&*pa u {aueqoecKu

mx0&mh*cEIrilLr{EffiY mMh4L4ffiMMffiffiXXY

p-&ffiK*r"nKffiXffi*X*XSffiffir.

XIX. AHalvrsvr vr u3cle4Bauvrfl'

Early Neolithic Stone Asemblage from

Ohoden-Valoga Site, Building Nl

Radka Zlateu a- {.J zunou a

Obe,Xnt, ttct, n,pedCrnaen.rle CA pelynntantumn 0m lnev?tllwo-n1nn0nozu'LlecKufl IL c)poluHeH all(ttlLt'3 11'a

KaMelut.u,n rntca,u.6zrn. om obextl Oxoden - Banoza, Bpauatrcrco. Bcur+rcu tv,antepuanu npoulxolttdant' om

:)!tLt.it,LLU\e Ml. Bxl oCiIoBA uA xApaxnteplilll7?IKllnxe ua Xepat+tuun'Un tvtattt'epuan' auccttt6ztnbm' e olnHeceH

,KbM M0]daxl)aMHILn. srtrun ua paurtu,n HeLn'ulll Toea e ntpeu'ant' clu'cauSon ont' Ceeepotanadua Etnztupua'

c .noloSuu xpou.onozu|uua'n&rt"141,n, xotirno daeci' eunottcld\Cnl 3(1' cne'Lqtt'anutupauu nl'toyueaHun Ha

.]jjl1lrlt.t)IetILIL cepul.t, cL'pnteSaKrnu, altt' santeopen KoMntLeKC' AuCattbtnxm e dou'uuupCttt om deSuttltt'ttttt"

ct"et).ct,n ojtt,Mn,otLoz,,1LecK.u,nre opzrdun. .fldpa,nta ca MatLKl KoJLu'LLecllrBo. Vecmo ce cl)eulanl' uant'ypanu"u

iltopurr c ontll?Lu, 3(r eKcn,tro(t1n0",tgun, npeo'nadaecnn eduotznctu,adttoe'unt'e adpa' cped de6u'mattca' donuu''ultailt

01,tl0l\47)'t0,UtLe B lnola,'LLLI,CILI oltllllMttt4'u nad l,5cit't., JL'nCnl'l'' Spazneutttu u xapaxnrcpulL 0mnoNLb1ir'L(''

Bodeugu B ru.,u1.t,0tlo?u1tec'Kanxa cntpyxtttypa ca pem,yruupaHLllil'e ntlaclllUuu, cnedeauu otlt cntbpzu'qK'LLln'e'

penrytu,rt4tau,wtre 0nt,il0M7r't4'u u opxduanta c ltentyzunpan'u sdno,uanrLLlTlt' B epynam'a lxpucbcltl'8\Banl'

n4)afL(1|1'|.,(e2},4e,H'11L,t1,.tLo,pt)lunottt,dp1eu1nLLnoBecivt,uxponuttt'u,unct'pau'em'pu.PenrLutt,prt

!t3?o,)trlfr,trr,t, n'pei)u,tttuo ,op*y orrno*r't4u,. Cypoetlnuarna 6ata e Domun'upaua ont bcttuott'u'duocnt"u c NLe(me'H

ttpor[txod- !Ipeduna,eeu'u, c0 I.t 61t/oKo'KaLLecm\elTu, clpoeuHu om lpy?u"pailoutt' nu ceeepua Bxnzttlt'ttn'

The asserrrblage was excavated from

Ohoden-Vaioga site, during 2002-2004' All

nraterials belong to str-ucture Ni (building

\1). On the base of characLeristics of ceramtc

.ompiex, artefacts are related to moncrchrome

srage of Earli. ' Neolirhic. This is first assem-.llage from Norrh-Western Bulgaria, with this

chronoiogical position, which gives an oppor-

.r-rnit-v for researches of considerable series ar-

-efhcts, fl 'om ciosed cr-rmPlex''fhe assembiage contains 2324 flint and

--l l stone tools. ' ib the last group are rela[ed

:ir-o fi agmented anvil stones, five hammer

lrones (three for mortars), ax, adze, mat[ock,

rro chisels, Lwo batons and two smoothing

s[ones, piece red sandstr';ne used as grinder

.ind eighteen undeterminetl fragmen"s (fl 'I1-

l : I I1 -4 ; I I I -1 , 2 , 5 ) . H igh s tage o f f ragmenta-

,ion and single pieces frorn different types. dcr

:toi aliolr, determination of stone tools char-

"cteristics. Surf:rces in the most cases are very

well polished. Different slone varleties was

used-sandslone, limeslone, andesite' schists,

conglomerates, ets.

The chipped stone assembiage includes

large quantity small sized artefacts.

Dominanf in the structure are flakes,

inclucling flakes under 1,5cm, fragtnents and

chips from retouching (70,0%)' Second in

frequencv are blades (l7,3Va), followed by "y-

poiogical tools (9,7Va). Cores are not numer-

ous (2,57o)5. Small number are naturai ftrrnrs

(0,27o), unintentional pieces, used as mortars,

hamtner and smoothing stones.

Cores-60 (PI.IV Y VI' VII)

In the assemblage are represented thir-

ty natural pieces, concretions and flakes lvith

attempts fol shaping of striking platforms,

cleavage surfaces, ets. Natural planes and

breaks, with angles zrround 900, was usecl' Otr

the lateral surfaces of three pieces, rvas shaped

o4

crests. Activiries rvas stopped because of inclu-sions and breach in raw material.

,tnalvsis of the nre[ric parameters of thisa::lefacts sho-ws highest frequency for lengthbetro,een 3-4,5 cm, rvidth anci thickness inie ims 4 ,5-6 ,5 cnr .

Single-platlbrm cores are dominant

ilal:I.i4). Tlwo-piatforrn and cores r,r,ithr.hanged orientatiorr al'e represented withck:se t:urnbers. Was cletermined three single-platf i r rm iPl . IV-2; V-2, 3), two trvo-piatform

li' l.ViI-1) ancl lwo microcorcs u'ith changedc;rientation (i4.VL-3). -lra-ces

of hard padsGSe was fbund (Pl.\'-5). On three cores ra'ithchangecl orientaLion splintered technic wasapnliecl. Some cores was ieuiil ize, as hammers .ones (P i . I I -3 ; I I I -? ) .

Clirar-act*r'istics l\'as sclieduled for 24specin-lens, excluding ii 'agmented cores.

As inlii:i l forrns rv;is used equai numberccxrcrelic''ns {Pl.Ir/-4) and natural pieces (Pl.I\'-i ) . Soinc singie (Pl. \ , r I - .1; VII-4) anci two-plat-in;;-rn corcs was per"forniecl ori inassive flakes.

i)oi;rinanl. are corrs r,r,ith l:rismatic fbrm.Ail conical sh:,rped are single-irlatfbrrn. Spo-lrrCjr-'are al'tifacts r,viti 'r sphencal and undefin-;,ii;ic ii;.lilr.

( l<:res in advanced st.age of expk,itation

irri.:'ri.i;l.i i,i.,&,39'b), iiilise in inrLiai and finai stage

.,' :. t: rr1 u;i;!1' rr:prescn i-ed.

lii;r!;.;.:s detached fi om most ar"tefi:.cts

i7ii. i :, i), 1Fl. V- l , 4). Tlvc tr.v*-platfirr*r c'.:; ' .1

"i lr { i-,r bii icies (P!.1i-5). {lorcs for bla{i l, .. Ii l ;rkr;s. i i i ::delets (I l l"f ! '-3), ffakes and bi:+-is:..:r ,,are sir:E-"!* { Fl. VI-5).

i ioininant are cores rvithout prrpi,: ' ;rt ic.irr

of the 1:i ieral sir-les {62,7%)" Rareiy' a;;1,.,rr,-tprepared r .v i th s ingle b lorvs. f rom back, p: r . . .

mal end or crests (Pl.\r-3; \/I-.3, 4).

Specimens r,r ' i th prepaiat"ion of'the r:1r,..

ag^e surfaces ale ;t l;sent. &{osr COr€s itre rr ' i .

f ial, rride cleavage sr-ri"ihces, io'unded or s€i-l ir-lounded in some cases. {-k:nsideratrrl l , iess aitwi th protubera-n i . c i l i ; ia ! ,e , o i on nai ' l -o-n 's : i , l .

o f the corc l ' . i ' i . iV-3) i - i *avagc s l r r faces 1. ,

is close to i-r:ir.:f.;lng-ui;rl iri clo;trinan,.tc, u,t r iangular ;nrd ovai .

Usuali',, b.rcks :i.r--e ilut plepzii"eri, rvii_ipr-eservecl cortcx ci n:rf.ural surfaces (Pl.VI,b).

Sporadic ar{j t:rep;i.rcd backs-*from proxinr:.i

P. 3rernee-YsyHoBA

Tiubl. 13. Siructu,re of the ch,iplted stone assen'tbLase

from bu.ilding Nl, Ohoderz-VtLoga, Site.

Thbi. 11. Cores typology in the clti,plted stonc as.sent-bktge ft ont hrLiLding I,'l I , Ohoclen-Iraloga Site.

Ta{}l. 15. Del;ituge tylte:: i',;*nblage Jrcnz t;u,il,ding N1 ,

i.iw clt,i.pped sknteOho rlen-.[/alo gu Si.te.

fcbl. ] 5. Cfnru,cteristics of dorsal sztrfaces oflsi:+tius, in tlw chipjled stone a,.ssentbinge .frorn

builrling l{ l, Olmden-ihlogn Site.

Technologicalgr0ups:

Number: -o/o

Iores 60 ? \

Flakes 162V 70,0Blades 397 17 ,3Retouched tools 226 o 7

Naturai pieces b 0,2Other I 0,JL 2324 100

iype: Number: -o/o

Pieces, concretions and flakes with attemptsfor knappinq

30 50,0

Sinqle-platform cores 71 35,0lwo-olatform cores 4

Cores with chanqed orientation R 4sL 60 100

Debitace tvoes: Number: -ck

Blades 1 )

Blade fraqments r06 ( ' )

Bladelets 266 13,4Flakes 173 8,5Flakes undes l5mm 495 24,3Flake fra z6 l 1

rl? ? d ( q

Sther B 0,3I 2032 100

, iluii, tr,vc-platrrorm c0resfl ' i tt#

niuU.*itf ' sinql

65f rase XfX. Arra,rra gra Lr vr3 cJrr,ilBArrvtfl

10 IU

Fi,g.48. Length of bladeswi,th intentional breahs from building N 1, Ohoden-Va'loga St'te'

d

o

4

20

Thbt. 17. Characteristics of dorsal surfaces

of f,akes, in the chipped, stone assemblage frombuildins I{ 1, Ohad'en-Valoga Site'

Tabt. 18. MetricaL parameters of f'ahes, in the

chipped stone assemblage from building N1,

Ohoden-Valosa Si'te.

ends, cleavage surfaces or striking platforms

Pl.V-2, 4). Three single-platform cores are

'uith shaped cresls on the backs.

Proximal ends usually are without prep-

aration, go down in point or edge' In some

cases they are faceted or used as striking plat-

forms. Proximal ends of two single-piatform

cores was prepared by single blows'

Striking platforms usually are faceted

(PI.-IV.$; VI-5) or unprepared (Pl'V-3; VI-1)'

Two specimens are with prePared by single

and two blows (PI.IV-1), striking platforms'

Single are striking platforms prepared with

multiply blows, or located on edges'

Length for eleven intact cores is between

2,0-4 ,5cm. (458%) . In o ther g roups numbers

are equal. Highest is width frequency around

2,0-3,5cm. (22,\Vo), wi*"h identical values are

cores between 3,5-4,5cm. and 4,5-5, lcm'

(33,2%). Dominant are thickneses around 2,0-

3,5cm. (37,6%) and 3,5-4,5cm. (25,0%)'

DebitageBlades-131. Mesial fragments are domi-

nant in the group (75;. Intact blades and distal

fragmehts are almost equal number' Proximal

fragments are rare.

Side edges are parallel in most cases

(77), unregular and scraped in distal parts are

uncommon. Exceptional are blades with rvide

apart s ide edges.

Cross sections are most often trapezt-

um-shaped, or triangular. Sporadic are mul-

tifaceted and D-shaPed.

Dominant are straight sidevielvs' Rare

are convex, exceptional S-shaped, ones.

Sixty-eight blades are with utilization

retouches and polishing, fifty-two with inten-

tional breaks.Metrical parameters are divided into

classes, for length and width with step lcm',

and for thickness 0,5cm. Length of intact

pieces was used, for width and thickness frag-

ments was included too. Blades length is be-

tween 2,0cm. and over 7,5cm. Grouping was

Traces on the dorsal surfaces. Number: -Vo

From sinqle-Platform core 130 65,5

trom two-platform cores I 1,0

From cores with changed orientation 22 1 1,0

(rested flakes with single versant 2,0(rested flakes with two versant 10 5,0

Flakes from wideninq of cleavage surfaces2 1,0

Flakes from preparation of strikingnlatforms

9 4,5

Tablets 20 10,0

L 199

tn cm.: Width in cm.: Thickness in cm.:

Ez

s Ez.

s Ez

s

<2,0 3 | ' l <2,0 1 1 <0,5 13 6,6l 0 -

3,024 13,8 2,0-

3,048 24,2 0,5-

1,005 31,7

1 n -A ( l

52 30,4 3,0-4,0

66 33,2 1,0-1,5

59 29,7

4,0-5,0

42 24,2 4,0-5,0

46 23,1) n

31 1 5,5

5,0-6,0

30 17,3 \ n -6,0

16 8,0 7,0-2,5

17 8,5

6,0-7,0

14 8,0 6,0-7,0

j ? { l q -

3,011 ( 5

>7,0 B 4,6 >7,0 r ? q >3,0 ) ? {

I 173 100 I 199 100 I 1 0 0 100

Tvooloqical grouP: Number: -%

164End-scraPers 37

6 2,6f^mhined tonlt

Perforators 12 5,31,7

Drills 4

Burins 2 0,83,0

Q "rlzorl

tnnl< 714 6,1

Truncated toolr50 27,1Dar^il.h.r{ hlrdp(

trl^rhorl tnal< 32 14,1

Denticulated tools 4 1,7

Splintered Pieces 4 1,7

Side-scraPers 3 1,3

Trapeze 5 2,2

Seqments 2 0,8

Retouched flakes 34 15,0

Retouched natural pieces and flakes 3 1,3

Picks 7 0,8

Undetermined fragEg4! 5 2,2

T 226 100

66P. 3Jrarsse-YsYHoBA

more rarely-Pressure technic'

Bladelets are with length under 2cm'-

266. Detached from single-platform cores' by

pressure. Among the artefacts is presented

bladelet with two versant'

Flakes-l99' Hundred artefacts are with-

out cortex, followed by those with cortex on

half of dorsal Parts' Little quantity are cortical

flakes, lateral, or cortex on proximal ends'

Intact flakes ate 173' eighteen proximal

and eight distal fragments are Present'

Dominant u,t fluktt from single-plat-

form cores (65,5Vo)' With close number:s are

pt.t."t flakes from cores with changed orien-

iution and tablets' Almost two times less are

.r..r.a flakes with two versant and flakes from

pr.pururion of striking platform^s' Tlakes from

ivvs-platform cores, widening of cleavage sur-

faces and crested flakes with single versant are

rare.Dominant are flakes with oval and trian-

gular form, convex sideviews and multifaceted

i..tionr. Rarely aPpears triangular' trapezoi-

dal and D-shaPed'

Fore are intentionally broken specimens'

twenty-two with traces from utilization'

Punch technic predominates (66'8%)'

Tabl. 19. Tbol categories in the chipped stone

assemblage from building N 1 , Ohoden-Valoga' Site '

observed around 3,5-5,5cm' (52'O%)' Width

i, in t.r*, under 1,0 and over 4'0cm' High-

est is f.equency between 1,0-2'0cm' (62'5%)'

On seconb place are blades with width 2'0-

3,0.-., o, i5,4Eo from the group' Thickness

is between 0,5-2,0cm' Grouping was observed

into first two classes-under 0,5cm' (34'3Vo)'

0,5-1,0cm' (52,6Vo).Lengihs ofblades with intentional breaks'

are more often around 2 and 4 cm'

Butt tyPes was analyzed for 49 blades'

Dominant are PrePared by single blow-2l

1+Z,An). Natura-l uttd ditttdral are presented

with identical numbers (36,6Vo),linear and fac-'eted (20,8%), too. Angles are around 90/1000'

specimens around 110/1200 are rare'

Dominant are blades detached from

single-plarform cores in advanced stage of

exiloiiation (7l,7%o). Considerably, less are

Utades from two-platform cores ( I 4' 5 Vo)' Little

quantity are crested blades witfr,si1gt3 versant

*itn ta,OZr) or without cortex (l,4Vo)' crested

blades with two versant without cortex (6'4Vo)'

and with cortex (3,07o).

Usually punch was used for detachment'

followed by pressure 2l,l%o' In single cases

hard hammer was used'

Butt tyPes was analyzed for 181 ele-

ments of the group' Prepared bytts are domi-

nant-59(32 ,5Vo1, followed by unprepared ones

(3O,3Va). Faceted, dihedral and linear butts are

small qrrantity. Angles are around 90/1000'

Higft.ri is frequertcy of fl1k1s length in

class three (3-4cm') - 30,4Vo' With lower num-

bers are presented classes fore and five' Con-

siderabll less are flakes in second and sixth

classes. Sp..im.n, in seventh and first classes

are single (Tabl. 18)' Widths are also separat-

ed into"seven classes, predominant are flakes

with values 3-4cm' (33,2Vo)' Second group is

formed by semi-fabricates between 2-3cm' and

4-5cm. Thickness vary in terms under 0'5 and

over 3cm. Highest is frequenpy ot spectmens

between 0,5-1cm. (31,7%), followed by those

between l-l,5cm. Considerably less are flakes

with thickness 1,5-2cm' Rest fore classes con-

sist single artifacts'Flakes under 1,5 cm -495' From prepa-

f.rrese XIX. Arre.nragra rz LI3cJIEABAHI4.fl

Fi,g.49. Deposit inZaeskoto area - general

uiew, from SE.

Fig.50. Deposi.t inZaeshoto area - shafts,

aiew from W.

ration and correction ofcores.Chips-933. Separated in processes of

knapping and retouching.

Other-8. Two unintentional flakes used

as mortars, fore hammer stones and fragment

rf concretion used as smoothing stone. Special

attention must be separated to flint concretion""ith parallel U-shaped engravings (Pl.XV).

Retouched tools

End.scrapers - 37. Dominant are arte-

:acts on flakes (26), those on blades are fore-

:een, one of them is crested blade. More often

ipecimens are with bended fronts, some of

:hem high (Pl.VIII-3). Rarely aPpears straight

67

fronts (Pl.IX-1, 5), semi-rounded (PI.VIII-4,

9) and atypical end-scrapers. There are two

double end-scrapers (PI.VIII-1; IX-9) and ar-

tefact with attempts for knapping on ventral

surface. Dominant are semi-steep rbtouches,

semi-steep/de.nticulated, in terms of the fronts

and rarely on side edges.Combined tools - 6. On blades. There

are two artefacts with characteristics of the re-

touched blades and splintered pieces (PI.IX-

17, 18). Single specimens combine truncated

and backed blades (P1.IX-12), end-scrapers

and notched blades, single flat burin on ven-

tral surface of backed blade (Pl.IX-11), single

angled burin on traPeze side edge (Pl.IX-16).

P. 3rerasa-V3'.HoBA

68

61------- -^^--:-^-^--r---*-i-----l - -l

5 - 1 r i - - f - - - ; - - i - -

. t i " - ; - - - - - - - l41 ^ ;3f : " -a - .

iTffi-f-,--+-r--l_-J! t - -035404550

Fig.51. Length oJ'intenti,onally broken tools on blad'es, from build'ing N1' Ohoden-valoga site'

TabL. 20. Rau materi,al distribution in the chtpped

stone assemblage from buildi'ng N I '

Ohoden-Valoga Site'

Perforators - 12' Seven on flakes (Pl'

X- lB), f ive on blades (Pl 'X- l6) ' Dominant are

atypical specimens (Pl'X-15, 19,22) with semi-

,r".p ,etor.h.s, some times denticulated'

There are artefacts with high, steep retouches

(Pl .x-13, 12).Drils - 4. Two on blades (Pl'X-17' 14)

and twd on flakes (Pl.X-20, 21), with steep to

semi-steeP retouch.

Burines - Dihedral, angled on the blade

distal fragment (PI.IX-i5)' Single, flat an.th:

pro*irnuifragment from blade with marginal

re touch (P l . IX-13) '' Backed tools - Seven on blades' Re-

touches are regular, steep, in some cases high

(PI.XI-16), some of them can be determined

as accommodational (PI 'XI-1 1, 17, 19) ' Domi-

nant are specimens with straight' one-lateral

backing, rarely convex' Some times retouches

ur. on?. ventral surfaces, in one case-semi-

cover (P l .X I -18) .Truncated tools 14' Thirteen on

blades, one on flake' Tools with oblique trun-

cat ion'are predominant (Pl 'Xl l ' 2 ' 10' 15) '

There are fore straight truncated blades (Pl'

XI-6), two with concave truncation (PI'XI-4)

and'one with double truncation (P1'XI-13)'

Retouches are regular, semi-steep' some times

on ,ia" edges u,tJ ut"t'ul surfaces' Tools with

notches apPears too (Pl'XI-5)' Some retouches

can be described as accommodational (PI'XI-

3 , 7 , 9 , 1 2 ) .Retouched blades - 50' Dominant are

fragments with bilateral, semi-steep. retouch

lftlxtt-a, 10, 15). Small, denticulated (PI'XII-

it, t7;, flat (P1'XII-6), micro and alternated

retouches (PI.XII-9) are Presented too' Ten-

dency for shaping of ventral surfaces' must be

mentioned.Notched tools - 32' Fourteen on blades'

eighteen on flakes. Tools on blades are usu-

aliy with one-lateral notches (PI'XIII-6' 8' 9'

tZi. foots on flakes-notches are performed on

dif ferent parts of s ide edges (PI 'XII I -13' 15) '

There are artefacts with bilateral' symmetrical

(PI.XIII-16) and tools with notches on ventral

surfaces (PI.XIII-7, 14)' Steep to seml-steep re-

touches was used, in most cases' in the notches

terms.Denticulated tools = Three on blades

(PI.XII I -10), one on f lake (Pl 'XII I -11) ' Arte-

fu.r, ur. shaped with single, or series of notch-

es, performed probably with pressure' without

furiher modification bY retouch'

Splintered pieces - 4' Single one-polar

(Pl.X-giand three bi-polar (Pl 'X-8' 10' 1l) ' on

blades.Side-scrapers - 3' One on flake and two

on natural Pieces. Retouches are steep to semi-

steep, in one case - denticulated (PI'XIV-12)'

t

€

l 1

=

u oI

4

uE 6v :

I , Ya&.

E

z.

oI o/o

BG.0h.F1

27 670 1 4 29 747 12,2

BG.0h.t2

o 539 16 ? 1 1 4 599 25,7

BG.0h.F3

9 134 1 1 91 t o ) 7,1

BG.0h.F4

5 89 63 f 162 7,0

BG.0h.F5

M 139 84 268 1 1,5

BG,Oh.ro

25 44 30 99 4,2

BG.0h.F7

3 71 109 18 207 9,0

BG.0h.F8

q 49 11 8 3,3

I 60 toLt 397 276 6 8 2374 100

f-[esa XIX. ArrlJrr43la rr rr3c,'IE]IBAHT{a

Fig.52. Maloltestensha caae a,rea - general uieu,

from S.

Fi,g.54. Deposi,t inBorouanski most areu

- general uiew, from S.

Trapeze - Five on blade fragments. Re-- uches are regular, semi-steep (Pl.X-3, 4).,tne tools is with small retouch on the ventral:'-rrface (PLX-z), other one-with notch on the.ntral surface (Pl.X-1). In third case. on the

Fig. 5 3 Veins around M alop e stensha cau e, entranc e- aiew, Jrom W

ventral surface is placed splintered retouch(Pl .x-5).

Segments - 2. Fragment from blade andflake was used. Retouch is regular, semi-steep(Pl .x-6,7).

69

7o

Retouched flakes - 34. Specimens with

regular, semlsteep retouches are dominant

(Pl.XIV-2-8). Equally are represented artef,acts

with small (Pl.XIV-1) and semi-steep, denticu-

lated retouch (Pl.XIV-9, 10). Single are tools

with marginal steep and high retouch' Part of

the flakes are with preserved cortex and natu-

ral surfaces"Retouched natural pieces and flakes

- Three specimens with semi-steeP' denticu-

lated retouches (Pl.XIV- 1 I )'Picks - Two artefacts on flake and natu-

ral piece. Steep, flat and small retouches was

used, on different parts of the tools (PI'III-3,

4). Cortex and natural surfaces are preserved'

In one case can be observed thraces from crest

with two versant.

Undetermined fragments from . re-

touched tools - 5.Butt types was analyzed for I 19, intact re-

touched tools and distal fragments. Butts pre-

pared with single blow are dominant (35,ZVo)'

Two times less are natural butts (19,6%).D1he-

dral (17 ,6Vo) and faceted (17 ,67o), are equally

represented, linear bults are single (I0'}Va).

Metrical parameters of intact tools on

blades, was analyzed for 25 artefacts. Lengths

are around 2,5-3,5cm. (40,0%), in most cases'

Second group is between 1,5-2,5cm. (24,0Vo)

and 3,5-4,5cm. (20,07o). Attefacts under 1,5

and over 4,lcm. are single. Widths are in terms

1,5-3,5cm. Highest is frequency between 1,5-

2,5cm. (52,0Vo). Thickness is usually around

0,5-1 ,Ocm. (72 ,0%) .

Lengths for intact tools on flakes - 78, in

general are betwee n 3,5'4,5 cr.rr. (33,5%), rarely

2,5-3,lcr,r'. (20,5Vo). Equal are tools around 4,5-

5,5cm. and 5,5-6,5cm. Specimens with length

1,5-2,5cm. and over 6,5cm' are single. Highest

frequency for width was found in terms 2,5-

3, 5cm. (37,l7o), and 3,5 - 4,5 cm. (21,7 7o)' Dom-

inant is thickness 1,0-1,5cm. (52,5Vo).

Only two are intentionally broken tools

on flakes.Fifty-three are intentionally broken tools

on blades. Their length is between 1,5-2,5cm.

and 2,5-3,5cm. Numbers in both classes are

equal and together compose 7l,6Vo, ftom

those specimens (Fig. 8).

P. 3JrerBse-Y3]'HoBA

Raw materials

Eight types of raw materials was separat-

ed in the collection. Dominant are those with

local origin (Thbl.20), from primary (senon,

barem) or secondary (Quaternary) deposits

(EoHven, fuvurPon, 1965).

BG.Oh.Fl brown to green' hne-

grained, microlayred, slightly transparent to

irrrrunrpu.ent, with uneven, mat fracture,

homogeneous mass. With thin, rough, brown

cortex, orange patina, many cracks and gaps

in the peripherY of initial forms.

BG.Oh.F2 - pink to red, light; parts are

in different shades' Coarse-grained, ribbon-

shaped, untransParent, with mat, uneven frac-

t,rri. Cott.x is thin, white. Can be observed

cracks and gaps, fill with quartz crystals, in the

periphery of initial forms.

BG.Oh.F3 - Parts in white, beige and

gray color, fine-grained, microlayred, with

small black sPots' With untransparent, mat,

smooth fracture and rare cracks and quartz

veins, thin, brown, uneven cortex.

BG.Oh.F4 - white, coarse-grained, ho-

mogeneous mass, with mat, uneven' untrans-

parent fracture. Without Lrreaches'

BG.Oh.F5 - beige-wax to yellow, with

small whitish spots' Structure is fine-grained

to amorphous, with smooth fracture, glossy,

slightly transparent, good technological qual-

ity.BG.Oh.F6 - light wax'beige, with many

whitish spots. Fine-grained, microlayred, with

smooth, slightly traRsparent fracture. Without

breaches. Excellent qualitY.

BG.Oh.F7 - gray with whitish sPots,

fine-grained, microlayred, with smooth lus-

trous fracture, slightly transparent. Without

breaches. In form of concrelions with diam-

eter around 20 to 80crir., with white, rugged,

thin cortex.BG.Oh.F8 -beige and gray, light shades,

with parallel, thin, darker stripes. Fine-

grained, layered, with untransparent, mat.

slightly uneven fracture. Without information

for breaches and cortex. Good quality'

On 1-1,5km., South-West form the site.

in Zaeskoto area (Fig.49), was located natural

disclosures of organogenic limestones, with

senon age. On the ridge was found thraces

f

f,rese XIX. Auetfircla Lr vIscJrr,Ar.AHr4s'

Fi,g.54. Deposit nearailage Mramoren

- general aiew, from S.

Fig.55. Deposi't nearui,lage Mramoren

- concretians.

Fig.55. Deposi,t near..;!e Ciren - concret'ions'

7r

74

segments. Burins, which are rare during Ear-

ly Neolithic period, here are presented also

among combined tools. Among combined tools

are represented artefacts with characteristics of

the splintered pieces, retouched blades, trun-

caled and backed tools. Other forms rvhich

are rare, but must be mentioned, are picks,

denticulated and tools on natural pieces and

flakes. Perforators are atypical in dominance'

E,nd-scrapers are mostly with bended fronts

and retouches in terms of the fronts. There

are artefacts with high and straight fronts,

semi-rounded, atypical and double end-scrap-

e l s .

Alound 557o from retouched forms

are on blades, those on flakes appears rarely

(407o), single specimens are on natural pieces

and flakes (5%).

Dominant are setrti-steep to s[eep re-

[ouches, l,r,hich are denticulated in some cases.

Considera-blv rare are tools with small, micro

and alternated retouches. Singie specimetrs

are 'lvith splintereci retouch. Retouches otr

some specimens can be desr:ribed as accom-

modational. Can be observed tendencies for

treatment c''f ventral surfaces and shaping of

retouched notches.On present stage of invest igat ions, on

base of terrain research, structure of ' the as-

semblage and characleristics of its elements,

can be suoposeci that in terms and around

the house lvas accomplished rt'hole techno-

logical process for manufacturing of flint

tools. Differen[ stages of technolcgicai chain

are presented with different intensity. Natu-

r';rl pieces, naturai lortns with atterrpts for

knapping, part of tire cores and flakes was

fbund outside resident.iai space, ir"r immecli-

ate vicinity of the builciing" This and results

frcirn flushing rn the secror, :rliorv Lo supPose

that here \ ,vas perfbrnred i imited act ions

(fincls :rre small quaniity), ibr preparation

of cores and detachnlelr l of semi-fabt- i r at€S.

(h.rl rist be remind lhat thraces frcrn ihc -r:ltne

activities was found in Zaeskoto area') Arte-

facts saturation in the residential structure

is considerably high. I t is highest in terms

of so called "ceranric collcentratiotr" level

( + 0 , 1 7 + 0 , 1 1 - + 0 , 5 1 + 0 , 4 2 f i o m C R , s c . N l 3 ) .

Frcirn tli is level desceni 1;iq' part frcim stcine

P. 3,rarrea-Y3yrroBA

tools, semi-fabricates, blades from prepara-

t ion of cores, f lakes under 1,5cm., chips, part

from typological tools and cores. Can be as-

sumed that in the building was exploited and

reshaped cores with preliminary preparation.

semi-fabricates was detached. Thoroughlv

retouching of semi-fabricates was performed.

and finished toois r.vas used and preserved-

Retouched forms cont inue to appear. togeth-

er with sporadic semi-fabricates in lower ler'-

els too. In last level, marked start ing point of

inhabitancy of the structure, was found onlv

typological tools. As working hypothesis can

be permit, that they was used for building of

the house, or that diged dwelling was used

for farm needs, connected with tool use. For

our regret., r,trithout thraceologic analysis, this

suppositions cannot be I'erificaled.'fi l l now from North Bulgaria are knortn

three more assemblages from monochrrlme

st-age of Early Neolithic - Koprivec rlear to\rn

of Ruse (3rrarena 1997), Orlovec near Bjala

(Ti;onev 2000) and Pomostica near Popo','oi.

According comparative analysis, in the

structure of Koprivec assernblage, as in Oho-

den, dominant are flakes, follorved by blades-

Cores and tools are small quantity. In C)rlovec

assemblage also dorninanl are debitage ele-

merlts, little number tcois, cores are absent.

Among Koprivec materials single-plat-

form cores, without preliminary preparaiion-

on small concretions and natural pieces, pre-

vails, microcores are present. Big part of the

cores are with thraces of reutilization. Natu-

ral pieces with attempts for. expioitation are

presented too. Short blades and flakes rt'as

detached, in dominance. From part of'miclo-

cores bladelets was detached.

Was used hard pacis, puuch :rncl sofi.

hammer techniques.Blades was removed {iom singie-plzrtfolm

cores, in advanced stage of erpln:itation. Domi-

nanl are blades lvith prepalecl L:ulls' conve\

sideviews and trianguiar cross scctions. In col:

lection from Orlovec sidevietvs are coilvex, itt

dominance, cross secticns Lrapezt:trJal. Basic

differences can be observed among i':itr, ntatet'i-

als - all blades from Orlovec are fi-c.m imponed

I Assenrb lage is unc ie t - i i ' ' r ' es t ig : l r t c ;1 .

t

f,'r.rna XIX. Al:^AJrvrSr4 t{ I43cJIEABAHI4.S

raw varieties and have considerable length,

while those from Koprivec are performed fiom

local ralv materials and are more short.Flakes from Koprivec are from single-

platform cores,'in advanced stage of exploi-

tation, with multifaceted sections, straight

sideviews, prepared or natural butts. Fiakes

under l,5cm. and those from preparation and

rejuvenation of the cores are single. Flakes

from Orlovec are sporadic.In both assemblages semi-fabricates and

tools n,ith microlithic dimensiorrs are absent.

In Koprivec assemblage more tools are

made fiom flakes, r,vith small, semi-steep to

steep relouches. In typological structure re-

touched flakes prevails, equally are presented

end-scrapers, denticulated and notched tools.

Burins, retouched blades, splintered pieces,

perforators and side-scrapers are single.Tools from Orlovec are presented by tr.vo

end-scrapers on blades with straight fronts

and lamellar-convergent retouch, and trun-cated burir) on retouched blade.

Trt 'o schemes for raw mater ial supplyrvas obser-ved, identical to those from Ohoden.

75

They operate in parallel, lvith different inten-

sity in separated assemblages.Two rypes of deposits was exploited - sec-

ondary, alluvial, rich of pebble flints lr'ith lorv

quality, dominant in Koprivec. Second type -

.from initial deposits among Lovec - Turnovo

anticline, with larger nodules of better qual-

ity, suitable for shaping of cores for big blades,

which prevails in Orlovec materiai. Can be

supposed that in vicinity of initial deposits.was local ized special ized wolkshops for senri-

fabricates, which was element of exchange on

long distances, but not all settiements profitedfrom this exchange (Koprivec). Last fact aliolto say that assemblages are result from rela-tively self-dependent produ,ctional communi-

ties, with characteristic peculiarities and spe-

cifics in different sites.Continuation of the investigation in

Ohoden, localization and research of newsites, rvill enlarge factological base and knowl-edge fbr stone industries, during Earlv Neo-lithic in North Buigaria. This is precondition

for comparative analyse*s in wider geographi-cal ccrntext.

Bibliographv

Tsonev 2000: Ts. Tsonev, Knapping Technol-ogy vs. Pattern of Raw Material Supply.- In:Technology, Style and Society, L.Nikolovared. ) , BAR 854, Oxford , 2000, 29-34 .

-{n4peenzq 1988: M. Ar4peesz.r. Henlera^.-Hu rrole3Hlr rz3no[aevu s E.r'.\rapux., t. I,Corpna, 1988, 100-127.

Souuen, funarrrpon 1965: f . Eonvee, A.Atr-).{rrrpoB. feoaoxna Kapra Ha Bpavaucnu on-

il 'br.- B: Ar.,rac ua BpavaucKn oKpa,r., fy|I,feo4esHx H KaprorpaQilx, Co{>ux, 1965, 5.

3,rarena 19972 P. 3,rareea. Xo,roqeucnrzKpeM:bqHH aucau6,ru or ilopequero Ha p.PyceHcnra ,l.oM. - MarncrupcKa grrrrloMHa

pa6ora, K.I'M {enaprarreHr Apxeo,\orz-s,H E y , 1 9 9 7 .

rrTri6p11s1, rrrr6spsrl"a 1898: X. Illxopnr.r,r, K.Ilhcop ulz,r.. Nloru,r.rlre. lI ar.rernxqra r.r a 6r,r-rapcKo., f l toe4ue, 1898, Bi-87.

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