- - . In Medicine Creek: Seventy Years of Archaeological Investigations,

edited by Donna Roper, pp. 84-141. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. 2002.

Medicine Creek Is a Paleoindian Cultural Ecotone

The Red Smoke Assemblage

Ruthann Knudson

The s o u ~ t e m Nebraska Paleoindian Red Smoke site ( i5FToJ is in the uppa reaches of a gallay-forested river that flows east to the Mississippi, in a sheltered, well-watered niche abundant in deer, small game, vegetable fwds, and local highquality knappable tabular stone (Smoky Hill jasper). It is a westward penetration into the High Plains, where bison were plentiful but water and good tool stone were less abundant. An estimated 98 percent of the flaked stone to& found in the Red Smoke assemblage are of local jasper. The most common artifacts are debitage, bifaces rdecting several stages of reduction, and bifacial cutting and chopping tools. The site's Zone 88 assem- blage is dated to between 9000 and 8700 RCYBP. The site appears to reflect flaked stone reduction activities while people were camped at thesite,whiehwasadycenttoexposedj~bedrockMostofthe well-reduced Red Smoke bifaces are £ragments that exhibit unregi- m t e d I--wide facial flake scars. A dozen or more alternate beveled Zone 88 points [that may have served as both projectiles and knives) have strong stylistic similarities to the Dalton mat& found in the Mississippi R i m drainage farther east and south, and two of these Red Smoke tools are identical in material, technology, and reshaped form to the two artifacts found at the M m e site in eastern Nebraska. Tko "Eden" point midsections, one of Alibates agatized dolomite and the other of Hamrille Uplift quaraite, are e t e d There is as0 one relatively complete point, which may or may not be of local jasper, with regimented p a d k l oblique Baking. Most of the points are stylis- tically and t c c h a l ~ y similar to mols hum the Lime Creek and Allen sites just east of Red Smoke, to the Clary Ran& and Scottsbluff

The Red Smoke Assemblage / 8s

sites in the North Platte valley to the northwest, and even to the Ray Long (Angostml site assemblage on the Cheyenne Rim in westan South Dakota. A few Red Smoke tools dispk shih i t ies to artifacts fmm the Hell Gap site, an ecotonal quarry workshop and habitation site on the Wyoming boundary of the High Plains, and with bison kill sites, such as Claypool and Frasca, west of Red Smoke. Comparable point styles are also found at the Packard site in O W m a and the Acton site in Teas. Following Invin, the Medicine Creek and North Platte valley Paleoindian sites discussed here are labeled the Medicine Creek complex. Detailed analysis of the Red Smoke assemblage and site is incomplete, but some thoughts of patterns are offered

The Red Smoke Site

The Red Smoke site in southwestern Nebraska is a deep, well-strati6ed Late Paleoiidian (sensu Haynes 1969) and later record of human adap- tations to the early Holocene environment in what appears to have been both a natural and a cultural ecotone. The site is located on Lime Creek, a tributary to Medicine Creek; Medicine Creek is itself a ma- jor tributary to the R e p u b h River in the Missouri River drainage of the Central Plains of North America. The site may have been found by 1929 (Howe 1gzg:Figure 8.5, site no. 121, but it was not generally known until 1947. It was ivmtigated from 1948 through 1953 as part of the U.S. Bureau of Redamation's (USBR) past-World War II Medi- cine Creek Reservoir (Harry Strunk Lake] construction proiect (Kivett and Metcalf 1997). The Medicine Creek project included research on three Paleoindian sites along Lime Creek, including the Allen site (25IT~o) and its Frontier complex, near the confluence of Lime and Medicine Creeks; the Lime Creek site (zsFT41 J, just upstream on that tributary; and the Red Smoke site, farther west up Lime Creek.

Resear& at Red Smoke was conducted by the University of Nebraska State Museum mdex a coaperatve agreement with the National Park Service Midwest Regional Of&=, Omaha, coordinated with the Smith- sonian Institution's Missouri Basin Project (Davis 1951, 1952, 1953a, 1953b, 19~4a'Appendix, 1954b; W a and Frankform 1948). The Ar- chaeological Conservancy (Stewart 1998-19991 acquired the site h private landowners in 1998. This author *ted the site several times in the early 1970s (Davis 1977; Knudson 1974b], and again during the 1997 Medicine Creek Resmmk anniwxsaq, and noted few impacts to the postexcavation site o h than natural erosion and -ion caused

Thc R r d Snloke Assanblage 1 57

7.2. The Red Smokc sltq Au~us t 9, 19iz, Dnoald I. Lcl~mcr, photagrc~pher. From the collcctlons of the A~lthn>pology Division, University a t Nchotsl<a State h,Iu- srum, Lincdn. Userl with permission.

hy relatively continuous cattle gxazing throughout the past nearly yo years. If present (see diseussion of site stratigraphy bclow), intact de- posits of thc site are likely ta remain.

The Red Snioke site as investigated cxtended over the nr~rthcat triangula half of an area at least 140 ft 142.7 m) cast-west and 60 ft (18.; mJ north-south, with the excavations facing south around a curve of Lime Creek and the back wall of rhe excavations cut 20-40 ft 16-12 m) into the loessial slope (Fig~lres 7.1 and 7-21. This is at the base of what was identified as the T-2A terrace (Reed and Drceszell 196j; Sch111tz et al. 1948. 1065; Schultz and Tanner r96yJ, with a complex stratigraphy in which Davis identified eight cultural zones dispersed among five sedimentary units.' Zone 88 yielded the denscst concentra- tion of materials. Note that thcse are cultural "zones" nor ilssulued tn bc components that might each reflect a singlc period of human use. Thc site yieltled 0%-cr 1,800 whole or fraymcuta~y flaked stonc tuols (Knudson 1979b. r~79c1, including 64 points, althnugh the majority of the "tools" are relatively thick bifacial knives/cho~pers, well nvcr roo,ooo (and perhaps over ~oo,ooo [see note z]; Iinudson 19792) debi- tage pieces, and an ~mquantified number of unworked bone fragments. However, there were only a few "finished" stone tools and only a few hone or ground stone artifacts. It is estimated that 111ost (98 per-

88 / Iluthann Knudson

7 . 3 . Pl~ysiugraphic map of the Grcar Plains provincc with locations of selecred ar- chaeological sites (Loheci: 1y7rj . Uscd with permission oi the H~mmond M7orlrl Atlas Corp.

cent) of the used and stylized tools are fabricated of Srrioky Hill jas- per. A machine-excavated trench dug in 1952 (Davis ry~qa:37y-384) into Area B in the northeast co~ner of the known site area displayed eight cultural zones. These zoncs coalesced at the back of the trench, but Davis thought that there was an intact cultural sequence in the trenched area that could aid in solving future stratigraphic questions.

The Red Smoke Assemblage 1 89

The Medicine Cmek drainage pnmided a variety of resources to its Late Pabimdian users. The drainage is at the edge of Lobeck's (1975) Plains Border subpmviuce of his Great Plains Province (Figure 7.3). J A w k d d b e s this subpmvince as a bmitional zone-an ecotone -and certainly the Medicine Cmk doiinage, with its sheltedng 4- Iery forests~ its reliable supply of rmw, vegetabk foods, and probably deer and other small game; and its highquality knappable crgptocrys- talline bedrock, must bate leaked like heaven to peclple who hunted bison out on the High Plains. On the Plains water s o m were widely spaced and often unreliable; stom for making long, thin, sharp edges was r a ~ ; and the wntinental climate had to be endured. But the wide grazing lands there probably -t that b i i [an abundant s o m of food, hides, bone, and sinew] were available.

Site Stratigraphy and Radiocarbon Determinations

Table 7.1 summarizes the site stra-, curdating Davis's original sedimentary units, cultural zone designations, and Roman numeral zone designations ascribed afta campletion of amderable laboratmy analysis of the dee ted materials. Figure 7.4 is Davis's baseliae (oN/SI profile hum west [IoE) to east (10oE). A s 4, the site was deposited

~l11:qvs61 val ,4mru,m w MOIaq m! Pas 'w 'uqe lenl" hlag en PqFp

s! ma W Qoq ma PNP V '[LP 'dl np arl) p WW wwa aqa qr &rrmqsm puova w uq~ msne qns pw prrss

~,l~arl)wwPapnms!06aaoZ~Y '(B '4

mns Paam ?qr to axed nmol ?qr qr molls ) *R- PmP JIB Z6 Pus 16

'if '8d $MP 'a1 ~oDieo&~ p POPd em 3- qPem * qsaog~xa ah!wxa dpwmdd~ rOOpp&p a3w.i mqqu

+leL manodmqpu aq Xsm pas (L *%d 'LP '4 flm

T nl,JO ~d -1 q3 W 81 08 '(LP 'dl uo!aupmrwm 7~ p;.hn[p JO spopad m 08 =vP VIA m=q-I"S

mmnq q?w alrnqa mmmp s 7- 02 Z sums dn 41 at (fqoeoapd arruamm!)

ma mm~woqm pm rrad mq sr1 q AI €8 DfaJM J(Re VIM '1118 T 07 Yh

'If .gM 'LP 'dl sm JO rrad nddnqqnurrsnw3~0qmuq~auo~

'(LP 'dl msia- A 88 6was anm soaq pm qssm adqs pm

1- $on SUM ruro~ m18 pa-o a~uq mm mPdmD0 '(1 9 'dl ww?l Tsla"n03 VP PaHs=+Jw wm aY IZI mwfms P-I Lrw ==q ='*q snladdu PM fpP

'dl fm ?q, 10 rrad mq q 81 'Im .y I -mu) mz pmap np hqrd xp '88 a=

'a718 q Jo ** WO* Pam 81 68 W [(I 1:cl€s61

'(L '% '8~ .dl WA ewal ~OZ 8ncr~w w $pxd 8tqntpua~ s u~l~~ P"

jomdjf wprsMdn~ppm~dslmoaaq -am a! JW J~W urn0 rnno~ pas W~IPJ P 311s um~la w l6~1

Table 7.1 Continued - -

c2uhd Zone CulnuP1Zonc Sedimcntpry Dedcriptbn Dietribution l0WP (Final) Unit

Zone 78PI is in the upper pert: of the unit Zme 78 was below the (p. 46, Fig. 7, Davis 1954b:lg). Medicine Creek reservoir tvel

I & I1 (DIIVIE Gray clayey silts, repredentlag n wil formed in 1951 but above It later, only

78 1954b:g) 1 under mofa, pahaps hgep mnditions [p. 46)) a 5-ft? unit was dug dapn to lower pntt of T.2A terrace fill (p. 781. 75 ft. above datum (p. 78). Zone 78/Ibthebmrportimof theunit (Dsvis 1954bi19-20). - - - - ~

Note: All strata are within the lo& ?t r race-Z~ fill, and dl referm~8 nn to Davis 1954n unlors othcnviee noted. 'He@ of n stratum containing &ce of hmn occupation when that etratum was Brat cncounWCd, in fe& a h ol&id dte datum inear LIIIIC k e k ) (p. 43).

The Red Smoke Assemblage / 93

in the base of what Schultz et d. (19@, 1951, 1965; cf. khdk et al. 1994; May, this volume) termed the Terrace-zA (Mankato) silt and loess. In these publications Schulk used the s t r a w sexion hom th: Lime C& site (Figures 7-1 and 7.2; Davis 1962) as the Terrace-zA

. . trpe section, ideahtylng a basal blue-gray clay stratum [ M t z et aL 1948:37 [section 81) that was present in many regional egposures. Tbe excavated Red Smoke site stratbgapty was a wmpIex array of

alluvial and colluvial deposits, dmped over an eroding hillside that sloped to the southeast and, apparently, bedrock -is of Smoky W jasper that are located at the nadir of the past and p- sPatigraphic col- Davis (1954a:48-49] concluded that

The impression gained fmm the sedimentarp sequemx is that the material was deposited unda climatic conditions of increasing aridity, since the Earbonaceous zones, which imply relatively hu- mid times, are relatively thiclr in Unit 5 much thinner in Unit 4. and absent altogether in Unit 5. The change mward aridity w s not a constant one, sinre there is an alternation of &naceous zones and wn-mhmwms silt suggesting a fluctuating climate. NexdAes, thegeneralsituationfmmthedafkclayatthebot- tom m the loess at the top land pubmate gastropod distribution] indicates inaeaskgly inbspiraMe cnnditions for plant and mi- ma1 life.

Davis (19~4a:sr) commemted on parallels between the Red Smoke and Lime Qeek sites stsat@&, now that both had "a dark clapey silt at the bott~~m, a series of alternating silt and cahnacmus zones above, and a deposit of loess at the top," altbough Red Smohe's Unit 3 brownsiltandthepartial--betweenUnits3andqwere unique. He suggested that the latter differences lesulted fmm local topographic umditio~s

Over the past decade or more David May's investigations of the Medicine Creek geomoqddogy (1992, ad, this volume) have added sigaificant new uuderstanding of the landforms and alluvial chnnmlogy of the Red Smoke site w t i o n a l context.

Six mdhadkm (more if the split samples are munted separately) have been completed for the Red Smoke site (Table 7.4. The most widely acknawltdged of theye IC-824) was assessed during the first generation of '% dating (Amold 1995; Tagh 1997370) and does not f i t well with the series of dates evaluated during the 1960s (Tx-333) and 1990s (& Taras -). libby /1954738,195~:110) coun- mented on the earliest date as fdlows: "The chrcoal WJS fmm a head

Table 7.2. Red Smoke (25FT42) Radioca~bon Dates i Laboratory Numba Date (B.P.] Dated M a t d d h m i m c c Rcfaace

0824' 8862 f 230 (average of Charcod Zone 92pIIl libby 1954:788, (UNSM 859-501 epllt ample 18570 f 2B0, 1955:llO

9158 i 2.301, unconected] Tx-am [Red Smolre 7970 * 210 (uncorrected] C h d Feature 867 at grid point Valnauo, Pwson , 1076) 10S/90B, 88.89 to 89.60 ft. end Davis 1967:451

sboa a te &cum, above the ul lcoafdtyj Zonc 90p1

Tx-6729 8050 i 500 luncomcted] Small ftqmmra Featurs 857 and 868, from Mny 1992:'Ibble 8, UNSM 1504.511 of b o n l Zone 90pI a h or at the UTRL RAP

un-6' Tx-6730 [UNSM 8270 f 80 (=cctedJ S d frognmnts Feature 1007 nnd 1224, 1992. nb le a, 1843.511 of chnrooal Zonc88~or9O/VIaboM01 IJTRLW

at the unwnfonnlty Tr.7517 9220 f 90 nnd 92Q6 f 90 &d fragmantn Below Zone V in aame UTRL RAP [UNSM 1582-52) (61ac wnected split mksa with d, &tive position of Zone iv,

stond in glass in NE corner of 5N/a5E, jar from 1952 26.67-26.93 rn below &nun until &red neor unltn ~ / a wntpct

Pa7558 8880 f la0 and 8910 ChPrcool with P ~ ~ U R 159a bd], ~ t h UTRL RAP [UNSM 1780521 f 130 id8C corrected epllt mrne burned bone pat of equ~rc 0/60E,

m p k ] fr~7nmm 26.97-27.18 m above slte &cum nnd wichin Zone V, princlpd site occuptim

'Th UTRL RAP ( U n l d t y of k e RPdiocorbon Labonmy Radiocarbon Analysis Repom, undnted] for Tx-7517 notee that thie date ((3-824), "one of Libby% eorcen wall carbon-black dates, pmbably should be ignored."

The Rad Smoke Assemblage / 95

in the middle portion of the Terrace zA fill.. . . This sample was col- lected in 1950 by E. Mott Davis and associates. It bears the field num- ber 'UNSM 859-50.' It would give a date which would be near to what is probably the climax of the Mankato. All the samples from Terrace zA which previously have been n m are from lower levels. Submitted by C. B. Schultz." Further, Davis and Schultz (195s=) wte, 'The 6l l from a hearth in the 9%-ft plhe was remowd and was bmught to the laboratory in hopes enough charcoal for a Cubon-14 date m be re- mered." This is apparently the Zone 92 hearth Davis (1954a:62) de- scribed as follows:

Zone 9a . . . is a thin ca&macaus zow containing a hearth, sev- eral workshop umcentrations, artifacts, ochre stains, and some fragments. This material occurs in the lower part of sedimentary Unit 4, the laminated silts. Three lm&ed square feet of this zone have been excavated.. . .The hearth was an irregular area about nvo feet in diameter, heavily carbon-stained. Amund it were strewn broken and burned bison bone. . . . There are no clear evidences of Zone 92 in the western part of the site, but test pits show that it extends at least as far east as line 14oE.

In complement, the 1960s datc on the Zone. 90 Feature 867 charcoal was assessed by the University of l k a s Radiocarbon Laboratory (Valas- tm et al. 1967:45 I):

Zones VI, W, and Vm, probably reprmenting one component, are the most recent cultural strata at site [called Zones go, 91, 92 in Davis 1953[a] p. 383; see also WormingMn 1957, p. 117-118). Grinding stones (probably for ocher), a crude stemmed point, and a pentagonal Bake point came from these zones. The deeper Zone V, containing Plainview points, is distinct culturally from Zones VI-VIII and an erosional unconfotmity intervenes. One C14 date has p m d d y been determined fmm site, 886a -+ s j o from Zone VIII (C-8% . . . h Tx-333 should be about tbe same age. COIL 1951 and subm. by E M Davis, this lab. W="= [missing symbol] 6a9 f 6. Commmt (E.M.D.]: date difference from C-824 by more than m. Non-PaleuIndian stemmed point from Zone VIU makes more recent date seem more likely. Obviously, we need more dates.

A comparison of Davis's 1954 -an plots for Zanes gs [his Fig- ure13Jand88and78 (hisFigure1~jindicatethattheywerestacked scratigraphirdly in a triangular s o u t h w w ~ ~ area that extended

96 1 Ruthann Knudson

fmm -75E to a wall at 90E. and from the nonh wall on the baseline to -ITS, and that Zane 93 was &ed to this area other than the above-mentioned test units to the east. The north wall of this section through Zooe 88 is illustrated in Figure 7.5, and the north-south sx- tion along the eastern wall is illustrated in Figure 7.6. In the early 1990s (May, this dune] E. Mott Davis and Sam Vabsbo

of the University of Tkxaa Radiocarbon Laboratory eompkted radio- carbon analyses of bur Red Smoke samples collected from the site dur- ing the 1951 and 1952 e x m o m (University of Tkxas Radiocarbon Laboratory n.d.; Table 74.' Two of tbese are particularly important in dating the principal omupation of the site in Zone Y. m-7517 is hum just below Zone V and d a d to between 9,300 and 9,1w years ago, and 7k-7558 from a hearth within Zone V dated to 9,000 to 8,700 gearsago.Thrr9 , theculdy l ich~88appearstodate~about 9,000 to 8,700 '"2 yeam years. The calibration 6glues in S t u i w et al. Ir998:Figum A9 and AIO) indicate that this assessment is the equiva- lent of 1o,aoo-9700 cal B.P.

B r y s w and Bryson (moo) bsw raently modeled the pmzipitation history at McCook and Cambridge and the M E C d tanperattw his- tory using nndibmted dates. Their data indieate that at 9poo yean ago the annual precipitation in the area was the same as at present, a l m t h e summerswaequitedryascompared with today, thein- tensity of Jdy precipitation lower, d the annual precipitation in- tensity was sigdbmtly k. % annual tanperature was -r.s0C ewler and the July temperatme was IT warmer. The modeled water supply in the McCook area dlected a slightly lower annual potential evapotranspiration rate than at present.

Fauna and Features

Nonhuman vextebrate remains were found in all cultural zones of the site, but none in nrmeultural deposits pavis 1 9 5 ~ 4 p 5 0 ) . More than half of the f a d material in all wms was Bison, and C. Bertrand Schultz believed the remains to be more comparable to B. mtipus than to modem B. bison IDavis and Scbdtz 19sa:a89). Tbe entire collection has not been snalyzed, but Schultz commented that the un- analyzed faunal remains repxwmted "a variety of smaller animals" [Davis 1954a:49); they included a least coyote lDapis and SCIRIIIZ 1952: 289). Puhmate gasaopods from the site were at least prebnimdy analyzed when Dapis fled his dissertation, and he reported (Davis

7.6. Red Smoke site profile on 9oE north-south line, oN/S to %IS (Davis 19~4a:Figure 10). Used with permission of Beth Ogden Davis.

rg~4b:4 ) that they suggested a climatic change h m relatively warm and moist to cold and dry as the fll accumulated.

Davis did not have any focused discussion of feames as loci of spe- cific cultural activity in his writings about 25FT42, perhaps because there weren't many such locations. The label feature was a major or-

The Red Smolre Assemblage I lor

Brice's (1966) study of erosion and depositim in the Medicine Creek dninage identihi the T-z.A terrace in which the Red Smok site is deposited as the Stockvile terrace (d. May 1992)- Prior to h site's occupation Lime Creek bad been subjected m major late Pleistocene saeam degradation and erosion. and the arehpeologiml deposits date m the period when the valley was beginning to aggrade again. This is true of mom b m m Paleoindian sites in the Plains [d. Knudson 1991). Hence & Smoky Hill jasper that is now just above the water table would have been expased and available to knappen for exploitation horn the first occupation of the Red Smoke sioe. Throughout the early and middle Holocene the valley camtinuonsly agg1ad4 wvering the iasperexposures. Only inthepastthonsandyeamacsohasthevalley again eroded down to the S m a k y W jasper bedrock exposures.

The Cambridge and Medicine Creek Re8ervoir area is the western- most edge of Kansan period glacial drift, ineluding boulders of green Sioux quartzite, and there is a Tertiary v Qalkda quarkite (Banks 19~:94-96; Barbour 1915; C h d 1994) that outcrops in the region. Hurst and Rebnegger (19991 have noted the use of p e n quanzite for Oklahoma Palwindian tools, but all of their described materials origi- nate in secondary pad dqmsits. The source of the green quartzite material used for some of the Red Smoke artifacts has not been deter- mined.

Silicified wood is found in glacial gravels in the local area but in small amounts.

RED AND YELLOW OCHRE

Davis (1954a:6j-64; cf. Roper 1991b, 1996b; Tankersley et al. 1995) noted that the Red Smoke inhabitants "were using red and yellow ochre, which like the jasper is available n&." This author is cur- mtly unaware of such bedrock source locations.

The Red Smoke Assemblage

Detailed analysis of the Red Smoke assemblage has not been cam- pleted, but it bas been reactivated3 Tbis researchers evaluation of the assemblage identitles more tools tban did Davis in 1954 because many of the 1952- and ~ g $ j - d m t e d artifacts were not included in his dis- sertation. For example, Davis (1954aJ notg only a8 p o d in the Red

102 / Ruthann Knudson

Smoke a s z n b w Table 7.3 doctunenis 64 of them. In lieu of a de- tailed technological evaluation of the entire collection, experience with the collection provides a basis for some generahations about the over- all organizational variabiity in the multizane assemblage.

Absent a computer-aided sort of the more than 1,800 desuibed tmls I1Cnud.wn 19794 1979j, some of Davis's 1954 (195eTables I and 11) dative frequeecies of &ts are noted here Davis identified 41 percent of the Red Smoke assemblage's t d s as uuSe flakes, 18 per- cent as "knives," 16 percent as "thin side scrapas," 8 percent as used cores, 6 percent as "chopper/hand axes," and only 1.5 percent as pro- jectile points. However, in discussing the Zone 88 ass- Davis (195-68) noted, "The most common arrifacts are blades 11950s ter- minology referring to bifaces, not hue blades] and choppers, up 267 fragments and complete adace, or 53% of the total wnrked flint from this zone." Figure 7.7 illuslrates the diversity of desigued bifacial tools and same of the tools made fmm ilakes removed from bifacial cores relatively early in the design execution process.

veqkwartifarrsoflnat~otherthanBalredsumewe~found at Red Smokc A bone tube was found in Zone 78 (Davis 19~4b:~). In 1953 (Davis 1954b:6) a grinding stone with red ochre stains was iden- tified in Zone 83, and another grinding stone with quantities of yellow and red & was found in Zone 90. Davis (1954a:376,1954b:6) noted that the pobhed tip of a bone awl or needle had been found in Zone 88 in 1952, a d red and flow o h were also found in cultural zones 91 and 9a. Careful analysis of the faunal materials fmm the site might identify more bone a d a c t s because pnxnation was apparently good

LITHIC Fbw MATERVUS

Lithic materials are significant dug in interpreting the a l h u a l inta- relationships of the paopk who used and left debris at the Red Smoke site (6. Andrefsky 1994). Whereas mast of the assemblage is made of Smoky W jaspa (Figures 7.7-7.9) and is presumed to be from local outcrops, jasper from the S m o k y Hill member could have been ac- quired from bedrock sources IW or more miles to the south in ifego, Gove, and Logan counties, Kansas (Hattin 1981)

Several "foreign" mataials are qmsemed in the Red Smoke &- tion [Figures 7.10 and 7-11). A a s R @ point midsection, point base, and worked thin flake tool are made of Alibates agatized dolomite (Banks rggo:g~-ga) that lies as bedrock 3m miles to the south, and a worked thin Bake tool is of Edwards Plateau chea (Banks 1990:58-61; cf. Hofman 1996) tha outcmp8 600 miles south of Medicine Cmek. Two finisbed points are made of Nehawlra llim (Blackman 1907) that

Table 7.8. Red Smoke j25FT42) Aesemblage Points and Point Fragment8 [Knudaon 1971-1975, 1979b, 1979~)

Data' Perm. Field Peat. Davia Ref. ~ a t e r i n l ~ Artifact Condition Bevel Zone Depth' NO? NO. No.'

C - 1628-51 - - Unknown calor SHJ Pnuimal half Reea t - - C - 1632.51 - - Unknown color SHJ Proximal hnlf, apparently - - -

brdan in mvorking UI - 943.52 1360 - bwa-yellow SHJ Dbtnl fragment P n m t 88 89.9

UI - 98252 1375 - Red SHJ Spllt ddaectlon - - - P, RK,UI - 1168.52 la99 - 'Yellow SHJ Base frn~pnent - 88 91.0-91.5

C, P, RK - 1167-52 1400 - Brown SHJ Complete Reaent 88 90.1 UI - 1528-52 1531 - Brown SH J Mcdisl and t d n d - - -

=gmmt' C, UI - 1529.52 1548 1954a:8Zr Harevilk Uplift Midmtlon w/top of stem, - 88P 89.7

1954b:6 qwtzIte ' E h n point UI - 195&52 1644 - CnulCnulblack SHJ Mcdld and t a r n i d - - -

Wgmcot C, P, RK - 1829-52 1604 - 0- SHJ Mid and proximal negment - 88 88.85 C, P, RK - 1869-52 1612 - Bmwn-yellow SIiJ Complete Rceent 88 88.1 UI - 1986-52 1652 - Bmwn.yellow SHJ Complete No dnta - - UI - 2019-52 1668 - Bmwn SHJ McW and taminn1 No data - -

Egmcot P, - 2020-52 1669 - Grcen SHJ Beee fxagment - 88 90.M0.5

P, RK - 2102-52 1699 - Orangc-yellow SHJ B n a fragment - 88 88.9

Table 7.3. Cont inued

Data' Pam. Field Feat D a d Ref. h5nteriald Artifact Condition ~ 0 . ~ NO. No.=

Bevel Zone Depth'

C, P, RK - 2121-52 1710 - SHI Complete ex- for dletal Up, not a &lished piece

- - Spoil din

- 88 90.1

- 88 88.8 HarniUeUplift chert SMJ, mlor not speciffed Green SIq Bmwn-gcllow SHJ

Complete

Complete Medial and tnminal =gment Nuay complere point. --yEmund r-=-ledpFsi*rip ~ ~ b e e n ~ d r i u Medial and terminal aegmmt Complete piece probably still l,ntMshedI

SiliciBed wood - - - - 88 89.7

NOdata - - No data 90 88.3

UI AB2a3 100049 2 1954e: B~uwn-gcllow SHI Complete - Table ll

- ~82as - - 1954a:66, yellow SHJ Table n, PI.

XIIa

Nearly complete but one edge broken, pentagonal

- 91 91.0

- 91 91.0

Nodata 90 91.8

- 91 91.0

- 91 91.0

No data 90 91.8

UI A-7 570.51 670 1 9 W W Bnnvn n, PI. XIi

UI A8238 1695-51 1070 1954a: Bmwn-+ SHJ Table II

Medi$ and termiuul =gment Medial and terminal =sment

UI A8W7 570-51 670 195kTable Bmwn SHJ ll, PI. XIi

UI A8238 1695-51 1070 1 9 W Bnnvn-+SHJ Table U

UI A8240 63547 - - Green SHJ Medial and tenninal - - - -

No data 88 89.6

Presem 88 88.25

- AS241 - - 1 9 5 4 ~ Yellow SHJ Slender distal hagment Table II

C,UI A S M 558-51 - 1952:Pl. VUot Silicified wood Complete 1954a:73, Table 11, PIS. XNh, XVh Meserrr

Pt. UI A8244 792-51 7% 1952:Pl. VI I4 Green SHJ

1954~71, Table II, Pls. XIVa,

Xvc C, RK A8245 607-51 - 1952:Pl. VIk, Brown SHJ

1954a.72, Table U, Pls. XIVb,

XVd C, RK As246 1628-51 1224 1952Pl. Vnfr Brown SHJ

1954x72-73, Table II, PL

XIVd

Medinl and tnminal - 88 89.3 =Pent

Proximdhalf None - -

Proximal half, w/mugh Suggestion 88 88.97 oblique p~~ flaking on only one face

Table 7.3. Continued

Data' Perm. Field Peat. Davis Ref. iMateriald Artifact Condition Bevel Zone Depthe NO? NO. NO:

C, RK A8247 163251 - 1952:PL mi Bmrm-ych~ SW M hnlf, being - 881 Backdin

1954dUe fI, revwked1 m. X I V ~

C, RK A8248 1201-51 195221. VIIC; B m Complete except fa d i d Presmt 88 90.42 1954a:7L73. t i ~ o b l i i ~ f o c i n l Table XI, Ph. fLkiag XI% XVe

c, RK A8249 1216-51 1008 1952:Pl. Bmwn Complete Apparently 88 9o.m 19548:Tabk II,

P1. XIVk

C, P, RK A8250 1162-51 - 1952:Pl. VIIk, Phttop chalcedony Beee frag-t - 88 90.8

19548:Table 11, PL mq

C, P, A8251 1688-51' - 1952fi.VIbi GFXJ?. SZI'j *f=W=t - 88 89.0

RIZm 1 9 w m l e n, PI. mt

C, P, RK A8252 121051 - 19522L P1, VIIo; jjilaper, B P s e w i t h d p ~ ~ t l ~ n o f - 88 87.5

1954aTde btwily Covered with midsection 11, PL XC, P, cacoz

RKTVl

P, RK, AB25a - - 195m Vlm1 G ~ - M P c k SW BPse fr%m@ 88 90.0-90.5 [X 19548:n XWS UI A8254 569-51 669 19519L n~qi Bmwn-YdlOW Madial Pnd fedd

- 88 888

19548-2L XIVw Segment P, RK A8255 700-51 - 1952:PL VIIli Olive gray drat Base fregment - 88 88.5-89.9

19548:Table 11, gravel source? P1. X N p

C, P, RK A8256 64-50 - 1954a,Thble II, Alibatea agetized Midsection with top of - P1. XIVm dolomite

88 91.7 stem1 Eden7

P,RK A8257 1118-51 - 1952Pl. VqP, R e d - b m SHJ Base fragment - 88 87.9 1954a:Table U,

PI. XIVv P, RK, A8258 649-50 384 1951PL VIIIIIml Red SW UI 19548:73. Table

P, RK, ~8259' 1208-51 990- 1952:Pl. VIU, Yellow-brown SHJ Base fragment UI 195kTable II,

Pl. XIvr P, RK, A8260 1407-51 1052 1952:Pl. VIIrl Yellow-red jaapa, P r o r i d W, re~01k;ed - UI 195k.Table 11, lustrous 88 89.4

on break and one edge P1. XIVx

C, P, RK A8261 815-50 - 1951:Pl. VIIII, Alibates agatized Baee fragment - 1954a:Table II, dcdomite

88 88.4

PI. XIIn C, P, RK A8262 1215-51 - 1951'91. VIIhj Yell~~-bmwn SHJ Complete except for d i ~ t d Resent 88 90.1

1954~~73, Table tip and prcnrirnal wmer 11, P1. X N g

P, RK, A8263 1200-51 971 1952:Pl. VIEl Grem SHJ U1 1954a:Table 11.

P1. Xlvo

Baae fragment

C, UI A8264 813-50 - 1951:~i. vnq; ~chawka &t Complete 1954a:7a, nblc

11, Pls. XIVi, XVa; Meserve pt.

Table 7.3. Continued

Dataa Perm. Field Feat. Davis Ref. hIateriald Artifact Condition Bevel Zone DepthC NO! NO. NO:

UI A8441 1732-51 - - Green-black SHJ Medial and terminal - - - =gmcnt

C, RK A8786 1046-52 - 1953b:Pl. n1, Brown SW? Complete Slight 88 90.5-91.0 top left

C, P, RK A8787m 1687-52 88 1953bPl. IJI, Green SHJ Complete Present 88 - tw right

P, RK A8788 1688-52 - - Brown SHJ Proxim~I half, perhaps - 881 Disturbed reworked midsectioq gully heavy use wear on lateral edges, no basal grinding

C, RK A8789 1937-52 - 1953b:Pl. S i l W wood Complete, w/thieLa None 83 84.1 lib; 1953b: lenticular x-sec, stubby

PL m, d i d d, wmexghg bottom la) w u d edges

~ l u n g r o u n d c o ~ b a s e

P, RK, ~ 8 7 9 0 2101.52 1698 195ab~l. ~ r m - Base fragment - 80 79.4 UI mb yellow =J C, RK A8792 639-50 - 1954a:73, Unidentified cheat Complete Present - Slump

Table II, or moss agate Ple. XIVj;

Meserve pt.

C, P, RK A8793 555-50 - 1951:Pl. Yellow-bmwn SHJ prrarimpl half of a - 88 88.6 vmkj 19% complete unbbhed point 72-73, Table hmkeninmarmfachlre II, P1. XlVc processj rough oblique

paaUel facial flaking

UI A8801 515-53 - 1954b:16-17 Red-brown jasper, Complete except for None 80 84.2 perhape SHJ extreme tip, material 5 w

near tip may have resulted in discard of the piece; oblique parallel facial flaking

- A8802 - - 1954b:18 Yellow jasper Apparently complete No data 78 - P, RK Ram6 512-53 - 1954b:12 Red-brown SHJ Complete; reworked Resent 88 -

midsection of longer tool, restemmed and edge ground, strong alternate beveling

'C - cam nvuilablej P - black-and-white photograph and negative held by R Knudsonl RK - tool illustrated and described by R. Knudaon at the U n i d y of 'km in 1971 or in Lincoln or Mosmw through 1975J U1- item included in the electronic database

r uated at the University of Idaho in the 1970s. naofar as R. Knudaon was aware in the 19706, the 1952- or 1953-excavated points had not yet been osaigned permanent numbera.

'R. Knudaon has M identification of these numbered features at present. d ~ H J - Smoky Hill jasper. All identifications are based a. macroscopic widence. 'Me-@ in feet %'he U1 data- (Knudson 1976a) was designed to run SPSS programs on data from 8O-dumn data sheets and bad limited flexibility 88 compared with today's aystema. A single column was used to record Artifaft Cnndition with amibutes that didn't identify distal vs. pmximal d being p-t when combined with a midsedon remnant. Q h ' s dinaertation (1954x82) and the catalog cards disagrre regarding wbaher the p.rallel daterally Bolred point midsection waa found in Zone 91 or 89, but b 1953 Beld repat plsoes the 'Eden' ptce in Zone 88 @via 1954b:6). bThis is of a 'classic" Red S w k design with marked bereling and benniful workmadip. briginal 9nd at Red S w k , found by AUen Graffham, and called a .Yuma' point. h UI catalog erroneously kht&a this as an 01 9ake) instead of a 17 -tile point). he UI catalog ( K n b 1979b, 1979~) emmemdy lists thie &Id rmmber as 1668-51 be UI catalog erroneausly tramposed numbers and listed the pamanent number for thia piece as A8529. T h i s is the "classic" Red Smoke design.

'zS-69gr (1) 11S-g8y1/1Szgy (() Itsem (11 ~rS.mc~/Eyegy (q) kS.LyII (8) f~S-o~cr/rSzgy (f) bS.SSS/tbLgy (a) IrS-Srzr/zper+

(p) ICS-IZIZ (31 leS-S~CC (q) IIS.LS~I/L~LBV (B) :ndsa! 111~ dqws 's?ua~Svq lured lo qupd qon~ pw 'f'l

... . - C . .,Y ..

* :'-> -2 0

': !

i C NI

..... I......

-- --

The Red Smoke Assemblage / I I I

7.8. Red Smoke gouges and drills, Smob Hill jarper: [a] 2362-521 (bJ 2318-5% (cl A ~ ~ s ~ / I I I ~ - ~ I ; (dl Rjo36/51a-53~ (el z a g ~ - ~ a .

outcmps jw miles to the east of Red Smoke, and two other Meserve- like points [Table 7.3) of an unlabeled chert or moss agate may also be of material horn the Nehawka outcrops.

Distinctive lithic materials probably from the west are also found in the Red Smoke afsembbge. The aswdhge has has piecea of si- lidfiedwood,indudingtwopointsandtwoworked5aketools.Both ofthe~dmnldhacrebeenmademri~~&lesorfrom& remains. Both points fit well within the Red Smoke design and reshap-