nutrient management

About 8 MT of FYM should be along with 25 kg of Nitrogen and 20 kg phosphorus.

Pest and disease Management

The major pest in Fenugreek is the mite, which suck the sap from the flowers and the

leaves. Spraying 300 ml Malathion 50 Ee in 200 litres of water can control this.

Harvesting method and yield

After every harvest irrigation should be done for regrowth. The yield level depends

on the number of cuttings taken.

Desi Methi - 28-32 qtls per acre for green leaves and seed 6-8 qtls per acre.

Kasuri Methi - 20-25 qtls per acre for green leaves and seed 2.5-3 qtls per acre.

Garlic

There is no area under Garlic within the state and hence not covered.

Ginger

There is no area under Ginger within the state and hence not covered.


2.3.7.5.9

2.3.7.5.10

Pepper

There is no area under Pepper within the state and hence not covered.

Turmeric

There is no area under Turmeric within the state and hence not covered.

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study forNorth Zone' 418

3.1 Production Infrastructure

The State Department is headed by the Director of Horticulture, assisted by one Joint

Director and two Deputy Director along with supportive staff at the head quarter

situated at Panchkula. Each district is headed by the officers. One horticulture training

Institute has been established under A.H.R.D. Project at Uchani (Kamal) which is

headed by Principal. Principal is assisted by Master Trainers who import training in

various disciplines to extension workers! farmers.

The total technical and supporting staff available in the Department is as under:

3.2

Category

Class 1 .

Class II

Class III

Class IV

Post Harvest Infrastructure

Filled posts

3

31

214

338

The department horticulture to facilitate orchard operations especially relating to

pruning, training and harvesting of fruit, imported some hand tools and distributed

these to the progressive fruit growers in the State.


4.1

4.1.1

4.1.2

Central Research Institute in the State

Department of Horticulture, H.A.U., Hisar

Research priorities of the Department

I. Introduction, collection, characterization, conservation and evaluation of

horticultural biodiversity.

2. Geneticimprovement in fruit crops.

3. . Rapid multiplication of propagules of fruit crops.

4. Growth and development of horticultural crops under abiotic stresses.

5. Water management in fruit crops.

6. Development of different cropping systems in fruit crops.

7. . Integrated nutrient management and organic cultivation of fruit crops.

8. Development of planting models in fruit crops of arid and semi arid

ecosystem.

9. Develop technologies for better shelflife of horticultural crops.

10. Integrated .diseasemanagement in fruit crops.

Thrust areas of the Department

I. To introduce, collect, characterize, conserve and evaluate the biodiversity of

fruit crops under semi arid environment.

2. To utilize the available biodiversity and improve the target fruit crops such as

ber, aonla, guava, citrus fruits miscellaneous fruit crops and flower crops to

develop high quality and productive types having tolerance to biotic and abiotic

stresses.

3. To study the factors related to rapid multiplication of propagules in case of

established as well as new crops and problems related to their growth and

development.

4. To standardize agro-techniques with respect to efficient use of soul, water and

nutrients for increased productivity.

5. To standardize the technology of organic farming for fruit crops.

6. To standardize the intercropping systems in different fruit crops.

7. To develop post harvest technology package for extended use of the

Horticulture produce.

8. To develop integrated disease and pest management technologies for fruit

crops.


4.1.3 Major achievements

Crop Improvement

I. In the development of appropriate citrus rootstocks, .F I seedlings were

maintained for further assessment. Ten new type of hybrids fruits have been

developed as a root stock resistant to citrus decline.

2. The chromosome number in cultivars urnran, kathaphal and four cvs. Of Gola

group viz. Gola Gurgaon No.3, Bahadurgarhia Gola, Dandan Gola and Kakrola

Gola was fount to be 2n= 48. The chromosome number in IlIaichi and three

wild forms viz. Desi-I, Desi-2, Desi-3, was noted as 2n-96, whereas in Jharber

it was 2n=72 Palynological investigations revealed that all species are

morphologically same and apeture of the pollen was 3- colporate. The size of

pollen was maximum (29.52 x 27.48 u) in Desi-I and minimum (19.32 x 18.42

u) in Kathaphal.

3. EMS gave dark green foliage and more height to the plant whereas colchicine

reduced the internodal length. The rooted plants of Jodhpur Red and Ganesh

were shifted to field for further observations.

4. The efforts have been. made to develop the protocol for in vitro clonal

multiplication of Lilium cv. Brunello, Dreamland and Prato. Bulb scale

explants have been found better as compared to shoot tip, leaf base and nodal

segments cultured on MS media. Work has been made to standardize the

method of transformation oflilium.

Crop Production

1. The number of panicles and total number of flowers increased with cultar

(Paclabutrazol) at 1000 and 2000 ppm in mango. The yield was also recorded

maximum with these treatments.

2. In aonla, bare rooted seedling treated with IDA 200 ppm showed more survival

percentage as compared to NAA 200 ppm. Seedling transplanted just after

uprooting from the nursery gave more success followed by time gap 24 hrs, 48

hrs and 72 hrs after taking from nursery.3. Percentage of success ofneneer grafting in mango was in July to September as

compared to the rest of the more moth of the year. Epicotyl grafting in manor

under Hisar condition is not successful.

4. Nitrogen experiment carried out to improve the yield and quality of citrus

species sweet orange (Jaffa) and mandarin (Kinnow) showed that addition of


800 g N in Jaffa and 900 g N per plant in kinnow resulted in good growth,

higher number of fruits, higher juice and TSS in 5th year of bearing.

5. In an integrated nutrient management experiment on equal N basis in citrus cv.

Blood Red, there was almost same increase in growth (height and spread) in

treatments, where urea N was applied alone or in combination with 25 or 50%

N through F.Y.M. Increase in growth was minimum when whole N was applied

through F.Y.M.

6. It has been observed that in young orchards, cotton combined with cowpea in

kharid whereas mustard in rainy season can easily be taken as intercrops.

However, such crops can not be taken in the bearing orchard because of effect

and nutritional competition.

7. Phosphorous application @ 200 g P20S along with 500 g N per tree was found

optimum in terms of fruit retention, yield and quality of ber cv. Umran and

Gola.

8. There was a 50% decrement in plant height, plant girth and spread in sapota

when salinity from control to 15 dSm" ECe.

9. Guava seedlings and pomegranate cv. Jodhpur Red have been well established

in naturally occurring salt affected soil at the experimental orchard. Plant

height, girth, spread (EW) and spread (NS) in guava were maximum i.e 230.7,

17.6,217.6 and 210.5 cm, respectively, in normal good soil with polythene

lining and sand layer at bottom followed by heavy leached saline soil with

polythene lining and sand layer at the bottom i.e 212.5, 16.1, 190.8 and 181.2

cm, respectively. Similarly, in pomergranate also the plant height, girth, spread

(EW) and spread (NS) were maximum i.e. 227.6, 14.6, 146.6 and 161.5 cm,

respectively in normal good soil with polythene lining and sand layer at bottom

followed by heavy leached saline soil with polythene lining and sand layer at

the bottom i.e. 189.5, 12.8, 124.8 and 141.0 cm, respectively.

10. Karonda plants could be survive at 12, 16 and 20 dSm,1 Ece. Growth of the

plants reduced with increasing salinity1evel upto 8 dSm,1ECe.

II. The experiment of the effect of soil salinity on growth and development of

kinnow could not be successfully done because of heavy mortality of the

kinnow plants to see the effect of different sources of organic manures on

growth, yield and quality of marigold, cultivar, African Giant. The performance

of poultry manure with respect to growth, yield and quality of marigold was

judged the best followed by vermin compost and FYM. Neem cake was not

found much effective. All organic sources were found superior to organic

fertilizer urea.


•

12. The studies on guava'wilt showed the presence of Fusarium and Pencillium in

wilted and healthy plants. Soil drenching of 30 g each of Bavistin, Blitox,

Captan and Redomil and injection of the solution containing 3 g of Bavistin,

Furadan, Streptocycline and 3 ml of m.onocrotophosper litre, the application of

micronutrient, gypsum, cytokinin, and GA could not stop the process of

wilting.

Post harvest technology

I. Different thickness of polythene was effective to reduce PLW of kinnow fruit

on all period of storage as compared to control. Minimum PLWand least

microbial decay were observed when the kinnow fruits were packed in 150

gauze polythene with leaf extract (1.72%) as compared to 18.85% in control

after 70 days of storage. All the polythene was effective to reduce the PLW up

to 77 days of storage but not the microbial decay as compared to control.

2. None of the bioextract was effective to check the PLW and microbial decay

during the storage of kinnow fruits. However, minimum PLW was observed in

the control fruits (10.70%) after 35 days of storage.

3. All the polythene was effective to reduce the physiological loss in weight of

guava fruit. However, rough polythene packed guava fruits among all the

polythenes had highest PLW (7.16%) whereas, maximum physiological loss in

weight was observed in the fruits packed in news paper. The decay loss was

also highest in the newspaper packed fruit (13.7%) after 6 days of storage.

4. The growth regulator such as GA, and kinetin @ 50 and 100 ppm were

effective to check the physiological loss in weight of guava cultivars L-49

(Sardar) in the beginning.of storage period up to 2nd days. However, in the later

period the storage of all the treatments were at par with control. The ripening

percent was reduced with the application of growth regulators.

5. The best quality dry flowers were obtained by embedding the fresh flowers in

silica gel kept in hot air oven at a temperature of 50GC for 48 hrs followed by

25:75: river sand; silical gel at the same temperature and duration. The second

media results in 25% reduction in the cost of media as compared to silica gel

alone.6. The guava pulp extracted by cold extraction had better color and organoleptic

quality. The RTS prepared from cold extracted pulp was found better

irrespective of varieties. The browning was observed minimum in L-49 and

maximum in Hisar Safeda.


4.2

4.2.1

Plasticulture

1. The germination percentage of cauliflower was highest in 75% shade house

(78.2-85.5) followed by 50% shade house (70.0-74.5) and lowest in open (45.2-

.65.1) when nursery was raised in June and July months.

2. The germination percentage of bottlegourd was highest in polyhouse (80-90)

followed by low tunnel (72.5-80.0) and lowest in open (55-70). The days taken

for emergence were also less in polyhouse and low tunnel as compared to open.

The plant length was also more in polyhouse and low tunnel.

3. The fruit yield of capsicum was higher in polyhouse yield 255 gm as compared

to 145 gm per plant when gown in open.

Major constraints in researcb on fruits

I. Inadequate availability of true to type, healthy, plant material of superior

cultivars of fruit crops.

2. Large treats oflow and unproductive plantation need rejuvenation

3. Low productivity of fruit crops due to inferior genetic stocks and poor

management

4. Problems of salinity and water lodging in fruit crops.

5. Several chronoic production problems such as alternate bearing and

malformation in mango, guava and sapota wilt and citrus decline etc..

6. High incidence of pests and diseases

7. Heavy post harvest losses and low utilization on the processing sector

8. Acute shortage of infrastructure for post harvest processing, transport etc.

9. Unorganized marketing

10. Inadequate information about the economics of fruit crop.

Krisbi Vigyan Kendras in Haryana

There are twelve K.V.Ks in the state, eight are with H.A.U. Hisar, One with NDRI,

Kamal, one with Indian Agric. Research Institute, New Delhi and two with N.GDS.

The details of these KVKs and thrust areas are as follows.

NARPZONE-l

Kaithal, Panipat, Kamal, Kurukshetra, Sonipat, Ambala and Yamunanagar.


4.2.2 Thrust areas

Vegetable Nursery Areas

Popularization of Floriculture

Promoting Vegetable Production

Preservation of fruits and Vegetables at home scale

Mushroom production

Bee-keeping

NARP ZONE HR-2

Faridabad, Rewari, Hisar, Jind, Gurgaon and Delhi

Top working of old ber trees

Nutrition garden and cultivation of

Off-season Vegetables and flowers

Rejuvenation of old orchards

Fruit and Vegetables Preservation

Mushroom Cultivation

Bee-keeping

Achievements

4.2.3 Achievement

(a) Training Achievement

KVK No. of Total participants SC/ST partici antscourses Male Female Total Male Femal Total

eFaridabad 67 1306 433 1739 110 45 155Jind 95 1901 120 2021 60 12 72Kaithal 33 1375 65 1440 130 15 145Kurukshetra 48 964 297 1261 166 63 229Paninat 47 705 29 734 74 - 74Hisar 65 556 352 908. 90 31 121Sonipat 73 1036 121 1157 121 8 129Yamunanagar 22 480 95 575 69 20 89Gurgaon 10 167 33 200 13 - 13(Shikhupur)Ambala 63 797 349 1146 157 173 330Rewari 130 1321 343 1664 294 78 372Delhi 32 256 172 428 21 ?3 44Total 685 10864 2409 13273 1305 468 1773


Impact of Training Programmes

KVK Name of No. of % of Chanl'e in incomescientific farmers adoption Before Aftertechnology training training

IRs. 1 unit) IRs. 1unit)Faridabad Pruning of 10 32 14500 168001

ber seasonlind Rejuvenation 50 15 9000 125001

, pruning and seasondiseasecontrol morchards

Kurukshetra Mushroom 16 12 - 50000-growmg 60,000 per

I annumKurukshetra Bee-keeping 30 35 - 15000-

40,000Ambala Mushroom 15 33 - 91 bee

Production coloniesestablished

7 30 - 3000-150001season

Institution Village Linkage Programme (IVLP) under KVKs

1. Selection of high yielding variety of Radish for Kharif

The trial on radish was conducted at two villages i.e. Akbarpur Majra and taypur

Kalan using farmers practice (Lambi Vilayati) and Pusa Cehtaki. The crop was sown

in the 2nd week of August and harvested after 65 days in the month of October. The

data revealed that yield from farmers practice was about 30 per cent higher than the

experiment field. It was also observed that the shape and size of Vilayati was superior

to Pusa Chatki. In the market also Lambi Vilayati was preferred and fetched better

price than Pusa Chetki. Hence it was concluded that Pusa Chetki should not be

recommend for cultivation in the particular season.

Performance of high yielding varieties of radish.

Village Intervention! Average % increase AverageTreatment yield in yield increase (Rs.

(q/ha) Iha)

Majra T, (Lambi Vilayati) 240 - 48000T2 (Pusa Vilavati\ 162.5 -32.29 24375

Tajpur T, (Lambi Vilayati) 205.0 - 41000T2 (Pusa Vilavati\ 140.0 -31.70 21000

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study fo': North Zone' 426

•

Selection of suitable high yielding variety of Marigold

The trial was conducted at Village Akbarpur Majra with farmers own seed and rusa

Narangi variety of marigold. The yield of pus Narangi was about 15% higher than the

local variety. The size of flower was bigger and attractive than the local variety.

Farmers felt the need for a variety whose flower size is little smaller than rusa

Narangi as the market demand for small size flower in more.

Performauce of Marigold Varieties.

Village Intervention Treatment Avg. yield % increase Avg.(q/ha) in yield Income

Majra Farmers own seed 137.38 - 68690rusa Narangi 156.88 14.19 78440

Extension activities of KVKs in Haryana

KVK Field davs Extension Kisan Mela Extension Kisan GostitcNo Particinants Functionaries No. Particinants Func. No. particip'"

Faridabad 5 223. 15 - 2 95lind 8 242 18 - 6 439Kaithal - - - I 2000 15 - -Kapurthala 6 368 19 - 9 255Paninat 3 85 - - - -Hissar 5 390 20 - - -(Sadalnur)Soninat I 42 - - - -Yamunanagar - - - - 4 128Gurgaon 3 415 20 - - -(Shikhanur)Ambala 2 105 . ". 1 - 17 644Rewari 1 75 7 - - -Delhi (Uiwa) 3 175 - 1 1000 I 88Total 34 1945 100 2 3000 15 38 1561

Innovative Technologies

Gurgaon (Shikahpur)

2. Use of about one litre of cow urine in 8-10 litres of water prove effective in the

control of leaf curl of chillies and other vegetable crops

3. Spraying of garlic and tobacco extract is very effective to control aphids and

jassids in vegetables.

4. Spraying of diluted whey (Butter milk) is a week, prevents leaf curl disease of

chillies.


SONIPAT

I. Intercropping of marigold with radish and

2. Intercropping of dhaincha with sponge gourd brinjal results in quality vegetable

produce.

AMBALA

Leaves of date-Palm- Three to four leaves of date palm are fixed around the

samplings of fruit trees to protect the young plants from animals damage.


Training being organized by Institute of Agriculture techuology,Training and Education (IA TTE)

Directorate of Extension Education, H.A.V, Hisar

The Training Institute organizes Training Programmes in all fields of Agriculture,

Animal Husbandry and Agric. Engineering, Home Science and allied areas for

extension personnel and other subject matter specialists, administrative officers and

trainers for Agriculture development. The details of trainings beings organized in the

field of Horticulture are given below:

Important trainings in Horticulture organized by IATTE

Sr. Title of Training Cliental Duration No. ofNo. (days) trainings

Der yearI Production Technology SAO/farmers 3 2

of Vegetable CroDs2 Potato Production SAO/farmers 3 I

Technolol!V3 Spices Production SAO/farmers 3 I

Technolol!V4 Seed Production SAO/farmers 3 I

Technology of Vegetablecroos

5 Kitchen Gardeninl! Farmers/ ladies 3 I6 Recent Advances in DES's (Veg.) Hort. 3 2

Vegetable Croos7 Propagation of fruit Malies 4 I

olants8 Production Technology Malies/ Farmers 4 I

of Fruit Croos9 Bee keeping Farmers/ 5 4

Unemployed youth/ Rural ladies

10 Mushroom Production Farmers/ SAO 3 2technolol!V

II Fruit and Vegetable Rural/ urban ladies 6 4Preservation


4.3 State AgriculturelHorticulture Universities

HS-IOI, H-102 and Hisar Lalit

PH-4, Hisar Shymal, Hisar Pragati

Hisar-I

Hisar Shakti and Hisar Vijay

Hisar Anand

Hisar Kirti

Hisar Sonali

Kamal Selection

Varsha Uphar, Hisar Unnat

Hisar-2

Hisar Kalitori

Coriander

Dolichos

Fenugreek

Longmelon

Okra

Onion

Ridgegourd

Tomato

Vegetable varieties released by University and popularized by University

Extension work

Brinjal

Cauliflower

Chilli

Varieties of vegetables tested in Coordinated projects.

Brinjal

Coriander

Fennel

Garlic

Hisar Jamuni

DH-36

HF'33, HF-39

HG-17,HG 19


J

4.44.4.1

Department of Borticulture Baryana, Panchcula

Name of Station, location and manpower

The State Department is headed by the Director of Horticulture, assisted by one Joint

Director and two Deputy Director along with supportive staff at the head quarter

situated at PanchkiIla. Each district is headed by the officers. One horticulture'training

Institute has been established under A.H.R.D. Project at Uchani (Kamal) which is

headed by Principal. Principal is assisted by Master Trainers who import training in

various disciplines to extension workers! farmers.

The total technical and supporting staff available in the Department is as under:,

4.4.2

Category

Class I

Class II

ClassID

Class IV

Thrust areas

1. Area expansion

Filled posts

3

31

214

338

To activate this the department has planned to lay stress on (a) to create awareness

about the importance and economics of growing late cultural crops (b) Arrangement

of quality planting material, certified and hybrid seeds (c) Field demonstration on

horticultural crops (d) Popularizing drip irrigation.

2. Increasing productivity

(b) Introduction of high yielding varieties (b) Field trainings on training and pruning

of fruit plants (c) Qualitative upgradation of fruit plant nurseries and vegetable

seed farms.

3. Quality improvement

(a) Use of sulphate of Potash and C.A.N in Mango, grapes and other fruits and

vegetables to check chloride toxicity and improve quality.


4.3.3

4. Generation of more income

(a) Introduction of new crops like strawberry, banana, aonla, aronate and medicinal

plants and exotic vegetables (b) cultivation of ginger and turmeric in Momi area of

Panchkula district (b) High value of vegetable seeds to be popularized by providing

25% subsidy on such seeds. (c) growing of off-season vegetable in poly-green houses.

5. Establishment of agro bases industries and employment generation

Clusters of various crops like fruits, vegetables, flowers, mushrooms and spices will

be identified and developed to establish agro based industries to generate more

employm~nt opportunities for rural masses.

6. Improvement of Nutritional status of Rural Masses

Fruit plants, vegetable seed minikits with Rs. 250 (Rs. 150/- for fruit plants and Rs.

100 for vegetable seeds) will be distributed under nutritional garden scheme to

improve the nutritional status of rural masses.

7. . Steps to check incidence of mango malformation

Mango malformation is a serious problem in the state. To over come this problem

special.companies to be launched in collaboration with H.A.U scientists in mango

growing districts of Ambala, Panchkula, Yamunagar, Kurukshetra, Kamal, Panipat

and Jind to minimize the effect of this disease.

Achievements of the Department of Horticulture

Nursery Production programme

For planting an annually, there is a requirement of approximately 3, 50, 000 fruit

plants. These are 25 Gov!. garden and Nurseries in the state to propagate fruit plants.

These nurseries have the capacity to produce 3.50 lakh plants- the registered private

nurseries are estimated to produce an equal number of nursery plants. Hence, the state

is quite will placed on this account. 1540 ha area under fruits has been uprooted up to

the year 2001-02.


District Addl.Area Cumulative area ProductionPanchkula 167 . 3118 14645Amba1a 218 2522 20620Yamunanagar 305 4459 36216Kurukshetra 100 1539 10475Kaitha1 50 693 3858Kamal 120 1421 10700Panipat 74 1056 5800Sonipat 100 1739 10626Rothtak 50 1016 6111Faridabad 75 1093 10020Narmaul 80 670 5455Rewari 50 485 1892Gurgaon 142 1751 14908 .Bhiwani 88 1081 6441Hissar 108 2265 14930Sirsa 185 3732 37860lind 94 1299 11213Jhaiiar 61 539 5523Fatehabad 75 1102 7907Total 2140 31317 235200

The district wise achievements in fruit production for the year 2001-02 are asunder:

Table 55: Nursery wise income achievement for the year 2001-02

Name of Nursery Achievements forthe year 2001-02 (Rs.)

Piniore 969624FatehpUf 462834NabiPUf 613262Chhacchroli 463580Ratgal 410202Ladwa 464665Ram Nagar 431000Gharonda 687618Uchani 92180Sewakheri 250086Panchil!Viran 176134Cheeka 268100Pinangwan 269037Gurgaon 104200

Hansi 311818

Mayor. 381812

Barwa1a 452480

Bhuna 169925

lind 199424Kishanpura 1602210

Sirsa 61750Mane:iana 383747

Hodel 95430Shamgarh 591724


Achievements under allied Extension Activities

Narne of district AchievementTop ranking I Training I Area sprayedbuddinl' Pruninl!

Ambala 7200 10000 4600Panchkula 1600 15000 8380Yamunana"ar 18700 19945 24835Kurukshetra 12239 9640 12247Kaithal 8000 9000 6575Kamal 16000 13615 19265Paniuat 9000 7200 7000Somoat 10850 8740 20192Rohtak 3150 5420 9780Faridabad 9760 14400 1100Narnanil 2670 4500 2800Rewan 2120 4000 2550Gumaon. 9100 18560 1620Bhiwani 3200 12500 4500Hisar 13000 28000 14000Sirsa 13000 24600 8050Jind 11000 11600 12000Jhaiian 4760 4420 8560Fatehabad 6500 30000 7050Total 178248 253139 177103Drip Irrigation

The department is popularized drip inigation since 1991-92. By the end of 2000-01

the total cumulative area under drip irrigation was 2700 hectares which was increased

to 2891 during 2001-02.

, Green House

Green house technology is. highly effective for the production of off-season

vegetables and flowers. A total of 177 green houses have been established till the end

of2001-02.

Horticulture credit

In the state rural development Banks and Commercial Banks are making the

Horticultural credit available to the farmers. The amount of Horticulture and credit

disbursed by the state rural development Banks during the year 2001-02 is gIVen

below.

Cropwise horticulture credit provided iu the State

Sr. No. Particulars Credit fRs. in lakhsl1 Beri Guava! Aonla 5.042 Medicinal plants 3.153 Graues 10.904 Floriculture 34.765 Strawberry 22.936 . Mushroom 154.52

i Total 231.30

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study/or North Zone' 434

•

6 Marketing.

The price trend of last five years in Delhi wholesale market clearly indicates that mango has

most constant prices during last five years. The increase over wholesale and retail price has

changed by 2 and I percent only. Overall percentage of price rise in fruits is 14.25 percent

with annual increase of 2.8 percent while in vegetables increase over last five years is 10.1

percent with annual increase of 2 percent, which clearly shows that during last five years there

is only marginal increase in wholesale price except cabbage and cauliflower where wholesale

price has decreased by 8 and 32 percent.

The overall picture of important fruits and vegetable wholesale and retail prices in Delhi are

given in table -

The percentage of fruits arrival amongst the metro market shows that 58.4 percent comes in

Delhi while Chennai 5.3, Banglore 8.6, Mumbai 15.7 and Calcutta accounts for 12 percent

while share of vegetables in 38.4,10.9,10.1,22.6 and 18percent. The overall picture of fruits

and vegetables in the metro is that Delhi market handles 48.4 percent which is almost 50

percent and rest four metro markets arrival in 51.6 percent. The detail is given in table:-


Monthly Fruits and Vegetables anivals in Delhi wholesale Market and difference in

wholesale and retail market.

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Annual Difference in %Share of retail and IncreaseMetro wholesaleMarket price in %

Banana Wholesale price Rs. Iqtl.

(a) 449 507 531 460 555 47 101 23%Retail price Rs.lqtl. (b) 899 949 1088 1025 1067 18%Limes . andLemons (a) 1119 1238 1045 1849 1478 49 93 32%

.

(b) 2121 2314 2158 3448 2862 34%Mango (a) 1370 1157 1530 1932 1400 53 59 2%

(b) 2179 18Q5 2417 3148 2200 1%

Papaya (a) 550 656 576 734 550 69 97 0%

(b) 974 1166 1125 1343 1430 47%Average Fruits 54.5 88 -Brinjal (a) 389 329 485 762 478 31 111 22%

(b) 826 726 1026 1476 1034 25%Cabbage (a) 410 393 367 586 377 25 102 (-)8%

(b) 765 703 737 1271 859 12%Cauliflower (a) 320 412 382 522 216 35 72 (-)32%

(b) 576 844 592 .800 399I (-)31%Okra (a) 914 946 995 1135 1099 32 60 20%

(b) 1472 1317 1549 1885 1965 33%Onion (a) 395 329 431 1306 527 32 59 33%

(b) 602 582 741 1703 875 45%Peas (a) 1227 1228 1427 1904 1958 64 42 60%

(b) 1651 1631 2179 2656 2903 76%Potato (a) 440 476 285 683 415 (-)6%

(b) 613 . 638 467 962 647 52 47 6%Tomato (a) 721 677 649 1182 658 36 49 (-)8%

(b) 1079 997 987 1732 980 (-)9%Vegetables 34.5% 77.4%


. ,

•

Percentage Annual Share of Fruits and Vegetables in Metro Markets during 1999

I Delhi Chennai I Bangalore Mumbai Calcutta 1A. FruitsApple 83.0 1.0 5.0Banana

6.0 5.047.0 6.0

LimelJemon10.0 27.0 . 10.0

49.0 12.0OranQe

. 11.0 18.0 10.057.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 I

GraDes 51.016.0

Mango3.0 5.0 21.0 20.0

53.0 3.0 16.0 19.0PaDaya

9.069.0 6.0 4.0 7.0 14.0

Avera!'e 58.4 5.3 8.6 15.7 12.0

B. Vegetables

BrinjaJ 31.0 11.0 5.0 24.0 I . 29.0

(,abbage 25.0 17.0 12.0 23.0 23.0

Cauliflower 35.0 7.0 9.0 28.0 21.0

Okra 32.0 11.0 5.0 28.0 24.0

Onion 32.0 10.0 19.0 24.0 15.0

Peas . 64.0 I 2.0 6.0 18.0 I 10.0

Potato 52.0 I 5.0 11.0 21.0 I 11.0

Tomato 36.0 24.0 14.0 15.0 I 11.0 I

Subtotal I 38.4 10.9 10.1 22.6 I 18.01

A+B totals I 48.4 8.1 9.3 19.2 15.01

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study/or North Zone' 437

7.3 Case studies:

7.3.1 Success Stories

7.3.1.1 SONIPAT \

7.3.1.2

. system is the most widely adopted system m this district.Rice-Wheat croppmg blHowever, intensive cultivation of these crops has led to the depletio~ of water,. ta e

M Puddling operation in rice impairs the phYSicalcondItion ofin many areas. oreover,. . cultivation of ri~e wheat system has resulted in enormouSSOlI.Also continuous

. . th PI alaris minor infestation in wheat. Considering these problems ofIncrease In e 1 .

. h' t tan'on the scientists of KVK suggested the viable alternative to the ncenee w ea TO ,

crop particularly in problematic villages (Sandhal Kalan and Sandhal Khurd) duri.ng

1995.The scientists ofKVK suggested the cultivation ofpi,geonpea. A farmer Jagdlsh

fr Sandhal Kalan contracted the scientists of KVK and showed keen interest toom .grow pigeonpea. KVK provided the pigeonpe seed of variety Manak which gave

yield of 5.0 q/~cres.The yield was good but not up to the level to replace rice in terms

of profitability. At the sante time, KVK was allotted the project on pigeonpea trials on

advance lines (lCPL-88039). The genotype (ICPL-88039) was tested and compared

with Manak during year 1996. The genotype (ICPL-88039) not only yields higherthan Manak but also matures two weeks earlier than Manak, thus providing enougb

time for timely wheat sowing. The genotype yielded around 6.5 q per acre. The

specific feature of the genotype was escaping nature of pod borer attack or the

intrinsic factors of the genotype to tolerate the pod borer atJack. During the year 1995,

only two farmers were growing pigenopea which has not increased to 60% of total

farmer, of these two villages. They also observed that growing pigeonpea in place of

rice checks the infestation of Phalaris minor in wheat. to considerable extent and.improves the fertility status of soil. Pigeonpea was foimd more profitable than rice

because of its low cost of cultivation. As a result, considerable increase in thepigeonpea cultivation was recorded in the villages.

GURGAON

Shri Narender Kumar of Palar Village falls in a different category of Bee keepers,

motivated by the rwo week vocational course attended by him at KVK Shikohpur in

February 1999. He took up the profession in March 1999. with only 5 boxes. of 6

farmers each at a total COStof 7250/- including other equipments. Within less than a

year .he has extracted and sold honey worth Rs. 9200/- (Table). He increased the

number of frames from 30 to 110. He claims that bee keeping units has helped him in


7.3.1.3

7.3.1.4

better pollination in arhar, bajra and mustard crops resulting m 25-30% more

production of these crops.

Installation cost and income statement of bee keeping unit at Palara Village

Initial investment on procurement of boxes RS.7250.00Recurring investment on maintenance and input etc. RS.1820.00Empty boxes (6 x 250) RS.1500.00Total RS.10510.00IncomeSale of Honey (115 kg) @Rs. 80/- per kg Rs . .9200.00

Increase in yield of arhar- 20% of the yield at market RS.3650.00mice (cost of 3 Qtls Arhar for 3 acre increasedIncrease in yield ofbajra-20% of the yield at RS.1250.00market price (2.5 qtls) .

.

Increase in yield of mustard @Rs. 500/- per qtls RS.6500.0020% of yield at market price of 5 acre

Gross Income Rs. 20600.00Net Profit Rs. 10090.00

FARIDABAD

To gear up the potential returns from potato cultivation, true potato seed production

technology has much utility. Sh. Rishi Raj Tyagi, one of the farmers of village

Kamera showed keen interest for this technology and sough technical help form the

KVK, which was duly provided under supervision and guidance, the farmer

employed all the recommended practices of TPS production and succeeded in getting

300 q potato from two acres earning a profit ofRs. 80000 after selling the produce.

KURUKSHETRA

Sh. Rajnir Singh of Village Jyotisar, District Kurukshetra started a bee-keeping unit

in 1997. He is unemployed rural youth having education upto middle standard. He is

a small farmer having 2.5 acre land holding. Initially he started bee keeping with 20

bee colonies. Every year, his income increased considerably. He has also become a

source of inspiration for other farmers in the adjoining area. The income and

expenditure statement of his bee-keeping unit is given in Table below:

Final Report: 'Na/ional Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 439

(

Income and expenditure statement of Sh. Rajnir Singh bee-keeping

Sr. No. Name of Items No. Amount Denreciations (Rs.)1 Cost of boxes (double 20 9000.00 1800.00

chamber)2 Honey extractor 1 1100.00 60.003 Bee veil 2 80.00 15.004 Smoker 1 60.00 15.005 Glove 2 70.00 35.006 Feeder 20 300.00 70.007 Iron stand 20 600.00 60.00

Total 11210.0 2055.000

B. Recurring Expenditure

Sr. No. Name ofltems Year wise exnenditure fRs.)1197-88 1998-99 1999-2000No. Amount Depreciations

(Rs.)1 Cost of Bee colonies 18000.00 - -

(10 frames x 20)

2 Labour cost 4850.00 6100.00 6050.003 Feeding cost m off- 2050.00 2900.00 3150.00

season4 Cost of sheets 1900.00 2800.00 2950.005 Miscallaneous 1300.00 1000.00 1000.00

(Chemicals, containers,etc.)

6 Depreciation on fixed 2055.00 2055.00 2055.00costs/ equipments

7 Interest on fixed cost and 2185.00 2200.00 2225.00on recurring cost and onrecurnng expenses (4 .

months)~Total .32340.00 17055.00 17340.00

C. Return from Bee-keeping unit

B kfeturn rom ee- eePID!! umtSr. No. Name of Items Year wise expenditure (Rs.)

1197-88 1998-99 1999-2000No. Amount Depreciations .

(Rs.)I Honev 25070.00 35600.00 36000.002 Wax 700.00 1300.00 1400.00

.3 Sale of Bee Colonies 19000.00 20000.00 2500.00Total 47770.00 56900.00 62400.00

R


7.3.1.5

D. Net Gain

Net Gain

I Gross return 44770,00 56900,00 62400,002 Total exoenditure 32335,00 17055,00 17340,003 Net gain 12435,00 38445,00 45060,00

REWARI

Sh, Narender Singh of Village Kundal is a successful fisherman of district Rewari,

During 1996-97, he decided to start fish farming and took a village community pond

on lease, for the period of 5years, The pond water was used for drinking and bathing

of domestic animals, Thus he stocked fry (10-20 mm size) of IMC without complete

eradication of weed and predatory fish, This year, it was not possible to drain out the

pond water for eradication of wild fish 'because rain water is the only source of fill the

pond, The fish production was negligible in the year 1996-97 due to presence of

predatory fish in the pond, So he was disappointed and was not ready to spend money

for next crop, During 1997-98, he discussed his problem with KVK scientists and got

the training in fish farming, He was suggested to stock fingerlings of advanced size

(5-10 em), He agreed and stocked advance fingerlings in his pond (area 1.2 acre), He

also used dung cake fertilizer mixture (10 kg cow dung + 5 kg MOP + 600 gm Urea +500 gm SSP) twice a month for plankton production ,He got 14 q fish in six months

(Sep-Feb,) and earned 33000/- rupees with Rs,19500/- as net profit Next year, he got

only Rs, 14300/- due to very little rainfall received during 1998-99, But this year he is

very confident of better earning, Now, he has become a successful fish farmer after

adopting these two techniques and is interested to take more ponds on lease for fish

farming,


Districtwise 5 Years Data of Different Fruit Crops For the State of HaryanaDistrict .•Panch kula

Annexure-1

Crops 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02

A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y'(T)' . PIT/Hal A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha)..

Mango 1120 5250 4.69 1205 7555 6:27 1275 6520 5.11 1346 7980 5.93 1383 7800 5.64

Guava 300 2100 7.00 340 '2200 6A7 362 3235 8.94 383 1321 3.45 395 1780 4.51

Citrus 216 1700 7.87 221 ',50 0.23 241 475 1.97 250 950 3.80 267 1240 4.64

Ber 20 200 10.00 20 a 0.00 20 a 0.00 20 a 0.00 20 50 2.50

Grapes 4 60 15.00 4 a 0.00 4 a 0.00 4 a 0.00 4 a 0.00

Others 745 4550 6.11 796 6700 8.42 775 3395 4.38 882 725 0.82 918 1000 1.09

District- Ambala

Crops 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02

A (ha.) Y (T) P (TlHa) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y(T) P (T/Ha)

Mango 767 3450 4.50 834 4050 4.86 926 1275 1.38 963 3425 3.56 1071 4600 4.30

Guava 227 1400 6.17 271 4550 16.79 . 311 3841 . 12.35 356 840 2.36 377 2600 6.90

Citrus 151 1400 9.27 168 1300 7.74 184 2403 13.06 196 896 4.57 203 700 3A5

Ber 18 150 .. 8.33 18 a 0.00 18 0 0.00 18 a 0.00 18 10 0.56

Grapes 3 75 25.00 3 a 0.00 3 a 0.00 3 a 0.00 8 a 0.00

Others 629 3750 5.96 691 5900 8.54 273 5081 18.61 273 5081 18.61 275 500 1.82

District- Yamuna Nagar

Crops 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02

A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) PIT/Hal A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha)

Mango 2028 9600 4.73 2178 4000 1.84 2374 2555 1.08 2607 17306 6.64 2742 19464 7.10

Guava 187 1600 8.56 218 5400 24.77 278 2012 7.24 349 2305 6.60 387 3914 10.11

Citrus 132 1300 9.85 158 1700 10.76 193 820 4.25 246 885 3.60 259 974 3.78

Ber 7 50' 7.14 12 190 15.83 12 164 13.67 12 230 19.17 12 211 17.58

Grapes 17 275 16.18 19 2 0.11 9 603 67.00 9 4 OA4 9 a 0.00

Others 507 3200 6.31 585 5000 8.55 438 2010 4.59 461 2939 6.38 485 3000 6.19

Fina/ Report: 'Nationa/ Leve/ Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 443

District. KURUKSHETRA

Crops 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02A (ha.) Y (T) P (TlHa) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.L Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha)

Mango 404 1900 4.70 433 2640 6.10 468 3775 8.07 511 3885 7.60 533 3270 6.14Guava 200 1300 6.50 229 1450 6.33 253 2018 7.98 275 2068 7.52 280 2644 9.44Citrus 70 400 5.71 71 370 5.21 71 128 . 1.80 71 72 1.01 70 80 1.14Ber 44 300 6.82 44 900 20.45 44 1097 24.93 44 1097 24.93 39 600 15.38Grapes 19 300 15.79 19 440 23.16 19 618 32.53 9 818 68.67 7 650 92.86Others 398 2550 6.41 443 3500 7.90 272 508 1.87 275 229 0.83 269 800 2.97

District- KAITHAL

Crops 1997-98 1998.99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha)

Mango 53 250 4.72 64 210 3.89 54 200 3.70 54 188 3.48 55 185 3.36Guava 163 1100 6.75 183 760 4.15 206 931 4.52 231 970 4.20 232 1100 4.74Citrus 36 300 8.33 38 20 0.53 38 29 0.76 39 18 0.46 38 20 0.53Ber 165 1300 7.88 191 1150 6.02 213 2100 9,86 225 2400 10.67 225 1520 6.76Grapes 12 150 12.50 12 5 0.42 12 5 0.42 2 16 8.00 2 80 40.00Others 92 550 5.98 113 900 7.96 56. 75 1.34 56 48 0.86 64 118 1.84

District- KARNAL

Crops 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) . P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha)

. .

Mango 257 2500 9.73 557 4100 7.36 587 4500 7i67 615 4875 7.93 587 4380 7.46Guava 194 1400 7.22 216 2300 10.65 241 3000 12.45 271 3260 12.03 306 2860 9.35Citrus 42 400 9.52 43 400 9.30 45. 120 .2.67 ' 54 200 .. 3.70 51 310 6.08Ber 76 600 7.89 85 650 7.65 88 . 650 . n9. 93 800 8.60 89 1000 11.24Grapes 9 125 13.89 9 100 11.11 9 90 10.00 ,. 9 .90 10.00 9 200 22.22Others 251 1550 6.18 299 2500. .8.36 244 1560 I":': 6.39 ".:" 248 1235 4.98 240 1250 5.21


District. PANIPAT

Crops 1997-98 1998.99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02

A (ha.) V (T) P (TIHa) A (ha.) V (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) V (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) V (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) V (T) P (T/Ha)

Mango 310 1500 4.84 328 1800 4,88 332 750 .2.28 337 1100 3.26 332 900 2.71

Guava 199 1500 '7..64 227 1000 4.41 263 1950 7.41 292 1850 6.34 287 1400 4.88

Citrus 59 600 10.17 59 300 5.08 59 170 2.88 59 105 1.78 64 200 3.70

Ber 100 800 8.00 110 750 6.82 112 420 3.75 127 1200 9.45 132 1250 9.47

Grapes 2 30 15.00 2 5 2.50 2 7 3.50 2 60 30.00 2 60 30.00

Others 148 800 5.41 167 1400 8.38 182 500 2.75 143 1555 10.87 150 1180 7.87

District. SONIPAT

Crops 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02

A (ha.) V (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) V(T) .. P (T/Ha) A (ha.) V (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) V (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) V (T) P (T/Ha)

Mango 441 2100 4.76 450 2844 5.88 452 2555 5.65 458 2532 5.53 445 2590 5.82

Guava 416 3300 7.93 451 ,2516 5.58 484 2571 5.31 513 3345 6.52 525 3045 5.80

Citrus 42 400 9.52 43 148 3.44 45 118 2.62 48 130 2.71 47 90 1.91

Ber 289 2400 8.30 301 '2242 . 7.45 317 2619 8.26 3312 2646 0.80 355 2710 7.63

Grapes 8 125 15.63 8 42 5.25 8 40 5.00 8 11 1.38 8 0 0.00

Others 272 1700 6.25 300 2000 6.67 300 2353 7.84 313 2284 7.30 322 2141 6.65

District. ROHTAK

Crops 1997-98 1998.99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02

A (ha.) V (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) V (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) V (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) V (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) V (T) P (T/Ha)

Mango 32 150 4.69 32 150 4.69 32 245 7.66 32 135 4.22 32 100 3.13

Guava 261 2000 7.66 286 550 1.92 305 835 2.74 322 455 1.41 312 1229 3.94

Citrus 106 1000 '9.43 108 100 0.93 108 60 0.56 113 30 0.27 124 150 1.21

Ber 362 3400 9.39 386 1500 3.89 410 2440 5.95 4230 2280 0.64 405 3700 9.14

Grapes 10 150 15.00 10 0 0.00 10 66 6.60 10 2 0.20 10 0 0.00

Others 97 650 6.70 106 1000 9.43 116 1364 11.67 124 600 4.84 133 932 7.01

Final Report: 'National Leve' Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 445

District. JHAJJAR

Crops 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha)

Mango 2 10 5.00 . 2 15 7.50 0 0 0.00 2 12 6.00 2 20 10.00Guava 93 500 5.38 133 640 4.81 153 2024 13.23 178 1322 7.43 188 1860 9.89Citrus 4 30 7.50 14 10 0.71 23 4 0.17 23 45 1.96 23 183 7.96Ber 157 1400 8.92 207 1600 7.73 213 1950 9.15 248 2704 10.90 248 3060 12.34Grapes 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00Others 20 150 7.50 40 300 7.50 24 136 5.67 32 640 26.25 38 200 5.26

District. FARIDABAD

Crops 1997.98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (TIHa) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Hal A (ha.) Y (Tl P (T/Ha)

Mango 76 350 4.61 81 1370 16.91 64 163 1.94 90 620 6.89 90 90 1.00Guava 329 2500 7.60 359 4780 13.31 398 2025 5.09 423 6315 14.93 453 2935 6.48Citrus 190 1700 8.95 208 1190 5.72 220 1915 8.70 237 4540 19.16 442 2012 4.55Ber 151 1300 8.61 161 600 3.73 167 2321 13.90 175 3270 18.89 182 2950 16.21Grapes 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 . 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00Others 90 600 6.67 108 1300 12.04 124 3776 30.45 124 1445 11.65 122 1933 15.84

District- NARNAUL

Crops 1997;98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02A (ha.) Y (Tl P (TiHa) A (ha.) Y (Tl P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (TIHa)

Mango 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00Guava 64 300 4.69 86 450 5.23 113 371 3.28 123 265 2.15 120 220 1.83Citrus 100 500 5.00 127 350 2.76 152 215 1.41 . 172 125 0.73 152 200 1.32Ber 237 2000 . 8.44 257 4000 15.56 262 5310 .. 20.27.c. 29.1 4635 15:93 296 4885 16.50Grapes 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 o . 0 ... 0.00 • 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00Others 70 350 5.00 98 800 8.16 78 104 .1.33 .84 7.5 .0.89 42 100 2.38

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-EconOmic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 446

District- REWARI

Crops 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02

A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) " Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha)

Mango 2 10 5.00 a a 0.00 2 0 0.00 2 0 0.00 3 0 0.00

Guava 49 400 8.16 57 2200 38.60 65 295 4.54 72 321 4.46 71 325 4.58

Citrus 41 300 ." 7.32 50 287 5.74 56 299 5.34 63 308 4.89 65 315 4.85

Be. 177 1500 8.47 183 607 3.32 198 850 4.29 218 .890 4.08 219 894 4.08

Grapes 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00

Others 52 2200 42.31 79 556 7.04 75 1287 17.16 81 290 3.58 79 278 3.52

District- GURGAON

Crops 1997-98 ., 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02

A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A {ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T1Ha)

Mango 20 100 5.00 20 0 0.00 20 0 0.00 20 0 0.00 20 0 0.00

Guava 464 3500 7.54 504 4780 9.48 552 5071 9.19 602 2125 3.53 637 5400 8.48

Citrus 182 1600 8.79 193 '1100 5.70 209 2388 11.43 229 2438 10.65 234 1750 7.48

Ber 250 2100 8.40 309 3520 .11.39 352 2590 7.36 397 4010 10.10 463 2760 5.96

Grapes 26 400 15.38 26 " 0 0.00 26 a 0.00 26 a 0.00 26 0 0.00

Others 265 1500 5.66 286 2800 9.79 175 1720 9.83 180 3427 19.04 182 3433 18.86

District- BHIWANI

Crops 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02

A (ha.) Y(T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha).

Mango 1 0 .0.00 1 a 0.00 1 a 0.00 1 a 0.00 1 5 5.00

Guava 154 1300 8.44 182 1200 6.59 189 1312 6.94 210 a . 0.00 221 1249 5.65

Citrus 71 600 8.45 79 425 5.38 96 609 6.34 125 617 4.94 140 565 4.04

Ber 332 2400 7.23 381 3250 8.53 407 2539 6.24 442 4050 9.16 475 3666 7.72

Grapes 51 750 14.71 51 400 7.84 54 a 0.00 54 a 0.00 54 370 6.85

Others 47 250 5.32 77 700 9.09 694 1840 2.36 99 a 0.00 109 586 5.38

Fina' Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 447

District- HISSAR

Crops 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000.01 2001-02A (ha.) Y (T) P (TlHa) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (TtHa)

Mango 39 250 6.41 41 40 0.98 42 120 2.86 43 140 3.26 40 300 7.50Guava 228 1700 7.46 263 3000 11.41 295 4000 13.56 320 3100 9.69 328 1400 . 4.27Citrus 309 2800 9.06 344 4000 . 11.63 382 3800 9.95 410 3350 8.17 418 3300 7.89Ber 441 3800 8.62 476 2260 4.75 514 545 1.06 539 3950 7.33 525 400 0.76Grapes 516 7460 14.46 521 3000 5.76 523 2400 4.59 525 1800 3.43 516 1680 3.26Others 183 1200 6.56 206 2000 9.71 206 940 4.56 223 1660 7.44 215 3100 .14.42

District. FATEHABAD

Crops 1997.98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y(T) P (TtHa)

Mango 15 0 0.00 17 214 12.59 17 100 5.88 17 110 6.47 17 90 5.29Guava 135 1040 7.70 184 1915 10.41 224 2660 .1L88 248 1865 7.52 258 2365 9.17Citrus 249 2000 8.03 276 975 3.53 314 1460 4.65. 328 1420 4.33 344 1605 4.67Ber 202 1600 7.92 223 1698 7.61 233 2260 9.70 238 1905 8.00 345 1880 5.45Grapes 106 1300 12.26 108 885 8.19 108 1155 10.69 108 2850 26.39 107 1080 10.09Others 83 600 7.23 135 1500 . 11.11 189 585 3.10 41 295 7.20 37 607 16.41

District. SIRSA

Crops 1997.98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha)

Mango 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00Guava 90 200 2.22 111 3000 27.03 125 3263 26.10 159 4290 26.98 170 2200 12.94Citrus 2500 24510 9.80 2586 24929 9.64 2746 21439 7.81 . 2858 28075 9.82 2727 29700 10.89Ber 213 1500 7.04 229 1025 4.48 234 3485 14.89. 262 2870 10.95 229 1800 7.86Grapes 367 5400 14.71 369 4010 10.87 369 2606 7.08 369 2050 5.56 316 2000 6.33Others 806 2150 2.67 352 2400 6.82 281 4107 14.62 231 1865 8.07 198 2000 10.10


District- JIND

Crops 1997-98 1998'99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02

A (ha.) Y (T) P (TIHa) A (ha.) Y(T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha) A (ha.) Y (T) P (T/Ha).

Mango 163 680 4.17 170 600 3.53 181 788 4.35 183 450 2.46 173 1225 7.08

Guava 319 2850 8.93 348 4000 11.49 377 2295 6.09 401 4040 10.07 397 2700 6.80

Citrus 90 900 10.00 109 1500 13.76 119 1057 8.88 138 685 4.96 118 250 2.12

Ber .. 327 2900 8.87 341 1000 2.93 359 5468 15.23 379 4375 11.54 361 5588 15.48

Grapes 47 800. 17.02 47 200 4.26 47 757 16.11 48 170 3.54 48 300 8.25

Others 186 1100 5.91 206 2000 9.71 196 2223 11.34 201 1496 7.44 165 1100 6.67


DELHI.

Sections Contents Page Nos.DELffi

CURRENT STATUS OF HORTICULTURE IN DELffi 450-455

2.4 Introduction 450






2.4.7 Major horticultural crops of the State 453.

2.4.7.3.1.1 Rose 456-4582.4.7.3.1.2 Marigold . 459-4612.4.7.3.1.4 Tubrose 462-4642.4.7.3.2.3 Chrysanthemum 465-4672.4.7.3.2.4 Gladiolus 468-472

3. Post Harvest Infrastructure and Management 473-4743.1 Production Infrastructure 4733.2 Post harvest Infrastructure 4734 Research and Development 475-4784.1 Central Research Institutes in the State 4754.1.1 Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 4754.1.2 Thrust Area of the Institute 4754.1.3 Achievements over the Decade 4764.4 Department of Horticulture in the State 479-4814.4.1 Organisational Set up of Horticulture Department of Delhi State 4794.4.2 Thrust area 4804.4.3 Achievements of Horticulture Department during the year 2000-0I 4816 Marketing 482-4857 Case Studies 486-507

Success I Failure studies8 Regulatory Environment 508-512

8.1.5 Incentives and schemes of the State 508-512Annexure-l 513

DELHI

2.4 Current Status of Horticulture Crops - Delhi

2.4.1 Introduction

The total geographical area of Delhi is 1485 sq. kilometer out of which 695 is under city

and 790 Ian. under runl areas. Delhi being capital of India and cosmopolitan nature of the

population which is 1.20 crores there is demand of all types of fruits, vegetables and very

.heavy demand of flowers. Owing to high cost of land more and more agricultural land is

being converted into commercial and residential purposes and whatever land is available

for cultivation is being put to high value cash crops cultivation like flowers and vegetables

and area under fruits is declining or static in the last decade. At present area under fruitis

1000 ha with production of 10,000 tons and vegetable area is 41,200 ha with production

7,25,000 tons with productivity of 17.6 tons per ha. and area under flower is 4056 ha. with

production of 25,007 tons loose flowers. More and more farmers are switching over to

vegetable and flower production because of higher productivity and more returns;

2.4.2 Agro ecological condition of the State.

The climate of Delhi is tropical with well demarcated winter and summers. The coldest

months are December - January and hottest June - July with minimum temperature 6.7

during winters and 38.8 summers. Annual rainfall is 694 mm restricted in July to

September only. The soils are mostly loam and clay loams with patches of saline and

alkaline soils.

Meteorological data of Delhi is presented in table - 1.


TabIe-I

Mean monthly minimum - maximum temperature, Relative humidity and rainfall for Delhi

in the year 200 I

Month Min. Temp. Max. Temp. Relative humidity Rainfall'c 'c Mins.

Max. Min.Jan~ 6.7 19.7 93 50 14.6Febmarv 9.8 25.3 88 32 14.7March 15.0 30.4 82 30 5.3Aori! 21.1 35.9 76 34 36.3Mav 26.0 38.8 69 . 35 77.9June 26.5 35.7 83 57 128.3JulV 27.8 . 34.7. 85 64 129.7Ammst 26.9 35.2 81 58 233.1Sentember 24.8 36.3 81 40 47.4October 19.9 34.2 83 35 6.6November 12.7 29.4 87 34 TracesDecember 8.9 236 95 49 0.0

2.4.3 Land holding patterns and land tennre system

Total Rural land in Delhi is 147488 hectare with total of 365 villages but agricultural

activity villages are 206 and rest have come under urbanisation. The net cultivated land is

47666 hectare. The land holding distribution is as below:

Size of holding No. of holdings Area in ha..

Below I ha. 21150 7583between I to 2 ha. 6276 8252between 2 to 4 ha. 4304 11627between 4 to 10 ha. 2850 1582610 ha. and above 308 4378Total 34888 47666

Total landholders are 34888 out of which 19768 are individual, 14296 are joint holdings

and 824 are Institutional holdings. As per estimate 30 percent holdings are given on

contract or lease for .specific periods.

2.4.4 Irrigation facilities

Out of 47666 hectares cultivated land 26900 ha. is under assured irrigation, 6013 under

partial irrigation and rest is unirrigated. The different irrigation sources are 514 ha. through

canal, 60 ha. through tanks, 118 by wells 31872 through tubewells and rest through other


sources. There are 1575 electric tubewells, and 41 Diesel pumpsets are working in Delhi.

Irrigation area owned by small and marginal farmers is 43206 ha. while large farmers own

4378 hectare. The area irrigated by Yamuna canal is 12,000ha.

2.4.5 Major cropping pattern and distribution of land of Delhi

Major crops growri,production and productivity is given below:-

Crops Area in ha. Production in Productivitytons tonslha

Wheat 44750 160000 3.58Paddy 11000 13700 1.25Baira (pearl millet) 5000 6500 1.30Oil seeds . 6000 7500 1.25Pulses 2400 2500 1.04Vegetables 41200 725000 17.6Flowers 4490 25007 5.56.

The major cropping pattern of horticulture crops in Delhi.

There are only 1000 ha. area under fruits mainly of citrus, grapes and guava while

substantial area is under vegetables and flowers. Major vegetables are brinjal 3300 ha.,

cabbage 3900, cauliflower 12600, Okra 5000, peas 2200, potato 5000 ha and tomato 5200

ha with total area of 41200 ha and production of 725000 tons with productivity of 17.6 tons

per hectare. There is practically no change in the area under fruits and vegetables during

the decade but area under flowers has increased five times in seven years. The production

of fruits is static but vegetable production has increased by 37.5 percent and flowers

production has increased almost six times in last seven years. This clearly shows that there

is demand of more flowers and farmers are adopting to more profitable crops. The major

cropping rotations adopted are

Cauliflower - Okra - Radish.

Early Cauliflower - Onion

Potato - Cowpea - Okra

Brinjal - Onion

Cabbage - Brinjal- Radish

Tomato - Okra - bottle gourd

Tomato - Radish - Cucumber

Peas - Onion - Okra

Potato - Wheat - Okra


2.4.6 Distribution pattern of different horticultural crops

The area under floriculture is expanding in Mehrauli and Alipur blocks and vegetable area

is concentrated in Alipur, Najafgarh and Nagloi blocks. The main flowers are Marigold,

Roses, gladiolus, tuberose and chryanthemum while main vegetables are brinjal,

cauliflower, cabbage, okra, peas, potato and tomato. There is no major fruit being grown in

Delhi. Practically there is no change in the area under fruits and vegetables in the state but

flower area has increased almost five times. Similarly there is no change in the production

of fruits because of low and static productivity but vegetable production has increased

almost 40 percent and that is due to increased productivity. The major achievement has

been in flower production because of increase in area as well as production. Awareness

amongst the farmers for high value crop is increasing because of capital market in the

country where more and more flowers are in demand.

2.4.7 Major Horticultural crops of the State

The major horticulture crops of the state are cauliflower, cabbage, brinjal, okra, tomato,

peas and potato amongst the vegetables and marigold, rose, tuberose, gladiolus and

chrysanthemum amongst the flowers. There is no major fruit crop being grown in the state

except for small area under citrus, ber and guava.

The present status of horticulture crops in the state is given below:

Crop Area in ha. Production in Prodnctivitytons tonslha

(a'Ve ••etablesCabbal>e 3900 33100 8.49Cauliflower 12600 86000 6.83Brinial 3300 22500 6.82Tomato 5200 22800 4.38Peas 2200 12500 5.68Potato 5000 43000 8.60Okra "5000 15200 3.04I {h' Flowers .

Rose 602 1427 2.37Maril>old 874 1340 1.53Tuberose 492 590 1.20~suthem 300 6315 21.05Gladiolus 324 437 1.35NHB year Book 2002

Final Reporf: 'Naiional Level Techno-Economic Feasibility S(udy for Norfh Zone' 453

The present status of horticulture crops as given by the Dept! of Horticulture GoY!of Delhiin the state is given below:

Crop Area in ha. Production in Productivitytons tons/ha

(a) Ve!!etablesCabbage 3900 97500 25Cauliflower 12600 226800 18Brinial 3300 66000 20Tomato 5200 130000 25Peas 2200 26400 12Potato 5000 125000 25Okrii 5000 60000 12(b) FlowersRose 602 1426.74lac 2.37 lacMarigold 874 13110Tons 15TonsGladioli 320 0.544 Lac 0.0017 lacChrysanthemum 300 6300 21 lac

There is big gap of productivity figures between NHB data and department of Horticulture.

As per Department of Horticulture productivity of vegetables is 17.6 tonslha that seems to

be correct. As per NHB data productivity of vegetables is 7.5 tonslha.

Note:

Since the area under Horticultural Crops is very low and fluctuating as most of the area

under vegetables is in the river beds which increases and decreases depending upon the

water level in the river. Hence, the report on vegetable cultivation is given below in the.river bed cultivation.

Riverbed cultivation of vegetables:

There is approximately twenty thousand hectare and mostly cucurbits like bottle gourd,. ,~i.!.'

Muskmelon, Watermelon, Cucumber and Pumpkin amongst vine crops aad brinjal and

early tomato crops are taken. Since these areas are not owned by individual and state is theowner.

The land areas varies every year with the change in the course of the river and land is every

year given on lease by the Delhi state. The major area is under watermelon and muskmelon

and farmers are using age old traditional varieties with the result yields are very poor.

Special efforts are required to launch special drive to saturate the area under improved

Final Report: 'National Level Techno~Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 454

\

varietieslhybrids. The area is mostly very sandy and heavy dose of organic manure is to be

applied deep in trenches.

The cultivation practice is entirely difficult. Early in spring or late winters in the month of

December trenches toward north south are dug I to 2 ft deep and filled with compost and

soil and trenches are not filled entirely but upto 6 inches below the surface and sarkanda

grass shield is given toward East-west to save early crop from winters. Seed is germinated

in petri dishes or wet gunny cloth and sown 2-3 inches deep in the trench previously

watered. Since these re lot of pathogen and soil borne diseases seed must be treated with

captaf. Initially water is to be given second and third day and once plants are established

there is no need. of irrigation because roots absorb water from the sub soil, which has

enough moisture. The crops are ready by end of February which is off-season crop and

farmers get very good price but total seed is less but this is compensated by high prices.

Problems of cut flowers productiou in Poly houses

This is highly capital-intensive farmers most of the projects running around Delhi are

facing problems of selling the flowers at remunerative prices. All such projects are using

foreign technology, which is not cost effective for Indian market. If the produce is exported

only then they may profit. Delhi's climate is extremely hot which involves lowering of

temperature and increasing humidity, which in turn is a costly affair. These projects can be

more successful where temperatures of moderate like Bangalore in South India and Pune in

West India where less energy is required to maintain desired temperature.

The development of indigenous varieties and technologies need to be taken up which may

prove cost effective under our conditions.


2.4.7.3.1.1 Rose

Rose occupied the first position amongst all floricultural products as it is referred as

queen of flowers. Since rose growing is becoming more and more rewarding many

entrepreneurs in India are entering in the trade. and Delhi is becoming one of the

biggest markets in India.

2.4.7.3.1.1.1 Growth pattern over last decalle

The area under Rose in 1993 • 94 was 192 ha which rose to 602 ha in 2000 - 200 I.

The main rose area in Delhi is concentrated in Mehrauli block. The progress over the

decade of rose cultivation in Delhi is given below-

Contents 1993-94 1995-96 2000 -2001

Area in ha. 192 205 602Production of loose flowers in tons 498 698 1427Productivity 2.59 3.40 2.37Percentage increase in area 6.77 213.5Percentage increase in Prod. 40.16 186.55

This clearly shows that during last eight years the area has increased 213 percent and

production 186 percent which is a very good achievement, but matter of concern is

that productivity per unit area has decreased which needs consorted efforts to increase

the productivity.

2.4.7.3.1.1.2 Crop Calendar

Ideal time for planting the rose crop in Delhi is October-November.


Introduction

Soils

Soil application of 50 kg. Magnesium Sulphate and foliar spray of Ferrous Sulphate I

percent, Boron 0.5, Zinc Sulphate 0.5, percent in the month of November increases

quality and quantity of flowers.

Cultivars

The latest varieties of Roses released by IAR1 which are most suitable for Delhi are

Pusa Mohit, Pusa Abhishek, Pusa Manhar, Pusa Muskan, Pusa Urmil and Pusa

Ranjana, Pusa Gaurv, Pusa Bahadur, Pus a Priya, Pusa Garima, Dr. Bharat Ram, Pusa

Final Report: "National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 456

Baramashi, Pusa Virangana, Pusa Pitambar, Mother Teresa, Preyasi, Raktima,

Shryasi, Chitra, Dr. Benjamin Pal, Dr. PS Bhatnagar Lahar, Mansi and climbing

Sadabahar. The rose budded on Rosa Indica variety, Odorata gives excellent results

and best time of planting Roses in Delhi in October - November.

Nutrient Management

The manure requirement is 50 gm mixture per plant having Urea, Single Super

Phosphate and Potassium Sulphate in the ratio of 1:3:2 each time thrice i.e. first at

pruning, second at the end of December and third in the end of February and FYM 8 -

10 kg just after pruning. If the growth is slow, foliar feeding of Urea two part

dihydrogen ammonium Phosphate one part Potassium Phosphate one and Potassium

Nitrate one part. Three gms of this mixture per litre water is sprayed along with 1.5

gm Tepol or liquid soap at ten days interval. A mixture of Manganese Sulphate one

part, Chelated iron one part and Borax 1/4 part, one gram of this mixture in liter of

water is sprayed once in two months

Intercultural Operation

Pruning at 45 cm height from the ground during mid October to mid November gives

maximum yield.

2.4.7.3.1.1.4 Pests and diseases management

Diseases

Die back, Powdery mildew, Black spot, Stem blight, Alternaria leaf spot and Wilt are

major diseases. Spray of Captof, Thiram, Bavistin 2 gm/ Litre controls most of the

. diseases and Fungicides should be alternatively used. Jassids.

Pests

Mites are main insects and Metasystox 2 ml / litre water controls. The cut ends after

pruning should be pasted with any copper fungicide.

2.4.7.3.1.1.5 Harvest method and Yield

The flowers should be cut at tight bud stage when one or two outer petals startunfurling.


2.4.7.3.1.1.6 Crop Economics

Cost of production and Income per acre cultivation of roses is given below:-

S. No. Particulars Amount

1 Preparation of field (Harrowing by tractor, weeding,hoeing, bed preparation, digging of pits, 1st irrigation andirri ation channel

2 Manuring and fertilizer (FYM, Urea, Super phoaphate, 8,700.00MOP, Bone-meal Neem cake etc.

3 Plant material cost (about 2,8001 plants @ Rs. 30/- each) 3,84,000.00

4 Planting of plants (application for FYM, Fertilizer, 12,000.00Termicides etc.

5 Maintenance of plants (1st year) (weeding, Pruning, 8,000.00Pinchin , Mulchin , irri ation etc.

6 Plant protection (Insecticide, Fungicide, Weedicide, 6,000.00,Termicide with ra'n

7 Flower harvesting (Packing, cleaning, storing, marketing 48,000.00and others, two labours full year)

Rs. 2000 1month

Totalln uts

Production of cut flowers about 6,40,000 flowers 1year

5 lakh flowers for A grade @ Re. 1 per flower

1 lakh flowers for B grade @ Re. 0.75 per flower

40,000 flowers for C grade @ Re. 0.50 per flower

4,69,200.00

5,00,000.00

75,000.00

20,000.00

Total Income (Output)

Net Profit

5,95,000.00

= Total Input - Total Input

5,95,000.00 - 4,69,200.00

= Rs. 1,25,800.00

•

2.4.7.3.1.1.8 Problems and constraints

The major problem within the Roses is its very low shelf life. There is a need to

develop varieties which can over come this problem.

2.4.7.3.1.1.9 Conclusion

There is a lot of scope for increasing the area under rose cultivation. The farmers

need to be given proper training and varieties be developed which could be resistant

to die back and powdery mildew .


2.4.7.3.1.2 Marigold (Tagefs Sp)

2.4.7.3.1.2.2 Crop calendar

Summer crop sowing in 2nd week of February while for rainy season crop sowing is done in

first week of June. September is best tim~ for winter crop.


Cnltivars

Two species namely African Marigold (Targets erecta) and French marigold are

commercially grown. African marigold is tall about 1m height with broad leaves, globular

flowers of yellow, orange and white shades and French marigold with 20-60cm height,

profuse branching at the base and small yellow and tinged red flowers.

Pusa Narangi and Pusa Basanti are varieties developed by lARI other common imported

varieties are Apricot, Burpee's Miracle, White, Cracker Jack, Crown of Gold, Cupid,

Double Eagle, Double Bloom, Fire Glow,Giant Sunset, Golden Age, Golden Climax Giant,

Golden Jublee Happiness and yellow climax of African types and Dainty merietta, Sunny

and Tetra Ruffled Red of single French type and Bolero, Bonita Burpee's Gold Nugget

Butter scotch, Cupid yellow, Fiesta, Goldie, Tangarine and Pigmy of Double French types.

There are FI hybrids varieties like Apollo, Marietta, Legion of Honour, Sunny and TetraRuffled Red.


Seed rate is 800 gm to I kg per ha.,


For summer crop sowing in 2nd week of February while for rainy season crop sowing is

done in first week of June. September is best time for winter crop. African varieties are

planted at 40x40 cm and French types 30x30 cm.

Nutrient management

In addition to FYM, 200 kg Nand 80 Kg P and K. All P and K before Transplanting while

nitrogen in 3 to 4 split doses. It is better if 2% urea is sprayed twice at 15 days iriterval. If

proper care is taken yield of 20.22 tons of African type and 10-12 tons of French type per

ha. loose flowers can be obtained.


Water managementIn summerirrigationat 4-5 days intervalwhile in winter at 8-10days interval.

2.4.7.3.1.2.4 Pests and disease management

PestsRed spidermite is serious pest and can be controlledby 0.2%malathion. Powderymildew,.

rust and virus are serious diseases. Powdery mildew and rust can be controlled by 0.2%

wettable sulphar. For virus affected plants should be uprooted and burnt and sprayedwith

0.02%Metasystoxor Dimecron0.03%.

2.4.7.3.1.2.6 Crop economics

2.4.7.3.1.2.7 Price Trends

Cost of cnltivation and Income from Marigold cultivation per hectare

A. Land preparation1. Two ploughings with disc harrow and one Rs.ploughing with cultivator @ Rs. 1500/- perploughing.

2. One irrigation@Rs. 500/- Rs.3. Ploughingwith disc harrow@Rs. 1500/- Rs.4. Making of bunds and channels (20 labourer @Rs. 90/labour)

5. Preparation of beds (30 labourer @ Rs.90/labour)

B. Seedling raising and transplantationI. 2000 g seed@Rs. 2000/kg. Rs.2. Nursery expenditure Rs.3. Spreadingof manures in beds (15 labourer@Rs. Rs.90/labour)

4. Transplantation(30 labourer@ Rs. 90/each Rs.

C. Irrigation1. 8 irrigation(Rs. 500/irrigation) Rs.2. 20 labourer for irrigation (Rs. 90/ labour) Rs.

D. Pinching (10 labourer@Rs. 90/eaach) Rs.

E. Hoeing and Weeding - Five hoeing and Rs.weeding (100 labourer@ 90/labour)

4,500.00

500.001,500.00

4,000.001000.001,350.00

2,700.00

4,000.001,800.00

900.00

9,000.00

•Final Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 460

F. Manures aud fertilizersI. 25 trucks load of FYM @ Rs. 1200/- per truck Rs.

load2. 400 kg Urea, 500 Kg Single super phosphate and Rs.

150 kg Muriate of potash

30,000.00

8,250.00

G. Insect and disease controlI. Rogor 2.5 litre and 2.5 litre Metasystox2. Captan 2.5 Kg and Bavistin 2.5 Kg.

Rs.Rs.

1,400.001,625.00

J

H. Plucking of flowersFlower harvesting (100 labourer @ Rs. Rs.90llabour)

I. Cost of gunny bags Rs.2. Transportation charges Rs.3. Middleman commission @ Rs. 200/ton. for 50 Rs.

tons flowersTotal expenditure Rs.

Gross Income from sale of flowers

9,000.00

1250.0010,000.0010,000.00

104,775.00

Through sale of 50 tons. flowers @ Rs. 5/kg

Net IncomeGross Income - Total ExpenditureRs. 250,000.00 - Rs. 104,775.00 = Rs. 145,225.00

Rs. 250,000.00

Expenditure and income for the production of seed from one hactare area

I. Harvesting of dried flowers (40 labourer @ Rs. Rs. 3,600.0090/labour)2. Seed clearing (40 labourer@Rs. 90llabour) Rs. 3,600.003. Fine cleaning (10 labourer@ Rs. 90llabour) Rs. 900.004. Packing (5 labour @ Rs. 90llabour) Rs. 450.00 .5. Expenditure from seed sowing to control of insects Rs. 30;310.00and diseases

Total Expenditure Rs. 38,860.00

Gross income through the sale of 150 kg seed @ Rs. 1,50,000.00Rs. lOOO/kg.

Net Income: Rs. 1,5ll,000.00 - Rs. 38,860.00 = Rs.l,11,140.00

As per JAR! bulletin


2.4.7.1.4

2.4.7.1.4.1

Tuberose

Tuberose flowers are becoming very popular because of sweet smell and long vase

life and area is increasing in India. It bears waxy white and fragrant flowers in long

spike, prolong keeping quality and ability to with stand long distance transportation,

low production cost, high profit and negligible attack of pests and disease.

The Growth pattern over the decade

•Contents 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000

Area in ha. 24 20 309 418 411 492 492

Production III 38 30 311 710 699 590 590tonsProductivity 1.58 1.50 0.99 1.70 1.7 1.2 1.2% Increase in (-) 16.66 1641.6 1612.5 1950.0 1950.0area .

% Increase in (-) 21.05Prod.

The area and production over the last seven years has increased manifold. Within

seven years from mere 24 ha to 492 ha and production from 38 tons 590 tons which is

very good trend.

2.4.7.1.4.2

2.4.7.1.4.3

Crop calendarIn Delhi it should be planted from March to May at 10 to 15 days interval for regular

supply of flowers. IAR1 Delhi developed a variety which can be planted and

harvested from April to November.


Cultivars

There are four types of tuberose namely single, semi double, double and varigated

types. The National Botanical Research Institute Lucknow has released two varieties

i.e. Rajat Rekha and Svarna Rekha and IllIR (Indian Institute of Horticulture

Research) Bangalore has released Shringar and Suvasani which gives 25% more

flower. At IAR1 Delhi the variety Surya Kiran is developed in April to November

when the temperature is between 10 - 40°C, it can be grown but average temperature

between 20-30* c is optimum. In Delhi it should be planted from March to May at 10

to 15 days interval for regular supply of flowers.



Bulbs of 2 cm diameter at 4 to 8 cm deep in soil at spacing of 20 x 15 Or20 x 10 em.

Nutrient management

Apart from 3 to 4 tons FYM, 100 - 150 kg N, 100 kg P and 75 kg K is required.

Nitrogen in three split doses of 50 kg each at planting, 30 days and 60 days after

planting of bulbs. Dipping of bulbs in thick slurry of biofertilizers viz Azotobactor,

AzospirilJum gives higher yield.


The spikes should be cut when I or 2 florets are opened, never over irrigate tuberose.

2.4.7.1.4.4 Pest and disease management

There are very little disease and insects in tuberose however the bulbs before planting

should be treated with 0.25% Captaf. Some times Aphids become a problem spray,.

0.25% Malathion.

2.4~7.1.4.6 . Crop Economics

Cost of production of tuberose per Hectare

1500 = 00

500 = 00

500 =00

12000 = 00

500 = 00

5,00,000 = 00

2500 = 00

5000 = 00

Input cost

(i) Two ploughings by disc @ Rs 500/- and one by cultivator

(ii) one irrigation @ Rs 250/- + one DPL @ 250/-

iii) one ploughing by Disc @ Rs 500/-

(iv) FYM 10 trucks each 300/- cu ft. @1200/-pertruck

(v) Dressing ofFYM mixing by harrowing

Planting

Cost of 2.5 lakh bulbs @ Rs 2/- per bulb

Planting of bulb

Cost of fertilizers

(i)

(ii)

(A)

Cost of irrigation

Cost of ten irrigations

Misc expenses

Land Revenue for six months

Bank Instt. For 5,62,500 for six months @ 10%

Total Expenditure

2500 = 00

27,500 =00

12500 =00

28125 =00

5,62,500 = 00


B Output(i) Salesof spikesaverage@ Rs. I per spike of 5,00,000 5,00,000

(ii) Cost ofbulbsprocured5,00,000bulbs@ Rs 1.50per bulb 7.50,000

Total Income 12,50,000

(-) Expenses 5,62,500

NETT Income per acre 6,87,500

Source: As per JARl Bulletin


2.4.7.3.2.3

2.4.7.3.2.3.1

Chrysanthemum

Chrysanthemum is next only to rose in the world and occupies third place in India

after rose and jasmine.


In Delhi area is 300 ha with production of 6315 tons with productivity of 21.1 tons

per ha. The area has increased 39 percent and production 33' percent over the last

seven years. The Chrysanthemum has various uses as border planting, pot culture, cut

flowers, loose flowers and exhibition materia!.

2.4.7.3.2.3.2 Crop calendar

Planting time in Delhi is July-August.


Soils

PH of 6.5 to 7 is ideal and there should be no water logging in the field. It is strictly

short day plant for flower initiation but long days are required for vegetative growth.

Temperature

The minimum dark period of 9.30 hours is required for flower bud development.

Temperature requirement is 10 - 27 °c and continuous high temperature delays bud

development.

Cultivars

There are five types of Chrysanthemum viz. Single, Anemones, Pompons; Decorative

and large flowers, selected varieties grown are as follows-

A Large sized flowers (exhibits)

White Yellow Mauve RedI.

Snowball Chandrama Mahatma Gandhi Diamond iublee ,I

Kasturba Gandhi Sonar Ban"Ia Peacock Distinction IBeauty SuoerGiant Raia Alfred Wilson IInnocence Evenin" Star Pink Giant i


B Small sized flowers (pot culture)

White Yellow Mauve Red

Sharad Shobha Indira Sharad Prabha RakhiShweta Sin"er Archana Mohini GemJvotsna Sonali Tara Hemant Sa"ar FlirtRita Sharad Kanti Fantasv JayaNiharika Amn Singer

Suba" Sin"er

C Small sized flowers (Cut Flowers)

White Yellow Mauve Red.

Birbal Sahni Nanako Sharad Prabha JayaAnsara Javanti Nilirna FlirtHimani Kundan Aiav JubileeBaggi ..

D Small sized flowers (Religions offerings and garland making)

White Yellow Mauve

Ba""i Me"hdoot ShardaHimani KundanLalith BasantiJyotsna Sonali Tara


The Chrysanthemum is Propagated through Suckers and Terminal cuttings and annual

types through seeds also.


Well-rooted cuttings or Suckers are planted 20 x 20 em.

Nutrient management

10 - 12 tons FYM, 50 kg N, 160 kg P and 80 kg K per acre is required.


Seventy thousand cuttings are required for an acre and planting in July-Aug in Delhi.

Pinching and dis-budding after four to seven weeks is done to increase branches and

number of flowers. Top-dressing two to three times with fifty kg Urea at thirty days

interval.


2.4.7.3.2.3.4 Pest and disease management

Diseases

Saptoria Spot or black spot, powdery mildew are main diseases. 0.2% Zeneb or

Diathene M-45 and for Powdery Mildew Karathane controls the disease


The average cost of.cultivation is Rs 22500 to 37500 per ha and net return is around

62500/- to 1,25,0001- per ha.

2.4.7.3.2.3.8 ProbleD!s and constraints

The important precautions in cultivation of Chrysanthemum are-

I. It is a hardy plant but very sensitive to water- logging.

2. Planting date should be adjusted so that plants are exposed to long days during

vegetative phase and short days for flowering.

3. It required seventy to ninety percent relative humidity for better growth.


2.4.7.3.2.4 Gladiolus

Gladiolus is becoming more and more popular because of varying shades of colours

and long keeping quality of spikes. The optimum temperature for growing gladiolus

is 19_23°C day temperature and 15_18°C night temperature and below 6° C cause

frost injury. The spike length(around 1m), no. of florets(more than 16), number of

florets open at a time(6-7), size of the florets (10 cm and more), good attractive color,

long lasting quality on the plant and in the vase and good multiplication ability of

corms and cormlets are main features for selection of variety. The important

commercial varieties are classified in time taken for flowering and colours (given in

brackets).

2.4.7.3.2.4.2 Crop Calendar

September to October is best time for planting in Delhi.


SoilsPH range is 6 to 7 and this crop is sensitive to alkaline soils and pollution of

brickclins for cut flower production.

Cultivars

(Mauve), Pusa

white Friendship

Mayur

red) and

Melody(Pink),Friendship (pink), George Mazure (Pink),

Happy End (Orange), Morning kiss (white), Rose Supreme

(Pink), Sancerre (white), Snow Princes (White) and

Suryakiran (Pink).

Bis-Bis (Brick red), Patricia (Deep red), Ratna Butterfly

(OrangelPink), Rose spire (Pink), Suchitra (Pink), Vinks

glory (yellow I), Yellowstone (yellow) and Neelum

(Mauve).

Hunting Song (orange),

Suhagin(red), Sylvia (carrot

(white)

Early

Late

Mid Season



September to October is best time for planting in Delhi. The Sylvia variety is hardly

and can be planted round the year. The bulbs are planted 30-40 X 15-20 cm between

rows and plants and 10-15 cm deep is soil. The planting should be scattered at 10-15

days interval for regular supply of cut flowers. 125000 to 150000 bulbs are requiredfor one ha.

Nutrient management.

For better crop, field should be green manured during rainy season and apply 5-10 kg

FYM + 50 gm bone meal + 50 gm Nand 20 gm each of P and K per sq. mt.

Intercnltural operation

After 45-50 days of planting earthing up is f!lust.

Water management

The watering is done at 10-15 days interval.

2.4.7.3.2.4.4 Pest and disease management

Disease

The most common disease are Fussasuim wilt, Curvularia blight and Botritis blight,

The corns should be treated with Bavistin or Benlate 5gllit of water for 3 minutes and

regular spray at 10-15 days interval prevents these diseases.

Pests

Aphids, thrips and cut worms are serious pests, nematodes are also serious problem.

Roger, Metasystox and malathion should be sprayed alternatively at 15 days interval.

The corms before storing should be dusted with BHC or DDT and stored at 4.4 to 6°C.

2.4.7.3.2.4.5 Harvest method and Yield

The spikes should be cut above the four leaves from the base after first floret hasopened and should be kept in water.



Cost of Gladiolns production of 0.4 ha. (one acre)during first year.

A Input Costs

(a) Green Manure (G.M.)

(i) One ploughing by disc in June for seed sowing @ Rs. Rs. 200.00

200/-

(ii) Green manuring seeds (10 kg/acre) @ Rs. 20/- per Rs. 200.00

acre

(iii) Two irrigation in G.M. Crops @ Rs. 100/- each +2 Rs. 600.00

labourer @ Rs. 100 each + one ploughing for

knocking down the G.M.@Rs. 200

(b) Land preparation

(i) Two ploughings by disc @ Rs. 200 each and one by Rs. 600.00

cultivator at some rate

(ii) One irrigation @Rs.IOOI-Onelabour@Rs. 100/. Rs. 200.00

(iii) One ploughing by disc @ Rs. 200/- Rs. 200.00

(iv) One labour for ridge making for one day @ Rs. 1001- Rs. 100.00

(v) Dressing of land for planting (15 labourer @ Rs. Rs. 1500.00

100/- each)

(c) Planting

(i) Planting cost (24 labourer @Rs. 100/-) Rs. 2400.00

(ii) Five truck Cowdung @ Rs. 8001- per truck Rs. 4000.00

(iii) Spreading of cowdung 6 labourer @ Rsc 1001- Rs. 600.00

(iv) Cost of bulbs @ Rs. 2.50 each for 60,000 bulbs Rs. 150000.00

(d) Irrigation

(i) Cost of 10 irrigations @ Rs. 100/- +10 labourers @ Rs. 2000.00

Rs. 1001- each

(e) Weeding

(i) Manual weeding by 10 labourer for four time @ Rs. Rs. 4000.00

100/. each


(1) Miscellaneous

(i) . Cost offungicide (6 spraying= 6 kg Bavistin + 12 kg

Captan (Rs. 600/- per kg Bavistin and Rs. 100/0 per

kg Captan) + 12 labourer @Rs. 100/-

(ii) Harvesting of spikes/flowers (100 labourer @ Rs.

100/-)

(iii) Cost of gunny bags, cotton bags and implements

(iv) Transportation charges for carrying flowers to the

market

Rs.

Rs.

Rs.

Rs.

6000.00

10000.00

3000.00

3000.00

(g) Lifting of bulbs

(i) Bulb lifting 60 labourer @ Rs. 100/-per labour

(ii) Electricity charges for curing of shed

(iii) Cost of cold storage (10 gunny bags @ Rs. 40/- per

bag) for 3 months

(iv) Cost of technical consultancy @ Rs. 1500/- per

month for 6 months

Rs. 6000.00

Rs. 2000.00

Rs. 1200.00

Rs. 9000.00

Sub total Rs. 207200.00

Bank interest @ 10% + cost of land (Rs. 10,360/- + Rs. 15360.00

Rs.5000/-)

Total Input

2. Output

Sale of spikes @ Rs. 2.50 per spikes @ Rs. 2.50

spike for 50,000 spikes

Sale of bulbs @ Rs. 2.00 per bulb for 60,000 bulbs

Sale of Cormels @ Rs. 4 per 100 cormels for

1000000 cormels

Total output

Rs. 222560.00

Rs; 125000.00

Rs. 120000.00

Rs. 40000.00

Rs. 285000.00

Net profit per acre = RS.285000.00- Rs.222560.00 =Rs. 62.440.00

Note:- During 2'" and 3'd year inputs cost will be reduced on account of cost of

planting material and other fixed items resulting to higher return.

Source: As per JAR! Bulletin


2.4.7.3.2.4.7 Price TrendsThe prices prevailing in the Delhi market for Gladioli is around RS.2.50 per spike.

2.4.7.3.2.4.8 Problem and constraints

The export market needs to be strengthened for development of this crop in the State.

2.4.7.3.2.4.9 . ConclusionIt has to be ensured that good quality corms are made available to the farmers for

commercial cultivation for better market acceptability.

2.4.7.6 Problems of Mushroom cultivation

The high-tech projects are capital incentive and highly temperature and

humidity controlled atmosphere. Only these controlled production houses

grow mushroom for at least 250-280 days in a year. The small-scale

mushroom producers are seasonal in nature i.e. from September-October to

February months. Only those production farms who has marketing tie-ups

within the country and abroad are successful because marketing at

remunerative prices are assured but small scale growers some time mcur

heavy losses because of its perishable nature and very low shelf life.


3. Post Harvest Infrastructure and Management

3.1 Production Infrastructure

Irrigation iufrastructure

There are 1615 tubewells which irrigate 31872 ha.land in the rural areas besides this 514 hectare

is irrigated through canal, 60 ha. through tanks and 118 ha. through wells. There are number of

nurseries dealing in mainly ornamental plants and catering to the needs of urban population and

nurseries in rural areas mainly deals in fruit plants and vegetable seedlings. There are two units

producing mushrooms round the year or atleast for 325 days in a year with production of 320000kg mushrooms.

Cold storages

Four cold storages were provided subsidy of75.999 Lakhs with capacity of 9860 tons storage and

another six cold storages in adjoining district of Sonipat which caters to the need of Delhi was

granted 169.32 lakh subsidy with storage capacity of 125770 M. Tons. The details of coldstorages in Delhi are as below.

State Private Sector Coonerative sector Public sector TotalNos. .Capacity Nos. Capacity Nos. Capacity Nos. Capacityin tons in tonsDelhi 80 110276 01 2701 14 12793 95 125770.

3.2 Post harvest Infrastructure and Management

Till 2000-200 I total fruit / vegetable processing units including SAW (Soft Drink and Airated

water) units are 355 in Delhi to whom FPO license have been granted by Ministry of FoodProcessing, Gov!. of India. The details of units is given below:

Ministry of Food Processmg, Gar

Products Large Small Small Cottage Home Relebeller Totalscale scale scaleA Scale scaleFruit and Vegetable 10 12 17 44 95 123 301ProductsSAW 4 - 1 1 47 1 54Total 14 12 . 18 45 142 124 355


The total production ofthese units during the year 2001 was

Products Quautity in tons Value in rupees

Fruit and veg. oroduction 45585000 9090181000SAW 36199000 446430000Totals 81784000 9536611000Ministry of Food Processing 001

The production was 81784 thousand tons with a value of 9536611 thousand rupees in 355

processing units in the year 2000-2001.

There is one Post harvest Technology centre at Mundka village run by the Department of

Horticulture, Delhi Govt. for imparting training the rural women for preservation of fruits and

vegetables. The training in for 1-7 days duration depending upon the response of the participants.

Normally 1-3 days training is imparted. This training centre is supervised by Fruit and Nutrition

extension officer assisted by two demonstrators and I Jab assistant.

Every year 350 officials are trained in various aspects of Horticulture at IARI, New Delhi and

NHRDF (National Horticulture Research & Development Foundation) Bagwani Bhawan, New

Delhi and 600 farmers are trained every year at block level.


4 Research and Development

4.1 Central Research Institutes in the state

4.1.1 Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi

There is one premier research institute i.e.. Indian Agricultural Research Institute,

popularly known as Pusa Institute and is located in Delhi. There are 23 division in the

Institute and four divisions are dealing with horticultural activities namely division of

fruits, division of vegetable crops, division of Floriculture and Landscaping and

division of post harvest management of agricultural commodities. The total manpowerof these four divisions is given below.

Director

••Div of fruit crops

.• Head

Principal Scientist-5Senior scientist- 4Technical staff -17

Div ofVeg.crops.• Head

Prof. Of Hort. - 1Principal Scientist-8

Scientist - 2Technical staff - 29

Div of Flori.& Land Scap.• Head

Principal Scientist-4Senior scientist- 4Technical staff -10

Div-Post harvest.• Head

Principal Scientist-2Senior scientist- 4

Scientist - 10Technical staff -6

Total strength of scientific and technical personal working for horticulture is 112

4.1.2 Thrust areas

Development of suitable varietieslhybrids of fruits, vegetables and flowers and their

agro techniques for increasing productivity. Development of diseases and insect

resistant, biotic and a biotic tolerant and transgenic for specific quality characters.

Development of INM, ll'M, and weed management practices for horticultural crops.

Post harvest loss reduction value addition, Pre and post harvests management of

horticultural crops and export promotion of horticultural crops. Different processing

methodologies and utilization of waste products. To standardize suitable packaging and

storage of horticultural crops. To train the trainers of different horticultural

functionaries in the country as a whole and Delhi state in particular. To conduct farm

trials in selected villages on modem technologies of production, under IVL (Institute _village Linkages) program.


4.1.3 Achievementsover the last decade

New hybrids of mango Pusa Arunima and Pusa Surya which are regular bearing and

suitabie for export. Grape Pusa Urvashi an early maturing and seedless and Pusa

Navrang for Juice. Application of 1.5% Dormex (49 % aj hydrogen cynamide) just

after pruning hastens maturity of berry by 16 days in Pusa seedless and 12 days in

Beauty seedless varieties. Troyer citrangehas been identified as dwarfing root stock for

Kinnow for high density planting. Aneoploid No. 82 in guava is a dwarfing root stock

of Guava for Allahabad Safeda again for high density plantings.

In vegetables number of varieties/ hybrids namely Pusa Early synthetic and Pusa,

hybrid-2 in Cauliflower, Pusa Sharad and Pusa Ageti in tropical Cabbage, Pusa hybrid

1,2 and 4 of Tomato and varieties Pusa sheetal, Pusa- uphaar and Pusa Sada bahar, In

Brinjal Pusa hybrid 5, 6 and 9 and varieties Pusa uttam, Pusa Upkar, Pusa ankur and

Pusa Bindu, Pusa Madhvi in Onion, Pusa A-4 in Okra, Pusa Sem 2 and 3 in Dolichos

bean, Pusa Sumeet in broad beans, Pusa Navin and Pusa Sandesh in bottleguord and

hybrids in Cucurbits namely Pusa hybrid-I in Bittergourd Pusa hybrid-3 of bottle

gourd, Pusa hybrid -I and Pusa Vikas in pumpkin, Pusa lal Chanlai in Amaranth, Pus

Bharti in palak and Pusa Bathua-I of chenopodium are some of the important varieties

developed in vegetables' during the decade, Beside these agrotechniques for Cucumber,

Tomato, Capsicum and summer Squash under low cost polyhouse have standardized

Post harvest technology of curing of Potato and checking sprouting has been

standardized. Prepacking of Cauliflower and broccoli ;with cling film of 50 micron

extends storage life. Kharif Onion production technology through sets in northern

India, low cost polyhouse technology for raising off season! early nursery of

Solanaceous and Cucurbitaceous crops. Standardized technology for Cauliflower and

radish cultivation round the year, Technology of sex modification in cucurbits to

increase productivity. Hybrid seed production technology in Tomato and Cucurbits and

growing early tomato crop under north Indian conditions has been standardized.

To summarize the work of last ten years 23 vegetable varieties, 12 F, hybrids, 4

resistant varieties for biotic stress, 5 hybrids for abiotic stress, seven varieties with high

nutritive value, four varieties for Industry and four suitable varieties for export have

been developed in the division of vegetable crops.

In Floriculture 24 varieties of rose (Mother Teresa, Preyasi, Rakitma, Shreyasi. Dr.

Benjamin Pal, Dr. S.S Bhatnagar, Lohar, Mansi, Climbing Sadabahar,Gaurav, Bahadur,

Priya, Garima, Dr. Bharat Ram, Barahmasi. Virangana, Pitamber, Mohit, Manhar,

Muskan, Urmil and Ranjana) Twenty- nine varieties of Gladiolus (Dhanvantri, Neelam,

Sanjeevani, Surya Kiran, Anjali, Archana, Vandana. Shringarika, Shagun, Gunjan,

Final Report:. 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 476

Shweta, , Vandana, Shringarika, Shagun, Gunjan, Kamini, Lohit, Mohini, Rang Mahal,

Sunayana Sunayana Swapnil, Swarnima and Urmil) Eleven varieties in holy-hock

(Apricot Supreme, Postal Pink, Pink Beauty, yellow Beauty, Dulhar, Deepika, Gauri,

Holly-hock Gulabi, Krishna, Lalima and Shweta) Two in Marigold (Pusa Narangi

Gainda and Pusa Basanti Gainda) and Surya Kiran of Amaryllis.

Major technologies developed by the division of Floricnlture are -

(i) Rose stock namely Rosa-indica variety Odorata as best root stock.

(ii) The planting time of rose is best in October- November in northern India.

(iii) Soil application of 50 kg Magnesium Sulphate and foliar spray of Ferrous

Sulphate one persent, Boron 0.5 percent and Zinc Sulpphate 0.5 Percent in the

month of November increases the quality and quantity of flowers.

(iv) Pruning of roses 45 em above the ground in October- November gIves

maximum yield.

(v) December pruning for Damask rose for extraction good quality perfumes.

(vi) Multicolored Gladioli variety can be planted from September to November

however, best results are in second week of October planting.

(vii) Spray or dip treatment of Gladiolus corms in GA.3 1000 ppm improves

sprouting and improves other physiological characters.

(viii) Spacing of 20 x 20 em at depth of 5 to 8 em and corm size 4.6 to 5 em

(diameter) results in production of more quality flower spikes, corma and

cormels.

(ix) Benzyl Amino Purine @ 0.5 mg / one and NAA @ 1.5 mg / one litre in MS

media for microppropagation is better for better for shoot proliferation in

carnation.

(x) Under protected cultivation of roses, %0 ppm of Salieylic acid nad CGA n-

24570 (Bion) are effecttive against powdry mildew in roses.

(xi) Calcium nitrate 1000 to 2000 ppm solution, prolongs shelf life of cut rose

variety Rakthagandca.

(xii) Application of 150 ppm N,; 150 ppm K.2 0 and.60 ppm P,O, through irrigation

water gives more flower incarnation.

In post harvest technology- Innovation of zero energy cool chamber, development of

ventilated corrugated fibre board boxes (CFB) for packaging of mango, control of

Potato sprouting by spraying CIPC, standardization of simple rapid and direct.

Calorimetric method for estimation of carotenoids pigments in mango, isolation and

identification of the authocyanin pigment namely. Cyanidin-3 glucase and delphiniden-


3 glucase from phalsa, utilization of indigenous fruits viz: bael, jamun and phalsa

preparation of various beverages of commercial importance, Standardization of fruits

based carbonated drinks. Standardization of technique of cryogenic freezes of Mango

slices having quality attributes of fresh Mango. Standardization of steeping method for

the preservation fresh vegetables and raw Mango slices by using various food

additives, Preservation of different vegetables by caustic fermentation and.evaluation

of their nutritional and microbial quality. And utilization of waste potato for starch

extraction and converting it to sugar are some of the important. contributions in

horticulture during the last decade. Popular books and bulletins on various aspects are

published for the benefit of farmers and students.


4.4 Department of Horticulture in the State

4.4.1 Organisational Set up of Horticulture Department of Delhi State

Director of Horticulture

Deputy Director of Floriculture Deputy Director of Horticulture - Class I

All posts of floricultureare not filled

Horticulture Assistants(Posted 5 at each blocks)

Fruit and.Nutrition Ext. officerPost harvest tech. centre Mudka

Horticulture Assistants(Posted 5 at each blocks

Note:- Due to non filling of FloricuIture posts from Deputy Director down to Assistant level the work is

suffering.

Draft Report: 'National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 479

The structure of Horticulture Department in Delhi State is pretty bad because of three

horticulturists only one is working in Horticulture and rest of the two are lookingafter legal cases

and miscellaneous work. The Horticulture Department requires strengthening on top priority.

Block Development officers are almost non agriculturist officers with the result on Horticulture/

Agriculture development is suffering.

. 4.4.2 Thrust area

Since the cultivated land is shrinking in the capital of India. The fanning have to be more

lucerative by cultivation of high value crops to earnmore profit. To achieve this goals farmers are

advised to grow flowers and hybrid vegetables and good success have been made during the

decade. The productivity of vegetables has increased from 11.4 tons to 17.6 tons per ha. While

production of flowers has increased six times mainly due to increase in the area. The other thrust

area is more and more use of plastics by way of polyhouses, low tunnels, drip and sprinkler

irrigation to produce quality flower in large areas.

4.4.3 Achievements of Horticulture Department during the year 2000-2001 are:

The area under flowers have been brought to 4145 hectares with a production of 25007 tons of

loose flowers and vegetable production has been 725000 tons with productivity of 17.6 tonslha.

The ornamental plants numbering 1.41 lakhs were produced and distributed in rural areas.

Community park of 0.4 hectare was developed in rural area in the gram sabha land and 66,000

trees were planted in a community land. The farmers have become more cautions about the high

Tech. adoption and switching over the area to flower and hybrid vegetable production to get

maximum income Horticulture staff of the Directorate is being trained regularly at Indian

Agricultural Research Institute to update knowledge about latest varieties and Technologies.

Following schemes and incentives are provided to the farmers.

I

2

3 (i)

Name of the Scheme

Distribution of bulbs of ornamental crops like gladiolus,tubrose and chryanthemum, flower seeds and seedlings

Cultivation of traditional flowers in one acre

Development of Infrastructure like fencing, installation of

tubewell etc.

Assistance Amount

@ Rs. 25,000/-Acre

@Rs. 15,0001- Acre

@ Rs. 25,0001- Perfamily


(ii) Post Harvest Management facility development Rs. 15,000/- per

family

4. Extension and training

(i) Vocational training to rural youth and women

(ii) Development of Kitchen garden and ornamental gardens in schools

5. Post Management of Flowers

6. To establish modem outlets for flower sale

7. Development of horticulture through plasticulture I.e. erection of polyhouses,Agronet sheds, Drip irrigation, low plastic tunnels and Demonstration

8. Development of Mushroom and popularization ofwormi compost and Beekeeping


6. Marketing

Local Consumption

Fruits

Amongst fruits Mango arrivals in Delhi market are the largest followed by those of Apple and

Banana, In fact Banana which is the second largest fruit of the country registers much lower

arrivals than Apple probably because of the fact that much of Banana trade has been

diversified to destination markets. This trend in direct approach to destination markets has

also started appearing in Apple where the arrival has gradually decreased during the decade.

Except these two crops i.e. Apple and Banana in case of all other fruit crops the arrival has

gradually increased during the decade. The increase being spectacular in case of Citrus where

the increase is over three fold (1875.25 to 6023.58 tons) Arrival of Grapes and Papayas

almost doubled where as in case of Mango it was slightly less than double. As regards to price

fluctuations, Banana continued to be the cheapest fruit. The price rise has been more steep in

Apple (almost three times) and the least rise in Papaya.

Vegetables

Tomato is by far the largest commodity amongst Vegetables. It retained such position inspite

of twenty- percent decrease in arrivals in 2000 as compared to those in 1996. Cabbage is the

second largest commodity with respect to the quantity arriving in Delhi market, it registered

sharp increase of arrivals during the decade, the increase being more than three times. The

gradual increase in arrival of Brinjal registered about fifty percent increase over the decade.

Cauliflower has been another commodity which registered appreciable increase in arrival,

Okra inspite of the fact that in a span of last five years of the decade, its arrival increased

almost three fold and remained the last one as for as quantity of arrivals in Delhi market are

concerned. The prices of all Vegetables increased during the decade. Cabbage remained the

lowest increase vegetable whereas Peas remained the costliest vegetables throughout the

decade. The rise.in prices was the sharpest in case ofBrinjal whereas the price was the lowest

in Okra. The situation with regards to its lowest arrivals and the least price index rise could be

due to the fact that this vegetable is almost grown in each province and is marketed only in

local markets. The present status of Mandi, is given at page 378, monthly arrival, whole sale

price of different fruits and vegetables in Delhi wholesale markets and trend during the last

decade is given in table 1 and 2.


Existing marketing channels

Information at a Glance of APMC, Azadpur Mandi

S.No. Descriptions Azadpur Yard Okhla Sub-yard

A Area of New Subzi Mandi, NSM 43.65 Acres 9.98 AcresB Area of Cement Godown 3.50 Acres -C Area of New Fruit Market, Saria Pipal 29.18 Acres ---

Thala .

D New Acquired Land at Khamoour 70.62 ---E No. of Big Shoos 438 50F No. of Small Shops 826 218G Size of Big Shops 12'x53' 16'x4'H Size of Small Shoos 10'xI8' 4'x4'1 Covered Auction Sheds No. Area 3Nos.

A BlockNSM I 3272 Som 1536 SomB BlockNSM I 3272 Som 832SomPotato And Onion Shed I 5241 Som 832 SqmGrower Shed I 2444 SqmCement Godown Area 3 8053.58 80mNFM Phase-I 7 18949.988omNFM Phase-II 7 23573.33 80mTotal 21 64805.71 8Qm 3200 SQm

J Rate of Commission 6% 6%K Rate of Market Fee 1% 1%L No. of Notified Commodities- Fruits 50 50M All Fruits and Vegetables - Vegetables 68 68N No. of Licenses- Commission Agents "B" 2236 171

Whole Sale itA" 1733 131Farmers 1-Cards 321 2

0 Total No. of Employees 689 76P No. of Cold Storage 7 -Q No. of Banks 6 2


)

Price trends

Table - 1 Monthly Average arrival & whole sale prices of different fruits inDelhi market over a decade

Contents Arrival in Price in % Arrival 0/0 Price IncreaseTons Rs/ot. increase

Apple1991 54253.44 1194.441996 50257.77 1751.00 (-) 7.38 46.602001 49927.00 3340.37 i-) 7.97 179.66Banana1991 32620.27 259.001996 28833.00 507.00 (-) 11.61 95.752001 27714.83 575.00 i-) 15.04 122.01CitrusCLimes1991 1825.25 851.751996 3354.20 1238.00 81.53 45.352001 6023.58 1463.58 221.21 71.83Grapes1991 4131.00 1453.671996 6148.83 1926.33 48.85 32.512001 8409.5 2903.75 103.57 99.75Mango1991 37466.5 834.501996 52695.5 1157.25 40.65 38.682001 71723.0 1206.00 191.43 44.52Papaya1991 2107.08 501.331996 2712.08 656.33 28.71 30.922001 5679.25 704.25 269.53 40.48

Soul'"ceNUB yearbook


o

Table - 2: Monthly Average arrival & whole sale prices of different Vegetables in Delhimarket over a decade

Contents Arrival in Price in Rs/qt. % Arrival 0/0 Price IncreaseTons increase .

Brinjal1991 1681.67 191.001996 2300.58 329.42 36.80 72.472001 2489.67 567.00 48.05 196.86Cabbage1991 1560.17 243.171996 2310.25 392.83 48.08 61.542001 5127.50 421.50 328.65 73.33Cauliflower19911996 2475.00 852.412001 4608.83 1027.75 . 86.21 20.57Okra19911996 586.83 946.332001 1615.67 1092.75 275.32 15.47.Peas19911996 2956.50 1228.082001 4148.00 1763.66 40.32 43.61

Tomato1991 8685.90 478.001996 12769.50 677.16 47.01 41.662001 10890.00 739.08 25.38 54.62

Source NUB yearbook


)

7. Case Studies

Marketing Strategies(Commission Agent)

The case studies made for the whole sale market of Azadpur, Delhi market which is. supposed to be the biggest Mandi in India. The different views expressed by thewhole seller / commission agent, Intermediaries and retailers are presented.

1.

2

3.

Name of the commission agent.

Deals in which crop

Area of arrival and months

SomNath Ashok KumarC - 121New Azad Pur MandiDelhi

Banana

Throughout the year and peakSeason is August to November

4. Mode of procurement.Though contractorsFarmersAny other

5. Annual Arrival 'of the produce

in Tonsin Value

6. Mode of auction

Open auctionThrough NegotiationThrough secret codesAny other method

7. Method of payment

Immediate after saleAfter certain periodAdvance made

Through contractorsFarmers and Contractor Farmers

250 to 300 wagons of 18 tons eachi.e 4500 to 5500 tons / yearRs 80,000/- wagon or Rs 2 to 2.4 crores

By trend and demand, price is fixed

within 2-3 days ifno advanceAdvance is made 30 % that is deducted

8. Do you go for procurement in areas of production Yes 2 to 3 times in a year

9. How much commission is charged

CommissionMandi TaxOther charges

6 % from the grower or contractorI % from the buyerI to 2%Transportation, Labor,Telephone etc the actual expenditureis charged from seller.

10. In your opinion what are problems to farmers. APMC should not chargefrom the buyers if sendto other markets


11.

12.

What are your problems

What is role of APMCHelpingCreating troubleAny other

APMC fixes price on higher sidefor calculation of tax,

Working well otherwise no problem

13. What are the Destinations of your sale

Local DelhiNearby trainsNearby statesAny other

60 % consumed locally

40 % goes to other markets

14. Your suggestion for improvement of working of Mandi Watch and Wardand security isbecoming majorproblem

15. Post harvest practices done in Mandi

At farmer levelAt retailer level

16. Share of moneyFarmer shareMarketing chargesMandi chargesTransport charges

17. RetailerPurchase priceTransport costWastageNett profit

NilYes

18. Framers selling experience and what requirement is needed

19. IT initiative by APMC. Nil

20 Remarks I Comments

(a)

(b)(c)

Railways has appreciably increased the efficiency and availability of wagons,This has helped a lot to the trade and stabilized the prices.Watch and Ward and security problems are increasing day by day,Credit sale is becoming a serious problem as every year about one to tWopercent is written off as bad debts.


,j


The case studies made for the whole sale market of Azadpur, Delhi market that issupposed to be the biggest Mandi in India. The different views expressed by thewhole seller / commission agent, Intermediaries and retailers are presented.

1.

2

3.

Name of the commission agent,

Deals in which crop


Jagdish Kumar Rajesh KumarD - 424 New Azad Pur MandiDelhiCapsicum, Chillies, Tomato and Onion

H.P,V.P, Gujarat, MaharashtraBengal- CapsicumH.P, Nasik, Ahmadabad, Jaipur- TomatoIndore, Kharthal (Raj), Nasik - Onion

4. Mode of procurement.Though contractorsFarmersAny other

5. Annual Arrival of the produce

in Tonsin Value

6. Mode of auction


7. Method of payment


V.P, Gujarat and H.P, direct farmersIndore, Nasik and Nagpur through traders

Tomato - 20 Tons daily for 9 months,Onion 12 Tons dailyCappsicum - 3 Tons and Chillies 6 Tons (for3 to six months)Annual turn over of 2-3 crores

Price is fixed as per arrival

after 2-3 days of sale to sellers but oncredit to buyers (one month credit)

8. Do you go for procurement in areas of production Yes, self and representativevisits 2 to 3 times in a year

9. How much commission is charged


5 % from the sellerI% from the buyer

10. In your opinion what are problems to farmers. Because of proliferation of mandisfarmers are not getting good price,


11.

12.


What is role of APMC

HelpingCreating troubleAny other

Credit sale is main problem

Double taxation when wesend to out side markets

otherwise no problem

13. What are the Destinations of your sale


70 % local consumption inDelhi30% to nearby states

14. Your suggestion for improvement of working of Mandi The arrival hasReduced by 60% to70 % because ofseveral markets

15.

16.

17.

Post harvest practices done in Mandi

At farmer,levelAt retailer level

Share of money

Farmer shareMarketing chargesMandi chargesTransport charges

RetailerPurchase priceTransport costWastageNett profit

No post harvest operation isdone at Mandi.

On this day Tomato was sold @ Rs 90/-boxof30 kg as on 18 - 12 - 20023 1- box of 30 kg301- Packing and forwardingRs7 I-Rs 50 1-

5/kg0.200.600.20 (Mise) i.e one per kg

18. Framers selling experience and what requirement is neededSome time prices crash with total lossAs happened on 18 - 12 - 02

19. . IT initiative by APMC.

20 Remarks I Comments

Though we maintain the contact withgrowingareas but there is no control over quantity ofarrival which regulates the market

There should not be proliferation of Mandi's and minimum support price should bethere to protect the farmers.


Marketing Strategies(Commision Agent)

The case studies made for the whole sale market of Azadpur, Delhi market which issupposed to be the biggest Mandi in India. The different views expressed by thewhole seller / commission agent, Intermediaries and retailers are presented.

1

2

3

4


Deals in which crop


Mode of procurement.Though contractorsFarmersAny other

Ganga Singh Prem SinghB -138 New Azad Pur MandiDelhiApple, Cherry, Plum and Pear.

Kashmir, May to March with peakFrom October to December.

Through contractors mainlyDirect from Farmers very little

5 Annual Arrival of the produce

in Tonsin Value

800 Tons1.7 crores (550 to 600 boxes per truck)

6

7

Mode of auctionOpen auctionThrough NegotiationThrough secret codes. Any other method

Method of paymentImmediate after saleAfter certain periodAdvance made

Open auction

after 2-3 days30 % Advance is made in May & June

8 Do you go for procurement in areas of production yes thrice in a year

9 How much commission is charged

CommissionMandi TaxOther charges.

6% by commission agent at Delhi and6 % by the contractor who is managing inKashmirAs per actual expenditure like labour,postage, Bank charges etc, which isapproximately I to 1.5 %

10 In your opinion what are problems to farmers. High transport charges

11 What are your problems Making advance paymentto Contractors and sellingOn credit to buyers


12 What is role of APMC

HelpingCreating trouble

Any other

Double taxation is a problem because morethan 90 % goes out of state to through outIndia.

No problem except on sale price

13 What are the Destinations of your sale

Local DelhiNearby TownsNearby statesAny other

10 % local Delhi

All over India and exportto Bangladesh

14 Your suggestion for improvement of working of Man'di Security arrangementsare very poor



16. Share of moneyFarmer shareMarketing chargesMandicharges 'Transport charges

17. RetailerPurchase priceTransport costWastageNett profit

Grading and Packing isextremely poor in J & K.


19. IT initiative by APMC. No initiative

20 Remarks / Comments

Only graded product should come and packing should be honest. In J & K only theTop layer of Apple is good rest are extremely poor, with the result reputation isdamaged and lot of complaints are received.



The case studies made for the whole sale market of Azadpur, Delhi market which issupposed to be the biggest Mandi in India. The different views expressed by thewhole seHer / commission agent, Intermediaries and retailers are presented.

1.

23

4


Deals in which cropArea of arrival and months


Inder Singh Satbir SinghC - 47 New Azad Pur MandiDelhi

OrangeSeptember last to AprilAmaravati and Chandipur Bazar fromMaharashtra and Bhawani Mandi Rajasthan.

Group of Farmers have joined and oneamongst them is working as contractor.

5 Annual Arrival of the produce

in Tonsin Value

6 Mode of auction'


7 Method of payment


I to 1.5 lakh boxes every yearRs. 200/- boxAbout 24 trucks are coming dailyTotal value of 2 to 3 crores

Through open and under hand secretnegotiations

within 2-3 days ifno advanceAdvance is made 40 to 50 %

8 Do you go for procurement in areas. of prodnctionOnce a while person goes andThen contracts are made on telephone


CommissionMandiTaxOther charges

5 % from the seHerI % from the buyerTransportation, Labor, Telephone actual ex--penditure is charged from seHer.

10

11

In your opinion what are problems to farmers,


High transport charges

Credit sale is main problem


12 What is role of APMC

HelpingCreating troubleAny other

I % on the value fixed byThem and not as per ourrecords which is on higherside.

otherwise no problem



80 % local

20 % Punjab, Haryana andU.P

14 Your suggestion for improvement of working of MandiLaw and order andworking Shed is must for OrangesWhole sale market which is missing.

15. Post harvest practices done in Mandi .

16.

17.


Share of moneyFarmer shareMarketing chargesMandi chargesTransport charges

RetailerPurchase priceTransport cost & othersWastageNett profit

At contractor level

On 18/12/ 02 the Oranges were sold for Rs 200/ box65/- box50/- (labor and others)15/-70/- i.e Rs 200 /- box

200/- box of20 dozen35/-70/-95 /- for 20 dozen


There is no guarantee for reasonable price

19. IT initiative by APMC. Nil


(a) Security arrangements are not proper(b) No shed is provided as to other commodities arrange seller must obe provided

the shed to serve the market and from extreme summer and rains.



The case studies made for the whole sale market of Azadpur, Delhi market that issupposed to be the biggest Mandi in India. The different views expressed by thewhole seller / commission agent, Intermediaries and retailers are presented.

1

2

3

4


Deals in which crop



Ganesh Das Ram LubhayaC -86 New Azad Pur MandiDelhi

Banana and Mango (South only).

Banana Throughout the year, mainlyAugust to OctoberMango- March to June

Through contractors mainlyDirect from Farmers and ContractorsSocieties

5 Aunual Arrival of the produce

in Tonsin Value

6 Mode of auctiou

Open auctionThrough NegotiationThrough secret codesAuy other method

7 Method of payment


350 Wagons @ 18 Tons or 6300 tons annual75 to 80,000/- Wagon or 2.62 to 2.80 Crores

When buyers are more than sixThrough negotiations as perdemand and supply

Intermediate & after 2-3 daysAfter deducting the Advance

8 Do you go for procurement in areas of production yes twice in a yearour person visits



5 Percent from sellerI Percent from buyerLabor, postage and Misc.Approximately 1% from seller

•

lOIn your opinion what are problems to farmers.Farmers are satisfied becausePrices have increased 40 to 50%Over the decade


11

12


What is role of APMCHelpingCreatiug troubleAny other

The arrivals are almost constant,No increase over the decade andCredit sale is major problem.

They are not providing adequatesecurityHelping in cleanliness



80 % local Delhi

20 Percent to Haryana, Punjab, HP & J&K

14 'Your suggestion for improvement of working ofMandiProvision of appropriate security




Yes

17. RetailerPurchase priceTrausport cost & otherWastageNett profit

Rs 6.50 /. kgRs 1.00 /- kgRs 0.50 /. kgRs 0.50 /- kg or Rs one per kg

18. Framers selling experience and what requiremeut is needed Nothing (Happy)

19. IT iuitiative by APMC. No initiative by APMC


APMC charges at three locations, first at loading market, Delhi market and. again when it goes to other Mandis. Only once marketing tax should becharged.

2 Railway has improved very much with the result, farmers are getting bettershare due to less cartage.


8 Do you go for procurement in areas of production

Marketing Strategies(Intermediary 1Ripener)


Because of credit sale baddebits are more

Not concerned

Nilone percent Mandi tax only

From New Azadpur Mandi, Delhi

Through Commission agents

216 Tons 1yearRs 10368001-

after one month

Purchase through negotiation

Ripening of Bananas and selling toRetailers

Purchases on one month credit andSells on one month credit

Mr. Shamsudin S/o Sahib Mian3685 Purani Sabzi MandiBarafKhanaDelhi


Open auctionTbrougb NegotiationTbrougb secret codesAny otber metbod

The case studies made for the whole sale market of Azadpur, Delhi market which issupposed to be the biggest Mandi in India. The different views expressed by thewhole seller 1 commission agent, Intermediaries and retailers are presented.

Name oftbe commission agent

Area of arrival and montbs

in Tonsin Value

Deals in wbicb crop

Wbat is role of APMCHelpingCreating troubleAny otber

Wbat are your problems

Mode of procurement.Tbougb contractorsFarmersAny otber

Annual Arrival of tbe produce

How mucb commission is cbargedCommissionMandi TaxOtber cbarges

In your opinion wbat are problems to farmers.

Metbod of payment

2

7

9

4

11

1

3

6 Mode of auction

12

5

10



local Delhi retailers

14 Your suggestion for improvement of working ofMandi Satisfactory



Ripening store rents are high


17. Retailerl Intermediaryl RipenerPurchase priceTransport costWastageCost of ripeningOther expenditureTotal cost 1kgConverted to dozenTotal cost 1dozenSellingPrice 1 dozen

4.801 kg0.25

1.000.256.303:459:4510.50


19. IT initiative by APMC.

20 Remarks 1Comments

Net profit Rs 1.051- dozen Nowadays sometimes there are no buyers, which resultsin heavy loses. The number of ripeners are more and sometime sale prices are of parwith with purchase price and overhead expenses are not less.


\

2

3

4

Name & Address of theFarmer

Total Holding.

Source ofIrrigation

Soil Profile

SUCCESS CASE STUDY(Flower Cultivator)

Shri Kiran Pal Singh Sio Shri Sangat Singh, DeraRoad, opposite Satbari Mandir, Dera, Delhi -110030

5 Acres on lease @ 18,0001- per acre per year

Tube well

Sandy loam

5 What is Cropping Pattern Rose forNarcisus(0.1)

cut flowers, gladiolus, Tuberose and(4 Acres) (0.5) (0.4)

6

7

8

9

IO

II

12

13

14

15

16

17

Lead Crop

Other Fruit I VegetableCrops

History of Crop grown

Area

Variety

Year of Planting

Production(as per records available orapproximate)

Cultural Practices Adopted

Harvesting Techniques

Packaging System

Marketing Channels

Sale Price Trends

Rose

Only flowers

Since 1990 cultivation of Roses

4 Acres

Super

Oldest planting 1992 upto 2000 year planting @ 8000to 10000 plants per acre. .

on an average 60-65flower/plant in three flushes in ayear (400 bundles per acre of 120 flowers).

One weeding every month, Bone meal, Neem cake,DAP and Murate of Potash @250gmlplantMonocil.Thiodon and Rogar alternate spray every week.

Pruning is done in August to get early crop

120 flower spike in one bundle.

- Contractor- Self Sale - Self sale at market

Market taken up' Lado Sarai and Canaught Placeflower Mandis

As low as RS..5/. per bundle highest Rs. 3001- wholeyear average he got was Rs. 571- per bundle


18 Cost of Production Rs. 90,000/- per acre + 18000 lease + 24,000/-marketing expenses

19 Gross Profit Rs. 1,80,000/- (Sale price 2,28,000 per acre)

20 Net Profit Rs. 48,000/- per acre (Selflabour not included)

21 Whose intervention are Horticulture Department gives advise

22 What are the difficulties Mandi is main problem. It is governed by local Dada'sthey charge Rs. 500/- per month

23 Suggestions I Only land owner are given right of farmers and lease /patta holders are denied.

2 Since flower market is on unauthorised land localpolice and MeD staff harasses, if don't pay the moneysometime flowers are taken away and beat us and alsoplace has to be vacated by 9AM.

It was felt by one and all farmers that there should bepermanent flower whole sale market with growersplace in the market to sell the product and also onecold storage for keeping the flowers which are notsold that day.

24 Any Other


2

3

4


Total Holding.

Source ofInigation

Soil Profile

SUCCESS CASE STUDY(Flower Producer)

Shri Shatrughan S/o Gaya Prasad, Balnij farm, Bhati,Satbari, New Delhi - 110 030

0.5 Acres (taken on lease @ Rs. 20,000/- per acre/yr.)

Tube well

Clay loam

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

What is Cropping Pattern

Lead Crop

Other Fruit / VegetableCropsHistory of Crop grown

Area

Variety

Year of Planting

Rose

Rose

NIL

Since 1998

0.5 Acres

Super

1998

12 Production(as per records available orapproximate)

13

14

15



Packaging System

DAP+FYM every year after pruning 250 gm + IOkg inAugust, weekly spray of Bavistin and Rogar.

Mimnualy

120 flower spike in one bundle.

16 Marketing Channels ContractorSelf Sale-Market taken up-

Self sale at marketCannaught Place

17

18

19

Sale Price Trends

Cost of Production

Gross Profit

As low as Rs. 10/- and highest Rs. 100/- per bundlewith average ofRs. 501- per bundle

First year Rs. 1,30,000 and subsequently Rs. 80,000/-per year

Sale price Rs.2,00,0001- (80,000+20,000+40,000Rs. 1,40,000 per acre)

Final Report: 'National Level Techllo-Economic Feasibility Study for North ZOlle' 500

20 Net Profit Rs. 60,000/- per acre (Selflabour of two persons notincluded)

21 Whose intervention are No intervention of Department. Fellow farmers andself experience

22 What are the difficulties Small farmers have to pay Rs. 500/- per month toagent in Mandi

23 Suggestions I There should be proper flower market in the SouthDelhi where farmers are provided space.

2 There should not be any harrasement by MCD & localpolice which is creating problems every day

3 .In flower market there should be cold storage so thatunsold .flowers are kept for day or two and there is nodistress sale

24 Any Other

Final Report: 'National Level Techno~EconomicFeasibility Study for North Zone' 501

2

3

4


Total Holding.

Source ofIrrigation

Soil Profile

SUCCESS CASE STUDY(Flower Producer)

Shri Ram Avadh, Slo Shri Sri Ram Maqsood Farm,Sat Bari, New Delhi-I 10030

0.5 Acres. Laken on loose @20,0001- per Acre/year)

Tube well

Clay loam

5

6

7

8

9

10

II

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19


Lead Crop

Other Fruit / VegetableCropsHistory of Crop grown

Area

Variety

Year of Planting




Packaging System

Marketing Channels

Sale Price Trends

Cost of Production

Gross Profit

Rose only

Rose

NIL

Four years

0.5 Acre

Super

1998

400 bundles of 120 per acre

. Okhla sludge, Neem cake and DAP after pruning inSeptember, applies forrate for while ants, Bavistin andMetasystex regularly.

Manually

120 flower per bundle.

- ContractorSelf Sale- Self sale in MandiMarket taken up- Mehrauli Mandi

Rs. 50-60 per bundle with average ofRs. 55/-

First year cost of production comes to Rs. 1,00,0001-for half acre and subsequently Rs. 40 to 45 thousandfor half acre.

65 to 70,0001- for half an Acre.


SUCCESS AND FAILURE CASE STUDY(Flower Producer)

I

2

3

4

5

6

Name & Address oftheFarmer

Total Holding.

Source of Irrigation

Soil Profile


Lead Crop

Sbri RP.S Manu, Gobind Farm DLF, PO Chattarpurvia Mehrauli, New Delhi 110 030

7 Acres

Tube well

Sandy loam

Rose, gladiolus, Iris and lilium Peas and wheat

Rose and gladiolus - In rose he gets nothing butmakes money from Gladiolus

7 Other Fruit I VegetableCrops

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15


Area

Variety

Year of Planting




Packaging System

Switched over to floriculture in 1990

Last ten years

John F. Kenedy, Super

1992 and 1998

300 bundles/Acre of 120 flower each

Applies DAP, Murate of Potash and FYM (@250to400 gm mixture I :2:1 and 10 kg FYM) Pruning isdone in October

Manually

120 flower per bundle of Rose and 12 gladiolus perbundle.

16 Marketing Channels ContractorSelf Sale-

- Market taken up-Direct sale to hotels of gladiolusFor Rose caught place Mehrauli

17

18

Sale Price Trends

Cost of Production

For gladiolus latest 43/- per doz.

comes to Rs. 25/- per doz. Yield is around Rs.2,00,000/-per Acre. (8000 doz. of flower)

Final Report: 'National Level Techno-EcOllomic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 504

SUCCESS AND FAILURE CASE STUDY(Flower Producer)

2

3

4

5


Total Holding.

Source ofInigation

Soil Profile


Shri Jaskaren Yadav S/o Ram Lakhan Yadav Balrajfarm, Bhati, New Delhi-I 10 030

0.25 Acres. (taken on lease for 5,000/- per year)

Tube well

Clay loam

Rose

6 Lead Crop

7 Other Fruit! VegetableCrops

Rose

8

9

10

II

12

13


Area

Variety

Year of Planting



He propagated plants himself

0.25 Acre

Super

2000

300 Bundles of 120 each

FYM and DAP after pruning in August @ 10 Kg +250 gm

14 Harvesting Techniques

15 Packaging System 120 flower per bundle.

16 Marketing Channels - Contractor- Self Sale-

Market taken up-

Self sale in Mandi in Mehruli andCannaught place

17 Sale Price Trends

18

19

Cost of Production

Gross Profit

Rs. 20,000/- first year and subsequent yearsRs. 15,000/- year for 0.25 Acres.

30,000 from 0.25 Acre (5000 rent+ 7500 marketingexpo and 2500/- Misc. expenses)


20 Net Profit 15000--20000/- from 0.25 Acres

21 Whose intervention are No interaction

22 What are the difficulties Being a very small farmer cannot pay Rs. 500/- permonth to Agent in Mandi.

23 Suggestions I. Farmers should be allowed to sell their produce free ofcost and no harassment by Men and police officialsand Mandi Agents.

2. The person is surviving even in land of 0.25 acres andmaking livelihood by earning Rs. 1250/- to 1500/- permonth as part time work. The main occupation iscollecting of green leaves and selling

24 Any Other

Final Report: 4Nat;onal Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 507

8. Regulatory Environment

8.1.5 Incentives and Schemes of the State

Incentives provided by the state Gov!. for development of horticulture activities in the state are.

Incentives

•

I

2

3

4

5

6

7

To encourage flower production of tuberose,

gladiolus and chrysanthemum bulbs / seeds and

seedlings

To encourage cultivation of traditional flowers like

marigold

Development of Infrastructure like fencing,

installation of tubewell for Horticulture activities.

Post Harvest Management facility development like

storage sorting sheds etc.

Training

Vocational training to rural youth and women

To establish modem outlet for flower sale

Development of horticulture through Plasticulture,

erection of polyhouse, Agronet sheds, Drip

irrigation, low plastic tunnels and Demonstration

@ Rs. 25,000/- per acre

@Rs. 15,000/- per acre

@ Rs. 25,000/- per family

@Rs. 15,000/- per family

At JAR] andNHRDF as per

actual expenses

Rs. 15,000/- per outlet

through National

Horticulture Board Projects


Institutes from tbe Central Sector

Scbemes of Horticulture Development by Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export

Developent Autbority (APEDA), Department of Commerce, Govt. of India.

1. SCHEME FOR INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

COMPONENTS SCALE

A Assistance for purchase of specialized 25% of the cost, subject to a ceiling oftransport units for meat, horticulture and Rs.2.50 lakhs per beneficiaryfloriculture sector

B Assistance to exporters/ producers/growers/Cooperative organizations andfederations

i) Mechanization of harvest operation of the 50% of the cost, subject to a ceiling ofproduce Rs.5.00 lakhs per beneficiary.

ii) Purchase of intermediate packaging material 50% of the cost, of equipment subject to afor domestic transportation of produce. ceiling ofRS 5.00 lakhs. Per beneficiary.

iii) Setting up of sheds for intermediate storage 50 % of the cost, of equipment subject to aand grading/storage/cleaning operation of ceiling ofRS 5.00 lakhs per beneficiary.produce.

iv) a) Setting up of mechanized handing 50% of the cost, of equipment subject to afacilities including sorting grading ceiling ofRS 10.00 lakhs per beneficiarywashing waxing ribening packaging andpalletisation

b) Setting up of pre cooling facilities with 50% of the cost of equipment, subject to aproper air handling system. ceiling ofRS 10.00 lakhs per beneficiary.

c) Providing facilities for preshipment 25% of the cost of equipment, subject to atreatment-such as fumigation. X-ray ceiling ofRS 10.00 lakhs per beneficiary.screening, hot water dip treatment-suchas fumigation e-ray screening, hot waterdip treatment

d) Setting up of integrated post harvest 25% of the cost, subject to a ceiling of RShandling system (pack houses) with any 25 lakhs per beneficiary.two or more of the above facilities. Note: Targeted beneficiaries who do not go

in for integrated facilities would be eligibleto avail of assistance. However the totalassistance be provided by APEDA toindividual beneficiaries on the abovecomponents shall not exceed RS 25 lakhs.


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COMPONENTS SCALE

e) Setting up of vapor heat treatment, 50% of the cost, subject to a ceiling of RSelectronic beam processing or irradiation 50 lakhs per beneficiary.facilities

f) Setting up of specialized storage facilities 50% of the cost, subject top a ceiling of RSsuch as high humidity cold storage deep 50 Jakhs per beneficiary.freezers, controlled atmosphere(CA) ormodified atmosphere (MA) storage

.

C Establishment of infrastructrual

(i) By APEDA or any other Government or 100% grant-in-aid subject to the provisionPublic Sector authority like Airport that running and maintenance of theseAuthority of India or Port Trust. facilities would be done by the concerned

Authority

2. SCHEME FOR EXPORT PROMOTION AND MARKET DEVELOPMENT

COMPONENTS SCALE

A i) Supply of product samples for the purpose of Cost of samples or freight or both,test marketing product information and to be decided on case to case basispromotion. subject to a ceiling ofRS 50,000

ner beneficiarY.ii) Supply of material samples, product literature 100% ofthe cost

etc. for publicity and market promotion byAPEDA.

B i) Publicity & promotion in preparation of product 40% of the cost, subject of ceilingliterature & publicity material. of RS 2 lakhs per beneficiary.

ii) Publicity & promotion through preparation of 100% of the cost.product literature. Publiciry material, film, etc.byAPEDA

C Brand publicity through advertisement. 40% of the cost, subject to a ceilingofRS I lakh oer beneficiary.

D i) Export. promoti on by APEDA undertaking 100% of the cost.activities like buyer- seller meet. Productpromotion exchange of delegations.

ii) Exhibition/export promotions abroad. Assistance to be provided toParticipation 10 international trade fairs exporters other than export/tradingconferences and other relevant events. Istar trading houses at the same

scale as admissible under MDAscheme from time to timeimolemented by FlEO.

Final Report: -National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 510

3. SCHEME FOR PACKAGING DEVELOPMENT

ACTIVITY PATTERN OF ASSISTANCE

a) Activity for development of packaging APEDA's internal scheme forstandards and design. development work through involvement

of institutions/organizations in India andabroa~ with the cost sharing withexporters and/or organizations involved

. in the export promotion. Maximumamount in case of sharing Withexporters/organization is RS 5 lakhs or50% of the cost of developmentwhichever is less or 100% in case ofAPEDA.

b) Assistance to exporters for use of 30% Subsidy subject to a ceiling ofRS Ipackaging material as per standards and lakb per beneficiaryspecifications developed or adopted byAPEDA.

4. SCHEME FOR PACKAGING DEVELOPMENT

ACTIVITY PATTERN OF ASSISTANCE

a) Activity for development of packaging APEDA's internal scheme' forstandards and design. development work through involvement

of institutions/organizations in India andabroad with the cost sharing withexporters and/or organizations involvedIII the export promotion. Maximumamount III case of sharing withexporters/organization is RS 5 lakhs or50% of the cost of developmentwhichever is less or 100% in case ofAPEDA

b) Assistance to exporters for use of 30% Subsidy subject to a ceiling ofRS Ipackaging material as per standards and lakh per beneficiaryspecifications developed or adopted byAPEDA.

Final Report: 4National Level Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for North Zone' 511

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5. Scheme for Generating Relevant Research and Development by APEDA through ResearchInstitutious for Common Benefit of the Trade and Industry

Part-A: Main Scheme

ACTIVITY COMPONENT PATTERN OF ASSISTANCE

Assistance to support relevant 100% APEDA's internal schemeresearch and development forexport efforts through organizationsrelated to exports

Assistance to exporters, Trade Upto 50% of the cost of the project, subjectAssociations, State and other to a ceiling of RS 5 lakhs for exporters andGovernment organizations and Trade Associations. In the case of State andother related organization such as other Government organizations, Subject tocooperative institutions, etc. to ceiling of RS 10 lakhs.support relevant research anddevelopment for export and exportenhancement.

Part - B: Pesticide Residue Testing for Fresh Fruits & Vegetables

1. The Scheme shall be applicable for:

Grapes

Mangoes

Litchies

2. Tests would be conducted only for those chemicals which are either banned or where there

is a possibility of having higher residue levels than the permissible limits;

3. Scale of reimbursement RS 300/- for each pesticide Residue subject to minimum of RS

1250/- per sample and maximum ofRS 2000/- per sample. 50 % of the cost would be borne

by the exporter and 50% by APEDA.

4. Payment for the test would be made to Laboratories and not to individual exporters

5. Advance may be given to the laboratories for conducting the test.


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Annexure 1

CROPWISE TWO YEARS DATA FOR THE STATE OF DELHI

Crops 2000.01 2001.02Area /hal Prodn /MTl Productivitv Area /hal Prodn (MT Productivil\l

Potato 2458 45950 18.69 1956 39372 20.13Onion 2304 41660 18.08 2270 25523 11.24Tomato 2413 34028 14.10 2068 22799 11.02Brinial 1639 23228 14.17 1324 22455 16.96Cauliflowers 6440 128042 19.88 5052 8602 1.70Peas 1078 13961 12.95 869 12502 14.39Okra 2200 16331 7.42 "1997 15218 7.62Botlleaourd 1828 31979 17.49 1927 22904 11.898Donoeaourd 945 12075 " 12.78 1410 19063 13.52Tinda 999 8701 8.71 1888 13508 7.15Bitleraourd " 626 7348 11.74 830 6659 8.02Raddish 4572 86314 18.88 6691 89957 13.44Carrot 2658 46528 17.50 1575 33117 21.03TumiD 378 11485 30.38 . 664 13863 20.88

,"

Palak 4635 107111 23.11 5621 93397 16.62Methi 1157 13174 11.39 1275 14903 11.69Others 10876 122534 11.27 10829 128795 11.89


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