Eco-architecture and sustainable mobility: an integrated approach in Ladispoli town

Eco-Architecture V

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WIT PRESS

FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ONHARMONISATION BETWEEN ARCHITECTURE AND NATURE

C. A. BrebbiaWessex Institute of Technology, UK

R. PulselliUniversity of Siena, Italy

Organised byWessex Institute of Technology, UK

University of Siena, Italy

Sponsored byWIT Transactions on the Built Environment

International Journal of Design & Nature and EcodynamicsInternational Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE

ECO-ARCHITECTURE V

CONFERENCE CHAIRMEN

R. CernyF. Cumo

E. Garido VazquezM. Hejazi

B. KazimeeD. Longo

N. NikolovS. Rola

J. RugemerL. SchibuolaA. Villacampa

S. S. Zubir

B Abersek University of Maribor, SloveniaY N Abousleiman University of Oklahoma,

USAK S Al Jabri Sultan Qaboos University,

OmanE Alarcon Universidad Politecnica de

Madrid, SpainC Alessandri Universita di Ferrara, ItalyD Almorza Gomar University of Cadiz,

SpainB Alzahabi Kettering University, USAJ A C Ambrosio IDMEC, PortugalA M Amer Cairo University, EgyptS A Anagnostopoulos University of

Patras, GreeceM Andretta Montecatini, ItalyE Angelino A.R.P.A. Lombardia, ItalyH Antes Technische Universitat

Braunschweig, GermanyM A Atherton South Bank University, UKA G Atkins University of Reading, UKD Aubry Ecole Centrale de Paris, FranceJ Augutis Vytautas Magnus University,

LithuaniaH Azegami Toyohashi University of

Technology, JapanA F M Azevedo University of Porto,

PortugalJ M Baldasano Universitat Politecnica de

Catalunya, SpainJ G Bartzis Institute of Nuclear

Technology, GreeceS Basbas Aristotle University of

Thessaloniki, GreeceA Bejan Duke University, USAM P Bekakos Democritus University of

Thrace, Greece

G Belingardi Politecnico di Torino, ItalyR Belmans Katholieke Universiteit

Leuven, BelgiumC D Bertram The University of New

South Wales, AustraliaD E Beskos University of Patras, GreeceS K Bhattacharyya Indian Institute of

Technology, IndiaE Blums Latvian Academy of Sciences,

LatviaJ Boarder Cartref Consulting Systems,

UKB Bobee Institut National de la Recherche

Scientifique, CanadaH Boileau ESIGEC, FranceM Bonnet Ecole Polytechnique, FranceC A Borrego University of Aveiro,

PortugalA R Bretones University of Granada,

SpainJ A Bryant University of Exeter, UKF-G Buchholz Universitat

Gesanthochschule Paderborn, Germany

M B Bush The University of Western Australia, Australia

F Butera Politecnico di Milano, ItalyW Cantwell Liverpool University, UKD J Cartwright Bucknell University, USAP G Carydis National Technical University

of Athens, GreeceJ J Casares Long Universidad de

Santiago de Compostela, SpainM A Celia Princeton University, USAA Chakrabarti Indian Institute of Science,

India

WIT Transactions

Transactions Editor

Carlos BrebbiaWessex Institute of Technology

Ashurst Lodge, AshurstSouthampton SO40 7AA, UK

Editorial Board

J-T Chen National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan

A H-D Cheng University of Mississippi, USA

J Chilton University of Lincoln, UKC-L Chiu University of Pittsburgh, USAH Choi Kangnung National University,

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BelgiumD De Wrachien State University of Milan,

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American, USAG Degrande Katholieke Universiteit

Leuven, BelgiumS del Giudice University of Udine, ItalyG Deplano Universita di Cagliari, ItalyI Doltsinis University of Stuttgart,

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ZealandM E M El-Sayed Kettering University, USAD M Elsom Oxford Brookes University, UKF Erdogan Lehigh University, USAD J Evans Nottingham Trent University,

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Technology, JapanU Gabbert Otto-von-Guericke Universitat

Magdeburg, GermanyG Gambolati Universita di Padova, ItalyC J Gantes National Technical University

of Athens, GreeceL Gaul Universitat Stuttgart, GermanyA Genco University of Palermo, ItalyN Georgantzis Universitat Jaume I, SpainP Giudici Universita di Pavia, Italy

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F Gomez Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain

R Gomez Martin University of Granada, Spain

D Goulias University of Maryland, USAK G Goulias Pennsylvania State

University, USAF Grandori Politecnico di Milano, ItalyW E Grant Texas A & M University, USAS Grilli University of Rhode Island, USAR H J Grimshaw Loughborough University,

UKD Gross Technische Hochschule

Darmstadt, GermanyR Grundmann Technische Universitat

Dresden, GermanyA Gualtierotti IDHEAP, SwitzerlandO T Gudmestad University of Stavanger,

NorwayR C Gupta National University of

Singapore, SingaporeJ M Hale University of Newcastle, UKK Hameyer Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

BelgiumC Hanke Danish Technical University,

DenmarkK Hayami University of Tokyo, JapanY Hayashi Nagoya University, JapanL Haydock Newage International Limited,

UKA H Hendrickx Free University of Brussels,

BelgiumC Herman John Hopkins University, USAI Hideaki Nagoya University, JapanD A Hills University of Oxford, UKW F Huebner Southwest Research

Institute, USAJ A C Humphrey Bucknell University, USAM Y Hussaini Florida State University,

USAW Hutchinson Edith Cowan University,

AustraliaT H Hyde University of Nottingham, UKM Iguchi Science University of Tokyo,

JapanD B Ingham University of Leeds, UKL Int Panis VITO Expertisecentrum IMS,

Belgium

N Ishikawa National Defence Academy, Japan

J Jaafar UiTm, MalaysiaW Jager Technical University of Dresden,

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England, UKP R Johnston Griffith University, AustraliaD R H Jones University of Cambridge, UK N Jones University of Liverpool, UKN Jovanovic CSIR, South AfricaD Kaliampakos National Technical

University of Athens, GreeceN Kamiya Nagoya University, JapanD L Karabalis University of Patras, GreeceA Karageorghis University of CyprusM Karlsson Linkoping University, SwedenT Katayama Doshisha University, JapanK L Katsifarakis Aristotle University of

Thessaloniki, GreeceJ T Katsikadelis National Technical

University of Athens, GreeceE Kausel Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, USAH Kawashima The University of Tokyo,

JapanB A Kazimee Washington State University,

USAS Kim University of Wisconsin-Madison,

USAD Kirkland Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners

Ltd, UKE Kita Nagoya University, JapanA S Kobayashi University of Washington,

USAT Kobayashi University of Tokyo, JapanD Koga Saga University, JapanS Kotake University of Tokyo, JapanA N Kounadis National Technical

University of Athens, GreeceW B Kratzig Ruhr Universitat Bochum,

GermanyT Krauthammer Penn State University,

USAC-H Lai University of Greenwich, UKM Langseth Norwegian University of

Science and Technology, NorwayB S Larsen Technical University of

Denmark, Denmark

F Lattarulo Politecnico di Bari, ItalyA Lebedev Moscow State University,

RussiaL J Leon University of Montreal, CanadaD Lesnic University of Leeds, UKD Lewis Mississippi State University, USAS lghobashi University of California Irvine,

USAK-C Lin University of New Brunswick,

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Thrace, GreeceS Lomov Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

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of England, UKG Loo The University of Auckland, New

ZealandJ Lourenco Universidade do Minho,

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Diego, USAH Lui State Seismological Bureau Harbin,

ChinaC J Lumsden University of Toronto,

CanadaL Lundqvist Division of Transport and

Location Analysis, SwedenT Lyons Murdoch University, AustraliaY-W Mai University of Sydney, AustraliaM Majowiecki University of Bologna, ItalyD Malerba Università degli Studi di Bari,

ItalyG Manara University of Pisa, ItalyS Mambretti Politecnico di Milano, ItalyB N Mandal Indian Statistical Institute,

IndiaÜ Mander University of Tartu, EstoniaH A Mang Technische Universitat Wien,

AustriaG D Manolis Aristotle University of

Thessaloniki, GreeceW J Mansur COPPE/UFRJ, BrazilN Marchettini University of Siena, ItalyJ D M Marsh Griffith University, AustraliaJ F Martin-Duque Universidad

Complutense, SpainT Matsui Nagoya University, JapanG Mattrisch DaimlerChrysler AG, GermanyF M Mazzolani University of Naples

“Federico II”, Italy

K McManis University of New Orleans, USA

A C Mendes Universidade de Beira Interior, Portugal

R A Meric Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Turkey

J Mikielewicz Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland

N Milic-Frayling Microsoft Research Ltd, UK

R A W Mines University of Liverpool, UKC A Mitchell University of Sydney,

AustraliaK Miura Kajima Corporation, JapanA Miyamoto Yamaguchi University, JapanT Miyoshi Kobe University, JapanG Molinari University of Genoa, ItalyT B Moodie University of Alberta, CanadaD B Murray Trinity College Dublin, IrelandG Nakhaeizadeh DaimlerChrysler AG,

GermanyM B Neace Mercer University, USAD Necsulescu University of Ottawa,

CanadaF Neumann University of Vienna, AustriaS-I Nishida Saga University, JapanH Nisitani Kyushu Sangyo University,

JapanB Notaros University of Massachusetts,

USAP O’Donoghue University College Dublin,

IrelandR O O’Neill Oak Ridge National

Laboratory, USAM Ohkusu Kyushu University, JapanG Oliveto Universitá di Catania, ItalyR Olsen Camp Dresser & McKee Inc.,

USAE Oñate Universitat Politecnica de

Catalunya, SpainK Onishi Ibaraki University, JapanP H Oosthuizen Queens University,

CanadaE L Ortiz Imperial College London, UKE Outa Waseda University, JapanA S Papageorgiou Rensselaer Polytechnic

Institute, USAJ Park Seoul National University, KoreaG Passerini Universita delle Marche, ItalyF Patania University of Catania, ItalyB C Patten University of Georgia, USA

G Pelosi University of Florence, ItalyG G Penelis Aristotle University of

Thessaloniki, GreeceW Perrie Bedford Institute of

Oceanography, CanadaR Pietrabissa Politecnico di Milano, ItalyH Pina Instituto Superior Tecnico, PortugalM F Platzer Naval Postgraduate School,

USAD Poljak University of Split, CroatiaH Power University of Nottingham, UKD Prandle Proudman Oceanographic

Laboratory, UKM Predeleanu University Paris VI, FranceI S Putra Institute of Technology Bandung,

IndonesiaY A Pykh Russian Academy of Sciences,

RussiaF Rachidi EMC Group, SwitzerlandM Rahman Dalhousie University, CanadaK R Rajagopal Texas A & M University,

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EstoniaJ Rao Case Western Reserve University,

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York at Buffalo, USAG Reniers Universiteit Antwerpen, BelgiumA D Rey McGill University, CanadaD N Riahi University of Illinois at Urbana-

Champaign, USAB Ribas Spanish National Centre for

Environmental Health, SpainK Richter Graz University of Technology,

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Catalunya, SpainJ Roddick Flinders University, AustraliaA C Rodrigues Universidade Nova de

Lisboa, PortugalF Rodrigues Poly Institute of Porto,

PortugalG R Rodríguez Universidad de Las Palmas

de Gran Canaria, SpainC W Roeder University of Washington,

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USA

W Roetzel Universitaet der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Germany

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sobre Desertificacion, SpainT J Rudolphi Iowa State University, USAS Russenchuck Magnet Group,

SwitzerlandH Ryssel Fraunhofer Institut Integrierte

Schaltungen, GermanyS G Saad American University in Cairo,

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Madrid, SpainF J Sanchez-Sesma Instituto Mexicano

del Petroleo, MexicoB Sarler Nova Gorica Polytechnic,

SloveniaS A Savidis Technische Universitat Berlin,

GermanyA Savini Universita de Pavia, ItalyG Schmid Ruhr-Universitat Bochum,

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PortugalA C Singhal Arizona State University,

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Brunswick, CanadaH Sozer Illinois Institute of Technology,

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D B Spalding CHAM, UKP D Spanos Rice University, USAT Speck Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet

Freiburg, GermanyC C Spyrakos National Technical

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Technology, UKJ Szmyd University of Mining and

Metallurgy, PolandS T Tadano Hokkaido University, JapanH Takemiya Okayama University, JapanI Takewaki Kyoto University, JapanC-L Tan Carleton University, CanadaE Taniguchi Kyoto University, JapanS Tanimura Aichi University of

Technology, JapanJ L Tassoulas University of Texas at

Austin, USAM A P Taylor University of South

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Eindhoven, NetherlandsT Tirabassi Institute FISBAT-CNR, ItalyS Tkachenko Otto-von-Guericke-

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Queensland, AustraliaR Tremblay Ecole Polytechnique, CanadaI Tsukrov University of New Hampshire,

USAR Turra CINECA Interuniversity Computing

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Alicante, SpainF F V Vincent University of Bath, UKS Walker Imperial College, UKG Walters University of Exeter, UKB Weiss University of Vienna, AustriaH Westphal University of Magdeburg,

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Athens, GreeceA Yeh University of Hong Kong, ChinaB W Yeigh SUNY Institute of Technology,

USAJ Yoon Old Dominion University, USAK Yoshizato Hiroshima University, JapanT X Yu Hong Kong University of Science

& Technology, Hong KongM Zador Technical University of Budapest,

HungaryK Zakrzewski Politechnika Lodzka, PolandM Zamir University of Western Ontario,

CanadaG Zappalà CNR-IAMC, ItalyR Zarnic University of Ljubljana, SloveniaG Zharkova Institute of Theoretical and

Applied Mechanics, RussiaN Zhong Maebashi Institute of

Technology, JapanH G Zimmermann Siemens AG, GermanyR Zainal Abidin Infrastructure University

Kuala Lumpur(IUKL), Malaysia

Eco-Architecture V

Editors

C.A. BrebbiaWessex Institute of Technology, UK


Harmonisation between Architecture and Nature

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ISBN: 978-1-84564-822-0eISBN: 978-1-84564-823-7ISSN: 1746-4498 (print)ISSN: 1743-3509 (online)

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Editors:C.A. BrebbiaWessex Institute of Technology, UK


Preface

This book contains papers presented at the fifth International Conference on Harmonisation between Architecture and Nature (Eco-Architecture 2014) and follows four successful meetings that started in the New Forest, home of the Wessex Institute of Technology in 2006; and continued in the Algarve (2008); La Coruna (2010); and the island of Kos (2012).

This time, the Conference was held in association of Wessex Institute of Technology with the University of Siena, and in particular with the Ecodynamics Group, originated by the late Professor Enzo Tiezzi.

A few years ago, Enzo Tiezzi, then Professor at the University of Siena, asked his students “What do you think the most sustainable building is?”. There were many possible answers to this question. One could easily cite hundreds of prime examples from contemporary architecture: envelopes that adapt to sunlight, natural materials that substitute cement and petroleum derivatives, shapes that follow the direction of the wind for passive ventilation and cooling, systems that heat buildings using the heat of the earth, home automation systems, technologies that adapt to any weather variation. These are all effective components of modern eco-architecture. After listening to this series of answers, Enzo revealed his own solution to his question: “The most sustainable building is the one that already exists.” The most sustainable architecture is the result of an evolution, a progressive adaptation of structures to environments and adjustments to new needs. The sustainable city is not a city full of new buildings, but rather the same city of the past, repaired, renovated, modified in order to be lived in as fully today as it was in the past. “Starting from what already exists” is the premise that should inspire research, policies and the building industry in the future.

Enzo’s answer, in its simplicity, encompasses the objective of this Conference, i.e. that the design process should aim for optimum solutions evolving through the adaptation of architecture to its natural environment, learning from nature and long time honoured traditional constructions.

The success of this Conference as evidenced by the contents of this book is a demonstration of the interest shown by different practitioners to the topic of Eco-Architecture. This is by definition a multi-disciplinary field, attracting many other professionals, in addition to architects. Authors of the papers in this book are engineers, planners, physical scientists, sociologists and economists, as well as architects, all of them showing their expertise towards developing an architecture better suited to the future of humankind.

The Editors are grateful to all authors for their excellent contributions, as well as to the members of the International Scientific Advisory Committee and other colleagues who helped select the papers included in this book.

The EditorsSiena2014

Contents

Section 1: Bioclimatic design Incorporation of bioclimatic conditions in architectural projects: a case study of the Solar Hemicycle building, Madrid, Spain E. Vazquez, M. Brandão, S. Rola, L. Alves, M. Freitas & L. Pinguelli Rosa ............................................................................................. 3 Passive house for a desert climate I. Marincic, J. M. Ochoa & M. G. Alpuche ....................................................... 13 Bioclimatic building regulations for warm-dry climates J. M. Ochoa, A. Duarte, I. Marincic, A. Gomez & A. Figueroa ........................ 25 Section 2: Design with nature Architecture vs. nature: a reinvented relationship P. Haupt ............................................................................................................. 37 Architecture as symbolic reverence for nature: case studies: Seed Cathedral – 21st Century and Pigeons’ Monastery – 16th Century E. S. Mashhadi ................................................................................................... 47 Eco-architecture and sustainable mobility: an integrated approach in Ladispoli town D. Astiaso Garcia, F. Cumo, F. Giustini, E. Pennacchia & A. M. Fogheri ................................................................................................ 59 Ecology for the architecture of large hotel spaces J. Jablonska & E. Trocka-Leszczynska .............................................................. 69

Cost and comfort optimisation for buildings and urban layouts by combining dynamic energy simulations and generic optimisation tools T. Nguyen Van, A. Miyamoto, D. Trigaux & F. De Troyer ................................ 81 The role of wind catchers in improving people’s comfort N. Valibeig, S. Nasekhian & S. Tavakoli ........................................................... 93 Section 3: Design by passive systems Applying traditional passive concepts of resource efficiency and climate adaptation to improve the energy efficiency of modern buildings: a case study in Thessaloniki, Greece S. Schelbach ..................................................................................................... 105 An energy-efficient smart home for new cities in Egypt M. M. Mourad, A. H. H. Ali, S. Ookawara, A. K. Abdel-Rahman & N. M. Abdelkariem ....................................................................................... 115 Vertical Greenery Systems as sustainable solutions for building retrofitting: a case study A. Martínez-Rocamora, R. M. Pulselli, J. Solís-Guzmán, M. Marrero & S. Bastianoni ................................................................................................ 127 Section 4: Ecological and cultural sensitivity The efficiency of different simulation-based design methods in improving building performance A.-T. Nguyen & S. Reiter ................................................................................. 139 Designs for the Global South: a sustainable primary school in Uganda M. Garrison ..................................................................................................... 151 Sustainable living and building indicators in Old Ağırnas and their interpretations for new practice and research B. Mizrak & S. Erkenez .................................................................................... 161 Spirituality enhancing into Green Design: towards a better users’ performance within a green building – “HSBC processing centre”, Smart Village, Cairo, Egypt W. H. Abbas ..................................................................................................... 173 Indoor air quality: an enviro-cultural perspective O. E. Mansour ................................................................................................. 187

Section 5: Ecological impacts of materials Radiation-active surface design: the use of photocatalytic concrete enabling buildings to be active environmental remediators N. Nikolov & J. Fox ......................................................................................... 199 Increasing the sustainability of coatings for precoated metal C. Lowe & J. T. Maxted ................................................................................... 205 The development of unfired earth bricks using seaweed biopolymers C. Dove ............................................................................................................ 219 Waste ceramics as supplementary cementitious material: characterization and utilization M. Keppert, M. Čáchová, M. Pavlíková, A. Trník, J. Žumár & R. Černý ....................................................................................................... 231 Wood acetylation: a potential route towards climate change mitigation P. van der Lugt & J. G. Vogtländer ................................................................. 241 Section 6: Energy efficiency Intelligent buildings connected to future smart energy grids L. Schibuola, M. Scarpa & C. Tambani ........................................................... 255 Testing the theory: demonstration projects and the validation of integrated design protocols for advanced energy retrofits F. Trubiano, K. Albee & M. Brennan .............................................................. 267 Thermal energy storage by microcomposite of a phase change material and ethyl cellulose T. Feczkó, A. F. Kardos, L. Trif & J. Gyenis ................................................... 279 Influence of the methodology for evaluating energy performance of buildings over the energy needed for cooling A. Galiano & V. Echarri .................................................................................. 291 An examination of lighting system energy and cost savings for cafeterias at the workplace M. Kang, P. Hebert, R. Thompsen & J. Kramp ............................................... 307

Section 7: Heat and mass transfer problems Contribution of linear thermal bridges to the overall thermal performance of the building envelope: dynamic analysis N. Simões, J. Prata & A. Tadeu ....................................................................... 321 Influence of material properties and boundary conditions on the dynamic thermal behaviour of a building corner J. Prata, A. Tadeu & N. Simões ....................................................................... 333 Section 8: Building technologies Towards nZEB: modular pre-assembled steel systems for residential buildings E. Antonini, D. Longo & V. Gianfrate ............................................................. 349 A new approach to the design and construction of the nearly-zero-energy building in Sardinia M. Basciu ......................................................................................................... 361 Operation and testing for product innovation P. Gallo ............................................................................................................ 373 Improving the aesthetics of photovoltaics in decorative architectural glass D. A. Hardy, S. C. Roaf & B. S. Richards ........................................................ 385 Rapid assembly of planar quadrangular, self-interlocking modules to anticlastically curved forms G. H. Filz & S. Schiefer ................................................................................... 397 Section 9: Adapted reuse From building construction waste into a house of creativity: a case of adapted reuse Y. Kusumarini, P. Mintarga & T. N. Puji Utomo ............................................ 411 Opportunities and barriers to pre-assembled and/or pre-casted systems in retrofitting actions A. Boeri, J. Gaspari & F. Dallacasa ............................................................... 421 Implementing an ecosystem approach to the adaptive reuse of industrial sites L. Kirovová & A. Sigmundová ......................................................................... 433

Section 10: Life cycle assessment and durability Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions arising from the production of glued and pressed wall panels derived from Guadua Angustifolia Kunth (bamboo) in Ecuador A. D. Ramirez, D. Torres, P. Peña & J. Duque-Rivera ................................... 447 LCA of different building lifetime shearing layers for the allocation of green points S. Pushkar & O. Verbitsky ............................................................................... 459 A life cycle assessment of the cradle-to-gate phases of clay brick production in South Africa G. A. Rice & P. T. Vosloo ................................................................................ 471 Section 11: Sustainability indices in architecture Prognosis method for the energy demand of nearly-zero-energy buildings in different climates U. Dietrich, F. Kiehl & L. Stoica ..................................................................... 485 The colour green in public procurement B. Orgiano ....................................................................................................... 497 Section 12: Case studies Italian research on eco-efficient housing modules F. Gugliermetti & R. Roversi ........................................................................... 505 Environmental impact assessment of new district developments F. Fadli, M. Sobhey, R. Asadi & E. Elsarrag .................................................. 517 High-efficiency and low-environmental impact systems on a historical building in Rome: an InWall solution A. Albo, F. Rosa, M. Tiberi & B. Vivio ............................................................ 529 Moorish architectural syntax and the reference to nature: a case study of Algiers L. Chebaiki-Adli & N. Chabbi-Chemrouk ....................................................... 541 Ethics vs. aesthetics in sustainable architecture I. Kupatadze ..................................................................................................... 553

Section 13: Education and training Zero-Energy-Urban-Quarter: experiences and results from a university teaching course U. Dietrich ....................................................................................................... 565 Analysis and perception: architectural pedagogy for environmental sustainability Y. Luckan ......................................................................................................... 577 Training needs to realise low carbon buildings: the Welsh built environment sector A. Ruiz del Portal & J. A. Gwilliam ................................................................. 589 DesignBuildBLUFF: Coyote architecture on the Colorado Plateau J. Murray, R. Sommerfeld, G. Longhurst, C. Bithell, C. Wilson, A. Yamamoto, H. Ogiso, A. Bradshaw, H. Louis, D. Penny, T. Morton & D. Young ..................................................................................... 603 Music for everyone: “building the space where the differences co-exist” B. E. Avila-Haro, J. A. Avila-Haro & J. A. Avila ............................................ 615 Author index .................................................................................................. 627

Eco-architecture and sustainable mobility: an integrated approach in Ladispoli town

D. Astiaso Garcia1, F. Cumo2, F. Giustini1, E. Pennacchia1 & A. M. Fogheri1 1DIAEE, Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy 2CITERA, Interdepartmental Centre for Territory, Building, Conservation and Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy

Abstract

This paper presents an eco-architecture project in a public green space of the Ladispoli Municipality, located on the Italian shorelines close to the city of Rome. The purpose of the project is the creation of a multifunctional urban green space, where social relations, sports, environmental awareness education and other activities can take place in a natural context. The final aim of the project, which includes a requalification of the surrounding areas, is to obtain an eco-friendly interaction between the urban public space and the built space, with sustainable mobility principles and the conservation of the natural environment. The project offers different outdoor activities for all ages and includes the design of a building which contains two multipurpose playgrounds, a gym, supporting functions, a bar and public toilets. The building design includes a green roof, for preserving space to nature and for guaranteeing a harmonious integration with the surrounding environment. In order to enlarge the green area, to bring it up to the contiguous buildings and to create a closer connection between the housing areas on both sides of the ditch and the park itself, a tunnel for the vehicular traffic was created. The project improves the usability of the green space through the introduction of: pedestrian and cycle paths connected to the existing ones, wooden bridges, new functions and services. The distinctive feature of the whole project is an integration of different best available technologies for obtaining an optimization of the performances in

Eco-Architecture V 59

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doi:10.2495/ARC140061

terms of energy efficiency and environmental sustainability, aiming to achieve at the same time, a reduction of operating costs and the preservation of local biodiversity. Keywords: environmental sustainability, urban green areas management, best available techniques, eco-friendly buildings.

1 Introduction

Reshaping urban areas, high performing architecture for the community and spread of new technologies are some of the essential elements for the development of smart cities and communities. Moreover, these elements are aimed at improving the quality of life of the community operating in the major urban contexts which include mobility, health, education and culture, tourism, energy and smart grids management, jointly with the protection of natural resources. The project responds to the requirements of improving energy efficiency, sustainable buildings and mobility systems [1], as well as of the enhancement of spaces and public facilities and the implementation of ecological corridors in an urban areas. This project has been implemented using the first results coming from the European project GREAT Med, of which the Sapienza University of Rome is the main applicant, and the municipality of Ladispoli is a network member. Precisely because of the importance assumed by green areas in urban context, the project is placed in a central park for public use, of approximately 30,000 m2 near the center of the city (Fig. 1).

Figure 1: Urban green areas in Ladispoli Municipality: circled, the project area.

The concept of the redevelopment project is to symbolically bring to light the ancient origins of the place: Alsium, the Etruscan port city, through the creation of paths and benches that recall the stylized drawing of the waves depicted on Etruscan furniture and crockery (Figs 2–3).

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Figure 2: Conceptual scheme of the area, before and after the redevelopment project.

Figure 3: Project design map in a satellite image and examples of Etruscan furniture for the concept of the project design.



2 Architectural interventions and technologies used

The project offers to the city a collective space for social relationships and activities connected with nature. It is designed for restoring the identity of the space and to create an interaction between collective open areas, built environment and nature [2] (Fig. 4). Generally the project design applies the main principles of environmental conservation and ecological sustainability in the design of modern buildings, based on resource-efficient technologies and green architecture designs [3, 4]. Considering the functional point of view, the selected area is critical for the improvement of the sustainable mobility: pedestrian paths, cycle paths and two wheels electric mobility. The green area requalification also involves some pre-existing sport facilities: in the park itself, there were two outdoor playgrounds that actually are included in the project and put indoor, in order to enjoy them throughout the whole year. In particular, the sports center designed contains two multipurpose playgrounds, a gym, supporting functions, a bar and public toilets (Fig. 5). The building has a green roof that creates a connection between the park and the building itself. The fourth side, in front of the river, hosting the entry of the sport centre, is characterised by a glass wall that allows a natural lightening. The structure respects the principles of sustainable design and low energy performance [5, 6], as it is built using local materials and the best available technologies for envelope and HVAC plants [7]. On the semi extensive green roof there is a sensory path designed to create a little oasis with a mosaic of water, flowers fragrances and colours (Figure 6A). Indigenous species plants and flowers with special fragrances have been chosen for this path: lavender, mint, Lamiaceae (thyme and sage), broom, lemon balm.

Figure 4: Perspective view of the park.



A

B

Figure 5: Plan of the sport center – A: ground floor; B: first floor.

The building is based on the concept of high energy saving: the glass wall guarantees thermal and acoustic insulation, electric power is mostly supplied by the photovoltaic system, led lighting is used [8], a recovery water system is present in both the two structure floors. The glass of the south-west glass wall, has been chosen for its features: hydrophobic, self-cleaning, anti-reflective and anti-fogging. It avoids problems related to glare and high maintenance costs for cleaning.



Considering clean energy production for reducing greenhouse gas emissions [9], the main entrance to the sport center is shaded by photovoltaic glass canopy due to the high solar radiation in its orientation (Figure 6B).

A B

Figure 6: A: sensory path; B: green roof and PV plant on the sport centre main entrance.

This system of 10kWp supplies energy for outdoor lighting and for ten neighboring charging points for electric bike, and involves an annual saving of 5.841 kg of CO2. Moreover, a dedicated gas trigeneration system is installed in the lower floor providing 154.42 kWt for heating and hot water and 51.47 kWe for electrical supplies. Furthermore, considering the water sustainability, the installation of rainwater recovery device allows to purify and reuse it for flushing the toilet and watering plants in the sensory pathways. Rainwater comes from photovoltaic glass canopy and from all the cemented areas of the sensory pathways. The latter are draining, composed of an innovative formulation of concrete combined with specific sub-services for eliminating oils and other contaminants that would make the water more difficult to purify. The recovered water is collected in two tanks positioned in opposite sides of the building, camouflaged by the steep terrain; this recycling of water is also applied to the sinks and showers in the locker room allowing significant savings of water. The floors consist of a special anti-smog and antibacterial ceramic based on titanium dioxide that, due to exposure to natural or artificial light, activates a strong oxidative process that leads to the decomposition of organic substances and inorganic pollutants that come into contact with the photocatalytic surfaces. Even wall painting allows the photocatalytic reduction of pollutants and the reduction of unpleasant odors. Lastly, the gym area includes special machines such as treadmills, exercise bikes, steppers, which use the kinetic energy produced during their use for supplying monitors and music equipment in the same gym: with 30 active



machines working about 8 hours a day, the estimated self-produced energy comes to cover as much as 25% of the energy needs of a wellness and fitness center.

3 Green area requalification

The interventions described aim to enhance the landscape and environmental quality through the inclusion of pedestrian and cycle paths connected to existing ones through new wooden bridges. Pedestrian paths use nanotechnology system in order to strengthen dirt patch with high levels of resistance and limited maintenance. Nanotechnology system is based on the use of particles of silicates; it is an efficient alternative to the traditional construction techniques for pedestrian and cycling lane foundations [10]. This technology leads to many benefits:

- the realization of stable and long-lasting layers, able to stand dynamic loads even in the case of problematic substrates;

- a high weather resistance, low shrinkage, absence of dehydration, greater load, frost resistance and durability;

- lower shutter speeds and lower installation costs compared to traditional interventions; reduction of maintenance costs.

In order to create a connection between the park area and surrounding buildings, the existing road has been switched in a tunnel for vehicular traffic. Winding paths define areas for specific purpose such as dogs agility courses, outdoors fitness, children games, amphitheater (Figure 7A) and horticulture therapy. Dogs agility area includes bench for hosts, drinking fountains and water bowl for dogs. Jogging and many other sporting activities can be performed both in closed and open place using the sport center or public open space with free sport equipment. Kids play area has an innovative anti trauma flooring; that can reduce safety issues in public play spaces, in compliance with European standards (UNI EN 1177); these flooring materials are made of recycled plastics, rubber and tires. Horticultural therapy includes activities such as gardening, growing plants and vegetables and the care of a dedicated plant (Figure 7B) [11, 12]. The choice of the area for the horticultural therapy comes from the presence of fruit trees planted by local inhabitants. In the park an integrated smart lightning system was added that allows timed lighting, low level of light pollution of the paths and a wi-fi coverage in the whole area; there are even security systems and video surveillance integrated.



A B

Figure 7: A: amphitheater design; B: horticultural therapy area.

4 Bioengineering for ecological sustainability

Considering the ecological requalification of the considered park, the project aims to the implementation of ecological corridors for those species whose natural habitats include the surrounding areas [13]. Moreover, using particular expedients it is possible to improve the reduction of environmental pollution due to the presence of green areas in urban settlements. This would be possible by the conservation and requalification of the riparian ecosystems along the river banks. This kind of management was obtained through the use of bioengineering techniques finalized to anti-erosion, flood protection and river bed modelling works, with particular attention to the rehabilitation of natural riparian habitats [14]. In particular, bioengineering techniques such as include coir fiber rolls, brush mattress, erosion control blankets, geotexile coir mats and vegetated rock walls, provide a surface protection of the river banks against erosion from current, weather and runoff water allowing at the same time the development of new ecosystemic units. Considering the choice of vegetation type and plant species, the planning intervention was preceded by an analysis of local natural habitat in order to favours planting of endemic species, absolutely avoiding the use of alien and allochthonous plants. Using the “ecosystem approach” modus operandi, described by the Conference of the Parties of the CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) [15], the project foresees the planting of native species for the conservation and requalification of local habitats. In particular, the project includes the planting of trees for the optimization of its environmental sustainability, considering those species particularly indicated for the mitigation of atmospheric pollution thanks to the roughness and largeness of their leafs which facilitate the absorption of particular matters (PM10), heavy metals and other air pollutants.



These benefits are optimised by planting trees with rough foliage, such as Ostrya carpinifolia, Ulmus spp., Carpinus betulus, and Quercus pubescences. Moreover, planting trees like Platanus spp., Cupressus spp. and Taxus spp. give better results in SOx adsorption, while the choose of Acer campestre and Quercus robur favours the same effects on fluorides. Considering bioclimatic aspects, the choice of tree species with high foliage density in the warm periods and low level of shading in the cold season provides cooling in summer and heating in the winter months; trees are also foresee for the reduction of winter wind speed in certain areas of the park in order to improve the well-being of the users. Last but not least, good environmental quality and biodiversity presence in urban areas involve advantages for quality of life, human health and wellbeing, with benefits on the physical and mental status of citizens [16].

5 Conclusions

The park requalification described in this paper improved environmental sustainability, human health and well-being in terms of social and antropic benefits, such as facilitation of sport and green exercise activities, social networking and improving of aesthetic values of the quarter and the whole town. The theme of the integration between architecture and nature as well as the environmental sustainability permeates the entire planning, going through each project aspect, looking for constructive solutions that maximize the well-being of the users and the overall quality of the whole environment. The park should be considered an element of connection between urban built areas and natural elements. Moreover, thanks to its position, this area is very important for the improvement of the sustainable mobility in the city, especially for the pedestrian and cycle paths and for the two wheels electric mobility.

References

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[5] Cumo, F., Cinquepalmi, F., Pennacchia, E., Sforzini, V., 2012. High performing building as a pier for sustainable tourism in the protected area of Bracciano Lake in Italy. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 165, pp. 175-182.



[6] Cinquepalmi, F., Cumo, F., Gugliermetti, F., Sforzini, V., 2010. Advanced technologies for sustainable building in the protected areas: Two case studies in Italy, WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 128, pp. 551-560.

[7] Peng, H.K., 2014. On the eco-building for sustainable development thinking and practising environmental design. Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453, pp. 1325-1328.

[8] Jin, D., Goldbach, S., 2014. Enabling (bio) materials: Feasibility study for its implementation in development of sustainable lighting product. Key Engineering Materials 572 (1), pp. 58-61.

[9] Astiaso Garcia, D., Cinquepalmi, F., Cumo, F., 2013. Air quality in Italian small harbours: a proposed assessment methodology. Rendiconti Lincei, 24(4), pp. 309-318.

[10] Astiaso Garcia, D., Cumo, F., Sforzini, V., Albo, A. 2012. Eco friendly service buildings and facilities for sustainable tourism and environmental awareness in protected areas. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 161, pp. 323-330.

[11] Gonzalez, M.T., Kirkevold, M., 2013. Benefits of sensory garden and horticultural activities in dementia care: A modified scoping review. Journal of Clinical Nursing.

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[13] Astiaso Garcia, D., Bruschi, D., Cinquepalmi, F., Cumo, F. 2013. An estimation of urban fragmentation of natural habitats: Case studies of the 24 Italian national parks. Chemical Engineering Transactions 32, pp. 49-54.

[14] De Santoli L., Astiaso Garcia D. and Violante A.C., 2008. Planning of flood defence management and rehabilitation of the natural habitat in the downstream part of the river Tiber”. Geo-Environment and Landscape Evolution III. WIT Transaction on the Built Environment Vol 100. WIT Press, pp 25-34.

[15] Vasishth A. and Sloane D.C., 2003. Returning to Ecology: An Ecosystems Approach to Understanding the City. in Dear, M J (ed) Chicago to LA: Making Sense of Urban Theory, Thousand Oaks. Sage Publications.

[16] Chiesura A., 2004. The role of urban parks for the sustainable city. Landscape and Urban Planning, 68, pp. 129-38.



Eco-architecture and sustainable mobility: an integrated approach in Ladispoli town

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