Eaton 231

prof. State of Nordrhein-Westfalen, Fed. Repub. Ger. (1967); silver plaque, Calcutta Art Coun. (1968); Officier, Ordre des Palmes Académiques, Fr. (1969); hon. mem, Deut. Thea-ter, E. Berlin; Grosses B.V.K. (1970); Prof. h.c, Univ. Mün-ster, Fed. Repub. Ger; others.

Biblio: Spielen und Träumen: Biographische Notizen, auto-biog. (Munich, 1912); Eine Tür fällt ins Schloss. autobiog. novel (Berlin, 1929; E. Berlin, 1965); Zagreb 1945, resistance drama (world premiere, Lucerne, Switz, 1946); Eine Tür steht offen: Erinnerungen, autobiog. (W. Berlin, 1954); contrib, Hannes Reinhardt, ed. Das bin ich. memoirs (Munich, 1970); Meine ersten neunzig Jahre: Erinnerungen. Die Jahre 1952-1971 nacherzählt von Joachim Werner Preuss, incl. list of roles played (Munich and W. Berlin, 1971). Lit: -» Julius Bab, Schauspieler und Schauspielkunst (Berlin, 1926); Kürschner, Theater: Enci-clopedia dellospettacolo: Joachim Werner Preuss, Tilla Durieux: Porträt einer Schauspielerin - Deutung und Dokumentation ( W. Berlin, 1965); Friedrich, Theater: Daiber, Theater: Trilse, Hammer, Kabel, Thealerlexikon: N.D.B. Arch: Nachlass at Akad. der Künste, W. Berlin. Sources: Arch, Autobiog, Biog, Hand, News, Pers, Print. — IfZ.

Dyhrenfurth, Günter-Oskar, geologist, geographer, univ. prof ; b. Breslau, Lower Silesia, Ger. (Wroclaw, Pol.) 12 Nov. 1886, d. 14 Apr. 1975. R: Protestant. E: 1933 Switr. Cit: 1933 Swiss, fmly. Ger. F: Oskar D, Dr. med, physician, Geheimrat. M: Käthe Bayer, oo |. 1911 Bettie Heymann, mountain climber, est. mountain-climbing world record for women. 1936 reed. Prix d'Alpinisme, l933toSwitz, 1936 to U.S ,d iv ; I l . 1948 Irene Klar, journ. C: With first wife, Norman D, b. 1918, dir. of edu-cational films, 1948-53 prof, and dir. of film dept, Univ. Los Angeles, partic. in Alpine expeditions incl. Himalayas and Mt. Everest, a : Switz; another son and dtr; one son with second wife.

Studied geology and paleontology, Univs. Freiburg/Breis-gau, Vienna and Breslau; 1909 Dr. phil. 1909-33 mem. staff and fac, Univ. Breslau: 1909 res. assist, Geol. Inst, 1913 Habil. and Privatdoz. in geol. and paleontology, 1919 a.o. Prof, 1922 Extraordinarius. Concurr: 1906-14 contrib. to drawing of geol. map of Switz; 1915-18 serv, W.W.I as geologist at Ger. Army Headquarters; also alpine guide off. on Tyrolian front. Em-barked upon spectacular mountain-climbing expeditions for sci. study of Himalayas and Karakorum; until 1930 held mountain-climbing record with conquest of Jongsang Peak; leader of intl. expeditions, 1930 on Mt. Kangchenjunga in E. Hi-malayas, 1934 in Karakorum; discovered fundamental tecton-ic principles. 1933 declined Venia Legendi voluntarily due to opposition to Nazi regime. 1933 emigr. to Switz. 1934 follow-ing ret. from second Himalaya expedition active as freelance journ, and lect. tours in Eur. 1939-54 teacher of geog, Inst, auf dem Rosenberg, St. Gallen; concurr. instr, Handelshochsch, St. Gallen. 1950- ed, Himalaya-Chronik. Mem: Aus. Alpine Club (hon. mem.); also Swiss, It, and Eng. Alpine Clubs. Reed: Alpine Award of the Intl. Olympic Comm. (with wife, 1936); Grosses B.V.K. (1956).

Biblio: Co-auth, Monographie der Engadiner Dolomiten (1915); Alpine Geologie (1931); Himalaya: Unsere Expedition 1930 (1931); Baltoro; Ein Himalaya-Buch (1939/40); Hima-laya-Fahrt (1942); Zum Dritten Pol: Die Achttausender der Erde (1952; new ed, 1960); Das Buch vom Nanga Parbat (1954); Das Buch von Kantsch (1955); contrib. more than 250 arts, to prof, and alpine periods, and to omnibus vols; for further biblio. see G.K. (1970), and IfZ Arch. Sources: Arch, Biblio, Hand. -IfZ.

Dzubas, Friedewald (Friedel), painter; b. Berlin 20 Apr. 1915. E: 1939 U.S. Cit: 1947 U.S. ~ 1973 Mary Kelsey.

1931-34 studied at Prussian Acad, of Fine Arts and Kunstge-werbesch, Berlin. Summer classes with Paul Klee; concurr. 1933-36 studied with Paul Klee at Düsseldorf; traveled through Eur. 1939 emigr. to U.S. via U.K. 1940-47(7) (1948?) freelance designer of books and advertising layouts, 1940-44 in Chicago, 1944-47(48?) in New York. 1948-49 instr. of art,

Univ. Florida, Gainsville. 1962 vis. critic-artist, Univ. South Florida, Tampa. 1962-63 artist-in-resid, Dartmouth Coll. Han-over, N. Hamp. 1965 artist-mem, Symposium on Art Educ, New York Univ. 1965-66 artist in resid, Inst, for Hum. Studies, Aspen, Colo. 1966, 1968 Guggenheim fels. 1967, 1969-74 vis. artist-critic, Cornell Univ, Ithaca, New York; concurr. 1968 vis. artist-critic, Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 1968-69 vis. artist-in-resid, Sarah Lawrence Coll, Bronxville, N.Y. 1969 Nat. Coun. of the Arts grant. Abstract expressionist whose works are derivative of colorisi school, with large freely drawn blocklike structures in vibrant colors. Exhibitions: Individual shows incl. Tibor de Nagy Gall, New York (1952, 1976); Rob-ert Elkon Gall, New York (1961, 1962, 1963, 1965); Kasmin Limited, London (1964, 1965); — André Emmerich Gall, New York (1966, 1967, 1968); Gall. Hans Strelow, Cologne (1971); Knoedler Contemp. Art, New York (1974-80); Houston Mus. of Fine Arts, Tex. (retrospective 1974); Boston Mus. of Fine Arts (1975); Kunsthalle, Bielefeld, Fed. Repub. Ger. (1977). Many group shows incl. "Am. Annual," Art Inst, of Chicago (1942, 1943, 1944); "Abstract Expressionists and Imagists," Guggenheim Mus. (New York, 1961); "Abstract Painting in the Seventies," Boston Mus. of Fine Arts (1972); "34th Biennal of Contemp. Am. Painting," Corcoran Gall, of Art, Washing-ton, D.C. (1975); "The Sixties," Robert Elkon Gall, New York (1977). Works in perm, colls incl. Boston Mus. of Fine Arts; Metrop. Mus. of Art, New York; The Rose Art Mus, Brandeis Univ, Waltham, Mass; Guggenheim Mus, New York; Whitney Mus, New York; Yale Univ. Art Coll, New Haven; San Fran-cisco Mus. of Art; Houston Mus. of Fine Arts, Tex. A: (1980) Cambridge, Mass.

Biblio: "Panel : All-Over Painting," It is (New York, Au-tumn, 1958); "Discussion: Is There a New Academy," Art News (New York, Sept, 1959); "Sensibility of the 60's," Art in Am. (New York, Jan. /Feb, 1967); "Statement," Art News: New York (New York, Dec, 1971). Lit: Rev. of work in Art Intl. (Sept. 1968); Max Kozloff, "An Interview with Friedel Dzu-bas," Art Forum (vol. 4, no. I, Sept. 1965); see Mus. of Fine Arts Boston 1975 exhib. pamphlet for a partial listing of lit. on F.D. Arch: Artist Files and Artist Exhib, Files, Mus. of Mod. Art Libr, New York. Sources: Arch, Hand, News, Print. — R.F.J.I.

E

Eaton, Joseph W. (until ca. 1941 Joseph Wechsler), prof, of so-ciology and public health; b. Nuremberg, Bavaria, Ger. 28 Sept. 1919. R: Jewish. E: 1934 U.S. Cit: 1942 U.S. fmly. Ger. F: Jacob Wechsler, b. Fürth, Bavaria 1888(7), d. Birkenau concentration camp 1942(?), Jewish, att. Gym, factory owner, emigr. with wife to Neth, salesman, deported to Pol. M: Flora Goldschmidt, b. Frankfur t /M 1898(?), d. Birkenau concentra-tion camp 1942(7), Jewish, Abitur. 5 : Shlomoh, b. 1913, Ab-itur, 1934 emigr. to Pal, customs off; Martin; b. 1917, Abitur, 1934 emigr. to Pal, carpenter at a kibbutz; Herbert, b. 1921, emigr. to U S, B.S, engr, emigr. to Isr, engr. a: Jerusalem, oo 1948 Helen Fay Goodman, b. New Bedford, Mass. 1925, M.A, Univ. Pittsburgh speech therapist. C: David, b. 1949, Ph.D. candidate, environmental engr; Seth, b. 1951, med. sch. student; Debra, b. 1954, Jonathan, b. 1956; both students.

1934 emigr. to U.S. 1936-37 att. City College, New York (C.U.N. Y.). 1937-40 att. Cornell Univ; 1940 B.S. 1940-41 att. Univ. Chicago. 1942-46 2nd lieut, U.S. Army, partly in psych, warfare; 1945-46 ed, Regensburger Post. U.S. Army newspaper for Ger. population. 1941, 1947, 1948 att. Columbia Univ; 1948 Ph.D. in sociol; concurr. mem, Avukah, Young Zionist Org. 1948-56 from instr. to assist, prof, Wayne State Univ, Detroit. 1956-60 Russell Sage Found, vis. prof, U.C.L.A. Sch. of Soc. Welfare; concurr. 1956-60 res. consult, Calif. State Bd. Correc-tions. 1960- prof, of sociol. in pub. health and soc. work res, Univ. Pittsburgh, Penn. Spec, in sociology of organizations and professions; res. in social planning and development, and

232 Ebenstein mental health. Mem: Am. Sociol. Assn. (liaison off. with Nat. Assn. Soc. Workers 1966-69); Intl. Assn. Soc. Psychiatry (coun-selor, 1970-73); Sociol. Res. Assn; Nat. Assn. Soc. Workers.

Biblio: Co-auth, Research Guide on Cooperative Group Farming (New York, 1942); Exploring Tomorrow's Agriculture pubi, from diss. (New York, 1943); co-auth, Culture and Mental Disorders (Glencoe, III, 1955); co-auth, Measuring Delinquency (Pittsburgh, 1961); Stone Walls not a Prison Make: The Anato-my of Planned Administrative Change (Springfield, III, 1962); Prisons in Israel (Pittsburgh, 1964; Hebrew trans, Jerusalem); co-auth, Influencing the Youth Culture: A Study of Youth Organ-ization in Israel (Beverly Hills, Calif, 1970); ed, Migration and Social Welfare (New York, 1971); for complete biblio. see R.F.J.I. arch. Sources: Hand, Pers, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Ebenstein, William (pseud. William Elwin), prof, of political science; b. Eastern Eur. 11 May 1910, d. Santa Barbara, Calif. 28 Apr. 1976. E: 1934 U.K, 1936 U.S. Cit: 1942 U.S. F: Samuel E. M: Gittel Goldapper. •» 1938 Ruth Barbara Jaburek. C.-Phillip James; Robert S; Andrew J; Alan O.

1934 emigr. to U.K. 1934 Dr. jur , Univ. Vienna. 1934-36 att. Univ. London. 1936 emigr. to U.S. 1936-38 at Univ. Wisconsin: 1936-37 univ. fel, 1937-38 res. assoc. in law; 1938 Ph.D. in polit. sci. 1938-46 mem. fac, Univ. Wisconsin, Madison: 1938 instr. in polit. sci, 1940 assist, prof, 1943-46 assoc. prof; con-curr. 1942-43 S.S.R.C. fel, Mex. 1946-62 mem. fac, Princeton Univ: 1946 assoc. prof, 1949-62 prof, of politics. Concurr: 1948 in charge of U.N.E.S.C.O. proj, Methods of Polit. Sci, Par-is; 1953 Ford Found, fel, Mex; 1958 Princeton Univ. res. fel. in Sp. 1962-67 prof, of polit. sci, Univ. California, Santa Barbara. An authority on totalitarian government, W.E. 's Today's Isms is his best known book. Two Ways of Life deals with confron-tation of Western capitalism and Soviet communism; the U.S. Defense Dept. purchased 100,000 copies of the book. Mem: Am. Polit. Sci. Assn.

Biblio: Fascism at Work, publ. under pseud. William Elvin (London, 1934; New York, 1972; reissued as Fascist Italy (New York, Chicago, 1935, 1970, 1973]); Die rechtsphilosophische Schule der reinen Rechtslehre (Prague, 1938; Eng. trans, and rev. ed, The Pure Theory of Law [Madison, 1945 and New York, 1969); Sp. trans. Mex, 1947; reprinted Frankfur t /M, 1969); The Laws of Public Housing (Madison, 1940); The Naii State (New York, 1943; also publ. in The Infantry Journ. first ed. in The Fighting Forces series (Washington, 1944; New York, 1975]); The German Record, a Political Portrait (New York and Toron-to, 1945); ed, Man and the Slate: Modern Political Ideas (New York, 1947, 1948, 1950, 1953); ed, Great Political Thinkers: Pla-to to the Present (New York, 1951, 1953, many subsequent eds.); Introduction to Political Philosophy (New York, 1952; Port Washington, N.Y, 1972); ed, Modern Political Thought: The Great Issues (New York, 1954; other eds ) ; Church and State in Franco-Spain (Princeton, N.J, I960); Today's Isms (New York, 1954; many subsequent eds.); Two Ways of Life: The Communist Challenge to Democracy (New York, 1962; Port, ed, Rio de Janeiro, 1962; 2nd ed, 1965); Totalitarianism: New Perspectives (New York, 1962); Communism in Theory and Practice (New York, 1964); Instructor's Manual to Accom-pany American Democracy in World Perspective (New York, 1967; also publ. a student's guide to accompany Democracy... (New York, 1967); co-auth, American Democracy in World Per-spective (New York, 1967); American Government in the Twen-tieth Century: A Process Approach (Morristown, N.J, 1971). Lit: Fermi. Sources: Hand, News, Print. — R.F.J.I.

Eber, Herbert W. (until 1941 Leibel), psychologist; b. Vienna 2 June 1928. R: Unitarian (Jewish background). E: 1939 U.K, 1939 U.S. Cit: 1941 U.S, fmly. Aus. F: Albert Leibel, b. Vienna, d. U.S. 1972, Jewish, att. univ, writer, ed, 1940 emigr. to U.S. M: Alice Hesky, b. Vienna, d. Belg. 1936, Jewish, emigr. to Belg. S : Half-siblings: Aaron Leibel, Ph.D, prof, of polit. sci; Rhoda, Ph.D. in physiol; Gary Leibel, B.A; all b. Baltimore, Md. oo I. 1949 Mary E. Weeks, b. Birmingham, Ala. 1925, sec. educ, div. 1971; II. 1971 Juanita Marshall, b. Atlanta, Ga. 1930,

Baptist, J.D, teacher, soc. worker. C: James E. Crim III (step-son), b. 1945, M.A, psychological counselor; H. Marvin, b. 1967, student; Deborah E, b. 1969, student.

Feb. 1939 emigr. to U.K. to await visa. Nov. 1939 emigr. to U.S; aided by rels. 1945-46 att. Univ. Tennessee. 1946-48 serv, U.S. Army; 1948-53 Reserve. 1949-51 att. Southwestern Univ, Memphis, 1951 B.A. 1951-54 studied at Univ. North Carolina, Chapel Hill: 1954 Ph.D. in clin. psych. Concurr: 1951-52 res. assist, Inst, for Res. in Soc. Sci, Chapel Hill; 1952-54 clin. psych, trainee, Veterans Admin. Hosp, Roanoke, Va, and 1954 postdr. trainee there. 1954-60 mem. fac, dept. of psych, Alaba-ma Coll, Montevallo: 1954 assoc. prof, 1956 prof. Concurr. consult: 1954-55 Montgomery County Mental Hygiene Clin, Ala; 1955-67 Ala. Inst, for Deaf and Blind, Talladego, also adult blind dept. and adult deaf cent; 1956 with Div. Vocation-al Rehab, State Dept. of Educ, Ala; 1958-60 Occupational Training Cent, for the Mentally Retarded; 1959- with Evalua-tion and Rehab. Cent, Ala. Sch. of Trades, Gadsden, Ala. 1960- priv. practice, spec, in evaluation and consulting. 1961-75 chief, dept. of psych, Hill Crest Hosp, Birmingham. Concurr. consult: 1960-65 State Training Sch. for Girls, Chalk-ville, Ala; 1960-69 Rehab. Cent, for the Crippled, Huntsville, Ala; 1963-65 Evaluation Cent, for the Deaf, Cave Springs, Ga ; others. 1962 lect. in psych, Birmingham Southern Coll, Ala. 1964-67 dir, Inst. Personality and Ability Testing. Concurr : 1965 panel psychologist, Div. of Vocational Rehab, State Dept. of Educ, Atlanta; 1965-66 dep. ed, Multivariate Behavioral Res: 1966-consult, ed. 1967-assist, prof.exp. psychiatry, Univ. Alabama Sch. of Med, Birmingham, later consult. Also from 1967 pres, Psychological Resources Associates, Atlanta. 1969-70 dist. vis. prof, of psych, Morehouse Coll, Atlanta. 1971- designer and mgr. Correctional Diagnostic Syst, Dept. of Corrections andd Offender Rehab, State of Ga. 1977- de-signer and consult, Correctional Diagnostic Syst, Oklahoma Dept. Corrections. 1977- pres. Personality Profiles Inc. Dallas Tex. 1978- designer, builder and contractor, Correctional Diag-nostic, Colorado Dept. Corrections. Dipl: Am. Bd. Prof. Psych. Mem: Am. Psych. Assn; Soc. Multivariate Exp. Psych; Nat. Re-hab. Assn; others. A: (1981) Atlanta, Ga.

Biblio: Contrib. more than 24 chaps, to books and arts, on sta-tist. ana), personality tests and issues of vocational rehab, to Joum. of Personality, Multivariate Behavioral Res. Journ. Con-sult. Psych; others; for biblio. to 1975 see R.F.J.I . archs. Sour-ces: Hand, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Eberhard, Wolfram, prof, of sociology and Sinology; b. Pots-dam, Brandenburg, Ger. 17 Mar. 1909. R: None. E: 1937 Chi-na, 1937 Tur, 1948 U.S. Cit: 1952 U.S, fmly. Ger. F: Gustav E, b. Gotha, Thuringia, Ger, d. 1939, Roman Catholic, prof, of as-trophys, Potsdam Observatory. M: Gertrud Müller, b. Pots-dam, d. 1940, Protestant, astronomer. S. (none). °° 1934 Alide Roemer, b. Berlin 1911, 1948 to U.S, M.S. in soc. welfare, writ-er, ed, div. 1981. C: Rainer, b. Peking 1935, B.A, mgr. of com-puter dept. a : Elmhurst, III; Anatol, b. Istanbul 1938, Ph.D. prof, of biochem, a: Ithaca, N.Y.

1927-33 att. Univ. Berlin; 1933 Dr. phil. Concurr. 1927-29 att. Sch. of Oriental Langs, Berlin; 1929-34 res. assist, Mus. of Ethnology, Berlin. 1934 Baessler Found, fel, Berlin. 1934-35 assist, prof, Peking National Univ. 1935-36 head of Asian div, Grassi Anthro. Mus, Leipzig. 1937 emigr. to China (disguised as pleasure trip) with offer of teaching position; unable to work due to outbreak of war with Japan. 1937 reed. Moses Mendels-sohn Found, fel. 1937 emigr. to Tur. 1937-48 prof, of Chinese at Univ. Ankara; trained Turkish specialists in Chinese who lat-er succeeded him. 1948 emigr. to U.S. with offer of teaching position. From 1948 mem. fac, dept. of sociol, Univ. Califor-nia, Berkeley: 1948-49 lect, 1949-52 assoc. prof, 1952-76 prof. Concurr. vis. prof: 1956 Univ. F rankfur t /M, 1957-58 Univ. Punjab, Lahore, 1964 Univ. Heidelberg, 1967 Taiwan Univ, 1979 Univ. Munich, 1980 Free Univ, Berlin. 1951-52 fel, Gug-genheim Found, study of Turkish folklore. From 1956 with Asia Found: 1956-58, 1960-consult, 1961-adv. Concurr: I960 reed. Ford Found, grant; 1966-68 res. on Chinese family life study, San Francisco and Taiwan. Major res. in Chinese astron-

Ebon 233 omy and folklore, and sociological studies of Turkey and Chi-na. Mem: Intl. Union Orientalists; corresp. mem, Ger. Acad. Sei. and Lit; corresp. mem, Bavarian Acad. Sei; corresp. mem, Turkish Hist. Soc; other nat. and fgn. prof, assns. A: (1981) Berkeley.

Biblio: "Beiträge zur kosmologischen Spekulation der Chi-nesen der Han-Zeit" (diss, Univ. Berlin, 1933); p 'n : Sinolojiye girif (China: Introduction to Sinology; Istanbul, 1946); p n Tarihi (Chinese History; Ankara, 1947; other eds.); Guild and Sin in Traditional China (Berkeley, 1967); Settlement and Social Change in Asia (Hong Kong, 1967; contains biblio. to 1937); A History of China (Berkeley, 1969); contrib. num. arts, to prof, journs. in Eng, Ger, Fr. and Turkish; for biblio. since 1934 see... Lit: Sarah Allen and Alvin P. Cohen, eds, Legend. Lore and Religion in China: Essays in Honor of W.E. on His Seven-tieth Birthday (San Francisco, Calif, 1979). Sources: Arch, Hand, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Ebert, Carl Anton Charles, opera director, Intendant, actor; b. Berlin 20 Feb. 1887, d. Los Angeles 14 May 1980. E: 1933 Switz. with long stays in It, Arg, Aus, U.K, 1939 Tur, 1948 U.S. Cit: U.S. F: Wilhelm E. M: Maria. ~ I. 1912 Lucie Spliesgarth (Oppenheim?), b. Berlin 189(7); II. 1924 Gertrud Eck. C: 1 son, 1 dtr. (dec.) from first wife; from second wife, — Peter Ebert; Renate Stoia, b. Berlin 1924, motion picture prod, a : 1975 U.S; Christine Cooper, b. Darmstadt, Hessen, Ger. 1926, writer, a: 1975 U.S; Michael,b. Lugano, Switz. 1935, actor ,a: 1975 U.S.

Abitur, Oberrealsch, Berlin. 1905-07 bank clerk. 1907-09 att. Max Reinhardt 's Sch. of Dramatic Arts. 1909-14 actor,

Re inhard t s Deut. Theater, Berlin. 1914-15 wartime serv. 1915-22 actor, Schauspielhaus, Frankfur t /M. 1922-27 actor, Staatstheater, Berlin (roles incl. Faust, Egmont, Peer Gynt, Flo-rian Geyer, Petrucchio); as narrator in Stravinsky's Histoire du Soldat. C.E. became interested in the relationship between theater and music. Concurr : Fdr. and dir. of schs. of dramatic art in Frankfur t /M, 1919, Staatl. Schauspielsch, Berlin, 1925; prof, Hochsch. für Musik, Berlin; 1919-27 dir. of actors union. 1927-31 Gen.-Intendant, Hessisches Landestheater, Darm-stadt; concurr. 1931-33 Intendant, Städt. Oper, Berlin; direct-ed revivals; 1932 dir, first perf. of Kurt Weill's Bürgschaft; 1933 dismissed from position as Social Democrat and "Kultur-bolschewist." Mar. 1933 emigr. to Switz, making that country his home base. 1933-36 actor, Schauspielhaus Zurich; actor and dir, Stadttheater Basel. Concurr: 1933-37 dir, Maggio Mu-sicale Florence; 1933-36 dir, Teatro Colon, Buenos Aires; 1936- expert consult, to Tur. Min. of Culture; 1937-38 dir. Are-na, Verona; Staatsoper and Burgtheater, Vienna; 1934 co-fdr. with Rudolf Bing and -» Fritz Busch of Glyndebourne Op-era, Eng, and 1934-39, 1946-59 serv. at its org. and dir; 1947-55 presided over its visits to Edinburgh Fests. 1939 emigr. to Tur. Lived in Ankara. 1939-47 adv. for music and drama to Tur. Min. of Educ: fdr. with - . Paul Hindemith, Tur. State Sch. for Opera and Drama; 1941-47 dir. of first operas performed in Ankara, some under musical dir. of -» Ernst Praetorius. 1947-48 dir. of opera, Cambridge Theatre, London. 1948 emigr. to U.S. 1948-54 prof, and chmn. of opera dept, Univ. Southern California, Los Angeles. 1950-61 Guild Opera Co, Los Angeles: 1950 gen. dir, 1954-61 artistic dir; dir. first perfs. of— Ernst Kfenek's Dark Waters (1951), George Antheil's Vol-pone (1953), and of Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress at Bien-nale Venice (1951). Concurr : 1954-61 Intendant, Städt. Oper, West Berlin, also dir. its prods. Guest dir: 1962, 1963 Glynde-bourne; 1963, 1965 Opera House, Zurich; 1965 Wexford Fest, Eng; 1967 Deut. Oper, Berlin (dir. Don Giovanni at opening of house). 1965-67 cond. master classes on B.B.C.-T.V, Eng. Carl Ebert's success as a director was magnified by his insistence that opera singers know the meanings of the words they sang, thus lending credence and authenticity to their performance. Mem: Intl. Theater Inst. (pres. of Ger. sect. 1956-61); Akad. der Künste, Berlin (extraordinary mem. 1971); P.E.N.-Zen-trum, Fed. Repub. Ger. Reed: Hon. dr. music, Univ. Edin-burgh (1954); hon. dr. fine arts, Univ. Southern California (1955); Ernst-Reuter-Plakette, W. Berlin (1957); Knight, Da-nebrog Order, Den; Grosses Ehrenzeichen for serv. to Mozart,

Aus. (1959); Hon. Comdr, Order of the Brit. Empire (1960); La Grande Médaille d'Argent de la Ville de Paris ( 1961 ); Commen-datore, Order of Merit, It. (1966); Grosses B.V.K, mit Stern, Fed. Repub. Ger. (1969); Silbernes Blatt, Dramatiker Union, Fed. Repub. Ger. (1977).

Lit: W. Bollert, " C . E , " in Neue Zft. für Musik (vol. 118, 1957). Arch: Perf. Arts Res. Cent, Lincoln Cent, New York. Sources: Arch, Hand, Print. — R.F.J.I.

Eberl, Peter, Intendant, stage director; b. Frankfur t /M 6 Apr. 1918. R: 1946 Church of England, fmly. Protestant. E: 1934 U.K. 1954 Fed. Repub. Ger, 1962 U.K, 1968 Fed. Repub. Ger, 1978 U.K. Cit: 1946 U. K, fmly. Ger. For F. M and S see father — Carl Anton Charles Ebert. ~ 1.1944 Kathleen Havinden; II. 1951 Silvia Ashmole, b. 1926, Church of England, dancer. C.-Judith, b. London 1944, designer, a : 1975 Fr; Beatrice E, b. London 1947, designer, a : 1975 U .K; Tobias E, b. London 1952, student (1975), a : 1975 U.K; Charles E, b. London 1953, assist, dir, a: 1978 Bonn-Beuel, Fed. Repub. Ger; Paul, b. Lon-don 1955, student (1975), a: 1975 Fed. Repub. Ger; Jessica, b. Hannover, Fed. Repub. Ger. 1958, a : 1975 Fed. Repub. Ger; Andrea, b. Hannover 1960, a: 1975 Fed. Repub. Ger; Mark, b. Brighton, U.K. 1962, a: 1975 Fed. Repub. Ger; Susanna, b. Cuckfield, U.K. 1964, a : 1975 Fed. Repub. Ger; Dominic, b. Augsburg, Fed. Repub. Ger. 1968, a: 1975 Fed. Repub.Ger.

1932-34 att. Salem Sch. Ger: reed, leaving-cert. for lower grad. sec. sch. 1934 emigr. to U.K. 1934-36 att. Gordonstoun Sch, Scot: grad. During W.W.II factory and farm-worker. 1946-48 prod, and speaker for B.B.C, London. 1948-54 opera producer: Glasgow, Scot; Wexford Fest; Mozart and Rossini guest prods, m It; Glyndebourne Fest. 1954 returned to Fed. Repub. Ger. 1954-60 exec. prod. State Opera, Hannover. Dir. of opera class, Hannover State Cons; also T. V. prods, of Glynde-bourne Fest, operas. 1960-62 exec. prod, of opera in Düssel-dorf. Head of opera studio. 1962 to U.K. 1964-65 opera adv. to B.B.C. T.V. Guest prods, in Eur, and U.S. and Can. 1967-68 dir. of opera sch, Univ. Toronto. 1968 returned to Fed. Repub. Ger. 1968-73 Intendant, Stadttheater Augsburg. Exec, prod, Scottish Opera, Glasgow. 1973-75 Intendant in Bielefeld, Fed. Repub. Ger, 1975-78 Intendant, Hessisches Staatstheater, Wiesbaden, 1978 resigned due to artistic-conceptual differen-ces. 1978 to U.K. 1978- dir. of Scottish Opera, Edinburgh. Mens: 1968 Ger. Theater Mgrs. Assn. (D.B.V.); Lions Club. Reed. Golden Phone, Augsburger Pressestammtisch (1969). A: (1980) Edinburgh.

Sources: Hand, News, Qu. — IfZ.

Ebinger, Blandine(Hassenpflug), actress; b. 1904; seeStraschek film biographies.

Ebon, Martin, author of books on the occult, political science and nutrition; b. Hamburg 27 May 1917. E: 1938 U.S. Cit: U.S. F: Julius, mfr, 1941 to U.S. M: Martha Ludwig, 1941 to U.S. S: Ellie, b. Hamburg, 1940 to U.S. ~ 1949 Chariklia S. Baltazzi. C: Andrew Richard.

19(?)-34 att. Univ. Hamburg. 1938 emigr. to U.S. Mem. staff, U.S. O.W.I ; info, off, Dept. of State. Mgg. ed, Fgn. Lang. Div, Overseas News Agcy. Held var. positions in book and mag. re-tailing. 1950-52 account exec, pub. rel. firm, Hill and Knowl-ton, Inc. 1953-65 admin, secy, ed, Parapsychology Found, Inc, New York. Concurr: 1953-62 mgg. ed, Tomorrow; 1959-65 mem. ed. bd, Intl. Reports. From 1962 pres. of Lombard Assoc, Inc. pub. rels. and publ. consult, firm, New York. 1966-67 con-sult, Found, for Res. on the Nature of Man. From 1969 exec, ed. Spiritual Frontiers. Concurr. 1949-50, 1955-56, 1967 lect, div. of soc, sci, New School for Social Res. Author and editor of numerous books on major figures in current events, the oc-cult and nutrition. Mem: Am. Assn. for Advancement of Sci; Am. Soc. Assn; Am. Acad, of Polit. and Soc. Sci. Reed: Free-dom Found. Award for ed. in Saturday Evening Post. 1948-62.

Biblio: World Communism Today (New York, 1948); Malen-kov: Stalin's Successor (New York, London, 1953; trans, into

234 Eckardt

Span . ) : Sveilana: The Story of Stalin's Daughter ( N e w York , 1967); Prophecy in Our Time (New York , 1968); Che: The Mak-ing of a Legend ( N e w York , 1969); Lin Piao: The Life and Writ-ings of China's New Leader (New York , 1970); They Knew the Unknown ( N e w York , 1971); The Devil's Bride; Exorcism. Past and Present (New York , 1974); Which Vitamins Do You Need? ( N e w York , 1974); Saint Nicholas : The Life and Legend ( N e w York , 1975); Atlantis: The New Evidence ( N e w York , 1977); Ev-idence of Life After Death (New York, 1977); Cloning of Man ( N e w York , 1978); Last Days of Luther ( N e w York , 1970); m a n y o the r books . Sources: H a n d , Pers, Print. — R.F .J . I.

Eckard t , Wolf(gang) von, archi tectural critic, a u t h o r ; b. Berlin 6 Mar .1918 R: None . E: 1936 U.S. Cit: 1943 U.S. F: H a n s Felix von E, b. Riga, Latvia, Russ. (U.S .S .R. ) 1890, d. Heidel-berg, Baden , Ger . 1956, Protestant , univ. prof , polit, sei, d i r , Inst, f ü r Zei tungswesen. M: G e r t rude née Lederer ( D a n n h e i -ser), b . L a n d a u , Ger . 1895, Jewish, nurs ing sch. educ, physical therapis t , 1934(35?) to U.S, remarr ied to dean of New School for Social Research. 5 : Ursula , b. H a m b u r g 1925, d. Puer to Ri-co 1973, prof , of polit, sei, 1936 to U.S. oo 1941 M a r i a n n e Hor -ney, dtr . o f - ^ Karen H o m e y , b. Berlin 1913, Lutheran , att. u-nivs, clin, and med. sch, M . D , psychoanalys t , 1933 to U.S. 1975 div. C: Barbara Klein , b. New York 1943, att . Univ. Ch icago a n d Benn ing ton Col l , Vt, prof, of ph i los ; M a r i n a G i l m a n , b. New York 1945, att. Univ. Ind iana , singer.

1929-33 att. Schlossch. Salem, Baden, Ger . 1933-36 pr in te r ' s appren t i ce , Berlin. Fa ther , an active an t i -Naz i , r ema ined in Ger . 1936 emigr. to U.S. to avoid Ger . milit . d ra f t . 1936-41 with Al f red A. K n o p f publ . co: worked as assist, prod, mgr , book de-signer, g raph ic artist. Concur r . 1938-41 att. New School for Social Research . 1942-45 serv, U.S. Army milit. intell. br , E .T .O. 1945-47 res. assist, U.S. War Cr imes C o m m n . in Ger . 1947-48 chief res. anal , Off . of Chief of Counse l for W a r Cr imes , Nuremberg . 1948-53 with U.S. Info . Serv; chief of sect, O . M . G . U . S ; dept . head of br. off. of pub . a f fa i r s . Bad N a u -heim, Hessen-Nassau , G e r ; chief ed, intl. press serv. 1953 worked fo r C . I . O . polit, act ion c o m m . 1953-59 f ree lance pub . info, dir . Am. Inst, of Archils. From 1963 archil , critic, ed. writ-er. co lumnis t for "C i ty scape , " Washington Post. Wash ing ton , D . C ; f r o m 1981 design critic, Time mag. C o n c u r r : 1966 lect. H a r v a r d Un iv ; 1967 M . I . T ; 1979-80 A.A. Levin prof , of u rban s tudies a n d pub. serv, Cleveland State Univ, Oh io ; co lumnis t for "Al l ied Ar t s " in Journ. of Am. Inst, of Archils. Res. a n d writ-ing on the func t ion and social s ignif icance of archi tec ture in the m o d e r n u rban envi ronment . M e m : Am. Inst, of Archits . (hon. mem.) ; Soc. of Archit . His tor ians ; Am. Inst, of G r a p h i c Arts (pres. Washing ton , D .C. chap. 1962-65). R e e d : Archits. Cri t ic 's Meda l of the Am. Inst, of Archits. (1972); Front Page A w a r d ; N e w s p a p e r Gui ld Award.

Biblio: Ed , Eric Mendelsohn (New York , 1960); ed, Mid-Cen-tury Architecture in America (Bal t imore, 1961); co-auth , Life for Dead Spaces ( N e w York , 1963); The Challenge of the Meg-alopolis ( N e w York , 1964); A Place to Live: The Crisis of the Cit-ies ( N e w York , 1967); co-auth, Bertolt Brechts Berlin — A Scrapbook of the Twenties (Ga rden City, N Y, 1975); Back to the Drawing Board (Washington , D . C , 1978); contr ib . arts, to j ou rns . a n d periods, incl. New Repub, Libr. Journ. Harper's. Arch: S .P .S.L. Sources: Arch, H a n d , Pers, Print, Qu. -R .F . J . I .

Eckstein, Albert, pedia t r ic ian ; b. Ulm, Wür t t emberg , Ger . 9 Feb . 1891, d. H a m b u r g 18 June 1950. R: Jewish. E: 1935 Tur , 1950 Fed . Rep. Ger . Cit: Ger. F: Bernhar t E, b. 1854, d . Ulm 1936, Jewish , bus inessman , mfr . M: Amal ie Er langer , b. Neus tad t -on-Aisch . Bavaria , Ger. 1862, d. Ulm 1915, Jewish. S : Fann i e Oet t inger , b. Ulm 1886, d. 1971, f r o m 1908 lived in U. K ; H u g o E, b. Ulm 1892, d . New York 1963, bus inessman , 1938 in-te rned in M a u t h a u s e n concent ra t ion c a m p , 1939 to U.S. (fa-ther o f - » Ot to Eckstein and Bernard H a n s Eckstein), oo 1925 Erna Sch lossmann , b. Dresden, Saxony, Ger . 1895, Lu theran , M . D , phys ic ian , emigr. with husband a n d chi ldren to Tur , ret. to Fed. Repub . Ger , later to U . K . a : Cambr idge . C: Herber t

Be rnha rd E, b. 1926, M . D , consult , fo r ped ia t r ic surgery, to Tur . with parents , res. L o n d o n ; Peter Ar thu r E, b. 1928, M . D , gen. prac t i t ioner , to Tur . with paren ts unti l 1945, then to Eng ; Klaus Erich E, b. 1932, Downing Col l , C a m b r i d g e , l anguage mas te r , to Tur . with pa ren t s until 1945, then to Eng.

1912 att. Univs. F re iburg /Bre i sgau , Leipzig a n d M u n i c h ; 1914 S taa t sexamen a n d 1 9 1 5 D r . m e d , Univ. Fre iburg. 1914-18 Fe ldoberarz t , Ger . Army. 1919-25 m e m . s ta f f s of med . clins, Univ . Fre iburg : 1919 assist, Physiol. Ins t ; 1921 assist, 1923 Pri-va tdoz . at Kinderk l in . 1925-35 with Med . A k a d , Düsse ldor f : 1925-32 Obera rz t a n d a.o. Prof ; 1932-35 o. Prof , a n d dir. of Kinderk l in . C o n c u r r : Mem. Reichsgesundhei t s ra t ; 1930 mem. Intl. Ges. für Pockenschu tz ; Ges. f ü r K i n d e r h e i l k u n d e (1930 Ger . a n d 1931 Arg.-Braz. socs.); 1931 lect. in Arg, Braz. and Urug. 1934 f o r b i d d e n to lect. in Ger . 1935 emigr . to Tur . with o f f e r of p ro fessorsh ip f rom Anka ra Hosp . 1935-50 dir. of Ch i ld ren ' s Hosp , A n k a r a . Concur r : .1939-45 med . work for Al-lies in A n k a r a ; 1945-49 taught pediatr ics , p rob , at Univ. Tur -key ; first dean of med . sch, Univ. T u r k e y ; deve loped p rogram for child a n d in fan t wel fa re in Tur : t raveled on behal f of Min . of Hygiene to advise on reducing in fan t mor ta l i ty ra tes ; collab. with Jewish Agcy. in Tur . 1950 re tu rned to Fed. Repub . Ger . 1950 p ro f , Univ. H a m b u r g , and chmn. of its Kinderk l in . Spec, in reduc ing the child mortal i ty and raising the level of child wel-fa re p r o g r a m s in T u r k e y ; s tudied biology of the n e w b o r n , rela-t ionsh ip be tween infect ion and nutr i t ion in chi ldren , nervous diseases a n d malar ia . M e m : Corresp . m e m , Brit. Assn. of Paedi-atrics (1946); hon . m e m , Med . A k a d a m i e , Düsse ldor f (1948); corresp . m e m . Pediat r ic Socs. of Buenos Aires, Säo Paulo , Rio de J ane i ro , Mon tev ideo .

Biblio: Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die funktionelle Differenzierung im Säugetierherzen und ihre Bedeutung für die Allorhythmie (diss, F re iburg /Bre i sgau , 1915; publ . F r e i b u r g / Breisgau, 1915); Encephalitis im Kindesalter (Berl in, 1929); co-auth , Lehrbuch der Kinderheilkunde (Berl in, 1933; Tur . t rans . 1940); Les conditions du village turc ( A n k a r a , 1937); Malaria im Kindesalter (Basel, New York , 1946); Probleme der Kinderheilkunde und des Kinderschutzes (in T u r ; A n k a r a , 1947); co-auth , Untersuchungen über das Wachstum der Kinder in der Türkei (in T u r ; Anka ra , 1947); " D i e K r a n k h e i t e n der K i n d e r in w a r m e n L ä n d e r n , " in Lehrbuch der Pädiatrie. G u i d o Francon i a n d Arvid J. Wallgreen, eds. (Ger . a n d Eng, 1950); Lehrbuch der Säuglingskrankheiten (Tur , A n k a r a , 1950-51); cont r ib . app rox . 40 arts, on child health a n d wel fa re to Tur , G e r , Fr. and Eng. per iods . Papers: Conve r sa t i ons on Turk ish exper iences , in W i d m a n n Arch. Sources: Arch , E . G . L , Pers, Print , Qu. - R .F . J . I .

Eckstein, O t to , prof , of economics , gove rnmen t economis t , c o m p a n y p res iden t ; b. Ulm, Wür t t emberg , Ger . Aug. 1927. R: Jewish . E: 1938 U K, 1939 U.S. Cit: 1945 U.S, fmly . Ger . F: Hu-go E, b. Ulm 1892, d. New York 1963, Jewish , bus ines sman , Apr . 1939 to U . K , Dec. 1939 to U.S. M : H e d w i g Pressburger , b. Rexingen , Wür t t emberg 1900, Jewish, act ive in cmty. orgs. S: Berna rd , b. Ulm 1923, Ph.D, 1937 to U . K , 1939 to U.S, chemist , oo 1954 Harr ie t t Mirkin, b. Boston 1934, Jewish , A.B, res. in econ , s tudied music . C: War ren , b. Paris I960; Felicia, b. 1963; J u n e Beth, b. 1966.

1938 emigr . to U . K . on chi ldren ' s visa; pa ren t s fo l lowed in 1939; lived with aun t a n d uncle. 1939 emigr. to U.S. with par -ents. 1946-47 serv. with U.S. Army Signal C o r p s in J a p a n . 1948-51 att. Pr ince ton Univ , 1951 A.B, Phi Beta K a p p a . 1951-55 att . H a r v a r d Un iv : 1952 A . M . 1955 Ph .D. in econ . C o n c u r r . 1954-55 reed. S .S .R.C. grant . F r o m 1955 m e m . fac , dept . of econ , H a r v a r d Univ: 1955 instr , 1957 assist, p ro f , 1960 assoc. p ro f , 1963- prof . Concur r . 1959-60 tech. dir , U.S. Cong . Jo in t Econ . C o m m , s tudy of emp loymen t g rowth a n d pr ice lev-els. I960 Guggenhe im fel. 1961-64 consul t , U.S. Treasury a n d C o u n . Econ . Advs. 1964-66 mem. Pres ident ' s C o u n . Econ . Ad-visers. 1966-79 sr. econ. consul t , Mitchel l Hu tch ins Inc. F r o m 1969 pres , Da ta Resources , Inc, a f i rm which p r o d u c e s o n e of the most widely used economet r ic mode l s in the U.S. 1975-80 dir , Bur roughs C o r p . Consul t , for var . p u b . a n d priv. orgs . Ed , Rev. of Econ. and Statist. Res. on the Amer i can e c o n o m y . Du-

Edelstein 235 r ing the 1950s s tudied effect iveness of gove rnmen t expend i -tures, inf la t ion and the tax sys tem; in 1960s concen t ra ted on ques t ions of product iv i ty , wages, e m p l o y m e n t a n d govern-men t i n c o m e benef i t p r o g r a m s such as social security a n d wel-f a r e ; as p res iden t of D a t a Resources , Inc, work in the 1970s conce rned the deve lopmen t of the Da ta Resources Economet -ric Mode l of the U.S. M e m : Am. Acad , of Arts a n d Scis; Am. Econ . Assn ; fel, Econome t r i c Soc ; others . Reed: L L . D . h.c, Pr ince ton Univ. (1975); Dr . h.c, the Free Univ. Brussels (1975). A : (1980) Lexington , Mass .

Biblio: "Bene f i t s a n d Cos t s : Studies in the Economics of Publ ic W o r k s Eva lua t i on" (diss, H a r v a r d Univ, 1955; publ . as Water Resource Development: The Economics of Project Eval-uation. Cambr idge , Mass . 1958); co-auth . Mithi-Pwpose Rirer Development (Bal t imore , M d , 1958); Public Finance (Engle-w o o d Cl i f fs , N . J , 1964; 2nd ed. 1967; 3rd ed. 1973); Economic Policy in Our Time (1964); The Great Recession (1978); Core In-

flation (1980); ed. of Prent ice Hall 's Found , of Mod. Econ . se-ries; contr ib . num. arts, to prof , journs . a n d periods. Lit: Current Biography (Feb. 1967). Sources: H a n d . N e w s . Q u . — R.F . J . I .

Eckstein, Ruth née F r i e d m a n , p r in tmake r , painter , ar t is t ; b. N u r e m b e r g , Bavaria , Ger . 11 May 1916. E: 1934 Fr, 1939 U.S. Cit: U.S. F: N a t h a n F, b. Berkach, Ger . 1871, d. U.S. 1950, Jewish , att. pub . sch, merchan t , 1941 to U.S. with spouse . W.-Ida Schif fer , b. Reckendor f , Bavaria , Ger . 1879, d. U.S. 1952, Jewish, att . pub . sch. S: S tephan , b. N u r e m b e r g 1903, Dr. ju r , 1937 to U.S, insur . b r o k e r ; Gus tav , b. Nuremberg 1912, Dr . med . oo 1935 George ( G ü n t h e r ) Eckstein, b. Munich 1909, att. Realsch, m f r , writer, 1933 to Fr. C: Margare t Loble, b. Paris 1936, M . A . Queens Coll , N e w York (C .U .N .Y. ) , personne l dir . in U .S ; Susan , b. New York 1942, Ph .D. Co lumbia Univ , assist, p rof , of sociol , Boston Univ .

1932 grad . G y m , N u r e m b e r g ; concur r . mem. K a m e r a d e n . Apr . 1934 emigr. to Fr. W o r k e d in h u s b a n d ' s toy factory. Feb. 1939 emigr . to U.S. Studied at New School for Social Resea rch ; Art S tuden ts League of N e w Y o r k ; Prat t G r a p h i c Cen t , Brooklyn , N e w York. Col lage pr ints a n d paint ings, pr in ted p a p e r collages, and intagl io pr ints of non-objec t ive abs t rac t ions suggest ing rocks and landscapes . Exhibitions: Indiv idual shows at Village Art Cent , N e w York (1964); Alonzo Gal l . New York (1968, 1970, 1972, 1975, 1977); Paul Kessler Gall , Province-town , Mass . (1970); Kuns tha l le , Nurembe rg , Ger . (1974-75) ; C h e r r y s t o n e Gal l , Wellf leet , Mass. (1974, 1977); Ga le r i a de Ar tweg, Lima, Peru (1980); Galer ie Sulzbeck, Er langen, Fed. Repub . Ger . (1980); others. G r o u p shows incl. Penn. Acad . Fine Arts, Ph i lade lph ia (1959, 1964, 1965); Nat . Acad, of Design, New York (1963, 1965); " In t l . T r i enn ia l , " Grenchen , Switz. ( 1964) ; Ise tan Gal l , Tokyo ( 1967); Va. Mus. of Fine Arts (1974). Collections a t Phi lade lphia Mus . of Art, P e n n ; Isr. Mus, Je rusa-l em; Mus . Y a m a t o B u n k a k a n , Na ra , J a p ; Brooklyn Mus. of Art , New York . M e m : A m . Abstract Artists (secy. 1970-79); A u d u b o n Artis ts ; Soc. of A m . G r a p h i c Artists. R e e d : Purchase A w a r d , Hof s t r a Univ. H e m p s t e a d , N . Y . (1956); Village Art Cen t . A w a r d , N e w York (1963); A u d u b o n Artists A w a r d , N e w York ( 1977, 1978). A : ( 1980) New York.

Arch: Artist Files, Mus . of Mod . Art Libr, New Y o r k ; Whi t -ney M u s , N e w York ; N e w York Pub. Libr. Sources: Arch , H a n d , Pers, Print , Qu. — R.F . J . I .

Eckstein-Diener, Berta (pseuds. Sir G a l a h a d ; Helen Diner) , a u t h o r ; b. Vienna 18 Mar . 1874, d. G e n e v a 20 Feb. 1948. E: 1938 Switz. °o Fr iedr ich Eckstein, b. Ger. 1861, physic ian a n d cul tura l hist , ed. of works by Fyodor Dostoyevski with — René Fülöp-Mi l le r .

Fr iend of Peter Al tenberg, Ar thur Schnitzler and Karl Kraus . 1938 emigr . to Switz. 1942 lived in Zur ich . K n o w n as na r r a to r , cul tural novel is t and t rans la tor .

Biblio: As Sir G a l a h a d , Im Palast des Minos (Munich , 1913); Die Kegelschnitte Gottes, novel (Munich , 1921); Idiotenfiihrer durch die russische Literatur (Mun ich , 1925); Mutter und Amazonen: Umriss weiblicher Reiche (Munich , 1932); Byzanz: Von Kaisern, Engeln und Eunuchen (Vienna, 1936); Bohemund:

Kreuzfahrer-Roman (Leipzig, 1938); as Helen Diner , Seide: Eine kleine Kulturgeschichte (Leipzig, 1940); as Sir G a l a h a d , Der glückliche Hügel: Ein Richard-Wagner-Roman (Zur ich , 1943). Lit: H e r m a n Uhde-Bernays , "S i r G a l a h a d , " Deutsche Beiträge. 3 (Mun ich , 1949). Sources: Hand . — IfZ.

Edelmann, Rafael, l i b ra r i an ; b. Rezhitsa, Latvia (Rezekne , U . S . S . R . ) 7 J an . 1902, d. Jerusa lem 27 Nov. 1972. R. Jewish. E: 1933 Den , 1970 Isr. Cit: 1909 Den , fmly. Russ. F: C h a j i m Jeho-shua Selig E, b. Latvia, d. 1932, tailor. M: Miriam Metter , b. Latvia , d. 1952, emigr. to Den . in early 20th century. S : Isak, b. Latvia , dec , Dr. med , hosp. d i r ; Isaj, b. Latvia, dec, tai lor , emigr . to Den , then U.S. oo 1932 Lisbeth Levi, b. A l t o n a / H a m -burg, Ger . 1908, d. 1971, Jewish, s tudied art hist, 1933 to Den , v. pres. W . I . Z . O , Den , v. pres, Jewish cmty, C o p e n h a g e n . C. H a n n a Shor , b. 1934, sec. educ , 1954 to Isr; Mar t in (Moshe) , b. 1938, rabbi , Dr. phi l , 1954 to Isr.

1909 came to C o p e n h a g e n . Att. Rabb . Sem. in Berlin a n d Univ. B o n n ; 1928 Dr. phil . 1926-27 instr. of Danish , Univ. Bonn . 1927-33 assist, to — Paul Kahle in Bonn, res. in Jewish liturgy. 1933 emigr. to Den. 1933-70 with Royal Libr, C o p e n -h a g e n : 1933-38 assist, 1938 l ibrarian I, 1945 l ibrarian II and dir. of Jewish div, 1958-70 first l ibrar ian. Main cont r ibut ion at the Royal Libr. was dir. of expans ion of the Hebraica and Ju-da ica collect ions. 1943-45 in S tockho lm; adv. on books and librs. to f ree Danish govt, in Swed. and a b r o a d ; p repa red lists for pos t -war acquisi t ions. Active part ic . in the reconstruct ion of Jewish scholarsh ip in post-war Eur. 1946 mem, Danish del-eg. to U N E S C O . gen. assembly, Paris. 1946-49 mem. rep. bd , Jewish cmty. of C o p e n h a g e n . 1953-70 lect. on Jewish lit, Univ . C o p e n h a g e n ; dir. of Jewish s tudies ; 1966 Dr. phil. h.c. Concu r r . 1955- co-fdr , chmn , Assn. of Librs. of Juda ica a n d Hebra ica in Eur ; 1970 hon . pres. 1961 Dr. phil. h.c, Univ. Co-penhagen . 1969 fel, Inst, of Yiddish Lexicology, C . U . N . Y . Reed. Storkorset Meda l f r o m Danish c rown. 1970 emigr. to Isr.

Biblio: Ed , Zur Frühgeschichte des Mahzor (Stuttgart , Wür t t emberg , Ger , 1934); Maimonides on Medicine (Copenha -gen, 1952); Jedisk Mystik ( C o p e n h a g e n , 1954); ed, series, Cor-pus Codicum Hebraicorum Medii Aeri (Copenhagen , 1956-); ed, Lazarus G o l d s c h m i d t , Subject Concordance to the Baby-lonian Talmud ( C o p e n h a g e n , 1959); Jedisk Litteratur gennem 2000 är ( C o p e n h a g e n , 1961); contr ib , co-ed, Judentum im Mit-telaller (Berlin, 1966); ed, Yiddische Khrestomat ( C o p e n h a g e n , 1966); fo r o ther works see R.F .J . I . arch. Papers: With son M o s h e E d e l m a n n , 11 Bustanai St, Je rusa lem. Sources: Arch , E . G . L , H a n d , Pers, Print. - R .F .J . I .

Edelstein, Ludwig, prof, of classical phi lology and history of med ic ine ; b. Berlin 23 Apr . 1902, d. New York 16 Aug. 1965. E: 1933 to It, 1934 to U.S. ~ 1928 E m m a Levy, d. 1958.

Studied with Werne r Jaeger at Univ. Berlin and Karl J a spe r s at Univ. He ide lberg ; 1929 Dr. phil . 1931-33 assist, Inst, f ü r Geschich te de r Med. u n d Naturwiss ; concur r . 1932-33 Doz, Univ. Berlin. 1933 dismissed f rom Med . Ins t ; l iquidated f am. bus. 1933 emigr. to It; worked in res. 1934 emigr. to U.S. 1934— 47 assoc. p ro f , J o h n s H o p k i n s Inst, of the Hist, of Med. 1947 m e m . fac , Univ . Wash ing ton , Seattle. 1948-51 prof , of G r , Univ. Ca l i fo rn ia , Berkeley; I950-51(?) re fused to sign loyalty oa th imposed on fac. by a d m i n ; subsequent ly involved in court case b rought by a small g r o u p of non-s igners against the Univ , which they eventual ly won . 1951-60 m e m . fac , J o h n s H o p k i n s U n i v : 1951 guest p ro f , 1952-60 prof , of humanis t ic studies a n d lect. in hist, of med . C o n c u r r : 1953 Fulbr ight lect, O x f o r d U n i v ; 1955 presen ted first Wil l iam Osier M e m . Lect. at McGill Univ, M o n t r e a l ; 1959-60 m e m , Inst. Advanced Study. 1960 deliver-ed Gar r i son Lect, Am. Assn. fo r Hist, of Med , Char les ton , S .C. 1960-65 p ro f , of classical philos. a n d hist, of sei. Rockefel ler Univ , N e w York . Res. in classical Greek medical practices with emphas i s on the a t t i tudes of physicians toward ph i losophy a n d rel igion. Viewed the Hippocra t i c oa th as the produc t o f a phase in the history of ancient medical ethics, ra ther than as the sum tota l of Greek medical ethics (the more accepted view). Spec, in the phi losophies of Plato, Aristotle a n d Poseidonios. M e m : Elected to Am. Philos. Soc ; Phi Beta K a p p a (hon. mem.).

236 Edinger Biblio: riepi deptav und die Sammlung der hippokratischen

Schriften (Problemata, Heft 4; Berlin, 1931); The Hippocratic Oath: Text, Translation and Interpretation (Baltimore, Md, 1943, 1964); ed, Asclepius: A Collection and Interpretation of the Testimonies, 2 vols. (Baltimore, 1945; New York, 1975); ed, Hindu Medicine by Henry Zimmer (Baltimore, 1948); ed, Wissen, Wollen, Glauben: Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Philoso-

phiegeschichte und Existentialphilosophie by Erich Frank (Zu-rich and Stuttgart, 1955; publ. in Eng. in Chicago); The Mean-ing of Stoicism (Cambridge, Mass, 1966); The Idea of Progress in Classical Antiquity (Baltimore, 1967); contrib. num. arts, and revs, to prof, journs. incl. Bull, of the Hist, of Med, Am. Journ. of Philol, Oxford Classical Diet, Joum. of the Hist, of Ideas, Classical Weekly. Lit: Bull, of the Hist, of Med. (vol. 40, 1966; contains biblio.); Joum. of the Hist, of Med. and Allied Sei. (vol. 21, 1966); Oswei Temkin and C. Lilian, eds, Ancient Medicine: Selected Papers of Ludwig Edelstein (Baltimore, 1967). Arch: S.P.S.L. Sources: Hand, Journ, N.D.W, News, P r i n t . - R . F . J . I .

Edinger, Lewis Joachim, prof, of political science; b. Frank-f u r t / M 1 Feb. 1922. E: 1936 U.S. Cit: 1943 U.S, fmly. Ger. F: Friedrich E. M: Dora Meyer. °o 1950 Hanni Blumenfeld. C.-Monica Ruth; Susan Yvonne.

1936 emigr. to U.S. 1943 A.B. Wabash Coll, Crawfordsville, Ind. 1943-46 serv, U.S. Army Air Force. 1947 M.A. Columbia Univ, 1951 Ph.D. hist. 1947-49 instr. in hist. New York Univ. 1950-51 assist, prof, Sweet Briar Coll, Va. 1951-52 lect. in polit. sei, VassarColl , Poughkeepsie, N.Y. 1952-53 assist, prof, Univ. North Carolina. 1953-57 res. assoc, U.S. Dept. of Defense; concurr. 1956-57 Ford Found, res. fel, Stanford Univ, Calif. 1957-63 mem. fac, Michigan State Univ, East Lansing: 1957 as-sist. prof, 1958 assoc. prof, 1962-63 prof, 1958-63 S.S.R.C. fel; concurr. 1959-1960 Fulbright vis. res. prof, Free Univ. Berlin. 1963-67 prof, Washington Univ, St. Louis, Mo. Concurr: 1964-65 res. assoc, Yale Univ; Fulbright vis. res. prof, Univ. Bonn. From 1967 prof, of govt, and fac. assn, European Inst, Sch. of Intl. Affairs, Columbia Univ. Concurr: 1968-70 assoc. dir, Eur. Appl. Soc. Res; 1971-73 Nat. Sei. Found, fel, Colum-bia Univ; 1973-74 Guggenheim fel. Mem: Am. Polit. Sei. Assn. Invest, leadership in political systems especially in modern and post-totalitarian Europe. A: (1979?) New York.

Biblio: West German Armament (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, 1955); German Exile Politics (Berkeley, Calif, 1956; Ger. ed. Hannover, 1960, as: Sozialdemokratie und Nationalso-zialismus)', co-auth, Germany Rejoins the Powers (Stanford, Calif, 1959); Kurt Schumacher (Stanford, 1965); ed, Political Leadership in Industrialized Societies (New York, 1967); Poli-tics in Germany (Boston, 1968); wrote other books and contrib. arts, to prof, journs. Sources: Hand. — R.F.J.I.

Edinger, Tilly (pseud. Tilli, Ottilie), vertebrate paleontologist; b. F rankfu r t /M 13 Nov. 1897, d. Cambridge, Mass. 27 May 1967 (truck accident). R: Jewish. E: 1938 U.K, 1940 U.S. Cit: 1945 U.S. F: Ludwig E, b. Worms, Hessen, Ger. 1855, d. Fank-f u r t / M 1918, Dr. med. Univ. Heidelberg, neurologist, anato-mist, psychiatrist, prof, of neurol, Univ. Frankfur t /M, first to distinguish between paleocerebrum and neocerebrum. M: An-na Goldschmidt, b. 1863, d. 1929. S: (Dr.) Friedrich E, b. 1888, dec; (Dr.) Dorothea (Dora) Lipschitz (Lindley), b. 1894.

1916-18 att. Univs. Heidelberg and Munich; 1921 Dr. phil. in geol, Univ. Frankfur t /M. 1921-27 assist, geology-paleon-tology inst, Univ. Frankfur t /M. 1927-38 curator for fossil ver-tebrates, Naturkundemuseum Senckenberg, Frankfur t /M, 1938 dismissed. Concurr: 1931-33 assist, Neurol. Inst, Frank-fur t ; also to 1939 mem. bd. dirs, Ludwig-Edinger-Stiftung. 1938 emigr. to U.K. 1939-40 trans, in London. 1940 emigr. to U.S. 1940-67 with Mus. Comp. Zool, Harvard Univ: 1940 res. assoc, 1948 res. paleontologist, 1964-67 hon. assoc, paleontol-ogy. Concurr : 1943-44 Guggenheim fel; 1944-45 instr. of zool, Wellesley Coll, Mass; 1950-51 fel, Am. Assn. of Univ. Women to study brains of fossil animals in Eur. Res. in vertebrate pa-leontology, fossil brain casts. Mem: Paläontologische Ges.

(hon.); Soc. Vertebrate Paleontology (pres. 1964); Soc. for Study Evolution; Senckenbergische Naturforschende Ges, Frankfurt (hon. from 1947); Am. Acad, of Arts and Scis; Sigma Xi. Reed: Sc.D. h.c, Wellesley Coll. (1950); Dr. rer. nat, Univ. Giessen(1957); Dr. med. h.c, Univ. F rankfur t /M.

Biblio: Die fossilen Gehirne (Berlin, 1929); Über Gehirne ter-tiärer Sirenia Ägyptens und Mitteleuropas sowie der rezenten Seekühe, part of Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abtei-lung, N.F. (Heft 20, Munich, 1933). Lit: Falk, "Immigration." Arch: S.P.S.L. Sources: Arch, E.G.L, Hand, News, Print. — R. F.J.I.

Eduardova, Eugenia (Platonowna), dancer, teacher; b. St. Pe-tersburg (Leningrad) 6 Jan. 1882, d. New York 10 Dec. I960. R.-Russian Orthodox. E: 1935 Fr, then to Morocco, 1947 U.S. Cit: U.S, fmly. Russ, then stateless. °° I. Eduardov, Russian Or-thodox, div; II. Alexis Davidoff, Russian Orthodox, Russ. rail-road industrialist, div; III. 1920s-> Joseph Lewitan.

Until 1901 studied dance at Russ. Imperial Ballet Sch, St. Pe-tersburg. Until 1917 ballerina at Maryinsky (now Kirov) Thea-ter. 1917 left Russ. Appeared with Anna Pavlova Co. in London and Berlin; made tours. 1920 settled in Berlin. Opened one of the most renowned ballet schools; trained num. dancers, cho-reographers and dance teachers who later shaped ballet in Ger. 1935 emigr. to Fr. with husband; lived in Paris, cont. to teach. Later emigr. to Casablanca, Morocco. 1947 to New York.

Lit: Friedrich, Ballett. Sources: Hand, Pers. — IfZ.

Edwards, Paul, prof, of philosophy; b. Vienna 2 Sept. 1923. E: 1938 Aust, 1947 U.S. Cit: U.S, fmly. Aus.

1938 emigr. to Aust. 1944 B.A, Univ. Melbourne; 1947 M.A. 1947 emigr. to U.S. 1949-66 instr, then assoc. prof, New York Univ. Concurr: 1951 Ph.D. in philos, Columbia Univ; 1964-65 Guggenheim fel. From 1966 mem. dept. of philos, Brooklyn Coll, New York: 1966 assoc. prof, 1968- prof. Concurr. 1967 ed.-in-chief, The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 8 vols. MacMillan and Free Press, the first comprehensive work of its kind since 1901. Mem: Am. Philos. Assn. An intellectual disciple of Ber-trand Russell, P. E. rejected religious and metaphysical philos-ophies.

Biblio: The Logic of Moral Discourse (Glencoe, 111, 1955); co-ed, A Modern Introduction to Philosophy (New York, 1957; 2nd 1965); ed, The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 8 vols. (New York, 1967); contrib. arts, to prof, journs. Sources: Hand, Pers, Print. - R.F.J.I.

Eger, Akiva, labor studies specialist and dir. of international in-stitute for developmental cooperation; b. Königsberg, Prussia, Ger. (Kaliningrad, U.S.S.R) 15 Apr. 1913. R: Jewish. E: 1933 Fr, 1935 Pal. Cit: Isr, fmly. Ger. F: Jitzhak L, b. Königsberg 1882, Jewish, liberal-orthodox, sec. educ, transporter and insur-ance agent, 1938 to Pal. M: Anita Frenkel, b. Elizabetgrad, Russia (U.S.S.R.), Zionist, sec. educ, med. studies, 1938 to Pal.

Arno, b. Königsberg 18 May 1914, sec. educ, cml. employee in Ger, 1933 to Fr, 1936 to Pal, truck driver, farmer, shipping employee in Isr. °° I. 1940Tamar Ellen Stern, b. Berlin 1919, sec. educ, teacher and soc. worker. II. 1955 Lea Raesener, b. Berlin 1923, educator. C: Miriam Kedar, b. Petal) Tikvah, Isr. 1943, graphic designer; Anat, b. Rebovot, Isr. 1957; Da-niel, b. Rebovot 1959.

Orthodox Jewish educ; Abitur in Königsberg. 1930-31 att. Univ. Freiburg/Breisgau. 1931-32 studied econ, hist, and phi-los. under-« Marx Wertheimer and others, Univ. Frankfur t /M. 1932 att. Univ. Königsberg. Concurr. partic. in Ger.-Jewish orgs. incl. Kameraden, C.V.-Jugend; also mem. of Sozialisti-scher Schülerbund and Freie Wissenschaftliche Vereinigung. Apr. 1933 emigr. to Fr. 1933-35 att. Univ. Paris; concurr. agric. training, Sch. of Agric. on peasant farms and on HeHalu? training fa rm; responsible for agric. training for Pal. Worker Movt, Luxembourg; work as export agent; mem. of Merkaz HeHalu* of Fr. 1935 emigr. to Pal. on C-cert. 1936-48 serv,

Ehrenberg 237 Haganah; work in illegal ammunition factory. Concurr: 1937-38 work with Pal. Potash Co; 1939-55 Histadrut and Jewish Agcy. emissary to Fr, Swed, U.S, Can, N. Afr, U.K, Ja-pan; 1943-46 agric. training in Egypt. 1951 joined Kibb. Na'an, mem. workers' coun, ed. Kibb. journ. and mem. secretar-iat. 1953-55 att. London Sch. of Economics. 1956 joined Kibb. Gal 'ed; Kibb. secy. 1956- joined Kibb. Netzer-Sereni, Isr; 1959-60 dir. of Ulpan Olim, also mem. secretariat; dir. of cultur-al comms. on Kibbutzim. 1958-59 dir. of Afro-Asian Sem. on Cooperat ion, and 1960 Sem. on Rural Cooperation for Fr.-Speaking Africa, the two initial pilot projs. of the Histadrut; 1961 dir. of entire Afro-Asian Inst, (later called Intl. Inst, for Dev. Cooperation and Labor Studies). Concurr. 1959 active in Knesset election campaign on behalf of Mapai party; 1962 head of Isr. deleg. to Cong, of Afr. Socialism in Dakar, Sene-gal; rep. of Youth and HeHa lu j dept. of W.I.Z.O; consult, dept. for intl. cooperation, Isr. Fgn. Off ; Aliyah Bet work in Isr, Fr, Swed, Egypt; lect. tours, sems. in Asia, Afr, U.S, Can, Carribean. Spec, in sociology and development problems with emphasis on Third World countries; relationships between trade unions and cooperatives; voluntary organizations of working people; workers' organizations; kibbutz life and devel-opment. Mem: Histadrut (from 1936); Mapai (from 1938); Soc. for Inst. Dev; Soc. for Indus. Reis, Isr; Exec. Intl. Reis. Dept. of Histadrut; Kibb. HaMe'ubad (coun. mem.); Ibud HaKibbu-Zim (mem. secretariat); Asian Regional Org. of Intl. Confed. of Free Trade Unions. A: (1979) Kibb. Netzer-Sereni, Isr.

Biblio: "The Industrialization of Young Countries and its Impact on International Economic Development" (diss.); The Role of Labour and Cooperation in the Development of Young States (Tel Aviv, 1965); What Asians and Africans Learn in Is-rael (Jerusalem, 1971); Israel and the Emerging Nations (New York, 1970); Towards a Population Policy (Tel Aviv, 1973). Sources: Hand ,Qu . — R.F.J.I.

Eger, Paul, Intendant, Regisseur, playwright; b. Vienna 23 Jan. 1881, d. Lucerne, Switz. 9 Apr. 1947. E: 1939(?) Switz. Cit: Switz. through birth. F: Leopold E, Dr. M: Helene Mates-dorff. S: Rudolf, b. Vienna, emigr. to Switz. <*> Herta Alsen, d. Altenburg, Thuringia, Ger. Dem. Repub, 1949, actress, singer. C: Kurt Jung-Alsen, b. Tutzing, Ger. 1915, Intendant, actor, stage dir, after 1945 in Ger. (Ger. Dem. Repub ).

Studied art hist, Ger. lang, and lit, and philos, Univs. Berlin and Vienna; 1905 Dr. phil. 1901 co-fdr. of Viennese acad. soc. for art and lit. 1905-08 educ. trips incl. to Rome. Apprentice in Hamburg. 1908-12 Dramaturg and dir, Königliches Deutsches Landestheater, Prague. 1912-exec, dir, Hoftheater Darmstadt, Ger. 1918-26 Intendant, Deutsches Schauspielhaus, Hamburg. 1926- mem. mgg. staff, Prussian State Theater, Berlin. Artistic adv. at. Max Reinhardt theaters. Dir. of Berlin Fest. incl. 1926 first guest perfs. of the Milan Scala under the dir. of Arturo Toscanini. Mem. bd. of dirs, D.B.V. 1932-38 dir, Neues Deutsches Theater, Prague; 1933 in a precarious position caused by his indecisive attitudes in the face of the conflicting interests of Reichs-Ger. emigrs, Nazis and Czechs. 1938 in-creased polit. tensions led to closing of the theater. Mem. Prague Ger. Theater Org. I939(?) emigr. to Switz. 1942-47 dir. of Munic. Theater, Lucerne. Theater and Opera prods. Last premiere Tilla Durieux's resistance play Zagreb 1945.

Biblio: Auth. of plays incl. Mnesis (1900); Mandragola (1906, an adaption of Machiavelli); Adam, Eva und die Schlange (1916); Im Gasthof zum Schwanen (1924). Lit: Kosch, Theater; Enciclopedia dello spettacolo: Kürschner, Theater: Til-la Durieux, Meine ersten neunzig Jahre (Munich-Berlin, 1971); Schneider, Exiltheater: Wächter, Exiltheater: Theater im Exil ¡933-45. Sources: Hand, News, Print. — IfZ.

Eggerth, Martha, actress, singer; b. Budapest 17 Apr. 1912. E: 1939 (407) U.S. F: Paul E, banker. M: Tilly Herezegh, singer, oo 1937 -«• Jan Kiepura. C: Jan J r ; one other son.

Att. Ger. sch, Budapest. 1921 first stage appearance, age 9, as a doll in Fr. musical Maniquin, Budapest. 1930 Vienna debut in Emmerich KÄImän's Das Veilchen vom Montmartre. Ac-

tress in many films in 7 längs, incl. Unvollendete Symphonie (1935) Vienna, Leise flehen meine Lieder, Der Zarewitsch, Casta Diva (1937), Die blonde Carmen (1939). 1939(40?) emigr. to U.S. 1940 New York debut in Higher and Higher. 1943 played Hanna to husband's Danilo in The Merry Widow, which they re-peated over 1000 times in 5 längs, in U.S. and Eur. 1945 ap-peared on Broadway in musical comedy Polonaise. Films incl. La Vie de Boheme (1949) Rome, Valse Brillante (1952), Das Land des Lächelns (1959) and Frühling in Berlin (I960) both Fed. Repub. Ger. 1979 reed. Bundesfilmprets, Filmband in Gold, Fed. Repub. Ger. A: Rye, N. Y.

Arch: Perf. Arts Res. Cent, Lincoln Cent, New York. Sources: Arch, Hand, News, Print. — R.F.J.I.

Ehlers, Alice née Pulay, harpsichordist; b. Vienna 16 Apr. 1887. R: Jewish. E: 1936 U.S. ~ Alfred Ehlers, sculptor.

Studied piano with Leschetizky in Vienna. 1913-18 studied harpsichord, Berlin Hochsch. für Musik under Landowska, hist, of music with -> Curt Sachs and Johannes Wolf; later instr. there (?). Num. concert tours in Eur. and U.S. Lived in Berlin, Vienna, London. 1935 perf. at Worcester Fest, U.K. 1936 emigr. to U.S. 1936 U.S. debut in Town Hall, New York. 1942 prof, Univ. Southern California, Hollywood; later emer. prof. A. E. was instrumental in reviving interest in baroque re-pertoire for the harpsichord; performed music of Bach, Han-del, Scarlatti and others. Reed : Dr. h.c, var. Am. univs.

Arch: Perf. Arts Res. Cent, Lincoln Cent, New York. Sources: Arch, Hand, Print. — R.F.J.I.

Ehrenberg, Hans, philosopher, clergyman; b. Hamburg-Altona 4 June 1883, d. Heidelberg, Baden, Ger. 31 Jan. 1958. R: Protestant, fmly. Jewish. E: 1939 U.K, 1947 Ger. (Brit. Occup. Zone). Cit: Ger. F: Otto Maximilian E, b. Wolfenbüttel, Braunschweig, Ger. 1849, d. Kassel, Hessen-Naussau, Ger. 1928, Jewish, banker. M: Emilie Fischel, b. Prague 1859, d. Kassel 1941, Jewish. S. Paul, b. Hamburg-Altona 1884, d. U.S. 1960, Gym. educ, merchant, 1934(33?) to Neth, 1937 to U.S; -Victor Ehrenberg, oo 1913 Else Anna Zimmermann, b. Heidel-berg 1890, d. Heidelberg 1970, Protestant, emigr. with hus-band. C: Juliane John, b. 1923, 1939 emigr. to U.K, a: India; Andrew, b. 1926, 1939 to U.K, att. Univs. Durham and Cam-bridge, prof.

Studied econ. and philos; 1906 Dr. rer. pol, Univ. Munich; 1909 Dr. phil, Univ. Heidelberg. 1910 Habil. and Privatdoz. in philos, Univ. Heidelberg. Serv. in W.W.I as lieut; reed. E.K.II. 1918 a. o. Prof, Univ. Heidelberg. 1920-23 studied theol, Univ. Münster. 1924 ordained as Protestant minister. 1925-37 minis-ter in Bochum. 1933 dismissed from Univ. Heidelberg; 1937 re-linquished pastorate, active in Confessional Church. 1938 im-prisoned in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. 1939 emigr. to U.K. with fam. Active in World Coun. of Churches. 1940 brief internment. 1943-45 teacher, Philos. Inst, London. 1947 re-turned to Ger. (Brit. Occup. Zone). Until 1954 active in West-phalian Volksmission. Settled in Hamburg. One of the leading figures of the religious-socialist movement in the Weimar Re-public, H.E. was noted for his concept of a socialist ecumenical society in which Christianity represented the major integrating force. Rejected the Marxist theory of class struggle and advo-cated in its place a corporate state as a means of innovating the free enterprise system. Reed: 1956 Dr. h.c, Prot.-Theol. Fac, Univ. Bonn.

Biblio: "Ökonomischer und religiöser Sozialismus," Sozia-listische Monatshefte (vol. 26, 1920); "Über die religiös-soziale Lage in Deutschland," Die Eiche (vol. 9, 1921); "Revolutions-theologie," Das Kunstblatt (vol. 6, Potsdam, 1922); Evange-lisches Laienbüchlein (3 parts; Tübingen, 1922); Kirche und So-zialdemokratie (Gütersloh, 1926); "Ideologie und soziolo-gische Methode," Archiv fur systematische Philosophie und Sozio-logie (vol. 30, Berlin, 1927); "Der Nichtmarxist," Credo Eccle-siam: Festgabe für Wilhelm Zoellner (Gütersloh, 1930); An Au-tobiography by a German Pastor (London, 1943); for further biblio. see G.K. (1925-). Lit: Renate Breipohl, Religiöser Sozia-lismus und bürgerliches Geschichtsbewusstsein zur Zeit der Wei-

238 Ehrenberg marer Republik (Zurich, 1971). Sources: Arch, Hand, Pers, Print. — IfZ.

Ehrenberg, Henry (Heinz), cantor; b. Schlochau, West Prussia, Ger. (Czluchow, Pol.) 22 July 1912. R: Jewish. E: 1939 U.K., 1940 U.S. Cil: 1945 U.S, fmly. Ger. F: Max E, b. Strassburg, W. Prussia, Ger. (Pol.) 1888, Jewish, att. Jüdische Sem, cantor and preacher, 1945 to China and U.S, retired. M: Martha Fin-kelstein, b. Rosenberg, W. Prussia, Ger. 1889, d. Ger. 1931, Jewish, att. Höhere Schule, Einjähriges. S: Lewy Roth, b. Schlochau 1911, Lyzeum educ, kindergarten teacher in Tel Aviv, retired; Edith, b. Schlochau, Lyzeum educ, deported to Eastern Eur, date and place of death unknown: Günther, elem. sch. educ, d. in Ger, date unknown, oo 1938 Paula Hofmann, b. Jena, Thuringia, Ger. 1912, Jewish, Lyceum educ, Einjähriges, Obersekunda-Reife, Mittlere Beamtenlaufbahn Reichspost, fa-shion designer, factory worker, salesperson. C. (none).

1932-33 att. Univ. Berlin; studied med; studies curtailed by the Nazis. 1934-36 att. Jewish Teachers' Sem, Berlin; studied voice with Gina Goetz-Levy, cantorial training with Magnus Davidson; B.E. degree, cert, as elem. sch. teacher and cantor. 1936-38 cantor, Jüdische Kultusgde, Frankfur t /M. Nov.-Dec. 1938 interned in Buchenwald concentration camp after Kri-stallnacht. 1939 emigr. to U.K, legal entry with help of London Cantorial Assoc. 1939-40 waited for visa to U.S; aid from Woburn House in London and from reis, in S. Afr ; spouse worked as housekeeper. 1940 emigr. to U.S; reed, assist, from reis. 1940-42 factory work with spouse in Bridgeport, Conn. 1942-75 cantor, Hebrew Tabernacle Congregation, New York; concurr. 1944 reed, principal's cert, Hebrew Union Coll. of Sacred Music, New York.

Arch:Cologne File, R.F.J.I. Sources: Arch, Qu. - R.F.J.I.

Ehrenberg, Victor L(eopold), ancient historian; b. Al tona/ Hamburg 22 Nov. 1891, d. London 25 Jan. 1975. R: Jewish. E: 1939 U.K. Cil: 1947 U.K, fmly. Ger, 1929-47 C.S.R. For F. M and S see brother — Hans Ehrenberg. » 1919 Eva Dorothea Sommer, b. Frankfur t /M 1891, d. London 1973, Jewish, att. univs, author, poet, 1939 to U.K. with fam. C: — Geoffrey Rudolph Elton; Lewis Richard Benjamin Elton.

1911-12 att. T.H. Stuttgart, studied archit. 1912-14 att. Univs. Göttingen and Berlin. 1914-18 serv, Ger. Army, mainly on W. front; 1914 reed. E.K. 2nd class, 1916 Braunschweig Ver-dienstkreuz, 1918 lieut. 1919-20 att. Univ. Tübingen; 1920 Dr. phil. 1922 Habil, Frankfur t /M. 1922-28 Privatdoz, Univ. Frankfur t /M, 1928 a.o. Prof. 1929-39 Prof, German Univ. Prague. Feb. 1939 emigr. to U.K; assist, by S.P.S.L. 1940-42 wife taught Ger. to Brit, soldiers. 1940 lect, University Coll, Dublin. 1941 Classics Master, Carlisle Grammar Sch. 1941-45 lect. in Gr. and Gr. hist. Kings Coll, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 1945-46 sr. Classics Master, Bootham School, York. 1946-57 mem. fac, Univ. London: 1946-49 lect. in ancient hist, Bedford Coll; 1949-57 reader in ancient hist. 1947 co-fdr, mem, London Clas-sical Soc. 1949 partic. in first post-war conf. of Ger. ancient his-torians in Hinterzarten. 1954 prof, emer, Univ. Prague. 1958 vis. prof, Brandeis Univ, Waltham, Mass. Partic. in var. confs. in Fed. Repub. Ger. and elsewhere. 1962 vis. lect, Oberlin Coll, Ohio. Co-fdr, co-ed, Hisioria. Res. in var. Heids of Greek and Hellenistic hist. Earlier works focus on history of political the-ory and religious ideas, while later writings concern concrete as-pects of Greek culture and society, a switch which may reflect his move from German idealism to British pragmatism. Mem: Classical Soc. London (treas. 1947-50); Classical Assn. Brit; Societies for the Promotion of Hellenic Roman Studies (Brit.); Heidelberg Acad, of Sei. (corresp. mem. 1958-); Aus. Acad, of Sei. (corresp. mem. 1966-); var. charities. Reed: Gold Medal, Univ. Graz (1961); L.H.D. h.c, Cambridge (1966); Grosses B.V.K.

Biblio: From Solon to Socrates (London, 1968: 2nd ed. 1973); Man. State and Deity: Essays on Ancient History (London, 1974); for extensive listing see the following publ. biblios: His-ioria (vol. 10, 1961); Ancient Society and Institutions: Studies Presented to Victor Ehrenberg on his 75th Birthday (Oxford,

1966). Lit: H. Schaeffer, "Victor Ehrenbergs Beitrag zur histori-schen Erforschung des Griechentums," Hisioria (vol. 10, 1961); "Nachwort ," in V.E. Ehrenberg, Polis und Imperium: Beiträge zur alten Geschichte (K.F. Stroheker and A.J. Graham eds, Aurich-Stuttgart, Ger. 1965); V.E. Ehrenberg, "Personal Memoirs" (typescript in R.F.J.I, archs.); Joseph Vogt, "Victor Ehrenberg," Gnomon (vol.48, 1976). Arch: S.P.S.L. Sources: Arch, Autobiog, E.G.L, Hand, Journ, News, Print, Qu. — R. F.J.I.

Ehrenberg, Werner, prof, of physics; b. Berlin 20 Jan. 1901, d. Wembley, Middlesex, U.K. 19 Nov. 1975. R: Jewish. E: 1933 U.K. Cil: 1946 U.K, fmly. Ger. F: Albert E, b. Memel, E. Prus-sia, Ger. (Klaypeda, U.S.S.R.) 1857, d. Berlin 1925, Jewish, dir. insurance co. M: Hedwig Schachian, b. Driesen, Brandenburg, Ger. (Drezdenko, Pol.) 1875, d. Wembley, U.K. 1945(7), Jew-ish, 1939 to U.K. S. Ruth, b. Berlin 1899, Dr. med, psychiatrist, 1939 to U.K, 1940 to U.S; Eva, b. Berlin 1907, univ. educ, 1936 to U.K, acct. oo 1952 Marianne Spier, b. F rankfu r t /M 1923, Protestant, 1939 to U.K, Ph.D. univ. lect. C: Margaret Ruth, b. 1953, student.

1919-24 studied philos. and phys, Univs. Berlin and Heidel-berg; 1924 Dr. phil, Univ. Heidelberg. 1924-27 res. assist. Kai-ser Wilhelm Inst, Berlin. 1928-33 mem. fac, T.H. Stuttgart; 1928 res. assist, Röntgen Inst, 1930 assist, Phys. Inst; 1933 dis-missed from position, invited to lect. in Kharkov, U.S.S.R; while there reed, job offer in U.K. Nov. 1933 emigr. to U.K. 1933-36 reed, grants from Acad. Assist. Coun. to work at Birk-beck Coll, Univ. London. 1936-46 res. engr, Elec, and Musical Indus, Ltd. Hayes, Middlesex, working on radar projs. during W.W.II ; concurr. 1940 3 mos. internment. 1946-68 mem, dept. of exp. phys, Birkbeck Coll: 1946 res. fel; 1949 M.Sc; 1950 D.Sci; 1951 reader, 1963 prof, 1964 head of dept, 1968- prof, emer. Res. in electron diffraction and electronic conduction. Pi-oneer with W. E. Spear in electron behavior in insulators and X-ray tube design. 1949 with R.E. Siday predicted important electron interference phenomenon. Fel, Inst, of Phys; mem. of Royal Inst.

Biblio: Electric Conduction in Semiconductors and Metals (Oxford, 1958); contrib. num. arts, to prof, journs, incl. Zft.fiir Physik. Physikalische Zft. Proc. Phys. Soc. Phys. and Chem. of Solids. Arch: S.P.S.L. Sources: Arch, Hand, News, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Ehrenfeld, Ernest Nachum, prof, of internal medicine; b. Prague 25 Dec. 1912. E: 1939 Pal. Cil: Isr, I'mly. C.S.R. F: Sal-omon E, b. Prenzlau, Uckermark, Brandenburg. Ger. 1878, d. Theresienstadt concentration camp 1944, Dr. phil, prof, of oriental and classical philol, son of chief rabbi of Prague, ac-tive in Jewish cmty, incl. in Ferienkolonie, Sinaiverein, Tife-reth Bachurim (Jewish youth scholarly soc.). M: Cécile Levy, b. Strassburg, Alsace, Ger. (Strasbourg, Fr.) 1886, d. Prague 1940, active in Jewish soc. and cmty. work, incl. v. pres, Jüdische Fürsorgezentrale, fdr. of home for neglected Jewish children. S: (none), oo 1942 Gerda Gusta Bibo, b. Landsberg/ Warthe, Brandenburg 1915. C: Michael Zeev, b. 1942, M.D, physician; Ruth Cecile, b. 1947, physical training teacher; Uri Shimon, b. 1953, sec. educ.

For 2 yrs. pres. Jewish med. students assn. 1935 Dr. med, German Univ, Prague. 1936-39 assist, physician, Policlin. Inst, German Univ, Prague. 1939 cert. spec, in internal med, C.S.R. govt. Active in Zionist movt. Dec. 1939 emigr. to Pal. on A-I cert. 1940- with Hadassah Univ. Hosp, Jerusalem: Vol. assist, 1941 resid. physician, 1946 second assist, 1947 first assist, 1950-chief physician, internal med. dept, 1955- head, endocrinology clin. 1942-46 med. spec. Royal Army Med. Corps, Brit. Army. Serv, Haganah, I.D.F. 1952-53 post-grad, studies, Mount Sinai Hosp. 1953-54 vis. fel, Cornell Univ. Med. Coll, Ithaca, N.Y. 1955-65 sr. lect, 1965- assoc. prof, 1973- prof, of internal med, Hadassah-Hebrew Univ. Sch. of Med. Consult, to health orgs, incl. Kuppat Holim, Jerusalem. Mem, Supreme Med. Bd. of Nat. Insurance Inst, and Defense Min. Partic. in intl. congs. on endocrinology. Fel: Am. Coll. of Cardiology; Royal Soc. of

Ehrenstein 239 Med. R e c d : Yehuda M a g n e s prize, Hebrew Univ. (1952). A : Je rusa lem.

Biblio: Wro te m a n y p a p e r s on topics in in terna! med , mainly endocr ino logy . Sources: H a n d , Print , Qu. — R.F . J . I .

Ehrenhaft, Felix, p rof , of physics ; b. Vienna 24 Apr . 1879, d. Vienna 4 Mar . 1952. R: R o m a n Cathol ic . E: 1938 U . K , 1939 U.S, 1947 Aus. F: Leopo ld E. M: Louise Egger. oo Olga Steindler , b. Vienna , d . 1933, R o m a n Cathol ic , Dr. phi l , teacher , fdr . a n d dir. of sch. fo r girls. C: — J o h a n n L. Ehren-h a f t ; A n n a Mar i e Alber t , b. Vienna 1917, 1939 to U.S, a : Ph i lade lph ia .

1899 M a t u r a in Vienna . 1905-38 m e m . fac, Univ. V i e n n a : 1905 Habi l . in phys, 1912 a.o. Prof , a n d 1920 o. Prof , f o r theoret . a n d exp. phys. Dir . of 3. Physikalisches Inst. Invented a p p a r a t u s f o r a tomiz ing conduc t ive f luids into gases by m e a n s of colloids. 1907 d iscovered " B r o w n i a n m o t i o n " in gases a n d in 1918 posit ive and negat ive photophores i s . 1938 emigr. to U.K. 1939 emigr. to U.S. 1943 mem. Aus. Inst, for Sei, Art a n d Econ, N e w York. 1947 re tu rned to Vienna. Vis. prof , a n d dir , 1. and 3. Physikalisches Inst, Univ. Vienna. Recd: Lieben Prize; Hai t inger Prize, Acad , of Sei. V ienna : Voigt länder Medal .

Biblio: For biblio. see Poggendorff (vol. 7a). Lit: Necro logy by K. Prz ibram, Öslerr. Chemiker-Ztg. (vol .53 , 1952); H. Thir r ing, Physik. Blätter (vol. 8, 1952). Arch: S .P.S.L. Sources: Arch, H a n d , Pers, Pr int . — IfZ.

Ehrenhaft, Johann L, p ro f , of surgery ; b. Vienna 10 Oct . 1915. R: R o m a n Cathol ic . E: 1934 U.S. Cil: 1939 U.S. fmly. Aus. For F. M and S see fa ther — Felix Ehrenhaf t . °° 1. 1940 Patricia D u n n , b. Hagers town, M d , 1917. hosp. nurse in Iowa City, div. 1951; II. 1953 Jean Lovett , b. Seattle, Wash. 1919, B.A, psychi-atr ic occupa t iona l therapis t . C: J o h n Bruce, b. 1949, coll. stu-dent .

1933-34 att. Univ. Vienna . 1934 emigr. to U.S. Recd. he lp f r o m uncle , a univ. prof , in Iowa. 1934-38 att. Univ. Iowa. Sch. of M e d ; 1938 M . D ; concur r . 1936 visited fam. in Vienna. 1938-40 staff m e m , J o h n s H o p k i n s H o s p , Balt imore, M d : 1938 intern in surg, 1939-40 Hals ted fel, surg. 1945-49 m e m . surg. s taff , State Univ. Iowa Hosps , Iowa Ci ty : 1945 resid, 1947 instr , 1948-49 assoc, 1949 assist, prof . C o n c u r r . 1942-46 serv. with U.S. A r m y M e d . C o r p s , ma jo r . 1949 fel. in thorac ic surg, Barnes Hosp , St. Louis, M o ; assist, p ro f , of surg, Univ . Iowa H o s p s ; consult , surg, O a k d a l e State Tuberculosis S a n a t o r i u m , Iowa. F rom 1949 m e m . fac , Univ. Iowa, Iowa City: 1949 c h m n . div, thorac ic -ca rd iovascu la r surg, 1951 assoc. p ro f , 1 9 5 3 - p r o f , of surg, 1951 assoc. p ro f , 1953- prof , of surg. Concur r . consult , in thorac ic -ca rd iovascu la r surg: 1954 Veterans A d m i n . H o s p , Iowa C i ty ; 1968 Wi l fo rd Hal l , Lack land Air Force Base, San A n t o n i o , Tex. 1964- m e m . ed. bd , Annals Thoracic Surgery. M e m . examina t ion c o m m , Am. Bd. Thorac ic Surg. Past regent , A m . Coll . of Chest Physic ians . Res. in scoliosis, eva lua t ion of mitral prosthesis , c o r o n a r y AV fistuls. M e m : Am. Assn. fo r Tho rac i c Surg ; Assn. of Milit . Surgs ; Am. Heart Assn ; N e w York Acad, of Scis; T h o r a c i c Surg. Dirs. Assn; m a n y others . A : (1981) Iowa City.

Biblio: Con t r ib . 3 chaps , to books a n d more than 110 arts, to prof , journs . esp. in Journ. Iowa Med. Soc. Journ. Thoracic Surg, Journ. Clin. Invest, Surgery, Arch. Surg, Journ. Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surg, Annals Thoracic Surg: f o r comple t e bibl io. t o 1980 see R. F.J. I. a rch . Sources: H a n d , Qu. - R. F.J . I.

Ehrenreich, Henry, p ro f , of phys ics ; b. F r a n k f u r t / M 11 M a y 1928. E: 1940 U.S. Cit: 1946 U.S. F: N a t h a n E. M: F r ieda Ro-senste in . oo 1953 T e m a P. Hasnas . C: Pau l ; Be th- Ida ; Rober t .

1940 emigr . t o U.S. 1950 B.A, Corne l l Univ, I thaca , N . Y . 1950-51 att . C o l u m b i a Un iv . 1955 Ph .D. in phys, Corne l l Univ . 1955-63 theore t . physicis t , G e n . Elee. Res. Lab, Schenec tady , N .Y . C o n c u r r . 1960-61 vis. lect, H a r v a r d Univ. F r o m 1963 G o r d o n M c K a y Prof , o f app i , phys , Harva rd Univ. C o n c u r r : 1965-67 m e m . ed . bd , Phys. Rev; 1966- co-ed, Solid State Phys; 1967- m e m . sci. adv. bd , I tek C o r p ; 1969 vis. prof , Brande i s

Univ. a n d Univ. Paris. Res. in solid state physics ; opt ical p rop-erties of sol ids; e lec t ronic proper t ies of d i sordered systems; t r anspor t a n d part ic le theory. Fel: Am. Phys. Soc. ( chmn , div. solid state phys. 1969); A.A.A.S. M e m : Sigma Xi. A : C a m -br idge, Mass.

Biblio: Co -au th , "Opt i ca l Propert ies of Ag a n d C u , " Phys. Rev. (vol. 128, no. 4 ,1962) ; " T h e Opt ical Proper t ies of Meta l s , " I.E.E.E. Spectrum ( vo l .2 , no. 3, 1965); " B a n d Structure a n d Opt ical Proper t ies of S o m e Noble a n d Trans i t ion Meta l s , " Proc. of the Intl. Colloquium on Optical Properties and Electronic Structure of Metals and Alloys, Paris, 1965 (Ams te rdam, 1966); co-auth , " A s s u m p t i o n - I n d e p e n d e n t Single-Part icle Wave Func t ions for Posi t ions in Solids: Appl i ca t ions to Angu la r Dis-t r ibut ions in AI a n d S i , " Phys. Rev. (vol. 171, no. 2, 1968); "E lec t ron ic States in Al loys , " Proc. of the 2nd Intl. Conf. on the Properties of Liquid Metals, Tokyo. 1972 ( L o n d o n , 1973); " T h e Elect ronic St ruc ture of Al loys" in H e n r y Ehrenre ich , ed, Solid Stale Physics, vol. 31. Advances in Research and Applications ( L o n d o n , 1976); cont r ib . other arts, to prof , journs . Sources: H a n d , Print . - R .F . J . I .

Ehrenstein, Albert, a u t h o r ; b. Vienna 23 Dec. 1886, d. New York 8 Apr . 1950. R: Jewish. E: 1932 Switz, Sp, 1941 U.S. Cil: 1938 C . S . R , fmly . Aus. F: A lexander E, b. 1857, d. 1928, cashier. M: Char lo t t e Neuer . S . Fritz, b. 1889, d . Auschwitz concent ra t ion c a m p 1944; Car l , b. 1892, d. 1971, writer , emigr. to U . K ; Frida, b. 1894; Otto, b. 1898, d. 1917.

Studied hist, and phi los , Univ. V ienna ; 1910 Dr. phil. Protege of Karl Kraus . Moved to Berlin. Con tac t with Sturm Circle of — Herwar th Waiden . Cont r ib . to many pape r s and journs . incl. Die Aktion, Berliner Tageblatt, Die Fackel, Frankfurter Zeitung, and Vossische Zeitung. F r i endsh ip with -> Elisabeth Bergner. Dur ing W.W.I worked in War Archive, Vienna. 1918 signer of the Mani fes to of the Ant i -nat ional is t Socialist Party with * Franz Pfemfer t , -* Carl Zuckmayer , a m o n g others. Mem. of writers ' un ion G r u p p e 1925. Partie in protests agains t the high t reason trial of J o h a n n e s R. Becher. Travels in Eur , Afr . a n d Asia. 1932 emigr. to Switz; was going to be expel led but prevented ex-puls ion with the assist, of H e r m a n n Hesse. 1933 books b a n n e d in Nazi Ger . Then recd. temp, resid. permit . Became Czech, cit. Later emigr. to Sp. via Fr. 1941 emigr. to New York . Resid. per-mit with he lp of T h o m a s M a n n . Jou rn . fo r Aufbau. Con t r ib . to exile journs . Deutsche Blätter a n d Die Sammlung. 1949 t r ip to Eur . 1950 a f te r lengthy illness died in hosp. fo r the poor on Wel fa re Is land, New York . Urn interred in London . Expres-sionist ic lyric poet a n d na r ra to r ; later f r ee render ings of Chi-nese poetry. A u t h o r of critical essays on cultural subjects .

Biblio: Tubutsch (Vienna , 1911); Der Selbstmord eines Katers (Mun ich , 1912); Die weisse Zeit ( M u n i c h , 1914); Der Mensch schreit (Leipzig, 1916); Nicht da — nicht dort (Mun ich , Leipzig, 1916); Die rote Zeit (Berlin, 1917); Die Gedichte (Leipzig, Vienna , 1920); Dem ewigen Olymp: Novellen und Gedichte (Leipzig, 1921; Vienna, Berlin, 1921); Briefe an Gott (Vienna , 1922); Menschen und Affen (Berlin, 1926); Ritter des Todes (Berlin, 1926); Räuber und Soldaten: Roman frei nach dem Chi-nesischen (Berlin, 1927); Mein Lied: 1900-1931 (Berlin, 1932); Ausgewählte Aufsätze, M.Y. Ben-Gavr ie l , ed. (Heide lberg , D a r m s t a d t , 1961); Gedichte und Prosa, K. Ot ten , ed. ( N e u -wied, Berlin, 1961). Lit: Hann i Mi t t e lmann , "Albe r t Ehren-steins letzte J a h r e . " L.B.B. ( N e u e Folge, vol. 19, No . 5 6 / 5 7 ) ; Gus tav Kro j anke r , ed. Juden in der deutschen Literatur (Berl in, 1922); N.D.B; Expressionismus; H.d.G; Jü rgen Serke, Die ver-brannten Dichter (Weinheim, Basel, 1977); W i l p e r t / G ü h r i n g ; Köt te lwesch, Biblio. Hand. Arch: Jewish Nat . a n d Univ. Libr , Je rusa lem. Sources: H a n d , Qu. — IfZ.

Ehrenstein, Maximilian Richard, p rof , of b iochemis t ry ; b. T h a l k i r c h e n / M u n i c h , Ger . 11 May 1899, d. Phi lade lphia 28 Dec. 1968. R: Protestant . E: 1934 U.S. Cit: 1944 U.S. .F.-R icha rd E, Dr . phi l , chemist . M: A m a n d a Engels. <*> 1925 Elsa Mayer . C. (none) .

1918-21 att . Univ. Göt t inger i ; 1921 Dr . ph i l ; 1921-23 assist, in org. chem, u n d e r A. Windaus . 1923-25 assist, T . H . Breslau,

240 Ehrenzweig under F. Straus. 1925-26 Rockefeller Found, fei, Univ. Zurich, under P. Karrer. 1926-29 assist, Univ. Munich under H. Wie-land. Concurr. worked as food-chemist and pharmacist. 1929— 34 assist, and Privatdoz. in pharmaceut. chem, Univ. Berlin. 1934 emigr. to U.S. 1934-37 res. assoc. physiol. chem, Univ. Vir-ginia Sch. of Med. 1937-68 mem. fac, Univ. Pennsylvania Sch. of Med, Philadelphia: 1937 assist, prof, 1948 assoc. prof, 1949 prof, of biochem. and chief, div. steroid res, 1968(?) emer. Res. in alkaloid and steroid chemistry; first to synthesize 19-norste-roids which led to the development of oral contraceptives, and other therapeutic agents; synthesis of numeros analogs of natu-rally occuring hormones esp. cortisone and progesterone se-ries; discovered new constituents in tobacco: holds 10 U.S. pat-ents. Mem: Am. and Swiss Chem. Socs; Soc. Biol. Chem. Reed: Medal, 2nd Cong, for Biochem, Paris (1952); spec, travel fel, Rockefeller Found. (1952); hon. prof, of physiol. chem, Univ. Hamburg (1963); B.V.K, first class, Fed. Repub. Ger. (1963); Dr. rer. nat. h.c, Univ. Berlin (1965).

Biblio: "Über die Thermische Zersetzung einiger Dikarbon-säuren der aliphatischen und hydroaromatischen Reihe" (diss, Univ. Göttingen, 1921); "Zur Kenntnis der Alkaloide des Tabaks" (Habil. diss, Univ. Berlin, 1931); contrib. more than 70 arts, to prof, journs, incl. Berichte der deut. chem. Ges. Joum. of Organic Chem, Can. Journ. of Chem; for complete bib-lio. see Poggendoiff (vol. 7a). Arch: S.P.S.L. Sources: Arch, Biblio, Hand, News. - R.F.J.I.

Ehrenzweig, Albert, jurist, ministerial civil serv; b. Vienna 29 June 1875, d. Vienna 16 Dec. 1955. E: 1939 Neth, 1940 U.S, 1949 Aus. Cit: Aus. oo Emma Bachrachova. C: Albert Arnim Ehrenzweig.

1898 Dr. jur, Univ. Vienna. 1916- mem. fac, Univ. Vienna: 1916 Habil, fac. of law and polit. sei, 1919 a.o. Prof. Judge, 1915 app. to Aus. Min. of Interior; later sect, chief, insur. supr. off . Min. of Finance. Contrib. to field of insur. contract law, in-fluencing both Ger. and Aus. jurisdiction in this field; 1938 dismissed for racial reasons. 1939 emigr. to Neth. and 1940 to U.S. 1949 returned to Vienna. App. hon. prof, of civil law, Univ. Vienna. Later vis. prof, Univ. Vienna. Reed: Decoration for Sei. and Art, First Class, Repub. Aus.

Biblio: Kommentar zur Anfechtungsordnung und zu den An-fechtungsnormen der Konkurrenzordnung (Vienna, 1916); Das Gesetz vom 23. Dezember 1917 (Vienna, 1918); Moderne Ent-wicklungsbestrebungen im Recht des Versicherungsvertrages (1925?) Die Rechtsordnung der Vertragsversicherung (Vienna, 1929); Rechtsfälle aus dem Recht der Vertragsversicherung (1929); Versicherungsvertragsrecht, 2 vols. (Vienna, 1935); Deutsches (Österreichisches) Versicherungsvertragsrecht (Vien-na, 1952); contrib. approx. 30 essays to prof, journs; for further biblio. see l fZ Arch. Lit: Göppingen Juristen; The Jews of Aus-tria (1967). Sources: Arch, Hand, Print. — IfZ.

Ehrenzweig, Albert Armin, prof, of law; b. Herzogenburg, Lower Aus. 1 Apr. 1906, d. Berkeley, Calif. 4 June 1974. R: Roman Catholic. E: 1938 U K, 1939 U.S. Cit: 1945 U.S. For F and M see father — Albert Ehrenzweig, oo 1933 Erika Wi-trofsky, braillist, d. ca. 1975. C: Elizabeth Steffen, a: Berkeley; Joan von Kaschnitz.

Att. Univs. Heidelberg, Grenoble and Vienna; 1928 Dr. jur, Univ. Vienna. 1929-33 clerk, assist, judge, Aus. courts. 1933-38 judge, Landesgericht for Civil Law in Hainfeld, Baden and Vienna; concurr. 1937-38 Doz. in civil law, Univ. Vienna. 1938 emigr. to U.K. 1939 intermediate LL.B, Univ. Bristol. 1939 emigr. to U.S. 1941 J.D, Univ. Chicago. 1942 LL.M, Columbia Univ, 1952 S.J.D. 1942-44 res. assist, State of N.Y. Law Revi-sion Commn, Ithaca. 1945 admitted to N.Y. Bar. 1944-48 as-soc. Cravath, Swaine and Moore law firm, New York. 1948-74 Walter Perry Johnson prof, of law, Univ. California Sch. of Law, Berkeley; with aid of two Ford found, grants, dev. intl. le-gal studies and grad. progs; together with Stefan Riesenfeld fostered comp, law study attracting almost half of Ger. grad. students in the U.S. Concurr: 1952 Guggenheim fel; 1954- as-soc. ed, Am. Journ. of Comp. Law; 1959- mem. adv. commn.

Intl. Rule Judicial Procedure; Fulbright prof: 1956 Univ. To-kyo; 1960 Univ. Pavia, It, 1966 Univ. Rome; 1964 N.A.T.O. prof, Univ. Leiden, Neth. Res. in conflicts of law, comparative law, law of torts and insurance. Later turned to work in psychol-ogy, ethics and anthropology. Mem: Am. Bar Assn; Am. Fgn. Law Assn; Am. Soc. Polit. and Legal Philos; Intl. Assn. of In-sur. Law (hon. pres. 1966); Japanese Soc. for Intl. Private Law (hon. mem.); others. Reed: Hon. prof, Univ. Vienna (1961); hon. senator, Univ. Vienna (1965); Dr.h.c, Univ. Stockholm (1969).

Biblio: The Place of Acting in International Multistate Torts: Law and Reason versus the Restatement (diss, Columbia Univ; publ. Minneapolis, Minn, 1951); Die Schuldhaftung im Schadenersatzrecht (Vienna, 1936); co-auth, Income Tax Trea-ties: The Income Tax Conventions of the United States with Great Britain, Canada and Other Countries (New York, 1949); Negligence without Fault (Berkeley, 1951); Deutsches (österrei-chisches) Versicherungsvertragsrecht (Vienna, 1952); "Full Aid" Insurance for the Traffic Victim; A Voluntary Compensation Plan (Berkeley, 1954); A Treatise on the Conflict of Laws (St. Paul, Minn, 1962); co-auth, American-Japanese Private Interna-tional Law (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y, 1964); Conflicts in a Nutshell (St. Paul, Minn, 1965; 3rd ed. 1974); Private International Law: A Comparative Treatise on American International Conflicts Laws, 2 vols. (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y, 1967-73; Leiden, Neth.); co-auth, Jurisdiction and Judgements, 3 vols. (Berkeley, 1970); Psy-choanalytic Jurisprudence (Leiden, Neth. and Dobbs Ferry, N.Y, 1971; Ger. ed, Berlin, 1973); Law: A Personal View (Max Knight, ed; Leiden, 1977); others; contrib. more than 250 arts, and revs, to prof, journs; for complete biblio. to 1966 see Lit. Lit: " In mem. A.A.E. (1906-74)," Calif. Law Rev. (vol.62, 1974); Erik Jayne and Gerhard Kegel, eds, Gedächtnisschrift

für A. A.E. (Karlsruhe-Heidelberg, 1976). Arch: S.P.S.L. Sour-ces: Arch, Hand, Journ, Pers, Print. — R.F.J.I .

Ehrich, William Ernst, prof, of pathology, chief of hospital department of anatomic pathology; b. Dahme, Brandenburg, Ger. 20 (29?) Nov. 1900, d. Philadelphia 25 Dec. 1967. E: 1936(35?) U.S. Cit: 1942 U.S. F: Wilhelm Maria E. M: Hedwig Menzel!. °o 1926 Marie Louise Goldschmidt. C: William G; Anna Louise Batson; Helen M. Armbruster.

1919-24 studied at Univs. Munich and Freiburg/Breisgau; 1924 Dr. med, Univ. Rostock. 1926-30 pathol, Rockefeller Inst. Hosp, New York. 1930-35 Privatdoz, Univ. Rostock. 1936(35?) emigr. to U.S. 1936-67 mem. fac, Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadel-phia: 1938 assist, prof, 1944 assoc. prof, 1947 prof, of pathol, 1947-66 chmn. grad. dept. pathol. Concurr. 1942-67 chief dept. anatomic pathol, Philadelphia Gen. Hosp. Res. on use of exper-imentation in study of structure and function of lymph nodes; pituitary and adrenal glands; renal diseases. Mem: Leopoldina Acad, of Natural Scis. (Halle, Ger. Dem. Repub ); Am. Assn. of Pathols. and Bacteriols; Harvey Soc; Soc. of Exp. Biol, and Med; Am. Soc. of Exp. Pathol; others. Reed: William Gerhard Medal; Dr. med. h.c, Univ. Freiburg (1957); Gold Medal, Pa-thol. Soc, Philadelphia.

Biblio: Pathology for Students and Practitioners of Dentistry (Philadelphia, 1941); Lectures in Graduate Pathology (delivered at the Grad. Sch. of Med, Univ. Pennsylvania, 1955,1957, 1959, 1961). Arch: S.P.S.L. Sources: Arch, Hand, News. - R.F.J.I .

Ehrlich, Abel (fmly. Adolf Awraham), composer; b. Cranz, E. Prussia, Ger. (Krants, U.S.S.R.) 3 Sept. 1915. R: Jewish. E: 1934 Yugo, 1938 Albania, 1939 Pal. Cit: 1948 Isr, fmly. Ger. F.-Arthur E, b. Riga, Latvia (U.S.S.R ), 1878, d. Kibb. En Harod, Isr. 1963, son of chief rabbi of Riga, Dr. jur , advocate and no-tary at Oberlandesgericht Königsberg, E. Prussia, Ger. (Kali-ningrad, U.S.S.R.), 1939 to Pal. M: Else Eichelbaum, b. Inster-burg, E. Prussia, Ger.(Chernyakhovsk, U.S.S.R.) 1887, 1939 to Pal, a : Kibb. En Harod. S: Wolf, b. Tilsit, E. Prussia, Ger. (So-vetsk, U.S.S.R.) 1909, Dr. jur. in Yugo, polit. in Isr; Eva(Cha-va) Gerson, b. Tilsit 1911, mem. Kibb. En Harod ; Ursula (Mi-cha) Dan, b. Tilsit 1913, mem. Kibb. Bet Zera, Isr. oo 1947 Lea Klauber, b. Temesvir , Hung. (Timijoara, Rum.) 1924, painter, 1948 serv. Haganah. C: Jehudith, b. Jerusalem 1949, art

Ehrlich 241 teacher, studied art and archeology, Tel Aviv Univ; Daniel, b. Haifa 1962.

1921- began violin studies; 1931 began composing. 1934 Abitur. 1934 emigr. to Yugo. 1934-38 student, Zagreb musical acad. 1938 expelled from Yugo; emigr. to Albania. Jan. 1939 emigr. to Pal. on cert, for young Jewish musicians in Eur, ob-tained through Pal. Cons, Jerusalem. 1939 studied composition with Solomon Rosowsky at music acad, Jerusalem, 1944 dipl. 1940-53 composition and ear training teacher at Pal. (later Isr.) music acads, incl. Rubin Acad. of Music, Jerusalem. W.W.II serv, Haganah, again in Feb. 1948. May 1948-50 corporal, I .D.F. 1953—68 trained Kibb. teachers in composition, ear training, Oranim Teacher's Coll. (1966- affiliated with Haifa Univ.); concurr. 1959, 1961, 1963, 1967 att. summer courses on new music, Darmstadt, Ger. 1964- music composition teacher, Acad. of Music, Tel Aviv Univ, 1972 prof. Compositions influ-enced by Eastern music and modern 20th century idioms; works performed in Israel and abroad. Mem: Isr. Composers ' Guild; A.C.U.M; partie, as composer at second and third Tes-timonium (1971, 1974). Reed: Commns. by Isr. Composer 's Fund (1958, 1963, 1973); Rinat Choir Prize (1965?); A.C.U.M. Prize (1967); Libervon Prize (1969, 1972). A: (1974) Ramat Aviv, Isr.

Works: More than 300 compositions incl. Bashrav, violin solo (no. 86,1953); This House, oratorio based on Zachariah IV (no. 183); Arpmusik (no. 247); Trio for horn, violin and piano (no. 264); The Confused Angels, for 2 pianos and percussion (no. 279); BeSuccal haMatsilim (In the Lifeguards' Hut; words by T. Carmi; no. 293); other chamber, choral, symphonic and operatic compositions. Sources: Hand, Print, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Ehrlich, Bettina née Bauer (pseud: "Bettina"), author and illus-trator of children's books, graphic artist; b. Vienna, 19 March 1903. R: Jewish. E: 1938 U.K. Cil: 1947 U.K, fmly. Aus. F: Eu-gen B, b. Augsburg, Bavaria, Ger. 1869, d. Vienna 1915, dir. of Aus. coal mining co. M: Lily née Mauthner (from 1926 Pavo-vich), b. Vienna 1879, d. Gorizia, It. 1968, Jewish, then Roman Catholic, painter, 1926 to lt. S. Mira Gutmann, b. Vienna 1901, d. London 1944, sec. educ, 1936(37?) to U.K. o° 1930 ^ Georg Ehrlich. C: (none).

Due to ill health in childhood spent summers on island of Grado in the N. Adriatic, which served as inspiration for many of B.E.'s books. 1920-23 att. Kunstgewerbesch, Vienna. Ca. 1924-25 studied graphic arts in Berlin, then freelance painter, etcher, and lithographer. Exhibs. in Vienna, Berlin, Amster-dam, and Paris. Ca. 1931-38 hand-printer of textiles and eve-ning dresses and designer for indus. Concurr. 1932 publ. two children's books in ed. of twenty on hand press; copies were ac-quired in 1933 by the state owned graphics coll. "Albert ina," Vienna. June 19, 1938 emigr. to U.K. Found sponsors for other Aus. refs. Soon had orders to design scarves for Liberty of Lon-don, exhib. by Manchester Cotton Bd. From 1940 auth. and il-lus. of children's books in U.K. and U.S. 1947-48 vis. to U.S. 1976 individual show in Vienna. Reed: Silver Medal for hand-printed and painted textiles, Paris Exposition Internationale des Arts et des Industries ( 1937). A : ( 1981) London.

Biblio: Auth. and illus. as "Bett ina:" Poo-Tsee, the Water-Tortoise (London, 1943); Cocolo (London, 1945; New York, 1945, 1948); Cocolo Comes to America (New York, 1949); Co-colo's Home (New York, 1950); Castle in the Sand (New York, 1951); A Horse for the Island (New York, 1952); Piccolo (New York, 1954); Pantaloni (New York, 1957); Trovato (New York, 1959, London, 1960); Paolo and Panetto (London, New York, I960); For the Leg of a Chicken (New York, 1960); Fran-cesco and Francesco (London, 1962); Dolls (London, 1962; New York, 1963); Of Uncles and Aunts (London, 1963; New York, 1964); The Goat Boy (London, 1965; New York, 1966); Sardines and the Angel (London, 1967); and others; illus. many other books. Lit: M. E. Ward, Authors of Books for Young People. Sources: Biblio, Hand, Print, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Ehrlich, Georg, sculptor, graphic artist ; b. Vienna 22 Feb. 1897, d. Lucerne, Switz. 1 July 1966. R: Unaffiliated, fmly. Jewish. E: 1937 U.K. at: 1947 U.K, fmly. Aus. F: Kurt E, b. Breslau,

Lower Silesia, Ger. (Wroclaw, Pol.), businessman, rep. of Ger. coal firm. M: Rosa Kohn (Korolany?), b. Vienna. 5 : Mathilde Tischler, oo 1930 Bettina Bauer.

1907-12 Gym. educ. 1912-15 studied Sch. of Appi. Arts, Vienna under Franz Cizek and Oskar Strnad. 1915-18 lieut. in Aus.-Hung. Army on It. and Russ. fronts. 1918 in Vienna. 1919 first exhib. of drawings and lithographs with the artists' group Freie Bewegung, in Vienna. Illustrated Verlaine and Dos-toyevsky. 1920-24 in Munich and Berlin. Contract with Hans Goltz and later with Paul Cassirer. 1921-24 exhibs. in Gall. Goltz and Graphische Sammlung in Munich; and 1922-23 in Gall. Cassirer and Euphorion Pubi. House, Berlin. Concurr. pubi, lithographs for bible illus. in Munich. 1924 returned to Vienna; promoted by art historians -» Hans Tietze and Erika Tietze. Mem. and exhibitor in Deutscher Kulturbund and 1924-38 in Hagenbund, Vienna. 1926- sculptor. 1926-28 ex-hibs. incl. Gall. Billiet, Paris; Kunstverein, Leipzig: Kunstsalon Kunde, Hamburg; Gemeente Mus. and Gall, de Bron, The Hague. 1928 first pub. commn. from the city of Vienna for the Josef Labor Mml. in the Central Cemetery. Exhibitions: Indi-vidual shows incl. Folkwangmus, Essen; Munic. Art Gall, Bo-chum; Neue Galerie, Vienna; and in Utrecht, Amsterdam, and The Hague. Group shows incl. Hagenbund, Prague (1929); "L'Art vivant en Europe," Palais des Beaux Arts, Brussels; "In-ternationale Plastik," Kunsthaus, Zurich (1931); Biennale, Ve-nice (1932, 1936); "Österreichische Bildniskunst der Gegen-wart," Künstlerhaus, Vienna (1932); College Art Assn. Intl. Rockefeiler Center, New York (1933). 1937 stay in Paris. Recd. Gold Medal for "Stehender Jüngling" sculpture, at World Ex-hib, Paris. Nov. 1937 emigr. to U.K. Recd. resid. permit with help of sister-in-law, Mira Gutmann. 1937-66 freelance artist in London. 1939 first individual exhib, Matthiesen Gall, Lon-don. Early group exhibs. ind . "Exhib. of Twentieth Century Ger. Art," New Burlington Gall. (1938); "First Group Exhib. of Ger, Aus, and Czech. Painters and Sculptors," Wertheim Gall, London (1939); exhibs. of "London Group." 1940-47 reg-ular partic. at exhibs. of Royal Acad. 1940- active mem. of F.D.K.B. and Free Aus. Movt; partic. in events and annual ex-hibs; mem. ed. staff of Der Zeilspiegel, London, the journ. of the Free Aus. Movt. 1943 exhibs. of sculpture and drawings for Artists Intl. Assn. and F.D.K.B: "Artists Aid Jewry," White-chapel Gall, of Jewish Cultural Union and "Fight for Free-dom," Joan Lewis Bldg, London. 1944 opening exhib, Ben Uri Art Gall, London. Erected "Pax" sculpture in memory of the air raid victims of Covent Garden. Concurr. co-signer Declara-tion of Aus. Orgs, in Gt. Brit. 1946-66 mem. of Wiener Sezes-sion. Partic. in "Meisterwerke aus Österreich," Kunsthaus, Zu-rich. 1947-49 stay in U.S. Instr. at art sch. of Columbus Gall, of Fine Arts, Ohio. Individual exhibs. in Ohio and New York. Re-turned to London via It. 1949-64 num. individual exhibs. incl. Lefèvre Gall, London (1953); O 'Hana Gall, London (1955, 1960); Kulturamt, Lünen and Marl, Fed. Repub. Ger; Acad. of Fine Arts, Vienna (1962). Intl. group exhibs. incl. Fest, of Brit; sculpture exhibs. in Battersea, London, Salzburg, Antwerp; Ve-nice Biennale (1958). 1962 heart trouble, entered a sanatorium near Darmstadt, Fed. Repub. Ger. 1964 individual travelling exhibs. of Ar tCoun. o f G t . Brit. Until 1966 var. resid. in It. 1966 died in Lucerne and buried in Vienna in a plot of honor donat-ed by the City of Vienna. Collections: Tate Gall, Brit. Mus, Vic-toria and Albert Mus, all in London ; Historical Mus. of City of Vienna, Belvedere Castle, Acad. of Fine Arts, all in Vienna; Metropolitan Mus. of New York; Mus. of Mod. Art, Tel Aviv; Graphische Sammlung, Munich; and elsewhere in the U.K, Aus, Ger, Belg, Neth, It, and U.S. Mem : Royal Soc. of Brit. Art-ists; Artists Intl. Assn. (adv. comm. mem.). Recd: Prof, h.c, Aus. Govt. (1960); Prize of the City of Vienna (1961); Extraor-dinary Mem, Royal Acad. (1962).

Biblio: Georg Ehrlich's Sketchbook, Ernst Rathenau, ed. (New York, 1963). Lit: Erika Tietze-Conrat, Georg Ehrlich (London, 1956); Olbrich, Künstler im Exil: Frommhold, Kunst im Widerstand: Arts Coun. Cat. (London, 1964); O 'Hana Gall, cat. (London, 1968); Maimann, Wartesaal: Das Werk der Aus-landösterreicher in der Welt, Mus. of Hist, of the City of Vien-na, cat. (1976); Gall. Wolfgang Ketterer cat. (Munich, 1977). Arch: D.Ö. W. Sources: Biog, Pers, Print. — IfZ.

242 Ehrlich

Ehrlich, George Edward, rheumatologist, prof, of medicine and rehabilitation medicine; b. Vienna 18 July 1928. R: Jewish. E: 1938 U.S. C: 1944 U.S, fmly. Aus. F: Edward E, b. Vienna 1900, d. Maplewood, N.J. 1977, Jewish, Dr. med, otolaryngolo-gist in priv. practice in Baden, 1938 to U.S. with fam, staff mem, Newark Eye and Ear Infirmary, priv. practice in New-ark, N.J. and Maplewood. M: Irene Elling, b. Vienna 1905, Jewish, high sch. educ, worked in civic and hosp. auxiliary org, a: New York. S: Paul, b. Vienna 1932, B.A. Harvard Univ, M.A. Johns Hopkins Univ, dir. radio news, W.A.B.C, New York, oo 1. 1962 Sondra Boikan, b. Chicago 1937, Jewish, att. univ. and New York Actors' Studio, actress, div. 1964; II. 1968 Gail Skolnick (Mrs. Gail S. Abrams), b. Philadelphia 1936, Jew-ish, B.S. Drake Univ, exec, dir, alumnae assn. at Moore Coll. of Art in Philadelphia. C: Steven Leon Abrams, 1958; Rebecca Ann Abrams, 1962; Charles Edward Ehrlich, b. 1969.

June 1938 emigr. to U.S; aided by reis, and colleague of fa-ther. 1945-48 att. Harvard Univ; 1948 A.B. cum laude. 1948-52 att. Chicago Medical Sch, 1952 M.B. and M.D. 1952-53 intern, Michael Reese Hosp, Chicago. 1953-55 serv. as lieut, Med. Corps, U.S. Navy. 1955-56 assist, resid. in surg. and pathol, Francis Delafield Hosp, New York. 1956-57 assist, resid. in in-ternal med, Beth Israel Hosp, Boston. 1957-58 resid, N. Eng. Cent. Hosp, Boston, and assist, in med, Tufts Univ. Sch. of Med, Boston. 1958-59 assist, in med, Georgetown Univ. Coll. of Med, Washington, D.C. Concurr. 1958-61 N.I .H. fel. in rheumatology, Nat. Inst, of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases: 1958 Bethesda, Md, 1959-61 Hosp. for Spec. Surg, and New York Hosp.-Cornell Med. Cent, New York. 1959-64 instr. in med, Cornell Univ. Med. Coll, New York. Concurr. 1960-61 fel. in Steroid Res, Sloan-Kettering Inst, Mml. Cent, for Cancer and Allied Diseases, New York. 1960, 1969, 1970, lect, Univ. Vienna. 1961-64 mem. staff, Hosp. for Spec. Surg, and New York Hosp.-Cornell Univ. Med. Cent. 1964-80 mem. fac, Temple Univ. Sch. of Med, Philadelphia: 1964-66 assist, prof, of phys. med. and rehab, 1964-67 assist, prof, of med, 1967-72 assoc. prof, of med, 1966-74 assoc. prof, of rehab, med, 1975-80 prof, of med. and prof, of rehab, med. Also 1964-80 dir. Sect, of Rheumatology and chief, Arthritis Cent, Albert Einstein Med. Cent, and Moss Rehab. Hosp; lect. in rheumatol-ogy, grad fac. of Univ. Pennsylvania Sch. of Med; consult, rheu-matologist, U.S. Naval Hosp, Philadelphia. 1964 spec, fel, Ar-thritis Found, for study in Isr. at request of Nat. Inst, of Arthri-tis and Metabolic Diseases. 1968 Squibb-Olin fel. in chemother-apy, Sloan-Kettering Inst. 1969-74 expert consult, Bureau of Drugs, Food and Drug Admin. 1969-70, 1971 -74 commanding off, Naval Reserve Med. Co. 4-3, Philadelphia; 1974 retired as Commander. 1980- prof, of med. and dir. div. of rheumatol-ogy, Hahnemann Med. Coll. and Hosp, Philadelphia. Ed: 1967-72 Journ. of the Alben Einstein Med. Cent. 1969-71 Arthri-tis and Rheumatic Diseases Abstracts. Mem. ed. bd: 1973-Journ. of the Am. Med. Assn. 1973- Chronic Disease, 1974- In-flammation, 1975- Sexual Med. Today, 1978- Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 1980- Arthritis and Rheumatism. Spec, in rheumatology and joint diseases like arthritis, esp. methods of treatment and the rehabilitation of individuals affected. Fel: Am. Coll. of Physicians (chmn. Arthritis comm.); New York Acad, of Med; New York Acad, of Sei; Royal Soc. of Tropical Med. and Hygiene; Am. Geriatric Soc; Ecua. Rheumatism Soc. (hon.). Mem: Mayor's Sei. and Technol. Adv. Coun, City of Philadelphia: Am. Bd. of Internal Med. (1963); Am. Rheu-matism Assn. (mem, fmly. chmn, rehab, subcomm; mem. publ. comm.); Am. Soc. for Clin. Pharm, and Therapeutics (mem. publ. comm.); Am. Fed. for Clin. Res; Am. Pub. Health Assn; A.M.A; Philadelphia Rheumatism Soc. (past pres.); Am. Med. Soc. of Vienna; Arthritis Found, E. Penn. chap, (governing bd. 1969-72; pres. 1971-73); Comm. on Arthritis in Bus. and Ind. (nat. chmn. 1977-); others. Reed: Dist. Alumnus Award, Chica-go Med. Sch. (1969); Off. Citation, City of Philadelphia (1969, 1974); Dist. Serv. Award, Arthritis Found. (1971); Philip Hench Award, Assn. of Milit. Surgs. (1971); Cavaliere, Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity (1974). A: (1981) Philadelphia.

Biblio: The Differential Diagnosis of Arthritis (New York, 1972); ed. and contrib. Total Management of the Arthritic Pa-tient (Philadelphia, 1973); ed. and contrib, Oculocutaneous

Manifestations of Rheumatic Diseases (Basel, Switz, 1973); Re-habilitation Management of Rheumatic Conditions (Baltimore, 1980); co-auth, Prognosis (Bowie, Md, 1981); co-auth, Contro-versies in the Clinical Evaluation of Analgesic-Anti-lnflammato-ry-Antirheumatic Drugs (New York, 1981); contrib. chaps, to 32 books and more than 180 arts, to prof, journs; for biblio. to 1975 see R.F.J.I. arch. Sources: Hand, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Ehrlich, Gertrude, prof, of mathematics; b. Vienna 7 Jan. 1923. R: None. E: 1939 U.S. Cit: 1945 U.S, fmly. Aus. F: Josef E, b. Lemberg, Galicia, Aus. (Lvov, U.S.S.R.) 1877, d. Washington, D.C. 1955, Jewish, Dr. jur, 1910-38 lawyer, 1940 to U.S, off. clerk, Atlanta, Ga. M: Charlotte Kobak, b. Of fenbach /M, Hessen, Ger. 1881, d. Washington, D.C. 1965, Jewish, elem. educ, 1939 to U.S. S: — Margarete Ehrlich. » (none).

1938 forced to leave Realgym. für Mädchen; finished through sixth class at Jewish Gym. 1939 emigr. to U.S. with mother, sister, and father's sister; uncle provided affidavit; fam. separated for nine mos. due to quota system. Reed, assist, from Dutch Quakers and H.l.A.S, and Intl. Student Serv, which recommended a Y.W.C.A. refugee schol. 1939-40 learned off. skills at Atlanta Opportunity Sch. 1940 off. clerk, Bon Art Studios, Atlanta. 1940 att. Georgia Evening Coll, Atlanta. 1943 B.S. with highest hon, Georgia State Coll. for Women (Georgia Coll.), Milledgeville. 1943-44 high sch. teacher in Ga. and N. Car. Att. Univ. North Carolina, Chapel Hill; 1945 M.A. 1944-45 res. anal, Rich's Dept. Store, Atlanta. 1946-50 instr, Oglethorpe Univ, Atlanta. 1950-53 grad. assist, Univ. Tennessee; 1953 Ph.D. From 1953 mem. fac, Univ. Ma-ryland, College Park: 1953 instr, 1956 assist, prof, 1962 assoc. prof, 1969- prof. Res. in abstract algebra, primarily in ring the-ory. Mem: Am. Math. Soc; Math. Assn. of Am. (assoc. ed. for classroom notes, Am. Math. Monthly, 1963-66); A.C.L.U; Common Cause; Nat. Wildlife Fed; Sigma Xi. Reed: Alumnae Achievement Award, Georgia Coll, Milledgeville (fmly. Ga. State Coll. for Women). A: (1981) Univ. Park, Md.

Biblio: Co-auth: The Structure of the Real Number System (Princeton, 1963; rev. ed, Huntington, N.Y. 1977); Algebra (New York, 1970: rev. ed, Huntington, 1980); "Characteriza-tion of a Continuous Geometry within the Unit Group," Transactions of the Am. Math. Soc. (vol. 52, 1946); "Uni t Reg-ular Rings," Portugaliae Mathematica (vol.27, 1968); "Units and One-Sided Units in Regular Rings," Transactions of the Am. Math. Soc. (vol. 216, 1976); contrib. arts, to prof, journs. incl. Bull. Am. Math. Soc; Transactions of Am. Math. Soc; Proc. Am. Math. Soc. Sources: Hand,Qu. — R.F.J.I .

Ehrlich, Henry Lutz (to 1946 Hans Lutz), prof, of biology; b. Stettin, Pomerania (Szczecin, Pol.) 31 Aug. 1925. R: Jewish. E: 1940 U.S. Cit: 1946 U S, fmly. Ger. F: Max E, b. Stettin 1900, d. Utica, N.Y. 1965, Jewish, att. sec. sch, businessman, 1940 to U.S. with fam. M: Gerda Tannenwald, b. Stettin 1900, Jewish, sec. educ. S : Mary-anne, b. Stettin 1929, sec. educ. in U.S. °o (none). C: (none).

Att. elem. and sec. schs. in Ger. Apr. 1940 emigr. to U.S. with fam, aided by reis. 1948 B.S. Harvard Coll, Cambridge, Mass. 1948-51 studied at Univ. Wisconsin, Madison: assist, Wise. Alumni Res. Found; 1949 M.S; 1951 Ph.D. in agric. bacteriol, 1950-51 assist. 1951- mem, dept. of biol, Rensselaer Polytech. Inst, Troy, N.Y: 1951 assist, prof, 1957 assoc. prof, 1964 prof. Res. in geomicrobiology, bacteriophage and microbal physiol-ogy. Fel: Am. Acad. Microbiol. Mem: Am. Soc. Microbiol; Am. Inst. Biol. Sei; Sigma Xi; A. A.A.S. and others.

Biblio: Contrib. chaps, and arts, to sei. journs. and books, incl. Appl. Microbiol. Sources: Hand, Qu. — R.F.J.I .

Ehrlich, Margarete, physicist; b. Vienna 28 Sept. 1915. R: Un-affiliated. E: 1939 U.S. Cit: U.S, fmly. Aus. F: For F. M and 5 see sister-» Gertrude Ehrlich, oo (none). C.-(none).

1934-38 studied phys, Univ. Vienna. 1939 emigr. to U.S. 1939-40 aided by H.l .A.S; worked as sewing machine operator in New York, and in drug store, Atlanta, Ga. 1939-41 with

Ehrman 243 Grady Mml. Hosp, Atlanta; courses in med. lab. and x-ray techniques leading to cert, with Am. Soc. of Lab. Technologists and Am. Soc. of X-Ray Technicians. 1941-42 lab. and x-ray technician, Griffin Mml. Hosp, Griffin, Ga. 1942-48 chief x-ray technician, Grady Mml. Hosp. From 1948 physicist, Cent, for Radiation Control, Nat. Bur. of Standards, Washington, D.C. 1949-54 att. Catholic Univ. of America, Washington, D.C. part time; 1955 Ph.D. in phys. Concurr. 1960-61 consult, Intl. Atomic Energy Agcy, Vienna. Att. num. intl. sei. confs. in Eur, and presented papers incl. at First Intl. Cong, on Radiation Protection (1966); 2nd Intl. Conf. Luminescence Dosimetry (1967); 4th Intl. Cong. Radiation Res. (1970). Spec, in x- and gamma-ray dosimetry, x-ray spectroscopy, the photographic process in silver halides, thermoluminescence dosimetry, and radiation protection. Mem: Am. Inst, of Phys; Am. Phys. Soc; Am. Assn. of Physicists in Med. (mem. from 1950); Health Phys. Soc, and Radiation Res. Soc. (mem. from mid-50s); oth-ers. Reed: Silver Medal, Civil Serv. Award (1962); Gold Med-al, Civil Serv. Award (1977). A: (1981) Chevy Chase, Md.

Biblio: "Reciprocity Law for X-rays Part II: Failure in the Reversal Region," JOSA (vol.46, no. 10, 1956); co-auth, "Photographic Response to Successive Exposures of Different Types of Radiation," JOSA (vol.51, no. 11, 1961); "Use of Photographic Film for Personnel Dosimetry; Basic Physical Considerations," Symposium on Personnel Dosimetry Tech-niques for External Radiation, Eur. Nuclear Energy Agcy, Proc. (49-74, 1963); "Thermoluminescence Response of LiF to X and Gamma Rays; A study of Rate and Energy Dependence Over a Wide Range of Exposures," Proc. of the First Intl. Cong, of Radiation Protection, Rome, Sept. 1966 (vol. 1, New York, 1968); co-auth, "Spectrometry of a w C o Gamma-Ray Beam Used for Intrument Calibration," Metrologia (vol. 12, no. 169, 1976); co-auth. "Nationwide Survey of '" 'Co Teletherapy Do-simetry," NBS Technical Note (978, 1978); contrib. papers to prof, journs. incl. Nucleonics. Radiation Res. Radiology. Health Phys, Journ. of Appl. Phys, and others; also contrib. to proc. of var. congs. and confs. on radiation; for biblio. to 1979 see R.F.J.I. arch. Sources: Hand, Pers, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Ehrlich, Max, actor; b. 1892, d. I940s(?) see Straschek film bi-ographies.

Ehrlich, Otto Hild, prof, of economics; b. Vienna 29 Sept. 1892, d. Plainfield, N.J. 22 May 1979. R: Jewish. E: 1939 U.S. Cit: 1944 U S, fmly. Aus. F: Julius E, b. Moravia, Aus. (C.S.S.R.) 1861, d. Vienna 1919, Jewish, att. Gym, leather mer-chant, est. and dir. charitable org. to aid poor children. M: Ma-rie Defries, b. Jägerndorf, Silesia, Aus. (Krnov, C.S.S.R.) 1870, d. Vienna 1940, Jewish, educ. at home. 5 : Anna Abeles, b. Vien-na 1895, d. Los Angeles 1972, sec. educ, secy, 1939 to U.S; Franz, b. Vienna 1902, d. Buenos Aires 1976, att. Gym, 1938 to Arg, restaurant mgr. <*> I. 1920 Rosa Abranowicz, b. Vienna 1896, Jewish, univ. educ, off. of Health Insur. Syst, Vienna, 1936 dismissed by Nazis, 1939 to U.S, grad. educ. in U.S, cert, soc. worker, psychotherapist, 1949 div; II. 1949 Edna E. Gottes-man, b. New York 1919, Jewish, Ph.D. in econ, intl. adv, Feder-al Reserve Bank of New York. C: Hildegard, b. Vienna 1922, d. Brit, ship Athenia Sept. 8-9 1939 (sunk by Ger. submarine) while emigr. to U.S. to join parents, 1938emigr. to U.K.

1911-14, 1918-19 att. Univ. Vienna, 1919 Dr. jur. 1914-18 first lieut, Aus.-Hung. Army, Serbian and It. fronts; decorated. 1919-25 assist, mgr, Allgemeine Depositenbank, Vienna. 1926-34 head, dept. of econ, Volkshochsch. "Volksheim," Vienna. Concurr : 1929-34 guest lect. at Volkshochsch, trade unions, and labor groups in Ger, Switz, Czech, and Aus; lect, Arbeiterhochsch, Vienna; est. trade union libr, Vienna. 1934— 38 pub. reis, counsel and owner of advertising agcy; pubi. arts, on marketing res, advertising, and photomontage in var. Eur. periods, and newspapers. Aug. 1938 evicted from home and property confiscated; twice threatened with deportation to con-centration camps. Apr. 1939 emigr. to U.S. 1939-40 part-time work with var. acad. insts; aided by friends and reis; spouse had odd jobs. 1940-41 co-fdr, later bus. mgr, Shady Hill Press.

1941-47 instr. in econ, Brooklyn Coll, New York; concurr. 1946-47 assist, prof, of econ, City Coll, New York. 1946-59 mem. fac, New York Univ: 1946 assist, prof, 1952 assoc. prof, 1956 prof, of econ, Grad. Sch. of Arts and Scis; 1958 prof, emer; summer 1958 and 1959 part-time prof, and lect; re-intro. the study of economic theory, and intro. econometrics into the grad. curriculum. Concurr : 1952-56 fdr, mgr. and ed, Econ. Ab-stracts: 1954, 1956 Alfred P. Sloan Found, grants. 1959-61 mem. fac, Upsala Coll, East Orange, N.J: 1959 part-time prof, 1960 prof, of econ. 1958-62 presented multi-media lect. con-certs on "Ten Great Composers" at adult educ. courses and munic. librs. in N.J. Summers 1963-65 guest lect. under auspi-ces of U.S.I.S, Fed. Repub. Ger, at univs. and res. insts, chambers of commerce, and Kennedy Houses. Spec, in innova-tive use of multi-media methods incl. cartoons and slides to communicate economic ideas. Res. into economic ideas. Res. into financial and business problems in the U.S. and Europe, international monetary theory, transmissions of business cy-cles, inflation and unemployment, theoretical analysis of the value of time. Mem: Royal Econ. Soc; A.A.U P; Metrop. Econ. Assn; Am. Econ. Assn; Econometric Soc.

Biblio: Ed, Kann Österreich geholfen werden? (Vienna, 1927); mgg. ed, Rationalisierung, Arbeitswissenschaft und Arbei-terschutz (Vienna, 1927; 2nd ed. 1928); Uncle Sam Versus Infla-tion (New York, 1943); Poll of Public Opinion on the Desirabili-ty of a Central Terminal in Downtown Brooklyn (New York, 1946); "Other Countries' Economists," Economia Internazio-nale (Genoa, It, 1956); "L'utilità del tempo," Studi Economici (no. 34, May-Aug. 1959); "Unvollkommene Synchronisierung zwischen den Volkswirtschaften Westeuropas und der USA," Wirtschaftsdienst (no. 2, Feb. 1961; Eng. trans, no. 3, Mar. 1961); "Inflation in the U.S," Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv (vol. 100, issue 2, 1968); contrib. arts, and book revs, to prof, journs. in U.S. and Eur. incl. Am. Econ. Rev, Econometrica, Eco-nomia Internazionale, and Kyklos; for complete biblio. see R.F.J.I. arch. Sources: Hand, Journ, News, Pers, Print. — R.F.J. I.

Ehrlich, Paul, prof, of chemistry; b. Vienna 26 Feb. 1923. E: 1938 U.K, 1940 U.S. Cit: 1944 U.S. F: Jacob E. M: Irma Hutter. co 1949 Celia Lesley. C: Daniel; James; Catherine; Margot; Paul.

1938 emigr. to U.K. 1940 emigr. to U.S. 1944 B.S, Queens Coll, New York (C.U.N.Y ). 1944-46 serv. in U.S. Army. 1948 M.S, Univ. Wisconsin; 1951 Ph.D. 1951-53 phys. chemist, Nat. Bur. of Standards, Washington D.C. 1953-54 postdr. fel. in chem, Harvard Univ. 1955-67 mem. staff, Monsanto Co, Springfield, Mass. and St. Louis, Mo: 1955 res. chem, 1959 res. spec, 1960 group leader, 1961 scientist. From 1967 mem. fac, S.U.N. Y. Buffalo: 1967 assoc. prof, 1970 prof, of chem. engr. Concurr: 1966-76 mem. ed. bd, Journ. Macromolecular Sci: 1968, 1972, 1975 and 1977 reed. N.S.F. grants. Mem: Am. Chem. Soc; Am. Phys. Soc; A.A.A.S.

Biblio: Contrib. arts, on polymer sci. to prof, journs. incl. Journ. Molecular Sci.-Phys, Encycl. of Polymer Sci. and Techno!, Journ. Macromolecular Sci.-Chem. and Journ. Polymer Sci: contrib. other arts, to prof, journs. and chaps, to book. Sources: Hand, Pers, Print. — R.F.J.I.

Ehrman, Joachim Benedict (fmly. Ehrmann), prof, of applied mathematics: b. Nuremberg, Bavaria, Ger. 12 Nov. 1929. R: Jewish. E: 1938 U.S, 1968 Can. Cit: 1943 U.S, fmly. Ger. F.-Fritz S. E, b. Heidelberg, Baden, Ger. 1894, d. Philadelphia 1963, Jewish, Dr. med. dent, dentist, 1938 to U.S. with fam, D.D.S. M: Ilse B. E, b. Nurembuerg 1903, Jewish. S. (none). °° 1961 Gloria Jeanette Gould, b. Goshen, N.Y. 1928, Jewish, M.A, teacher, U.S. Govt, employee. C: Carl David, b. 1962.

Jan. 1938 emigr. to U.S. with fam. 1948 A.B, Univ. Pennsyl-vania. 1949 A.M, Princeton Univ. 1949-51 A.E.C. pre-dr. fel. 1951-53 mem. dept. of phys, atomic energy res. dept, N. Am. Aviation, Inc. 1954 Ph.D. in phys, Princeton Univ. 1954-55 instr, Sloane Phys. Lab, Yale Univ. 1955-70 mem. staff, U.S. Naval Res. Lab; 1955 physicist, nucleonics div, 1966 plasma

244 Eibenschutz phys. div, 1969-70 consult. Concur r : 1956-57 assoc. prof , of phys, George Washington Univ, Washington, D . C ; 1963-64 lect, Univ. Mary land ; 1968 to Can. From 1968 prof, of appl . math, Univ. Western Ontar io , London, Can . Concur r . 1975-76 with Plasma Phys. Lab, Princeton Univ, N.J . Res. in nuclear physics, esp. electron beams; electronic penet ra t ion through mat ter ; nuclear reactors; g roup theory and plasma physics. A: (1975) London , Ont , Can .

Biblio: " T h e Unitary Irreducible Representa t ions of the Universal Cover ing G r o u p of the Inf ini te de Sitter G r o u p " (diss, Princeton Univ, 1954). Sources: H a n d , Qu. — R.F .J . I .

Eibenschutz, José, conductor , violinist; b. F r a n k f u r t / M 8 Jan . 1872, d. Sülzhayn, Harz, Fed. Repub. Ger . 27 Nov. 1952. E: 1933 U.S, 1938 Norw, 1946 Ger. F: Car l E, opera singer. M: Adele Marochett i .

Att. Hoch Music Cons, in F r a n k f u r t / M . 1891-93 teacher , Cons , Koblenz, Rhineland. 1894-1905 orch. dir. in Àbo, Fini. 1905-08 music dir. in Görlitz, Lower Silesia, Ger. 1908-21 cond , Hamburg Philh. Orch ; 1921-27 in Oslo. 1928-33 head, music dir. of N. Ger . radio in Hamburg . 1933 emigr. to U.S. 1938 emigr. to Norw. 1938-46 cond. in Scandinavia and in U.S.S.R. 1946 ret. to occup. Ger. 1949 cond. Tschaikowsky in Ger. Active in Verein der Musikfreunde, Hamburg .

Works: O n e opera ; orch. pieces; Lieder. Sources: Hand . — R. F.J.I .

Eichbaum, Gisela née Bruch, artist (painter) ; b. Mannhe im , Baden, Ger. 5 June 1920. R: Protestant. E: 1935 Braz. Cit: Braz, fmly. Ger . M : Jewish, oo 1948 Franz Eichbaum, b. Mainz, Hessen, Ger . 1906, d. Sâo Paulo 1980, univ. educ, physician. C.-Jan, b. 1954, grad. Whar ton Sch, Philadelphia, a : Phi ladelphia ; Kathar ina , b. 1957, biol, M.A. in ecology, s tudent , Univ. Ban-gor, Univ. Nor th Wales, U.K.

Att. Gym. in Mannhe im. Studied music and painting. 1935 emigr. to Braz. with father. From 1942 freelance artist. Works characterized by intensity and richness; tension between vi-brant , definit ive colors and nebulous, d i f fuse , dark colors. Ex-hibitions: Individual shows incl. Mus. Art M o d , Sâo Paulo (1956); Gall. Folhas, Sâo Paulo (1958, 1961); Gall . Ambiente , Sâo Paulo, (1959); Gall. Sâo Luis, Sâo Paulo (1960, 1963, 1966); Gall . Astreia, Sâo Paulo (1969); Mus. Art Mod , Rio de Jane i ro (1965); Braz.-Am. Cultural Inst, and American Univ, Washington, D C. (1971); Ibero Club, Bonn (1979); others. G r o u p shows incl. Saläo de Arte Mod, Sâo Paulo (1954, 1955, 1956, 1965); XI Saläo Nat . Art Mod, Rio de Janei ro (1962); 17 Artistas Graf icos Brasileiros, traveled to Madr id , Vienna, Je-rusalem, Tel Aviv (1963); VIII and IX Bienal, Sâo Paulo (1965, 1967); Gall. Bonfiglioli, Sâo Paulo; others. Work rep. in var. colls, in the U.S, Braz, Ger , Switz, Mex. and elsewhere. M e m : Intl. Plastic Arts Assn. (alumni f rom 1966); Alumni Assn, the Am.-Braz. Linguistic and Cultural org. (cultural dir. 1975-77). Reed: Acquisition Prize (1954) and small silver medal (1960), Saläo de Arte Moderna de Sâo Paulo; Leirner Prize of Con-temp. Art of Drawing (1962); Gold Medal , Saläo Curi t iba, Sâo Paulo (1962). A : (1980) Sâo Paulo.

Arch: Gall . Box, Latin Am. Archs, Mus. of Mod. Art, New York. Sources: Arch, Hand , Qu. - R .F .J . I .

Eichbcrg, Richard, f i lm director and producer ; b. 1888, d. 1952 ; see Straschek film biographies.

Eichenberg, Fritz (Bernhard), graphic artist, illustrator, print-make r ; b. Cologne 24 Oct. 1901. E: 1933 U.S. Cit: 1941 U.S, fmly. Ger. F: Siegfried E, b. Adelebsen, Hannover , Ger. 1861, d. Cologne 1918. M: Ida Martens, b. 1868, 1955(?) to U.S. 5 : 2 sisters, oo I. 1926 Maria Al tmann, d. 1937; II. 1941 Margare t Ladenburg , 1965 div. C: With first wife, Suzanne ; with second wife, Timothy.

1916-20 att. Kunstgewerbesch, Cologne. 1922-24 att. Staat-liche Akademie fü r Graphische Künste und Buchgewerbe,

Leipzig under -» Hugo Steiner-Prag. Freelance designer and il-lus. for var. pubis, incl. Ullstein co. Freelance work for the sa-tirical mag, Uhu. incl. 1931-33 series of "Unglaubl iche Ge-schichten, Zeitphantasien ohne tieferen Hin te rgrund ." 1933 emigr. to New York via S. Am. 1935-41 instr, dept. of art, New School for Social Research. Illus. for Limited Edit ions Club incl. illustrations for Shakespeare, Richard III (1940); Turgen-ev, Fathers and Sons (1941); Dostoyevski, Crime and Punish-ment (1948); Brothers Karamazov (1949), The Idiot (1956); Charlot te Bronte, Jane Eyre (1943); Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights (1943); Edgar Allen Poe, Tales (1944). 1956-65 mem. fac, Pratt Inst, Brooklyn: 1956-63 prof, of arts, chmn, dept. of graphic arts, 1956 fdr . and 1964-65 dir. emer, Graph ic Art Cen t ; concurr . 1960-72 fdr . and ed. Artist's Proof, annual for pr intmakers . 1963 sr. adv, U.S. Graph ic Exhib, U.S. Info. Agcy. in U.S.S.R. Dir. and v.-pres, Am. Intl. G r a p h i c Assn. 1966-69 chmn, dept. of art, Univ. Rhode Island, Kingston. 1968 graphic survey, Southeast Asia, John Rockefeller Fund. Il-lustrator, wood engraver, and l i thographer for classics and children's books ; contrib. to art mags, and lect. at var. schs. and colls. Exhibitions: Individual shows at Pub. Libr. Print Gall , New York (1949); Assn. Am. Artists, New York (1967, 1977); Pratt Manhat tan Cent , New York (1972); Klingspor Mus, Of-fenbach, Ger. (1975). Fel: Royal Soc. of Art (London) . M e m : Pennell Fund C o m m , Libr. of Congress (1962-68); Soc. of Am. Graphic Artists. Reed: Libr. of Congress Print Exhib. Prizes (1943-54); Pennell Medal , Penn Acad. Print Exhib. (1944); First Prize Print Exhib, Nat. Acad. (1946); Silver Medal , Limit-ed Editions Club (1954); others. A: Peace Dale, R. I.

Biblio: Auth. and illus: Art and Faith (1952); Ape in a Cape (1952); Dancing in the Moon (1955); others. Lit: Dresslers ( I I ; 1930); Fritz Arnberg, "Fri tz Eichenberg," Graphis (vol. 8, Zu-rich, 1952); Graphis (vol. 43, 1952); Joachim W. Freybyrg and Hans Wallenberg, eds, Hundert Jahre Ullstein (Berlin, Frank-f u r t / M . 1977). Sources: Hand , Print. - IfZ.

Eichholz, Geoffrey Gunther, prof, of nuclear engineer ing; b. H a m b u r g 29 June 1920. R: Jewish. E: 1939 U.K, 1947 C a n , 1963 U.S. Cit: 1971 U.S, fmly. Ger, then 1947 U.K, 1954 Can . F: Max E, b. Hamburg 1881, d. Auschwitz concentra t ion c a m p 1943, Jewish, Dr. jur , lawyer, mem. Hamburg Bürgerschaft , re-peatedly arrested, then interned. M : Daisy Adela Elias, b. H a m b u r g 1896, d. Vancouver, B.C, Can. 1972, nurse, 1939 to U .K, 1947 to Can. S: Gerald Hamil ton, b. H a m b u r g 1923, 1939 to U .K, 1947 to C a n , att. Leeds art sch, archit . C: 3 chil-dren.

1938 Abitur, Johanneum, Hamburg . 1939 emigr. to U . K ; a ided by fam. 1939-40 att. Univ. Bristol. 1940-42 att. Univ. Leeds; 1942 B.Sc. in phys. May- Dec . 1940 interned in Eng. 1942-47 sei. off , Brit. Admiralty. 1946-47 returned to Univ. Leeds; 1947 Ph.D. phys. 1947 emigr. to Can . on perm. visa. 1947-50 assist, prof, of phys, Univ. British Columbia , Van-couver. 1951-63 head of phys. and radiotracer subdiv, Can . Bur. Mines, Ottawa. 1956-58 lect, Univ. Ot tawa. 1963 emigr. to U.S. 1963 mem. fac, Georgia Inst. Technology, At lan ta : 1963 prof , of nuclear engr. 1968 regional adv, Southeast Asia, Intl. Atomic Energy Agcy. Dev. first multiwire spark coun te r ; radio-metric method of uran ium ore analysis; several industrially use-ful control methods. Fel: Am. Nuclear Soc. (chmn. Isotopes and Radia t ion div.); Brit. Phys. Soc. M e m : Am. Phys. Soc; Heal th Phys. Soc; others. Reed: Outs tanding Teacher Award , Georgia Inst. Technology (1973); D.Sc, Univ. Leeds (1979). A : (1980) Atlanta.

Biblio: Ed, Radioisotope Engineering (New York, 1972); En-vironmental Aspects of Nuclear Power (Ann Arbor , Mich, 1976); Principles of Nuclear Radiation Detection (Ann Arbor , 1979); contrib. sei. papers to prof, journs . Sources: Hand , Qu. - R.F.J . I .

Eichner, Hans, prof, of Ge rman language and l i terature: b. Vienna 30 Oct. 1921. R: Jewish. E: 1938 Belg, 1939 U . K , 1950 Can . Cit: 1959 Can , fmly. Aus. F: Alexander E, b. 1893, d. 1926, Jewish, businessman. M : Valerie Ungar , b. Vienna 1897,

Einstein 245

d. 1971, Jewish, 1939 to U.K. S.- Francis Oakes, b. Linz, Aus. 1919, 1939 to U.K, consult, engr. °o 1959 Joan M. Partridge, b. Toronto 1934, Protestant, B.A. C: Elizabeth Jane, b. 1959; James Alexander, b. 1961.

1935-38 att. State Acad, for Chem. Indus. Dec. 1938 emigr. illegally to Belg; unable to obtain work permit; supported by Jewish Aid Comm, Brussels. 1939 emigr. to U.K. June 1940 in-terned and transported to Aust; Jan. 1943 returned to Eng. 1943-46 extension student, Univ. London: Res. assist, in organ-ic chem; 1944 B.A, gen. Univ. London, 1946 B.A. with hon. in Ger. 1946-48 grad. fel, University Coll, Univ. London; 1949 Ph.D. 1948-50 assist, lect, Bedford Coll, Univ. London. 1950 emigr. to Can. 1950-67 mem. fac. Queens' Univ, Kingston, Ont : 1950 assist, prof, 1956 assoc. prof, 1962-67 prof, and head of dept. of Ger. Concurr: 1952-53 Nuffield Found, fel; 1959-60 Can. Coun. sr. fel; 1965-66 McLaughlin res. prof. 1967-72 prof, and chmn. grad. dept. of Ger, Univ. Toronto. 1973- mem. fac, dept. of Ger, University Coll, Univ. Toronto, 1973 acting dept. chmn, 1975- chmn. From 1978 hon. prof, hu-manities, Univ. Calgary. Lect. on radio in U.K, Can. and Fed. Repub. Ger. Spec, in German literature, 1750-1950; later re-search on German classicism, with emphasis on Goethe. Fel: Royal Soc. Can. (1967). Mem: Acad. Lit. Studies (elected 1974); M.L.A; Eng. Goethe Soc. Reed: J.G. Robertson Prize (1960); Gold Medal, Goethe-Inst, Munich (1972); LL.D. h.c, Queens Univ. (1974). A: (1979) Toronto.

Biblio: "Thomas Mann's Relation to Goethe and its Signifi-cance for His Own Development" (diss, Univ. London, 1949); Thomas Mann: Eine Einführung in sein Werk (Bern, 1953; rev. ed. 1961); ed, intro. and commentary, Friedrich Schlegel: Liter-ary Notebooks 1797-180] (London, Toronto, 1957); co-auth, Reading German for Scientists (London and New York, 1959); Four German Writers (Toronto, 1964); co-ed, Kritische Fried-rich Schlegel-Ausgabe, Munich-Paderborn-Vienna, 1958-: vol .2, Charakteristiken und Kritiken I (Munich, 1967); vol.3, Charakteristiken und Kritiken II (1974); vol. 4, Ansichten und Ideen von der christlichen Kunst (Munich, 1959); vol. 5, Dich-tungen (1962); vol. 6, Geschichte der alten und neuen Literatur (1961); vol. 16, Fragmente zur Poesie und Literatur 1 (1980); Friedrich Schlegel (New York, 1970); co-ed, Studies in German in Memory of -* Robert L. Kahn, Rice University Studies (vol. 57, no. 4, Houston, Tex, 1971); ed, 'Romantic' and its Cog-nates: The European History of a Word (Manchester, Toron to-Buffalo, N.Y, 1972); contrib. num. arts, and revs, to Eng. and Ger. lang. prof, journs; for biblio. to 1974 see R.F.J.I . archs. Sources: Hand, Qu. - R.F.J.I.

Eichwald, Ernest Julius, prof, of pathology and microbiology; b. Hannover, Ger. 13 Dec. 1913. E: 1938 U.S. Cit: 1942 U.S. F.-Paul A. M: Jenny Grahn. oo 1967 Beverley M. Plath. C: Jenny; Paul Ramsay; John Gary.

1933 studied at Univ. Frankfur t /M. 1938 Dr. med, Univ. Freiburg/Breisgau. 1938 emigr. to U.S. 1944-46 serv. in U.S. Army. 1946 assist, pathol, Children's Hosp, Boston. 1946-48 instr. in pathol, Harvard Univ. Sch. of Med. 1948-54 mem. fac, Univ. Utah, Salt LakeCity: 1948 assist, prof, pathol, 1950 assoc. prof. Concurr. 1953 M.D, Univ. Utah. 1953-63 ed, Transplan-tation Bull. 1954-66 dir. of labs, Montana Deaconess Hosp, Great Falls, Mont. Concurr. 1957-69 chmn. Nat. Acad. Scis.-Nat. Res. Coun. comm. on tissue transplantation. 1962(64?)-ed. Transplantation. 1966-67 dir, McLaughlin Res. Inst, Great Falls. Concurr. 1966-70 prof, of microbiol, Montana State Univ. From 1970 prof, of pathol. and surg, and chmn. dept. of pathol, Univ. Utah. Spec, in problems of transplantation, esp. male-specific graft rejection. Mem: Am. Soc. Exp. Pathol; Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med; Am. Assn. Cancer Res; Am. Assn. Pathol. and Bacteriol; others. A: Salt Lake City, Utah.

Biblio: Contrib. arts, to sci. journs. Sources: Hand. — R.F.J.I.

Eidelberg, Ludwig, psychiatrist; b. Zloczow, Galicia, Aus. (Zo-lochev, U.S.S.R.) 27 Dec. 1898, d. New York 13 Nov. 1970. R.-Jewish. E: 1938 U.K, 1940 U.S. Cit: 1944 U.S, fmly. Aus, then

Pol. F: I thamar, d. before 1938, Jewish, lawyer. M: Helen (Ha-la) Selzer, d. before 1938, Jewish. Sigmund, d. in Holocaust; Stephanie Tannenbaum, d. in Holocaust. oo 1. 1924 Paula Huttner, b. Budapest 1904, d. Vienna 1938, Jewish; II. 1939 Marthe Elkann, b. Basel, lived in Fr, 1939 to U.K, 1940 to U.S. with L.E. and her child. C: (adopted) Philippe, b. Fr. 1937, 1939 to U.K, 1940 to U.S, Ph.D, Columbia Univ, prof, Univ. South Africa, Pretoria.

1916-18 serv. in Aus.-Hung. Army. 1925 Dr. med, Univ. Vienna. 1925-32 resid, psychiatric and neurol. clin, Univ. Vienna, 1932-38 chief. Concurr. 1928-38 mem. Psychoanal. Soc, Vienna; 1934-38 lect, Psychoanal. Inst, Vienna; priv. practice. Apr. 1938 emigr. to U.K. on invit. of Brit. Psychoanal. Assn. with permission to practice psychoanal, first in London and later in Oxford. 1940 emigr. to U.S, assist, by friends and colleagues. 1940-70 priv. practice in New York. 1942 chief, psychiatric clin, Mt. Sinai Hosp, New York. 1943-48 training analyst, taught Psychoanal. Inst, New York, 1944-55 lect. 1958(59?) clin. prof, of psychiatry, S.U.N. Y. Downstate Med. Cent, Brooklyn. Lect. in New York and Eur: 1960s reed, grant from Nat. Inst, of Mental Health, H.E.W. to write Encyclopedia of Psychoanalysis. Mem: New York Psychoanal. Assn. (1959-60 pres.); Am, Brit, and Intl. Psychoanal. Socs. Reed: Sigmund Freud Award (1970).

Biblio: Take Off Your Mask (New York, 1948, 1961); Studies in Psychoanalysis (New York, 1952, repr.); Outline of Compara-tive Pathology of the Neuroses (New York, 1954); The Dark Urge (New York, 1961); ed, Encyclopedia of Psychoanalysis (New York, 1968); contrib. more than 30 arts, and papers to intl. prof, journs, trans, into many längs; for further biblio. see Grinstein (vol. 1, 1957; vol.6, 1964; vol. 10, 1971). Sources: Hand, Pers. — R.F.J.I.

Einstein, Albert, physicist, originator of relativity theory, co-founder of quantum theory, Nobel Prize winner; b. Ulm, Württemberg, Ger. 14 Mar. 1879, d. Princeton, N.J. 18 Apr. 1955. R: Jewish. E: 1933 U.S. Cit: 1940 U.S, fmly. Ger, 1896 renounced cit, stateless, 1901 Switz, 1911-12 Aus.-Hung. (by univ. app.) 1914 Ger, 1933 renounced cit. F: Hermann E, b. Buchau, Württemberg 1847, d. Milan 1902, Jewish, proprie-tor of electro-chem. workshop, 1894 to It. M: Pauline Koch, b. Cannstatt, Württemberg 1858, d. Berlin 1920, Jewish, 1894 to It. S : Maya Winteler, b. Munich 1881, d. Princeton 1951, 1930s to It, 1939 to U.S. ~ I. 1903 Mileva Marie, b. 1875, d. 1948, att. univ, 1919 div, div. settlement with first wife incl. ben-efits from potential Nobel Prize money, which she reed, in 1922; II. 1919 Elsa Löwenthal née Einstein, b. 1876, d. Prince-ton 1936, 1933(?) to U.S, 1937 Ger. cit. revoked. C. Hans Al-bert, b. Bern 1903; Eduard, b. Zurich 1910; 2 step-dtrs, lise, d. Paris 1934, <x> — Rudolf Kayser, 1933 to Neth; Margot Maria-noff, 1933 to Fr.

1877 fam. moved from Buchau am Federsee to Ulm, where A. E. was born. 1880 with failure of father's bus, fam. moved to Munich. Att. Catholic primary sch. 1885 started violin lessons, beginning a life-long interest in violin and chamber music playing. 1889-94 att. Luitpold Gym; A.E. resented the disci-pline at sch, was a poor student in most subjects outside of philos, phys. and math; 1894 left Gym. without obtaining six-yr. leaving cert. (Einjähriges). Retained critical attitude toward authoritarianism in Ger. culture at var. levels of intensity throughout his life. Concurr. age 12 introduced to popular phys. and math. lit, and to Kant (Critique of Pure Reason) by Max Talmey, a Jewish med. student and friend of the fam. 1894 upon another failure of father's bus, fam. moved to Milan. A.E. joined fam. six mos. later following departure from Gym. By then, Einstein's views of a personal "religiosity" and his Spino-zistic belief in the regularity of the universe had been formed (fam. background was Jewish, non-practicing). 1894 wrote pa-per (unpubl.) "Concerning the Investigation of the State of Ether in Magnetic Fields." Fall 1895 applied for admission to E.T.H. Zurich, although two yrs. below required age; failed entrance exam; upon advice of E.T.H. dir. Albin Herzog, att. Kantonsch. Aargau for one yr, where he became acquainted for the first time with non-authoritarian teaching methods. I Jan.

246 Einstein 1896 renounced G e r . / W ü r t t e m b e r g cit. a n d b e c a m e stateless, mot ivated by reject ion of au thor i t a r i an i sm in Ger . S u m m e r 1896 passed en t r ance exam, and enro l l ed in na tura l sci. pro-g ram, E .T .H . Z u r i c h ; main teachers incl. H e r r m a n n Minkowsk i (math) , Heinr ich Weber , Pernet (phys.) ; lack of interest in the classical phys. taught at E . T . H . led A .E . to the priv. s tudy of mod . phi los . (Erns t Mach) , a n d phys. (Maxwel l , He lmhol tz , Ki rchhof f , Her tz a.o.); also inf luenced by E. Mach ' s Science of Mechanics: Aug. 1901 passed final exam. Concu r r . saved mo-ney to pay for acquis i t ion of Swiss cit. Rejec ted by Swiss A r m y (compulsory serv.) fo r physical reasons. Dec. 1901 pubi , first sci. ar t , " F o l g e r u n g e n aus den Kap i l l a r i t ä t se r sche inungen" in Annalen der Physik. Occas iona l subst i tute at Win te r thu r Tech. Sch. a n d Scha f fhausen priv. sch. E m p l o y e d as engr. class III at Fed. Patent Of f , Bern ; posi t ion ob ta ined through fam f r iends . Unsucces fu l a t t e m p t s t o ob ta in univ. pos i t ions at Le iden , Ne th , a n d Zur ich . Passed over at E . T . H . for ass is tantship . 1902 provi-sional a p p , 1904-09 full employee , Bern pa ten t off. 1905 Dr. phil. in phys, Univ. Zur ich , with 23 page diss, " A New Defini-tion of Molecula r D i m e n s i o n s , " accepted by faculty a f t e r s o m e hesi tat ion, d u e to its pr imar i ly mathemat ica l a rgumen t . Unde-m a n d i n g work at Patent Off . gave t ime for dev. of theory , in p re fe rence to an acad . posi t ion, which he cons idered as c o n d u -cive to "superf ic ia l analysis for a person of [his] type . " Became cent, of small g roup of s tuden t s in Bern incl. C o n r a d Habich t , Lucien C h a v a n , a n d Maur ice Solvine ( n i c k n a m e d " O l y m p i a A c a d " ) .

1905 pubi , f o u r m a j o r p a p e r s on p rob l ems in con temp . phys, laying the f o u n d , of the Special Theory of Relat ivi ty: " Ü b e r e inen die Erzeugung u n d V e r w a n d l u n g des Lichtes betref-f enden heur is t i schen Ges i ch t spunk t , " Annalen der Physik (se-ries, 4, 17, 1905, pp . 932-48) ; " Ü b e r d ie von der molekula rk i -net ischen Theor ie der W ä r m e geforder te Bewegung von in ru-henden Flüssigkei ten suspendier ten Te i l chen , " Annalen der Physik (series 4, 17, 1905, pp . 549-60); " Z u r E lek t rodynamik bewegter K ö r p e r , " Annalen der Physik (series 4, 17, 1905, pp . 891-921) ; a n d " Is t die Träghe i t eines K ö r p e r s von se inem Ener-gieinhal t a b h ä n g i g ? " Annalen der Physik (series 4, 18, 1905, pp. 639-41). Beginn ing of scholar ly contac ts with physicists incl. Wilhelm Wien , Berl in; M a x Born ; M a x Planck, Ber l in ; — M a x von Laue, Berl in; Wi tkowski , Warsaw. 1907 Pr iva tdoz . at Univ. Bern u p o n r e c o m m e n d a t i o n of Zur ich teacher A l f r ed Kleiner , dir. of phys. ins t ; 1908-09 n o . of s tudents d w i n d l e d f r o m four to one. Concu r r . 1907 pubi , two m a j o r pape r s on Planck ' s theory of rad ia t ion , a n d the results fo l lowing f r o m the pr incip le of relativity. F o r m e r Zur ich teacher H e r r m a n n Min-kowski s u p p o r t e d Eins te in ' s new theory , 1907, in art , "Bas i c Equa t ions for the Elec t romagnet ic P h e n o m e n a of Moving Bodies ," Göllinger Nachrichten, and in 1908 read a p a p e r advo-cat ing E's theor ies in f ron t of Ges. deut . Na tu r fo r sche r u n d Ärzte, Co logne . 1909 hon . dr . of sci, Univ . Geneva , together with Mar i e Curie , Fr, Ernest Solvay, Belg, and Wilhelm Ost-wald , Ger . 1909 first invit. lect. at Salzburg meet ing of Deut . Ges. der N a t u r f o r s c h e r a n d Ärzte; a lso for the first t ime met physicists Planck, Wien, Arno ld Sommer fe ld , Munich a n d Ot-to Rubens , Berlin.

S u m m e r 1909-11 assoc. prof , in newly created chair of theoret . phys , Univ . Zur ich . Mar . 1911 app . at G e r m a n Univ , Prague u p o n u n a n i m o u s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n of the facul ty , a n d against oppos i t ion s t emming f rom E. ' s agnos t ic i sm; — Ot to Stern coun t ed a m o n g s tuden ts there ; b e c a m e cit. of Aus . -Hung. with a p p o i n t m e n t to t e n u r e d posi t ion. Limited con tac t with Prague Jewish C m t y , a n d be ing aloof , Einstein later b e c a m e the mode l f o r — M a x Brod ' s Kepler - f igure in The Redemption of Tycho Brahe. J an . 1911 stay with Hendr i ck A. Lorentz u p o n in-vit. to Univ . Leiden. O c t . - N o v . 1911 att . Conse i l de Phys ic Sol-vay (First Solvay Cong . ) a t Brussels, Belg, at t . by m a j o r reps, of the new Eur . phys, incl. Frederick L i n d e m a n n (Lord Cher -well), J a m e s J e a n s a n d Erns t Ru the r fo rd (U.K. ) , Wal t e r Her -m a n n Nerns t , M a x Planck (Berlin), A r n o l d Sommer fe ld , Emil W a r b u r g a n d F. H a s e n ö h r (Ger.) , Lorentz , Kamer l ingh O n n e s (Neth) , Po incaré , Mar i e Cur ie , Maur ice de Broglie, Langevin (Fr.), a n d others . T u r n e d d o w n offer f r o m Univ . Utrecht . 1912 tu rned d o w n invi ta t ion f r o m C o l u m b i a Univ . fo r spec. lect. in phys. series. Fal l 1912 prof , of math, phys , E . T . H . Zur ich . 1912

suppor t ed est. on intl. sei. org. " i nd i f f e r en t to metaphys ica l specula t ion a n d so-called crit ical, t r anscenden ta l d o c t r i n e ; " pet i t ion suppor t i ng same assn. signed by S igmund Freud a n d Ernst Mach . Concu r r . work on p repa ra t ion of "gene ra l the-ory of re la t iv i ty" (1913 Niels Bohr 's un i f i ca t ion of Ru the r -fo rd ' s concept of the nuc lear a tom with E i n s t e i n / P l a n c k q u a n -tum theory m a r k e d the beg inn ing of revolu t ionary dev. in m o d . phys. beyond Eins te in-Bohr ' s report to 85th mee t ing of Deut . Ges. Na tu r fo r sche r u n d Ärzte, Vienna , 1913). S u m m e r 1913 in-vited through Planck and Nerns t to b e c o m e m e m . of Prussian Acad, of Scis, and prof , at Univ. Berlin; also o f fe red d i rec tor-ship in the Inst, of Phys. which was then in the process of f o r m a -tion as a br. of Kaiser Wilhelm Ges , Berlin ; Dec. 1913 accep ted o f fe r on condi t ion that Swiss cit. could be re ta ined ; however , a p p o i n t m e n t at the Acad, au tomat ica l ly con fe r r ed Prussian cit, leading to confus ion abou t A. E.'s na t ional i ty . Sept . 1913 with — Erwin Finlay Freundl ich of Berlin Observa to ry , p l a n n e d to verify special relativity theory by measur ing light p h e n o m e n a dur ing the eclipse of 1914 in the C r i m e a ; exp. was f in. by K r u p p and chem. Ernst Forscher , a m o n g others , a n d failed d u e to outbreak of war.

July 1914 inaugura l address to Acad , then coop, with Prus-sian offs . in org. Phys. Inst. Aug. 1914 with ou tb reak of W . W . I took s t rong s tand against the Ger . war goals in oppos i t ion to s o m e of his col leagues, no tab ly -* Fritz Haber , w h o later in-ven ted mus ta rd gas as dir. of Ger . C h e m . W a r f a r e Services. A.E. avo ided direct invo lvement in the war e f for t , a n d cont . to work on relativity theory. 1914 opposed " M a n i f e s t o to t he Civ-ilized W o r l d " which had been signed by 93 Ger . academics . This " m a n i f e s t o " d e f e n d e d the Ger . v iola t ion of Belg, neu-trality, and inveighed against "Russ i an ho rdes . . . un leashed against the Whi te race ." A .E . co-au thored a coun te r -dec la ra -t ion, " M a n i f e s t o to E u r o p e a n s , " calling for a League of Euro-peans to create a uni ted E u r o p e a n d an end to the war . 1914 jo ined and b e c a m e active m e m , Bund Neues Vate r land with goal to br ing abou t an early peace a n d prevent f u tu r e wa r s ; Bund b a n n e d 1916, revived Nov. 1918 (1920 r e n a m e d Ger . League for H u m a n Rights). E. privately expressed h o p e s for Ger . defea t , bu t his c o n d e m n a t i o n s of Ger . polit . cul ture , a n d of the bankers , bus inessmen and industr ia l is ts who s u p p o r t e d Ger . annexa t ion i sm, were not known unti l the pos t -war per iod . 1914 sepa ra ted f r o m wife and chi ldren , w h o ret. to Switz. 1915 intense theoret ical work in Berlin a n d coope ra t i on with o the r physicists cu lmina ted in the "genera l theory of re la t iv i ty ." 1916 fo l lowing first p resenta t ion to the Prussian Acad . ( " E r k l ä r u n g der Per ihe lbewegung des M e r k u r aus der a l lgemeinen Relati-v i tä ts theor ie ," Sitzungsberichte. Preussische Akad. der Wiss. [pt. 2, 1915]), publ . " D i e G r u n d l a g e n der a l lgemeinen Relati-v i tä ts theor ie ," Annalen der Physik (series, 4, vol. 49, 1916) as a "m a t hem a t i ca l theory a t tempt ing to deve lop a uni f ied set of laws for bod ies with accelera ted relative m o t i o n ep i tomized by gravi ty ." Accla im for the theory of relativity incl. — M a x Born ' s s ta tement that it was a " c o m b i n a t i o n of ph i losophica l pene t ra t ion , physical in tui t ion, and ma themat i ca l ski l l ." 1917 serious i l lness; nursed by Elsa Löwentha l , a cousin w h o later b e c a m e his wife . 1917 physicists in U . K . incl. Sir F r ank D y s o n a n d Ar thu r Edd ing ton p repa red intl. expedi t ion to test the the-ory of relativity, us ing the solar eclipse of 29 M a y 1919. Success of the subsequent expedi t ion a n d repor t s on findings t o Du tch Royal Soc, Brit. Royal Soc, a n d Royal As t ron . Soc. ca t apu l t ed A .E . to med ia recogni t ion, a n d led to a pub l ic image as a vulnerable , k indly , impract ica l , v io l in-p laying intel lectual g iant a n d sage on social a n d political issues. Eins te in ' s pres t ige contr ib. to a cer ta in a m o u n t of b r e a k d o w n of the an t i -Ger . feel-ing rife a f t e r W . W . I . First Ger . to be invited to lect. be fo re scho-larly a n d lay g roups in Allied countr ies . G a i n e d publ ic recogni-t ion in U . K . a n d U.S, but l imited impac t on Fr. intel lectual cmty. C o n c u r r . publ . of num. books a n d arts, on Eins te in a n d relativity, a n d m a j o r newspape r coverage. 1918 /19 with est. of W e i m a r R e p u b , the con t inua t ion of econ. b l o c k a d e of G e r , a n d the d e f a m a t i o n of the Ger . people on the par t of the vic-tors, E. lent suppor t to the Ger . govt, a n d crit icized Allied poli-cies. In G e r , however , na t ional is t p r o p a g a n d a t u r n e d Eins te in , the Jewish pacif is t a n d inven to r of " Jewish re la t iv i ty ," in to a hate symbol . 1918 of fe red posi t ion in Zur ich in view of Ger . an-

Einstein 247 ti-Semitism. 1919 group of Ger. Nature Res. - Arbeitsgemein-schaft deut. Naturforscher - est. an anti-Semitic, "anti-relati-vism" study group, supported by Phillip Lenard, prof, of phys. at Univ. Heidelberg, and later a Nobel Prize winner; although staffed by mediocre researchers, the group reed. fin. backing from a group close to Krupp: 27 Aug. 1919 political drive against Einstein culminated in "anti-relativity" meetings at Berlin Philh. Hall and in other cities: meeting in Bad Nauheim of Deut. Ges. der Naturforscher und Àrzte at which Einstein de-bated Lenard interrupted by organized disturbances from the floor, requiring armed police to secure the hall. 1919 attracted to Zionism in response to the Balfour Declaration of 1917, the hostility of mainline Ger. Jewry and orgs, toward E. Eur. Jews, and Ger. anti-Semitism. 1919 won over to support org. Zionism by "Kurt Blumenfeld, the Ger. Zionist intellectual and publi-cist. Also attracted to Zionism by cultural, intellectual and com-munal benefits offered by Zionism and a Jewish homeland in Pal. E. viewed his Zionism as the expression of a Jewish nation-al identity which did not contradict his pacifism or cultural at-tachment to Ger. and Switz. Dec. 1919 Brit. Royal Soc. ap-proved grant of Gold Medal to A.E: offer later withdrawn up-on insistence of anti-Ger. lobby (1925 reed. Copley Medal, 1926 Gold Medal). 1920 reed, invitation to Univ. Leiden, spurred by anti-Semitism directed at E. from the Ger. right. Max Planck and Prussian Min. of Educ. appealed to E. to re-main in Berlin; Mar. 1920 took oath on Prussian Constitution, and July, 1920 on Weimar Constitution while retaining Swiss cit. 1920 spec. res. prof, Univ. Leiden, after staying with Paul Ehrenfest. 1921 fgn. fel, Royal Soc. Mar.-June 1921 trip to U.S. with Chaim Weizmann to raise funds for the newly est. Keren Hayesod; widely-noted reception in U.S. by govt, and public, incl. by Pres. Harding. Intensely emotional reception by Am. Jewish communities, giving E. his first exposure to vibrant Jew-ish ethnicity. Concurr. lect. on relativity at Columbia Univ, City Coll. of New York (C.U.N.Y.), Princeton Univ, and An-nual Dinner of Nat. Acad, of Sci, Washington, D.C; in Chica-go met Robert Millikan, pres. of California Inst, of Technol-ogy, Pasadena, who later invited E. to teach at that inst. June 1921 Dr. sci. h.c, Univ. Manchester, becoming the first German to be so honored since 1914. Mar. 1922 lect. at Collège de France, Paris in spite of protest of var. mems, some being anti-Semitic, others anti-Ger, and still others conservative-national-ist. Summer 1922 considered leaving Ger. again, following June 24 assassination of Walther Rathenau. 1921 reed. Nobel Prize in phys. for "contribution to theory of physics, discovery of law of the photoeletric effect." Award revealed continued uncertainty as to Einstein's status as a Ger.-Swiss cit. In the view of the Ger. Min. of Sci, Art and Popular Educ, A.E. was claimed as "chiefly Reichsdeutscher." Nobel Prize accepted in Stockholm by Ger. ambassador on behalf of E; prize money handed over in Berlin by Swiss ambassador.

During the period of the 1920s new trends in theoret. phys. arose out of E.'s methodology; scientists Louis de Broglie, S.N. Bose, Erwin Schroedinger, Werner Heisenberg, Niels Bohr and others worked with E.'s theories, although E. viewed their assumptions with skepticism. Despite these new departures, E. continued work on unified field theory for electromagnetic and gravity-related phenomena, and pubi, series of papers on these subjects as did his colleagues — Hermann Weyl, Arthur Ed-dington, among others.

1922 upon suggestion of Sir Eric Drummond joined League of Nations Intl. Comm. on Intellectual Cooperation, invited as "representative of German science," although Ger. was not yet a League mem: 1922 submitted resignation because felt unable to rep. Ger. in view of anti-Semitism there, but persuaded to stay. Feb. 1923 resigned from comm. in protest against Fr. power politics in the Ruhr (occupation); Sept. 1924 rejoined coram, although believed that Fr. hegemonial politics and Ger. revisionism rendered hopes for intl. cooperation impossible. Feb. 1923 presented inaugural address at Hebrew Univ, Jeru-salem, but refused offer of chair there. Est. friendship with Sir Herbert Samuel, the first High Commissioner; also, enthusias-tic encounters with Yehuda Magnes, Hugo Bergmann, Mar-tin Buber, «Robert Weltsch and other Zionists; stressed impor-tance of agreement with Arabs as major priority for Pal. Nov.

1923 because of Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, temp, stay in Lei-den in response to death threats from right wing Ger. extremists. Also 1923 intensive activities for causes of pacifism, anti-war movts, war resistance and conscientious objection, pan-Eur. movts. and civil rights; main organizational expression through Deut. Liga fur Menschenrechte. 1925, 1927 reed, invita-tions to California Inst, of Technology from its pres, Robert A. Millikan. Sept. 1925 elected to bd. of govs, Hebrew Univ; June 1928 disagreement with Magnes admin, led to resignation. 1928 forced rest cure because of heart ailment; concurr. cont. work on unified field theory. 1929 maintained views on Jewish-Arab relations following outbreaks of riots in Pal. in opposi-tion to Zionist realists. Aug. 1929 att. 16th Zionist Cong, at Zu-rich on Weizmann's invitation; there witnessed ceremony creat-ing expansion of Jewish Agcy. for Pal. by non-Zionist wing (soon afterwards ineffective). 1919 on the occasion of 50th birthday reed, major intl. and Ger. hons, incl. Dr. h.c, Univ. Par-is (meeting with Aristide Briand); first Max Planck Medal, est. by intl. scholars and mathematicians: called Ger.'s greatest sa-vant by Reich Chancellor. Despite these accolades, the grow-ing strength of anti-Semitism and Nazism in Ger. led to E.'s in-creasing isolation in Ger. acad. life, and to his becoming the cent, of a hate campaign against the peace and human rights movts. Late 1920s and early 1930s, E. wavered between the idea of an absolute refusal to bear arms (conscientious objection) and a "relative" pacifism, like service in non-combattant posi-tions; at first recommended civilian serv. for objectors, the "le-gal" way. Then 1930, in speech at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel, New York, recommended total refusal to fight, theorizing that if on-ly two percent of the population refused to go to war, govts, would not have enough jails to contain them (the "revolution-ary" way). However, the rise of Nazism changed E.'s attitudes toward armed defense, and illuminated the limitations of paci-fism in the face of aggression. 1931 considered asking for revo-cation of Ger. cit. while at the same time relativity theory was being branded as "Jewish." Jan, Feb. 1931 vis. prof, Calif. Inst, of Technology. Concurr: Maintained links with researchers at Wilson Observ; Jewish and pacifist pub. activities; reed, key to City of New York from Mayor Jimmy Walker; May 1931 Rhodes Schol. Lect. at Oxford Univ; reed. Dr. sci. h.c. and "Re-search Student" (sr. mem.) of Christ Coll. 1931 accepted perm, app. at California Inst, of Technology, and by late 1931 pre-pared to leave Ger. permanently. 1932 spent first term at Christ Coll, Oxford. June 1932 accepted perm. app. by Abraham Flexner to Inst, of Advanced Study, Princeton, N.J. July 1932 in connection with Intl. Commn. oflntel lectua! Coop, publ. an exchange of letters with Sigmund Freud under title \Varum Krieg?, which was banned in Nazi Ger. 1932 expected to rejoin Hebrew Univ. bd. of govs, on promise by Chaim Weizmann that Magnes admin, would be reformed; by early 1933 E. reject-ed app. because of cont. dissatisfaction with Magnes; his pub-lic criticism of Hebrew Univ. led to reforms by 1937/38, al-though E.'s satisfaction with the latter was limited by his reser-vations vis-a-vis "narrow nationalism." Nov. 1932 last stay on Ger. soil at Caputh home near Potsdam. Trip to U.S. 10 Mar. 1933 in interview with New York World announced emigr. from Ger. as perm, and attacked Nazi destruction of polit. liber-ty and civil rights. Cancelled lect. in Ger. previously agreed up-on with Prussian Acad. Sci, but still expected scholarly and in-ternational coop, from sci. colleagues there. 28 Mar. 1933 ret. to Belg. from U.S. as guest of G.L.A. de Groodt of Univ. Ghent, Belg. Same day resigned post from Prussian Acad, of Sci. on grounds of being unable to further serve the Prussian State. 1 Apr. 1933 in response to E.'s resignation, Acad, issued statements denouncing his "atrocity mongering" and disloyal-ty, and claiming to have no regrets regarding his departure. Col-leagues at Acad, failed to stand up for A. E, and Max Planck, in a private letter described E.'s resignation as an "honorable solu-tion . . . which spared [E.'s] friends immeasurable grief." As a gen. measure, the Nazi govt, launched a concerted attack on the absent Einstein, and newspapers branded him an intl. trai-tor. Following E.'s warning of the dangers of "Hitlerism" to the world, his home in Caputh was searched by Nazis, and apartment sealed off ; Einstein-Strasse renamed Fichte-Strasse by city of Ulm, his birthplace. 10 May 1933. E.'s books burned

248 Einstein in Berlin by students. Formally renounced Ger. cit. by deliver-ing his Ger. passport to Reich legation in Brussels. 23 May 1933 Planck and Kaiser Wilhelm Soc. sent "obedient greetings to the Chancellor [Hitler], ready to cooperate joyfully." 16 Aug. 1933 considered for first list of cit. revocations by Reich Interior Min. together with *Georg Bernhardt, *Georg Breitscheid, -> Lion Feuchtwanger, — Heinrich Mann, 'Wil ly Muenzenberg, *Philipp Scheidemann; revocation of E.'s cit. by Reich was not publicized due to his intl. standing, off. an-nouncement appeared in the Reichsgesetzblatt only on 29 Mar. 1934. 3 Oct. 1933 last pub. appearance in Eur. in address before crowd of 10,000 at Royal Albert Hall, London, to benefit Acad. Assist. Coun; shared platform with J. Jeans, W. Ruther-ford, Sir William Beveridge and Austin Chamberlain. 1933 ac-cepted chair, Univ. Madrid (for 1934), but acceptance with-"drawn. Oct. 1933 emigr. to U.S. on temp. vis. visa with wife and secy. Concurr. 1932 refused to sign peace appeal by Fr. communist Henri Barbusse because it had failed to condemn Soviet totalitarianism. Now in 1933, supported communist front orgs, for intrinsic causes, but stressed own non-involve-ment with Comintern or Communist Party. In exchange of let-ters with King Albert of Belg, supported Belg. milit. defense buildup against the Nazis, while also advocating civilian serv. for conscientious objectors; letter publ. to indicate changed position towards defense (1947 blamed Eng. and Fr. pacifists as a cause of lack of preparedness on the part of the West). Nominal head of Muenzenberg's World Comm. for the Vic-tims of Fascism which publ. The Brown Book of Hitler Terror 31 Aug. 1933; book incl. indictment of S.A. for complicity in Reichstag Fire of 27 Feb. 1933; newspaper accts. led to E.'s pub. denial of authorship of The Brown Book. Settled at Prince-ton's Inst, for Advanced Study (planned no subsequent stays at Christ Coll, and requested that stipend be used for ref. schol-ars). Pub. activity in U.S. incl. reception by Pres. Franklin Del-ano Roosevelt (1/24/34); support for Jewish causes; personal support for fel. émigrés; assist, to relatives immigr. to U.S; close contact with former students and colleagues, incl. obtain-ing a grant for Leopold Infeld, with whom he co-authored The Evolution of Physics (1938).'June 1935 trip to Bermuda to ob-tain U.S. immigr. visa on fgn. soil.

Main sci. work in U.S. concerned unified field theory, incor-poration of new speculation in cosmology, and new discover-ies in the general theory of relativity and quantum theory. July 1939 while vacationing on Long Island, N.Y, approached by -* Leo Szilard and Eugene P. Wigner with request that E. ap-prise the Belg. govt, of danger should the uranium of the Belg. Congo fall into Nazi hands (this info, followed Niels Bohr's re-port at Fifth Washington Conf. on Theoret. Phys. in Jan. 1939 that Otto Hahn had split the uranium atom in 1938, and that due to subsequent work by — Lise Meitner, Joliot-Curie, Szi-lard and Wigner, construction of a bomb had become a theoret-ical possibility). Warning letter to Belg. govt, drafted by Szilard and signed by E. developed into appeal to Pres. Roosevelt up-on advice of *Gustav Stolper, among others. Letter informed F.D.R. of the military possibilities and potential power of nu-clear energy, and requested assurance for a supply of uranium in the U.S, speeding up exp. work, and govt, liaison with nu-clear physicists; Aug. 1939 comm. est. by U.S. Bur. of Stand-ards to investigate nuclear fission implications; 7 Mar. 1940 E. wrote second letter to F.D.R. warning of Ger. potential (e.g. through C.F. von Weizsàcker's work in Berlin) for achieving nuclear fission, and suggesting that sci. papers on the subject be censored; Apr.(?) 1940 in third letter suggested est. of non-govt. agcy. to org. and raise funds for the work, thus anticipat-ing the Manhattan Project (1942). 1941 U.S. govt, began con-struction of atomic bomb following expanding res. in U.S. Fr, elsewhere, at univs, and the delivery of the British "Maud Re-port" on feasibility of bomb constructed from U-235 produced by diffusion plant (Oct. 1941). Einstein, considered a security risk, was not informed of secret Manhattan Project, and was not officially told of the bomb until it was dropped over Hiro-shima 6 Aug. 1945. May 1943- June 1946 work on contracts to U.S. Navy on explosion theory; wrote paper on gas diffusion without being told of its relationship to milit. technol. for securi-ty reasons; therefore, res. of limited use. Dec. 1944 following

vis. of friend -» Otto Stern, approached Niels Bohr with re-quest to propose "internationalization of milit. power" to "the political leaders," and for scientists in all countries, incl. the U.S.S.R, to follow suit. 1944 on vis. to E. in Princeton, Bohr, who had been rebuffed by F. D. R. and Churchill on the need to bring the U.S.S.R. into intl. nuclear energy control scheme, per-suaded E. to remain silent on the subject. After 1945 E. cont. ap-peals for world govt, based on the assumption that the U.S.S.R. would cooperate ("An Open Letter to the General Assembly of the United Nations," United Nations World. Fall, 1947). Nov. 1947 ideas rejected by four prominent Soviet scientists. May 1946 co-fdr. with Harold Vrey, Linus Pauling, Leo Szilard, -» Viktor Weisskopf, -» Hans Bethe, among others and served as pres, Emergency Comm. of Atomic Scientists to educ. the public and propose super-national control of atomic energy. 1948 message from E. to the anti-American World Cong, of In-tellectuals at Wroclaw censored by its organizers when submit-ted by Otto Nathan, who refused to read a truncated state-ment. Supported draft resisters in U.S. and called upon intellec-tuals to refuse to testify before congressional comms. on polit. beliefs (William Frauenglass case, June 1953). Practical influ-ence limited by moral absolutism and distance from politics. Maintained strong condemnation of Ger, mistrusted Ger. be-cause of her great potential for war, and recommended prevent-ing restoration of Ger. indus. strength for many yrs. (Morgen-thau plan). Oct. 1946 refused invit. to rejoin Bavarian Acad, of Scis, Max Planck Inst. (fmly. Kaiser Wilhelm Inst.), peace sec-tion of former Prussian Order of Merit, and other Ger. insts. and orgs. Spring 1946 turned down Chaim Weizmann's invit. to vis. Pal. However, cont. to support armed struggle of Jews in Pal. as defensive self-assertion against "repulsive and stupid methods" foisted upon Jews in their struggle for survival (4 May 1948). 1952 declined offer from David Ben Gurion to become candidate for pres. of Isr. 1955 co-signer of Bertrand Russell's "Einstein-Russell Manifesto" which warned against the perils of nuclear warfare, and the necessity of avoiding war; led to the Pugwash Conf. of major scientists from East and West. In addition to socs, orgs, and awards noted above, E. was a mem. of many other assns, and the recipient of num. hon. prizes and academic degrees.

Selected biblio: Ober Zionismus (1930); co-auth. with — Sig-mund Freud, Warum Krieg? (1933); Mem Weltbild (Amster-dam, 1934; Eng. ed, Carl Seelig, Ideas and Opinions [New York, 1954]); co-auth. with Leopold Infeld, The Evolution of Physics (New York, 1938); Out of My Later Years (London, New York, 1950); 77>e Meaning of Relativity (Princeton, 1956); for full biblio. see Poggendorff (vols. 5-7a). Lit: Philip Frank, Einstein. His Life and Times (New York, 1947); Albert Ein-stein — Philosopher Scientist (incl. E.'s autobiog. notes; Evan-ston, 111, 1949); Einstein on Peace (New York, 1960); Ronald M. Clark, E: The Life and Times (New York, 1971; Ger, ed. Munich, 1971; London, 1973); Banesh Hoffmann, Albert Ein-stein — Creator and Rebel (New York, 1972); Banesh Hoff-mann, Albert Einstein— The Human Side (Princeton, 1979); lit. from the E. centennial in L.B.I. Y.B. (no. 25, 1980). Papers: See Spalek; also see The New York Times 5 July 1976. Arch: S.P.S.L. Sources: Arch, Biog, Hand, Journ, News, Pers, Print. - R.F.J.I.

Einstein, Alfred, musicologist, music critic; b. Munich 30 Dec. 1880, d. El Cerrito, Calif. 13 Feb. 1952. R: Jewish. E: 1933 U.K, 1935 It, 1938 U.S. Cit: 1945 U.S, fmly. Ger. F: Ludwig E, b. Bu-chau, Württemberg, Ger. 1846, d. Munich 1917, Jewish, busi-nessman. M: Johanna Guttenstein, b. Heidelberg, Baden, Ger. 1851, d. Munich 1922, Jewish. S: Max, b. 1877, d. Northamp-ton, Mass. 1943, businessman; Bertha, b. 1879, d. El Cerrito 1976 oo 1906 Hertha Heumann, B. Göppingen, Württemberg 1881,d. El Cerrito 1967, Jewish. C .Eva , b. 1910, 1939to U.S,li-brarian, a : 1978 El Cerrito.

Initially studied law, then studied music under A. Sandberger and Anton Beer-Walbrunn at Univ. Munich; 1903 Dr. phil. W.W.I brief term of milit. serv. 1918-33 ed, Zft.fur Musikwiss. Concurr. music critic: 1918-27 Münchner Post and 1927-33 Berliner Tageblatt: Ger. music corresp. of The New York Times.

Eisemann 249 Ed. 9-1 Ith eds, Riemann (1919, 1922, 1929); ed. and trans, A. Eaglefield Hulls Dictionary of Modern Music as Das neue Mu-siklexikon (Berlin, 1924); collab, Encyclopaedia Judaica. 1933 emigr. to U. K, after being forced to attend the Wagner Fest, at Bayreuth honoring Hitler. Res. in the Brit. Mus, London, work-ing on his monumental new ed. of Köchers Catalogue of Mo-zart's work; 1935 emigr. to It, living near Florence. Dec. 1938 emigr. to U.S. via Switz. 1939-50 mem. fac, Smith Coll, North-ampton, Mass: 1939-40 William Allan Neilson vis. prof, 1940-50 prof. Concurr: 1948-50 vis. lect. Princeton, Yale, Co-lumbia Univs, and Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor and Julius Hartt Coll. of Music, Univ. Hartford, Conn. 1950 hon. by Smith Coll. in 3 day celebration. 1950 suffered heart attack. Reed: Dr. h.c, Princeton Univ. (1947); to hon. A.E. and his cou-sin — Albert Einstein, his native Munich has named a street "Einsteinstrasse." Two major interests were Mozart and Ital-ian Renaissance music. 1949 offered and rejected the Golden Mozart Medal. Most important contributions on Mozart incl. Mozart, a biog. (New York 1945; 4th ed. 1966, trans, into six längs.); 3rd ed. of L. von Kochel, Chronologisch-thematisches Verzeichnis sämtlicher Tonwerke W.A. Mozarts (Leipzig 1937;

4th ed. 1958; 6th rev. ed. by Fr. Giegling et al. Wiesbaden 1964, Leipzig 1969); an ed. of Don Giovanni (Leipzig 1931); and W.A. Mozart's The Ten Celebrated String Quartets: First Au-thentic Edition in Score based on Autographs in the British Muse-um and on early Prints (London 1945). Also contrib. to vols. 1-4 of a revised complete ed. of Mozart's works to be publ. in the U.S. On Renaissance music wrote the definitive The Italian Madrigal, 3 vols. (Princeton, 1949) and several arts. Mem: Mu-sicol. Soc; Brit. Music Assn. (hon. mem.).

Biblio: Other books incl. Geschichte der Musik (Leipzig, 1917-18; 5th ed. 1934; rev. ed, 1953; trans, as A Short History of Music [London, 1936; 5th ed. 1948; rev. 1953]); Gluck (Lon-don, 1936; Ger. ed. 1954); Greatness in Music (New York 1941; trans, as Grösse in der Musik [Zurich 1951]); Musicinthe Romantic Era (New York 1947, trans, as Die Romantik in der Musik ([Munich 1950]); Schubert (New York 1951; Ger. ed. Zu-rich, 1952); contrib. num. arts, to musicol. journs; complete bib-lio. in E. Hertzmann et al. in Musical Quart, (vol. 27, 1941); al-so in Haggin in Music Rev. (vol. 24, 1963); see also Riemann (12th ed. 1959 and Supp. 1972). Lit: Georg Göhler "Zu A. Ein-steins 70. Geburtstag," Deutsche Rundschau (no. I, 1951); Rie-mann (12th ed.); R.h.D.G; Lamm, München; N.D.B, (vol. 4); Feder, Heute; R. Schaal in M.G.G; M. Bukofzer, "A.E. in Me-moriam," Acta Musicologica (vol. 24, 1952); H. Redlich, "A.E. zum Gedächtnis," Musikforschung (vol. 5, 1952). Papers: Butler Libr, Columbia Univ; Music Libr, Smith Coll, North-ampton, Mass; Music Libr, Univ. California, Berkeley. Arch: S.P.S.L; Perf. Arts Res. Cent, Lincoln Cent, New York. Sour-ces: Arch, Hand, Pers. — R.F.J.I .

Einstein, Siegfried, author; b. Laupheim, Württemberg, Ger. 30 Nov. 1919. R: Jewish. E: 1934 Switz, 1953 Fed. Repub. Ger. Cit: Stateless, fmly Ger. F: Max E. M: Fanny Marx. °° Mar-ried. C: Daniel Siegfried.

1934 emigr. to Switz. Att. Handelshochsch, St. Gallen; 1940 dipl. 1940-45 internment in labor camp. 1953 returned to Laupheim; moved away due to anti-Semitic prejudice. Contrib. to Ger. and fgn. newspapers and periods; also active on radio. Poet, essayist and translator. Mem: I.S.D.S. (1945). Reed: Scholarship, Bertelsmann Publ. (1955); Thomas Mann Dona-tion (1956); Kurt Tucholsky Prize (1964). A: (1978) Mannheim, Baden, Ger.

Biblio: Melodien in Dur und Moll (Zurich, 1946); Sirda (Zu-rich, 1948); Thomas und Angelina (Thal/St. Gallen, 1949); Das Schilfbuch (Thai/St. Gallen, 1949); Das Wolkenschiff (Zurich, 1950); Legenden (Paris, 1951); Eichmann: Chefbuchhalter des Todes (F rankfur t /M, 1961); other works. Lit: D.L.L; Stern, Werke. Sources: Hand. — IfZ.

Eirich, Frederick Roland, prof, of chemistry; Vienna 23 May 1905. R: Protestant. E: 1938 to U.K, 1947 to U.S. Cit: 1953 U.S, fmly. Aus. F: Otto George E. M: Hermine Perlhefter. oo 1936 Maria Dorothea Dehne. C. Ursula D; Susan H.

1928-38 res. assoc, colloid chem, Univ. Vienna, 1929 Dr. phil. in phys. chem, 1934-38 lect, 1938 Habil. 1938 emigr. to U.K.. 1938-46 res. assoc. in colloid sei, lect. in phys. chem, Univ. Cambridge. Concurr. 1941-43 sr. res. off, Univ. Melbourne. 1947 emigr. to U.S. From 1947 mem. fac, Brooklyn Polytechni-cal Inst. (Polytech. Inst, of New York): 1947 assoc. prof, 1951 prof, 1969 dist. prof, 1967-70 dean of res. Concurr. 1950 vis. prof, Univ. Uppsala; 1965 vis. prof, Bristol Univ. 1981-82 Humboldt prof, Univs. Dortmund and Mainz. Consult, to rubber, plastic and chem. indus; govt, comms. Res. in colloidal chemistry; polymer chemistry and engineering; behavior of macromolecules. Mem: Sigma Xi; Am. Chem. Soc. (chmn. col-loid div. 1960); A.A.A.S. (chmn, councillor Gordon Confs. 1959-65); Soc. Rheology (v. pres. and then pres. 1970-73); Am. Phys. Soc; New York Acad, of Scis. (chmn. chem. sect. 1952-53). Reed: M.A. h.c, Cambridge Univ. A: (1975) East-chester, N.Y.

Biblio: Co-auth, Hochmolekulare Stoffe in Lösung (Berlin, 1936); co-auth. Branched Molecules (New York, 1953); ed, Rheology (New York, 1956-69, 5 vol.); ed, Molecular organi-zation in solid high polymer systems (publ. New York Acad, of Scis, 1959); Thermodynamics and mechanics of polymer systems (New York, 1961); co-ed, Polymer Engineering and its Rele-vance to National Materials Development (Salt Lake City, 1972); High Speed Testing Symposia (6 vols.); ed, Science and Technology of Rubber (New York, 1978); more than 100 sei. arts. Arch: S.P.S.L. Sources: Arch, Hand, Qu. — R.F.J.I .

Eis, Egon (fmly. Eisler), writer; b. 1910; see Straschek film bi-ographies.

Eisemann, Kurt, prof, of mathematics and computer science; b. Nuremberg, Bavaria, Ger. 22 June 1923. R: Jewish. E: 1934 Fr, 1935 Pal, 1948 U.S. Cit: 1953 U.S, fmly. Ger. F: Lazarus E, b. Westheim/Hammelburg, Bavaria 1891, d. Tel Aviv 1975, Jew-ish, Dr. med, physician, 1933 to Fr. with spouse, 1935 to Pal. with spouse and children. M: Lina (Karoline) Bacharach, b. Rhina, Hessen-Nassau, Ger. 1897, d. Jerusalem 1965, Jewish, att. business sch. S: Edith (Esther) Ben-Ami, b. Nuremberg 1925, primary educ, seamstress, 1934 to Fr. with brother, oo 1969 Marlene K. Cross, b. Norwich, Conn. 1936, Jewish, att. coll, sales mgr. and dept. store clothes buyer. C: Jamin Albert, b. Boston 1970; Caroline Ruth, b. Boston 1974, both students.

1934 emigr. to Fr. to join parents. 1935 emigr. to Pal. Spent 3 yrs. as apprentice in gift shop and 1 yr. carrying bread and newspapers. Concurr. self-study in math, engr, typing; 1941 London matriculation cert, first div. 1941-47 with Pub. Works Dept, Jerusalem. Concurr. 1943-45 serv, Pal. Vol. Force. Also mem. Mizrachi Youth org. 1948 emigr. to U.S. Work as clerk and secy. 1948-50 att. Yeshiva Univ, New York; 1950 B.A, summa cum laude. 1950-52 att. M.I .T; 1952 M.S. in appl. math. 1952-61 sr. math, and res. math, I .B.M, New York and Cam-bridge, Mass. Concurr: 1953-55 lect, Yeshiva Univ; 1955-57 att. New York Univ; 1957-61 att. Harvard Univ, 1962 Ph.D. in appl. math. 1961-63 mgr. of math. res. and math, staff consult, Univ. Div, Advanced Syst. Res, Sperry Rand Corp, Washing-ton, D.C. 1962-66 mem. fac, Catholic Univ. of America, Washington, D.C: 1962-63 lect, 1963-66 dir. of computing cent, and assoc. prof, in sch. of engr. 1966-68 tech. dir, Compu-ter Usage Dev. Corp, Newton, Mass. 1968-74 dir. of acad. com-puter servs. and prof, of computer sei, Northeastern Univ, Bos-ton. From 1974 dir. of computing servs. and prof, of math, and computer sei, Univ. Missouri, Kansas City, Mo. Spec, on linear programming, numerical analysis, applied mathematics, and effective computer use. Mem: Am. Math. Assn; Assn. for Com-puting Machinery; Soc. for Indus, and Appl. Math; Inst, of Mgt. Scis; Am. Rocket Soc; New York Acad, of Scis; Mensa Soc; Jewish Singles Cultural Club, Boston, Mass. (fdr, chmn. 1967-69); others. A:(1981) Overland Park, Kansas.

Biblio: "Linear Programming," Quart, of Appl. Math. (vol. 13, Oct, 1955); "The Trim Problem," Mgt. Sei. (vol. 3, Apr, 1957); co-auth, "Space Frame Analyses by Matrices and Computer ," Journ of Am. Soc. of Civil Engr. (vol. ST6, Dec,

250 Eisenberg 1962); "The Generalized Stepping Stone Method for the Ma-chine Loading Model," Mgt. Sci. (vol. 11, no. 1, Sept. 1964); "A Heuristic Description of Generalized Matrix Inversion," IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory (vol. CT-20, no. 5, Sept. 1973); also auth. of 25 other arts, and papers; for complete bib-lio. to 1974see R . F J . I . arch. Sources: Hand, Qu. - R.F.J.I.

Eisenberg, Henryk, prof, of physical chemistry; b. Berlin 7 Mar. 1921. E: 1939 Pal. F: Simha E. M: Inna Gurieva. ~ Hannah Schechter. C: Shai; Dan.

1939 emigr. to Pal. Att. Hebrew Univ: 1949 M.Sc, 1952 Ph.D. Concurr: 1941-46 sgt, Royal Engrs; 1948-49 serv. in sci. corps, I.D. F; 1951-52 vis. fel, Yale Univ. 1958-60 vis. fel, Mellon Inst, Pittsburgh, Penn. From 1962 mem. fac, Weizmann Inst, Reho-vot, 1968 prof, of polymer res. 1965-66 at U.S. Nat. Inst, of Health, Bethesda, Md. Res. and publications on physical chem-istry of polymers, polyelectrolytes, nucleic acids, electrochemi-cal systems, aspect of water structure, thermodynamics. Mem: Faraday Soc; Isr. Biochem. Soc; Am. Chem. Soc; Chem. Soc. of London. A: (1976) Rehovot.

Biblio: Mebkarim biSedeh haPolielectrolitem: Maarhot Con-tractiliot Moleculariot u Microscopiot (Polyelectrolytes: Molec-ular and Microscopic Contractile Systems; diss, Jerusalem, 1952[?]); co-ed, Aharon Katzir Memorial Volume (New York, 1975); Biological Macromolecules and Polyelectrolytes in Solu-tion (Oxford, 1976); ed, Macromolecular Chemistry II. Proc. Intl. Symposium on Macromolecules (Jerusalem, 1975; Ox-ford-New York, 1977). Sources: Hand. - R.F.J.I.

Eisenschitz, Robert Karl, prof, of theoretical physics; b. Vienna 14 Jan. 1898, d. London 15 July 1968. R: Jewish until 1924. E: 1933 U.K. Cit: 1947 U.K., fmly. Aus, 1929 Ger. F: Emil E, b. Vienna 1850, d. Vienna 1914, Jewish, lawyer. M: Felicie Au-guste Spitzer, b. Dresden, Saxony, Ger. 1866, d. La Valette, Fr. 1948, Jewish. S: Willy, b. 1890, d. Fr. 1974, painter, 1911 to Fr. ~ 1948 Eva Regina Laufer, b. Berlin 1912, Gym. educ, 1933 to Neth, 1936 to Sp, 1938 to U.K, sch. teacher and mgr, publ. house. C: Aram, b. 1949, B.Sc. in econ, architect, dipl, l ed , Middlesex Polytech; Tamara, b. 1950, Ph.D. in phys, lect. in in-fo. sci, City Univ, London.

1916-18 serv. in Aus.-Hung. Army to ensign, reed, medal for bravery. 1918-24 att. Univs. Vienna, Munich and T.H. Karls-ruhe, 1924 Dr. phil, chem, Univ. Munich. 1924-27 chemist, A.E.G, Berlin. 1927-33 res. assist, in theoret. phys, Kaiser Wil-helm Inst, für Chemie, Berlin. 1933 emigr. to U.K, aided by S.P.S.L. and Woburn House. 1933-46 res. assist, Davy Fara-day Lab, Royal Inst. 1946-49 lect, University Coll, London. 1949-68 mem, dept. of phys, Queen Mary Coll, Univ. London: 1949 reader, 1957 prof, 1965 prof, emer; 1952 Dr.Sc. Res. in thermodynamics of irreversible processes; statistical mechan-ics, esp. physics of the liquid state of matter and interatomic for-ces. Fel: Inst. Phys.

Biblio: "Über die materiellen Träger der Spektren-gefärbten Flammen" (diss, Munich, 1924); Statistical Theory of Irreversi-ble Processes (London, 1958); Matrix Algebra for Physicists (London and New York, 1966); ca. 50 arts, in prof, journs. esp. Zft.fur Physik: Proc. of the Royal Soc: Science Progress: Philos. Mag; Nature; for complete biblio. to 1966 see R.F.J.I . file. Arch: S.P.S.L. Sources: Arch, Hand, Pers. — R.F.J.I.

Eisenstaedt, Alfred, photojournalist; b. Dirschau, W. Prussia, Ger. (Tczew, Pol.) 6 Dec. 1898. E: 1935 U.S. Cit: U.S. fmly. Ger. F: Joseph E, dept. store owner. M: Regina Schoen. S: Younger siblings. <x> 1949 Alma Kathy Kaye, d. New York 1973. C: (none).

1906 moved to Berlin with fam. Att. Hohenzollern Gym, Berlin and univ. 1916- Dec. 1917 field artillery gunner Flan-ders for Ger. Army, Dec. 1917 wounded by Brit, shell, sole sur-vivor of battalion. After W.W.I, button and belt salesman and amateur photog. 1927 sold first photo to Weltspiegel. Freelance photog. for Ullstein Publ. Berlin, working for Uhu and Welt-spiegel among others. 1929-35 spec, photog. rep, Pacific and

Atlantic Picture Agcy. (1931 firm taken over by Assoc. Press), Berlin. Photojourn. for Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung, Die Dame, Graphic, and Illustrated London News, among others. Early 1930s leading photojournalist in Ger. with -» Dr. Erich Salo-mon and Martin Munkacsi. 1934 publ. a report on Mussolini, " In einem unterirdischen Manikiirsalon," in Die Dame, caus-ing a scandal; the mag. was banned in It. 1935 achieved intl. rec-ognition with coverage of — Thomas Mann's acceptance of the Nobel Prize in Stockholm, and of fighting in Ethiopia, which was reproduced widely in 1936 when It. invaded Ethiopia. Late 1935 emigr. to U.S. as racially persecuted. From 1936 with Time, Inc. 1936-72 staff photog, Life mag. (mem. of first staff of photog. dept. with Margaret Bourke-White, Thomas D. McAvoy, and Peter Stackpole), 1972- with People mag. Con-trib. to Harper's Bazaar, Vogue, and Town and Country, among others. Famous early pictures incl. skating waiter at the Grand Hotel, St. Moritz, Switz; 1933 Joseph Goebbels at the League of Nations Assembly, Geneva; 1934 meeting of Hitler and Mussolini. Contrib. num. cover pictures to Life. Famous pictures of W.W.II incl. 1945 V-J Day celebration, Times Square, New York. Exhibitions: "The Family of Man," Mus. of Mod. Art, New York (1947); "Eisenstaedt Retrospective," Dryden Gall, of George Eastman House, Rochester, N.Y. (1954); Travelling Exhib, E. Leitz Inc. (1961); "Witness to Our Time," solo exhib. on tour through U.S. (1966-67); Gall. M. Knoedler and Co, New York (1976); Rheinisches Landesmuse-um, Bonn (1980); Stadtmuseum Munich (1981). Mem: D.G.P, Cologne. Reed: Photog. of the Yr, Encycl. Britannica and Univ. Missouri Sch. of Journ. (1951); Clifton C. Edam Award for Photog. Achievement (1953); Camera Prize, Leitz-Werke (1961); Culture Prize, Cologne, Fed. Repub. Ger. (1962); Achievement Award, Photog. Soc. of Am; Intl. Understanding Award for Photog. Achievement (1967); Dist. in Photog. - One of the World's Ten Best Photogs, as result of poll in Popular Photog. (1968); Joseph A. Sprague Mml. Award, Nat. Press Photog. Assn. (1971).

Biblio: Witness to Our Times (1966); The Eye of Eisenstaedt (1969); Martha's Vineyard (1970); Witness to Nature (1971); co-auth. with John McPhee, Wimbledon: A Celebration (1972); People (1973); Eisenstaedt's Guide to Photography (London, 1978); Eisenstaedt-Germany (New York, Fed. Repub. Ger, 1980). Lit: -» Tim N. Gidal, Deutschland — Beginn des modernen Photojoumalismus (Lucerne, F rankfur t /M, 1972); Beaton-Buckland, The Magic Image, cat. National Coll. of Fine Arts, Rheinisches Landesmuseum (Bonn, 1980). Arch: The Intl. Cent, for Concerned Photog. Sources: Hand, News, Print. — IfZ.

Eisler, Adolf, actors' trade-union official; b. Olmütz, Moravia, Aus. (Olomouc, C.S.S.R.)21 July 1877, d. London 5 Dec. 1945. R: Jewish. Cit: U.K, fmly. Aus. E: 1939 U.K. oo Erna, b. 1886, d. London 1967, emigr. with husband.

Off. in post off. 1910- secy, Aus. Actors' Equity Assn. (later known as Ger. Aus. Actors' Equity Assn.) and ed. of its mag, Der Komödiant. Concurr. 1921-secy, Trust Org. Ger. Stage Mems. (Union Ger.-Lang. Stage Orgs.) and 1926- gen. secy, Intl. Union of Stage Personnel. Important contrib. in obtaining the Aus. Acting Statute of 1922. 1934-35 after closing of the Ger. Aus. Actors' Equity Assn. (by order f rom the oft . of the chancellor), became secy, in substitute org. called Ring of Aus. Stage Artists; 1935 dismissed on the ground that he might im-pede the negotiations with representatives of Ger. Reichsthea-terkammer. 1939 emigr. to U.K. Died shortly before planned re-turn to Vienna.

Lit: Vom Hausierschein zum österreichischen Schauspielerge-setz, commemorative publ. of 75th anniv. of Aus. Actor's Equi-ty Assn. (Vienna, 1968); Theater im Exil (Symposium). Sources: Arch, Hand, Print. — IfZ.

Eisler, Colin Tobias, prof, of art history; b. Hamburg 17 Mar. 1931. R: Jewish. E: 1933 Switz, 1934 U.K, 1941 U.S. Cit: 1947 U.S, fmly. Ger. F: George E, b. Hamburg 1893, Jewish, pub-lisher, 1933 to Switz, 1934 to U.K, 1941 to U.S. with wife and

Eisler 251 chi ldren . M: K a t e Basseches, b. M i n d e n , Wes tpha l i a , Ger . 1898, Jewish, s tudied med , therapis t . 5 : Michae l , b. H a m b u r g 1928, publ i sher , a : U .S ; F reder icka A m h o l z , b. H a m b u r g 1926, a : U . S ; Ernes t ine Miller , b. New York 1941, psychotherap is t , a : U.S. oo 1960 Benita Blitzer, b. 1938, Jewish, M.A , H a r v a r d Univ , au th . a n d t rans. C: Rache l , b. 1952.

Emigr . with pa ren t s a n d siblings. 1945-47 att . High Sch. of Mus ic a n d Art , New York. 1948 grad . f r o m Berkeley High Sch, Cal i f . S tudied pho tog , Ca l i fo rn i a Coll . of Arts a n d Cra f t s , O a k l a n d . 1948-52 att. Yale Un iv ; 1952 B.A. 1952-53 H e n r y fel, M a g d a l e n Col l , O x f o r d . 1953-54 grad . fel, H a r v a r d Univ . 1955-57 instr. a n d assist, p ro f , Yale Un iv ; also cura to r of pr in ts a n d d rawings , Yale art gall. 1957 P h . D . H a r v a r d Univ . 1958-mem. fac , art hist, dep t , Inst, of Fine Arts , N e w York U n i v : 1958 assist, p ro f , 1960 assoc. p ro f , 1968- prof . N u m . res. a n d lect. tours of Europe . 1960-61 G u g g e n h e i m fel. 1969 secy, Na t . C o m m . fo r the Hist, of Art . 1974- consul t , to the N . E . H . a n d o ther ar t insts. Spec, in d rawings and pho tog raphs . M e m : D r a w i n g Soc. (mem. nat. bd . 1963).

Biblio: Prints and Drawings from the Yale Collections ( N e w H a v e n , 1957); Les Primitifs Flamands, New England Museum (Brussels, 1961); " T h e Athlete of Vir tue: The I c o n o g r a p h y of Asce t ic i sm," De Artibus Opuscula XL: Essays in Honor of — Er-win Panofsky (vol. I, N e w Y ork , 1961): Dutch and Flemish Drawings ( N e w York , 1964); German Drawings ( N e w York , 1963); " T w o Immor ta l i zed L a n d s c a p e s — Wat teau a n d the Re-cueil J u l i e n n e , " The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bull. ( Jan , 1966); " R u b e n s ' Use of the Nor the rn Past — The Michiels Tr ip-tych , " 1967 a n n u a l of the Musées Royeaux de Belgique; " K u n s t g e s c h i c h t e Amer ican Style: A Study in M i g r a t i o n , " Bai-lyn a n d Fleming, Migration : Catalogue of Northern European and Spanish Painting in the Samuel H. Kress Collection ( N e w York , 1974); n u m . o ther a r t s ; f o r biblio. to 1974 see I f Z a n d R . F . J . I . archs. Sources: H a n d , Print , Qu. — IfZ.

Eisler, Frieda, fmly . Go ldman-E i s l e r , née Leib, prof , of psy-chol inguis t ics ; b. T a r n o w , Gal ic ia , Aus. (Pol.) 9 J u n e 1907. R: Jewish. E: 1934 U .K . Cit. U . K , fmly . Aus. F: A d o l f ( A b e ) Leib, b. T a r n o w 1872, d. L o n d o n 1943, Jewish , mf r , 1938 to U . K . with wife. M: Pepi Tiirk, b. S a m b o r , Gal ic ia (U.S .S .R . ) 1876, d. L o n d o n 1958, sec. educ. S : Helene Biel, b. Vienna 1902, sec. educ , r ad iog raphe r , 1936 to Pa l ; Is idor Leib, b. T a r n o w 1905, tech. coll. educ , m f r , 1939 to U .K . °° I. 1934(?) G o l d m a n ( ? ) ; II. 1950 Paul Eisler, b. Vienna 1907, Jewish, Dr . Ing, T . H . Vienna , consul t , engr , 1936 to U . K , tech. mgr . a n d dir. of var. cos. C: (none) .

1925-31 att. Univ. V ienna ; 1931 Dr. phil. Mem. Socialist Stu-den t s Assn, a n d Soc. Dem. Par ty , Aus. J o u r n , f i lm crit ic fo r Vienna ed. of Weltbiihne. Apr . 1934 emigr . to U . K . u p o n m a r -riage a n d receipt of Brit. cit. W o r k e d as domes t i c serv, then secy. 1937-38 s tudied psych. Univers i ty Coll , L o n d o n ; 1938 reed, equiva len t B.A. with hons . (qual i fy ing exam). 1941-46 res. assist, B.B.C. Listener Res. Dept . 1948-55 m e m . exp. psych, soc. sci. s ta f f , M e d . Res. C o u n , Inst. Psychiatry. 1955-with Univers i ty Col l , L o n d o n : 1955-62(7) hon . res. assoc, 1962-70 lect, then reader , 1970- prof , of psychol inguis t ics , Dept . of Phonet ics a n d Linguist ics, 1974 prof . emer . a n d hon . res. fel. M e m . ed . bds , Lang, and Speech, a n d Journ. of Psycho-linguistic Res. Fe l : Brit. Psych. Soc ; Royal Soc. of M e d . A : (1975) L o n d o n .

Biblio: C o - a u t h , Psycholinguistics: Experiments in Spontane-ous Speech (publ . u n d e r n a m e Fr ieda G o l d m a n - E i s l e r ; L o n d o n - N e w York , 1968); contr ib . sci. p ape r s a n d articles to p ro f , j o u r n s . incl. Brit. Journ. of Psych, Quart. Journ. Exp. Psych, Exp. Psych. Quart, Lang, and Speech, Journ. of Psycholinguistics, Journ. Personality, Journ. Psychosomatic Res, m a n y others . Sources: H a n d , Pers, Pr int , Qu. — R . F . J . I .

Eisler, Georg, pa in ter , g r aph i c ar t i s t : b. Vienna 20 Apr . 1928. E: 1938 C . S . R , 1939 U .K, 1945 Aus. Cit: Aus. For F. M. a n d S see fa the r — H a n n s Eisler. oo 1966 Alice Gerson , Dr. a V i e n -na.

1936 emigr. with mothe r to Moscow f r o m Vienna. 1936-38 att . Ger . Kar l -Liebknecht Sch, M o s c o w : af ter sch. closed att. Russ. sch. 1938 re tu rned to V ienna ; fo l lowing Naz i invasion emigr . to Prague. Att. Czech, sch. 1939, p r io r to Ger . occupa -t ion, emigr. to U. K. Alt. sch. in Bi rmingham, resid. with Quake r f am, then in Manches ter . 1940-42 att. Cen t . High Sch. for Boys. 1943 partic. in exhib. " T h e W a r " at C o o l o n i g Gal l , London . 1942-43 att. S tockpor t Sch. of Art with suppor t of the art hist, Margare t H. Bulley; 1944 grad. Studied at Manches t e r Sch. of Art a n d Sal ford Sch. of Art. Acqua in ted with — Oska r Ko-koschka . 1945 part ic . in F .A.M. exhib. of Aus. artists at Foule 's Gal l , L o n d o n ; exhib. incl. works by K o k o s c h k a , — G e o r g Ehr-lich, — Gerhar t Frankl , — Siegfried C h a r o u x . 1945 to Aus. 1946 first individual exhib. at Intl. C l u b in Manches te r . Sept. 1946 moved to Vienna. Att. evening n u d e d rawing course with Herber t Boeckl at the Acad, of Art . Acqua in ted with Alf red Hrd l icka , Rudol f Schönwa ld , Fritz Mar t inz . 1947 par t ic . in the First G r a n d Aus. Art Exhib. at Küns t l e rhaus , Vienna. 1948 and 1949 partic. in the exhib. " F o r m e n und W e g e " at Konze r thaus , Vienna. 1949-56 crisis of p roduc t iv i ty ; occas iona l work as jazz music ian and j ou rn . Tr ips to Eng. and It. C o m p i l e d sketch books . 1956 exhib. in Bologna and R o m e with — H a n s Escher, Hrd l i cka , Mar t inz , Schönwald . 1958 collect ive exhib. at Wolf-rum Gal l , Vienna. 1959-60 vis. Ne th , Paris a n d L o n d o n . I960 part ic . in exhib. "Aus . Paint ing a n d Scu lp tu re 1900-1960," Arts C o u n , L o n d o n , 1961 at the Palais Royal , Brussels. De-signed cos tumes and scenery for — Ot to Klempere r ' s p rod , of The Magic Flute perf . at Royal O p e r a House , Coven t G a r d e n , L o n d o n . 1963- m e m , exhibiter , a n d f rom 1968 pres. of "Wie -ne r Sezession." 1969-74 co-ed. of j o u r n . Ver Sacrum. Vienna. 1969 individual exhibs. in Innsbruck a n d Rome. 1970 part ic . in p r o g r a m m a t i c exhib. " F i g u r " with Hrd l i cka , S c h ö n w a l d , Ru-dolf Schwaiger ; 1972 with Hrdl icka , S c h ö n w a l d , D u n a j , par-tic. in exhib. in Murska Sobota , Yugo. 1976 individual exhib. at G r a p h i c Art Col l , Vienna. R e e d : T h e o d o r K ö r n e r Prize, Vien-na (1963); Aus. Sta te Prize for Pa in t ing (1965); Prize in Aus , G r a p h i c Arts Compe t i t i on , Innsbruck (1969): Prize of the City of Vienna (1971); R o m e Scholarsh ip (1972); H o n . Cross f o r Sci. and Art (1974). Works in Mus. des X X . J ah rhunde r t s , Österr . Galer ie Vienna ; Whitworth Gal l , Manches te r , Victoria a n d Albert Mus, London . A : (1978) Vienna.

Biblio: Vierundzwanzig Aktzeichnungen (Zur ich , 1967); illus. fo r Ar thu r Schnitzler 's Spiel im Morgengrauen ( F r a n k f u r t / M , 1973); and others. Lit: Margare t H. Bulley, Art and Everyman ( L o n d o n , 1951): Al f red Schmeller , "Versuch übe r G . E , " Alte und Moderne Kunst (no. 47, Vienna, 1961); Erich Fried a n d Ernst Koller , G.E. ( B a d e n / V i e n n a , 1964); Karl Diemer , Figur (Vienna, 1969); Ot to Breicha, G.E. (Vienna , M u n i c h , 1970); Pastelle. Zeichnungen, Druckgraphik cat. (Vienna , 1976); arts, in Alte und Moderne Kunst. Vienna , Apollo, Ans Review. Bur-lington Magazine. L o n d o n , Die Kunst, M u n i c h , Magnum, Co-logne, and others . Sources: Autob iog , H a n d , News , Print, Publ. - IfZ.

Eisler, Hanns, c o m p o s e r ; b. Leipzig, Saxony , Ger . 6 July 1898, d. Berlin 6 Sept. 1962. R: Jewish. E: 1935 emigr . (var. count r ies in Eur. and U.S.), 1935 U.S .S .R, 1937 Sp, C . S . R , 1938 U.S, 1948 Aus, 1950 Ger . Dem. Repub . F: Rudo l f E , b . 1873, d . 1926, prof , of phi los, au th . of num. phi los . books . M: I da Mar i a Fischer. S : »Ru th Eisler Fischer, b. Leipzig 1895, d. Paris 1961, poli t . activist, publ ic is t , 1933 to Fr, 1940 to Sp , then t o Port, a n d C u b a , 1941 to U.S, then ret. to F r ; ' G e r h a r t Eisler, b. Leipzig 1897, d. Er iwan , Armen ia (U.S.S .R. ) 1968, C o m m u n i s t Party a n d C o m i n t e r n func t , publicist , 1933 to U.S, 1936 to Sp, 1937 to Fr , 1940 to U.S, 1949 to Ger . (Soviet O c c u p i e d Zone , n o w Ger . D e m . Repub.) . oo I. Char lo t t e D e m a n t , concer t singer, 1936 to U .S .S .R , 1938 to C .S .R . (C.S.S .R.) , 1939 to U . K , d iv ; II . 1933(?) Louise Gosz toniy i , b. 1906, original ly mar r i ed to a Czech , citizen, 1955 marr ied ' E r n s t Fischer , a : Vienna. C: F r o m first marr iage , — Georg Eisler.

Abi tur . Serv. in W.W . I . 1919-23 at t . A . M . d . K , V ienna ; stu-den t of — Arno ld Schoenberg a n d A n t on von Webern . 1924 lived in Berl in; collab. with — Bertolt Brecht on musica l scores f o r plays. 1926-45 m e m . K . P . D ; w o r k e d with p r o p a g a n d a

252 Eisler groups (Das rote Sprachrohr) and taught at Marxist Workers Sch. Concurr : 1925-36(7) instr, Klindworth-Schwarenka Cons, Berlin; 1927 wrote for Rote Fahne: 1929 lect. in Mexican Cons, on harmony and instrumentation. 1933- left Ger, spent time in var. Eur. countries incl. Aus, Den, Fr, Eng, Belg, Neth. 1935 rep, Intl. Music Bur, Moscow. 1935 twice to U.S. on vis. visa, assisting-« Bertolt Brecht in staging of Maxim Gorki's Mother in New York, and coll. funds for Sp. ref. children in Fr. on be-half of the (London) Morley Comm. 1935 app. as lect, New School for Social Research by Alvin S. Johnson, receiving no fixed salary but being reimbursed from tuition paid by stu-dents. In addition, a Hanns Eisler Schol. Fund Comm. est. by sympathizers. 1936-37 vis. Sp, U.S.S.R. and C.S.R. where claimed residence. Dec. 1937 obtained vis. visa for U.S. in Prague. Following arrival on 21 Jan. 1938 detained at Ellis Is-land to investigate his admissibility; 2 July 1938 admitted to U.S. for the duration of teaching activities at New School. 5 Aug. 1938 admission limited to one year until 21 Jan. 1939. 2 Mar. 1939 U.S. Labor Dept. announced plans to deport H.E. Apr.-Sept. 1939 to Mex. where obtained a second vis. visa; en-tered U.S. Feb. 1940; renewed deportation order followed by arrest order in preparation for deportation. Re-entered Mex. Renewed attempts to obtain visa to U.S. with support of Alvin S. Johnson, Eleanor Roosevelt, Dorothy Thompson, George S. Messersmith and The Nat. Arts Club, New York. Granted non-quota immigration visa by U.S. Consul in Mexicali, Mex; 16 Oct. 1940 emigr. to U.S. and took out first papers (declara-tion of intention of becoming U.S. citizen). Admission proba-bly related to Pres. F.D. Roosevelt's support for admission of Nazi-persecuted intellectuals and political leaders (Pres. Adv. Comm. on Polit. Refs.). 1938-48 composer of film scores in Hollywood, Calif, and New York; concurr. 1942-47(7) musi-cal assist, to Charlie Chaplin in Hollywood. Instr. at New School and Univ. Southern California, Los Angeles; 1945 mem, S .E .D; 1947 testified before House UnAmerican Activi-ties Comm.- 1948 "voluntary" deportation due to polit. past. 1948 emigr. to Vienna. 1948-49 instr. in Vienna and Prague. 1950 emigr. to E. Berlin. 1950-62 instr. at newly founded Hochsch. für Musik which later bore his name. Org. German Workers' choirs. Composer in the "socialist-realist" idiom, af-ter relinquishing the influence of original training under Schoenberg. Mem: Akad. der Künste, E. Berlin. Reed; Music Prize of the City of Vienna (1924); Nat. Prize in piano for com-posing the hymn for the Ger. Dem. Repub. (1950); State Prize for compositions (1950,1958); Friedensmedaille (1959).

Biblio: Composing for the Film (New York, 1947); co-auth, Komposition für den Film (Berlin, 1949); "A. Schoenberg," in Sinn und Form (1955); Musik und Politik: Schriften 1924-48 (Leipzig, Munich, 1973); Hanns Eisler. A Rebel in Music: Se-lected Writings, Manfred Grabs, ed. (Berlin, 1978); others. Film scores incl. Abdul Hamid (London, 1935); White Flood (New York, 1940); Alain Resnais' Nuit et Brouillard (1957); for sub-stantial list of works see M.G.G. and Riemann (suppl. 1972). Papers: See Spalek; "Hanns Eisler," in Programmheft der Deut. Akad. der Künste (1956). Lit: Spalek/Strelka, Exillitera-tur: Jürgen Schebers, Hanns Eisler im U.S.A.-Exil, 1938-48 (Meisenheim a. d. Glan, Rhineland); Jürgen Eisner, Zur vokal-sozialistischen Vortragsweise der Kampfmusik Hanns Eisler (Leipzig, 1971); Fritz Wolfgang, ed, Hanns Eisler (incl. biblio. and discography; E. Berlin, 1975); for extensive lit. listing see Riemann (suppl. 1972). Arch: Hanns Eisler Arch, Deut. Akad. der Künste, E. Berlin; -» Erwin Piscator Papers, Spec. Coll, Southern Illinois Univ, Carbondale, contains letters between Piscator and Eisler. Sources: Arch, Hand, Journ, News, Print. - R.F.J.I .

Eisler, Martin, director, stage and furniture designer, architect; b. Vienna, d. Braz. Mar. or Apr. 1977. E: 1938 Arg. » Rosa. C: 2 sons, 1 daughter.

Studied with Oscar Stranad and -> Clemens Holzmeister; grad. f rom sch. in Vienna with hon. Assist, Salzburg Fests. Stage designer at var. theaters in Vienna. 1938 emigr. to Arg. Stage de-signer and dir, Teatro Colon, Buenos Aires, and other theaters in So. Am. Fdr, gen. secy, and artistic dir, Asociación Amigos

de la Mùsica, Buenos Aires. Also operatic stage dir, London, Brussels, Paris and Bregenz, Aus. 1970 collab. with Cent, of Documentation of Bauhaus in exposition at Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes and expositions of furniture design. Designed more than twenty bldgs. in Arg. and Braz. Reed, prizes from Assn. of Swiss Archits. and Exposition Trienal, Milan.

Biblio: Contrib. arts, to prof, journs. in U.K, It. and Arg. Sources: News. — R.F.J.I.

Eisler, Robert, historian, economist; b. Vienna 27 Apr. 1882, d. Oxted, Surrey, U.K. 17(18?) d. Dec. 1949. E: 1938 U.K. F: Friedrich E, indus, magnate in Vienna. M : Melanie Reitzes. «» 1908 Lili Pausinger.

Student at Univ. Vienna. Res. in Istituto Storica d'Austria, Rome, and at Aus. Archeol. Inst, in Athens. Self-employed schol, vis. lect. at Eng. univs. 1925- occasionally assoc. chief of inter-univ. relations, Inst. Internationale de Coopération intel-lectuelle de la Société des Nations, Paris; vis. prof, Sorbonne; 1938 emigr. to U. K. Wilde Lect, Oxford Univ. Active in Aus. ex-ile movt; co-signer of Declaration of Aus. Orgs, in Gt. Brit, of 3 Dec. 1941. Res. in anthropology, theology, economics, and as-tronomy. In field of theological history, R.E.'s interpretation of Flavius Josephus caused controversies. Inventor of Diaty-pie, a chemical printing technique without glass plate, for in-struction purposes.

Biblio: Studien zur Werttheorie (Leipzig, 1902); Weltenmantel und Himmelszell: Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur Urgeschichte des antiken Weltbildes (Munich, 1910) ; Diekeniti-schen Weihinschriften der Hyksoszeit im Bergbaugebiet der Si-naihalbinsel und einige andere anerkannte Alphabetdenkmäler aus der Zeit der 12.-18. Dynastie (Freiburg/Breisgau, 1919); Das Geld: Seine geschichtliche Entstehung und gesellschaftliche Bedeutung: Ein wirtschaftswissenschaftlicher Lichtbild-Lehr-gang (Munich, 1924); Orphisch-dionysische Mysterienge-danken in der christlichen Antike (Leipzig, 1925; new ed, Hildes-heim, 1966); Jesus Basileus ou basileusas: Die messianische Un-abhängigkeitsbewegung vom Auftreten Johannes des Täufers bis zum Untergang Jakobs des Gerechten (Heidelberg, 1929; trans, into Eng. as The Messiah, Jesus and John the Baptist According to Flavius Josephus' "Capture of Jerusalem" [old Russ. version, 19311) ; La Monnaie: Cause et remède de la Crise Mondiale ( Par-is, 1932); Zur Kritik der psychologistischen Konjunkturtheorie (Vienna, 1935); Flavius-Josephus-Studien (London, 1938); The Royal Art of Astrology (London, 1946); Plato, his Personality and Politics (1949); for further biblio. see G.K. (1926-, 1950), and G. V. Sources: Arch, Hand, News, Print. — IfZ.

Eisler von Terramare, Georg (also Georg Eisler-Terramare. Georg [von] Terramare; fmly. Georg von Eisler-Terramare), writer, stage director, theater manager; b. Vienna 2 Dee. 1889, d. La Paz, Boi. 4 Apr. 1948. R: Roman Catholic. E: 1934 C.S.R, 1939 Boi. F: Josef von Eisler-Terramare, indus. M: Edith Bles, Eng. oo I. 1915 Margarete Schroth; II. Erna Terrei, actress, 1938 to Boi, after 1948 to Urug, a : 1977 Montevideo, Urug. C: Maria Therese, b. 1918.

Att. Schottengym, Vienna. Studied Univs. Vienna and Cambridge; Dr. phil. Visits to Pal, Neth, Fr. and It. 1922- dir. of newly founded cloister plays at Schottenstift, Vienna. Leader in Aus. amateur theater movt. after W.W.I. Regisseur, Munic. Theater, Bern, Schauspielhaus Hamburg, incl. dir. of Goethe Fest, plays in Hamburg; 1932-34 Burgtheater, Vienna. Mem: Union of Ger. Dramatists; Ger. Aus. Writers Assn. 1934-37 dir, Munic. Theater Troppau, Moravia (Opava, C.S.S.R.). Collab. with the Czech Theater Soc, org. Ger. and Czech, perfs. Work at Ger. Theater, Prague. 1939 emigr. with spouse Erna Terrei to La Paz via It. 1941- instrumental in est. the exile org. Federa-ción de Austriacos Libres en Boi. (later hon. mem ). 1942- fdr. and dir, Ger. lang, ensembles Aus. Theater, La Paz. Dir. at times of his own plays. Guest perfs. in Montevideo and other cities.

Biblio: Auth. of num. plays, novels, and novellas incl. Brutus ( 1906) ; Die Stadt der Verheissung ( 1908) ; Gräfin Godiva (1913); Matthias Graudeggers Erlebnis (1920); Ein Spiel vom Tode

Eissler 253 (1922); Die Stimmen am Wege (1924); Hofopernballett (pre-miere, La Paz, 1943) and other plays and revues for the Aus. stage. Lit: F.A.L, Festschrift on 3rd anniv, Federación de Aus-tríacos Libres en Bol. (1944); Kosch, Theater: Hermann P. Geb-hardt, Emigrationstheater in Urug. (unpubl. paper, ca. 1973). Sources: Hand, Pers, Print. — IfZ.

Eisner, Bruno, prof, of music, pianist; b. Vienna 6 Dec. 1884, d. New York 26 Aug. 1978. E: 1933 U.S. F: Adolf E. M: Rosa Silberstein, co 1922 Olga Mauksch.

1899-1901 studied at A.M.d.K. with Robert Fischhof, Hanns Schmidt and Robert Fuchs. 1903-10 concert tours; concurr. 1909 teacher, New Cons, Vienna. 1910-14 prof, Stern Cons, Berlin. 1914 teacher, Vogt Cons, Hamburg. 1930-33 teacher, Berlin Hochsch. für Musik. 1936 emigr. to New York. 1937-42 teacher of master classes in piano at Y.M.H.A, New York; 1945 teacher, Westchester Cons, N.Y. 1947-48 teacher, New York Coll. of Music; 1948-50 teacher, Philadelphia Music Acad. 1951-54 vis. prof, of music, sch. of music, Indiana Univ, Bloomington. 1956-57 vis. prof, Colorado State Univ, Fort Collins. Num. tours of Eur. as concert pianist incl. perfs. in Aus.-Hung. Army during W.W.I, at Salzburg Fest, and in Isr. and U.S; concertized with var. orchs, also with -» Rosé Quartet and other artists incl. —• Artur Schnabel. Political activities on behalf of minority groups and the underprivileged. Mem: The Bohemians. Reed: Bösendorf Prize, Vienna; 2nd Prize, A. Ru-binstein Contest, Paris.

Works: Arranged works for piano by Carl Maria von Weber and arias by George Frederick Handel. Arch: Perf. Arts Res. Cent, Lincoln Cent, New York. Sources: Hand, News, Print. — R.F.J. I.

Eisner, Lotte Henriette (pseud. 1940-45 Louise Escoffier), film historian and conservator; b. Berlin 5 Mar. 1896. R: Jewish. E: 1933 Fr. Cit: 1952 Fr, fmly. Ger. F Hugo E, b. Upper Silesia (Pol.) 1856, d. Berlin 1924, Jewish, Abitur, textile merchant. M : Margarethe Feodora Aron, b. Berlin 1866, d. Theresienstadt concentration camp 1942, Jewish. S : Fritz Hugo, b. Berlin 1893, d. London 1978, Dr. rer. pol, businessman, Heine spec, 1938 to U.K; Stephanie van der Meersch, b. Berlin 1906, 1932 to Fr, a: Paris. °° (none). C: (none).

1920-24 att. Univs. Berlin, Freiburg/Breisgau, Baden, Mu-nich, Rostock, Mecklenburg; 1924 Dr. phil. in archeol. and art hist, Univ. Rostock. 1924-26 archeol. in It. 1926-27 journ. with Literarische Welt. Berliner Tageblatt. 1927-33 ed, Filmkurier. Berlin; also film and theater critic. 1933 emigr. to Fr. 1933-39 work as trans, secy, res, journ. 1939 after outbreak of war, in-terned at Gurs concentration camp for 3 mos. 1940-45 hiding in Dept. Lot in Vichy Fr. under name Louise Escoffier; at times working as cook; took care of important films belonging to Cinémathèque. 1945-74 conservatrice-en-chef. Cinémathèque Française, Paris. From 1970 est. contact with young Ger. film dirs. incl. Werner Herzog, Schlöndorf, Kluge. Reed: Prix Ar-mand Tallier for best filmbook of year for Murnau (1965); Goldenes Filmband, Berlin (1974); Chevalier des Arts et Lettres (1967). A: (1980) Neuilly sur Seine, Fr.

Biblio: "Die Entwicklung der Komposition auf griechischen Vasenbildern" (diss, Rostock, 1924); L'écran démoniaque: in-

fluence de Max Reinhardt et de l'expressionisme (Paris, 1952; Eng. trans, pubi, as The Haunted Screen [London, Berkeley, Calif, 1969]; Ger. trans, pubi, as Dämonische Leinwand: die Blütezeit des deutschen Films [Wiesbaden, 1955; 2nd ed. 1975; paperback ed. 1979]; It. trans. Rome, 1955); Film. Rundfunk, Fernsehen (F rankfur t /M, 1958); F.W. Murnau (Paris, 1964; Ger. trans, as Murnau, der Klassiker des deutschen Films [Han-nover, 1967]; Eng. trans, London, Berkeley, 1973); Fritz Lang (trans, from Ger. ms. by Gertrud Mander; London, 1976; New York, 1977); contrib. num. arts, and film rev. to journs. and newspapers incl. Le Monde, Nouvelles Littéraires, Revue de Ci-néma. Cahiers de Cinéma. Sources: Arch, Print, Qu. — R.F.J. I.

Eisner, Thomas, prof, of biology; b. Berlin 25 June 1929. R : None. E: 1933 Sp, 1936 Fr, 1937 Arg, Urug, 1947 U.S. Cit: 1952

U.S, fmly. Ger. F: "Hans E, b. Zabrze, Upper Silesia, Ger. (Pol.) 1892, no relig, Dr. phil, res. chem, assist, to Fritz Haber, 1933 to Sp, 1936 to Fr, 1937 to Arg, Urug, 1959 to U.S. M: Margarete Heil, b. Bautzen, Saxony, Ger. 1895, d. 1965, no relig, 1933 to Sp, 1936 to Fr, 1937 to Arg, Urug, 1959 to U.S, sculptor. 5 : Beate Gil Zorrilla, b. Berlin 1926, emigr. with fam, att. Smith Coll, Northampton, Mass, a: Urug. <*> 1952 Maria Löbell, b. Stuttgart, Württemberg, Ger. 1926, 1952 to U.S, soc. worker. C. Yvonne Maria, b. 1954, grad. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, N.Y; Vivian Martha, b. 1957, grad. Cornell Univ; Christina Margarete, b. 1959, att. Cornell Univ.

Apr. 1933 emigr. with fam. to Sp; aided by reis. 1936 to Fr, att. elem. schs. in both countries. 1937 to Urug. via Arg. 1945 grad. liceo, Montevideo. 1947 emigr. to U.S, aided by reis. 1947-49 att. Champlain Coll, Plattsburg, N.Y. 1949-57 att. Harvard Univ: 1951 B.A, 1952-53 Vaughn fel, 1953-54 Gibbs fel, 1954-55 Lalor fel, 1955 Ph.D. 1955-57 postdr. res. fel, also U.S. P.H.S. grantee. Concurr. 1953-54 consult, U.S. Air Force. Studied piano with Fritz Busch. From 1957 mem. fac, dept. of biol, Cornell Univ: 1957 assist, prof, 1962 assoc. prof, 1965 prof, 1976- Jacob Gould Schurman prof. 1959 U.S. P.H.S. grantee. 1964-65 Guggenheim fel, Univ. Wageningen, Neth. 1968 vis. sei, Smithsonian Tropical Res. Lab, Canal Zone. 1971 vis. sei, Max Planck Inst, für Verhaltensphysiol, Seewiesen, Bavaria, Fed. Repub. Ger. 1972-73 Guggenheim fel. and sr. vis. sei, Commonwealth Sei. and Indus. Res. Org, Canberra, Aust. 1974 Rand fel, Marine Biol. Labs. 1965, 1971, 1981 lect, Ger. univs; 1980 vis. prof, Univ. Zurich. Mem. ed. bds: 1970-71 Science: Am. Naturalist; 1974- Chem. Ecology; Journ. Comp. Physiol; 1976- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiol; 1979- adv. bd, Sei. Year. Res. in behavior, ecology and physiology of in-sects, esp. the chemical language of insects. Fel: A.A.A.S. (chmn, sect. biol. 1979-, comm. sei. freedom and responsibili-ty, 1981-); Royal Soc. of Arts, London. Mem: Zero Population Growth (bd. dirs. 1969-70); Nat. Audubon Soc. (bd. dirs. 1970-75); Nature Conservancy (nat. coun. 1969-74); Am. Acad, of Arts and Scis; Nat. Acad, of Scis; Fed. of Am. Scis. (mem. coun, 1977). Reed: Newcomb Cleveland Prize (shared with E.O. Wilson), A.A.A.S. (1968); Fdrs. Mml. Award, Ento-mology Soc. of Am. (1969); Prof, of Merit Award, Cornell U-niv. (1973): lects: A.A.A.S. Frontiers of Sei. (1970), A.A.A.S. Holiday lect. series (1970), Sigma Xi Nat. lect. (1970), Notre Dame Univ. Nieuwland lect. (1973), Univ. Pennsylvania Mann-heimer lect. (1976), Texas A. and M. Univ. vis. centennial prof. (1976), Am.-Swiss lect. (1977), A.A.A.S. Frontiers of Biol. (1978). A: (1981) Ithaca.

Biblio: Co-auth, Animal Adaptation (New York, 1964); co-auth, Life on Earth (Stamford, Conn, 1973; 2nd ed. 1978); co-ed, Animal Behavior (San Francisco, 1975); co-ed, The Insects (San Francisco, 1977); co-auth, Life. Cells, Organisms, Popula-tions (Sunderland, Mass, 1977); ca. 150 arts, in sei. journs; for complete biblio. to 1979 see R.F.J.I. file. Lit: Occasional press coverage of sei. findings or of science related activities, e.g. Life mag. (Spring 1971). Sources: Hand, Pers, Qu. - R.F.J.I.

Eissler, Kurt Robert, psychoanalyst; b. Vienna 1908. E: 1938 U.S. oo Ruth Selke, b. Odessa, Russ. (U.S.S.R.) 1906 of Ger. parents, studied med. and psych, in Ger, after 1933 in Vienna, Dr. med, emigr. with husband, psychoanal, auth. and ed, The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child.

1932 Dr. phil. psych, Univ. Vienna; 1937 Dr. med. 1938 emigr. to U.S. 1938-40 resid, Billings Hosp, Chicago, III. 1940-43 priv. practice in psychoanal, Chicago. 1943-46 neuro-psy-chiatrist, U.S. Army. From 1947 priv. practice of psychoanal, New York. A : ( 1980) New York.

Biblio: Ed, Searchlights on Delinquency (New York, 1949, 1966); The Psychiatrist and the Dying Patient (New York, 1955, 1969); Leonardo da Vinci: Psychoanalytic Notes on the Enigma (New York, 1961); Goethe: A Psychoanalytic Study, 1775-86, 2 vols. (Detroit, 1963); Medical Orthodoxy and the Future of Psychoanalysis (New York, 1965); Sigmund Freud und die Wiener Universität (Bern, Stuttgart, 1966); co-auth, Talent and Genius: The Fictitious Case ofTansk contra Freud (New York, 1971); Discourse on Hamlet and Hamlet: A Psychoanalytic In-

254 Eitinger quiry (New York, 1971); Freud und Wagner Jauregg vor der Kommission zur Erhebung militärischer Pflichtverletzungen (Vienna); for arts, see Grinstein (vol. 1, 1956; vol.6, 1964). Papers: See Spalek; Lisa Kahn, ed, Reisegepäck Sprache (Mu-nich, 1979). Sources: Hand, Pers, Print. - R.F.J.I.

Eitinger, Leo Shua, prof, of psychiatry, psychiatrist; b. Lom-nitz, Moravia, Aus. (Lomnice, C.S.S.R.) 12 Dec.1912. R : Jew-ish. E: 1939 Norw. Cit: 1946 Norw, fmly. Aus, 1918 C.S.R. F.-Salomon R, b. Wisnic 1878, d. in Holocaust, Jewish, civil serv. M: Helena Kurtz, b. 1885, d. Pohrlitz, Moravia, Aus. (Pohore-lice, C.S.R.) 1935. 5 : Deborah, b. 1904, secy; Lotte, b. 1906, d. Aust. 1974, trans, emigr. to Aust; Lola, b. 1907, physiothera-pist, 1939 to Fr; Max, b. 1909, d. in Holocaust, businessman; Annie, b. 1911, d. in Holocaust, seamstress. °° 1946 Elisabeth (Lisl) Kohn, b. Eger, Aus. (Cheb, C.S.S.R.) 1914, Jewish, att. music acad. in Prague. C: (none).

1926-32 active in Zionist youth movt. 1931-32 studied philos, Masaryk Univ, Brno; 1932-37 studied med; 1937 Dr. med. 1937-38 intern, Brno. 1938-39 serv, C.S.R. Army. Nov. 1939 emigr. to Norw, assist, by Nansen-Help org. 1940-42 hosp. worker, intern and lumber worker; maintained informal con-tacts with underground orgs; Mar. 1942 arrested and interned in camps in Norw; Mar. 1943 deported to Auschwitz concen-tration camp; at end of war liberated from Buchenwald con-centration camp. 1945 returned to Norw. 1945 assist, Hamar Hosp. 1946-48 first assist, Ranvik Hosp, Bode. 1949-50 assist, Lovisenberg Hosp, Oslo. 1950-65 positions at Univ. Oslo Hosp: 1959-66 chmn. bd. psychiatric postgrad, educ; 1966-prof. of psychiatry and head of psychiatry dept. Concurr: 1952-57 chief psychiatric consult, Norw. Armed Forces; 1958 Dr. Med. Scis, Univ. Oslo; 1961-62 res. in Isr. 1969 guest lect, Purkyne Univ, Brno. 1979- guest lect, later adj. prof, Haifa Univ. Mem. ed. bd, Isr. Annals of Psychiatry. 1970- head, liai-son comm. of ex-Auschwitz prisoners. Mem: Norw. Psychia-tric Assn. (pres. 1963-67); Nordic Psychiatric Congress (pres. 1967); Am. Psychiatric Assn. (corresp. fel.); Oslo Acad. Scis; Oslo Jewish Cmty. Bd; others. Reed: The Kings Gold Medal conferred by Univ. Oslo (1954); Medal, Purkyne Univ, Brno (1968); hon. award, Intl. Bergen Belsen Assn. (1974); hon, med-al, Norwegian Assn. of War Disabled Veterans (1977); The Royal Norw. Order of St. Olav (1978). Best known for study of psychic trauma, particularly the survivor syndrome of concen-tration camp inmates. A:(1981) Oslo, Norway.

Biblio: Militcerlivets innjlytelse pa unge norske menns psykiske liv (The Influence of Military Life on the Psychic Life of Young Norwegian Men; 1954); Studies in Neuroses (Copenhagen, 1955); co-ed, Nervese lidelser og sinnels helse (Nervous Disturb-ances and Mental Health; Oslo, 1955); Psykiatriske Underse-kelser blant flyktninger i Norge (Psychiatric Investigations among Refugees in Norway; Oslo, 1958); Hvordan Oppstar Nevroser (Theories of the Genesis of Neuroses; Oslo, 1962, 1967; Bergen-Tromsa, 1967); Concentration Camp Survivors in Norway and Israel (Oslo, 1964; The Hague, 1972); ed, Alkoho-lisme og narkomani i Norge (Alcoholism and Narcomania in Norway; Oslo, 1970); Neuroser (Neuroses; Oslo, 1971); Retts-psykiatri (Forensic Psychiatry; Oslo, 1971, 1976); Psykoser (Psychoses; Oslo, 1973); Mortality and Morbidity after Exces-sive Stress (Oslo, New York, 1973); ed. and co-ed. of var. books; contrib. chaps, and arts, to prof, journs; for biblio see Grinstein (vol.6, 1964); biblio. to 1974 in R.F.J.I. arch. Lit: Gold, Geschichte. Sources: Hand, News, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Eitingon, Max (Markus), psychoanalyst; b. Mohilev, Russ. (U.S.S.R.) 26 June 1881, d. Jerusalem 3 July 1943. R: Jewish. E: 1933 Pal. Cit: Pal(?), 1919 Pol, fmly. Aus. F.- Chaim E, b. Russ(?) 1859, d. Leipzig, Saxony, Ger. 1932, businessman. M: Alexandra (Sascha). S: Waldemar, d. New York 1919, emigr. to U.S; Fanny; Esther Elkuss, d. New York 1968, 1933 to U.S. oo 1913 Mirra Jacovleina Raigorodsky, b. Ykalerinodar, Russ. (Krasnodar, U.S.S.R.), d. Jerusalem 1949(7), 1933 to Pal. C: (none).

Fam. moved first to Buczaz, Galicia, Aus. (U.S.S.R.), 1893 to Leipzig. Att. Univs. Leipzig, Halle, Heidelberg and Marburg / Lahn; 1909 Dr. med, Univ. Zurich. 1906-08 assist, Clin, for Mental and Nervous Disorders at Burghölzli, Switz; studied with E. Bleuler and C.G. Jung. 1907 initial contact with — Sig-mund Freud as first foreigner to study psychoanal. in Vienna; subsequently became long-term intimate of Freud. 1909 moved to Berlin; worked as assist, neurol. to Hermann Oppenheim. 1910 vis. Pal. 1910-33 priv. practice of neurol. and later psy-choanal. in Berlin. Concurr: 1914-18 capt, Aus.-Hung. Army med. corps; became known for work on war neuroses, reed, hon. cross II class; 1918 reed. Goldenes Verdienstkreuz. 1919 mem. of Freud's inner comm, 1920 co-fdr, 1924-33 dir, Berlin Psychoanal. Polyclin. (1924 renamed Berlin Psychoanal. Inst, the prototype of all subsequent training insts ). 1921-33 co-dir, Intl. Psychoanalytischer Verlag. 1925-43 pres, intl. training comm, Intl. Psychoanal. Assn; 1926-32 pres, Intl. Psychoanal. Assn. (chmn. of three congs; 1933 resigned because foreigners were excluded from exec, positions in med. assns.). Other Eur. memberships: Brit. Psychoanal. Assn. (hon. mem. 1929); Swiss Psychoanal. Group (hon. mem. 1930); Ger. Psychoanal. Assn; also mem. Chicago Psychoanal. Inst. (adv. bd. mem. 1932). As a man of independent means until the Depression, M.E. pro-vided considerable financial support to the psychoanalytic movement, principally the publishing house and the training in-stitutes in Berlin and later in Palestine. Major contributions as teacher, reporter and innovative administrator, greatly in-fluencing the methods of psychoanalytic training. Dec. 1933 emigr. to Pal, following exploratory vis. in Sept. 1933 co-fdr. with — Moshe Woolf, Pal. Psychoanal. Soc. 1934-43 fdr. and dir, Hebrew Psychoanal. Inst, (later renamed in his memory); opened its servs. to Youth Aliyah; bequeathed to it his large per-sonal library. Patron of Bezalel Nat. Mus, Jerusalem and He-brew Univ; attempted to persuade latter to est. chair in psy-choanal.

Biblio: "Über die Wirkung des Anfalls auf die Assoziationen der Epileptischen" (med. diss, Zurich, 1909); contrib. approx. 50 arts, to journs. incl. Intl. Zft.für Psychoanalyse, Imago, Intl. Journ. Psycho-Anal. Lit: Max Eitingon in Memorium, Isr. Psy-choanal. Soc. (1950); Ernest Jones, Sigmund Freud, Life and Work. 3 vols. (1957); F. Alexander et al, eds, Psychoanalytic Pi-oneers (1966); Emil Michael Johann Neiser, "Max Eitingon Leben und Werk" (inaug. diss, Johannes Gutenberg-Univer-sität, Mainz, 1978: contains many other lit. references in bib-lio.). Sources: Biog, Hand, News. — R.F.J.I.

Eitner, Lorenz, art historian, prof, of art history; b. Brno, C.S.R. 27 Aug. 1919. E: 1935 U.S. Cit: 1943 U.S. F.- Wilhelm. M: Katherina Thonet. oo 1946 Trudy von Kathrein. C: Maria Christina; Katherine; Claudia.

1935 emigr. to U.S. 1940 A.B, Duke Univ, Durham, N.C. 1943-46 off, U.S. Army, O.S.S. 1946-^7 res. unit head, Off. of Chief of Prosecution, Nuremberg War Crimes Trials. 1948 M.F.A, Princeton Univ. 1949-63 mem. fac, Univ. Minnesota, Minneapolis; rose from instr. to prof, of art. Concurr: 1952 Ph.D. Princeton Univ; 1952-53 Fulbright res. grant, Belg; 1956-57 Guggenheim fel, Ger; 1962 org. exhib. of 19th century drawings for Guggenheim Mus, New York and Minnesota Univ. Gall. 1963- chmn, dept. of art, dir. mus, Stanford Univ; concurr. 1971-72 org. exhib. of works of Gericault for mus. in Los Angeles, Detroit and Philadelphia. Spec, in 19th century French and German art; design; art of the early medieval peri-od. Mem: Coll. Art Assn. of Am. (dir. 1958-; v. pres. 1960-62); Phi Beta Kappa. A: (1980) Stanford, Calif

Biblio: "The Work of Theodore Gericault (1791-1824)," (diss, Princeton Univ, 1951); The Flabellum of Tournus (New York, 1944); Gericault: an Album of Drawings in the Art Inst, of Chicago (Chicago, 1960); Introduction to Art (Minneapolis, Minn, 1961); The Arts in Higher Education (Yale Press 1964(7], 1966[?]); compiler, Neo-Classicism and Romanticism, 1750-1850: Sources and Documents (Englewood Cliffs, N.J, 1970); Gericault (Los Angeles, 1971); Gericault's Raft of the Medusa (London, New York, 1972); also contrib. arts, to Am. and fgn. prof, journs. Sources: Hand, Pers, Print. — R.F.J.I .

Ekstein 255 Èk (fmly. Leicht), Sàndor (pseud: 1925- Alex Keil, A.K, Ax, Alex), painter, graphic artist; b. Szentmihàlya, Hung. 27 Aug. 1902, d. Budapest 15 Jan. 1975. E: 1933 U.S.S.R, 1944 Hung. Cit: Hung. F: Jànos Leicht, b. 1868, d. 1932, shoemaker. M: Regina Krausz, b. 1876, d. 1962. S : 6; 2 murdered 1918-19. ~ I. (?); II. 1946 Erzsébet Rikk, b. 1922. C: Erzsébet, b. 1948, costume designer; Agnes, b. 1951, teacher, a: Hung.

Metal fitter's apprentice. Dockyard worker's apprentice; then worker in airplane construction plant; 1917 partic. in first workers' strikes; 1918 co-fdr. of Hung. Communist Youth Union. Mem. Communist Party. Studied newly-founded Prole-tarian Training Sch. for Fine Arts, Budapest, dir. by Béla Uitz. Partic. in revolutionary struggles. 1919 after fall of Soviet re-public in Hung, arrested, imprisoned, held under police super-vision. 1920 escaped to Vienna. 1920-21 emigr. to Moscow with Uitz. Studied at VChUTEMAS, met Lenin, later painted portraits of him. 1921-24 lengthy visits to Vienna, Berlin, Paris and Amsterdam. Partic. in Third Cong, of the Comintern and Second Cong, of K.J.V.D. 1925-33 in Berlin, mem. K.P.D, contributed to Agitprop Dept. of the Cent. Comm. K. P. D. Un-der pseud. Alex Keil pubi, revolutionary graphics, posters, car-icatures, drawings and illustrations, in Communist press incl. Die Role Fahne, ed. by * Alexander Abusch; Ruler Pfeffer and Der Knüppel ed. by * John Heartfield and George Grosz. 1928 co-fdr. of Assoziation Revolutionärer Bildender Künstler Deutschlands (A.R.B.K.D) , and dir. of theoretical work. 1933 emigr. to Moscow as racially persecuted. Secy, of Associacija chudoznikov revoljucii, and the Intl. Bur. of Revolutionary Art-ists. 1936 individual exhib. in Moscow. 1941-45 W.W.II milit. serv. with Soviet Army. 1944 returned to Budapest with Red Army. Mem. Hungarian Communist Party. 1949 prof, then dir. of Graphic Arts Dept. Inst, for Fine Arts, Budapest. 1956 (after Hungarian revolution) completed "Memento ," a cycle of litho-graphs. 1959 retrospective exhib. at Pavilion of Art, E. Berlin. Mem: Moscow Artist's Union. Reed: First prize in Poster Com-petition on the 10th Anniversary of Lenin's Death (1934); Award of Merit for Art, People's Repub. Hung. (1953); First Prize in Graphic Arts Competition on the 10th Anniversary of the Hung. Liberation (1955); National prize, Ger. Dem. Re-pub. (1970); Winner of Munkàcsy and Kossuth Prize; V V.O. in Silver, Ger. Dem. Repub. (1972): Outstanding Artist of the People's Repub, Hung. (1973).

Biblio: A realismus zàszlaja alali (Under the Banner of Real-ism. Essays and Articles; Budapest, 1954); Màba èro tegnapok (Yesterday and Today; autobiog; Budapest, 1968; Russ. trans. Moscow, 1973); Alex Keil, pseud: "Die Wurzeln meines Schaffens liegen in der proletarisch-revolutionären Kunst," Bil-dende Kunst (no. 10, 1972); num. essays pubi, in Hung, art journs. ¡nel. "A proletàr-forradlmi miivészet - uj törtenelmi minoség" (Proletarian revolutionary art — a new historic qual-ity) Miivészet (vol. 12, no. 11, 1971). Lit: G.Ö. Pogàny, SÉ. Malerei und Grafik (E. Berlin, 1960); G.Ö. Pogàny, E S. (Bu-dapest, 1964); L. Czeiczing and Zs. D. Feher, Müveszek (On Artists; Budapest, 1963); Alexander Abusch, "Drei Vorkämpfer proletarisch-revolutionärer Kunst. John Heart-field, Alex Keil, Alfred Beier-Red," Kulturelle Probleme des sozialistischen Humanismus (Berlin, Weimar, 1967); Nora Aradji, A szocialisla képzomiivészel lorténete (The History of Socialist Art; Budapest, 1970); Nora Aradi, A szocialisla kepzömüveszel jelképei (The Symbols of Socialist Fine Art; Bu-dapest, 1974); Tihanyi Miizeum cat. (1975); Sàndor Lanes, E S. Plakatmüveszete (E.S. Poster Art; Budapest, 1975; Ger. ed. S.E. Plakate, intro. by Ulrich Kuhirt [E. Berlin, 1976]); Wem gehört die WeltRevolution und Realismus; Schmidt, Künstlerschriften I: Piltz, Karikatur. Sources: Autobiog, Hand, News, Pers, Print. — IfZ.

Ekert-Rotholz, Alice M(aria), author; b. Hamburg 5 Sept. 1900. E: 1939 Thailand, 1952 Fed. Repub. Ger, 1959 U.K. F.-Maximilian Ekert, exporter. M: Hedwig Mendelsson. <x> 1920 Ludwig Rotholz, Dr. C: Yes.

1939 emigr. to Thailand. 1939-52 in Bangkok where husband practiced dentistry. Collab. with Catholic Action and Study Group of the Order of Ursulines and a lit. group of the Y.W. C.A. 1952 returned to Fed. Repub. Ger; lived in Hamburg.

Joum. for press and radio. 1954 pubi, first novel. 1959 moved to Eng. to join son. Spec, in light novels; translated into many languages. Mem: Verband der Gemeinschaften der Künstle-rinnen und Kunstfreunde, Hamburg ( 1952) ; Union of Ger. Writ-ers, Hamburg (1952); Richard Dehmel Soc. (1959); P.E.N. A: (1971) London.

Biblio: Siam hinter der Bambuswand: Ein ostasiatisches Reisebuch (Munich, 1953); Reis aus Silberschalen: Roman einer deutschen Familie im heutigen Ostasien (Hamburg, 1954); Wo Tränen verboten sind: Roman der Wandlungen (Hamburg, 1956); Strafende Sonne, lockender Mond (Hamburg, 1959); Mohn in den Bergen (Hamburg, 1961); Der Pilger und die Rei-senden: Roman aus Sidney (Hamburg, 1964); Elfenbein aus Peking (Hamburg, 1966); Der Juwelenbaum: Karibisches Pan-orama (Hamburg, 1968); Fünf Uhr Nachmittag (Hamburg, 1971); Limbo oder Besuch aus Berlin (Reinbek near Hamburg, 1972); Füchse in Kamakura: Japanisches Panorama (Ham-burg, 1975); Die fliessende Welt oder Aus dem Leben einer Gei-sha (Reinbek near Hamburg, 1978); Gastspiel am Rialto (Ham-burg, 1978). Lit: D.L.L. Sources: Hand. — IfZ.

Ekstein, Rudolf, psychoanalyst; b. Vienna 9 Feb. 1912. R: Jew-ish. E: 1938 U.K, 1938 U.S. Ci I: 1942 U.S, fmly. Aus. F: Ernst E, b. Vienna 1883, d. U.S. 1970, Jewish, sec. educ, bookkeeper, 1939 to U.S. M: Charlotte Goldschmidt, b. Vienna, d. Holo-caust, Jewish, seamstress. S: (none). °° 1942 Ruth Florence Mi-chal, b. Springfield, Mass. 1915, Protestant, att. bus. coll, bank clerk. C: Jean Elizabeth, b. 1945, 1977 M.A, teacher; Rudolf Michal, b. 1952, B.A, recreation spec, teacher.

1937 Dr. phil, Univ. Vienna, 1934-38 leader in Rote Falken. Started psychoanal. training, Vienna Psychoanal. Inst. Con-curr. partic. in socialist youth movt. Worked as priv. and remedial teacher; also part-time jobs in summer camps ^nd youth activities for Vienna Gde. Aug. 1938 emigr. to U.K. aided by Woburn House. Dec. 1938 emigr. to U.S. aided by Jewish org. 1941(1942?) M.S, soc. serv, Boston Univ, Mass. 1943-47 lect, City Coll, New York (C.U.N.Y.). 1947-57 training anal, Topeka Psychoanal. Inst, Kansas; staff mem, Menninger Found; dir. of psychotherapy, Southard Sch, Topeka; consult, Winter Veterans Hosp. and Topeka State Hosp. 1957-77 coord, of training and res. dir. of childhood psychosis proj, Reiss-Da-vis Child Study Cent, Los Angeles, Calif. 1977 Ph.D. in psy-choanal, Calif. Psychoanal, Calif. Psychoanal. Soc. and Inst. Clin. prof, of med. psych, Univ. California, Los Angeles. Con-curr. activities: 1960- training anal, Los Angeles Psychoanal. Soc. and Inst. Training anal, So. Calif. Psychoanal. Soc. and Inst; consult, and teaching assignments. Metropolitan State Hosp, Norwalk, Calif. 1970 presented first Freud lect. in Vien-na. 1974, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980 guest prof, Univ. Vienna. Lect, Wright Inst, and Child Dev. and Psychotherapy Training Prog. Mem: Am. Psych. Assn; Am. Assn. Ortho-Psychiatry; Intl. and Am. Psychoanal. Assns; others. Reed: Schoenfeld award, Am. Assn. Adolescent Psychiatry. Spec, in application of psycho-analytic thinking to problems of education ; borderline and psy-chotic children. A: (1979) Los Angeles, Calif.

Biblio: Co-trans, and co-ed, Gertrud Schwing's A Way to the Soul of the Menially III (New York, 1954); co-auth, The Teach-ing and Learning of Psychotherapy (New York, 1958 ; rev. ed. 1971); auth, Children of Time and Space, of Action and Impulse (New York, 1966); co-auth, From Learning to Love to Love of Learning (New York, 1969); auth, The Challenge: Despair and Hope in the Conquest of Inner Space (New York, 1971); con-trib, Twelve Therapists, A. Burton, ed. (San Francisco, 1972); contrib, Manual of Child Psychopathology (1972); contrib, Op-erational Theories of Personality, A. Burton, ed. (New York, 1974); ed, In Search of Love and Competence (New York, 1976); also contrib. more than 300 papers to prof, journs. incl. Bull, of the Menninger Clin, Psychoanal. Rev, Journ. of Am. Psy-choanal. Assn, Am. Journ. of Ortho-psychiatry, Reiss-Davis Clin. Bull, and others; further biblio. in Chicago Psychoanalytic Literary Index (vol. 1, 1971 ; vol. 2, 1979; consecutive vols, to date), and Grinstein (vol. 1, 1957; vol.6, 1964; vol. 10, 1971). Papers: See Spalek. Sources: Hand, Print, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

256 Elbogen Elbogen, Ismar, prof, of Jewish history; b. Schildberg, Posen, Ger. (Ostrzeszow, Pol.) 1 Sept. 1874, d. New York 1 Aug. 1943. R: Jewish. E: 1938 to U.S. F: Hermann, b. near Nyitra, Hung. (Nitra, C.S.S.R.) 1833, d. Breslau, Lower Silesia, Ger. (Wroc-law, Pol.) 1892, Jewish, elem. sch. teacher. M: Serafine Levy, b. Schildberg, Posen, Ger. (Ostrzeszow, Pol.) 1837, d. Breslau 1912, Jewish. S. Jenny, b. Schildberg 1863, d. Breslau 1920, teacher; Judith, b. Schildberg 1865, d. F rankfur t /M 1940, prin-cipal, Jewish nursery day sch, Frankfurt ; Eugen, b. Schildberg 1870, d. Breslau 1931, acct. <» 1909 Regina Klemperer, b. Bres-lau 1883, d. The Hague, Neth. 1965, Jewish (sister of — Otto Klemperer), teaching dipl, teacher with Jakob Loewenberg-schule, Hamburg. C: Shoshana Ronen, b. Berlin 1912, educ. as teacher, 1937 to Pal, head of pub. reis, off; Herman Z. Blbin, b. Berlin 1915, 1935 to Lux, 1936 to Spain, 1938 to Braz, 1941 to U.S, commodity trader.

1893-99 att. Breslau Jewish Theological Sem. and Univ. Breslau; 1898 Dr. phil. in philos. 1899-1902 lect. in Jewish hist, and biblical exegesis, Collegio Rabbinico Italiano, Florence. 1902-38 rector fac, L.(H.) W. J, Berlin, from 1919 prof: taught Jewish hist, and lit, liturgy, Talmud, etc. Concurr: From 1909 chmn, Verein für jüdische Geschichte und Literatur; active in direction of: Ges. zur Förderung der Wiss. des Judentums, bd. of Judaistic Inst, Hebrew Univ. Preuss. Landesverband jüd. Gden; co-ed: 1923 Devir (Hebrew journ.), 1920-29 Lehren des Judentums, 1927-30 Jüd. Lexikon. 1929-37 Zfl. für die Ge-schichte der Juden in Deutschland, 1934 Germania Judaica, guest lect: 1922-23 Jewish Inst, of Relig, New York, 1928 He-brew Univ; 1933-38 chmn, Reichsvertretung comm. on educ. Summer 1938 emigr. to U.S. From 1939 res. prof, at Jewish Theological Sem, New York; H.U.C. — J.I .R, Cincinnati and Dropsie Coll, Philadelphia (concurr. apps; reed, doctorates h.c. from all four insts.). Concurr. 1939- co-ed, hist, dept, U.J.E. 1939 fel, Am. Acad, for Jewish Res, 1940- mem. exec, comm. Known mostly for his studies on the history of the Jew-ish liturgy, in which field his Der jüd. Gottesdienst in seiner ge-schichtlichen Entwicklung (Leipzig, 1913, 3rd ed. 1931; repr. Hildesheim, 1967; Hebrew trans, ed. by — J. Heinemann, Tel Aviv, 1972) is still the fundamental work, Elbogen's massive biblio. includes works in several other fields of Jewish history, esp. German Jewish history and the rise of the modern Jewish movements of scholarship and religious reform. He was also an active spokesman for liberal Judaism in Germany, finding much contact between his scholarship and his work on its be-half. Edited the liberal movement's 1929 prayerbook which re-flects a policy of restoring much historical material which had been rejected by earlier and more radical reformers.

Biblio: Complete biblio. by R. Elbogen in Historia Judaica (vol.8, 1946) includes over 400 items in four längs, and hundreds of encycl. arts. Papers: Coll. at L.B.I, New York. Lit: A. Marx, "Ismar Elbogen: An Appreciation," in Elbogen's posth. A Century of Jewish Life: E. Rosenthal, "Ismar Elbo-gen and the New Jewish Learning," L.B.I. Y.B. (vol. 8, 1963); necrology by S. Baron and A. Marx in Proc. of the Am. Acad, for Jewish Res. (vol. 13, 1943). Sources: Hand, Journ, News, Pers, Print. — R.F.J.I.

Elbogen, Paul (pseud. Paulus Schotte), author; b. Vienna II Nov 1894. R: Roman Catholic. E: 1935 It, U.K, 1938 Aus, Fr, 1941 U.S. F: Friedrich E, lawyer. M: Adele Steiner. S.-Franz. oo I.(?); II. 1929 Mimi Rogler, owner of dry cleaning store in U.S.

Att. Gym. Studied art hist, and law in Vienna. Contacts with auths. and journs. in Vienna incl. Jakob Wassermann. Journ. and ed. of period. Moderne Welt. Travelled extensively. 1929 moved to Berlin. Ed. of period. Blau-Rot. 1929 achieved suc-cess with anthol. of letters, Liebste Mutter: Briefe berühmter Deutscher an ihre Müller (Berlin, 1929; New York, 1942). 1935 emigr. to It. and U.K. 1938 to Vienna, then to Fr. 1939 temp, internment in Fr. Partie, in open lit. competition of Am. Guild for Ger. Cultural Freedom, with ms. Comte Leon. 1941 emigr. to U.S. via Sp. and Port, on visa secured by brother. Through negotiations of -» Frederick Kohner, reed, limited contract with Columbia Pictures in Hollywood. Later worked for Me-

tro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Universal-International and Paramount, all in Calif. Concurr. worked as lect. and salesman. Wife opened dry cleaning and tailor shop. Author. Employed by and contrib. to num. newspapers and periods. Early 1960s moved to San Francisco. Auth. of novels, novellas and essays as well as ed. of widely-distributed anthols. of letters. A: Hollywood, Calif

Biblio: Geliebter Sohn: Elternbriefe an berühmte Deutsche (Berlin, 1930); ed, Lieber Vater: Briefe berühmter Deutscher an ihre Väter (Berlin, 1931); Verlassene Frauen: Psychologische Essays über von ihren Gatten verlassene oder "allein gelassene" Frauen (Berlin, 1933); Kometen des Geldes (Vienna, Leipzig, 1933); ed. under pseud. Paulus Schotte, Leben als Abenteuer: Grosse Menschen in ihrer Zeit (Vienna, 1938); as Paul Elbogen, ed. Dram (Heidelberg, 1949); as Paulus Schotte. Ein Mann ver-folgt sich selbst (Munich, 1953); as Paul Elbogen, Der dunkle Stern (Gütersloh, I960); ed, Genius im Werden: Die Jugend grosser Menschen (Hamburg, 1963); ed, Humor seil Homer (Berlin, 1964); other works. Papers: See Spalek. Lit: D L L: Spalek/Strelka, Exilliteralur. Sources: Hand. — IfZ.

Elias, (Michael) Hans, prof, of anatomy, biologist; b. Darm-stadt, Hessen, Ger. 28 June 1907. R: Jewish. E: 1935 It, 1939 U.S. Cit: 1944 U.S, fmly. Ger. F: Michael E, b. Gudensberg, Hessen 1867, d. Darmstadt 1926, Jewish, educ. teacher sem, teacher, headmaster, fdr. Stadtbibliothek Darmstadt, mem. Freie Lit.-Künst. Ges. and B'nai B'rith. M: Anna Oppenheimer, b. Darmstadt 1876, d. Deerfield, 111. 1960, Jewish, educ. teacher sem, teacher, 1933 to Neth. with dtr, 1934 to It. with dtr, 1939 to U.S. with children. S: Magda Weil, b. Darmstadt 1911, to Isr, teacher. oo 1936 Anneliese Buchthal, b. Witten, Westphalia, Ger. 1904, Jewish, sec. educ. in Witten, Hamburg and elsewhere in Ger, 1933 to It, dir. of physical therapy, Ospedale Civile di Venezia, 1939 to U.S. with husband, att. Harvard Univ, physi-cal therapist. C: Peter, b. 1941, M.D, physician and res. sei; Thomas, b. 1944, M. A, journ.

Att. Adolf Beyer Sch. of Arts; Humanistisches Gym. and Realgym, Darmstadt. 1926-31 att. Univs. Berlin and Giessen and T.H. Darmstadt (1931); Dr. phil. in biol. and math, Univ. Giessen; 1931 höheres Lehramt exam, T.H. Darmstadt; secy, Republikan. Freischar, Darmstadt chap. 1931-34 Studienrefe-rendar, Helmholtz-Oberrealschule, Darmstadt and assist, headmaster, Darmstädter Pädagogium; teacher in Jewish, sch. for the deaf, Berlin and in Landschulheim Herrlingen, Württemberg; publ. several arts, on histology and embryology in prof, journs. 1935 emigr. to It, joined by mother and sister; res. at Anat. Inst, Padua; aided fam. and friends. 1935 travelled to Switz. on grant from Schweizer Hilfswerk für deut. Gelehrte; training in sei. cinematography, E.T.H. Zurich and Univ. Zu-rich. 1936 res. at Univ. Padua. 1936-38 consult, to Intl. Inst, for Educ. Cinematography, League of Nations, Rome. 1937-38 dir, histological and educ. cinematographic labs, It. Nat. Res. Coun, Rome. 1939 res. at Athenaeum Pontificium Lateranense, Vatican. Publ. ten arts, on histology, embryology and use of cinemaphotography in res. on microanatomy while in It. and Switz. Summer 1939 emigr. with wife, sister, and mother to U. S; reed, aid from reis, and Congress House, New York. 1939 with photog. finishing lab, Boston; studied math, and educ. at Har-vard Univ. 1939-45 prof, of histology and embryology, Mid-dlesex Univ. Sch. of Veterinary Medicine (Brandeis Univ.), Waltham, Mass. 1945-49 prod. med. films, Communicable Dis-ease Cent, U.S.P.H.S, Atlanta, Ga. 1949- mem. fac, dept. of anatomy, Chicago Medical Sch: 1949 assist, prof, of microscop-ic anat, 1953 assoc. prof, of anat, 1960 prof, 1972- prof. emer. Concurr. from 1952 res. assoc. Hektoen Inst. Med. Res, Chica-go; 1973-75 guest prof, of anat, Univ. Heidelberg. From 1975 teacher of anat, City Coll. of San Francisco; res. sei, dept. of ped-iatrics and pathol, Univ. California Med. Cent, San Francis-co. Res. in cytology, histogenesis, human and comparative mi-croscopic anatomy, methods of scientific cinematography, functional morphology (human and comp.) of the liver, histo-pathology of the liver, adrenal cortex and kidney geometry of sectioning, geometrical probability, and human cancer. Spec, in nature of carcinoma and microanatomy of the liver. Mem:

Eliei 257

Intl. Soc. for Stereology (fdr. 1961; pres. 1961-67; hon. pres. from 1967); Am. Assn. of Anatomists; Am. Soc. Zoologists; Anatomische Ges; Società Italiana di Anatomia; Sigma Xi; fei, A.A.A.S. Reed: awards for sci. exhibits, A.M.A. (1950, 1955,1958). A:(1981)San Francisco.

Biblio: Sr.-auth, Human Microanatomy (Chicago, I960, 1961; Philadelphia, 1966; Padua, 1976); Morphology of the Liv-er (New York, 1969); auth, Basic Anatomy as Seen in the Fetus (St. Louis, 1971); sr.-auth, Anatomie (Stuttgart, 1980); Stereol-ogy (New York and Basel, 1981); contrib. more than 150 arts, to prof, journs. and compendia, e.g; auth, "Multicentric carci-nogenesis in the human liver," Acta Hepato-Splenologia (vol. 7, 1960); co-auth, "Reaction of the normal liver parenchy-ma to metastatic carcinoma," Acta Hepato-Splenologia (vol. 9, 1962); "Problems of Stereology," in Stereology: Proc. of the Sec-ond Intl. Congress for Stereology, H. Elias, ed. (New York, 1967); "Stereology: Application to Biomedical Res," Physiol. Rev. (vol. 51,1971); also contrib. arts to Encycl. Britannica and to med. and sci. encycls; arts, on educ. topics to other journs; for biblio. to 1972 see R.F.J.I. arch. Papers: Staatsbibliothek, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, West Berlin. Sources: Biblio, Hand, Qu. - R.F.J.I.

Elias, Norbert, prof, of sociology; b. Breslau, Lower Silesia, Ger. (Wroclaw, Pol.) 22 June 1897. E: 1933 Fr, 1938 U.K. Cit: U.K. F: D. Ger. M: D. Auschwitz concentration camp.

Studied med, later psych, and philos, Univs. Breslau, Heidel-berg and Frankfur t /M; 1924 Dr. phil, Univ. Breslau. Active in Blau-Weiss. 1930-33 assist, to — Karl Mannheim, Univ. Frank-fu r t /M. 1933 emigr. to Fr. At École Normale Supérieur. 1938 emigr. to U.K. 1939 taught at London Sch. of Econ. 1940 in-terned. 1940-50s taught extension courses at Univ. London, and worked as group therapist. 1954-62 prof, of sociol, Univ. Leicester. 1962-64 prof, of sociol, Univ. Ghana, West Afr. Af-ter retirement in 1964, vis. prof, at var. Ger. univs. 1975- hon. mem, Deut. Ges. für Soziologie. N.E. 's main work Über den Prozess der Zivilisation .. . presents a class-specific analysis of the psychosexual developments of Western man since the Mid-dle Ages as expressed in his manners (sex, elemination, nudity, table manners, etc.), and postulates a causal link between changes in manners and socio-political developments. When originally publ. in 1939 it made no impact, however re-issue of the work in 1969 led to N.E. 's being widely noted as a precur-sor of contemporary interest in certain aspects of cultural histo-ry. Reed : Adorno Prize, City of Frankfur t / M ( 1977).

Biblio: Über den Prozess der Zivilisation: Soziogenetische und psychogenetische Untersuchungen. 2 vols. (Basel, 1939; 2nd ed. 1969; paperback, 1976; Am. ed. of vol. 1 publ. as The Civilizing Process [New York, 1978]); Die höfische Gesellschaft: Eine Un-tersuchung zur Soziologie des Königtums und der höfischen Ari-stokratie (Neuwied, 1969; Fr. trans, 1974); Was ist Soziologie? (Munich, 1970). Lit: P. Gleichmann, J. Goudsblom, H. Körte, eds, Human Figurations: Essays for Norbert Elias (Amsterdam, 1977); Keith Thomas, "The Rise of the Fork," New York Rev. of Books (Mar. 9, 1978). Arch: S.P.S.L. Sources: Arch, E.G.L, News. - R. F.J. I.

Eliasberg, Wladimir Gottlieb, psychiatrist, social psychologist; b. Wiesbaden, Hessen-Nassau, Ger. 10 Dec. 1887, d. New York 22 June 1969. R: Jewish. E: 1933 Aus, 1937 C.S.R, 1938 U.S. Cit: U.S.(?), fmly. Russ, 1914 Ger. F: Samuel E, b. Russ, Jew-ish, Dr. phil, chemist. M: Rachel, b. Russ, Jewish. S: Alexand-er, b. 1883, d. 1894; Georg, agronomist, emigr. to Pal, Kibbutz-nik, agric. expert and consult; Rose, photog, emigr. to U.S; He-lene. °o I. 1914 Elisabeth Lourie, b. Vienna 1890, d. Jerusalem 1965, Jewish, att. univ, emigr. with W.E, 1950 to Isr, div; II. 1952 Esther Talbot, d. New York, 1972. C: »Eva (Hava) Hare-li, b. 1917, 1933 to Aus, 1936 to U.K.B.S, London Sch. of Econ, 1945 to Pal, dir, div. intl. econ. org, Isr. Min. Fgn. Affairs; Han-na Avriel, b. 1920,1933 to Aus, 1938 to Pal, mem. kibb; Miriam Rosenzweig, b. 1925, emigr. with parents; B.A, freelance writ-er; Shoshana (Susan), b. 1927, emigr. with parents, elem. educ, 1950 to Isr.

1906-10 att. Univ. Berlin 1911(1912?) Dr. med, Univ. Hei-delberg. 1912 resid, Kräpelin Clin, Munich. 1913 ship physician in Far East. 1914-18 capt, Ger. Army med. corps; reed. Iron Cross first and second class. 1919-23 physician, August Heckscher Hosp. for brain-injured soldiers, Munich. 1924 Dr. phil, Univ. Munich. 1924-33 priv. practice of psychiatry and neurol. 1926 fdr, 1926-29 secy, gen, Allg. ärztliche Ges. für Psy-chotherapie. 1928-30 att. physician, supt, Hosp. Nervous and Mental Diseases, Munich-Thalkirchen, Ger. 1931 deleg, sev-enth Intl. Cong. Psychotechnik, Moscow. 1928-31 co-fdr, ed, Allg. ärztliche Zft. für Psychotherapie. 1933 emigr. to Aus. Prof. of psych, at Handelsakad. 1934 chmn, eighth Intl. Cong. Psy-chotechnik, Prague. 1937 emigr. to C.S.R. Guest prof, Akad. der Politischen Wiss, Prague. 1937 hon. mem, Prager Ges. für Psychotechnik. 1938 emigr. to U.S. 1940 fdr, 1940-43 chmn, Assn. for the Advancement of Psychotherapy. 1941-44 psychia-trist, outpatient dept, Mt. Sinai Hosp. 1944-69 priv. practice psychiatry, neurol. and psychoanal, New York. 1946 lect. in psychiatry, Rutgers Univ, New Brunswick, N.J. 1946-48 lect. and consult, to Bulova Watch Co. on subjects incl. criminol-ogy, soc. psych, industrial relations, group interdependencies. 1950 ed, Arch, for Criminal Psychopathol, 1954 fdr. and assoc. ed, Journ. Group Psychotherapy. Journ. Clin. Psychopathol. 1953- med. dir, Brooklyn Citizens Community Treatment Unit and Group Community Guidance Clin, New York. 1954- v. pres, Am. Mental Health Found, also chmn. prof, bd. 1954-69 govt. app. expert in restitution cases. 1962 assoc. Columbia U-niv. Sems. Res. and writing on the contrasting views of legal and medical practitioners regarding forensic concepts; aphasia and other neuropsychiatric problems; pathology of work and indus-trial psychology; social problems and psychotherapy; sexual psychotherapy; criminology; others. Dipl: Am. Bd. Psychiatry and Neurol. Fel: Am. Psychiatric Assn. Mem: New York Acad. Med; Assn. for Psychiatric Physicians (pres. 1957-64); others.

Biblio: Psychologie und Pathologie der Abstraktion (diss, 1924; publ. Leipzig, 1925); Grundriss einer allgemeinen Arbeits-pathologie (Leipzig, 1924); Das schwierige Kind (Munich, 1931); Von der Vernunft bis zur Rationalisierung (Leipzig, 1932); Rechtspflege und Psychologie (Berlin, 1933); Arzt und Propaganda (Vienna; 1936); Reklamewissenschaften (Brno, C.S.R, 1936); Psychotherapy and Society (contains biblio; New York, 1959); Social Psychiatry (1959); Violence (1969); many other arts, and pubis, on propaganda, psychiatry and soc. psych; contrib. 62nd vol. of Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie, dedicated to — Kurt Goldstein; for biblio. see Grinstein (vol. I, 1956, vol. 6, 1964), and Wolf-Dieter Rönz, Leben und Werk vom Wladimir G. Eliasberg (inaug. diss, Univ. Mainz, 1975). Lit: W.E, Psychotherapy and Society (see above). Papers: Inst. Contemporary Corrections and Behavioral Scis, Sam Houston State Univ, Huntsville, Tex. Sources: Biblio, Hand, News, Pers, Print. — R.F.J.I.

Eliel, Ernest Ludwig, prof, of chemistry; b. Cologne, Ger. 28 Dec. 1921. R: Jewish. E: 1938 U.K, 1940 Can, 1941 Cuba, 1946 U.S. Cit: 1951 U.S, fmly. Ger. F: Oskar E, b. Cologne 1878, d. Amsterdam 1939 (on vis. to sons) Jewish, Dr. jur, lawyer, mem. bd. of syn, 1938 with wife to Pal. M: Luise Tietz, b. Stralsund, Pomerania, Ger. 1887, d. New York 1948, Jewish, sec. educ, chmn. bd. of orphanage, 1939 to U.K, 1946 to Pal, 1948 to U.S. S: H. Edgar, b. Cologne 1908, d. London 1947, businessman, 1937 to U. K; H. Erwin, b. Cologne 1911, d. New York 1956, att. univ, businessman, 1935 to Neth. 1940 to Braz, 1948 to U.S. oo 1949 Eva Schwarz, b. Hamburg 1923, Jewish, B.A, ed. res, Time mag, secy, 1935 to Neth, 1937 to U.S. C: Ruth Louise, b. South Bend, Ind. 1953, A.B. Smith Coll, Northampton, Mass, 1976 Master's in Intl. Affairs, Columbia Univ, assist, v. pres, Chase Manhattan Bank; Carol, b. South Bend 1955, A.B, Yale Univ, grad. studies, Inst. Fine Arts, New York.

1931-38 att. Realgym, Cologne. 1937 vis. U.K, att. summer sch. in Cardiff , Wales, U.K. 1937 failed to obtain U.S. visa in Ger. Aug. 1938 emigr. to U.K. 1938-40 att. Univ. Edinburgh. 1940 interned, transported to Can; 1941 released for emigration to Cuba through intervention of Jewish Relief Fund; re-in-terned in Trinidad. 1941 emigr. to Cuba; aided by fam. 1941-46

258 Elkan att. Univ . H a v a n a ; 1946 Sc. D. 1946 emigr . to U.S. 1946^18 att. Univ. Illinois, U r b a n a - C h a m p a i g n ; 1948 Ph .D. in o rgan i c chem. 1948-72 mem. fac, dept . of chem, Univ . of No t re D a m e , I n d : 1948 instr, 1950 assist, p ro f , 1953 assoc. prof , 1960 p ro f , 1964-66 head of dept . C o n c u r r : 1958-59 N .S .F . fel, H a r v a r d Univ. a n d Ca l i fo rn ia Inst, of Techno logy ; 1962-66 m e m . ed. bd , Journ. of Organic Chem: 1967-68 N .S .F . fel, E .T .H, Z u r i c h ; 1970- regional ed , Revista Latinoamérica de Química. 1972-W.R. K e n a n Prof. of C h e m , Univ. N o r t h Caro l ina , Chape l Hill . 1975-76 G u g g e n h e i m fel. C o n d u c t e d f u n d a m e n t a l re-search on s terochemical a n d c o n f o r m a t i o n a l analysis. N u m e r -ous invited lects. in U.S, Eur , Aust , J a p a n , Lat in Am, C a n . a n d Isr. M e m : Nat . Acad , of Scis; Am. Acad , of Arts, and Scis; Sig-m a X i ; Am. C h e m . Soc. (mem. s u b c o m m . on grad. level exams , Div. of C h e m . Educ , 1961-71; mem. exec, comm, Div. of Or-gan ic C h e m , 1966-68, c h m n , 1973-74; c o m m . on pubis , 1966-72, 1975-, a n d chmn. 1972 ,77 ,78 ; o ther posi t ions) ; Petro-leum Res. F u n d Adv. B d ; A . A . U . P . (pres, N o t r e D a m e chap , 1971-72; pres. N. Car . chap . 1978-79); A.A.A.S. Reed : Coll . C h e m . Teachers A w a r d , Mfg . Chemis ts Assn. (1965); Mor ley Meda l , C leve land Sect, Am. C h e m . Soc. (1965); Laurent La-voisier Meda l , Fr. C h e m . Soc. (1968); A m o c o Teaching A w a r d , Univ. N. Car . (1975). A: (1980) Chape l Hill.

Biblio: "S tud ies on the Mechan i sm of Alkylat ion by M a n -nich Bases of the Indole Ser ies" (diss, Univ . Illinois, 1948); Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds ( N e w York, 1962, 1965; J a p a n e s e and Russ. eds. 1965; Ger . ed. 1966; Czech, ed. 1970); co-ed. of series, Topics in Stereochemistry, N. Allinger, ed, 12 vols. New York , 1967-80); Elements of Stereochemistry ( N e w York , 1969; Ger , Fr, Sp, It. and J a p a n e s e trans.) ; cont r ib . more than 200 arts, to prof , journs . incl. Journ. Chem. Educ. Journ. Am. Chem. Soc. Journ. Organic Chem. Organic Synthesis, Israel Journ. Chem. a n d Tetrahedron Letters. Sources: H a n d , Qu. - R .F . J . I .

Elkan, Benno, sculptor , wr i te r ; b. D o r t m u n d , Westphal ia , Ger . 2 Dec. 1877, d. L o n d o n 10 Jan . 1960. R : Jewish. E: 1933 U . K . Cit: 1946 U . K , fmly. Ger . F: Sa lomon E, b. 1851, d. 1940(7), Jewish, tai lor . M : Rosal ie O p p e n h e i m e r , b. 1861, d. 1911, Jew-ish, oo 1907 Hedwig Einstein (sister of Car l Einstein, writer) , d. 1959, Jewish, pianist , 1935 to U .K . C. Ursula H a m m i t (1932-35 marr ied to Edwin Bootz of the -> C o m e d i a n H a r m o -nists), b. 1910, Jewish, 1937(35?) to Fr, 1939 U.S ; Wol f , b. 1913, Dr. med , Jewish, 1934to It, 1938 U . K , 1939U.S.

Att. G y m . D o r t m u n d , then studied längs, at Cha teau du Ro-sey, Lausanne , Switz. Merchan t ' s appren t i ce in D o r t m u n d a n d employed in Antwerp . 1897 s tudied pa in t ing at Sch. of Art with Wal ter Thor . 1898-1900 att. Royal Acad, of Art, Munich , s tud-ied with Prof. Nicolaus Gysis a n d Ludwig von Herter ich. 1900-01 Einjähr ig-Freiwil l iger . 1901-03 att . Acad, of Art , Kar ls ruhe , s tudied with Prof. Friedrich Fehr. 1903-se l f - t aught sculptor . 1904 opened own s tudio . Kar ls ruhe , sculpted first bur ia l m o n u m e n t for Kar l Richter , the pubi , of General-Anzei-ger, D o r t m u n d . F r iendsh ip with Prof . Wilhelm T r ü b n e r . 1905-07 in Paris, f r i endsh ip with sculptor , Paul Albert Bartho-lomé a n d illus. Jules Pascin. Met Auguste Rodin and Pablo Pi-casso. 1908-11 in Rome, met Karl Hofe r , tr ied to revitalize the art of po lych rome sculp ture a n d metal cast ing. 1911-18 lived in Alsbach /Bergs t rasse , Hessen, Ger . F r iendsh ip with compose r , Ernst Toch and writer, -» René Schickele, a m o n g others . 1914-18 (W.W. I ) milit. serv. 1918 pubi . Polnische Nachtslücke. 1919-33 sculptor in F r a n k f u r t / M : 1918-19 spokesman for the Union of Artists at the F r a n k f u r t city coun . Portrai t busts incl. Wal the r Ra thenau , — Alf red Flechtheim, Car l Einstein ; meda l -l ions incl. Käthe Döbl in . H a ns T h o m a , Frank W e d e k i n d ; num. m o n u m e n t s and sculptures . 1920 erection of m o n u m e n t " D e n O p f e r n von 1918" in F r a n k f u r t / M despite protest f r o m right wing o p p o s i t i o n ; 1933 removed by Nazis a n d 1946 re-erected in Ga l lu s Park , F r a n k f u r t / M . 1925 m o n u m e n t in Völkl ingen, Saar , Ger . des t royed a f te r 1933. 1930 sculpture , " D i e E r w a c h e n d e , " removed in 1933 a n d demol i shed by Nazis in 1937. 1931 comple t ion of the b ronze chandel ie r " D e r alte B u n d . " M e m : R . W . V . B . K . D . (Reichswir t schaf t sverband Bil-d e n d e r Künst ler Deu t sch lands ) ; D .K .B . (Deutscher Küns t le r -

b u n d ) ; M ü n c h n e r Sezession. July 1933 a f t e r several house searches emigr. to L o n d o n with r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s of Cen t ra l -verein deutscher S taa tsbürger jüd i schen G l a u b e n s . 1935 ex-c luded f rom the R . K . B . K , prohib i ted f r o m work ing a n d ex-hibs. 1934-56 partic. regular ly in exhibs. at the Royal Acad . Reed, commns . incl. the O r a n g u t a n G r o u p at the Z o o in Edin-burgh and portrai t busts incl. John D. Rockefe l ler , J a m e s de Rothschi ld , and Cha im W e i z m a n n . 1938 par t ic . in exhib. at Knoed l e r Gal l , London . Acquis i t ion of the chande l ie r " D e r alte B u n d " by Lord Lee of F a r e h a m , 1939 presen ta t ion to West-minster Abbey, L o n d o n and a w a r d i n g c o m m n . for ma tch ing piece. 1942 memor ia l f o r the Brit, victims of the b o m b i n g raids, L o n d o n / W i l l e s d e n . 1943 comple t ion of chande l ie r " D e r neue B u n d . " 1943-45 at O x f o r d , pieces incl. c a n d e l a b r a for Kings ' Col lege, C a m b r i d g e and New College, O x f o r d . 1946 w o r k e d in L o n d o n on " T h e Large M e n o r a h " for the Knesset , Je rusa lem. 1949 tr ip to the U.S. to ob ta in c o m m n s . 1950 exhib. of de ta i led mode l s at the Wildenstein Ga l l . L o n d o n . 1953 fdr . of the Me-norah Fund C o m m . in the House of Lords. 1956 exhib. at Ta te Gal l . Apr. 1956 tr ip to Isr. as gift of Brit. Par l iament . 1954 first pos t -war exhib. at F r a n k f u r t e r Kuns tkab ine t t incl. busts of Winston Churchi l l , Yehudi Menuh in , and Karl Valent in . 1956 exhib. at S tadthaus , D o r t m u n d . 1958 t r ip to Königs te in , Tau-nus. 1959 comple t ion of n o n - c o m m n . plaster cast of mml. to those who died in b o m b i n g raids, still i ncomple t e at his dea th . 1961 auct ion of por t ra i t s ta tues by the Ci ty of D o r t m u n d , at Chris t ie ' s in London . Collections: Mus. am Ostwal l , Dor t -m u n d ; Staatl iches Mus. Berlin, Ger . Dem. R e p u b ; Städelsches Kunst inst , and Hist. Mus , F r a n k f u r t / M ; Kuns tha l l e , H a m -burg : others. M e m : Royal A c a d ; C a m b r i d g e Art Soc. (hon . mem ). Reed: Rome Prize, Michael Beer F o u n d . (1908); O .B .E . (1957).

Biblio: Polnische Nachtstücke (Mun ich , 1918); Die grosse Reise der Tante Clementine (Leipzig, 1921); Spanien von einem Künstler gesehen (Mun ich , 1925); Die Prinzessin auf der Erbse, l ibret to to the ope ra by Erns t Toch (Mainz , 1929). Lit: Gui -d o L. Luzat to , " B . E , " Emporium (vol. 66, no. 393, Sept . 1927); H . K . Z i m m e r m a n n , " B i l d h a u e r B . E , " Deutsche Kunst und Dekoration (vol. 63, 1930-31); K . R . T o w n d r o w , "Eng l i sh Por-trai ts by B .E , " Apollo Magazine ( J u l y - D e c , 1949); Dokumente zur Geschichte der Frankfurter Juden 1933-45 ( F r a n k f u r t / M , 1963); H ans Menzel-Sever ing, B.E ( D o r t m u n d , 1977); H a n s Menzel-Sever ing, " D e r Bi ldhauer B .E . " (diss, 1978-79); H a n s e n , Judenkunst: Dress lers ; Th-B. (vol. 10, 1914); Schwarz , Juden: Vol lmer (vol. 25, 1955, 1961); Arch: Libr. of the Ci ty of D o r t m u n d . Sources: Arch , H a n d , News, Pers, Print. - I fZ .

Elkan, Gerald Hugh, prof , of mic rob io logy ; b. Berlin 3 Aug. 1929. R: Jewish. E: 1936 U.S. Cit: 1941 U.S , fmly. Ger . F.-G e o r g e H e r m a n E, d. Silver Spr ing , M d . 1962, Jewish, Dr. phi l , j o u r n , 1936 to U.S.with wife a n d fam, govt, employee . M : Eva J o a n Karger , b. Berlin 1905, Jewish , sec. educ . 5 : Ca the r ine E. Wer the imer , b. Berlin, admin , secy, Jew. C m t y . Assn, Wash-ing ton , D . C . <*> (none) . C: (none) .

M o t h e r arrested a n d released in Ger . 1936 emigr. to U.S. with f am. 1936-47 lived with f am. in Forest Hills, N e w York . 1947-51 att . Brigham Y o u n g Univ, Provo, Utah . C o n c u r r . 1950-51 att . Univ . M u n i c h ; 1951 B.A, Br igham Y o u n g Univ . 1951-53 serv, U.S. A r m y ; 1953- with U.S. A r m y Reserve. 1953-55 att . Pennsy lvan ia State Univ, Univ . Park, P e n n ; 1953 M.S. in soil biol. 1955-59 att. Virginia Polytechnical Inst, a n d State Un iv , Blacksburg : 1959 Ph .D. in microbio l . F r o m 1958 m e m . fac , dept . of microbiol , Nor th Caro l ina State Un iv , Ra le igh : 1958 assist, p rof , 1963 assoc. prof , 1969 p ro f , 1976-79 assist, d e a n for res. C o n c u r r : 1958- research on b io logica l n i t rogen fixa-t ion by mic roorgan i sms ; 1963-64 Fulbr ight Res. Scholar , Inst, of Microbio l , Uppsa la , Swed ; 1967 fel, Am. Acad . Mic rob io l ; 1968 vis. prof , Univ. Puer to Rico , San J u a n ; 1980-81 Fulbr igh t Res. fel, Nat iona l Univ , East Jusep in , V e n ; 1981 vis. p ro f , Ta-mil N a d h u , India . M e m : Am. Soc. fo r Microb io l . ( chmn. soil Microbiol . Sect. 1967-68); Sigma Xi (pres. N. C a r o l i n a State Univ . chap . 1971-72; m e m . na t . bd . of dirs. 1973-83); Acad , of Sei. ( N . Car . exec. secy. 1975-80); C a n . Bacter iol . S o c ; Ne th . Soc. f o r Microb io l ; A .A .A .S ; others . R e e d : Res. A w a r d , Sigma

Ellinger 259

Xi (1965); Oustanding Teacher Award, North Carolina State Univ. (1972). A: (1980) Raleigh.

Biblio: Contrib. more than 80 arts, on microorganisms and nitrogen fixation to prof, journs. incl. Journ. of Bacteriol, Journ. Gen. Microbiol, and Can. Journ. Microbiol. Sources: Hand, Qu. - R.F.J.I.

Elkeles, Gerhard (Gerardo), hygienist, bacteriologist, profes-sor; b. Breslau, Lower Silesia; Ger. (Wroclaw, Pol.) 2 Dec. 1889, d. Ansbach, Bavaria, Ger. 1978. R: Unaffiliated, fmly. Jewish. E: 1934 Neth, 1934 Arg, 1952 Col, 1955 Arg, 1963 Fed. Repub. Ger. Cit: Arg, fmly. Ger. F: Benjamin E, b. Posen, Ger. (Poznan, Pol.), d. Córdoba, Arg. 1945, Jewish, mfr. M: Marta Friedlander, b. Konstadt, Upper Silesia, Ger. (Pol.). 1857, d. Breslau, Jewish. S : Otto, b. 1888, d. Arg. 1965, merchant; Ju-lian, b. 1892, d. Hamburg 1976, merchant. °° I. 1934 Charlotte Radermacher, b. Münster, Westphalia, Ger. 1907, 1953 div; 11. 1955 Annelise Kobenstein, b. Berlin 1902. C: With first wife, Mariana Gloria Elkeles de Abelis, b. 1935, ceramist; Carola Martha Elkeles de Goussarao, b. 1937, teacher.

1909-14 studied med, Univs. Breslau, Munich, and Berlin; 1914 med. state exam; 1917 Dr. med. 1914-18 (W. W. I) epidem-ic serv, Ger. Army. Med. educ. in the fields of hygiene, bacteri-ol. and infectious diseases. 1920-33 dir, hygiene-bacteriol. res. dept, City of Berlin. Res. on infectiousness and microbiology. Contribs. to fighting paratyphoid fever and psittacosis. 1933 in-terrupted Habil. at Univ. Berlin because of Nazi rise to power. 1934 emigr. to Neth. with an invit. from the Inst, voor Praeven-tieve Geneeskunde in Leiden. Res. on the flu virus. 1934 emigr. to Arg. 1934-38 dir, Hygiene Inst, Córdoba province. 1939-49 dir, dept. of bacteriol, Univ. children's clin, in Córdoba; con-curr. 1946-49 assist, prof, in that univ; 1946-47 U.S.P.H.S. sti-pend for studies in U.S. 1949-51 prof, of microbiology and par-asitology, med. fac, Univ. Rosario. 1952 emigr. to Col. 1952-55 prof. Univ. Cali. 1955 (after fall of Péron govt.) returned to Arg. 1956-63 prof, of microbiology, parasitology, and immu-nology, Univ. Córdoba, 1963 prof. emer. Deleg. to many intl. sei. congs. Guest lects. incl. Free Univ, Berlin. 1963 returned to Fed. Repub. Ger. 1963-78 priv. practice in Ansbach. Mem: Soc. for Child Health Care, Córdoba (corresp. mem.); Soc. for Biol, Bogotá; Berlin Microbiol. Soc. Reed: Hon. Prof. Med. Fac. Univ. Rosario (1951).

Biblio: Auth. of more than 100 sei. arts, and contrib. to works in the fields of Salmonellosis, Shigella, serodiagnosis of syphi-lis, brucellosis, Chaga's illness, infection of air passages, psitta-cosis, bacteriotherapy and allergy; further biblio. in IfZ Arch. Lit: Gerhard Elkeles, "Über 30 Jahre Arzt," memoirs Therapie der Gegenwart (vol. 10, 1971). Sources: Arch, Autobiog, Hand, Journ, Pers. — IfZ.

Elkins, Paulo, stage designer, cartoonist, graphic artist; b. Nie-troi, Icarai (Guanabara), Braz. 16 Feb. 1903, d. Rio de Janeiro 17 Jan. 1955. R: Roman Catholic*?). E: 1933 Fr, 1940 Braz. Cit: 1935 Braz, fmly. Braz, 1929 Ger. F: d. I910(?), prof, of Ger. philol, Rio de Janeiro. M: d. 1910<?). °° 1929 - Ilse El-kins-Rosen (née Dammann). C: Ariane E, b. Rio de Janeiro 1942, interior decorator, a : Braz.

1910 orphaned. Grew up with uncle, the famous opera singer Waldemar Henke, London and Berlin. Att. Hum. Gym. Berlin. Studied at Acad, of Art, Paris. 1923 interrupted studies, then cont. studies of archit, costume design and stage design, Acad, of Art, Berlin; student of Emil Pirchan and P. Aravantino. Stage designer at theatres in Königsberg, Gotha and Heidel-berg. 1930 moved to Berlin; dir, scenery and stage design, Ber-lin State Opera; designed scenery for Carmen, Barber of Se-ville, Fidelio and Ariadne: temp, collab. with -» Friedrich Hol-laender, cabaret "Tingel-Tangel," with -» Carl Meinhard, — Rudolf Bernauer and — Victor Barnowsky, with Ilse Dam-mann perf. in Werner Fink's cabaret "Die Katakombe." Car-toonist for mag. of Ullstein Publ. and design work for Univer-sum Film A G. (U.F.A.), Berlin. June 1933 emigr. to Paris on valid visa after lampooning Nazism in satirical cartoons. 1933-40 cartoonist for Fr. and Eng. press, incl. Paris-Soir and

Paris-Midi, and Peuple, Aux Écoules, Rire. Petite Parisienne. Marianne, Reynolds News, Daily Express, New Statesman and Nation. Cartoons of Nazi leaders appeared in Swed, U.S, and S. Am, resulting in loss of Ger. citizenship. Reed. Braz. cit. through Braz. consulate. 1939-40 collab. with Fr. Min. of Info at instigation of Jean Giraudoux, also collab. with B.B.C. Ear-ly 1940 advised by Fr. Govt. off. to emigr. 1940 departure with wife on the "Jamaique" to Rio de Janeiro. Briefly contrib. anti-fascist cartoons for A Noite and Diario Carioca. Dir, propagan-da dept. of fed. lottery, offered through mediation of indus. J.J. Peixoto de Castro. 1940-50 designed cml. graphics, incl. pos-ters; concurr. lects. in theater-design at sem. for dramatic art, Rio de Janeiro. Stage and costume designer at Free Artist's Theater (later Kammerspiele) for Wolfgang Hoffmann-Har-nisch, Rio de Janeiro and the Bibbi Ferreiras Theater Ensem-ble. 1953-55 dir. of stage design for guest perf. of Ger. Opera. 1955 died of heart attack during prep, of stage design for Mar-riage of Figaro.

Lit: "P .E," Pavilion Alter Botanischer Garten, cat. (Munich, 1976). Arch: In possession of Use Elkins-Rosen. Sources: News, Pers, Print, Qu. — IfZ.

Elkins-Rosen, Ilse (fmly. Ilse Doris Karola Dammann), theater and film agent; b. Hannover, Ger. 22 Sept. 1907 (1909?). R: Jewish. E: 1933 Fr, 1940 Braz, 1957 Fed. Repub. Ger. Cit: Braz, fmly. Ger, 1935 stateless. F: Emil Dammann, b. Gehrden, Hannover 1856, d. Hannover 1918, Jewish. M: Anna Sara Fal-kenstein, b. Mannheim, Baden, Ger. 1877, Jewish, 1939 to Fr. OO I. 1929 — Paulo Elkins; II. 1961 Heinz Rosen. C: Ariane Elkins, b. Rio de Janeiro 1942, interior decorator, a: 1975 Braz.

1915-25 att. Lyzeum in Hannover. 1926 worked in theater ag-cy. in Munich. 1926-27 acting training in Berlin. 1927-29 ac-tress at Thalia Theater, Hamburg and at Stadttheater, Heidel-berg. 1930- mem. S.P.D. 1930-33 mgr. of Paritätischer Stellen-nachweis der deut. Bühnen, Berlin, an equal opportunity place-ment agcy. of G.D.B.A. and D.B.V. Concurr. appeared in Werner Fink's critical cabaret "Die Katakombe," Berlin; 1933 dismissed. June 1933 emigr. to Paris with first husband who was threatened by Nazis for polit, reasons. Supported self by selling husband's paintings; concurr. occasional negotiations for ar-tists' placement. 1940 emigr. to Braz. with husband. After 1945 became the most important theater and film agt. in Braz. Discov-ered and sponsored num. Braz. performers, many of whom be-came renowned. Collab. on preps, of film premières. 1950-57 guest perfs. in Braz. by well known Ger.-lang. groups incl. the Deutsche Oper, W. Berlin, and the Theater in der Josefstadt, Vienna. Concurr. 1955-56 business dir. of Deutsche Kammer-spiele, Rio de Janeiro, which grew out of -» Wolfgang Hoff-mann-Harnisch's exile theater Freies europäisches Künstler-theater. Also bus. dir. of Pro-Arte do Brasil union. 1957 re-turned to Fed. Repub. Ger. With Siegmund Breslauer owned the theater and film agcy, Breslauer-Elkins, Munich. Af-ter Breslauer's death proprietor of Ilse Elkins-Rosen agcy, Mu-nich. A: (1980) Munich.

Sources: Arch, News, Pers, Print, Qu. — ltZ.

Ellinger, Friedrich Philipp, nuclear medicine; b. Königsberg, E. Prussia, Ger. (Kaliningrad, U.S.S.R.) 17 Sept. 1900, d. 1962. E: 1936 Den, 1938 U.S. Cit: U.S. F: Alexander E, b. F rankfur t /M 1870, d. Frankfur t /M 1923, Dr. phil. and Dr. med, pharm, and prof, of pharm, Univ. Frankfur t /M, auth. of works on pharm. M: Rosa Simon. 5 . — Philipp Ellinger; two sisters, eo 1931. C. One.

1919-25att. Univs. Freiburg/Breisgau, Berlin, F rankfu r t /M; 1925 Dr. med, Univ. Frankfur t /M. 1925-26 intern and clin. as-sist, Univ. Frankfur t /M Sch. of Med. 1926-27 Rockefeller schol. of phys. and biochem, Pathol. Inst, Berlin. 1927-29 res. fei, Pharm. Inst, Berlin. 1929-33 assist, Inst, of Radiation Res, Berlin; concurr. 1932-33 Privatdoz. 1935 practice clin. radiol. 1936 emigr. to Den. 1936-38 res. assoc, Biol. Inst, of Carlsberg Found, Copenhagen. 1938 emigr. to U.S. 1938—43 res. radio-therapist, Montefiore Hosp. for Chronic Diseases, New York. 1942-48 res. assoc. of radiol, and dir. of lab. for exp. in radia-

260 Ellinger tion therapy, Long Island Coll. of Med, Brooklyn, New York. From 1948 chief radiation biol. and head, pharmaceut. and ra-diobiol. div, U.S. Naval Med. Res. Inst, Bethesda, Md. Am. ed, Inll. Journ. of Appl. Atomic Energy; ed, Atompraxis. Spec, in the effects of radiation on living matter, esp. the toxicology of ionizing radiation; res. on the impact of drugs and chemicals on the effects of radiation.

Biblio: Die biologischen Grundlagen der Strahlenbehandlung (Berlin-Vienna, 1935; trans, as Biologic Fundamentals of Radi-ation Therapy (New York, 1941); Medical Radialion Biology (Springfield, 111, 1957); contrib. num. arts, to prof, journs. incl. Archiv der experimentellen Pathologie und Pharmakologie, Ar-chiv der Ges. Physiologie (Pflüger), Archives intl. Pharmacodyn. el Therapie. Atompraxis, Nature, Proc. of the Soc.for Exp. Biol, and Med, Radiology, Strahlentherapie; for complete biblio, see Poggendorff (vols. 6, 7b). Arch: S.P.S.L. Sources: Arch, Hand. — R.F.J.1.

Ellinger, Philipp, prof, of pharmocology, biochemist; b. F rankfur t /M 18 June 1887, d. London 12 Sept. 1952. E: 1933 U.K. Cil: Ger. For F, M and S see brother - • Friedrich Philipp Ellinger. °o Elisabeth Guttmann, b. Berlin-Charlottenburg 1892, emigr. to U.K. C: 2 sons, 1 dtr.

Studied natural sei, Univ. Munich; 1911 Dr. phil. in chem, Univ. Greifswald. Studied med, Univ. Heidelberg; 1913 Dr. med. Serv, W.W.I as med. off. After war mem. fac, Univ. Heidelberg, 1925 a.o. Prof, and assist, dir. of pharm, inst. 1932 prof, and dir. of pharm, inst, Med. Acad. Düsseldorf. Spring 1933 dismissed. 1933 emigr. to Eng. 1933-52 mem. res. staff, Lister Inst. Div. of Nutrition. 1942 with Lister Inst, of Preven-tive Med, London. 1937-38 vis. Egypt to study pellagra on be-half of Med. Res. Coun. Contrib. with W. Koschara to the dis-covery and identification of riboflavin; discovered malnutri-tion as a condition of latent pellagra and hard physical work as a factor bringing on an active pellagra. Worked on metabolism of nicotinamide in man and animals.

Biblio: Ed, Monographie zur pharmakologischen und experi-mentellen Therapie (Leipzig, 1936); The Biological Fundamen-tals of Radiation Therapy (Amsterdam, 1946); others; num. es-says and contribs. to sei. mags; biblio. in Poggendorff (vol. 7a). Lit: W.J.T. Morgan, obit, in Nature (vol. 171, 1953). Arch: S.P.S.L. Sources: Arch, Hand, Journ. — IfZ.

Elliott, Ralph Warren Victor (until 1942 Rudolf W.H.V. Eh-renberg), prof, of English language and literature, education administrator; b. Berlin 14 Aug. 1921. R: Lutheran. E: 1936 U.K, 1959 Aust. Cil: 1975 Aust, fmly. Ger, 1946 U.K. F: Kurt P.R. Ehrenberg, b. Rostock, Mecklenberg-Strelitz, Ger. 1883, d. Adelaide, Aust. 1969, Lutheran, Dr. Ing, archit, insur. dir, 1939 to U.K. M: Margarete Landecker, b. Exin, Pol. 1892, d. Birkenhead, U.K. 1943, Lutheran, fmly. Jewish, 1939 to U.K. S: Susi Franklin, b. Berlin 1919, secy, 1938 to U.S; Lena Jones, b. Berlin 1927, nurse, 1939 to U.K. <» I. 1944 Liselotte Spiro, b. Tübingen, Württemberg, Ger. 1924, Protestant, primary sch. teacher and principal, 1937 to U.K. on children's transport, 1958 div; II. 1958 Margaret Robinson, b. London 1935, Church of England, B.A, high sch. teacher, Univ. tutor, pianist for ballet sch. C: Naomi Lis, b. Market Harborough, U.K. 1945, soc. worker, emigr. to Aust, Isr, returned to Aust, a: Can ; Ol-iver, b. St. Andrews, Scot, 1949, U.K; Francis, b. Adelaide, 1966, student; Hilary, b. Adelaide 1968, student.

1936 emigr. to U .K; lived with uncle, — Prof. Max Born in Edinburgh. 1937-38 att. George Watson's Boy's Coll, Edin-burgh, 1938 cert. May 1940-Mar. 1940 interned in U.K. and transported to Can. 1941-46 serv, Brit. Army, lieut; reed. Sword of Hon, Royal Milit. Coll, U.K. 1946-49 att. Univ. St. Andrews, Scot, 1949 M.A. with hon, First Class. 1949-52 lect. in Eng, Univ. St. Andrews. 1952-59 lect. in Eng, University Coll. of North Staffordshire, Keele, U.K; concurr. 1953-59 examiner, Oxford Univ. Local exams. 1959 emigr. to Aust. 1959-63 sr. lect, then reader in Eng, Univ. Adelaide; concurr. 1960 M.A, Univ. Adelaide. 1961-64 chief examiner in Eng, S. Aust. 1962-73 assoc. ed, The Aus!. Univ. 1964-73 mem. fac. Flinders Univ. of S. Aust: 1964-73 found, prof, of Eng. 1964-67

first chmn, Sch. of Lang, and Lit, 1971-73 chmn, Sch. of Hum, 1973 prof. emer. From 1974 with Australian National Univ, Canberra; 1974- Master of Univ. House, 1979- chmn, Hum. Res. Cent. Res. on English literature and language especially re-lating to Chaucer; also involved in broadcasting and reviewing in Australia. Mem: Aust. and N.Z. Assn. for Medieval and Re-naissance Studies (pres. 1968-70); Aust. Soc. for Educ. Through the Arts (pres. 1967-69); Aust. Coun. Visual Arts Bd; Arts Coun, Aust. Capital Territory Div. (pres. 1975-76); Aust. Broadcasting Commn. (adv. comm.), intl. prof. socs. A: (1980) Canberra.

Biblio: Runes: An Introduction (Manchester, U.K. and New York, 1954, 1963, 1971); Chaucer's English (London, 1974); contrib, The Training of Postgraduate Students in the Humani-ties (Sydney, 1967); publ. monos. and contrib. num. arts, to prof, journs. Arch: One mss. in Nat. Libr. of Aust. Sources: Hand, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Ellmar, Paul, director and head of theater, actor, writer; b. Bad Cannstatt near Stuttgart, Württemberg, Ger. 26 Mar. 1890, d. Hamburg 24 Aug. 1963. E: 1933 Fr, 1935 Switz, I938(?) Fr. 1945(7) Ger, I949(?) Fr, 1960 Fed. Repub. Ger. » Margarethe Pepper, b. 1885, d. Zurich 1938, emigr. to Switz.

1907 actor in Stuttgart; 1909-11 at Stadttheater, Lübeck. 1912-26 actor and dir. at Deutsches Schauspielhaus, Ham-burg. 1926-33 from the time of its establishment, head of tour-ing ensemble Gemeinnützige Schaubühne, Hamburg. Mem. G.D.B. A. long-term chmn. of the North West Ger. regional br. 1933 emigr. to Paris. 1935 emigr. to Switz. 1935-38 Dramaturg àt Schauspielhaus, Zurich. 1938—45(7) returned to Fr; after Ger. occup. underground in Fr. 1945(7) returned to Ger, contrib. to num. Ger.-lang. newspapers and mags, in Ger. and Switz. l945(?)-49(?) in W. Berlin; attempted to re-est. the G.D.B.A. (commnr. of G.D.B. A. for spec, problems). 1949(?)-60 lived in Paris and Hamburg. 1949-60 co-fdr. with Erich Lüth and co-exec, of Société Cluny, an org. promoting Ger.-Fr. reconcili-ation and cultural relations. 1960 returned to Fed. Repub. Ger. (Hamburg).

Lit: Kürschner, Thealer. Sources: Arch, Hand, Pers, Print. - IfZ.

Elon, Menachem, prof, of Jewish law, member of Israel Su-preme Court, b. Düsseldorf, Rhineland, Ger. 1 Nov. 1923. E: 1935 Pal. F: Shimeon Fetter. M: Sarah Brand, oo 1949 Ruth Buxbaum. C; Arie; Joseph; Benjamin; Avital; Mordechai.

1935 emigr. to Pal. 1944 rabb. ordination, Yeshivat Hebron, Isr. 1948 dipi, Tel Aviv Sch. of Law and Econ. 1948-49 serv, I .D.F, lieut. in milit. advocate unit. 1950-51 secy, to Fin. Comm, Knesset. 1951-54 priv. practice. 1954 M.A. Hebrew Univ; 1961 D. Jur. 1954-62 sr. principal assist, to atty. gen. of Isr. 1958-66 adv. on Jewish law, Isr. Min. of Justice; mem. of comm. app. by Min. of Justice to write a bill on law and con-tracts which would replace Ottoman Law (Mejelle). From 1963 mem. fac, Hebrew Univ: 1963- prof, of Jewish law; dir, Inst, for Res. in Jewish Law, 1965-66 disciplinary off. 1967 guest lect, Oxford Univ. 1977-78 mem, Isr. Supreme Court. Mem: Adv. bd, Inst, for Jewish Studies. Lect. in Talmud for Knesset study group. Ed, div. of Jewish law, E.J. Mem: B'nai B'rith. Reed: Moritz and Charlotte Warburg Mml. Fund Award for Jewish Studies (1961); Isr. Prize (1979). A: Jerusalem.

Biblio: ¡Jerut haPerat beDarkhei Geviyyat ¡fayav baMishpal halvri (Freedom of the Debtor's Person in Jewish Law; Jerusa-lem, 1964); ed, vol. 1, Mafteah haSheelot vehaTeshuvol (Indi-ces to the Responsa of Jewish Law: The Responsa of R. Asher ben Yechiel; Jerusalem, 1965); Jewish Law: The Responsa of R. Asher ben Yechiel; Jerusalem, 1965); Uakikah Dalit beUu-kei MedinaI Yisrael ubiShefilah shel Batei Mishpat uBatei ha-Din haRabaniyyim (Religious Legislation in the Laws of the State of Israel and Within the Jurisdiction of the Civil and Rab-binical Courts; Tel Aviv, 1968); HaMishpat halvri: Toledolav, Mekorotav, Ekronolav (Jewish Law: Its History, Sources, and Principles; 3 vols; Jerusalem, 1973); The Principles of Jewish Law (Jerusalem, 1975); also contrib. arts, to journs. Sources: Hand, Print. - R.F.J.I.

Elow (E r i c Lowins , fmly . Erich Lowinsky) , cabaret d i rec tor , wr i t e r ; b . Berlin 10 Feb. 1893, d. Los Angeles 2 Sept. 1978. R: Jewish . E: 1939 U.S. Cit: U S, fmly. Ger . F: S ig i smund Lo-winsky, b. Berlin, d. 1907, Jewish, merchan t . M: He lene Baum, b. Berl in, d . 1940, Jewish. S: Ludwig, b. Berlin 1890, me rchan t , a : 1979 U . S : R icha rd , b. Berlin 1894, merchan t , a : 1979 Fed . R e p u b . G e r . <*> 1920 Berta So lomon , b. 1894, Jewish, 1939 to U.S, a : 1979 Los Angeles . C: Josi Alexander , b. 1924, emigr. with paren t s , soc. worker , a : 1979 U.S.

1903-08 att . Rea lgym. 1914-18 W . W . I priv. 1st class, Ger . Army . 1925-38 fdr . a n d d i r , Kabare t t der Namen losen , Berlin ( later H a m b u r g ) in which u n k n o w n talents could be showcased , 1938 f o r b i d d e n to w o r k ; concur r . 1933-39 active in Jüd ischer K u l t u r b u n d . Unti l 1933 mem. S .P .D. 1939 emigr. to Los An-geles with fam. via Neth . 1940- dir. cabare t in — Wal te r Wiccla i r ' s Ger.- lang. Thea t e r Org, Freie Biihne, Los Angeles . M e m . b d . Jewish C lub of 1933, 1943(?)-72 dir. of cul tural div. In i t ia ted lect. series on emigr . and Am. cultural life. Unti l 1967 org. a n d dir . of m a n y cabare t perfs , readings a n d s tage prods . Publ. poe t ry a n d p rose incl. in Mitteilungsblatt of the Jewish C l u b a n d in Aufbau. R e e d : B.V.K. 1st Class (1978).

Biblio: Mutterschrei (p lay, be fo re 1933 shown in Ger . several t imes). Lit: A n o n y m o u s (Mar t a Mie rendor f f ) , " W e r denk t n o c h an E L O W ? " Die Mahnung (Dec. 1, 1962); Hösch , Kaba-rett; German Language Theater: Wal ter Wicclair, Von Kreuz-berg bis Hollywood (E. Berlin, 1975); Deutsche Theaterleute. Arch: Wri t ings , cabaret progs, etc. at Ger . dept , Univ. Sou thern Ca l i f o rn i a , Los Angeles (E low coll.); Akad . der Küns te , W. Ber-lin. Sources: H a n d , News, Pers, Print. — I fZ.

Elsasser, Walter Maurice, p rof , of physics and geophys ics ; b. M a n n h e i m , Baden , Ger . 20 Mar . 1904. R: Protestant , Jewish b a c k g r o u n d . E: 1933 Fr, 1936 U.S. Cit: 1940 U.S, fmly. Ger . F: Mori tz E, b. Bruchsal , Baden , Ger . 1872, Jewish until 1903, then Pro tes tan t , Dr. j u r , lawyer, judge , legal adv , co-fdr , D e m o c r a t i c Party in Heide lberg , ca. 1938 with spouse to U K , ca. 1939 to U.S. M: J o h a n n a Masius , b. Mannhe im 1880, Jew-ish unti l 1903, then Protes tant . S : Mar ia Lindberg ( fmly. Iken-berg), b. M a n n h e i m 1907, med . tech. a n d photog, 1938 to U.S. oo I. 1937 Margare t T rahey , b. Chicago 1911, Presbyter ian; II. 1964 S u s a n n e Rosenfe ld , b. Stuttgart , Wür t temberg , Ger . 1912, att. law school , emigr. to Fr, 1940 to U.S. C: Barbara , b. 1942, B.A, Univ. Ca l i fo rn ia , Berkeley; Will iam S, b. 1948.

1922-27 att . Univs. Heide lberg , Munich , Gö t t i ngen ; 1927 Dr . phil. in phys. with ->• Max Born, Univ. Göt t ingen. 1928-30 assist, T . H , Berlin. 1930(31 ?)-33 assist, to prof , o f t h e o r e t . phys , Univ . F r a n k f u r t / M . R e e d : Ger . Physicists ' Soc. Prize (1932). 1933 dismissed and emigr. to Fr. via Switz; assist, by f am. f r i end . 1933-36 res. fei, S o r b o n n e : 1933-34 All iance Israeli te Universel le fei, 1934-36 fei. of Fr. govt. 1936 emigr. to U.S, re-t u r n i n g to Fr. fo r mos t of 1936 d u e to diff icult ies in ob ta in ing j o b in U .S 1936-41 assist, meteorologist , Ca l i fo rn ia Inst, of Techno logy , Pasadena , Ca l i f ; concur r . 1938 lect, M. I .T . 1941-47 war res. on r ada r , Signal Corps Labs; concur r . 1941-42 res. assoc , Blue Hil l Meteorol . Observ, H a r v a r d Univ . 1945-47 indus . res, R a d i o Corp . A m , N e w Jersey, 1947-50 as-soc. p ro f , phys , Univ. Pennsylvania , Phi ladelphia . 1950-56 p ro f , phys , Univ . U tah . 1956-62 p ro f , Univ. Calif , San Diego , La J o l l a ; concur r . 1960-61 act ing head , dept. of phys, Univ . N e w Mex , A lbuquerque . 1962—68 prof , of geophys, Pr ince ton Univ . 1968-74 res. p ro f , Inst . Fluid Dynamics and Appi . M a t h , Univ . M d , Col lege Park. Since 1975 ad j . prof , dept . of ear th a n d p l ane ta ry sci, J o h n s H o p k i n s Univ. Res. in theore t ica l physics, a n d the re la t ionsh ip be tween q u a n t u m mechan ica l concep t s a n d the biological sciences. Spec, in geomagnet ic i sm a n d the s tudy of the ear th a n d a tmosphere . Fel : Am. Phys. Soc ; Am. G e o p h y s . U n i o n . M e m : R a d i o Wave Propaga t ion C o m m , Nat . D e f e n c e Res. C o m m . (1944-45); Na t . Acad. Scis. R e e d : Bowie M e d a l , A m . G e o p h y s . Union (1959); F leming Meda l , Am. Geophys . Un ion (1971); G a u s s Medal , Braunschweiger Wissenschaf t l i che Ges . (1977) . A: (1981) Balt imore, M d .

Biblio: " L a St ruc ture des N o y a u x Atomiques C o m p l e x e s , " Annates Inst. Henri Poincaré, Univ. Paris (vol. 5, no. 3 - 4 , 1935); Heat Transfer by Infrared Radiation in the Atmosphere

Elton 261 (Mi l ton , Mass , 1942); The Physical Foundation of Biology: An Analytic Study ( L o n d o n - N e w York , 1958); Atmospheric Radi-ation Tables (Bos ton , 1960); Atom and Organism: A New Ap-proach to Theoretical Biology (Pr ince ton , N . J , 1966; Fr. ed, Par-is, 1970); The Chief Abstractions of Biology (Ams te rdam, N e w York , 1975); Memoirs of a Physicist in the Atomic Age (New York , 1978); cont r ib . arts, to sei. j ou rns . Arch: S .P .S.L. Sour-ces: Arch , H a n d , Qu. — R.F . J . I .

Elston, Wolfgang Eugene (until 1945 Edelstein), p ro f , of geol-ogy; b. Berlin 13 Aug. 1928. R: Protestant . E: 1939 U . K , 1945 U.S. Cit: 1950 U.S, fmly . Ger. F: Fr iedr ich Gus t av Elston ( fmly. Edelstein) , b. Berlin 1895, d. U.S. 1956, Protestant , Dr. ju r , lawyer , 1941 to U.S. with spouse , math , and lang. teacher . M : A n n y Halper t , b. G e r a , Thur ing ia , Ger . 1895, d. New York 1975, Protes tant , fmly . Jewish, Dr. m e d , pedia t r ic ian , active in var. cmty. med . progs. S: G e r h a r d A. Elston ( fmly. Edelstein), b. Berlin 1924, 1939 t o U . K , 1945 U.S, B.A, with relig. org. •» 1952 Lor ra ine H i n d , b. Chicago , III. 1929, Protestant , M.A ,

journa l i s t . C : S tephen F, b. 1957; R icha rd J , b. 1960. 1938-39 att . elem. a n d sec. schs. in Berlin. Feb. 1939 emigr.

with b ro the r to U . K ; reed. fin. a id f r o m rels. 1939-45 att. Stoatley Rough School , Has lemere , Surrey, a sch. f o r ref. chil-dren. 1944 reed. C a m b r i d g e sch. cert. 1945 emigr. to U .S : helped by Bloomsbury House , work ing at o d d jobs . 1945-49 att. City Col l , N e w York ( C . U . N . Y ) 1949 B.S, cum laude. 1949-53 att. C o l u m b i a Univ. C o n c u r r : 1949-51 lect. in geology, City Col l ; 1950-51 fel. S u m m e r s 1950-52 geologist , N. Mex. Bur. of Mines a n d Minera l Resources ; also Nat . Lord Britton Scholar . 1953 M.A. a n d Ph .D , C o l u m b i a Univ. 1953-55 serv. in U.S. Army. 1955-57 assist, p ro f , Texas Technica l Coll , Lubbock , T e x ; concur r , 1955-63 geologist , N . Mex. Bur. of Mines a n d Minera l Resources . F rom 1957 m e m . fac, dept. of geology, Univ. New Mexico, A l b u q u e r q u e : 1957 assist, prof , 1963 assoc. p ro f , 1967 prof . C o n c u r r : 1960- pr incipal and co-invest, in var. res. projs . sponsored by N .A.S .A , N .S .F , N. Mex. Energy Res. a n d Dev, U.S. Geologica l Survey. 1968, 1971 vis. sci, Am. Geo-phys. U n i on and 1968 vis. geology sci, Am. Geological Inst. Consul t , to min ing a n d oil cos. and govt, agencies, incl. Los Ala-mos Sci. Labs, N. Mex. ( f rom 1975), Kennecot t C o p p e r C o r p . and Chevron Oil Corp . Res. in regional geology of N e w Mexi-co a n d ad jo in ing regions , volcanology, p lanetology and eco-n o m i c geology. Fel : A.A.A.S , Geologica l Soc. A m ; Meteori t i -cal Soc. M e m : Soc. Econ . Geologis t s ; Intl. Ast ron. U n i on C o m m n . 17 a n d Work ing G r o u p no. 3 (1970-76); U.S. Geody-n a m i c C o m m . W o r k i n g G r o u p on Bas in-Range Province a n d C o l o r a d o Plateau (1971-73) ; Sigma X i ; N. Mex. Geological Soc. (pres , 1963-64); and m a n y others. A : (1979) Albuquerque , N. Mex.

Biblio: Co -au th , Geology and Mineral Resources of Dwyer Quadrangle, Grant, Luna and Sierra Counties, New Mexico (N . Mex. Bur. Mines a n d Minera l Resources , Bull. 88, 1957); Sum-mary of Mineral Resources of Bernalillo, Sandoval and Santa Fe Counties, New Mexico (N . Mex. Bur. Mines and Minera l Re-sources , Bull. 81, 1967); co-ed, Cenozoic Volcanism in South-Western New Mexico (N . Mex. Geologica l Soc, Spec. Pub. no. 5, 1976); contr ib . n u m . arts, to prof , j ou rns . incl. Geological Soc. of Am. Bull, Journ. Geophys. Res, pubis, of N .A.S .A. a n d o the r s ; fo r comple te bibl io. to 1979 see R .F . J . I . archs. Sources: H a n d , Q u . - R . F . J . I .

Elton, Geoffrey Rudolph (to 1944 G o t t f r i e d R u d o l p h Ot to Eh-renberg) , prof , of h i s tory ; b . Tüb ingen , Wür t t emberg , Ger . 7 Aug. 1921. R: N o n e , fmly. Jewish. E: 1939 U . K . Cit: 1946 U . K , fmly. Ger . For F a n d M see fa the r — Victor Ehrenberg . S . — Lewis R icha rd El ton (fmly. Ehrenberg) . ~ 1952 Sheila Lamber t , b . W. Har t l epoo l , U . K . 1926, Church of Eng land , M . A , archivist . C : ( n o n e ) .

E lem. a n d sec. educ . in F r a n k f u r t / M a n d Prague. Feb. 1939 emigr . t o U . K . with f a m . 1939-40 att . Ryda l Sch, Co lwyn Bay, Wales . 1940-43 ex terna l degree p rog , Univ . L o n d o n ; 1943 B.A. 1944-46 serv. in Brit. A r m y Intel). Corps . 1946-48 att. Univ. L o n d o n ; 1949 P h . D . in hist. 1948-49 assist, in hist, Univ. Glas -

262 Elton gow. From 1949 mem. fac, dept. of hist, Univ. Cambridge: 1949 assist, lect, later lect, 1954 Tel. and dir. of studies in hist, Clare Coll, 1963 reader in Tudor studies, also 1962-73 syndic, Cam-bridge Univ. Press, 1967 prof, of constitutional hist. Concurr. 1958- ed, the New Cambridge Mod. Hist, vol. 2, 1976- ed, An-nual Biblio. of Brit, and Irish Hist, Royal Hist. Soc. Res. in 16th and 17th century British principles of historical res. and writ-ings; problems of teaching history. Fel: Brit. Acad; Royal Hist. Soc. (pres. 1972-76). A: (1980) Cambridge.

Biblio: The Tudor Revolution in Government (Cambridge, 1953): England Under the Tudors (New York and London, 1955; London, 1974); Star Chamber Stories (London, 1958; New York and London, 1974); The Tudor Constitution: Docu-ments and Commentary (Cambridge, 1960); Reformation Eu-rope ¡517-1559 (London, 1963; Cleveland, 1964; New York, 1966); The Practice of History (Sydney and London, 1967; New York, 1968); England, 1200-1640 (Ithaca, N.Y, London, 1969); Modern Historians on British History, 1485-1945: A Criti-cal Bibliography, 1945-1969 (London, 1970; Ithaca, N.Y, 1971); Political History: Principles and Practice (New York, 1970); Policy and Police: The Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell (Cambridge, 1972); Reform and Renewal: Thomas Cromwell and the Common Weal (Cam-bridge, 1973); Studies in Tudor and Stuart Politics and Govern-ment, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1974); Reform and Reformation: England 1509-1558 (London and Cambridge, Mass, 1977); al-so contrib. num. arts, to prof, journs. Lit: Past and Present (1963). Sources: Hand, Pers, Print, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Elton, Lewis Richard Benjamin (until 1944 Ehrenberg), prof, of physics; b. Frankfur t /M, Ger. 25 Mar. 1923. E: 1939 U.K. For F and M see father Victor Ehrenberg. S: — Geoffrey Ru-dolph Elton (fmly. Ehrenberg). °o 1950 Kathleen Mary Foster. C: Bridget; Thomas; David; Benjamin.

1939 emigr. to U.K. with fam. 1944-46 assist, master, St. Bees Sch, Cumberland; concurr. 1945 B.A, Cambridge Univ. 1947 B.Sc, Univ. London. 1948 M.A, Cambridge Univ; 1950 Ph.D. 1950-57 mem. fac, Kings Coll, London. Concurr. 1955-56 vis. res. assoc, M.I.T, Cambridge, Mass. 1957-66 chmn, dept. of phys, Battersea Coll. of Technology. Concurr: 1961 D.Sc, Cambridge Univ; 1962 vis. res. assoc, Inst. Theoretical Physics, Copenhagen; 1965 vis. res. prof, Univ. Washington, Seattle. From 1966 prof, and chmn, dept. of phys, Univ. Surrey, 1967-dir. of res. in sci. teaching. Spec, in nuclear and high energy physics. Fel : Inst. Phys; Inst. Math, and Its Applications. Mem : Am. Inst. Phys; Assn. for Sci. Educ. (past mem. phys. panel).

Biblio: Introductory Nuclear Theory (New York and London, 1959; subsequent eds.); Nuclear Sizes (London, 1961); co-com-piler, Modern Physics: C.G.S. Units (5th ed, London, 1965); Concepts of Classic Mechanics (New York, 1971); contrib. arts, to prof, journs. Sources: Biblio, Hand, Pers. — R.F.J.I.

Emden, Robert, astrophysicist; b. St. Gallen, Switz. 4 Mar. 1862, d. Zurich 8 Oct. 1940. E: 1936(?) Switz. F: Moritz Phil-ipp E. M: Emma Gerstle. oo 1907 Klara Schwarzschild. C.-Charlotte Schein.

Studied Univs. Heidelberg, Berlin and Strassburg; 1887 Dr. phil, Univ. Strassburg. 1899 Privatdoz, T.H. Munich. 1907-33 mem. fac, Univ. Munich: 1907 a.o. Prof, 1927 hon. prof, of astrophys, 1933 dismissed. Fdr. and until 1936 ed, Zeitschrift für Astrophysik. 1936(?) emigr. to Switz. Res. on thermodynamic properties of ball-shaped cosmic structures of the stars. The differential formula named after Emden and the integration method used by him have influenced astro- and atom-physics.

Biblio: Zur Sonnentheorie (1901); Gaskugeln: Anwendung der mechanischen Wärmetheorie auf kosmologische und metereolo-gische Probleme (1907); Die theoretischen Grundlagen der Bal-lonföhrung (1910); Thermodynamik der Himmelskörper (Leip-zig, 1926); others. Lit: W. Brunner, "Robert Emden," Ver-handlungen der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft (vol. 120, 1940). Sources: Arch, Hand, Journ. — IfZ.

Emerich, Paul, pianist, music teacher; b. Vienna 12 Nov. 1895, d. New York 28 Apr. 1977. R: Jewish. E: 1939 U.S. Cit: 1942 U.S, fmly. Aus. F: Arnold E, b. Debrecen, Hung. 1869, d. Theresienstadt concentration camp, Jewish, Prokurist. M: Jo-hanna Schiller, b. 1873, d. 1939, Jewish. S : Lilly Neurath, b. Debrecen 1900, cellist, att. A.M.d.K, emigr. to U.S. •*> 1950 Rose Schutzer née Neumann, b. Stolp, Pomerania, Ger. (Slupsk, Pol.) 1899, Jewish, dipi, in fgn. längs, 1936 to Iran with first husband (d. 1946), 1946 to U.S, nurse. C: (none).

Att. A.M.d.K, studied with Franz Schmidt, Maniczewsky, Richard Mandel and Eusebius Mandyczewski. Studied with Emanuel Moor in Switz. Concert tours in Eur. and U.S. 1929 exec, dir, Intl. Sem. for Pianists, Vienna. Cond, classes and priv. lessons in piano, theory and composition. 1931 lect. at Colum-bia Univ, also taught at Sorbonne and A.M.d. K. Ceased all oth-er prof, activities and ca. 1934-39 dir. of music, Jewish Inst, for the Blind, Vienna. Nov. 1939 emigr. to U.S. 1939-ca. 41 teacher at Inst, for the Blind, Yonkers, N.Y. Ca. 1941-66 priv. music instr. with particular stress on training music memory; promi-nent students ind. Erich Lemsdorf, Julius Rudel, Franz Allers, Carl Bamberger, Franz Mittler, Laszlo Halasz and Walter Primrose. Piano recitalist in Ger. and Aus ; also perf. on radio. Ca. 1966-72 exec. dir. and ed, The Braille Musician. Fdr. and dir, Intl. Pianists' Sem. Mem: The Bohemians (Assn. of Musicians, Greater New York). Reed: State Prof, of Music h.c. awarded by Aus. govt. (1952).

Biblio: Manual of Piano Technique (New York, 1942); Basic Elements of Music (New York, 1949); The Road to Modern Music (New York, 1953; trans, as Ein Weg zur modernen Musik, Hamburg, ca. 1954). Works: Incl. "Chinesisches Sex-tett ;" cadenza to Beethoven's 3rd Piano Concerto (1919); Lieder (some to texts by Karl Kraus). Lit: William Primrose, Technic is Memory (London, New York, 1960); Robert Breuer, "Music Memory Training" The Delphian Quart, (vol. 46, no. 3, 1963); Erich Leinsdorf, Cadenza (Boston, 1976). Arch: Perf. Arts Res. Cent, Lincoln Cent, New York. Sources: Arch, Hand, Pers, Print, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Emmerich, André, art dealer; b. F rankfur t /M 11 Oct. 1924. R: Jewish. E: 1933 Neth, 1940 U.S. Cit: U.S, fmly. Ger. F: »Hugo Emmerich, b. Bad Homburg, Ger. 1884, d. New York 1960, Jewish (orthodox), Zionist, Dr. jur, Univ. Heidelberg, 1911-33 lawyer for I.G. Farben and other cos, Frankfurt , authority on intl. cit. law, 1933 arrested, emigr. to Neth, 1935 L.L.M, Univ. Leiden, lawyer in Amsterdam, 1940 to U.S, 1943 B. Law, New York Univ, 1946-60 lawyer in New York, mem. bd. drs. and ex-ec. comm, A.F.J.C.E. M: Lily Marx, b. Paris 1896, d. U.S. 1963, Jewish, att. Lycée in Paris, art dealer, emigr. with hus-band and children. 5 . Nicole Teweles, b. F rank fu r t /M 1927. oo 1958 Constance Marantz, b. Stamford, Conn. 1929, Jewish, M.A. C: Adam, b. 1960; Toby, b. 1963; Noah, b. 1965.

Apr. 1933 emigr. to Neth. 1937-39 studied at Amsterdam Lyceum. 1940 emigr. to U.S. 1941-44 att. Oberlin Coll, 1944 B.A. 1944-53 writer, ed. with Time-Life Intl, New York Herald Tribune and Réalités (Paris) and others; freelance writer and columnist for var. other pubis. 1954 fdr. and dir. André Em-merich Gall, New York, spec, in contemp. art and antiquities incl. pre-Columbian and Classical art. Artists represented by the gall, are: Anthony Caro, Sam Francis, Helen Frankenthaler, Al Held, David Hockney, Morris Louis, Kenneth Noland, Jules Olitski, -* Hans Hofmann and others. From 1973 br. of gall, located in Zurich. Mem: Art Dealers Assn. of Am. (pres. 1972-74); Am. Soc. for Intl. Law (mem. panel on the intl. movt. of nat. art treasures). A: (1981) New York.

Biblio: Art Before Columbus (New York, 1963); Sweat of the Sun and Tears of the Moon: Gold and Silver in Pre-Columbian Art (Seattle, Wash, 1965; republ. New York, 1977); contrib. arts, on pre-Columbian and contemp. art to periods, journs, and newspapers incl. Art in Am, Arts. The Washington Post, Ar-cheol. Am. Heritage: for biblio. to 1979 see R.F.J.I . arch. Sour-ces: Hand, H.G.R.Qu. - R.F.J.I.

Engel, Alfred J, prof, of chemical engineering; b. Munich 30 Mar. 1927. E: 1940 U.S. Cit: 1945 U.S, fmly. Ger. F: Harry

Engel 263 E, b. Munich 1892, d. Mt. Vernon, N.Y. 1950, Jewish, Gym. educ, furrier, 1938 interned in Dachau concentration camp, 1940 to U.S. with fam, butler. M: Ella Reiss, b. Bad Dürkheim, Bavaria, Ger. 1896, Jewish, elem. educ. 5 : (none), oo 1953 Tru-die Frey, b. Vienna 1931, 1938 to U.S, M.A, teacher of reme-dial reading. C: Jonathan, b. 1959, student; Peter, b. 1961 ; Ste-phen, b. 1965.

1933-40 att. elem. sch. in Ger. Mar. 1940 emigr. to U.S. with fam, assist, by H.I.A.S. 1945-47 sgt, U.S. Army milit. intell. 1952 B. Chem. Engr, Cornell Univ, Ithaca, N. Y. 1952-55 chem. engr, Chevron Oil Co, Calif. 1956-57 Du Pont fel, Univ. Wis-consin, Madison, 1957-59 instr. of chem. engr. 1959- mem. fac, dept. of chem. engr, Pennsylvania State Univ, University Park: 1959 assist, prof, 1966 assoc. prof, 1971 prof. Concurr: 1961 Ph.D. chem. engr, Univ. Wisconsin; 1964- consult, Socony Mobil Oil Co, New York; 1974-75 sr. Fulbright lect, Beershe-va, Isr. Spec, in control of atmospheric pollution; behavior of chemical reactors. Mem: Am. Inst. Chem. Engr. (A.I.Ch.E.); Am. Chem. Soc; Dem. Party (precinct chmn, judge of elec-tions). A: (1979) State College, Penn.

Biblio: Co-auth, "Kinetics of Xylene Isomerization over Sil-ica Aluminum Catalyst," A.I.Ch.E. Journ. (vol. 13, 1967); "Atomization and Acceleration of Liquid in a Venturi Scrubber," Atmospheric Environment (4, 1970); co-auth, "A Theoretical Study of A Controlled Cycled Stirred Tank Reac-tor," A.I.Ch.E. Journ. (17, 1971); co-auth, "Sulfur Oxides and Power Generation," Technol. Tutor (3, 1971) and ca. 25 arts, in prof, journs; for complete biblio. to 1979 see R.F.J.I. archs. Sources: Hand, Qu. - R.F.J.I.

Engel, Erich, conductor, music author; b. Vienna 13 Jan. 1888. R: Protestant. E: 1933 Arg, 1951 Aus. F: Emil M. E, d. 1925, pubi, printer, Vienna. M: Rosa Marini, d. 1918. <*> Married twice; one spouse Editha Fleischer, b. Falkenstein, Ger, Prot-estant, 1926-36 soprano with Metropolitan Opera, New York, 1946-47 Teatro Colon, Buenos Aires and Berlin City Opera, Mozart spec, later singing teacher in Vienna.

Att. Univ. Vienna, and studied music priv. in Berlin. 1913-14 coach, Deut. Opernhaus, Berlin. 1914-18 milit. serv; P.O.W. in Siberia. 1919-25 conductor, Dramaturg, Deut. Opernhaus, Berlin; concurr. 1923-25 Doz, Hochsch. für Musik, Berlin. 1925-33 dir. musical rehearsals, Dresden State Opera. 1933 emigr. to Arg. 1933-50(49?) educ. dir, artistic secy, and dir. of opera school, Teatro Colon, Buenos Aires. 1949 mgr. of opera studio, 1951-conductor, Vienna State Opera. 1951 artistic dir, first postwar Bayreuth Fest.

Biblio: Johann Strauss und seine Zeit (Vienna, 1911); co-ed, Richard Wagners Leben und Werke im Bilde (2 vols, Vienna-Leipzig, 1913; 1st ed. Vienna, 1921; 2nd ed. Leipzig, 1922); W.A. Mozarts Leben und Werke im Bilde (Vienna-Leipzig, 1914); other biog. writings and treatises. Sources: Hand. — R.F.J. I.

Engel, Ernst, pianist, member o f - - Comedian Harmonists; E: 1933 Aus, 1937 Fr. oo Married. C: 3 sons, first son, b. Paris 1937; third son, b. Paris 1947.

Prior to 1933 pianist at the Jockey-Club, Berlin. 1933 emigr. to Vienna. 1935-37 toured with Comedian Harmonists. 1937 emigr. to Fr. 1937-39 resid. in Paris. Pianist; played at the Vienne ä Paris, a cabaret founded by — Karl Farkas with other

Aus. exiles. After 1945 pianist in Parisian cabarets and restau-rants. 1950 opened own club.

Biblio: Recordings on E.M.I-Electrola. Lit: P.E.M; Eber-hard Fechner, "Comedian Harmonists: Sechs Lebensläufe" (T.V. prod. N.D.R, 1976); Unterhaltungskunst A-Z (E. Berlin, 1977). Arch: In possession of Robert Biberti, W. Berlin and Erika von Späth, Bremen. Sources: Arch, Hand, News, Pers, Print. — IfZ.

Engel, Eva Johanna, prof, of German language and literature; b. Dortmund, Westphalia, Ger. 18 Aug. 1919. R: Jewish. £ : 1936 U.K, 1967 U.S. Cit: 1947 U.K, fmly. Ger. F: Stefan E, b.

Reichenbach, Silesia, Ger. (Dierzoniow, Pol.) 1878, d. 1968, Jewish, studied med, prof, of pediatrics, Düsseldorf med. acad, pioneer in soc. med. in child health and care, chief doctor, children's clin, Dortmund, 1933 dismissed from position, pre-vented from accepting chair of pediatrics in Tur, 1936 to U.K, spec. res. fei. M: Margarete Litten, b. Berlin 1889, d. 1938, Jew-ish, Gym. educ, mem. Red Cross, 1936 to U.K. S : Charles Eduard, b. Dortmund 1921, univ. educ, 1936 to U.K, to Aust, prof, of med. educ; Dorothea Holmquist, b. Dortmund 1926, 1936 to U.K, bachelor of surg. and med, gynecologist, oo 1970 Albert E. Holland, b. Wanamasa, N.Y. 1912, Episcopalian, dr. work Univ. Berlin 1935-39, LL.D. Trinity Coll, Hartford, pres. Hobart and William Smith Colls, v. pres. Wellesley Coll. C: (none).

1936 emigr. to U.K; assist, by S.P.S.L, some fin. help from fam: taught evening classes for handicapped. 1938-41 att. Univ. London; 1941 B.A. with hon. Fire watcher during W.W.II. 1941-52 high sch. teacher. 1952-54 att. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, N.Y; 1952-54teachingfel; 1954 Ph.D. in Ger. lang.and Ger. and It. lit. 1954-55 assist, Univ. London. 1955 M.A, Cam-bridge Univ. 1955-60 lect, Girton Coll, Cambridge Univ, 1956-60 res. fel. 1960-68 lect. Univ. Keele, U.K; concurr. 1960-61 vis. lect, Univ. Sheffield. 1967 emigr. to U.S. 1967-68 vis. prof. Boston Univ, Mass. 1968-71 prof, of Ger. lit. Welles-ley Coll, Mass; concurr. 1970 summer vis. prof, Harvard Univ. 1971 resigned position at Wellesley Coll. in order to work on ju-bilee ed. of the writings of Moses Mendelssohn. 1980 Herzog August Bibliothek sr. fei. Also N.E.H. sr. fel. Res. in history of ideas in 18th century; studies of Schiller, Jean Paul and Moses Mendelssohn. Delineated Mendelssohn's contribs. to German literary criticism and his influence on Lessing, Schiller, Goethe and other contemporary writers and philosophers. Editor and translator of father's works on mammalian lungs. Mem: Am. Assn. of Teachers of Ger. (pres. Mass. chap. 1970-71); Philolog-ical Soc; M.L.A; Mod. Humanities Res. Assn; Leo Baeck Inst; Intl. Germanisten Verein; Lessing Soc; others. A: (1981) Wel-lesley, Mass.

Biblio: "Carl Philipp Moritz: A Study of his Ethical and Aesthetic Concepts" (diss, Cornell Univ, 1954); Jean Pauls Schulmeisterlein Wutz (The Hague, 1962); co-ed, Die Jungfrau von Orleans (London, 1963); ed, German Narrative Prose (vol. 1, eight Novellen and critical essays, London, 1965; Chester Springs, Penn, 1966); Moses Mendelssohn Gesammelte Schriften (Jubiläumsausgabe, vol.4, Stuttgart, 1977; vol .6, 1981); also contrib. arts and revs, to Pubis, of the Eng. Goethe Soc, and others. Sources: Hand, Pers, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Engel, Paul (1955-lit. pseud. Diego Viga), physician; b. Vienna 7 June 1907. R: Jewish. E: 1938 Col, 1950 Ecua. F: Julius E, b. (C.S.S.R.) 1866, d. Bogotá, Col. 1955, Jewish, coll. educ, owner of textile factory, Kommerzialrat, 1938 to Col. M: Klara Ro-senfeld, b. Pilsen, Bohemia, Aus. (Plzen, C.S.S.R.) 1885, d. Bogotá 1958, Jewish, 1938 to Col. S: Walter, b. Vienna 1908, att. Handelsakad, 1938 to Col, art critic, El Tiempo. 1965 to Can, owner, Walter Engel Gall, Toronto, oo 1935 Josefine Monath, b. Vienna 1909, Jewish, grad. Handelsakad, Vienna, mgr, Monath and Singer, Vienna, 1938 to Col. (after husband had emigrated), secy, fgn. bus. rep. C: Ana Rothschild, b. Bo-gotá 1939, sec. educ, tour guide; twins: Teresa Pienknagura, b. Bogotá 1940, Eng. prof, of längs, Catholic Univ, Quito; Juan Jacobo, b. Bogotá 1940, M.D. Univ. Central del Ecuador, 1967 to U.S, head of gastroenterological dept, Lutheran Hosp, Chi-cago.

1926-33 att. Univ. Vienna; 1933 Dr. med. 1933-35 Hilfsarzt, II. Surg. Clin, Univ. Vienna. 1935-36 assist, Pasteur Hosp. and Univ. Montevideo, Urug. 1936-38 returned to Univ. Vienna as Hilfsarzt of I. Univ. Women's Hosp. May 1938 emigr. to Col. 1938-50 prof, of endocrine biol, anthro, psych, Univ. Libre de Colombia. Concurr: 1939-45 med. detail man for Mead John-son and Co, in Col, Ven, Pan. and Ecua; 1945-50 prof, of pharm, Univ. Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá; 1940- fiction writer. 1950 emigr. to Ecua. 1951-57 res. in endocrin, pharm, and cancer, Laboratorios Life (jt. state and priv. ownership). 1957-77 mem. fac, Univ. Central del Ecuador Sch. of Med, Qui-

264 Engel to: prof, of biol, histology, gen. pathol, dent, fac; prof, of gen. biol, fac. of basic sei, later in med. sch; 1977-prof. emer. Mem: Sociedad de Endocrinología, Col. and Ecua. (fdr. mem.); En-docrine Soc. (U.S.); Royal Soc. of Med. (U.K); Col. Soc. Biol; Ecua. House of Culture Comité de los Austricos Libres (mem. bd.). Recd: Dr. h.c, Univ. Libre de Colombia (1952); premio (mención honorífica) from Univ. Central for two novels, El Año Perdido (1966) and Eva Heller (1967); hon. silver and gold medals from Liga für Völkerfreundschaft der Deut. Dem. Re-pub. (1972 and 1977 respectively): Gold Medal. Casa de la Cultura for Punto de Salida . . . Punió de Llegada. Res. on pineal gland and its rel. to pituitary hormones; tumors; inac-tivation of steroid by the liver. A: (1980) Quito.

Biblio: Co-auth, "Über Zerstörung von Menoform in Blut und Organen," Wiener klin. Wochenschrift (no. 43, 1933); "Uber den Einfluss von Epiphysenextrakten auf die Wirkung von Hypophysenvorderlappenhormonen," Wiener klin. Wo-chenschriß (no. 7, 1934); "Zirbeldrüse und gonadotropes Hor-mon," Zft.Jur die Ges. Experimentelle Pathologie (vol. 94, no. 3, 1934); "Die physiologische und pathologische Bedeutung der Zirbeldrüse," Ergebnisse der Innern Medizin und Kinder-heilkunde (vol. 50, 1936); co-auth, Medizin und Kinderheil-kunde (vol. 50, 1936); co-auth, Endocrinología (1938); Evolu-ción Filogenetica Emergente (1958); Vision déla Filosofía del Si-glo XX (1958); co-auth, Compendio de Biología, 2 vols. (1965, 1967); approx. 100 prof, pubis, altogether; also auth. of 25 books, novels, story and play colls, in Sp. and Ger. under pen name Diego Viga, incl. Der Freiheitsritter (Leipzig, Saxony, Ger, 1955; Czech, and Rum. trans.); Die sieben Leben des Wen-ceslav Perillo (Leipzig, 1958; Sp, Bulg. and Yugo, trans.); El Año Perdido (Quito, 1963); Las Paraleles se cortan (Cuenca, Ecua, 1966; trans, into Ger. as Die Parallelen schneiden sich; Leipzig, 1969); Die Konquistadoren (Leipzig, 1975); Punto de Salida . . . Punto de Llegada (Quito, 1977; Ger. ed. Weltreise in den Urwald (1979]). Sources: Arch, Hand, News, Qu. — R.F.J.I .

Engel, Stefan, prof, of pediatrics; b. Reichenbach, Silesia, Ger. (Dzierzoniow, Pol.) 7 Nov. 1978, d. London 22 Feb. 1968. E : 1933 U.K. F: Louis E, merchant. M : Née Monasch. » 1918 Marga Litten. C: Eva, b. 1919, Karl.b. 1921 ; Dorothea, b. 1926.

Att. Gym. in Breslau. 1879-1902 studied med, Univs. Breslau, Munich and Würzburg; 1904 Dr. med. Assist, and head physi-cian at hosps. in Breslau, Dresden and Düsseldorf. 1910 instr. of pediatrics, 1912 Prof, Akad. für praktische Medizin. Düssel-dorf. 1913 moved to Berlin. 1914-17 serv. W.W.I as chief surg. for med. unit. 1917-33 head of pediatric clin, munie, hosps, Düsseldorf. Res. on the anatomy of bronchial glands and their infection by primary tuberculosis. Discovered structure of mammal lung. 1933 emigr. to U.K. 1936- res. fel. Children's Hosp, Great Ormond St, London. Mem: Deut. Tuberkulose-Ges; Rheinisch-Westfälische Tuberkulose-Ges: Royal Soc. of Med, London; Royal Coll. of Surgs, London (hon. res. assoc.); Med. Acad, Düsseldorf (hon. mem. 1958).

Biblio: Grundriss der Säuglingskunde (in later ed: und der Kleinkinderkunde) (Munich, 1912; 14 eds; Dutch trans.); Die Ernährung des Säuglings (Wiesbaden, 1917); Okkulte Tuberku-lose im Kindesalter (Leipzig, 1923; 1930): Röntgenologie im Kindesalter (1933); The Childs Lung (1947: Ger. and Sp. trans.); others. Arch: S.P.S.L. Sources: Arch, Hand, Print. — IfZ.

Engel-Janosi, Friedrich (fmly. Engel von Janosi), prof, of histo-ry; b. Vienna 13 Feb. 1893, d. Vienna 7 Mar. 1978 R: 1937(38?) Roman Catholic, fmly. Jewish. E: 1938 U.K, 1940 U.S, 1959 Aus. Cit: Aus, U.S.(?). F: Moritz E. v o n J . b . 1858, d. 1924, Jew-ish, mfr. Königlicher Rat and Kommerzialrat. M: Marie Klin-ger, Jewish, emigr. to U.S. 5 : Rudi, d. in W.W.I; 1 sister, oo I. Carlette, d. Vienna 1963, Roman Catholic, emigr. to U.K, to U.S, lang, instr, Notre Dame Coll, Washington, D.C; II. 1964 Christiane Reuther.

Studied law, Univ. Vienna. Serv, W.W.I as artillery officer, decorated several times. 1919 Dr. jur. Later studied hist, under

Alfred Francis Pribram, Univ. Vienna; 1921 Dr. phil. Bank employee. 1924 dir. of fam. lumber factory following death of father. 1929 Habil. under Heinrich von Srbik, Univ. Vienna: 1935 a.o. Prof. Vienna, 1937-38 first Aus. exchange prof, of mod. hist, Univ. Rome; there converted to Roman Catholicism. Following Anschluss sold fam. factory and emigr. to U.K. Lect, Cambridge Univ. 1940 emigr. to U.S. 1940-42 res. assoc, Johns Hopkins Univ. 1942-44 vis. prof, and beginning 1945 prof, of Eur. hist, Catholic Univ. of Am, Washington, D C; 1959 prof, emer. Concurr. v. pres, later pres, Aus.-Am. Catholic Fed; 1942 co-signer of proclamation to Austrians in U.S. to join planned Aus. Battalion of U.S. Army (see *Otto Habsburg-Lothringen). 1959 returned to Aus. Honorarprof, Univ. Vienna. Spec, in 19th and 20th-century Austrian history, esp. in the historiography of Austrian-Vatican relations. Mem: Acad, of Scis, Vienna (cor-resp. mem.); Inst, of Aus. Hist. Res. (hon. mem.); Istituto per la Storia de Risorgimento, Catholic Hist. Assn. (pres.); Inter-nationaler Historikerkongress (pres. 1965). Recd: Guggenheim Foundation Award (1955); personal congratulatory address on occasion of his 80th birthday from Pope Paul VI.

Biblio: Soziale Probleme der Renaissance (Stuttgart, 1924); Graf Rechberg: Vier Kapitel zu seiner und Österreichs Geschichte (Munich, 1927); Der Freiherr von Hübner (¡811-1892) (Inns-bruck, 1933); Die Jugendzeit des Grafen Prokesch von Osten (Innsbruck, 1938); The Growth of German Historicism (Balti-more, 1944) ; Four Studies in French Romantic Historical Writing (Baltimore, 1955); Österreich und der Vatikan 1846-1918, 2 vols. (Graz, Vienna, Cologne, 1958-60); Vom Chaos zur Ka-tastrophe: Vatikanische Gespräche, 1918-1938 (Vienna, Mu-nich, 1971); . . . aber ein stolzer Bettler: Erinnerungen aus einer verlorenen Generation (Graz, Vienna, Cologne, 1974); also con-trib. more than 60 arts, to prof, journs. and books; for biblio. to 1963 see Friedrich Engel-Janosi, Geschichte auf dem Ballhaus-platz: Essays zur österreichischen Aussenpolitik 1830-1945 (Graz, Vienna, Cologne, 1963); IfZ arch. Lit: Herta Nagl-Docekal, Edith Saurer, obit, in Zeitgeschichte (June-July 1978). Arch: S.P.S.L. Sources: Arch, Autobiog, Hand, Journ, News, Print. — IfZ.

Engelberg, Edward, prof, of comparative literature; b. Chem-nitz, Saxony, Ger. (Karl-Marx-Stadt, Ger. Dem. Repub.) 21 Jan. 1929. R: Jewish. E: 1939 U.S. Cit: 1944 U.S, fmly. Ger, after 1934 stateless. F: Jakob E, b. Pol. 1888, d. of head injuries sustained at Dachau concentration camp, 1941,1939 to U.S. M: Paula Weber, b. Ger. 1901, dec, 1939 to U.S. S. Melly Resni-cow, b. Ger. 1926, 1939 to U.S, M.A, high sch. teacher, oo 1950 Elaine A. Rosen, b. U.S. 1930, Jewish, B.A, high sch. soc. studies teacher. C: Stephen Paul, b. 1958; Michael Joseph, b. 1960; Elizabeth Joyce, b. 1962.

1939 emigr. to U.S. to join reis. From age 16 employed as window dresser, diamond cutter in insur. co. 1946-51 att. Brooklyn Coll, New York 1951 B.A. Phi Beta Kappa, 1952 M.A; concurr. 1951-52 teaching fel. Univ. Oregon, Eugene. 1952-55 att. Univ. Wisconsin; teaching fel; 1957 Ph.D. 1955-57 Fulbright fel, Cambridge Univ, U.K. 1957-65 mem. fac, dept. of Eng, Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor: 1957 instr, 1960 assist, prof, 1964-65 assoc. prof, summers 1959 and 1963 Rackham res. fel. 1965- mem. fac, Brandeis Univ. Waltham, Mass: 1965 assoc. prof, 1967-prof, 1972-75 chmn. dept. of Romance längs, and comp, lit; concurr. 1970 recd. A.C.L.S. travel grant. 1975-76 recd. sr. fel, N.E.H. Mem: M.L.A; Am. Comp. Lit. Assn. A: (1981) Lexington, Mass.

Biblio: "The Herald of Art; A Study of W. B. Yeats' Criticism and Aesthetic" (diss, Univ. Wisconsin, 1957); The Vast Design: Patterns in W.B. Yeats Aesthetic (Toronto, 1964; paperback 1974); compiler, The Symbolist Poem: the Development of the English Tradition (New York, 1967); The Unknown Distance: From Consciousness to Conscience, Goethe to Camus (Cam-bridge, Mass, 1972); contrib. revs, and arts, to prof, journs. Sources: Hand, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Engelberg, Ernst, prof, of history; b. Haslach, Baden, Ger. 5 Apr. 1909. E: I934<?) Switz, Tur, 1948 Ger. (Soviet Occup. Zone).

Engelmann 265 Studied history and philos, Univs. Berlin and Munich. Mem.

K.J.V.D. and Communist student movt; later mem. of K.P.D. Dr. phil. 1934 briefly under arrest. 1934(?) emigr. to Tur. via Switz. on recommendation of — Erich Auerbach, lect. at fgn. lang. sch. of Univ. Istanbul (Yabanci Diller Okulu). 1948 re-turned to Ger. (Soviet Occup. Zone). Teacher, Landeshochsch. in Potsdam. Prof, Univ. Leipzig, there 1951 dir. of Inst, of Ger. Hist, later and until 1960 prof, and fac. chmn. for Ger. hist, Karl-Marx-Univ, Leipzig. From I960 dir, Inst, of Hist, at (East) Ger. Acad, of Scis. 1959-65 pres, Nat. Comm. of Historians of the Ger. Dem. Repub. Mem: Ger. Acad, of Scis. Reed: V.V.O. in silver (1959); Nationalpreis, 3rd class (1964); Dr. phil, h.c, Karl-Marx-Univ. Leipzig (1969).

Biblio: Die Klassiker des wissenschaftlichen Kommunismus zur deutschen Arbeiterbewegung (Berlin, 1953); Geschichte Deutschlands 1849-1871 (1959; 2nd ed. 1962); Revolutionäre Politik und Rote Feldpost 1878-1890 (Berlin, 1959); Probleme des nationalen Geschichtsbildes der deutschen Arbeiterklasse (Leipzig, 1962); Der umfassende Au/bau des Sozialismus und die Aufgaben der Historiker (Berlin, 1964); ed, Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Deutsche Geschichte der Universität Leipzig (1-7); num. contribs. to scholarly omnibus vols, and journs; for fur-ther biblio. see G.K. (1970); G. V. Lit: Widmann, Bildungshilfe. Sources: Hand, Print. — If/..

Engelberg, Joseph, prof, of physiology and biophysics; b. Vienna 2 June 1928. R: Jewish Quaker (1959 joined Soc. of Friends). E: 1938 U.K, 1940 U.S. Cit: 1942(?) U.S, fmly. Aus. F: Marcus E, b. Podhajce, Galicia, Aus. (Podgaitsy, U.S.S R.) 1891, Jewish, relig. educ, baby carriage mfr, 1939 walked across border to Belg, 1940 to U.S. M: Golda August Berger, b. Pod-hajce 1891, d. Detroit, Mich. 1972, Jewish, priv. educ, business-woman, Zionist, W.I.Z.O. Golden Book, mem. Mizrachi, emigr. with spouse. S : Paula Hart, b. Vienna 1921, Gym. educ, 1938 to U.K. via Fr, 1940 to U.S, secy. o° 1954 Judith Schwartz, b. Budapest 1924, Jewish Quaker, M.S. libr. sci. C: Miriam, b. Philadelphia 1958; Elise, b. Lexington, Ky. 1964.

1938 emigr. to U.K. via Neth. on children's transport. 1940 emigr. to U.S, assist, from H.I.A.S. and J .D.C. 1946-50 studied Cooper Union Sch. of Engr, New York: 1950 B.M.E; concurr. summer 1949 engr. trainee, U.S. Navy, Bethesda, Md. 1950-58 studied Univ. Pennsylvania: 1954 M.S. in phys, 1958 Ph.D. Concurr: 1950-53 res. engr. surgical instrumentation, Univ. Pennsylvania. 1953-54 bioengr, Franklin Inst, Philadelphia. 1958-60 U.S. P.H.S. fel, Univ. Colorado, Denver. 1960-61 Am. Cancer Soc. fel, Univ. California, Berkeley. 1961 mem. fac, Univ. Kentucky, Lexington: 1961 assist, prof, 1965 assoc. prof, 1970- prof. Res. in bioengr. and biophys: partic. in the inven-tion of the coil artificial kidney; studied the elastic properties of the blood vessels and the pleura of the lungs; theoret. in-vests. of the cell div. cycle, and the theory of living systems. Work in a poverty area of Lexington on the dev. of a health sys-tem for low income families culminated in the establishment, in 1973, of a health maintenance org. there. Mem: Hunter Found, for Health Care, Inc. (bd. pres. 1971-72); Biophysical Soc; Am. Physiol. Soc. Reed: Lederle Award (1963-66). A: (1980) Lexington.

Biblio: Co-auth, "A Simplified Artificial Kidney and Ultra-filtrator," Surgical Forum, 29th Clinical Congress, W.B. Saun-ders, ed. (1953, 1954); "Ventricular Fibrillation; An Experi-mental Study," Surgical Forum, 29th Clinical Congress, W.B. Saunders, ed. (1953, 1954); "Mechanics of Pulmonary Circula-tion in Isolated Rabbit Lungs," Am. Journ. Physiol. (196, 1959); "A Method of Measuring the Degree of Synchroniza-tion of Cell Populations," Exp. Cell Res. (28, 1961); co-auth, "The Non-Cybernetic Nature of Ecosystems," Am. Naturalist (vol. 114,1979); other pubis. Sources: Hand, Qu. — R.F.J.I .

Engelman, Edmund, photoengineer, photojournalist; b. Vienna 21 May 1907. R: Jewish. E: 1938 Fr, 1939 U.S. Cit: 1944 U.S, fmly. Aus. F: Max E, b. Trenza (?), Galicia, Aus. 1877, d. U.S. 1943, Jewish, bus. and mfr , 1940/41 to U.S. via Russ, Manchu-ria and Korea with spouse, aided by H.I.A.S. M: Eugenie Heu-

berg, Kolbozow, Galicia, Aus. (Kolbuszowa, Pol.) 1880, d. U.S. 1960, Jewish. S : Margot Pollack, b. Vienna 1903, 1939 to U.K. oo 1939 Irene Lipnowska, b. Lodz, Pol. 1917, Jewish, 1939 to Fr, 1939 to U.S. via It. and Cuba, att. univs, 1957 li-censed soc. worker, psychiatric soc. worker, clin. coord, at Long Island Jewish Hillside Hosp, N.Y. C: Ralph, b. New York 1944, Ph.D, Washington Univ, St. Louis, hist; Thomas, b. New York 1948, M. Educ, youth commn, Needham, Mass.

1925-26 att. Graphische Lehr und Versuchsanstalt, Vienna; studied photog. and cinematography with prof. Zimmer. 1927-32 studied with Prof. Ernst Mach, T.H, Vienna; 1932 Dipl.-Ing. 1932-38 fdr. and owner of Foto City, Vienna, a cent, for innovation in amateur and prof, uses of photog. and cinema. Concurr: Consult, to Anatomisches Inst, Univ. Vienna Sch. of Med. on use of film as instructional device in med. educ; filmed Vienna Kammerspiele's prod, of Achtung Grossaufnahme starring-« Felix Bressartand-» Herbert Berghof; 1934 photog. aftermath of Feb. uprising in Vienna showing destruction of worker's housing devs. Negatives destroyed following Kristall-nacht. 1938 August Aichhorn requested that E.E. produce a photog. record of Sigmund Freud's offs, living quarters, and portraits of his fam. Photos publ. in num. places and formed ba-sis of Freud Mus, Vienna; photos also collected and publ. as Berggasse 19 - Sigmund Freud's Home and Offices. Vienna 1938: The Photographs of Edmund Engelman (New York, 1976) with intro by -» Peter Gay; book has been trans, into Ger. and Fr. and won Carey-Thomas Award of Publishers Weekly, 1976. Photo's exhib: Guild Hall, E. Hampton, N.Y. (1973); Jewish Mus. (1974); Galerie Erval, Paris (1980). Photos, and E.E.'s experiences formed basis for a film, Sigmund Freud: His Offices and Home, Vienna 1938 (1975) narrated by Eli Wal-lach and E.E; reed. 1975 CINE Golden Eagle Award for film; has also appeared on num. radio and T.V. progs, to discuss the work in U.S, Aus. and Can. Mar. 1938 Foto City confiscated by order of Nazis. Nov. (?) 1938 arrested and interrogated follow-ing Kristallnacht. Bought Bol. visa on black market and ob-tained transit visa to Marseille for boat to Bol. Jan. 1939 emigr. to Fr. Jan. to Sept. 1939 illegal stay in Fr. awaiting U.S. visa. Taught photog. in S. Fr. Briefly interned near Bordeaux as ille-gal alien. Sept. 1939 emigr. to U.S. Att. Brooklyn Polytechnical Inst, New York. (New York Polytechnical Inst.). 1939-40 came-ra salesman. 1940-44 engr. at Intl. Telephone and Telegraph; mem. of Army-Air Force proj. to dev. elec. equipment for com-bat airplanes; dev. var. patents assigned to I.T.T. incl. alterna-tor failure warning syst, now standard in all planes. 1944-46 with Fed. Mfg. and Engr. Corp. on war-related aviation projs. 1946-58 fdr. and owner, Midway Camera Exchange, New York. 1958- consult, engr. in photog. tech. Spec, in conversion of photographic processing to automation; dev. and patented new system for electrolic silver recovery of spent photographic fixing solutions. Mem: Soc. of Photog. Scis. and Engrs. A: (1981) New York.

Lit: Voices of the Holocaust (1981). Sources: Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Engelmann, Frederick Charles (to 1938 Friedrich Karl), prof, of political science; b. Vienna 10 July 1921. R : Protestant, to 1953 Jewish. E: 1938 U.S, 1962 Can. Cit: 1943 U.S, 1976 Can. F: Guido E, b. Olmiitz, Moravia, Aus. (Olomouc, C.S.S.R.) 1876, d. Los Angeles 1958, Jewish, Dr. med, orthopedic surg, 1938 to U.S, masseur. M : Martha Duschnitz, b. Vienna 1880, d. Los Angeles 1965, Jewish, priv. educ, secy. Bund für Mutterschutz, Vienna, 1938 to U.S. S: Maria Nanette Klemperer, b. Vienna 1906, d. Washington, U.S. 1969, lyceum educ, 1932 to U.S; Francis Leopold, b. Vienna 1908, Dr. med, 1938 to U.S, ortho-pedic surg. oo 1953 Mary Wylie, b. Bath, N.Y. 1927, Presbyter-ian, B.A, Park Coll, ^ o , soc. work dipl, soc. worker, dir. Sr. Cits. Bur, Alberta, Can. C: John Wylie, b. 1956, B.S, Univ. Al-berta, transit forecaster, Edmonton; Peter Charles, b. 1957, B.A, Univ. Alberta, lawstudent; Stephen Guido, b. 1961.

June 1938 emigr. to U.S. to join sister in Calif; reed, aid f rom father's patients. 1939-43 att. U.C.L.A: 1942 pres. Intl. Club, 1942-43 mem. post-war planning group of campus leaders, 1942 A.B, Phi Beta Kappa. 1943-45 1st lieut, U.S. Army milit. intell. 1946-47 returned to U.C.L.A; teaching assist, 1947 A.M.

266 Engl 1947-50 att. Yale Univ: 1947-48, 1950 teaching assist, 1950 M.A; 1954 Ph.D. in polit. sci. 1950-62 mem. fac, dept. of polit. sci, Alfred Univ, N. Y: 1950 instr, 1952 assist, prof, 1956-62 as-soc. prof; concurr. 1959-60 Rockefeller Found, grant. 1962 emigr. to Can. as landed immigr. 1962- mem. fac, dept. of polit. sci, Univ. Alberta: 1962 assoc. prof, (at Calgary), 1964-65 act-ing head dept, 1965 assoc. prof, (at Edmonton), 1966- prof. 1968-69 Can. Coun. res. grant. Res. on comparative political parties, government coalitions; special emphasis upon Canadi-an, Austrian and German political parties. Mem: Can. Polit. Sci. Assn. (mem. bd. dirs, v. pres. 1972-73); S.S.R.C. of C a n ; Intl. Polit. Sci. Assn; Hum. Assn. of Calgary (pres. 1964-65); New Dem. Party; others. A: (1980) Edmonton.

Biblio: "Austria," in R.A. Dahl ed, Political Oppositions in Western Democracies (New Haven, Conn, 1966); co-auth, Political Parties and the Canadian Social Structure (Prentice Hall of Can, 1967); co-auth, Canadian Political Parties: Origin. Character, Impact (Prentice Hall of Can, 1975); annual contrib. to Intl. Yrbk. of Communism of Hoover Inst, Stanford, Calif; contrib. chaps, to books, articles and revs, to prof, journs. incl. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev; Journ. of Politics; Can. Journ. of Polit. Sci. and Journ. fur angewandte Sozialforschung. Sources: Hand .Qu . - R.F.J.I.

Engl, Josef Benedict, physicist, inventor; b. Munich 6 Aug. 1893, d. New York 8 Apr. 1942. R: Roman Catholic. E: 1939 U.S. F: Josef B. E, b. 1867, d. 1907, sculptor and painter, con-trib. to Simplizissimus. M: Margarethe Fritzmann,' b. 1869, d. 1917. oo I. 1917 Frieda Venghaus, div; II. Erika Briesmeister. C: With first wife, 1 son, 1 dtr.

1911-16 att. Univs. Munich, Berlin and Göttingen; 1917 Dr. phil. in phys, reed. fac. gold medal prize. 1916-18 phys. with Siemens and Halske, Berlin. 1918-22 priv. lab. work with H. Vogt and J. Massolle, invention of a complete sound-film syst, Tri-Ergon, which was first demonstrated in Berlin in 1922. 1922-23 consult, engr. for high-speed radio telegraphy record-ing instruments, C. Lorenz A.G, Berlin. 1923-26 consult, engr. for Tri-Ergon A.G, Zurich, further dev. in sound film field. 1925-38 Doz, late a.o. Prof, T.H. Berlin. Concurr: 1929-34 in priv. supersonic lab, Berlin, collab. with Am. film co. on dev. of sound film machines and T.V; 1934-38 consult, engr. on heat engr. X-ray tubes, Ges. für Technik, Berlin; 1935-37 consult, engr, Tobis A.G, Berlin; 1936-39 other consult, in var. fields incl. color film and instrumentation of planes. 1939 emigr. to U.S. Consult, physicist. Mem: Ger. Phys. Soc; Ger. Soc. for Tech. Phys; Phys. Soc. Am; Optical Soc. of Am; fel, Soc. Mo-tion Picture Engrs. Reed: Messter Medal, Deut, kinotech. Ges. (1932).

Biblio: Der tönende Film, das Triergon- Verfahren und seine Anwendungsmöglichkeiten (Braunschweig, 1927); Raum- und Bauakustik, ein Leitfaden für Architekten und Ingenieure (Leip-zig, 1939). Sources: Hand, Pers, Print. - R.F.J.I .

Engländer, Richard Bernhard W. O, musicologist; b. Leipzig, Saxony, Ger. 17 Feb. 1889, d. Uppsala, Swed. 16 Mar. 1966. E: 1939 Swed. F: Bernhard E, Reichsgerichtsrat. M: Rosalie Pringsheim.

Studied cello, piano and composition at Leipzig Cons, with P. Klengel; concurr. studied music hist, with H. Riemann, Schering and others in Berlin. 1914-18 milit. serv, Ger. Army; reed. E.K. II. Friedrich August Medal. 1916 Dr. phil. 1919-39 pianist, harpsichordist, writer on musical topics in Dresden, Saxony. Concurr: 1922-24 coach at Staatsoper; 1924 opera cond. of Bühnenvolksbund; assist, to -» Fritz Busch, Staats-oper, Dresden; curator, Dresden Orchestersch. der Sächsischen Staatskapelle, Musikpädagogisches Sem. 1939 emigr. to Swed. Lived in Uppsala. 1948 lect, Univ. Uppsala. 1952 app. to music hist, chair, Univ. Aarhus. 1954- head, newly est, Coll. of Mu-sic, Uppsala. Interested in hist, of opera, harpsichord music, 18th cent, music and arrangements of old music. Reed: Hon. dr, Univ. Uppsala (1955); Professorentitel (1965).

Biblio: Diss, on Johann Gottlieb Naumann (publ. Leipzig, 1916, later publ. as J. G. Naumann als Operakomponist [Leipzig,

1922J); ed. musical works, incl. those of Mozart, Kraus and Gluck; auth. of num. arts, on musical topics; extensive biblio. in M.G. G. (vols. 3,15). Works: Composed songs, choral pieces, cello and bass violin sonatas. Lit: G. Croll, Musikforschung (vol. 19); Gisela Lutter, "Das Leben und Schaffen des Musik-wissenschaftlers R.E." (diss, Univ. Stockholm, 1971). Papers: Partly in Univ. Uppsala; partly in Musikwiss. Inst, Salzburg. Arch: S.P.S.L. Sources: Arch, Hand. - R.F.J.I .

Eppenstein, Walter, prof, of physics; b. Berlin 14 Dec. 1920. R: Jewish. E: 1937 Tur, 1946 U.S. Cit: 1952 U.S. fmly. Ger. F.-Franz J, b. Berlin 1894, d. Berlin 1950, Jewish, Dr. phil, 1934 to Tur, worked for Tur. govt, 1948 to Fed. Repub. Ger, Oberre-gierungsrat. M: Margaret Bachmann, b. Gottingen, Hannover, Ger. 1896, d. concentration camp 1942, Jewish. S: Ilse, b. Ber-lin 1924, d. in Holocaust in E. Eur. 1942. oo 1944 Julia Hirsch, b. Berlin 1923, d. Boston 1966, to Tur. as a child with fam, 1946 to U.S. with husband, M.S. in educ, fgn. lang. and sci. teacher. C: Judith Markbein, b. 1947; Deborah, b. 1950, att. Boston Cons, of Music; Jonathan, b. 1958, B.S, Northeastern Univ, Boston, elec. engr.

1932-35 att. Oberrealsch, Charlottenburg, Berlin; active in student Zionist movt. 1935 expelled from Gym. 1935-37 worked as plumber in Berlin. 1937 emigr. to Tur, joined father in Ankara. 1938-42 att. Robert Coll, Istanbul, 1942 B.S. in elec. engr. 1942 instr, Robert Coll. 1946 emigr. to U.S. with wife; reed, aid from Intl. Inst, of Educ, New York; wife worked as a nursery sch. teacher. 1947-52 att. Rensselaer Polytech. Inst, Troy, N.Y; 1952 M.S. in phys. From 1947 mem. fac, phys. dept, Rensselaer Polytech. Inst: 1947 instr, 1953 assist, prof, 1962 as-soc. prof, from 1969 prof. Concurr: Consult, to var. govt, agcys. and educ. progs, incl. N.S.F; Commn. on Coll Phys; Nat. Film Bd. of Can. 1965-66 mem. staff, Harvard Univ. Proj. Phys. Res. primarily on dev. of teaching methods and visual aids for use in sec. sch. and undergrad. phys. progs; nuclear phys, vacuum technol. Mem: Am. Assn. of Phys. Teachers (mem. visual aids comm, 1960-66; film rev. ed, Am. Journ. of Phys, 1967-71); Am. Soc. of Engr. Educ. (v. chmn, phys. div. 1965-66 and chmn, 1966-68; mem, exec, comm, phys. div. 1965-69, 1979—); Cong. Berith Shalom, Troy; others. Reed: First prize, appara-tus competition (1961) and Dist. Serv. Citation (1976), both Am. Assn. of Phys. Teachers. A: (1981) Troy, N. Y.

Biblio: Contrib. to Taylor Manual of Advanced Undergraduate Experiments in Physics (Stony Brook, New York, 1959); The Overhead Projector in the Physics Lecture (Troy, 1961); Physics Series Overhead Projector Transparencies, Visual Aids (New York, 1964); Report on the Workshop for the Development of Apparatus for College Physics at Rensselaer Polytech. Inst. 1964-65 (Troy, 1966); co-auth, Laboratory Physics (New York, 1969); co-auth, Transparencies for Physics (New York, 1971); contrib. num. papers to regional and nat. confs; book revs, to Am. Journ. of Phys. and Phys. Today. Sources: Hand, Print, Qu. - R.F.J.I.

Eppstein, Hans, musicologist; b. Mannheim, Baden, Ger. 25 Feb. 1911 .« : Jewish, until 1933 freethinker. E: 1936 Swed. Cit: 1947 Swed, fmly. Ger. F: Oscar E, b. Gemünden, Rhineland, Ger. 1873, d. Haifa 1964, Jewish, sec. educ, bank mgr. M: Lili Behr, b. Karlsruhe, Baden, Ger. 1879. d. Haifa 1968. Jewish, sec. educ. S: Walter, b. Mannheim 1905, 1934 to Pal, Bankex-aminer; Ilse Wreschner, b. Mannheim 1908, d. Haifa 1965, Ab-itur, ca. 1935 to Pal; Eugen, b. Mannheim 1917, sec. educ, 1935 to Pal, agric. and indus. oo 1936 Lilli Lipsky, b. Andernach, Rhineland, Ger. 1909, Jewish, Abitur, 1932 passed exam, as priv. piano teacher, 1936 to Swed, piano teacher until 1965, grad. student, Univ. Stockholm.

1922-30 mem. Kameraden. 1929-34 studied music at Univs. Heidelberg, Freiburg/Breisgau and Bern. 1930-31 studied music priv, incl. theory and piano; 1931 priv. exam, in these fields in Karlsruhe. 1934 Dr. phil, Univ. Bern (after exclusion f rom Heidelberg). 1934-36 music teacher, Jüdische Land-schulheim Caputh near Potsdam. Oct. 1936 emigr. to Swed. on tourist visa with wife. Employed as music teacher, pianist and

Epstein 267 music writer. 1949-53 collab, 1953-57 chief ed, Tonkonslen Music Diet, 2 vols. (Stockholm, 1955-57). 1957-63 head of music dept, Framnäs Folkhögskola Öjebyn (Norrbotten; adult educ. cent.). 1963-66 studied and lect, cons, of Göteborg. 1966 Fil. dr, Univ. Uppsala. 1966-77 Doz, Inst, for Musicol, Univ. Uppsala. Spec, on instrumental and particularly chamber music of J.S. Bach, and on chamber music for violin or piano. Mem: Swed. Soc. for Music Res; Royal Acad, of Music, Stock-holm; exec, comm, pubis, of Monumenta Swecicae. A: (1981) Stocksund, Swed.

Biblio: Nicolas Gomberi als Motettenkomponist (diss, Univ. Bern, 1934; publ. Würzburg, 1935); Brahms (in Swed, Stock-holm, 1948); Studien über J.S. Bachs Sonaten für ein Melo-dieinstrument und obligates Cembalo (diss, Univ. Uppsala, 1966); Heinrich Schütz (in Swed, Stockholm, 1972; also Ger. ed, Neuhausen-Stuttgart, 1975); for complete biblio. see M.G.G. Sources: Hand, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Epstein, Emanuel, prof, of plant physiology; b. Duisburg, Rhineland, Ger. 5 Nov. 1916. E: 1933 Belg, 1934 Pal, 1938 U.S. Cit: 1946 U.S, fmly. Ger. F: Harry E, b. Duisburg 1879, d. Jerusalem 1974, Jewish, Dr. jur. Univ. Bonn, lawyer, business-man, leader in Zion. org, 1935 to Pal. M: Bertha Loewe, b. Duisburg 1880, d. Jerusalem 1973, Jewish, lyceum educ, fdr, Jewish kindergarten in Duisburg, emigr. with husband. S: Theodor, b. Duisburg 1908, Dipl.-Ing, elec. engr, emigr. with fam; Hannah, b. Duisburg 1910, sec. educ, emigr. with fam; Ga-briel, b. Duisburg 1918, 1933 to Pal, 1938 to U.K., archit. dipl, architect, partner in archit. firm, oo 1943 Hazel M. Leask, b. Santa Cruz, Calif. 1919, B.A, sec. sch. teacher. C: Jared, b. San-ta Cruz 1945, d. Berkeley 1967, educ. Univ. California, Berke-ley; Jonathan, b. Oakland, Calif. 1948, B.A. Univ. California, Davis, admin.

April 1933 emigr. to Belg. 1934 emigr. to Pal. 1936-37 att. Hebrew Univ. 1937-38 farm work in Nahalal. 1938 emigr. to U.S. 1938-40 att. Univ. California, Berkeley; 1940 B.S. 1941 M.S, Univ. California, Davis. 1942-50 att. Univ. California, Berkeley: 1942-43 studied plant nutrition, 1946-49 studied plant physiol, 1950 Ph.D. in plant physiol. Concurr: 1943-46 serv, U.S. Army; 1949-51 assoc. plant physiol, U.S. Dept. Agric, Beltsville, Md. 1951-58 plant physiol. Concurr: 1950 guest invest, biophys. lab, Carnegie Inst, of Technology in Washington, D.C. 1955 adv, U.S.deleg, Conf. on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva. 1958- mem. fac. Univ. California, Davis: 1958 lect. plant nutrition and assoc. plant physiol, 1965 prof, and plant physiol. 1958 Guggenheim fel, California Inst, of Technology, Pasadena. 1961 partic, Nat. Acad. Sci.—Nat. Res. Coun. Desalination Conf , Mass. 1962-71 and 1976 mem. ed. bd, Plant. Physiol. 1965-66 Fulbright res. grant in Aust. 1974-75 Fulbright res. grant in N.Z. Planned and participated in intl. symposia, colloquia and projects. Res. in plant physiol, esp. mineral nutrition of plants. Invest, a new system of crop production based on seawater, which provides both irrigation and nutrients. Also studied salt tolerant crops for use in inland situations where soils and water are saline. Consult, to govt, and priv. orgs. Mem: A.A.A.S; Nat. Acad, of Scis; Am. Soc. of Plant Physiol; Am. Inst. Biol. Scis; Sigma Xi; others. Reed: Cherubim gold medal, Univ. Pisa (1962). A: (1980) Davis.

Biblio: Co-auth, "A Kinetic Study of the Absorption of Alka-li Cations by Barley Roots," Plant Physiol. (vol. 27, 1952); auth, "The Essential Role of Calcium in Selective Cation Trans-port by Plant Cells," Plant Physiol (vol.36, 1961); co-auth, "Resolution of Dual Mechanisms of Potassium Absorption by Barley Roots," Proc. Nat. Acad, of Sci. (vol. 49,1963); co-auth, "Carrier-mediated Cation Transport in Barley Roots: Kinetic Evidence for a Spectrum of Active Sites," Proc. Nat. Acad, of Sci. (vol. 53, 1965); co-auth, "Seawater-based Crop Produc-tion: a Feasibility Study," Science (vol. 197, 1977); Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles und Perspectives (New York, 1972); co-ed, The Biosaline Concept: An Approach to the Utiliza-tion of Under Exploited Resources (New York, 1979); contrib. num. other arts, to sci. journs. and chaps, to books; for biblio. to 1978 see R.F.J.I. archs. Sources: Hand, Journ, News, Qu. — R.F.J. I.

Epstein, Frederick Hermon (fmly. Fritz Hermann), prof, of preventive medicine, epidemiologist; b. Frankfur t /M 24 July 1916. R: Jewish. E: 1930 Switz, 1937 U.K, 1948 U.S. Cit: U.S, fmly. Ger. F: Ernst E, b. Frankfur t /M 1870, d. 1922, Jewish, mfr. M: Klara Redelsheimer, b. Frankfur t /M 1880, Jewish, 1930 emigr. with son. oo I. 1941 Ingeborg Luise Günther, b. Ger, emigr, 1938 div; II. 1972 Doris Herold-Meyer. C: Andrew E, b. 1950, physician; Anthony C, b. 1952, lawyer.

Att. Gym. in Frankfur t /M. 1930 att. sch. in Switz; did not re-turn to Ger. due to Nazi regime. 1934-35 att. Univ. Zurich. 1935-36 student, E.T.H. Zurich. 1937 emigr. to U.K. 1937-40 att. Cambridge Univ; 1940 B.A; 1944 M.A; M.B. and B. Chir; 1956 M.D. 1940-43 att. University Coll. Hosp. Sch. of Med, London; 1943 M.R.C.S, L.R.C.P. 1943-44 house physician, Mile End Hosp, London. 1944—47 resid. in U.K; concurr. 1944-45 casualty off, Hillingdon County and St. Mary's Hosps, London. 1948 emigr. to U.S. 1948-56 with New York Univ. div, Goldwater Mml. Hosp, New York: 1948 assist, res-id, 1949 res. fel, 1952 assist, att. vis. physician, Third Med. Div. 1951-56 physician in charge of res. dept, Sidney Hillman Health Cent, New York; 1951-56 clin. instr. and assist, in med, New York Univ. Coll. of Med. 1956-73 mem. fac, dept. of epidemiology, Univ. Michigan Sch. of Pub. Health, Ann Ar-bor: 1956-59 res. assoc, 1957-59 resid. lect, 1959-63 assoc. prof, 1963-73 prof, 1969-73 dir, res. cent, diseases of the heart. Concurr: 1956-62 with Nat. Heart Inst, U.S.P.H.S: 1956-57 res. fel, 1956-59 spec. res. fel, 1962-73 res. career award, N. I .H; 1961, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973-81 consult, cardiovascu-lar disease section, W.H.O; 1967-70 mem, Surg. Gen. 's Adv. Panel on Smoking and Cardiovascular Diseases. Mem. ed. bds: 1965-68, 1973- Am. Journ. of Epidemiology. 1966-71 Cir-culation. 1968- Atherosclerosis. 1972- Preventive Med. 1980 So-zial- und Präventivmedizin. From 1973 prof, of preventive med, Inst, of Soc. and Preventive Med, Univ. Zurich Sch. of Med. Mem: var. councils for Am. Heart Assn; Am. Fed. Clin. Res; Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med; Am. Pub. Health Assn; Gerontol. Soc; A.A.A.S; Am. Epidemiol. Soc; Intl. Epidemiol. Assn; Deut. Ges. für innere Medizin; Intl. Atherosclerosis Soc. Recd: New York Heart Assn. res. fel. (1950-51); Dr. med, h.c. (1979). A: (1981) Zurich.

Biblio: Contrib. approx. 160 arts, to prof, journs. and chaps, to books. Sources: Hand, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Epstein, Fritz Theodor, prof, of hist, curator; b. Saargemünd, Saarland, Ger. 20 Aug. 1898. R: Lutheran. E: 1934 U.K, 1937 U.S, 1972(7) Fed. Repub. Ger. Cit: U.S. F: Paul E, prof, of math. M: Alice Wiesengrund. oo 1924 Herta Bertheismann, b. Molsheim, Alsace, Ger. (Fr.) 1894, d. 1974, Lutheran, sec. educ, att. Univ. Frankfurt , soc. worker, 1934 to U.K, 1937 to U.S. C.-Rose Bloomhardt, b. Berlin 1924, 1934 to U.K, 1937 to U.S, teacher; Klaus Werner Epstein.

Studied hist, and polit, sci. at Univs. Heidelberg, Jena, and Berlin; 1924 Dr. phil, Univ. Berlin. 1924-26 with de Gruyter Publ, Berlin; co-ed, Minerva. 1927-32 assist. E. Eur. Sem, Univ. Hamburg. 1933-36 lect. Ger, Fr. Inst, London. 1937^)3 res. assist, Harvard Univ. 1944-46 res. anal, O.S.S, Washington, D.C. 1946-48 hist, Ger. War Document Proj. 1948-51 curator of Cent. Eur. and Slavic colls, Hoover Libr, Stanford Univ. 1951-54 dir. of res, War Document Proj, Alexandria, Va. 1951-59 lect, 1960adj. prof, American Univ, Washington, D.C. 1952-60 spec, on U.S.S.R. and Cent. Eur, Libr. of Cong, Wash-ington, D.C. 1960-62 acting ed, Dokumente zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik 1918-1945. Bonn. 1962-69 prof, of hist, and curator of libr's. Slavic colls, Indiana Univ, Bloomington. Vis. prof: 1950 Univ. Berlin, 1954 Univ. Bonn, 1966, 1968 Univ. Hamburg. Mem: Am. Hist. Assn. (chmn, conf. group on Ger. hist. 1969-70); Deut. Ges. für Presseforschung, Bremen (hon. mem.). Recd: B.V.K, first class (1959); hon. prof, Univ. Bonn (1961); Dr. h.c. Univ. Hamburg (1968); Hon. prof, Univ. Frei-burg/Breisgau (1974). A: (1979) Rehlingen near Lüneburg, Hannover, Ger.

Biblio: "Die Hof- und Zentralverwaltung im Moskauer Staat" (diss, Berlin, 1924); "Die marxistische Geschichtswis-senschaft in der Sovietunion seit 1927," Jahrbücher für Kultur

268 Epstein und Geschichte der Slayen (vol. 6, no. 1, 1930); ed. o fHe in r i ch von Studen's Aufzeichnungen über den Moskauer Staat (Hamburg, 1930); "Russland und die Wellpolitik, 1917-1920" (1932 typescript, 4 vols, at Hoover Inst, Stanford Univ.); Ger-man Source Materials in American Libraries (Milwaukee, 1958); Germany and the East: Selected Essays (Bloomington, Ind, 1973); contrib. many arts, to hist, journs. Arch: S.P.S.L. Sources: Arch, N.D.W, Hand, Pers. - R.F.J.I.

Epstein, Klaus Werner, prof, of history; b. Hamburg 6 Apr. 1927, d. Bonn 26 June 1967. R: Lutheran. E: 1934 Neth, 1937 U.S. Cit: 1944 U.S, fmly. Ger. For F, M and S see father -Fritz Theodor Epstein, oo 1948 Elizabeth Chamberlin, b. Mos-cow 1923, M.A. Radcliffe Coll, libr. work, Univ. teaching as-sist. C: William, b. 1952, Ph.D. Harvard Univ, dept. of energy econ; David, b. 1954, Ph.D. candidate Yale Univ; Catherine, b. 1962.

1934 emigr. to Neth. Placed in boarding sch. Erde for "Chris-tian Jews" while parents were in U.K. Feb. 1937 emigr. to U.S. Reed, help from aunt. 1945 serv. U.S. Navy. 1945-60 att. and mem. staff, Harvard Univ: 1948 B.A, 1950 teaching fel, 1953 Ph.D. in hist, 1953 instr, 1957 assist, prof, of hist; concurr. 1955-56 Fulbright lect, Univ. Hamburg. 1959 S.S.R.C. fel, Univ. Cologne. 1960- mem. fac. Brown Univ, Providence, R.I : 1960 assoc. prof, 1963-67 prof, of hist, and chmn. of dept; con-curr. 1961-62 vis. prof. Bonn. 1967 Guggenheim schol, arch, res. in Ger. Epstein's main contribs. in mod. German polit. his-tory and historiography. Noted for reviews of works on Ger. hist, in Eng. language journs. and Eng. works on the same subj. in Ger. journs; they were collected and published posthumous-ly. Made efforts to build intellectual and cultural bridges be-tween German and American professors of German history.

Biblio: Matthias Erzberger and the Dilemma of German De-mocracy (Princeton, 1959; New York, 1971; Ger. trans. 1962); Germany after Adenauer (New York, 1964); The Genesis of German Conservatism (Princeton, 1966; Ger. ed. 1973); Ge-schichte und Geschichtswissenschaft im 20. Jahrhundert, coll. of book rev, ed. by E. Pikart et al. (Frankfur t /M-Ber l in , 1972; 1973 ed. entitled Vom Kaiserreich zum Dritten Reich); many of his arts, are listed in K.D. Bracher's intro. to Epstein's Ge-schichte und Geschichtswissenschaft. Lit: Bracher's intro. listed above; obit, by K. Schwabe in Hist. Zft. (vol. 206, Feb.-June 1968). Sources: Hand, Journ, News, Print. — R.F.J I.

Epstein, Max (pseuds. George Gotthardt, Dr. Max Muth), law-yer, writer, theater financier; b. Königshütte, Upper Silesia, Ger. (Chorzow, Pol.) 9 Mar. 1874, d. London May 1948. E: 1935(?) U.K.

Dr. jur. Head of law off. in Berlin. Concurr. prof, of law, Univ. Berlin. Fdr. and owner of Deutsches Künstlertheater, Berlin. Financed indirectly almost all new theatrical enterprises in Berlin through advance payments on rental of check-rooms, intermission refreshment stands and toilet-use concessions. In-vested profits from these concessions in the plays themselves, thus gaining influence over programming. Wrote plays ;ind es-says dealing with the commercial aspects of the theater. 1935 refused admission by the Reichsschrifttumskammer. Mem, Union of Ger. Dramatists. 1935(?) emigr. to U.K. Ill during last yrs. of life; worked on memoirs in London.

Biblio: Das Theater als Geschäft (Berlin, 1911); Max Rein-hardt (Berlin, 1918); ed, Das Blaue Heft: Freie deutsche Bühne (Berlin, 1919-21; co-ed, Berlin, 1921-29; Vienna, 1932-33; (from 1926 publ. with subtitle Theater, Kunst, Politik, Wirt-schaft])', ed, Das Buch der Erziehung (Karlsruhe, 1922); Imma-nuel Kant: Kritik der reinen Vernunft. In deutschen Stanzen (Berlin, 1923); Das Geschäft als Theater (Charlottenburg-Thun, 1927); Man spielt Theater: Roman hinter den Kulissen (Vienna, 1932); Is Stupidity Curable? (London, 1945, unpubl. [?]); others incl. var. plays and trans. Sources: Arch, Biblio, Hand, Print. — IfZ.

Erbe, Helmut Erhard Woldemar, prof, of literature; b. Steinach, Bavaria, Ger. 25 Dec. 1911, d. Grahamstown, Cape, S. Afr.

6 Jan. 1978. R: Protestant. E: 1939 S. Afr. Cit: 1955 S. Afr, fmly. Ger. F: Kaspar E, b. Waldfisch, Palatinate, Bavaria, Ger. 1886, d. 1947, Protestant, sch. inspector. M: Lucie, b. Hasel-bach, Ger. 1886, d. 1976, Protestant. 5 : Erika Ziem, b. Meinin-gen, Thuringia, Ger. 1918, kindergarten teacher, a : Ger. Dem. Repub. oo Elfriede Trümpelmann, b. Transvaal, S. Afr. 1915, Protestant, B.A, teacher, part-time lect, Rhodes Univ. C: Jo-hann, b. 1958, student.

1931 Abitur. 1931-35 att. Univs. Berlin, Vienna, Marburg, Tübingen and Jena; 1935 Dr. phil. in theol. and "Volksge-schichte," Univ. Jena. Father demoted from sch. inspector to as-sist. teacher by Nazi regime. 1936-39 parson in Lutheran church, Helmarshausen, Hessen-Nassau. 1939 emigr. to S. Afr. 1939-46 interned in S. Afr ; lect. on lang, and lit. to fellow inter-nees, 1946 released. 1946 worked for the Deutschafrikanische Hilfsausschuss in Cape Town. 1946-47 worked in bookshop. Reed, teaching dipl, Univ. Stellenbosch; taught Ger. and hist, in village in East Cape Prov. 1957-77 prof, of lit. and head of Ger. dept, Rhodes Univ, Grahamstown, S. Afr. Reed: Goethe Medaille.

Biblio: Die Hugenotten in Deutschland (diss, Jena; Essen, 1937); ed. and trans, Afrikaanse Lyrik: Afrikaans-Deutsch (Munich, 1959); The Violet in the Crucible: On Translating Poetry, inaug. lect. at Rhodes Univ. (Grahamstown, S. Afr, 1964); trans. Afrikaans poems and plays into Ger. Sources: Qu. - R.F.J.I .

Erhardt, Otto, opera director; b. Breslau, Lower Silesia, Ger. (Wroclaw, Pol.) 18 Nov. 1888, d. San Carlos de Bariloche, Arg. 18 Jan. 1971. E: 1938 Arg, 1950 U.S. F: Siegmund E, 1847, d. 1923 oo Margret Fritz. C: Hermann, b. 1921; Klaus, b. 1923.

Studied violin. Studied Eng. lit, music and art hist, at Univs. Breslau, Munich, Oxford, and London; 1911 Dr. phil. Concurr. 1908-11 violinist in var. orchs. 1911 began career as show and opera dir. at Covent Garden, London. 1912-14 cont. in that ca-pacity in Breslau. 1914-17 milit. serv, Ger. Army; reed. E.K.II. 1917-18 dir. in Barmen and Elberfeld, Westphalia and Aa-chen, Rhineland. 1918-20 dir. in Düsseldorf-Duisburg, Rhine-land. 1920-27 with Stuttgart Opera, 1923-27 dir. of opera sch, Hochsch. für Musik. Concurr: 1923 at Zurich; 1924 at Bay-reuth Fest; 1925 at Rome and Turin, It. 1927-31 at Dresden Op-era; concurr. 1930-32 with Chicago Civic Opera, U.S. 1933-35 guest dir. at Covent Garden, where dir. the Eng. version of "Arabella." Concurr: 1933-36 dir. of Salzburg Fests, Aus; 1934-37 at Vienna State Opera. 1938 emigr. to Buenos Aires, Arg. 1938-61 stage dir, Teatro Colón; prof, at Opera Acad. 1939 co-fdr. Escuela de canto y arte escénico at Teatro Colón. 1948-50(7) spent two seasons in Eur. 1950 emigr. to U.S. 1950 stage dir, City Opera Co, New York. From 1950 practiced pro-fession in Eur, U.S, and S. Am, incl. at La Scala, Milan, and New York City Opera. Influenced by reformers of musical di-rection incl. Mahler, Roller Edward Gordon Craig, and esp. by Appia and Jaques-Dalcroze of Hellerau near Dresden. Dev. a style of staging (oriented toward the musical score) used for the first time in his prod, of Monteverdi's Orfeo (1913), and which he expanded into what he called "Musikszenische Ausdrucks-kunst" (musical-scenic expressive art). O.E. brought this style into fuller prominence with his stagings of Moussorgsky's Bo-ris Godunov (Stuttgart, 1921), F. Busoni's Doktor Faust (Stutt-gart, 1927), and Wagner's Ring (Dresden, 1930-31), were all of this genre, Boris Godunov being one of the first expressionist opera productions. Reed: Title Prof. des Landes Baden-Würt-temberg, Fed. Repub. Ger.

Biblio: Die Opemdichtung der deutschen Romantik (orig. diss, Breslau, 1911); Richard Strauss (Buenos Aires, 1950; Ger. ed. 1953; also trans, into It.); books on opera direction. Sources: Arch, Hand, Print. - R.F.J.I.

Erikson, Erik H(omburger) (until 1939 Erik Homburger), psy-choanalyst, author, prof, of human development; b. Frank-f u r t / M 15 June 1902. R: Jewish. E: 1933 U.S. Cit: 1939 U.S. F: Theodor Homburger (stepfather), Jewish, Dr. med, pediatri-cian; natural father was Danish and Protestant. M: Karla Ab-

rahamson, Jewish, separated from E.E.'s father before E.E.'s birth, 1905 married T. Homburger. oo 1930 Joan Mowat Swer-son, b. Can , auth. C: —• Kai Theodor; Jon M, b. Vienna, pho-tog; Sue Bioland, b. New Haven, Conn, soc. anthro.

1920 grad. Gym, then several yrs. traveling Eur, mainly on foot. Studied painting in Karlsruhe (Baden) and Munich; works exhib. at Glaspalast, Munich. 1927 went to Vienna as teacher at progressive sch, dir. by —• Anna Freud and Dorothy Burlingham. 1927-33 studied psychoanal, Vienna Psychoanal. Inst, 1933 grad; concurr. studied for cert, Montessori Sch. 1933 mem, Vienna Psychoanal. Soc. 1933 emigr. to U.S. via Den. Settled in Boston with aid of Hanns Sachs. From 1933 priv. practice of psychoanal, particularly with children, in Mass. and Calif. 1933-36(7) mem. staff, consult, Massachusetts General Hosp. and Judge Baker Guidance Cent; concurr. 1934-35 teacher and res, Harvard Univ. Sch. of Med. 1936-39 teacher and res, Yale Univ. Inst. Human Rel; instr, then prof, Yale Univ. Sch. of Med. 1942-50 training anal, San Francisco Psy-choanal. Inst, and Menninger Found, Topeka, Kansas; con-curr. long term study of normal children at Univ. California Inst, of Child Welfare, Berkeley, and in Topeka, Kansas. 1950 left Univ. California rather than sign govt, loyalty oath. 1951-60 sr. staff mem, Austin-Riggs Cent, Stockbridge, Mass, 1960 consult; concurr. 1951-60 vis. prof, Univ. Pittsburgh Sch. of Med, W. Psychiatric Inst, and Arsenal Health Cent, working with Dr. Benjamin Spöck. Concurr: 1958-59 vis. prof, M.I .T; lect. Cent. Intl. Studies. From 1960 assoc. with Harvard Univ: 1960-70 prof, of human dev. and lect. on psychiatry, fel. at Cent, for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Scis, hon. assoc, Eliot House, Godkin lect, 1970 prof. emer. Consult, Erikson Inst, for Early Childhood Educ, Loyola Univ, Chicago. Mem. ed. bd, Am. Schol. Fel: Am. Psych. Assn; A.A.A.S. Mem: Am. Psychoanal. Assn. (life mem.); Nat. Acad. Educ; Radcliffe Coll. bd. of trustees; Cambridge Sei. Club; Signet Soc; Phi Be-ta Kappa (hon) . Hon. degrees: Hon. M.A, Harvard Univ. (1960, also reed. hon. degree in 1978); LL.D, Univ. California (1968); Sc. D, Loyola Univ, Chicago (1970); Soc. Sei. D, Yale Univ. (1971); LL.D. Brown Univ, Providence, R.I. (1972). Reed: Foneme Prize, Milan (1969); Pulitzer Prize and Nat. Book Award (1970), both for Gandhi's Truth (New York, 1969); Melcher Award (1970); Aldrich Award, Am. Acad, of Pediatrics (1971); Jefferson lect, N.E.H. (1973). E.E. is best known for broadening -> Sigmund Freud's concept of psycho-sexual phases. According to E.E. the ego passes through an or-derly sequence of eight stages covering the whole life cycle, each stage being characterized by a specific developmental task the nature of which varies from society to society. Sought to employ psychoanalysis as a tool for understanding the vicis-situdes of normal life. One of the pioneers of psychohistory. A: Stockbridge, Mass.

Biblio: Observations on the Yurok: Childhood and World Im-age (Berkeley, Los Angeles, 1943); Childhood and Society (New York, 1950; rev. ed. 1963; Ger. ed. 1957; Fr. ed. 1958); Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History (New York, 1958; also Brit, Fr, Ger. and Swed. eds.); Identity and the Life Cycle (New York, 1959; Ger. ed. 1970); ed, Youth: Change and Challenge (New York, 1963; publ. as The Chal-lenge of Youth [New York, 1965]); Insight and Responsibility: Lectures on Ethical Implications of Psychoanalytic Insight (New York, 1964; London, 1966; Ger. ed. 1971); Identity: Youth and Crisis (New York, 1968); Gandhi's Truth on the Origins of Mil-itant Nonviolence (New York, 1969); Dimensions of a New Identity (New York, 1974); Life History and the Historical Mo-ment (New York, 1975); Toys and Reasons: Stages in the Real-ization of Experience (New York, 1977); Adulthood (New York, 1978); for arts, and contribs. to books concerning psy-choanal. and child behavior and div, see Contemp. Authors (1971). Also contrib. to many prof, journs; for biblio. see Grin-stein (vol. 1, 1957; vol. 6, 1964; vol. 10, 1971). Lit: B. Kaplan, ed. Studying Personality Cross-Culturally (1961); H.W. Maier, Three Theories of Child Development (1965); E. Pumpian-Mind-lin in F.G. Alexander et al, eds. Psychoanalytic Pioneers (1966); Richard I. Evans, Dialogue with E.E. (New York, 1967); R. Coles, Erik H. Erikson: The Growth of His Work (1970); Paul Roazen, Erik H. Erikson: The Power and Limits of a Vision

Ermers 269 (New York, 1976). Papers: See Spalek. Sources: Biblio, Hand, News, Print.— R.F.J. I.

Erikson, Kai Theodor, prof, of sociology; b. Vienna 12 Feb. 1931. E: 1933 U.S. Cit: 1937 U.S. For F, M and S see father

Erik H. Erikson. oo 1961 Joanna M. Slivka. C: Keith S; Christopher J.

1933 emigr. to U.S. 1953 B. A. Reed Coll, Portland, Ore. 1955 M.A, Univ. Chicago. 1955-57 serv, U.S. Army. 1959-63 instr, then assist, prof, of psychiatry, Univ. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; concurr. 1962 Ph.D. in sociol, Univ. Chicago. 1963-66 assoc. prof, of psychiatry, Emory Univ, Atlanta, Ga. 1966- mem. fac, dept. of sociol, Yale Univ: 1966-70 assoc. prof, 1970- prof, 1969-73 master of Trumbull House. In Everything in its Path, E. described and analyzed the destruction by flood of Buffalo Creek, Va. (1972); invest, the resulting trauma of the 650 survi-vors and helped to initiate a lawsuit on their behalf. Also res. in deviant behavior. Fel: Am. Sociol. Assn. Mem: Soc. for the Study of Soc. Problems (pres. 1970-71). Reed: Am. Sociol. Assn. Award (1967); Sorokin Award, Am. Sociol. Assn. (1977). A: (1977) New Haven, Conn.

Biblio: Wayward Puritans: a Study in the Sociology of De-viance (diss, Univ. Chicago, 1963; pubi. New York, 1966); Ev-erything in Its Path (New York, 1977). Sources: Hand. — R. F.J.I.

Erlbach, Erich (to 1945 Erlbacher), prof, of physics; b. Wiirzburg, Bavaria, Ger. 17 Dec. 1933. R: Jewish. E: 1939 U K, 1940 U.S. Cit: 1945 U.S, fmly. Ger. F: Josef E, b. Ger. 1901, d. U.S. 1950, Jewish, att. univs, teacher, 1939 to U.S. with fam, dress operator. M: Bella, b. Ger. 1900, d. Ger. 1936, Jew-ish. S: Judith Williams, b. Ger. 1933, att. coll. ~ 1957 Edith Katz, b. Ger. 1935, Jewish, 1938 to U.S, B.A, teacher, secy. C: Bernice Rebecca, b. 1958; Esther Gail, b. 1959; Naomi Ruth, b. 1963.

1939 emigr. to U.K. with fam. 1940 emigr. to U.S. aided by rels. and Selfhelp. 1951-55 att. Columbia Coll: 1951 reed. Pu-litzer, Nat. Honor Soc. and N.Y. State Scholarships, 1955 A. B, magna cum laude, elected to Phi Beta Kappa. 1955-60 att. Co-lumbia Univ. Concurr: Summer 1955 res. assist, Nevis Cyclo-tron Lab; summer 1956 res. assist, Westinghouse Atomic Pow-er div; 1955-57 assist, phys, Columbia Coll, 1957 M.A; 1957-59 lect, City Coll, New York (C.U.N. Y.); 1957-60 res. as-sist, I.B.M. Watson Labs; 1960 Ph.D. in phys. 1960-62 phys, I.B.M. Res. Cent. 1962- mem. fac, dept. of phys, City Coll: 1962 assist, prof, 1966 assoc. prof, 1973 prof, 1974 chmn. dept. Concurr : 1963-65, 1965-67 princ. invest, Air Force Off. Sci. Res, grant; 1968-69 N.S.F. Inst. fel. at Univ. Md; 1969-70 N.S.F. extension grant. Res. in tunneling in metal-semiconduc-tor Schottky junctions in large magnetic fields; phonon life-times under a variety of conditions; warm electron properties of semiconductors. Mem: Am. Inst, of Phys; Am. Phys. Soc; A.A.A.S; Assn. of Orthodox Jewish Scientists; Sigma Xi; bd. dirs. Yeshiva Rabbi S.R. Hirsch and others. Reed: C.U.N.Y.-Fac. Res. Award Prog. (1971-72, 1972-73). A: (1979) New York.

Biblio: Co-auth, "Penetration of Magnetic Fields Through Thin Superconducting Tin Films" (diss, Columbia Univ, I960); contrib. arts, to sci. journs, incl. Phys. Review Lett, Phys. Chem. Solids, Proc. Intl. Conf on the Phys. of Semiconductors. Arch: Oral Hist. Coll, R.F.J.I . Sources: Arch, Hand, Qu. - R.F.J.I.

Ermers, Max (Maximilian), art historian, journalist; b. Vienna II Feb. 1881, d. Vienna 2 Oct. 1950. E: 1938 U.K. 1949 Aus. Cit: Aus.

Studied art hist, hist, polit. econ. at Univs. Vienna, Berlin, Zurich and Munich; 1909 Dr. phil. Many vis. to other Eur. countries. Lect. for Ger. lit. and composition at Arbeiter-Hochsch, Berlin. 1912-14 teacher of ancient and Byzantine art hist, at Volksheim adult educ. inst, Vienna. Co-fdr. of the first art hist, inst, Univ. Vienna. During W.W.I, off. and milit. dir. of a mobile field hosp; reed, many war decorations. After the war worked mostly in the field of housing projects. 1919-22

270 Ernst housing consult, for the Viennese munic. Fdr. and dir. of hous-ing dept, and co-org. of Viennese housing movt, encouraging many progressive settlement projects. Gen. secy, Vienna Cultu-ral Club. 1919-21 publ. of mag. Neue Erde. For many years art critic and ed. of mag, Der Tag. 1934-35 ed.-in-chief of the week-ly Wiener Zeit. 1938 emigr. to U.K. Worked as glassworker and libr. Att. Cambridge Univ. 1949 returned to Vienna; chief of press for Inst, for Peace Res. and Agreement Between Na-tions. Mem: P.E.N. Club.

Biblio: Die Architekturen Raf/aels in seinen Fresken, Tafel-bildern und Teppichen (Strassburg, 1908): Österreichs Wirt-schaftsverfall und Wiedergeburt (Vienna, Leipzig, 1932); Allen gehört die Erde! Aufruf zu einem engeren Zusammenschluss der Menschheit (Vienna, 1950). Sources: Arch, Hand. — IfZ.

Ernst, Jimmy (fmly. Ulrich Ernst), abstract painter; b. Cologne 24 June 1920. E: 1938 U.S. Cit: 1952 U.S. F: Max Ernst, b. Bruhl/Cologne, Rhineland, Ger. 1891, d. Paris 1976, Roman Catholic, 1922 to Fr, 1941 to U.S, 1953 to Fr, co-fdr. of Dada-ism, master of surrealist art, sculptor, painter. M: Louise Ama-lia Straus, Jewish, d. Auschwitz concentration camp, critic and art historian, div. 1922. S : (none), oo 1947 Edith Dallas Bau-man. C: Amy Louise, b. ca. 1953: Eric Max, b. 1956.

Raised in Cologne; vis. art cents, and galls, there with moth-er. Studied at Altona Arts and Crafts Sch. 3 yr. apprenticeship in typography and printing. 1938 emigr. to U.S. Sponsored by anthropologists Franz Boas and Gladys Reichard of Columbia Univ. Lived on Navajo Indian Reservation, Colo, doing odd jobs. 1940-artist (self-taught). 1950-51 instr. of painting, Pratt Inst, Brooklyn. 1951- mem. fac, dept. of art, Brooklyn Coll, New York: 1951-63 assist, prof, 1963- assoc. prof. 1954, 1956 vis. artist, Univ. Colorado, Boulder. 1955 summer vis. artist, Yale Univ, New Haven; vis. artist, Silvermine Guild of Arts, Norwalk. 1956 vis. artist, Mus. of Fine Arts, Houston, Tex. 1961 lect. for U.S. Info. Serv, U.S.S.R. 1963 lect. for U.S. State Dept, Fed. Repub. Ger. 1966 vis. artist, Des Moines Art Cent, Iowa. An abstract imagist, Ernst's style and work developed in stages and underwent numerous changes. Initially a surrealist, he soon moved into a "jazz period" in which he expressed him-self through vibrant colors. The "jazz phase" evolved into an extended black/white period in which he employed optical illu-sions for effect. Unwilling to be stereotyped as a black/white painter, Ernst began to incorporate pastels into his canvases. A trip to Europe in the late 1950s and study of Gothic Cathedrals there led to a brief "rococo stage." His work of the 1960s was characterized by his notable "stonewall" motif, and a return to vivid colors. Exhibitions: Individual shows incl. Norlyst Gall, New York (1943, 1944, 1945, 1946); Philadelphia Art Alliance (1948); Laurel Gall, New York (1948, 1949, 1950); Grace Bor-genicht Gall, New York (1951, 1955, 1957, 1961-63, 1968, 1971-72); Mus. of Fine Arts, Houston, Tex. (1956): Detroit Inst, of Arts, Mich. (1963); Kunstver, Cologne (1963); Whitney Mus. of Am. Art Annual, New York (1969-70); Guggenheim Mus. Paris show (1972-78); Yares Gall, Scottsdale, Ariz. (1977-78). Group shows incl. Univ. Colorado, Boulder (1953, 1954, 1956); "100 Years of Am. Painting," Metrop. Mus. of Art, New York (1954); "Golden Years of Am. Drawing," Brooklyn Mus, New York (1957); Brussel's World Fair (1958); "Directions in Am. Painting," Art Inst, Chicago (I960); Hono-lulu Acad. (1967). Collections: Works in var. colls, incl. Brook-lyn Mus, Mus. of Mod. Art, Metrop. Mus. of Art, Whitney Mus. of Am. Art, all in New York; Bielefeld Mus, Fed. Repub. Ger; Art Inst, Chicago; Corcoran Gall, Washington, D.C; Mus. of Art, Cologne. Reed: Hattie Brooks Stevens Mml. pur-chase prize, Am. Mus, Pasadena, Calif. (1946); Juliana Force Mml. purchase prize, Whitney Mus. of Am. Art, New York (1951); Norman Wait Harris bronze medal. Art Inst, Chicago (1954); Outstanding creative arts award, Brandeis Univ, Wal-tham, Mass. (1957); Guggenheim Found, grant (1961). A: (1978) New York.

Biblio: "A Letter to Artists of the Soviet Union," The Art Journ. (vol. 21, no. 2, winter, 1961-62). Arch: Artist Files and Exhib. Cat, Mus. of Mod. Art, New York. Sources: Arch, Bib-lio, Hand, News, Print. — R.F.J.I.

Erpenbeck, Fritz, author; b. Mainz, Hessen, Ger. 6 Apr. 1897, d. E. Berlin 7 Jan. 1975. E: 1933 C.S .R, 1935 U.S.S.R, 1945 Ger. (Soviet Occup. Zone). Cit: Ger, 2 Dec. 1936 cit. revoked. F: Engr. » - Hedda Zinner. C: John, b. Ufa, U.S.S.R. 1942, physicist and writer, a: E. Berlin.

Alt. Realgym. Apprenticeship as mechanical engr. 1915-18 serv, Ger. Army. Until 1921 drama training, Osnabrück. Then actor at Lessing-Theater, Berlin, among others. Dramaturg and Regisseur at — Erwin Piscator-Bühne. 1927 mem, K.P.D, B.P.R.S. 1927- collab, Die Rote Fahne and ed, Magazin fiir alle, and Eulenspiegel. 1931 ed.-in-chief of journ . Roter Pfeffer. Partie, in est. of R.G.O. theater branch. 1933 emigr. to Prague via Vienna(?) with wife. Contrib. to Arbeiier-lllustrierte-Zeilung and Der Gegen-Angrijf. 1934-35 artistic adv. of Hedda Zinner's drama group, a polit. satirical cabaret, called "Studio 1934," in Prague. 1935 emigr. to U.S.S.R. with wife after the Czech, govt, dissolved the drama group following interventions by the Ger. embassy. 1935 spec, corresp. in U.S.S.R. Ed. o f j ou rns , Interna-tionale Literatur. Deutsche Blatter, and Das Wort. In the lit. dis-pute on realism. F.E. was an outstanding rep. of the influential group around -> George Lukacs. Collab. on secret broadcast-ing station SA-Mann Hans Weber. Spring 1942 co-signer of Ap-pell an das deutsche Volk. Mem. N.K.F .D, and in 1943 con-trib. to their broadcasting work. Mem. of Ger. sect, in the fgn. commn. of Soviet Writers' Union. 1945 returned with 'Walter Ulbricht group to Berlin. Collab. on est. of var. papers and journs. 1945-58 fdr. and ed.-in-chief. Theater der Zeit. 1946 theater critic, Der Vorwärts. Chief ed, Theaterdienst. Temp, head of dept, Darstellende Kunst und Musik in the commn. for Art of the Ger. Dem. Repub. 1959-62 Chefdramaturg of the Berliner Volksbühne (E. Berlin). Theater critic writer, author of detective novels. Mem: Ger. Writers' Union, Berlin. Reed: V.V.O. in Bronze (1954); Lessing Prize (1956); Ernst Moritz Arndt Medal (1957); Orden Banner der Arbeit (1960); V.V.O. in Gold (1965).

Biblio: Aber ich wollte nicht feige sein, stories (Moscow, Le-ningrad, 1936); Emigranten, novel (orig. Russ, Moscow, 1937: Moscow, 1939); Deutsche Schicksale, stories (Kiev, 1939); Gründer: Vorspiel einer deutschen Tragikomödie, novel (Mos-cow, 1941; orig. Russ, Moscow, 1940); Lebendiges Theater: Aufsätze und Kritiken (Berlin, 1949); Aus dem Thealerleben: Aufsätze und Kritiken (Berlin, 1959); Gründer: Buch 2 (Berlin, Weimar, 1965); for further biblio. see Veröffentlichungen deutscher sozialistischer Schriftsteller, and Melzwig, Buchveröf-fentlichungen. Lit: Liebes- und andere Erklärungen: Schrift-steller über Schriftsteller. Anni Voigtländer, ed. (Berlin, Wei-mar, 1972); Schriftsteller der DDR; Walter, Exilliteratur (4). Sources: Biog, Hand. — IfZ.

Escalona, Sibylle, née Korsch, prof, of psychology, psycholo-gist; b. Berlin 7 July 1915. E: 1934 U.S. Cit: 1940s U.S, fmly. Ger. F: *Karl K, b. Tostedt, Hannover, Ger. 1886, d. Belmont, Mass. 1961, Dr. jur, prof, of law, Univ. Jena, leading activist and theoret. in var. factions of the K.P.D, 1933 emigr. to Den. and U.K, 1936 to U.S, prof, of sociol. M: Hedda Gagliarchi. ~ Edward Escalona, div. late 1940s.

1934 emigr. to U.S. 1934-36 worked with -» Kurt Lewin. Lived with Lewin family caring for children in return for room and board. 1936 B.A. Univ. Iowa, Iowa City; 1938 M.A. 1943-52 with Menninger Found, Topeka, K a n : 1943 div. clin, psych, 1947-49 res. psych, 1949-52 dir. of psych, res; 1947-51 reed. Nat. Inst, of Mental Health res. grant on early phases of person-ality dev. Concurr: 1947 Ph.D. in psych. Teachers Coll, Colum-bia Univ; 1949-52 assoc. prof, Kansas Str.te Univ, Manhattan. 1952-56 res. psych, and assist, prof, Child Study Cent, Yale Univ. 1953-56 exec, dir, Foundations Fund for Res. in Psychia-try, 1956-59 mem. bd. dirs. Concurr. 1953-56 vis. lect. N. Eng. Psychoanal. Inst. From 1956 with Albert Einstein Coll. of Med, Yeshiva Univ, New York: 1956 dir. of clin, psych, 1956-59 as-soc. prof, of clin, psych, and infancy, 1959- prof, of child dev, 1962 res. prof, psych, dept of psychiatry. Concurr : 1956-62 dir. psych, servs, Jacobi Hosp. and Bronx Munic. Hosp. Cent, New York; 1958-61 vis. lect. on psychiatry, Med. Sch, Univ. Puerto Rico. 1963-72 Nat. Inst, of Mental Health res. career award

Esh 271 changed to res. sci. award. 1964-71 Nat. Inst. Child Health and Human Dev. res. grant for study of early ego dev. at Albert Ein-stein Coll. of Med; was also principal investigator for other projects. 1970 consult, div. infant day care, City of New York. Major work in early child dev, specifically in the systematic ob-servational studies of infants. Currently studying the process as a whole, using empirical data drawn from early childhood as a point of departure. Mem. ed. bd, Psychological Issues; consult, ed, Psychoanal. and Contemp. Sci. Dipl: Am. Bd. of Prof. Psy-chologists. Mem: New York Acad, of Scis; A.A.A.S; Am. Or-thopsychiatric Assn; Am. Psych. Assn; Soc. Res. in Child Dev. A:(1979) New York.

Biblio: Co-auth, "The Reaction of Infants to Stress," Psy-choanal. Study of the Child (vol. 3, 1949); co-auth, "Unusual Sensitivities in Very Young Children," Psychoanal. Study of the Child (1949); co-auth, Prediction and Outcome: A Study of Child Development (New York, 1959); "The Study of Individ-ual Differences and the Problem of State," Journ. Am. Acad, of Child Psychiatry (vol. 1, no. 1, 1962); "Patterns of Infantile Ex-perience and the Developmental Process," Psychoanal. Study of the Child (vol. 18, 1963); The Roots Individuality: Normal Patterns of Development in Infancy (Chicago, 1968); co-auth, "Early Life Experience and the Development of Compe-tence," Intl. Rev. of Psychoanal. (vol. 1, 1974); contrib. papers to books, arts, journs. and monos. incl. educ. mat. for the lay public; for biblio. to 1975 see R.F.J.I. arch. Sources: Hand, Pers. - R.F.J.I.

Escher, Hans, graphic artist, illustrator, painter; b. Vienna 16 Feb. 1918. R: Protestant. E: 1937 Fr, 1946 Aus. F: David Ju-lius E, b. Vienna 1888, d. 1965, Protestant, merchant. M: Ella, b. Vienna 1892, Protestant, fmly. Jewish, 1938-45 in U.K. S.-Ruth E, b. Vienna 1916, sec. sch. teacher, oo 1940 Liese Podest, b. Vienna(?) 1940, Roman Catholic, master clockmaker. C.-Hans E ,b . Vienna 1956.

Att. Gym. Vienna. Mem, Bund sozialistischer Mittelschüler. Feb. 1934 mem. K.J.V.Ö. communist youth org. of Aus, then mem. A.M.B.Ö (Antifaschistischer Mittelschülerbund Öster-reichs, a communist front org.). 1936 arrested for about 2 mos. shortly before matura (1945 re-examination). Autumn 1937 emigr. to Fr. following exclusion from var. sec. schs. by Educ. Ministry due to illegal activities. Att, Atelier Guerin École Na-tionale Supérieur des Beaux Arts Paris on resid. permit. Studies financed until W.W.II by odd jobs. Contact with Ger. and Aus. émigrés. 1938-39 mem. Cercle Culturel Autrichien. Sept. 1939-Apr. 1940 interned at Meslay-du-Maine with — Heinrich Suss-mann and the cabaret artist — Karl Farkas. Subsequently as-signed to French Army labor unit; serv. in Morocco and Alge-ria. Sept. 1940- Nov. 1942 interned again in Boghar and Ke-nadza. Mar. 1943- Dec. 1946 (after Allied landing in N. Afr.) serv. in Brit. Army in N. Afr. and It. Transfer to psych, warfare section where met Berta Zuckerkandl (Algiers), -« Franz Theodor Czokor and — Alexander Sacher-Masoch (Bari and Rome). Mem. of Free Aus. Movt. 1946 ret. to Vienna. Loss of most works left in Paris. Publ. prints in Tagebuch. Vienna. 1956 reed. Tyrolean Industry Prize in 5th Aus. Graphics Competi-tion. 1956-60 studied printing techniques at Acad, of Appl. Arts in Vienna; dipl. Study tours in It, Fr, Sp, Tur. and N. Afr. 1969 publ. of etchings and drawings series Ravachol. Since 1950s contrib. to biennales and print exhibs. in Aus. and else-where incl. Innsbruck, Warsaw, Oslo, Johannesburg, Vienna, Istanbul, Cairo, Rome, Tokyo, Ljubljana, Leipzig and Flor-ence. Individual shows incl. Neuer Hagenbund, Vienna (1963); Neue Münchener Galerie, Munich (1965); Wiener Se-zession, Vienna(1971), and Galerie Peithner-Lichtenfels, Vien-na. (1972). A: (1979) Vienna.

Biblio: "Persönliches Erleben im Exil 1936-1945," oral re-port, Internationales Symposium zur Erforschung des Öster-reichischen Exil 1934-1945 (Vienna, 3-6, June, 1975); "Bil-dende Kunst und Künstler in Österreich 1918-1945," oral re-port, Zweimal Österreich — nach 1918 und nach 1945, Interna-tional Symposium Université de Haute Normandie (Rouen, 8-12, Nov. 1977). Lit: Robert Waissenberger, Wien und die Kunst in unserem Jahrhundert (Vienna, 1965); "Wien," Tenden-

zen (spec, ed, Munich, 1966); Johann Muschik and Jean Mai-tron, "Essays," Ravachol (Vienna, Munich, 1969); Claus Pack, Moderne Graphik in Österreich (Vienna, 1969); Horst Herbert Kossatz, "Hans Escher," Alte und Moderne Kunst (Vienna, no. 108, 1970); Robert Waissenberger, Die Wiener Sezession (Vien-na, 1971); "Geschichtsunterricht-Zeichnungen von Hans Escher," Tendenzen (Munich, no. 79, 80, 1972); Galerie in der Blutgasse, cat. (Vienna, 1974). Arch: D.Ö.W. Sources: Autobi-og. Cat, Hand, Qu. - IfZ.

Eschmann, Theodor (in Dominican order; Pater Ignatius), prof, of medieval studies; b. Düsseldorf, Rhineland, Ger. 13 Nov. 1898, d. Toronto II Apr. 1968. R: Roman Catholic. E: 1938 Can. Cit: Can. F: Catholic, Stadtobersekretär. M: Roman Catholic. » (none). C: (none).

1916—19(?) Einjährig-Freiwilliger in W.W.I. 1919-29 att. U-nivs. Düsseldorf, Rome, Vienna; 1929 Dr.theol, Angelicum, Rome (Dominican order). 1927-32 prof, of philos, Dominican Order, Rome. 1931-38 prof, of theol , Pontifica Studorium, Uni-versitas a St. Thoma Aquinas, Rome. 1937-38 prof, of sociol, St. Albertino Magnus Akad, Walberberg, Rhineland. A p r - e n d 1938 in detention due to sermons against Nazi trials in fields of morals and economics. 1938 emigr. to Can. 1939-68 prof, of so-ciol, Laval Univ, Quebec City, Quebec, Can. Concurr: 1940-41 prof, of sociol, Quebec Univ; 1941-68 prof, of medieval stud-ies, Papal Inst, Toronto; active in Inst, for Medieval Studies, Toronto; contrib. to the publ. of the Inst.

Sources: Pers. — R.F.J.I.

Eschwege, Reuben M, cantor; b. Thüngen, Bavaria, Ger. 3 July 1890, d. U.S. 12 Oct. 1977. R: Jewish. E: 1939 U.K, 1940 U.S. Cit: 1946 U.S, fmly. Ger. F: Ascher E, Jewish, rabbi. M: Eu-genie Klein, b. Colmar, Alsace, Ger. (Fr.), dec, Jewish. S: (none), oo 1918 Sara Unna, b. Frankfur t /M 1894, d. New York 1964, Jewish, att. Jewish day sch. and Heinemann Inst, Frank-f u r t / M . emigr. with fam. C: Eugenie, b. Würzburg, Bavaria, Ger. 1920, att. elem. sch; Ruth J. Thaler, b. 1922, att. Jewish Teachers' Sem; ' H e n r y Eschwege, b. Würzburg 1925, Jewish, att. New York and Harvard Univs, C.P.A, dir. of Cmty. and Econ. Dev. Div, U.S. Gen. Acct. Off.

Att. Jewish Teachers Sem, Höchberg, Bavaria; 1911 grad. teacher and cantor. 1911 and W.W.I serv. as Einjähriger, Ger. Army; reed. Ehrenkreuz. 1912-14 cantor and teacher, Cam-berg, Hessen-Nassau and Emden, Hannover. 1914-39 chief cantor and mohel, Jewish cmty, Würzburg, Bavaria; concurr. 1919-39 lect, Jewish Teachers Sem, Würzburg. Jan. 1939 reed, rabb. degree. After Kristallnacht imprisoned in Buchenwald concentration camp for several weeks. July 1939 emigr. to U. K. 1940 emigr. to U.S. Aided by H.I.A.S. and reis. 1940-41 temp, cantor for high holidays. 1942-56 cantor, cong. Ramath Orah, New York; concurr. 1940-60 mohel. Partie, in radio progs. Composed cantonal music, wrote on cantorials and the history of Jewish music, and recorded syn. songs. Mem: Mins. and Cantors Assn.

Arch: Cologne file, R.F.J.I. Sources: Arch, Pers, Print. — R.F.J.I.

Esh, Shaul, archivist, Jewish historian; b. Hamborn, Rhine-land, Ger. 1921, d. Isr. 2 Apr. 1968 (auto accident). R: Jewish. E: 1938 Pal. F: Yitzchak Eschwege, Jewish, Dr.phil, rabbi and teacher. M: Jewish. S: Chana. oo Yehudit. C: Gideon; Dov; Naama.

Att. Jewish schs. in Frankfur t /M. 1938 emigr. to Pal. 1938-40 studied in Mikveh Israel, agric. sch. 1941-43 att. Mizrahi teachers sem. 1944 taught in relig. youth village. 1945-49 studied hist, Hebrew Univ; 1949 M.A. Serv, Haganah, cap-tured. 1952-55 worked with Jewish youth groups and taught in Switz. 1953-55 att. Univ. Zurich; 1955(577) Dr.phil. 1955-60 chief ed, Yad Vashem pubis. Concurr. 1959- res. fel, later senior lect, Inst, for Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew Univ. I960- adv. Ph.D. candidates, Hebrew Univ. 1968 elected to bd. of L.B.I, Jerusalem. Pioneer in field of Holocaust studies for which he developed a technique and method of study.

272 Esmond Biblio: Ed, Bamberger Family (Jerusalem, 1964); joint ed.

Alias Toldot Am Yisrael (Atlas for the History of the Jewish People; 1965); joint ed, Jewish Life in Modem Britain, papers and proc. of a Conf. held at University Coll, London on 1st and 2nd. Apr, 1962; publ. by Inst, of Contemp. Jewry of Hebrew Univ, under the auspices of Bd. of Deputies of Brit. Jews (Lon-don, 1964; Hebrew trans. Jerusalem, 1966); co-ed, Guide to the Unpublished Materials of the Holocaust Period (Jerusalem, 1965); ed, La Vie Juive dans l'Europe Contemporaine, papers and proc. of a conf. held at l'Institut de Sociologie de l 'Univer-sité Libre de Bruxelles, 19-21 Sept, 1962; publ. by Centre Na-tional des Hautes Études Juivres (Brussels, 1965; Hebrew trans, Jerusalem, 1967); ed, Yitzchak Schwersenz's Mahteret Halutsim beGermanyah haNatsit (1969); Iyyunim beHeker ha-Shoah veYahadut Zemanenu (Studies in the Holocaust and Contemporary Jewry; J. Welk, ed; includes biblio. of S.E.'s works; Jerusalem, 1973; copy in R.F.J.I . arch.); biblio. also in Bamberger Family; contrib. arts, to journs. incl. Israelitisches Wochenblatt (Zurich), Yediot Yad Vashem (Yad Vashem Bull.), Jerusalem Post, Molad and Yad Vashem Studies. Lit: In-tro. to Studies in the Holocaust and Contemporary Jewry, J. Walk, ed. (Jerusalem, 1973); obits, in Hebrew at L.B.I. Sour-ces: Arch, Pers, Print. — R.F.J.I .

Esmond, C»rl (fmly. Willy Eichberger), actor; b. 1904; see Stra-schek film biographies.

Esslin, Martin Julius (fmly. Pereszlenyi), journalist, play pro-ducer; b. Budapest 8 June 1918. R: Protestant. E: 1938 Belg, 1939 U.K. Cit: 1947 U K, fmly. Aus. 1938 cit. revoked. F: *Paul Pereszlenyi, b. Budapest 1893, d. Zurich 1957, journ. M: Char-lotte Schiffer, b. 1894, d. Budapest 1927. 5 : (none), oo 1947 Re-nate Gerstenberg, b. Berlin 1924, Protestant, emigr. to U.K, ra-dio and T.V. journ. with B.B.C. C: Monica, b. 1961.

1934-35 during Gym. yrs. in Vienna, mem. of illegal leftist student org. 1936 Matura. Studied Eng. and philos. at Univ. Vienna; studied stage dir. and acting at Max Reinhardt Sem, Vienna; reed. dipi. Apr. 1938 emigr. to Belg, to act in film in Brussels; then worked at odd jobs. Apr. 1939 emigr. to U.K. From 1940 mem. staff, B.B.C, in London: with Monitoring Serv; Apr. 1941 ed. and prod, of Ger. Serv ; Oct. 1948- ed, Eur. Serv; 1955 at B.B.C. External Servs, and assist, mgr. of Eur. Prods. Dept ; 1960 assist, mgr. of radio plays; 1963- mgr. Prod, num. Ger. stage and radio plays. Concurr: Journ. writing for The New York Times. Encounter. The Tulane Drama Review. The Sunday Times, Theater Heute Die Welt der Literatur, Frankfurter Allgemeine, SüddeutschpZeitung, and others. Publ. works on drama, esp. on thè theater of the absurd. Guest prof, for theater, 1969 Florida State Univ, Tallahassee; 1977- Stan-ford Univ, Calif. Adv. prod, to Royal Shakespeare Co. Mem: Arts Coun. of Gt. Brit; Garrick Club. Reed: Adolf Grimme Prize (1968); title of Prof, Aus. govt; O.B.E. (1972).

Biblio: Brecht, A Choice of Evils (London, 1959; trans, into Fr, Ger, It, Japanese, and Gr.); The Theatre of the Absurd (New York, 1961 ; trans, into Fr, Ger, Sp, Dan, Gr, Japanese, Hung, and Tur.); Samuel Beckett, A Collection of Critical Essays (New York, 1965; trans, into Ger, Fr, Japanese, and Gr.); The Peopled Wound: The Plays of Harold Pinter (New York, 1970; trans, into Fr. and Ger.). Sources: Hand, News, Qu. — IfZ.

Estermann, Immanuel, prof, of physics and physical chemistry; b. Berlin 31 Mar. 1900, d. Haifa 30 Mar. 1973. R: Jewish. E: 1933 U.K, U.S, 1964 Isr. Cit: 1939 U.S./Isr, fmly. Ger. later Turkish for several yrs. F: (Arieh) Leo E, b. Kovno, Russia (Kaunas, U.S.S.R), d. Tel Aviv 1943, Jewish educ. in Goldin-gen, Latvia (Kuldisa, U.S.S.R.) and Ger, sci. writer, also worked in pharmaceut. co. and banks, Zionist, 1895 to Ger, 1912 to Pal, 1915 to Ger, 1920 perm, emigr. to Pal. M: Rachel Brenner, b. Goldingen 1868, d. Pittsburgh, Penn. 1948, Jewish, corset maker, ca. 1895 to Ger, 1912 to Pal, ca. 1915 to Ger, ca. 1930 to U.K, 1937 to U.S. S: Theodor, b. Berlin 1902, att. Ger. and Eng. univs, 1924 emigr. to U.K, reader in mathematics,

Univ. College, London. °° 1923 Rosa Chwolles; for further in-fo, on oo and C see dtr. Hannah Bergman.

1913-14 lived in Pal. with fam. Att. Univs. Giessen, Berlin, Freiburg/Breisgau, Hamburg; 1922 Dr. rer. nat. in phys. and chem, Univ. Hamburg. Mem: K.J.V. and Blau-Weiss. 1920-21 again in Pal. 1921-22 Assist, in phys, Univ. Rostock. 1922-28 Assist, in phys. chem, 1928-33 Privatdoz, Univ. Hamburg; res. assoc. of Prof. ->• Otto Stern; collab. on one exp. cited in latter's 1943 Nobel Prize award; 1933 dismissed. 1931-32 Rocke-feller fel, Univ. California at Berkeley. Apr. 1933 emigr. to U.K. with fam. Aid from brother. Res. in Cambridge. Nov. 1933 emigr. to U.S. with wife and children upon receipt of job offer. 1933-45 assoc. prof, 1945-51 prof, Carnegie Inst, of Technol-ogy (Carnegie-Mellon Univ.), Pittsburgh, Penn. Cont. collab. with Otto Stern (who also emigr. to the U.S. in 1933 and became a prof, at the same univ.) in res. on molecular physics. Pioneer in res. on molecular beams and in cryogenics; also spec, in semi-conductors, rarified gas dynamics, mechanics of crystal growth and quantum theory. Concurr. consult: 1940-43 Off. of Sci. Res. and Dev; 1943-45 Manhattan (atomic bomb) Project; 1945-50 Off. of Naval Res, and 1945-46(49?) Nat. Bur. of Standards. 1951-64 with U.S. Off. of Naval Res, Washington, D.C: 1951-58 dir. mat. sci. div, 1955-58 dep. dir, dept. of sci, 1958 res. coord, 1959 sci. dir. of London br, 1964 retired, but ac-tive as consult, until 1973; coord, govt, sponsored sci. res. all over U.S, vis. labs, and att. intl. confs. Concurr : 1963 Fulbright lect, Hebrew Univ; ed. consult, to the Academic Press, New York. Mem: Am. Phys. Soc. (Fel.); A.A.A.S. (Fel.); Sci. Res. Soc. of Am; The Faraday Soc; Tree of Life Cong, Pittsburgh (bd. mem. 1935-50); Hebrew Inst, of Pittsburgh; Z.O.A; Am. Technion Soc. (bd. mem.), and other sci. and Jewish orgs. 1964 emigr. to Isr. 1964-73 mem. fac, Technion, Haifa: 1964 vis. prof, of physics, 1965-72 Lidow Prof, of Solid State Phys, 1972(7) emer. Concurr: 1966-67 vis. prof, res. assoc, Univ. Cali-fornia at Berkeley; 1971 vis. prof, Hebrew Univ. Mem: Thin Film Div. of the Isr. Phys. Soc. (chmn.); Intl. Comm. on Molec-ular Beam Res. (hon. pres.). Reed: Pittsburgh Phys. Award (1955) (from Phys. Soc. of Pittsburgh); prof, emer, Univ. Ham-burg (1956); Medaille d'Argent, City of Paris (1962); Distin-guished Civilian Serv. Award, U.S. Navy (1964); also reed, oth-er awards in Pittsburgh (for contribs. to Jewish and soc. orgs.).

Biblio: Contrib. ed, Recent Research in Molecular Beams; A Collection of Papers Dedicated to Otto Stern on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday (New York, 1959); ed, Methods of Experi-mental Physics, vol. 1, Classical Methods (New York, 1959); co-ed, Advances in Atomic and Molecular Physics, 3 vols. (New York, 1965-68); publ. over sixty sci. reports for the Off. of Naval Res. and more than 80 sci. papers in var. journs. incl. Phys. Rev, Rev. of Sci. Instruments, Zft. Physik; for complete biblio. to 1968 see Poggendorff (\o\%. 6, 7a, 7b). Papers: Papers at Carnegie-Mellon Univ, and in possession of fam. Arch: S.P.S.L. Sources: Arch, Hand, Journ, N.D.W, Pers, Print. — R.F.J.I .

Ettinger, Max (fmly. Markus Wolff), composer, conductor; b. Lemberg, Galicia, Aus. (Lvov, U.S.S.R.) 27 Dec. 1874, d. Basel 19 July 1951. R: Jewish. E: 1933 Switz. F: Herz E, d. 1917, landowner. M: Ernestine Landauer, d. 1921. oo 1913 Joseflne Krisack.

1899 studied piano and harmony with H. van Eycken (H. von Herzogenberg). 1900 att. Munich Cons. 1900-03 att. Akad. der Tonkunst , Munich, studying with J. Rheinberger, V. Gluth and Ludwig Thuille. 1906-07 cond. in Saarbrücken; 1910-11 cond. in Lübeck. Pursued career as composer in var. cities: 1911 Mu-nich, 1920-29 Leipzig, Saxony, 1929-33 Berlin; concurr. 1931 dir. own adaptation of Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor. 1933 emigr. to Switz. Settled in Ascona. Influenced primarily by Mu-nich sch. of music originated by Thuille. Operas based primari-ly on works of dramatic poets or dramatists. Res. on old Eng-lish music, esp. the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book. Later work used themes of Jewish religion and history. Reed: Emil Hertzka Found. Award for opera Dolores (wrote own libretto).

Works: Choral incl, Weisheit des Orients, for soloist, chorus and orch, op. 24, based upon Omar Khayyam (Nuremberg,

Etzioni 273

1924); Das Lied von Moses (1934-35); Konigin Esther (1940-41); Jiddisch Lebn (1942); Jiddisch Requiem (1947); operas incl. Judith, op. 28, based upon Friedrich Hebbel's drama (Nu-remberg, 1921); Der eifersüchtige Trinker, based upon Boccac-cio's tragi-comedy (Nuremberg, 1925); Juana, op. 33 (Nurem-berg, 1925); Clavigo, op. 34, based upon Goethe (Leipzig, 1926); Frühlings Erwachen, op. 36, based upon Frank Wede-kind's play (Leipzig, 1928); Dolores (1931); ballet, Der Dybuk (1946-47); orch. music incl. Old English Suite for large orch, op. 30 (premiere in London under Furtwängler) ; Drei Traum-bilder, op. 31 ; Alte Tanz-Suite; An den fVassern Babylon; also Chamber music, incl. string quartet, sonata for violin and pia-no, a suite for violin and piano, a quintet for four woodwinds and piano and num. songs; comprehensive list in M.G.G. (vol. 3). Sources: Hand, Print. — R.F.J.I.

Ettinghausen, Richard, art historian, prof, of art history; b. F rankfu r t /M 5 Feb. 1906, d. Princeton, N.J. 2 Apr. 1979. E: 1934 U.S. Cil: 1938 U.S, fmly. Ger. F: Edmund E. M: Selma Stern. °o I. 1935 Basia Gruliow; II. 1945 Elizabeth Sgalitzer. C: Stephen Edmund: Thomas Andrew David.

1931 Dr. phil. with diss, on hist, of Islam. 1931-33 assist, at the Islamic Sect, of Prussian Nat. Mus, Berlin. 1934 emigr. to U.S. via U.K. 1934-37 res. assoc. at Am. Inst, of Persian Art and Archeol. 1937-38 mem, Inst, for Advanced Study, Princeton, N.J. 1938-44 assoc. prof, of Islamic art, Univ. Michigan. 1944-66 with Freer Gall, of Art, Smithsonian Inst, Washington, D.C: 1944 assoc. of Near Eastern art, 1958 curator, 1961 head curator. From I960 mem. fac, Inst, of Fine Arts, New York U-niv: I960 adj. prof, 1967-prof. Concurr: 1967-adj. curator, Los Angeles County Mus. of Art; 1969- consult, chmn, Islamic Dept, Metropolitan Mus. of Art, New York. One of the leading authorities on Islamic art. Mem; Coll. Art Assn. of Am; Am. Oriental Soc; Asia House; Am. Res. Cent, in Egypt; Intl. Soc. of Oriental Res; Washington Soc; Archeol. Inst, of Am. (pres. 1960-61, 1963-64); Institut d'Egypte (assoc.); Deutsches Ar-chäologisches Inst. (hon. mem.); Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres (corresp. mem.). Recd: Friedensklasse des Ordens Pour le Mérite, Fed. Repub. Ger; Order of the Imperial Crown of Iran.

Biblio: Studies in Muslim Iconography: The Unicorn (1950); Paintings of the Sultans and Emperors of India in American Col-lections (1961); Persian Paintings in the Bernard Berenson Col-lection (1961); Arab Painting (1962); co-auth, Turkey: Ancient Miniatures (1961); Treasures of Turkey (1966); ed: Annotated Bibliography of Books and Articles on the Near and Middle East (1952); Aus der Welt der Islamischen Kunst (1959); Ars Orienta-lis (1954-57); others. Lit: Bailyn and Fleming, Migration. Arch: S.P.S.L. Sources: Arch, Hand, News, Print. — IfZ.

Ettlinger, Leopold, prof, of microbiology; b. Karlsruhe, Baden, Ger. 3 Oct. 1914. R: Jewish. E: 1935 Switz. O r : 1935 Switz, fmly. Ger. (cit. revoked). F: Max E, b. Karlsruhe 1880, d. Karls-ruhe 1927, Jewish, Dipl.-Ing, mech. engr. M: Emmy Falck, b. Lübeck, Ger. 1882, d. Beth Hashitta, Isr. 1960, painter, 1940 de-ported to French concentration camp Gurs, 1945 to Switz, 1948 to Pal. 5 : Therese Amir, 1944 to Pal; Hannah David, 1941 to Pal, lives in kibb. oo Elisabeth Lachmann, b. Breslau, Lower Silesia, Ger. (Wroclaw, Pol.) 1915, Protestant, emigr. to Switz, 1942 Dr. phil. in archeol, Basel, a.o. Prof, of archeol, Univ. Ber-lin. C: Peter, b. 1943, Dr. sc. tech, forestry engr; Michael, b. 1946.

1933 Abitur, Gym. Karlsruhe. 1933-35 agric. training in Römerhof near Wiesloch/Baden and Gut Warnsdorf. 1935 emigr. to Switz. 1935-39 att. E.T.H. Zurich; 1939 dipl. in agric. engr, also Dr. in microbiol. 1939-58 res. at Inst, for Spec. Botany, E.T.H. Zurich, 1958- o. Prof, and chmn. of Inst, for Microbiol. Res. in areas incl. physiopathology and mycology.

Biblio: Contrib. arts, on microbiol, antibiotics and chemo-therapy to prof, journs. Sources: Hand, Qu. — IfZ.

Ettlinger, Leopold David, prof, of art history; b. Königsberg, E. Prussia, Ger. (Kaliningrad, U.S.S.R.) 20 Apr. 1913. E: 1938

U.K, 1970 U.S. F: Emil Ettlinger, Dr. univ. libr. M: Dora Beer. ~ I. 1939 Amrei Jacoby, d. 1955; II. 1959 Madeleine Noirot.

Studied art hist, Univ. Halle; 1937 Dr. phil. 1938 emigr. to U.K. 1938-41 soc. worker for ref. children from Ger. 1941-48 Assist. Master at King Edward's Sch, Birmingham. 1948-56 curator of photographic coll, 1956-64 lect, Warburg Inst, Univ. London. 1959-70 Durning Lawrence prof, of hist, of art, Univ. London; concurr. 1966-70 chmn. of dept. 1970 to U.S. 1970-prof. of hist, of art, Univ. California, Berkeley, 1971-75 chmn. of dept. Vis. prof: 1963-64 Yale Univ; 1969 Berkeley; 1975-76 Univ. Bonn. Fel: Soc. of Antiquaries, London; Inst, for Ad-vanced Study, Princeton, N.J. Mem: Ger. Archeol. Inst. Recd: Brit. Acad. Award (1963).

Biblio: Co-auth, Compliments of the Season (1947); "The Art of the Renaissance in Northern Europe," New Cambridge Modern History (vol. 1, 1957); Kandinsky's "At Rest" (1961); Art History Today (1961); The Sistine Chapel before Michelan-gelo: Religious Imagery and Papal Politics (1965); contrib. to Journ. of Warburg and Courtauld Insts, Burlington Mag, Archit. Rev, Connoisseur, It. Studies, and others. Sources: Arch, Hand, Pers. — IfZ.

Etzioni, Amitai Werner (fmly. Werner Falk), sociologist, prof, of sociology; b. Cologne 4 Jan. 1929. R: Jewish. E: 1933 Pal, 1957 U.S. Cit: 1958 U.S, fmly. Ger, 1933 Pal. F: Willi Falk. M.-Gertrude Hanauer. S: (none), oo I. 1953 Eva Horowitz; II. 1965 Minerva Morales, b. Mex. 1939, Jewish, M.A, prof, of intl. rels, New School for Sociol Research. C: Ethan, b. Oakland, Calif. 1958,1964 to Isr, mem. Isr. Air Force; Oren, b. New York 1964; Michael, b. 1967, David, b. 1969; Benjamin, b. 1974.

1933 emigr. to Pal. 1946-50 serv, Palmafc, I .D.F. 1954 B.A, Hebrew Univ; 1956 M.A. 1957 emigr. to U.S. 1958 Ph.D. in so-ciol, Univ. California, Berkeley. From 1958 mem. fac, dept. of sociol, Columbia Univ: 1958 instr, 1959 assist, prof, 1961 as-soc. prof, from 1967 prof, from 1968 dir, Cent, for Policy Res, 1969-71 chmn. of dept. Concurr: 1961-70 with Bur. Appl. Soc. Res, Columbia Univ: 1961 sr. staff mem, 1969 assoc. dir; 1961-71 part time res. assoc, Inst. War and Peace Studies, Co-lumbia Univ; 1965-68 assoc. ed, Am. Sociol. Rev: 1968-71 as-soc. ed, Sociol Abstracts. 1978-79 guest scholar, Brookings Inst, Washington, D.C; 1979-80 sr. adv, The White House. From July 1980 univ. prof, George Washington Univ, Washing-ton, D.C. Fel: S.S.R.C. (1960-61, 1967-68); Cent, for Ad-vanced Study in the Behavioral Scis, Stanford, Calif. (1965-66): Am. Sociol. Assn. (from 1964); Hudson Inst, Cro-ton-on-Hudson, N.Y. (1964-69); Guggenheim (1968-69). Con-sult. to var. Am. and Can. govt, agencies incl: Pub. Health Serv. on health sci. admin; Off. of Econ. Opportunity; President's Commn. on Cause and Prevention of Violence; Arms Control Disarmament Agcy; commnr, Commn. on Educ. for U.S. Health Admin. (1972-74); Min. of State, Urban Affairs, Can. (1974); Nat. Found on Arts and Humanities; others. Mem. ed. bds: Joum. of Peace Res. (1965-72); Admin. Sci. Quart. (1965-68); Sociol. Inquiry (1967-71); Sci. (1970-72); Intl. Journ. of Group Tensions (from 1970); Social Policy (from 1970); also mem. adv. ed. bds. of var. pubis. Main scholarly work in public policy and the theory of social change; testified for House of Representatives and Senate committees and sub-committees incl. "On the Use of Military Power" for Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on National Security Policy, House of Representatives and session, 92nd Congress (1972); and "Fu-ture Analysis and the Environment," Panel on Environmental Sci. and Technology, Senate Subcommittee on Environmental Pollution (1975). Mem: Can. Peace Res. Inst. (bd. mem. f rom 1964); Res. Adv. Group of World Order Models Proj, Yale Univ. Sch. of Law (fdr, mem, 1969-71); Am. Jewish Cong, (mem, commn. on Urban Affairs 1969-71; mem. gov. coun. 1973-75); Adv. Comm. on Nat. Study of Student Unrest, Am. Coun. on Educ. (1968-70); Sci. Info Coun, N.S.F. (1969-74); Intl. Soc. for Res. on Agression (1973-75); Intl. Soc. of Polit. Psych, (fdr, mem. from 1977); many others. Recd: William Mosher Award, Pub. Admin. Rev. (1967); 1974 Nat. Book Award, sci. sect, for Genetic Fix (New York, 1973). A: (1980) New York.

274 Eulau Biblio: A Diary of a Commando Soldier (first publ. in Heb. as

Bifrolz haPortzim; Jerusalem, 1952); A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations (Glencoe, 111, 1961); The Hard Way to Peace: A New Strategy (New York, 1962); Modern Organiza-tions (Englewood Cliffs, N.J, 1964); Political Unification: A Comparative Study of Leaders and Forces (New York, 1965); The Active Society: A Theory of Societal and Political Processes (New York, 1968); Social Problems (Englewood Cliffs, N.J, 1976); others; many books have been trans, into längs, incl. Japanese, Port, Sp, Dutch, Tur, Swed, Finnish, Ger, Korean, and It; contrib. ed. to Psychiatry and Soc. Sei: columnist in Human Behavior: contrib. more than 125 arts, to books and prof, journs incl. Harvard Educ. Rev, Am. Journ. of Socio!, Polit. Sei. Quart, and Social Policy: also auth. of more than 100 arts, editorials and revs, for mags, and newspapers incl. New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Commentary, Na-tion. and New York. Sources: Hand, News, Print, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Eulau, Heinz, prof, of political science; b. Offenbach, Hessen, Ger. 14 Oct. 1915. E: 1934 U.S. Cil: U.S. F: Arthur E. M.-Martha Spier, oo 1946 Cleo Mishkin. C: Lauren; Peter.

1934 emigr. to U.S. 1937-41 att. Univ. California, Berkeley: 1937 A.B; 1938 M.A; 1938-40 teaching assist, in polit. sci; 1940-41 res. assist, in pub. admin; 1941 Ph.D. in polit. sci. 1941-42 res. assoc, exp. div. study of wartime communism, Libr. of Cong, Washington, D.C. 1942-44 sr. propaganda anal, spec, war policies unit, U.S. Dept. of Justice. 1944-47 assist, ed, New Repub: contrib. to Aufbau. 1947-57 rose from assist, prof, to prof, Antioch Coll. Concurr: 1951-52 travel grant, Fund Advancement Educ; 1954-55 Res. Cent, grant, Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor; 1956-57 S.S.R.C. grant. Also 1956-66 consult, ed, Free Press. 1957-58 fel, Cent, for Advanced Study in the Be-havioral Scis. From 1958 prof, of polit. sci, Stanford Univ, Cali-fornia; 1973 William Bennett Munro prof. Concurr: 1961-62 vis. prof, of polit. sci, Univ. California, Berkeley; 1961-67 gen. ed, Intl. Yrbk. Polit. Behavior Res: 1961-68 assoc. ed, Intl. En-cycl. Soc. Sci: 1961- mem. ed. selection comm, Bobbs Merrill reprint series in polit. sci; 1964-65 vis. prof, Inst. Advanced Studies, Vienna; 1964-70 N.S.F. grant, Stanford Univ; 1967-69 chmn, polit. sci. panel of the behavioral and soc. sci. comm, Nat. Res. Coun. - S.S.R.C; 1969-73 mem. exec. comm. behavioral sci. div, Nat. Res. Coun. Res. in political theory, leg-islative systems, technology and public policy. Mem: Am. Po-lit. Sci. Assn. (pres. 1971-72); fel, Am. Acad, of Arts and Scis; A.A.A.S. A: Stanford.

Biblio: Co-ed, The Legislative System (Glencoe, 111, 1959); Class and Party in the Eisenhower Years (New York, 1962); The Behavioral Persuasion in Politics (New York, 1963); Journeys in lilies (Indianapolis, Indiana, 1963); co-auth, Lawyers in Pol-itics (Indianapolis, 1964); Labyrinths of Democracy (Indiana-polis, 1973); Elite Recruitment in Democratic Politics (Beverly Hills, Calif, 1976); Technology and Civility (Stanford, Calif, 1977); others. Sources: Hand, News, Pers. — R.F.J.I.

Eulenburg, Kurt, music publisher; b. Leipzig, Saxony, Ger. 22 Feb. 1879. E: 1939 Switz, 1945 U .K. F: Ernst E, b. Berlin 1847, d. Leipzig 1926, att. Leipzig Cons, 1874 est. Ernst Eulen-burg pubi, house in Leipzig, pubi, music lit. and scores.

1911 partner in father's firm, 1926 sole prop. Enlarged mini-ature scores of Mozart works; ed. by -» Alfred Einstein, Blume, Kroyer. 1939 emigr. to Switz. 1939 est. new co, Ernst Eu-lenburg Ltd, in London, with branches in Zurich (1947) and Stuttgart (1950). 1945 emigr. to U.K, settled in London. 1968 ret. from co. which was taken over by Schott & Co, London.

Sources: Hand. - R.F.J.I.

Even-Plnnah, David (fmly. Theodor Eckstein), founder and di-rector of schools; b. Breslau, Lower Silesia, Ger. (Wroclaw, Pol.) 16 Nov. 1901. R: Jewish. E: 1933 Pal. Cil: 1936 Pal, fmly. Ger. F: Georg Eckstein, b. Lublinitz, Upper Silesia, Ger. (Lubli-niec, Pol.) 1863, d. Breslau 1908, Jewish, co-owner of men's

clothing retail shop. M: Jane Levy, b. Guben, Brandenburg (Gubin, Pol.) 1871, d. Ramatayin, Pal. 1945, Jewish, 1939 to Pal. S: Ernst Ludwig Eckstein, b. Breslau 1897, d. Dürrgay con-centration camp (suicide), Silesia 1933, Jewish until 1931 when seceded from Breslau Jewish cmty; joined S.P.D. as high sch. student. Aug. 1914 reed. Notabitur (emergency cert.) and Kriegsfreiwilliger, serv. W.W.I, rose to sgt; reed. E.K. 2nd class, Nov. 1918 pres. Breslau Prov. Soldiers' Coun, Dr. jur. et rer. pol, Univ. Breslau, mem. Sozialistische Studentenschaft, secy, Republikanischer Führerbund, atty. in Breslau; also councillor and S.P.D. leader in Breslau Munic. Coun, 1933 ar-rested and imprisoned by Gestapo. 1931 Sophie Baruth, b. Althütte, Posen, Ger. (Poznan, Pol.) 1901, Jewish, studied med. up to "Physicum," emigr. and professional histories after emigr. same as D. E.-P.

1916 embraced Socialism and Zionism simultaneously; 1918 at meeting of Breslau S.P.D. moved that the Zionist solution of the "Jewish Question" be made part of the party's peace aims. 8 Oct. 1918 partic. in fdrs.' meeting, Hapoel Hazair, Ger. branch. Thereafter mem. Blau-Weiss and B'rith HaOlim. Studied math, phys, hist, and philos, Univ. Breslau. 1930 fdr. of priv. sch. Ecksteins höhere Lehr- und Vorbereitungsanstalt in Breslau; liquidated 1933. July 1933 emigr. to Pal. with wife. 1934-37 with wife, fdr. and dir. of Hagesher (The Bridge), Hai-fa, inst. for preparing children of Ger. background for Hebrew sch. syst. 1935 fdr. and dir. with wife of Gymnasia Even-Pin-nah, an evening high sch. in Haifa, the first of its kind in Pal; 1944 a day sch. was added and came to supersede the original sch; 1948 taken over by Isr. Min. of Educ, but remained E.-P.'s property until 1964, when it became semi-public; 1970 couple retired. Reed: hon. cit, Haifa Munic. (1972). A: Haifa.

Biblio: Lit: "Das Symposium zur Würdigung des pädagogi-schen Werkes von David Even-Pinnah" (Haifa, 1971, Hebrew and Ger.). Sources: Pers, Print. — R.F.J.I .

Erenari, Michael (until 1933 Walter Schwarz), prof, of botany; dean of scientific faculty; b. Metz, Alsace-Lorraine, Ger. (Fr.) 9 Oct. 1904. R: Jewish. E: 1933 Pal. Cil: Isr, fmly. Ger. F.-Hermann Schwarz, b. Obergarzen near Euskirchen, Rhineland, Ger. 1861, d. Frankfur t /M 1936, dept. store prop, in Metz. M: Caroline Loewenstein, b. Feudingen near Laasphe, Westphalia, Ger. 1869, d. Jerusalem 1955, worked in husband's bus, 1940 to Pal. S.- Erna Stern, b. Metz 1894, d. Jerusalem 1967. » — Ger-son Stern, 1937 to Pal, physiotherapist; Liesel Schwarz, b. Metz 1897- 1937 to U.S, children's nurse in Fla; Otto, b. Metz 1899, d. Aug. 1918 (killed in action). » I. Alice Ollendorf, dec; II. 1948 Liselotte Wolff, b. Saarlouis, Saargebiet, Ger. 1913. C: Eliahu, b. Haifa 1938, glass technician.

Att. Univ. Paris. 1922-26 att. Univ. F r ank fu r t /M: 1926 Dr. rer. nat. 1921-25 mem. Blau-Weiss, F rankfur t /M. 1927-28 assist, Univ. Frankfur t /M. 1928-31 assist, German Univ. Prague; active in plant res. 1931-33 assist, T.H. Darmstadt, Hessen; 1933 Privatdoz; 1933 Habil, Apr. 1933 dismissed. May 1933 emigr. to Pal. on "professional" cert, by invitation of Her-barium Aahronson in Zichron Yaakov, Pal. assoc. with Haava-rah. 1933-36 worked in Herbarium Aahronson named after the discoverer of wild wheat; ed. Aahronson's letters, diaries, and collections. Concurr: 1933- mem. Haganah; 1934 external teacher, botany dept, Hebrew Univ. 1937-73 mem. fac, He-brew Univ: 1937 lect, 1944 sr. lect, 1951 prof, of plant physiol, 1952-57 dean of sci. dept, 1953-59 v. pres, 1946-69 head of bo-tany dept, 1973 emer. Spec, in ecology and physiology of desert plants and structure and functions of desert ecosystems; res. on seed germination, food value of algae and on modern tech-niques of desert runoff agric. Studied methods of Nabateans, Romans and Byzantines used in Negev agriculture; founded experimental farms at Shivta and Avdat in Isr. 1940-45 milit. serv: 1st Pal. Light Anti-Aircraft Battery, later in Jewish bri-gade, then battery sgt. maj. in Royal Artillery; concurr. active for Aliyah Bet. Lect. at U.S. and S. Am. univs. Mem. several U.N.E.S.C.O. bodies dealing with arid zone dev. Grantee: Ford Found; Rockefeller Found; U.S. Dept. of Agric; Fed. Repub. Ger; Arid Zones Steering Comm. of Intl. Biol. Prog, (al-so chmn.). Mem: Deut. Botanische Ges; Ger. Acad, of Sci. (Leo-

poldina); Linnean Soc. London (fel.); Botanical Soc. of N. Am. (hon. mem.); Am. Soc. of Plant Physiologists. Reed: Hon. Ph. D, T. H. Darmstadt (1977). A:(1979) Jerusalem.

Biblio: General Botany (Hebrew, 1954); co-auth, The Negev: The Challenge of a Desert (Cambridge, Mass, 1971) and 130 sei. pubis, in prof, journs. Arch: S.P.S.L. Sources: Arch, Hand, N.D.W, Print, Qu. - R.F.J.I.

Everett, Frank G, prof, of periodontics, periodontist; b. Vienna 28 Dec. 1907, d. Portland, Ore. 14 Apr. 1976. E: 1939 U.S. Cil: 1944 U.S. F: Otto John. M: Frances Iltis. S: Charlotte Bode, a : Vancouver, Wash, oo 1937 Leonie, I. E. Schultz. C: Suzanne King, a : Portland; Joan Knapp, a : Portland; F. Thomas.

1932 Dr.med, Univ. Vienna. 1933-38 instr. dent, clin, Univ. Vienna Sch. of Dent; 1934 dent. dipl. 1939 emigr. to U.S. 1941 D.M.D. and B.S, Univ. Oregon Sch. of Dent, Eugene. 1941-69 mem. fac, Univ. Oregon Sch. of Dent : 1941 instr, 1948 assist, prof, 1952 assoc. prof, 1957-60 prof, 1952-60 head dept. of pe-riodontology, 1960-69 clin. fac, dept. of periodontology, 1969-prof. emer. in periodontology. Concurr: 1946-61 student and mem. staff, Univ. Oregon Sch. of Med: 1946 res. assoc. pharm, 1948 M.Sc, 1951 clin. assist, dent, and oral med, 1953-61 clin. assoc. Dipl. Am. Bd. Periodontology. Priv. practice of perio-dontics. Fel: Am. Coll. Dents; Intl. Coll. Surgs; Intl. Coll. Dents; A.A.A.S; Royal Soc. Health (U.K.). Mem: Am. Dent. Assn; Am. Acad. Periodontology; Intl. Assn. Dent. Res; Port-land Art Mus; Portland Symph. Soc; Amateur Chamber Music Players Am; others. Reed: Physician's Award, A.M.A; Orban Mml. Award, Loyola Univ, Chicago; hon. mem. Verein Österr. Zahnärzte, Vienna.

Biblio: Co-ed, Joseph B. Orban Periodontics: A Concept — Theory and Practice (St. Louis, 1953; 3 subsequent eds.); contrib. more than 60 arts, to prof, journs. Sources: Hand, Print. — R.F.J.I.

Eversley, David Edward Charles (fmly. to 1943 Ernst Carl Eduard Eberstadt), prof, of population studies; b. F rankfur t /M 22 Nov. 1921. R: 1956 Quaker, fmly. Jewish. E: 1937 U.K. Cit: 1946 U K, fmly. Ger. F: Otto Robert E, b. Frankfur t /M 1885, d. 1975, Dr. phil, textile mfr. and merchant, 1938 to U.K. M: Adela Morel, b. Frankfur t /M 1896, d. 1975, Jewish, att. Päd-agogische Hochsch, active in numerous charitable efforts of Geisenheimer Founds, 1938 to U.K. S : John W, b. Frankfur t / M 1928, 1938 to U K, att. University Coll. London, mgg. dir, lect. at Univ. Durham, oo 1945 Edith Emily Wembridge, b. Chard, Somerset, U.K. 1922, d. 1978, Quaker, registered nurse, serv. with Brit, prison syst, soc. worker. C: Patricia Syrett, b. 1946, day nursery supr; Judith, b. 1951, att. Univs. York and London, teacher at Bath Univ; Ruth, b. 1952, att. Univ. York, bookseller; John, b. 1955, att. Oxford Univ, res.

1936 forced to transfer from Goethe Gym. to Philantropin sch, F rankfur t /M. Mem. Schwarzes Fähnlein. 1937 emigr. to U K; fin. assist, from Brit. reis. 1940-45 serv. with Brit. Army in Pioneer Corps, Royal Armoured Corps, Spec. Operations, Eur. 1946-49 att. London Sch. of Economics; 1949 B.Sc. in econ. 1st class; mem. Student Labour Fed. 1949-66 lect, then reader in econ. and soc. hist, Univ. Birmingham. Concurr: 1960 Ph.D. Univ. Birmingham; 1965 vis. prof, of demography, Univ. California, Berkeley; 1965-66 mem. West Midlands Regional Econ. Planning Coun. 1966-71 reader, then prof, of population and regional studies, Univ. Sussex. 1969-72 chief strategic planner, Greater London Coun. 1972-76 sr. res. worker, Cent, for Environmental Studies. 1976-81 sr. res. fel, Policy Studies Inst. Holder of other vis. professorships; dir. of res. units; nu-merous radio and television appearances. Res. in field plan-ning and demography. Mem: Intl. Union for the Sei. Study of Population (I960-); Deut. Akad. für Städtebau und Landespla-nung (corresp. mem. 1973); Regional Studies Assn. (chmn. 1972-75; v. pres. 1975-); Soc. of Friends; Soc. Responsibility Coun. (chmn. 1972-75); Midlands New Towns Soc. (hon. secy. 1958-63); Brit. Soc. for Population Studies (v. pres, 1979-81, pres. 1981—); Royal Town Planning Inst. (hon. mem.); others. A: ( l98I )Bunt ingford , U.K.

Ewald 275 Biblio: Rents and Social Policy (London, 1955); Sociol

Theories of Fertility and the Malthusian Debate (Oxford, 1959; Westport, Conn, 1975); co-ed, Population in History (Chicago and London, 1965); co-ed, Charles Creighton, A History of Epidemics in Britain (New York, 1965); co-auth, Population Growth and Planning Policy: An Analysis and Economic Factors Affecting Housing and Employment Location in the West Mid-lands (London, 1965); co-auth, An Introduction to English His-torical Demography: From the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Cen-tury (London, 1966); The Planner in Society: The Changing Role of a Profession (London, 1973); co-ed, London: Urban Patterns, Problems and Policies (London and Beverly Hills, Cal-if, 1973); Planning without Growth (London, 1975); co-auth, The Growth of Planning Research Since the Early 1960 s (Lon-don, 1976); co-ed. and co-auth, The Inner City: Industry and Employment (1980); co-ed. and co-auth, Population Change and Social Planning (1981). Sources: Hand, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Ewald (orig. Friedländer), Oskar, philosopher; b. Bur-St. Georgen, Slovakia, Hung. (C.S.S.R.) 2 Sept. 1881, d. near Ox-ford, U.K. 25 Sept. 1940. R: Freethinking Christian, fmly. Jew-ish, then Protestant. E: 1939 Switz, U.K. Cil: Aus. F: Moritz Friedländer, b. 1844, d. 1919, Dr. phil, liberal Jewish philos. and religious teacher, secy of Alliance Israelite Universelle and of Baron Hirsch Found, which assisted in building more than 50 schools in Galicia. M: Rosalie Grünhut. oo 1919 Viola Neu-mann, d. 1932, sister o f - . Robert Neumann, 1927 div.

Gym. in Vienna. First studied law, then philos, Univ. Vienna; 1903 Dr. phil. 1909 Habil. and until 1928 Privatdoz. in philos, Univ. Vienna. Concurr. 1914-18 serv, W.W.I as off. in Aus-Hung. Army. Lect. at Vienna Volkshochsch. and univ. attracted a large student circle. O.E.'s Weltanschauung was based on Kant and developed via metaphysical realism into a philosophy of religious socialism. 1926 co-fdr. of Union of Religious So-cialists in Aus. Num. lect. tours in Switz, Ger. and Swed. Close contact with Swiss religious Socialists around Leonhard Ragaz; contrib. to their journ. Neue Wege as well as the Aus. movt's journ. Menschheitskämpfer. 1928 and 1929 org. two Conferen-ces for Christianity and Socialism in Vienna. 1932 est. Ewald Cmty; moved increasingly toward sectarianism. 1937 temp, in Estonia as guest of Lutheran bishop Rohamägi. 1938 after Anschluss arrested by Nazis and transported to Dachau con-centration camp; imprisoned there until 1939. Released through intervention of Swiss physician and author Alexander von Muralt. Returned to Vienna; emigr. to U.K. via Switz. af-ter reed, expulsion orders. Reed: Ewald-Gasse in Vienna named after O.E. (1971).

Biblio: Nietzsches Lehre in ihren Grundbegriffen (Berlin, 1903); Richard Avenarius als Begründer des Empiriokritizismus (Berlin, 1905); Kants Methodologie in ihren Grundzügen (Ber-lin, 1906); Kants kritischer Idealismus als Grundlage von Er-kenntnistheorie und Ethik (Berlin, 1908); Gründe und Abgründe, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1909); Die Wiedergeburt des Geistes (Berlin, 1920); Die Erweckung: Selbsterkenntnis und Weltgestaltung (Berlin, Darmstadt, 1922); Die französische Aufklärungsphiloso-phie (Munich, 1924); Die Religion des Lebens (Basel, 1925); Freidenkertum und Religion (Zurich, 1927); num. other pubis, and arts, in scholarly journs; further biblio. in G.K. (1925-) and IfZ arch. Lit: E. Lejeune, "Oskar Ewald," Der Aufbau (Zurich, 1961). Arch: Renner-Inst, Vienna. Sources: Arch, Hand, Journ, News, Pers, Print. — IfZ.

Ewald, Peter Paul, prof, of physics; b. Potsdam, Brandenburg, Ger. 22 Jan. 1888. R: Protestant. E: 1937 U.K. 1948 U.S. F.-Paul E, historian. M: Clara, artist, oo 1912 Ella (Elise Berta) Philippson, b. Magdeburg, Saxony, Ger. (Ger. Dem. Repub.) 28 May 1891, Jewish, 1938 U.K, 1948 U.S. C: Lux M, b. Mu-nich 1914, att. sec. sch, 1939 to U.K, 1940 to U.S, mf r ; Rose, wife of -> Hans Bethe, b. Munich 1917, att. sec. sch, 1936 to U.S; Linde Davidson, b. Munich 1919, att. sec. sch, 1938 to U.K, att. Univ. Belfast, med. practitioner; Arnold Hans, b. Munich 1921, 1938 to U.K, att. Queens Univ. Belfast, 1940 in-terned in Aust, 1948 B.Sc, Univ. Melbourne, 1952 Ph.D, Univ.

276 Eyck Manchester, res. chem. in div. of mineralogy of the Common-wealth Sei. and Indus. Res. Org, North Ryde, New S. Wales, Aust.

Att. Univs. Cambridge, Göttingen, Munich; 1912 Dr. phil, Univ. Munich. 1918 lect. in theoret. phys, Univ. Munich. 1921-37 mem. fac, T.H. Stuttgart: 1921 a.o. Prof, 1922 o. Prof, 1933 Rektor; concurr. 1923-37 ed, Zft. Kristallographie. 1937 emigr. to U.K. 1937-39 fel, Cambridge Univ. 1939-49 lect, later prof of math, and phys, The Queen's Univ, Belfast, N. Ire. 1948-59 ed, Acta Crystallographica. 1949 emigr. to U.S. 1949-59 mem, dept. of phys, Brooklyn Polytechnical Inst. (Polytech. Inst, of New York): 1949 chmn. of dept. and prof, of phys, 1959 prof, emer. Res. in X-ray and light optics ; crystal structure analysis ; solid state physics; also dev. dynamic theory of X-ray interfer-ences in crystals, providing basic understanding of diffraction of X-rays in crystals. Fei: Deut. Akad. der Naturforscher (Leo-poldina); A.A.A.S; Royal Soc, London. Mem: Intl. Union of Crystallography (mem. exec, comm, 1948-66; pres. 1960—63); hon. mem, Société Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallogra-phie. Reed: Dr. h.c: T.H. Stuttgart (1954); Univ. Paris (1958); Adelphi Univ. (1966); Univ. Munich (1968); Brooklyn Poly-tech. Inst. (1972); Max Planck Medal, Ger. Phys. Soc. Award, Am. Crystallographic Assn.(1978). A:(1973) Ithaca, N.Y.

Biblio: "Dispersion und Doppelbrechung von Elektronen-gittern (Krystallen)" (Göttingen, 1912, diss. Univ. Munich); co-auth, Strukturbericht 1913-28 (Leipzig, 1931); Kristalle und Röntgenstrahlen (Berlin, 1923 and later ed. trans, in F.); ed, Fifty Years of X-ray Diffraction (Utrecht, 1962); co-auth, The Physics of Solids and Fluids, with Recent Development (London, Glasgow, 1930 and later eds. trans, from Ger.); contrib. chaps, and arts, to sei. journs; for complete biblio, see Poggendorff (vols. 5, 6, 7a). Arch: S.P.S.L. Sources: Arch, Biblio, E.G.L, Hand, Pers, Print. - R.F.J.I.

Eyck, Peter van (fmly. Götz Eick), actor; b. 1913, d. 1969; see Straschek film biographies.

Eyck, U(lrich) F(ranz) J(oseph) Frank (pseuds. Frank Alexan-der ca. 1944 and Frank Ericson ca. 1953), prof, of modern histo-ry; b. Berlin 13 July 1921. R: Lutheran, born Jewish, 1944 bap-tized. E: 1936 U.K. Cit: 1974 Can, fmly. Ger, 1947 U.K. F: •Erich Eyck, b. Berlin 1878, d. London 1964, Jewish, Dr. phil, lawyer, publ, hist, 1937 to U.K. with wife. M: Hedwig Koster-litz, b. Pless, Upper Silesia, Ger. 1888, d. London 1971, Jewish. 5 : Irene Reuter, b. Berlin 1911, libr, 1933(?) to Aust; Lore (Eleanor) Alexander, b. Berlin 1913, med. studies, 1935(7) to U.S. to 1955 Rosemarie Schmidt, b. Cologne 1924, Protestant, Dr. med, 1955 U.K. C: Andrew, b. Crediton, U.K. 1963; George, b. Sidmouth, U.K. 1965.

1931-36 att. French Gym, Berlin. Easter 1936 emigr. to U.K. 1937-40 found, scholar, St. Paul's Sch, London. 1940-46 serv, Brit. Army; Pioneer Corps; Army Ed. Corps, intell, psych, war-fare and press control (in Ger.); became staff sgt. 1946-49 att. Worcester Coll, Oxford; 1949 B.A; 1954 M.A; 1958 B. Litt. 1949-56 ed. with B.B.C, London. 1956-58 res. fel, St. Antony's Coll, Oxford. 1958-59 temp, assist, lect, Univ. Liverpool. 1959-68 lect. on modern Eur. hist, Univ. Exeter (secy, and pres. of Exeter Assn. of Univ. Teachers). Aug. 1968 emigr. to Can. 1968- prof, of hist, Univ. Calgary. 1974-79 v. chmn. of coun, In-ter-Univ. Cent, of Post-Grad. Studies, Dubrovnik, Yugo. Main scholarly res. in fields of German and British history. Father of Chapel, Nat. Union of Journalists (1956). Res. grants: Ger. Acad. Exchange Serv. (1962); Brit. Acad. (1965); Can. Coun. (1969-72). Fel: Royal Hist. Soc; Royal Commonwealth Soc. Mem: Hampstead Young Conservatives (polit. educ. off.); Bush House (BBC fgn. serv.); Can. Hist. Assn; Hope Lutheran Church (mem. coun. 1969-72). A: (1980) Calgary.

Biblio: The Prince Consort: A Political Biography (London and Boston, 1959; 2nd ed. Bath, Eng, 1975; Ger. trans. Zurich, 1961); foreword to Erich Eyck's Bismarck and the German Em-pire (London, 1967); The Frankfurt Parliament. 1848-49 (Lon-don, 1968, Ger. trans. Deutschlands grosse Hoffnung [Munich, 1973]); ed, The Revolutions of ¡848-1849 (Edinburgh, 1972);

"G. P. Gooch," in W. Laqueur and G. L. Mosse, eds, Historians in Politics (London, 1974); "Freiheit und Verantwortung," in W. Klötzer et al, eds, Ideen und Strukturen der deutschen Revo-lution 1848 (Frankfurt, 1974); ed, Frederick Hertz, The German Public Mind in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1975); G.P. Gooch, A Study in History and Politics (London, 1981). Sour-ces: Hand, Pers, Print, Qu. - R.F.J.I.

Eysenck, Hans Jürgen (1974 Evans), prof, of psychology, clini-cal psychologist, author; b. Berlin 4 Mar. 1916. R: Protestant. E: 1934 Fr, 1934 U.K. Cit: 1945 U.K, fmly. Ger. F: Eduard An-ton E, b. Rhineland, Ger. 1892(7), d. 1968(7), Roman Catholic, actor, 1918 div. M: Ruth Werner Glass, b. Silesia, Ger. (Pol.) 1896, Protestant, actress, remarried to — Max Glass, 1933 to Fr. 5 . (none), oo ]. 1938 Margaret (Malcolm) Davies, 1950 div; II: 1951 Sybille Bianca Giuletta Rostal (dtr. of — Max Rostal), b. Vienna 1927, Jewish, 1933 to U.K, univ. educ, sr. lect. psych, Univ. London. C: Michael William, b. 1946(7); Gary Evans, b. 1954, B.S. electron, Univ. London; Connie Evans, b. 1959, B.S, Univ. Sussex; Kevin Evans, b. I960, student; Darrin Evans, b. 1966.

1934 Abitur, Berlin. 1934 denied admission to Univ. Berlin due to refusal to work with S.S, and emigr. to Fr; studied Fr. lit. and hist, Univ. Dijon. 1934 emigr. to U.K. Studied Eng. hist, and lit, University College, Exeter. 1936-40 studied psych, with Sir Cyril Burt, Univ. London; 1938 B.A; 1940 Ph.D. in psych. 1940 rejected for serv. in R.A.F. as enemy alien; 1941-42 serv. in Air Raid Precautions, London. 1942-46 res. psych, Mill Hill Emergency Hosp, London. 1946-50 mem. staff, Maudsley Hosp, London: 1946 sr. res. psych, 1947 dir. of psych, dept; concurr. 1948 reader in psych, Univ. London. 1950 Post-Grad. Med. Fed. of Univ. London founded an Inst, of Psychiatry at Maudsley Hosp; H.E. founded and 1950- dir. its psych, dept. 1955- prof, Univ. London. Concurr: Sr. clin. psych, Maudsley and Bethlem Royal Hosps, London: vis. prof. 1954 Univ. Berke-ley, 1949-50 Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Ed, Personal-ity and Individual Differences; mem. ed. bd. of num. prof, journs. Introduced clinical psychology in Britain. H E. reject-ed Freudian theory, psychoanalysis and psychotherapy in fa-vor of application of scientific and statistical methods to psy-chology and psychiatry. Developed a comprehensive personali-ty system and behavior therapy based upon extroversion/in-troversion axes, intelligence, neuroticism and psychoticism. H.E.'s advocacy of genetics as the determinant of personality and intelligence caused a furor among participants in the na-ture/nurture debate, especially with his defense of Arthur Jensen's hypothesis that racial factors affect intelligence (in Race, Intelligence and Education [1971]). Additional problems for H.E.'s stress on inheritance as a factor determining intelli-gence were raised by the controversy surrounding the credibili-ty of the findings on the inheritance of intelligence offered by his teacher and mentor Sir Cyril Burt. Fel: Brit. Psych. Soc; Am. Psych. Assn. Mem: Inst. Behaviour Therapy; Sp. Psych. Soc. (hon. mem.).

Biblio: Publ. num. popular books on psych, ed. more than 6 handbooks and compendiums, incl. Dimensions of Personality (London, 1947, 1961; Fr. ed. 1950); The Scientific Study of Per-sonality (London, 1952); Uses and Abuses of Psychology (Lon-don-Baltimore, 1953; Fr. and Ger. eds, 1956); The Structure of Human Personality (London, New York, 1953; 3rd ed. 1970); The Psychology of Politics (London, 1954 and 1957; New York, 1957); The Dynamics of Anxiety and Hysteria (London, New York, 1957); Sense and Nonsense in Psychology (Baltimore-Harmondsworth, U.K, 1957, 1968); ed, Handbook of Abnor-mal Psychology (London, 1960; New York, 1961; 2nd ed. 1973); Crime and Personality (London and Boston, 1964; rev. ed. London, 1970); Smoking, Health and Personality (New York, London, 1965); co-auth, The Causes and Cures of Neuro-sis (London, San Diego, Calif, 1965); Fact and Fiction in Psy-chology (Baltimore, 1965); Check your Own I.Q. (Harmonds-worth, 1966); The Biological Basis of Personality (Springfield, III, 1967); co-ed, Encyclopedia of Psychology, 3 vols. (London, New York, 1972-); contrib. more than 600 arts, to prof, journs. Lit: Paul Harrison, "The Eysenck Personality," in Human Be-

Faerber 277

havior (Feb, 1976); A. Eibsaur, Hans Eysenck: The Man and His Work (London, 1981). Sources: Hand, Print, Qu. — R.F.J.1.

F

Fabry, Joseph (until 1943 Epstein; shared pseud. Peter Fabrizi-us with Max Knight), editor, writer and translator; b. Vien-na 6 Nov. 1909. R: Jewish. E: 1938 Belg, 1939 U.K., 1940 U.S. Cit: 1943 U.S, fmly. Aus. F: Ernst Epstein, b. Kuttenplan, Bohemia, Aus. (Chodovä Plana, C.S.S.R.) 1873, d. Theresien-stadt concentration camp 1942, Jewish, sec. educ, dir, Munic. Storehouse, Vienna. M: Irma Benedikt, b. Prague 1871, d. Theresienstadt concentration camp 1942, Jewish, sec. educ. S: (none), oo 1940 Judith Louise Lieban, b. New York 1913, Jew-ish, B.A, secy. C: Wendy Banks, b. 1943, M.A. San Francisco State Univ, electrologist; Claire Bradley, b. 1946, B.A. Univ. of California; Richard Fabry, b. 1950, att. jr. coll, artist.

1928-33 att. Univ. Vienna, 1933 Dr. jur. 1934-35 Rechtsan-waltsanwärter, Vienna. 1935-38 ed, Muskete, Mocca, Wiener Mode, Vienna, 1938 dismissed; concurr. wrote short stories. 9 Sept. 1938 emigr. to Belg; interned two mos. in detention camp, Merxplas. Feb. 1939 emigr. to London; aided by Bloomsbury House. Sold short stories for living. Mar. 1940 emigr. to U.S. Aided by Jew. orgs. 1940 factory worker, New York. 1941-43 shipyard worker, Richmond, Calif. 1943-46 scriptwriter, O.W.I, San Francisco. 1946-47 feature writer, Voice of America, New York. 1947-48 scriptwriter, C.B.S, New York. 1948-72 ed, Univ. of California, Berkeley. Concurr: From 1963 studied logotherapy with Dr. Viktor Frankl; 1968 teacher, Univ. California Extension; 1970 lect, Coll. Assn. Pub. Events and Services. 1972- assist, prof, of psych, Sonoma State Coll, Calif. Concurr. from 1972 auth. and lect; 1972- fdr. and exec, dir, Inst, of Logotherapy; 1978—fdr. and ed, Intl. Forum of Logotherapy. Mem: Calif. Writers Club (bd. mem, 1979); Min. of Ecol. (pres. of bd. from 1975); Unitarian Church of Berkeley (pres. of bd. 1955-58). A: (1979) El Cerrito, Calif.

Biblio: Co-auth. with Max Knight under pseud. Peter Fabri-zius, Der schwarze Teufel und andere Geschichten (London, 1942; later eds.); Der Komet und andere Geschichten (London, 1942; later eds.); Die siebzehn Kamele und andere Geschichten (London, 1949; later eds.); Wer zuletzt lacht . . . (New York, 1952); . . . lacht am besten (New York, 1957); co-ed. with Knight, Johann Nestroy: Three Comedies (New York, 1976); auth, The Pursuit of Meaning: Logotherapy Applied to Life (Bos-ton, 1968); co-trans, with Knight, W. Haas' Bert Brecht (New York, 1970); co-trans. Karl Kraus' , In these Great Times: A Reader (Montreal, 1976); wrote other books on logotherapy; also contrib. arts, to Delphian Quart, and other journs. Sources: Biblio, Hand, News, Print, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Fackenheim, Emil Ludwig, prof, of philosophy, rabbi, Jewish philosopher; b. Halle, Prussian Saxony, Ger. 22 June 1916. R.-Jewish. E: 1939 U.K, 1940 Can. Cit: 1946 Can, fmly. Ger. F.-Julius F, b. Halle 1884, d. Aberdeen, U.K. 1970, Jewish, Dr. jur, lawyer, mem. C.V. and R.j.F, 1939 to U.K. lect. on comp, law and Ger. teacher, Aberdeen Training Coll, pres. Aberdeen He-brew Cong. M: Meta Schlesinger, b. Halle, Jewish, sec. educ, 1939 to U. K. S : Ernst Alexander, b. Halle 1912, d. Berlin 1940; William Allan Fräser, b. Halle 1918, att. univ, 1939 to U.K, in-dus. mgr. oo 1957 Rose Kombodi, b. Calgary, Alberta, Can. 1932, Presbyterian, B.A. C: Michael A, b. 1961, institutional-ized in Can; Susan S, b. 1962, student; David E, b. 1965, stu-dent; Joseph I, b. 1979.

1933-35 youth leader, Jüdischer Jugendbund, Halle; also mem. of Schild, a sports org. of R.j.F. 1935-39 att. L.(H.)W.J, Berlin; 1939 ordained rabbi. 1937-38 att. Univ. Halle. 12 Nov. 1938- 8 Feb. 1939 imprisoned in Sachsenhausen concentration camp; Gestapo in Halle gave E.F. a deadline for emigr. 1939

emigr. to Scot, on student visa; reed, aid from rels. 1939-40 att. Univ. Aberdeen with scholarship obtained through Intl. Stu-dent Serv, Switz. Concurr. gave Bar Mitzvah lessons. May 1940 interned as enemy alien; summer 1940 shipped to Can. 1941-45 att. Univ. Toronto; 1945 Ph.D. Concurr. taught Sunday sch. and gave Bar Mitzvah lessons. 1943-48 Rabbi, Cong. Anshe Shalom, Hamilton, Ontario. 1948- mem. fac, Univ. Toronto: 1948 lect, 1953 assist, prof, 1956 assoc. prof, 1960- prof, of phi-los. Concurr. lect: 1961 Aquinas lect, Marquette Univ, Milwau-kee, Wise; 1966 Mahlon Powell lect, Univ. Indiana, and Efroyomson Mml. lect, H.U.C; 1968 Charles Deems lect, New York Univ. Contrib. ed, mem. bd, Judaism. E.F. reed, philoso-phical training at the Berlin L.(H.)W.J. during the first 6 years of the Nazi period, and belongs to that group of post-Holo-caust Jewish thinkers who attempt to relate "Auschwitz" to the Jewish philosophical and theological tradition. Professional philosophical thought began with a thesis on Arab scholasti-cism. Subsequently E.F. turned to the formulation of a critique of the classical German-Jewish emancipation synthesis of Juda-ic traditions with German idealism or Kantianism (Neo-Kan-tianism as represented by the Marburg School of Hermann Co-hen and its followers) from the point of view of religious exis-tentialism. His critique of these Jewish "essentialist" philoso-phies which, from a similar viewpoint had been anticipated by

Max Wiener, Martin Buber, and Franz Rosenzweig, in-cludes a new sensitivity to the implied or expressed non-Jewish (Christian) assumptions underlying the major philosophical systems of the 19th and 20th centuries, including those of Mar-tin Heidegger and Jean-Paul Sartre. F.'s thought on the Jewish religious and ethical situation shows the influence primarily of M. Buber, while his ideas about the place of the Holocaust in Jewish thought relies more on psychological, ethical, and na-tional-historical categories (Jewish national self-assertion and Israeli victories as expressive of divine will), and his use of Bu-ber's concept of the "eclipse of G o d " reveals the tragic difficul-ties of post-Auschwitz Jewish theology. Fel: Elected fel, Royal Soc. Can. (1972). Mem: Am. and Can. Philos. Assns; Cent. Conf. Am. Rabbis; Can. Jewish Cong; Remembrance Award Intl. Comm. of the World Fed. of Bergen-Belsen Assns. Reed: President's Medal, Univ. W. Ontario for best scholarly art. publ. in Can. (1954); Guggenheim fel. (1957-58); Frank and Ethel S. Cohen Award of Jew. Book Coun. of Am, for Quest for Past and Future (1969); hon. LL.D, Laurentian Univ, Sud-bury, Can ; hon. LL.D, Sir George Williams Univ, Montreal (1971); other hon. doctorates incl. D.H.L. from H.U.C.-J.I.R. (1974); Killam Lewin Res. Fel.(1977). A:(1977)Toronto.

Biblio: Paths to Jewish Belief: A Systematic Introduction (New York, I960); Metaphysics and Historicity (Milwaukee, Wise, 1961); The Religious Dimension in Hegel's Thought (Bloomington, Ind, 1968; 2d. ed. 1970); Quest for Past and Fu-ture: Essays in Jewish Theology (Bloomington, 1968); God's Presence in History: Jewish Affirmations and Philosophical Re-

flections (New York, 1970; 2nd ed. 1973); The Human Condi-tion After Auschwitz (Syracuse, N.Y, 1971); Encounters Be-tween Judaism and Modem Philosophy (New York, 1973); The Jewish Return into History: Reflections in the Age of Auschwitz and a New Jerusalem (New York, 1979); contrib. more than 150 arts, to schol. pubis, incl. Proc. of Inter-Am. Cong, of Philos, The Philos. Quart, The Philos. Rev, The Rev. of Metaphys, Dae-dalus, Commentary, Historia Judaica and many others. Lit: Mi-chael Meyer, Commentary (vol. 53, June, 1972). Sources: Arch, Hand, Print, Qu. — R.F.J.I.

Faerber, Meir Maree», journalist, author; b. Mährisch-Ostrau, Moravia, Aus. (Ostrava, C.S.S.R.) 29 Apr. 1908. E: 1934 Pal. Cit: Isr, fmly. C.S.R. F: Rubin F, b. 1886, Dr. phil, rabbi. M: Olga Rosenfeld. S : 2. oo 1941 Sara liana Tutelman. C: Aaron, b. 1943; Daniel, b. 1947.

Att. Gym. in Mährisch-Ostrau. then Trade Acad, in Brünn. Mem. of Jewish orgs. Ed, Verlag Dr. R. Färber, Mährisch-Ostrau. Apr. 1934 emigr. to Pal. on tourist visa. Pubi. Ger.-lang. daily newspaper Orient-Express, Beirut; co-publ, Ger.-lang. newspaper Jedioth Chadaschoth: parliamentary corresp. for newspapers Haboker and Jedioth Chadaschoth, Tel Aviv.