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Yes Success : Social Science – X (Term – II) 1

SOCIAL 10th (TERM - II)

HISTORY

CHAPTER – 1 (THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE)

PAPER PEN TEST (Page : 28)

Time Allowed : 30 Min. Max. Marks : 30

1. Name the painting prepared by Frederic Sorrieu in 1848. [1]

Ans. ‘The Democratic and Social Republics’.

2. Where was the Frankfurt Parliament convened in 1848 ? [1]

Ans. In the Church of St. Paul.

3. What was the result of the Act of Union 1707 ? [1]

Ans. It resulted in the formation of ‘The United Kingdom of Great Britain’.

4. Who was the main architect of the unification of Germany ? [1]

Ans. Otto Von Bismarck was the main architect of the unification of Germany.

5. What emerged as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the political

and material world of Europe in the nineteenth century ? [1]

Ans. The emergence of the nation state.

6. Explain the significance of portraying nations a female figures by the European

artists of the 18th and 19th centuries. [3]

Ans. (i) Artists in the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries started representing nations

in human forms. Nations were then portrayed as female figures.

(ii) The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any

particular woman in real life ; rather it sought to give an abstract idea of the nation

in a concrete form. That is, the female figure became an allegory of the nation.

(iii) Even after the French Revolution, artists used the female allegory to portray ideas

such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic.

(iv) These ideals were represented through specific objects or symbols. The attributes

of Liberty were the red cap, or the broken chain, while Justice was generally a

blindfolded woman, carrying a pair of weighing scales.

(v) In France, she was christened Marianne, a popular christian name, which underlined

the idea of a people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty

and the Republic- the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. To popularise the national

symbols, the statues of Marianne were erected in public squares. Marianne’s images

were also marked on coins and stamps.

(vi) Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual

representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands

for heroism.

7. Examine the main features of the process of German unification under the

leadership of Otto Von Bismarck.

Or

“Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe.”

Support the statement with examples. [3]

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Ans. The process of German unification :

(i) By 1848, the popular effort failed to succeed in installing constitutional monarchy

in Germany.

(ii) Failure of Frankfurt Parliament made it clear that German unification had to come

through the combined effort of monarchy and military supported by large

landowners.

(iii) Prussia after the defeat of the liberal, middle-class Germans at the hands of the

aristocrats and the military in 1848.

(iv) Its chief minister Otto von Bismarck carried out this process with the help of the

Prussian army and bureaucracy.

(v) Over seven years, Prussia fought three wars with Austria, Denmark and France.

These wars culminated in Prussian victory and German unification.

William I, the Prussian king, was proclaimed German Emperor in January 1871, at

Versailles. The erstwhile German confederation consisting of 39 states was now united

into one empire through the effort of Bismarck under the leadership of Prussia.

Or

Culture played an important role in the growth of nationalism in Europe. Arts, poetry,

stories, music and language helped in shaping the nationalist feelings.

Examples : (i) Art and Poetry, stories and music helped to express and shape nationalist

feelings. Romantics such as German philosopher Johann Gottfried claimed true German

culture was to be discovered among the common people ‘Das Volk’.

(ii) Folk songs and dances contributed to popularising the spirit of nationalism and patriotic

fervour in Europe. Collecting and recording the different forms of folk culture was

important for building a national consciousness. Being a part of the lives of the common

people, folk culture enabled nationalists to carry the message of nationalism to a large

and diverse audience. The Polish composer Karol Kurpinski celebrated and popularised

the Polish nationalist struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like

the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.

(iii) Language also played a distinctive role in developing nationalist feelings in Europe.

An example of this is how during Russian occupation, the use of Polish came to be seen

as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. During this period, Polish language

was forced out of schools and Russian language was imposed everywhere. Following

the defeat of an armed rebellion against Russian rule in 1831, many members of the

clergy in Poland began using language as a weapon of national resistance. They did so

by refusing to preach in Russian, and by using Polish for Church gatherings and religious

instruction. The emphasis on the use of vernacular language, the language of the masses,

helped spread the message of national unity.

8. Give any four values which can be derived from the term ‘Liberalism’. [3]

Ans. The values that can be derived from the term liberalism are :

(i) Freedom for all and equality of all before the law.

(ii) Freedom of expression viz freedom of the press and freedom of association.

(iii) Creation of a nation state on parliamentary principle, i.e., government by the people.

(iv) Changes in the field of economy, i.e., abolition of state imposed restrictions on the

movement of goods and capital.




9. Why were the 1830s called the years of great economic hardships in Europe ? Give

any three reasons. [3]

Ans. (i) Population explosion : The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous

increase in population all over Europe.

(ii) Mass migration : In most of the European countries, the supply of workers

exceeded the demand. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in

overcrowded slums.

(iii) Industralisation and its impact on local producers : Small producers in towns

were often faced with stiff competition from import of cheap machine-made goods

from England.

(iv) High food prices : In those regions of Europe, where the aristocracy still enjoyed

power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. The

rise of food prices of a year of bad harvest led to the widespread revolts in towns

and countries.

(v) Revolts in different regions : Food shortage and wide spread unemployment

brought the population of many cities like Paris, Silesia to the roads.

10. Explain any four provisions of the Napoleon Civil Code, 1804. [3]

Ans. (i) Napoleon introduced the Napoleonic code which did away with all privileges based

on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.

(ii) In many parts of Europe like in the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, ltaly and Germany,

he simplified the administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed

peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.

(iii) Napoleon removed the guild restrictions from the towns.

(iv) He laid stress on infrastructure i.e., transportation, communication and the banking

system. These new reforms were appreciated by the peasants, workers, businessmen,

traders and even by the common people.

(v) Uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency

was introduced.

11. Explain the contribution of Guiseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas in

Europe. [5]

Ans. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary. He was born in Genoa and became a

member of the secret society of the Carbonari.

(i) At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution.

(ii) He founded two more secret societies :

(a) Young Italy in Marseilles,

(b) Young Europe in Berne.

(iii) Members of these underground societies were like-minded young men from Poland,

France, Italy and German states.

(iv) Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics

frightened the conservatives.

12. How did Balkans become the hot bed of nationalist upsurge and international rivalry

in the 19th century and early 20th century ? Explain. [5]

Ans. The Balkans comprised modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia,




Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro and a large part of this

region was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. This was a region of great

geographical and ethnic variation and its inhabitants were known as Slavs. Some of the

reasons that made this region very explosive and caused conflict are as follows :

(i) The feelings of nationalism of these countries was in conflict with one another.

They were jealous of each other and struggled to define their identity.

(ii) The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire which had throughout the nineteenth

century tried to strengthen itself through modernisation and reforms could not

succeed.

(iii) Each of these nationalist groups broke away one by one from the control of the

Ottoman Empire and declared themselves as independent with political rights on

the basis of history. They claimed that once they had been independent but were

subsequently subjugated.

(iv) Each of these countries attempted to gain more territory to their independent country.

(v) The Balkans became an area of big power rivalry. Major European powers – Russia,

Germany, England, Austro –Hungary, manipulated nationalist aspirants to further

their own aims. There was rivalry between the European powers over trade and

colonies and naval and military superiority.

o o o




CHAPTER – 2 (THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT IN INDO-CHINA)



1. When were the Tonkin Free Schools established ? [1]

Ans. The Tonkin Free Schools were established in 1970.

2. Mention the main base of colonial economy of Vietnam. [1]

Ans. The base of the colonial economy of Vietnam were rice cultivation and rubber plantation.

3. Who was the founder of Hoa Hao Movement in Vietnam ? [1]

Ans. Huynh Phu So.

4. The famous battle of Dien Bien Phu took place in which year ? [1]

Ans. The famous battle of Dien Bien Phu took place in 1954.

5. Who was Phan Chau Trinh ? [1]

Ans. Phan Chu Trinh was a Vietnamese nationalist of the early 20th century. He wanted

Vietnam to be a democratic republic.

6. “There were two broad opinions on the new education policy introduced by the

French in Vietnam.” Discuss. [3]

Ans. (i) Some policy-makers were in favour of the French language as the medium of

instruction, because according to them, this would introduce French culture in

Vietnam.

(ii) By learning the language, they felt, the Vietnamese would be introduced to the

culture and civilisation of France.

(iii) This would help create an ‘Asiatic France solidly tied to European France’.

(iv) The educated people in Vietnam would respect French sentiments and ideals, see

the superiority of French culture and work for the French.

(v) School textbooks glorified the French and justified colonial rule and represented

the Vietnamese as primitive and backward. The French wanted to strengthen their

hold on Vietnam by controlling education. They tried to change their values, norms

and perceptions.

But there was other group of thinkers who were opposed to French being the only

medium of instruction. They suggested that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes

and French in the higher classes. The few who learnt French and acquired French

culture were to be rewarded with French citizenship.

7. Explain any three characteristics of the ‘Tonkin Free School’ in Vietnam.

Or

Explain the views of Paul Bernard regarding the economy of Vietnam. [3]

Ans. The Tonkin Free School was started in 1907 by the French to provide the Vietnamese

with western style of education. The Vietnamese elites were strongly influenced by

Chinese culture. In order to counter this it was necessary to have western influence on

the people and this they did through the ‘‘Tonkin Free School’’. Characteristics of the

‘Tonkin Free Schools’ is as follows :




(i) The students were taught the subjects of science, hygiene and French along with

the study of Western Customs.

(ii) Classes were held in the evenings.

(iii) The fees for these schools had to be paid separately.

(iv) The Vietnamese traditionally kept long hair but were now encouraged to adopt

western styles such as short-hair cut and thus make a major break from their own

cultural identity.

(v) The approach of these schools was to make the students ‘‘think modern’’ and ‘‘look

modern’’ and even taught a hair cutting chant ‘‘drop stupid practices’’, ‘‘dump

childish things’’ and ‘‘speak openly and frankly’’.

Or

Paul Bernard was an influential writer and policy maker. He believed :

(i) Colonies had to serve the interests of the mother country.

(ii) As the purpose of acquiring colonies was to make profits, economy of colonies

needed to be developed.

(iii) If the economy was developed, and standard of people improved market would

consequently expand leading to better profits for French business.

(iv) Bernard realised that Vietnam was plagued by several barriers like high population,

low agricultural productivity and extensive indebtness amongst the peasants.

(v) To reduce rural poverty and increase agricultural productivity he believed it was

necessary to carry out land reforms as the Japanese had done.

(vi) Since agriculture itself could not sustain employment industrialisation was essential

to create more jobs.

8. What were the values which played an important role in the victory of Vietnamese

over the mighty USA ? [3]

Ans. (i) The mighty underestimated the power of nationalism to move people to action,

inspire them to sacrifice their home and family, live under horrific conditions, and

fight for independence.

(ii) Vietnamese used their limited resources to great advantage. For example the Ho-

Chi Minh trail was used by the locals to fight against the mighty and most

technological advanced country.

(iii) Women who were enjoying a good status in Vietnamese society played very

important role in freedom struggle. They worked as soldiers, nurses and teachers.

(iv) The French sought to strengthen their rule in Vietnam through the control of

education. On the other hand, the educated class used education as a means to

fight against the colonial rule.

9. What was the role of women in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam ? Compare

this with the role of women in the nationalist struggle in India ? [3]

Ans. Traditionally women in Vietnam enjoyed limited freedom and played no role in public

life but in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam women played a very active role :

(i) Many women joined the resistance movement.

(ii) They helped in nursing the wounded, constructing underground rooms and tunnels

and fighting the enemy.




(iii) Between 1965 and 1975 – 75-80% of people who worked on the Ho Chi Minh

Trial were women. They helped carry cargo, food, weapons and shot down planes.

Example: Nguyen Thi Xuan.

In this way they served their nation heroicly.

Prior to the nationalist struggle Indian women like women in Vietnam had no public

role. It was only with the Civil Disobedience Movement that Indian women participated

in large numbers.

(i) In urban areas they were from high caste families, and in rural areas they came

from rich peasant households. In Vietnam no class and caste differences hindered

women’s partcipation.

(ii) Unlike Vietnam’s struggle against US, which was brutal and involved heavy

weapons, chemical weapons, tanks, backed by powerful bombers–Indian struggle

under the leadership of Gandhi was largely non-violent peaceful movement.

(iii) Moved by Gandhijis call Indian women began to see service to the nation as a

sacred duty of women. In Vietnam apart from being viewed as sacred duty, casualties

in the war, led many women to join the struggle in large numbers.

Thus unlike the Vietnamese women who played an active role in the freedom of their

country, role of Indian women was symbolic in nature. This was more so due to the

differences in the form of two struggles and the need of the hour.

10. Give a brief description of the Scholars Revolt. [3]

Ans. Scholars Revolt :

(a) An early movement against the spread of Christianity and French control was the

Scholars Revolt in 1868.

(b) It was led by the officials of the imperial court who were angered by the spread of

Catholicism and French power.

(c) They led a general uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces where over a thousand

catholics were killed.

(d) Vietnamese organisers of this movement were angry because from 17th to 18th

century, nearly 3,00,000 Vietnamese were converted to Christianity by the French.

(e) Though the French crushed the movement it had a great impact on the Vietnamese.

11. Explain the reasons for the popularity of ‘Go East Movement’. [5]

Ans. (i) ‘Go East Movement’ relates to the close relationship of the early Vietnamese

nationalist with Japan and China as part of modernisation. It began in the first

decade of the twentieth century.

(ii) In 1907-08 some 300 Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire education.

(iii) The primary purpose of the nationalists was to seek help from Japanese as fellow

Asians and arms to drive out the French from Vietnam, overthrow the puppet

emperor and reestablish the Nguyen dynasty.

(iv) Japan by its victory over Russia in 1907 proved its military capabilities and the

Vietnamese drew inspiration from them. Towards this end the Vietnamese students

established a branch of Restoration Society in Tokyo but after 1908, the Japanese

Ministry of Interior clamped down, arrested, deported and exiled many of them.

(v) Success of the popular movement under Sun Yat-Sen and consequent establishment

of the Republic in China in 1911 inspired Vietnamese nationalists.




(vi) The Vietnamese students organised the Association for the Restoration of Vietnam.

(vii) The objective of the Anti-French Movement was no longer to set up a constitutional

monarchy but a democratic republic.

12. What was the main motive of the French to develop the infrastructural projects in

Vietnam ? Explain how far did they succeed in their mission ? [5]

Ans. The main motive of the French in the development of infrastructural projects in Vietnam

were as follows:

(i) To ensure the regular supply of natural resources and other necessary goods, the

French colonists too took up various infrastructural developments to make more

profits.

(ii) They began by building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase

cultivation. The vast system of irrigation work-canals and earth works-built mainly

with forced labour increased rice production and enabled the export of rice in

international market.

(iii) To facilitate trade, various projects were started to transport goods for trade, to

move military garrisons and control the entire region.

(iv) Construction of Trans-Indo-China rail network that linked northern Vietnam with

southern Vietnam and China was completed in 1910.

(v) Paul Bernard, an influencial policy maker argued that the purpose of acquiring

colonies was to make profits which is possible if the standard of living of the people

improved to enable them to buy goods so infrastructural development to develop

the economy of the colonies was necessary.

o o o




CHAPTER – 3 (NATIONALISM IN INDIA)



1. Who was the President of Muslim League in 1930 ? [1]

Ans. Sir Muhammad Iqbal

2. Which Act gave the government power to suppress political activity and detain

political prisoners without trial ? [1]

Ans. Rowlatt Act

3. When was Non-Cooperation Movement withdrawn by Gandhiji ? Give reason. [1]

Ans. The Non Cooperation movement was withdrawn in 1922 because of a violent incident

in chauri chaura.

4. Who was the author of the novel Anandmath ? [1]

Ans. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

5. What were the major demands of the peasants who participated in the Non-

Cooperation and Khilafat movements ? Mention any two. [1]

Ans. (i) Reduction of revenue.

(ii) Abolition of begar.

6. What was the impact of the First World War on the economic conditions in India ?

[3]

Ans. The first world war created a new economic and political situation in India as :

(i) The First World War led to huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed

by war loans and taxes.

(ii) Custom duties were raised and income tax was introduced.

(iii) Through the war years the prices increased causing enormous hardships to people.

The villages were called upon to supply soldiers and forced recruitment was involved

causing widespread anger.

7. What were the factors responsible for the gradual slow down of the Non-

Cooperation Movement ? [3]

Ans. (i) Expensive Khadi : The Khadi cloth was often more expensive than the mass-

produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it.

(ii) No Alternative : The boycott of British institutions posed a problem. For the

movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions, had to be set up so that

they could be used in place of the British institutions but these were slow to come

up. So students and teachers had no option except joining back government schools,

and lawyers joined back work in government courts.

(iii) Local movements with different interpretation : Workers, Industrialists, peasants,

traders had their own understanding of Gandhiji’s notion of Swaraj.’ They started




using violent methods for their demands. All this was not approved by Gandhiji

and the congress. So the movement started losing its shine.

8. What values have you learnt from the life of Gandhiji ? Explain any three. [3]

Ans. (i) Satyagraha : Mahatma Gandhi emphasisted on a method of mass agitation, which

he called Satyagraha. The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and

the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle

was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.

(ii) Non-violence : Gandhiji’s whole philosophy was based on non-violence. According

to Gandhiji, it is the weapon of strong, mighty and powerful individuals. He was

of the opinion that neither an individual nor a country could gain anything by

using violent methods.

(iii) Religious ideals : Gandhi spiritualised politics. He laid stress on the incorporation

of moral values in politics. Gandhiji used to say that religion can never be separated

for politics.

9. Which incident marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement ? How

was the Civil Disobedience Movement different from Non-Cooperation Movement ?

[3]

Ans. On 6th April 1930, Gandhiji reached Dandi, and violated the salt law, manu-

facturing salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience

Movement.

Civil Disobedience Movement

1. Civil disobedience movement dealt with

breaking of the laws formed by British.

2. It was launched in 1930.

3. The main aim of violating the laws, was

carried out by breaking salt laws and

forest laws besides demonstrations.

4. The main cause of withdrawal of

movement was the chaos spread due to

arrest of Abdul Ghaffar Khan and then

Mahatma Gandhi.

5. It was launched to attain complete

independence and denial of 11 demands

made by congress.

Non-Cooperation Movement

1. Non-Cooperation meant not cooperating

with the Buitish Government. It did not

deal with violation of laws.

2. It was launched in 1921.

3. It was carried out by peaceful

demonstrations and picketing foreign

shops.

4. The main cause of its withdrawal was the

use of violence.

5. It was launched in order to unify hindu

and muslims and to attain swaraj.

10. Two features A, B and C are marked in the political outline map of India. Identify

these features with help of the following information and write their correct names

on the lines marked in the map :

A. The place where the Indian National Congress Session was held in December, 1920.

B. The place where the ‘Movement of Indigo Planters’ was started.

C. A place associated with Civil Disobedience movement.




Or

Locate and label the following items on the same political map of India with

appropriate symbols.

(i) Place associated with Jallianwalla Bagh incident.

(ii) A place where Indian National Congress Session was held in 1927.

(iii) Place associated with peasant Satyagraha. [3]

Ans.

11. Why did Mahatma Gandhi feel the need to launch a broad-based movement in

1920 ? Explain with suitable example. [5]

Ans. (i) Conditions created by the First world War : The First World war was fought

from 1914 to 1918.

(a) It led to huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by taxes.

(b) Due to war prices increased many times leading to extreme hardship for common

people.

(c) Crops failed in 1918-19 resulting in acute shortage of food.

(d) Many people lost their lives in the war and due to epidemic.

(e) Forced recruitment in the army caused widespread anger.

(ii) Gandhiji’s Return and satyagraha : Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South

Africa in 1915 where he had successfully fought against the racist regime with his new

method of mass agitation and nonviolence Known as Satyagraha. In India he launched




satyagraha movements at various places. These satyagrahas provided base to the Non-

Cooperation Movement.

(iii) The Rowlatt Act : The Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Assembly. The act

provided enormous powers to police. The police got the power to arrest anyone without

any trial. The aim of the act was to repress political activities.

(iv) Jallianwalla Bagh : The jallianwalla Bagh added fuel to the fire. People were already

agitating against the Rowlatt Act. People had gathered to protest against the new act in

the Jallianwala Bagh. General Dyer entered the park and ordered fire Killing many

people. As the news spread, crowds took to the streets.

(v) United struggle : The fear of harsh treaty on the Ottoman emperor (the Khalifa) brought

the muslims close to Gandhiji. A young generation of Muslim leaders like Mohammad

Ali and shaukat Ali was in favour of a united mass action against the Britishers.

12. Explain the contribution of folklore, folksongs and paintings in strengthening

nationalism in India during the 19th century. [5]

Ans. The sense of collective belongingness. It means that people began to believe that they

were all a part of the same nation and discovered some unity, which bound them together.

(i) Indian folklore :

(a) Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.

(b) Folk tales were sung by bards in the villages, to give a true picture of the traditional

culture, which was corrupted and damaged by outside forces.

(c) In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes

and myths to revive the folk culture.

(d) In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales,

The Folklore of Southern India.

(ii) Songs : In 1870s, Bankim Chandra wrote ‘Vande Matram’ as humn to motherland.

Later, it was included in his novel ‘Anandmath’. This song was widely sung during the

Swadeshi movements in Bengal.

(iii) Figures or images :

(a) It was with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India was associated with

the image of Bharat Mata.

(b) This image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, who wrote the

song ‘Vande Mataram’ in his novel Anandamath.

(c) Then Abindranath Tagore painted the famous image of Bharat Mata.

(d) Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.

(iv) Flags :

(a) During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow)

was designed.

(b) It had eight lotuses, representing eight provinces of British India and a crescent

moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.

(c) By 1921, Mahatma Gandhi designed the swaraj flag.

(d) It was also again a tricolour (red, green, white) flag and had a spinning wheel in

the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.




(v) Reinterpretation of history :

(a) The British saw Indians as backward, primitive and incapable of governing

themselves.

(b) In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great

achievement.

(c) They wrote about glorious developments in ancient India in arts and architecture,

science and maths, religion and culture, law and philosophy, etc.

o o o




MOCK TEST PAPER (Complete Syllabus) (Page : 71)

HISTORY

Time Allowed : 1 hour Max. Marks : 50

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS :

(i) The question paper has 20 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

(ii) Marks are indicated against each question.

(iii) Questions from serial number 1 to 9 are 1 mark each.

(iv) Questions from serial number 10 to 16 are 3 marks question. Answer of these questions

should not exceed 80 words each.

(v) Questions from serial number 17 to 20 are 5 marks question. Answer of these questions


(vi) The (*) indicates Value Based Question.

(vii) Question number 16 is a map question of 3 marks from geography.

1. What was the Custom Union introduced in Prussia in 1834 known as ? [1]

Ans. Zollverein

2. In which part of Europe was elle used to measure textile ? [1]

Ans. Germany.

3. The resolution of Purna Swaraj was adopted at which session ? [1]

Ans. In Lahore session of Congress, the resolution of Purna Swaraj was adopted in 1929.

4. Name the actress who visited Vietnam and praised their heroic effort. [1]

Ans. Jane Fonda.

5. Why was Simon Commission boycotted ? [1]

Ans. Simon Commission was boycotted because there was no Indian in the commission.

6. Who was responsible for the unification of Germany ? [1]

Ans. Bismarck.

7. ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold’– who said these

words ? [1]

Ans. Duke Metternich.

8. Why was the Kheda Satyagraha launched by Gandhiji ? [1]

Ans. Gandhi ji launched Kheda satyagraha to support the peasants who were not in a position

to pay the revenue due to crop failure.

9. Name the Vietnamese woman who organised a large army to resist the

Chinese. [1]

Ans. Trieu Au.

10. “The Tax on Salt and the government monopoly over its production, Mahatma

Gandhi declared, revealed the most oppressive face of British Rule.” [3]

(a) Why did Gandhiji consider this tax most oppressive ?

(b) How did he use this as a weapon to launch a mass movement against the British ?

Ans. (a) Gandhiji considered this tax most oppressive because salt was one of the most

essential food items and was consumed by both rich and the poor. The tax on salt

and the government monopoly over its production was the most oppressive face of




British rule. Mahatma Gandhi thought that demand to abolish salt tax was a demand

which could put a united campaign against the British.

(b) Mahatma Gandhi started his famous Dandi March along with his 78 trusted

volunteers to launch a mass movement against the British :

(i) The march was about 240 miles.

(ii) It started from Gandhi’s ashram in Sabarmati to Gujarat’s coastal town of Dandi.

(iii) The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day.

(iv) Thousands came to hear Gandhiji, wherever he stopped.

(v) On 6th April, he reached Dandi and violated the salt law by manufacturing salt,

by boiling sea water.

11. What do you mean by nationalism ? Mention some factors which give rise to

nationalism. [3]

Ans. The words ‘nation’ and ‘nationality’ are derived from the Latin word ‘Natus’ which

means a ‘race’. Devotion, love and patriotic feelings for one’s own nation is called

‘Nationalism’. It is a feeling political consciousness and unity among the people of

a state. Apart from wars and territorial expansion other factors which played a vital role

in the development of nationalist spirit and in ‘nations’ in nineteenth century Europe

were :

(i) Romanticism as a cultural movement focused on involving mysterial feelings instead

of reason and science to develop nationalists sentiment. They helped create a sense

of collective heritage and cultural past as part of nation building through use of

folk songs, dances, music, and poetry. Romantics such as Johann Gottfried claimed

true German culture was to be discovered among the common people ‘das volk’.

(ii) Emphasis on vernacular language and music helped keep alive nationalist feeling

and carry the modern nationalist message to large audience who were mostly

illiterate. i.e., in Poland Karl Kurpunski celebrated the national struggle through

his opera and music. After Russian occupation of Poland use of Polish language

became a symbol of Polish struggle against Russian domination.

(iii) Growth of new social groups belonging to the educated middle class, constituting

Professors, school teachers, clerks and businessman. It was this class which

belonged to liberal nationalist thinking and led the revolutions.

12. How did icon and symbols of India developed the sense of collective belonging-

ness ? [3]

Ans. Icons and symbols advocated nationalism in the following ways :

(i) As the national movement developed, nationalist leaders became more and more

aware of such icons and symbols in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling

of nationalism.

(ii) During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow)

was designed.

(iii) It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent

moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.

(iv) By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the swaraj flag. It was again a tricolour (red,

green, white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre representing the Gandhian

ideal of self-help.

(v) Carrying the flag holding it aloft during marches became a symbol of defiance.




13. Explain any three features of Scholar’s Revolt in 1868 in Vietnam. [3]

Ans. Scholars Revolt :

(a) An early movement against the spread of Christianity and French control was the

Scholars Revolt in 1868.

(b) It was led by the officials of the imperial court who were angered by the spread of

Catholicism and French power.

(c) They led a general uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces where over a thousand

catholics were killed.

(d) Vietnamese organisers of this movement were angry because from 17th to

18th century, nearly 3,00,000 Vietnamese were converted to Christianity by the

French.

(e) Though the French crushed the movement it had a great impact on the Vietnamese.

14. The artist has portrayed Garibaldi as holding on to the base of the boot, so that the

King of Sardinia-Piedmont can enter it from the top.What statement is this

caricature making ? [3]

Ans. The base of the boot symbolises the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which lay in the

Southernmost part of the Italian peninsula. Garibaldi had won this Kingdom and handed

it over to King Victor Emmanuel II. This cartoon signifies the unification of Italy and

Garibaldi’s role in it.

*15. ‘Division of Vietnam set in motion in series of events that turned the country into a

battlefield’. Support the given statement. What values have you learnt from the

given statement ? [3]

Ans. The Geneva Agreement of 1954, decided to divide Vietnam into the North Vietnam and

the South Vietnam. The North Vietnam was under the communists led by Ho Chi Minh.

The South Vietnam was under the emperor Bao Dai who was later overthrown by a

coup led by Ngo Dinh Diem. Diem established a repressive and authoritarian government.

Anyone who opposed are called a communist and was jailed and killed. His dictatorial

rule was opposed by the National Liberation Front (NLF).

The NLF got the support of Ho Chin Minh government in the North and began to fight

for unification of the country. Worried about the increasing strength of Communist Party,

the US decided to intervene decisely, sending its troops and arms. As a result, Vietnam

turned into a battlefield.




From the given statement, I have learnt the values like sacrifice for the unity, for the

motherland and courage.

16.1. Two features A and B are marked in the political outline map of India. Identify

these features with help of the following information and write their correct names

on the lines marked in the map :

A. Place where the Congress Session was held in September, 1920.

B. Place associated with ‘No Tax Compaign’.

16.2. On the same given political outline map of India, locate and label the following

features with appropriate symbols :

* A place where Non-Cooperation Movement was called off. [3]

Ans.

17. Explain the provisions of the Napoleonic code of 1804. [5]

Ans. Following were the features of the Napoleonic Code :

(i) He did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law

and secured the right to property.

(ii) Administration was simplified, feudal system was abolished and freed peasants

from serfdom and manorial dues.

(iii) In the towns, guild restrictions no longer remained. Transport and communication

systems improved. Artisans, peasants, workers and new businessmen enjoyed the

new-found freedom.




(iv) Introduction of standard weights and measures, common currency which facilitated

the movement and exchange of goods.

18. Explain the reaction of Indian people against the Rowlatt Act passed in Imperial

Legislative Councils in 1919. [5]

Ans. Rowlatt Act was an oppressive Act introduced by the British government in 1919. It

gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention

of political prisoners without trial for two years.

Indians disapproved this Act in the following ways :

(i) Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railways,

workshops and offices were closed down.

(ii) A peaceful protest meeting was organised at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar.

(iii) Gandhiji started a hartal against this unjust law on 6th April, 1919.

(iv) Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saif-ud-din Kitchlu were arrested.

(v) Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred against the arrest of these leaders.

19. Describe the entry of US into the Vietnam War. [5]

Ans. Causes of the US involvement in the war in Vietnam : The US got involved in the

war in Vietnam because

(i) It feared that a communist government would come to power in Vietnam after the

National Liberation Front formed a coalition with the Ho Chi Minh government in

the north, against Ngo Dinh Diem’s regime.

(ii) US policy-planners feared a spread of communism to other countries in the area.

(iii) They thought it would have ‘Domino Effect’, that is, as a react to and influence of communist

government in Vietnam all other countries in South Asia would turn communists.

(iv) Thus, to check the spread of communism to other parts, US planners decided to

intervene and start a war against Vietnam but they underestimated the power of

nationalism.

Effect of the Involvement on Life within the US itself :

(i) The US involvement in the war in Vietnam caused a huge loss of men and women to it.

(ii) From 1965 to 1972, nearly 3.40 lac US services personnel served in Vietnam.

(iii) By 1975 the US lost about 75 thousand soldiers in the war. The US government

was severely criticised.

(iv) Consequently, by April 1975, all the American troops withdrew from Vietnam and

the capital of South Vietnam, Saigon was liberated.

(v) North Vietnam and South Vietnam were formally united as one country in 1976.

(vi) The city of Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh after the great leader of Vietnam.

20. Explain how did the 18th and 19th century artists begin personifying a nation in

allegory. [5]

Ans. (i) Artists in the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries started representing nations

in human forms. Nations were then portrayed as female figures.

(ii) The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any

particular woman in real life, rather it sought to give an abstract idea of the nation

in a concrete form. That is, the female figure became an allegory of the nation.

(iii) Even after the French Revolution, artists used the female allegory to portray ideas

such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic.




(iv) These ideals were represented through specific objects or symbols. The attributes

of Liberty were the red cap, or the broken chain, while Justice was generally a

blindfolded woman, carrying a pair of weighing scales.

(v) In France, she was christened Marianne, a popular christian name, which underlined

the idea of a people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn form those of Liberty

and the Republic, the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. To popularise the national

symbols, the statues of Marianne were erected in public squares. Marianne’s images

were also marked on coins and stamps.

(vi) Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual

representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands

for heroism.

o o o




GEOGRAPHY

INDIA - RESOURCES AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER – 1 (MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES)



1. Which metal can be obtained from Bauxite ? [1]

Ans. Aluminium.

2. Which mineral is used to reduce cavity ? [1]

Ans. Silicon

3. Which is the most important coal for commercial use ? [1]

Ans. Bituminous

4. Which is the finest iron ore ? [1]

Ans. Magnetite 70% iron

5. Name the important oil fields of Assam and Gujarat. [1]

Ans. Assam : Digboi, Moran, Gujarat : Kalol, Ankleshwar

6. What is solar energy ? Why is solar energy becoming popular in rural and remoteareas of India ? Explain. [3]

Ans. The energy obtained from the sun is called solar energy. Stricter safety regulations andimplementation of environmental laws are essential to prevent mining from becoming a‘killer industry’.

Solar energy is becoming popular in rural and remote areas of India due to the followingreasons :

(i) Solar energy will be able to minimize the dependence of rural households on firewood and cowdung cakes.

(ii) It will contribute to the conservation of the environment.

(iii) It will provide adequate supply of manure in agriculture.

7. Distinguish between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy. [3]

Ans.

Conventional sources of energy

1. The sources of energy which have been

used since a long time are called the

conventional sources of energy.

2. Wood fuel, coal, petroleum gas and water

power are conventional sources of energy.

3. These resources are not renewable. These

are exhaustible resources.

4. These are expensive.

Non-conventional sources of energy

1. The sources of energy which have not

been commonly used are called non-

conventional sources of energy.

2. Wind, tidal power, Geo-thermal energy,

bio-gas, solar energy are non-conven-

tional sources of energy.

3. These are inexhaustible or renewable

resources.

4. These are inexpensive.




8. (i) Which state is the largest producer of manganese ?

(ii) What amount of manganese is required to produce 1 tonne of steel?

(iii) Name any two products in which manganese is used. (See figure) [3]

O th ers 2 9 %

K a rn a ta k a2 2 %

O d ish a2 5 %

M a dh y a P rad e sh2 4 %

Production of Manganese Showing state-wise share in percent 2009-10.

Ans. (i) Odisha

(ii) 10 Kg

(iii) Bleaching powder and paints.

9. “The use of non-conventional sources of energy is becoming necessary in our

country”. Justify the statement. What values do you learn from the above

statement ? [3]

Ans. These are the sources of energy which are renewable:

(i) The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country becoming

increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas.

(ii) Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties

about the security of energy supply in future, which in turn has serious repercussions

on the growth of the national economy.

(iii) Moreover, increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems.

10. Three features A, B and C are marked in the given outline political map of India.

Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their

correct names on the lines marked in the map.

A. Coal Mine, B. Oil Field, C. Iron Ore Mine

Or

On the given outline political map of India locate and label the following items

with appropriate symbols :

(i) The only nuclear plant in Uttar Pradesh.

(ii) Singrauli Thermal Plant.

(iii) Kalpakkam Nuclear Plant. [3]




Ans.

11. Why is there a need to conserve minerals ? [5]

Ans. (i) Insignificant Fraction : The total volume of workable mineral deposits is an

insignificant fraction, i.e, one per cent of the earth’s crust.

(ii) Slow rate of Formation : We are rapidly consuming mineral resources that required

millions of years to be created and concentrated.The geological processes of mineral

formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in

comparison to the present rates of consumption. Mineral resources are, therefore

finite and non-renewable.

(iii) Increasing costs : Rich mineral deposits are our country’s extremely valuable but

short-lived possessions.Continued extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as

mineral extraction comes from greater depths along with the decrease in quality.

(iv) Impact on environment : Over use of minerals especially the non renewable

minerals can lead to environmental pollution.

(v) Future generations : While using our mineral resources we have to keep in mind

the need of future generations.

12. Which is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India ? What are its three

major forms ? Write main features of each form. [5]

Ans. The most abundantly available fossil fuel in India is Coal.

Coal is found in sedimentary rocks and is formed due to compression of plant material




over millions of years. Therefore, coal is found in a variety of forms depending on the

degrees of compression and the depth and time of their burial. It is used for power

generation, to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs. There are four

main varieties of coal in India.

(i) Anthracite : It is the highest quality hard coal and contains over 80% Carbon. It

has the highest heating value and burns without smoke. It is found only in Jammu

and Kashmir in small quantities.

(ii) Bituminous : It is most widely used and contains 60–80% carbon. It is dense, brittle

with high percentage of carbon and less moisture content. It is found in Jharkhand,

Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh.

(iii) Lignite : It is also known as brown coal. It is low grade coal and contains 60%

carbon. It varies from dark to black brown. It is found in Rajasthan, Neyveli in

Tamil Nadu, Assam and Jammu and Kashmir.

(iv) Peat : This is the first stage of transformation of wood into coal and contains 50 to

60% carbon. It burns like wood, gives less heat, emits more smoke and leaves a lot

of ash after burning. It has a greater moisture content.

o o o




F ib reP ro d u ctio n

S p inn in gW ea v in gK n ittin g

D y ein g a ndF in ish in g

G a rm en tm a n u fa ctu re

R aw fib re Yarn F a b ric G a rm en ts

CHAPTER – 2 (MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES)



1. Name any three physical factors for the location of an industry. [1]

Ans. Physical factors essential in deciding the location of an industry are - availability of raw

materials, availability of power resources and availability of water.

2. Mention various stages of value addition in the textile industry. [1]

Ans.

3. Why are sugar industries migrating to the western and southern regions of

India ? [1]

Ans. In recent years there is a tendency for the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the

southern and western states especially in Maharashtra. This is because : (i) higher sucrose

content (ii) cooler climate (iii) cheap labour. (iv) Port facilities (As it is export oriented

Ind.)

4. Which region in India has the maximum concentration of integrated steel

plants? [1]

Ans. Chhotanagpur plateau region.

5. Which state is famous for the productions of cotton textiles ? [1]

Ans. Gujarat is the largest producer of cotton textiles in India. It is known as the ‘Manchester

of India’.

6. Why is the iron and steel industry called a basic and heavy industry ? [3]

Ans. Iron and steel industry is called basic or key industry because :

(i) All the other industries, whether heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their

machinery.

(ii) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods. It is also needed for

construction material, defence, medical, telephone, scientific equipment and a variety

of consumer goods.

(iii) Production and consumption of steel is considered as an index of the country’s

economic development.

7. ‘India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, yet we are

not able to perform to our full potential’. Give any three reasons. [3]

Ans. India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world. Yet we are not able

to perform to our full potential because of

(i) high costs and limited availability of coking coal.




(ii) lower productivity of labour.

(iii) irregular supply of power.

(iv) poor infrastructure.

We also import good quality steel from other countries. However, the overall

production of steel is sufficient to meet our domestic demand.

8. Study the given data carefully and answer the following questions :

Total Finished Steel Production in India

Year Production (in million tonnes per annum)

1950-51 1.04

1960-61 2.39

1970-71 4.64

1980-81 6.82

1990-91 13.53

1997-98 23.40

2004-05 32.60

2010-11 72.2

2011-12 78.3

(i) What is the total production of steel in India in the year, 2004-05 ?

(ii) What is India’s rank among the world crude steel producers ?

(iii) Why is the per capita consumption of steel so low in India ? [3]

Ans. (i) 32.60 million tonnes.

(ii) 9th

(iii) (a) Underdevelopment of industry.

(b) Lack of Modern technology and capital.

9. Mention any three ways in which you can prevent industrial pollution and

environmental degradation. What values do you learn from preventing the

industrial pollution and environmental degradation ? [3]

Ans. The steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry are as follows :

(i) To control water pollution, industrial effluents need to be treated on all three levels

(primary, secondary and tertiary); the use of water for processing

should be minimised via reuse and recycling; rainwater can be harvested to meet

water requirements, and ground water usage should be regulated by law.

(ii) For the minimisation of air pollution, smoke stacks should be fitted to factories with

electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Also, smoke

can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal.

(iii) Noise pollution can be controlled by fitting generators with silencers, redesigning

machinery to reduce noise, and using earplugs and earphones besides other noise

absorbing material.

10. On the given outline map of India, locate and label the following items with

appropriate symbols :




A. Jaipur Software Technology Park

B. Bokaro Iron and Steel Plant

C. Surat Cotton Textile Industry

Or

On the given political map of India locate and label the following with appropriate

symbols :

(i) Bhadravati Steel Plant (ii) Mohali Software Technology Park (iii) Silk Industry

in Murshidabad [3]

11. How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants ? What problems

does the industry face ? What recent developments have led to a rise in the

production capacity ? [5]

Ans. Integrated steel plants are different from mini steel plants in many aspects. An integrated

steel plant is large and handles everything in one complex—from integrating raw materials

to steel making, rolling and shaping. On the other hand, a mini steel plant is smaller, has

electric furnaces, uses steel scrap and sponge iron, and has re-rollers that use steel ingots

as well. It produces mild and alloy steel of given specifications.

The problems faced by this industry are: (a) high production costs and limited availability

of coking coal; (b) lower productivity of labour; (c) irregular supply of energy; and (d)

poor infrastructure.




Recent developments that have led to a rise in the production capacity of this industry

are liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment, with help from private entrepreneurs

and more funds for research and development for updating of technology.

12. “Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in

hand.” Explain. [5]

Ans. Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand.

(i) The agro-based industries have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its

productivity.

(ii) Agriculture provides raw material to Industries such as cotton, jute, rubber etc.

(iii) Industries provides basic inputs to agriculture like fertilisers, insecticides, irrigation

pumps, PVC pipes, machines and tools etc. to the farmers.

(iv) Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only

assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made production

process very efficient.

(v) In the present world of globalisation, industry needs to be more efficient and

competitive. Today, we are not only self-sufficient in agriculture but our farmers

are able to compete with other farmers in the world and India is able to produce

goods for the international market.

o o o




CHAPTER – 3 (LIFE LINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY)



1. How will you define riverine port ? [1]

Ans. A place on a waterway with facilities for loading and unloading ships.

2. Which is the most important mode of transport in India ? [1]

Ans. Railways

3. Which is the oldest artificial sea port in India ? [1]

Ans. Chennai

4. When and why was Border Road Organisation created ? [1]

Ans. In 1960. It was established for the development of the roads of strategic importance in

the north and north-eastern border areas. These roads have improved accessibility in

areas of difficult terrain.

5. Name the biggest port of India with a spacious natural and well sheltered

harbour. [1]

Ans. Mumbai

6. Explain any three problems faced by road transport in India. [3]

Ans. The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as road density. The problems faced

by road transportation are :

(i) Keeping the total value of traffic and passengers, road network is inadequate.

(ii) About half of the roads are unmetalled and get damaged during rainy season.

(iii) The National highways are inadequate.

(iv) Roads are highly congested in cities and most of the bridges and converts are

narrow and old.

7. Why is air transport an important means of transport in the north-eastern part of

our country ? Explain any three reasons. [3]

Ans. Air transport is considered an important means of transport in the north-eastern part of

our country because :

(i) Big rivers : Because of the presence of big rivers like Brahmaputra, it is difficult

to construct roads and railways. Moreover, rivers are often flooded. Therefore,

airways are suitable.

(ii) Dissected relief : Uneven surface is not suitable for the construction of roadways.

Laying down railway lines is a costly affair. Such areas can be easily travelled by

airways.

(iii) Dense forests : Dense forests hamper the construction of roadways and railways.

(iv) International frontiers : International borders of Bangladesh, Myanmar, China,

etc. can be easily travelled by airways without much hustle.




8. Study the following table carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Table - India : Railway Track (March 2012)

Gauge Route Running Total

(km) Track (km) Track (km)

Broad Gauge (1.676 mm) 55,956 80,779 1,04,693

Metre Gauge (1.000 mm) 6,347 6,725 7,801

Narrow Gauge 2,297 2,297 2,568

(762 mm and 610 mm)

Total 64,600 89,801 1,15,062

(i) What is the total length of railway track of the broad gauge ?

(ii) What is the policy of the government about gauge conversion of railway

tracks ?

(iii) Name any two areas where narrow gauge railway tracks have been laid. [3]

Ans. (i) 1,04,693

(ii) The government wants to convert the metre gauge track to broad gauge track.

(iii) Jammu and Kashmir and Assam.

9. Briefly explain the values promoted by domestic and international tourism. [3]

Ans. The values promoted by tourism are

(i) Domestic tourism promotes national integration. When people from one area of

the country visit another area as tourists, their cultural experience is broadened.

(ii) International tourism provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits, as

tourists purchase items made locally, bringing in valuable foreign exchange.

(iii) International tourism helps in the development of international understanding about

our culture and heritage when tourists carry back gifts, souvenirs and traditional

handicraft items made in India.

10. Three features A, B and C are marked in the given outline political map of India.

Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their

names correctly on the lines marked in the map :

A. Golden Quadrilateral,

B. Terminal station of North-South Corridor,

C. NH-1

Or

Locate and label the following items on the given political map of India with

appropriate symbols :

(i) Jawahar Lal Nehru Port

(ii) Raja Sansi Airport

(iii) Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport. [3]




Ans.

11. Why are the means of transportation and communication called the lifelines of a

nation and its economy ? [5]

Ans. Railways, airways, buses, trucks, cars etc are the main means of transportation whereas

radio, television, telephone, e-mail, telegraph, etc are the main means of communication.

Means of transport and communication are called lifelines of a nation because:

(i) To Provide link : Transportation is the lifeline of a country. It helps in the movement

of goods and services from the supply location to demand locations.

(ii) Development of Economy : These help the industries to get raw material and its

finished products are transported by railway and roadways. It contributes to the

promotion of trade. It contributes to the economic development by the development

of agriculture and Industry.

(iii) Helps in defence and during National Calamities : In war times, they facilitate

the movement of arms, ammunition and other supplies to the armed forces. It plays

an important role during national calamities in relief and rescure operations,

providing medical aid to victims.

(iv) National and Cultural Integration : India is a vast country. Transportation and

communication brings people of different castes, creeds, colours, religions,

languages and regions near to each other.




(v) Globalisation : Globalisation has been possible on account of easier and fast

developing communication channels between the countries of the world.

Thus, means of transportation and communication serves as the lifeline of the

nation and economy.

12. Describe any five advantages of roadways over railways. [5]

Ans. The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as density of the road.

Advantages of roadways over railways :

(i) Construction cost of roadways is lower than that of railway lines.

(ii) Roads can be built at higher altitudes and at any place.

(iii) Maintenance cost of roads is also low.

(iv) It is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of

goods over short distances.

(v) It provides door-to-door accessibility.

(vi) Here the cost of loading and unloading is much cheaper than the railways.

(vii) Road transport can be used as feeder to other modes of transport as they provide

link between the railway stations, air and sea ports.

o o o





GEOGRAPHY











(vii) Question number 16 is a map question of 3 marks from geography.

1. Which is the finest quality of coal ? [1]

Ans. Anthracite.

2. Name a major seaport which is also an international airport. [1]

Ans. Kochi.

3. What is manufacturing ? [1]

Ans. Manufacturing is the process in which goods are produced after processing the various

raw materials. The raw materials themselves may be manufactured products.

4. What is the significance of Border Roads ? [1]

Ans. These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain.

5. Why do we need to conserve mineral resources ? [1]

Ans. Mineral resources need to be conserved because they are non-renewable and

exhaustible. It takes billions of years for them to be replenished in nature. Therefore, to

meet the needs of present as well as future generations mineral resources need to be

conserved.

6. Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement. [1]

Ans. Limestone

7. What is meant by trade ? What is the difference between international and local trade ?

[1]

Ans. Trade is the movement of goods and services between or among countries or within the

country for economic gain. Its two components are import and export. Trade between

two or more countries is termed as international trade, while trade occurring in a region

within the same country is called local trade.

8. What is the full form of NTPC ? [1]

Ans. The full form of NTPC is National Thermal Power Corporation.

9. Name a rock mineral and state its two uses. [1]

Ans. Limestone is a rock mineral.

Its two uses are :

(i) It is the basic raw material for cement industry.

(ii) It is essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.




10. Why tourism is called invisible trade ? Give three reasons. [3]

Ans. Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last 3 decades :

(i) National tourism promotes national integration, while international tourism provides

support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.

(ii) It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture

and heritage.

(iii) Rajasthan, Goa, Jammu and Kashmir and temple towns of South India are important

destinations of foreign tourists in India.

There is a vast potential of tourism development in the north-eastern states and the

interior parts of Himalayas and if we develop these important tourist destinations we

can get a good amount of trade.

11. Which state is the largest producer of manganese in India ? Mention any three

uses of manganese. [3]

Ans. Odisha is the largest producer of manganese in India.

Uses of manganese : (i) It is used in the manufacturing of steel.

(ii) It is used in the manufacture of ferro-manganese alloy.

(iii) It has its uses in insecticide and paint industries.

(iv) It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder.

12. Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry.

[3]

Ans. The steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry are as follows :

(i) To control water pollution, industrial effluents need to be treated on all three levels

(primary, secondary and tertiary); the use of water for processing

should be minimised via reuse and recycling; rainwater can be harvested to meet

water requirements, and ground water usage should be regulated by law.

(ii) For the minimisation of air pollution, smoke stacks should be fitted to factories

with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Also,

smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal.

(iii) Noise pollution can be controlled by fitting generators with silencers, redesigning

machinery to reduce noise, and using earplugs and earphones besides other noise

absorbing material.

13. Write a note on the changing nature of the international trade in the last fifteen years.

[3]

Ans. (a) In the 90’s, India’s main items of export were only agricultural products but India

has recorded high growth in the export of services. India has emerged as a software

giant at the international level.

(b) Tourism in India has grown over the last two decades. Foreign tourists’ arrivals in

the country witnessed an increase of about 23.5%.

(c) India has also exported manu-factured goods to other countries.

(d) We are having increasing trade relations, with USA, Canada, Australia, Japan,

Russia, Europe and the major oil producing countries rather than with Great Britain.

(e) India’s trade relations with the SAARC region countries is also on an increase.

(f) China has emerged as India’s main trading partner after the United States and the

United Arab Emirates.

14. (i) Which state is the leading producer of copper ?

(ii) Name any two industries which are dependent on copper.

(iii) Name any two most important copper mines of India. [3]




R a jasth a n4 8 %

Jh ark h an d1 6 %

O th ers7 %

M ad h y aP rad e sh

2 9 %

Production of Copper showing state-wise share in per cent, 2009-2010

Ans. (a) Rajasthan

(b) Electronics and chemical industries.

(c) The Balaghat mines of Madhya Pradesh and the Khetri mines of Rajasthan.

*15. What social values are promoted by railways ? [3]

Ans. (i) India is a very vast country. Railway network brings people of different castes,

creed, colours, religions, languages and regions near to each other.

(ii) Railways made it possible to conduct multifarious activities like sight seeing,

pilgrimage, business along with transportation of goods over long distances.

(iii) Railways in India bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the

development of agriculture and Industry.

16.1. Two features A and B are shown in the given political map of India. Identify these

features with the help of following information and write their correct names on

the lines marked in the map :

A. Iron Ore mines

B. Terminal station of North-South corridor

16.2. On the same political outline map of India, locate and label the following items

with appropriate symbols :

(i) Bengaluru - Software Technology Park [3]

Ans.




17. The Jute-Textile Industry is mainly concentrated in the Hugli basin. Mention five

factors for the same. [5]

Ans. Jute textile industry is mainly concentrated in Hugli-basin because :

(i) Jute producing areas are nearer to Hugli-basin.

(ii) There is good network of rivers which provide inexpensive water transport and

abundant water supply for jute processing.

(iii) Good network of railways, roadways facilitate the supply of raw materials to the

mills and finished goods to the market.

(iv) Cheap labour is availabe from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha

and Uttar Pradesh.

(v) Kolkata is a large urban centre which provides banking, insurance and port facilities

for the export of jute goods.

18. “Nuclear energy is the hope of future.” Discuss the statement by giving five points.

[5]

Ans. Nuclear Energy : It is energy which is obtained from the nucleus of an atom. The

nuclear energy is going to play a vital role because:

(i) Since the demand for energy is increasing day by day, the natural energy sources

like coal, petroleum, etc. cannot last for long time. So the nuclear energy will

dominate.

(ii) It also releases enormous amount of energy.

(iii) Nuclear power is very economical.

Main Minerals : (i) Uranium (ii) Thorium

Uranium mines are located in the singhbhum district of Jharkhand.

19. Describe the importance of manufacturing sector in countries like India. [5]

Ans. Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more

valuable products is called manufacturing.

Importance of manufacturing :

(i) Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture.

(ii) It reduces the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing

them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

(iii) It eradicates unemployment and poverty from our country.

(iv) It also brings down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and

backward areas.

(v) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce ,and brings in much

needed foreign exchange.

(vi) In manufacturing, raw materials are transformed into a wide variety of furnished

goods which are of higher value.

20. Describe the main features of development of railways in India. [5]

Ans. Railways in India : The first railway line was constructed between Mumbai and Thane

in the year 1853. It was only 34 kms long. Railways are the chief means of transport in

India.

Main characteristics :

(i) Indian railways have a total length of 63221 kms.

(ii) It is the largest railway system in Asia and the fourth largest in the world.




(iii) About 18 lakh workers are engaged in Indian railways.

(iv) Indian railways have about 12670 trains which operate over 7100 stations for a

distance of 13 lakh kms.

(v) These railways carry 90 lakh passengers and 6 lakh tonnes freight daily.

(vi) Railways have an investment of a capital of ` 8000 crores and yield annual income

of ` 21000 crore.

(vii) Indian railways have about 11000 locomotives, 38000 coaches and 4 lakh wagons.

(viii) About 80% of freight traffic and 70% of passenger traffic is carried by railways.

(ix) Most of the railways are found in the level Gangetic plain.

(x) Railways have not been extensively developed in Jammu in Kashmir. N.E. India,

Western Ghats, Chhota Nagpur Plateau and Thar Desert (Rajasthan).

o o o




POLITICAL SCIENCE

DEMOCRATIC POLITICS-II

CHAPTER – 1 (POPULAR STRUGGLES AND MOVEMENTS)



1. What are pressure groups or interest groups ? Give examples. [1]

Ans. A pressure group can be described as an organised group that does not put up candidates

for election, but seeks to influence government policy or legislation. Pressure groups

operate at Local, Regional, National, or at International level (including European Union)

2. What is FEDECOR ? [1]

Ans. The protest against water privatisation in Bolivia was not led by any political party but

by an organisation called FEDECOR. This organisation comprised of local professionals,

including engineers and environmentalists.

3. What type of movement was Narmada Bachao Movement ? [1]

Ans. Pressure group movement.

4. What is Seven Party Alliance ? [1]

Ans. All the major political parties in the parliament of Nepal formed an alliance is called

Seven Party Alliance.

5. What was the result of Bolivia’s water war ? [1]

Ans. The result of Bolivia’s water war was cancellation of MNC contract and restoration of

water supply to the municipal.

6. In what ways do pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics. [3]

Ans. Pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics in a variety of ways as :

(i) They try to gain public support and sympathy for their cause by carrying out

information campaigns, organising meetings, filing petitions, etc.

(ii) By organising strikes and disruptions, they seek to make the government take note

of their demands.

(iii) The issues raised by them often influence the policies of political parties.

(iv) Some persons from pressure groups or movement groups may participate in official

bodies and committes that offer advice to the government.

(v) Most of the movement groups take a political stance without being a party. They

have political ideology and political position on major issues.

7. Explain any three features of Nepal’s second movement for democracy. [3]

Ans. Following were the features of Nepal’s second movement for democracy :

(i) The country witnessed an extraordinary movement in April, 2006.

(ii) This movement was meant for restoring democracy.




(iii) All the major political parties together formed a Seven Party Alliance (SPA) which

led the movement.

(iv) In this movement Maoist and other organisations also gave their support.

8. What is the difference between a pressure group and a political party ? [3]

Ans.

9. Explain any three common features of the popular struggle in Nepal and Bolivia.

What values you have learnt from the popular struggles in Nepal and Bolivia ?

[3]

Ans. Nepal and Bolivia had political conflicts which involved mass uprisings and popular

struggles. In Nepal, the common man supported the demand for restoring democracy

and in Bolivia people supported the struggle against the MNCs over municipal water

supply i.e., it involved claims against the elected democratic government.

Similarities : Both these struggles were similar on many grounds and shared some

common elements, like :

(i) Political Conflict : The struggles in Nepal and Bolivia were the examples of political

conflict which resulted into popular struggles.

(ii) Mass Mobilisation : Strike, public demonstrations, mass mobilisation were very

much prevalent in both the struggles. Public demonstrations of mass support clinched

the dispute.

(iii) Role of Political Organisations : Lastly, political organisations played critical role

in both the struggles of Nepal and Bolivia.

These popular struggles inspires us in the following way :

(i) It represented a collective action on the part of the people from different sections of

the society who fought against injustice.

(ii) It revealed power of the common people, pressurizing the government to be reponsive

to their demands.

Pressure Groups

1. Pressure Groups have specific interest and

work for the collective interests of its

members only.

2. Membership of pressure groups is limited

and that too of a particular kind, i.e., a

student’s pressure group will consist only

of students and not of traders, etc.

3. Pressure groups resort to agitational

politics like marches,demonstrations,

strikes, fasts, etc.

4. Pressure groups are informal, often

secretive, conceited and conspiratorial and

sometimes even unrecognised entities.

Political Parties

1. Political parties have a broad based

programme that covers many aspects of

national life. They influence and coerce

the Government.

2. Membership of the parties is very broad

based and it is a wide coalition of diverse

members and they have mass

memberships.

3. Political parties use only Constitutional

means to achieve their aims.

4. Political parties are the formal, open and

recognised part of the political system

competing for power.




(iii) It shows that people if they act in unison can be a catalyst of change and can bring

about justice and fair play.

10. “Democracy evolves through popular struggles.” Justify with three points. [3]

Ans. (i) Mass mobilisation : Democratic conflicts are resolved through mass mobilisation.

Movement for democracy in Nepal and Bolivia’s Water War are the instances of

political conflict that led to popular struggles. In both cases, the struggle involved

mass mobilisation.

(ii) Political organisations : The conflicts and mobilisation are based on new political

organisations. These include political parties, pressure groups and movement groups.

(iii) Conflict management : Democracy usually involves conflict between those groups

who have exercised power and those who aspire for a share in power. These groups

should make consensus on the issues of conflict.

(iv) Criticisms : Conflicts involve criticisms. It means to point out the failures of

something, the person or an organisation. It is a part of our life. But, it can be

constructive or destructive. We should take criticisms in a positive way.

(v) Genuineness : The purpose of the conflicts should be genuine.

11. Examine the methods adopted by the interest groups in India to put pressure on

the government. [5]

Ans. Individual interest groups generally function in a realistic way, using any method or

technique which they believe will serve their purpose effectively. The techniques which

any particular group uses to put pressure on government will be determined largely by

factors like :

* Size of the Group

* Quality of leadership and staff

* Relation with the political parties and other organised groups.

(i) Electioneering : Elections are an object of primary concern to interest groups as

these afford them an opportunity of pushing their ‘favoured’ men into the agencies

of adminstrative mechanism. They use all means to get tickets for their own

candidates and finance political parties. This technique is labelled as “electioneering.”

(ii) Conference and Seminars : Conference, seminars, debates, etc., are organised by

powerful pressure groups where legislators and administrators are also invited. By

these they try to influence the government as well as the opinion.

(iii) Political parties : The medium of political parties is used by these groups to further

their interest. Interest group pressure is sometimes exerted through political parties

and Trade unions.

(iv) Mass demonstration : Interest groups of students, teachers, government servents,

and various trade unions often resort to mass demonstrations, hartals, strikes, and

civil disobedience.

(v) Rasta Roko : Sometimes, Rasta Roko, rallies and other types of stir are resorted to

by peasants and Kissan Sabhas to put pressure on government.

(vi) Propagandising : Lastly nowadays the use of media-both press and electronic-is

increasing. This is used by the pressure groups to create and articulate public opinion.

Pressure groups or Interest groups try to influence the experts, news makers and

producers to give more coverage to their activities and to present their case favourably.

This technique is called “Propagandising”.




12. What do you know about Bolivia’s water war ? [5]

Ans. Bolivia is a poor country in Latin America. It witnessed popular struggles against

privatisation of water i.e., it was against on elected democratic government.

Main features of Bolivia’s water war :

(i) The story started when the Bolivian elected government sold the rights for the city

of Cochabamba to a multinational company (MNC).

(ii) The company immediately increased the price of water by four times.

(iii) Many people received monthly water bills of ` 1,000 in a country where average

income is around ` 5,000 a month. This led to a spontaneous popular protest.

(iv) In January 2000, a new alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders

organised a successful four-day general strike in the city.

(v) The government agreed to negotiate and the strike was called off. Yet nothing

happened.

(vi) The police resorted to brutal repression, when the agitation started again in February.

(vii)Now, an organisation comprising local professionals, engineers and

environmentalists, farmers, factory worker’s unions, middle class students formed

the FEDECOR.

(viii) Another strike followed in April and the government imposed the martial law.

(ix) But the power of people forced the officials of the MNC to free the city and made

the government concede to all the demands of the protesters.

(x) The contract with the MNC was cancelled and water supply was restored to the

municipality at old rates.

This came to be known as the Bolivia’s water war.

o o o




CHAPTER – 2 (POLITICAL PARTIES)



1. What is the guiding philosophy of Bharatiya Janta Party ? [1]

Ans. The guiding philosophy of the Bharatiya Janata Party is Integral Humanism.

2. Mention any two ways for carrying out political reforms in a democratic

country. [1]

Ans. (i) By empowering people

(ii) By spreading political awareness

3. What is Coalition government ? [1]

Ans. A coalition government is a government which is formed by the joining of two or more

parties when no single political party is able to get an absolute majority in the legislature.

4. Why India has a multiparty system ? [1]

Ans. India has multi party system because India has social and geographical diversity and it is

not possible to absorb such a large country by only two or three parties. That is why

India has multi party system.

5. What is defection ? [1]

Ans. Changing party allegiance from the party on which a person got elected to a different

party.

6. Explain any two functions each of the ruling party as well as of the opposition parties.

[3]

Ans. Functions of ruling parties :

(i) They play decisive role in making laws for the country.

(ii) They form the government and run the country.

(iii) They recruit leaders, train them and then make ministers to run the government.

Functions of opposition parties :

(i) They oppose the government by voicing different views.

(ii) They criticise government for its failure and wrong policies.

(iii) They mobilise opposition to the government.

7. What do you mean by lack of internal democracy ? [3]

Ans. It is right that democracy goes on with the help of political parties but there is lack of

internal democracy within the party.

(i) The power within the party is generally concentrated in the hands of one or two

leaders.

(ii) They do not conduct regular elections of office bearers and they do not keep

membership registers.

(iii) Ordinary members are unable to get any information of inside of the party and

members are generally dissatisfied with central leadership.

(iv) It is very difficult for ordinary members to convey their views to central leadership

on any particular issue.




(v) They have to accept the decisions taken by central leaders. So there is lack of

internal democracy within the parties.

8. Differentiate between mono party and bi-party systems. Give an example of

each. [3]

Ans.

9. Carefully study the given election symbols and answer the following questions.

(A) (B)

(i) Name the political parties associated with election symbols (A) and (B).

(ii) Name any two ideologies of the each party named by you. [3]

Ans. (i) A – The Indian National Congress

B – Aam Aadmi Party

(ii) Indian National Congress

(a) Promotes Secularism

(b) Supports new economic reforms

Aam Aadmi Party

(a) Corruption free country

(b) Power in the hands of common man.

10. How the growing role of money and muscle power in political party have become a

threat for democracy ? What values are depicted in the question ? [3]

Ans. The growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially during elections is

becoming a threat for democracy. Since parties are focussed only on winning elections,

they tend to use short-cuts to win elections. They tend to nominate those candidates who

have or can raise lots of money. Rich people and companies who give funds to the

parties tend to have influence on the policies and decisions of the party. In some cases,

Mono-party system

1. The system in which a single party is

permitted to rule, is called mono-party

system.

2. In mono-party system, although people are

free to form political parties, but it does

not happen because the electoral system

does not permit free competition for

power.

3. In China, there exists a mono-party system

in which only the Communist Party

always forms the government.

Bi-party system

1. The system in which the power is

transferred between only two major

parties, is called bi-party system.

2. In bi-party system, several parties may

exist, contest election and win few seats

but only the two main parties have the

serious chance of winning majority of

seats required to form the government.

3. In the USA, there exists a bi-party system,

in which the power is transferred between

the Republican and Democratic Parties.




parties support criminals who can win elections. Democrats all over the world are worried

about the increasing role of rich people and big companies in democratic politics.

Values : The rich people and big companies are only concerned about their own personal

profits and influence the policies and decisions of the party in their favour rather than

concerning about the whole nation.

11. Highlight the main challenges faced by political parties. [5]

Ans. The main challenges faced by political parties are :

(i) Lack of internal democracy : (a) All over the world there is a tendency in political

parties towards the concentration of powers in one or few leaders at the top.

(b) Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings and

do not conduct internal elections regularly.

(ii) Dynastic succession : (a) Most political parties do not practice open and transparent

procedures for their functioning.

(b) The senior members of the party are in a position of unfair advantage to favour

people close to them or even their family members.

(iii) Use of money and muscle power : (a) Parties use money and muscle powers especially

during elections. They tend to use shortcuts to win elections.

(b) Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on

the policies and decisions of the party.

(iv) Absence of meaningful choice : (a) Very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful

choice to the voters.

(b) In our country, the differences among all the major parties on the economic policies

have reduced. Those who really like different policies have no option available to them.

12.Explain some reforms to strengthen the working of political parties. [5]

Ans.Some reforms to strengthen parties so that they perform their functions well are :

(i) State Funding of Elections : To lessen the role of money power in the elections,

there should be state funding of elections. The government should give money to

political parties to support their election expenses. It could be given in cash or kind

(petrol, paper, vehicles, telephones etc.) on the basis of the votes secured by them

during the last elections.

(ii) To regulate the internal affairs of Political Parties : A law should be passed to

regular the internal affairs of political parties. It should be made compulsory for all

the political parties to maintain a register of its members, to follow its own

constitution and to hold open elections to the highest posts in the party.

(iii) Pressure of Public Opinion : Political Parties can also be reformed if people put

pressure on them. This can be done through petitions propaganda and agitations,

citizens, pressure groups and media can play an important role in this.

(iv) Ban on Political Parties based on religion and caste : Political parties which are

organised in communal or caste basis should be banned.

(v) Conclusion : If the above suggestions are accepted by all the political parties, it

could lead to some improvement in their working.

o o o




CHAPTER – 3 (OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY)



1. Why democracy is better form of government ? [1]

Ans. Democracy is better form of government than others because it improves the quality of

decision making.

2. What does a legitimate government mean ? [1]

Ans. A democratic government is elected by the people, people wish to be ruled by the

representatives elected by them. That is why it is called a legitimate government. It may

be slow, less efficient, not-always responsive and clean, but it is people’s own government.

3. How democracy can enhance dignity and freedom of the individual ? [1]

Ans. (i) It enhances dignity of the individual by giving every person equal treatment.

(ii) It involves every citizen in the decision making process. Every citizen has the right

to vote and choose his representatives in the government.

4. Define a responsive government. [1]

Ans. A government that is attentive to the needs and demands of the people is termed as a

responsive government.

5. How will you define transparency in democracy ? [1]

Ans. Transparency is the right and means to examine the process of decisions taken.

6. What are the merits of democracy ? [3]

Ans. (i) Equality : Democracy promotes equality among citizens. Every citizen of the

country has equal rights before the law.

(ii) Dignity and freedom of the individual : By giving its citizens equal rights, it

enhances dignity and freedom of an individual. Most societies were male

dominating. The status of women was not satisfactory. In democracies, equal

treatment and respect to women have been accepted.

(iii) Conflict management : It provides methods to resolve conflicts among citizens

or status. It reduces the possibility of social tension which may become explosive

or violent. So, it produces a harmonious social life.

(iv) Decision-making : It improves the quality of decision-making. This is because, in

a democracy, there is open debates on major policy decisions.

7. “Democracies lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens.” Support your

answer with three appropriate arguments. [3]

Ans. Democracy leads to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens as it gives to tis citizens

a sound political System based on social equality.

(i) It provides a conducive political environment to citizens for their popular

participation in politics.

(ii) Every citizen has right to vote and right to contest elections.

(iii) It stands for equal economic status to all citizens.

(iv) It helps by accommodating various social divisions and providing social equality

to its citizens.




(v) Democracies reduce possibilities of tension becoming explosive and violent. It

has mechanism to negotiate the differences.

(vi) In democracy, the majority always needs to work with the minority so that

government functions to represent the general view.

8. How can democracy be compared to other systems in reducing economic

inequalities ? Explain. [3]

Ans. From the ground realities as far as India is concerned, the success achieved in the arena

of political equality to the individuals could not be achieved in the economic field. We

observe increasing inequalities as :

(i) A small number of ultra rich people enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth

and income.

(ii) The poor are becoming poorer by the day so much, that they are unable to meet

their basic necessities like food, clothing, housing, education, health, etc.

(iii) The poor who constitute a large proportion of voters are not provided with

opportunities on an equal footing.

(iv) The democratically elected governments do not appear to be as keen to address the

question of poverty.

(v) In Bangladesh, more than half of the population lives in poverty. People in several

countries are now dependent on rich countries even for food supplies.

9. Inequality of income in selected countries

Study the above table carefully and answer the following questions :

(i) What do the percentage share of South Africa and Brazil depict ?

(ii) How the countries like Denmark and Hungary better as compared to Russia and

USA ?

(iii) What according to you is the reason behind such high degrees of income inequalities

in the democratic countries ? [3]

Ans. (i) In democratic countries like South Africa and Brazil, the top 20% people take

away more than 60% of the national income, leaving less than 3% for the bottom

20% population.

(ii) The countries like Denmark and Hungary are better as compared to Russia and

USA as the difference in the percentage share of national income of the top 20%

and the bottom 20% people is not that huge.

Name of the Countries % share of national income

Top 20% Bottom 20%

South Africa 64.8 2.9

Brazil 63.0 2.6

Russia 53.7 4.4

USA 50.0 4.0

United Kingdom 45.0 6.0

Denmark 34.5 9.6

Hungary 34.4 10.0




(iii) A small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and

incomes. Not only that, their share in the total income of the country has been

increasing. Those at the bottom of the society have very little to depend upon.

Their incomes have been declining. Sometimes they find it difficult to meet their

basic needs of life, such as food, clothing, house, education and health.

10. ‘Democracy means delay in decision-making.’ According to you, which would be

more preferable, quick decision of dictatorship or slow decision of democracy ?

What values you have learnt from the given statement ? [3]

Ans. It is true that democracy means delay in the decision-making process as debates and

decision are the orders of the government and people can not disagree with them. In this

way, democracy is better even if it takes more time in making decision.

From the given statement I have learnt the values like public awareness, liberty and

equality.

11. How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate

government ? [5]

Ans. Democracy is government of the people, for the people and by the people. By looking at

all the democracies, we can say that it produces an accountable, responsive and legitimate

government due to following reasons:

(i) Accountable Government : Democracy produces an accountable government

because all the educated and enlightened citizens of the country are concerned that

people should have the right to choose their representatives. If they does not work

in a proper way then people have the right to change them. That is why they are

accountable to the people. People are also part and parcel of decision making process

of the country. So democracy produces an accountable government.

(ii) Responsive Governments : Democracy also produces a responsive government

because in a democratic country people elect the government and that government

is responsible towards the people and parliament. Democratic government generally

take care of the needs and opinion of the people. That’s why democracy produces a

responsive government.

(iii) Legitimate Government : Democracy not only produces an accountable and

responsive but also produces a legitimate government. Democratic government is

legitimately legitimate in the sense because it is legitimately elected by the people

almost after every five years through the process of universal adult franchise. All

the decisions are taken as per the laws enumerated in the constitution.

12. How far democracy has reduced poverty in India ? [5]

Ans. (i) A small number of ultra rich people enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth

and income.

(ii) The poor are becoming poorer by the day so much, that they are unable to meet

their basic necessities like food, clothing, housing, education, health, etc.

(iii) The poor who constitute a large proportion of voters are not provided with

opportunities on an equal footing.

(iv) The democratically elected governments do not appear to be as keen to address the

question of poverty.

(v) In Bangladesh, more than half of the population lives in poverty. People in several

countries are now dependent on rich countries even for food supplies.

o o o




CHAPTER – 4 (CHALLENGES TO DEMOCRACY)



1. How can democratic reforms be carried out ? [1]

Ans. Democratic reforms can be carried out by (i) good quality of people’s participation and

(ii) Development of democratic movements and the media.

2. What is political reform ? [1]

Ans. Suggestions or proposals to overcome the challenges to democracy is called political

reform.

3. What challenge is faced by every democracy in one form or the other ? [1]

Ans. Deepening of Democracy.

4. In which country did the ethnic riots between serbs and albanians take place ?[1]

Ans. Yugoslavia.

5. Name the law which empowers people to carry out democratic reforms. [1]

Ans. Right to Information Act.

6. How is deepening of democracy a major challenge to modern democracies ? Explain.

[3]

Ans. (i) The challenge of deepening of democracy is faced by every democracy in one

form or another.

(ii) This challenge usually means strengthening those institutions that help people’s

participation and control. This requires an attempt to bring down the control and

influence of the rich and powerful people in making governmental decision.

(iii) For example, In the early nineties, when TN Seshan became the Chief Election

Commissioner, he brought about a revolutionary change of disciplining political

parties. This in turn ensured fairer elections.

7. “Different countries face different challenges.” Support this statement with suitable

examples. [3]

Ans. 1. Foundational Challenge : (i) The countries which are not under democratic

government face the first challenge i.e. foundational challenge of making the transition

to democracy and then instituting democratic government. (ii) This involves bringing

down the existing non-democratic regime, keeping military away from controlling

government and establishing a sovereign and functional state. (iii) For example, Nepal

was under monarchy till recent times. Now, Nepal has changed to a democratic system.

2. Challenge of Expansion : (i) Most of the established democracies face the second

challenge i.e. challenge of expansion. (ii) This involves applying the basic principle of

democratic government across all the regions, different social groups and various

institution. Ensuring greater power to local governments, extension of federal principle

to all the units of the federation, inclusion of women and minority groups, etc. falls

under this challenge. (iii) For example, In India, certain socio-economically backward

groups have yet to get the political powers.




3. Challenge of Deepening of Democracy : (i) The third challenge of deepening of

democracy is faced by every democracy in one form or another. (ii) This challenge

usually means strengthening those institutions that help people’s participation and control.

This requires an attempt to bring down the control and influence of the rich and powerful

people in making governmental decision. (iii) For example, In the early nineties, when

TN Seshan became the Chief Election Commissioner, he brought about a revolutionary

change of disciplining political parties. This in turn ensured fairer elections.

8. Suggest any three political reforms to strengthen democracy. [3]

Ans. Democracy is government of the people, for the people and by the people. In democracy

government is elected by the people and can be thrown out of the power by people in

next elections. Democratic countries give some rights to its citizens especially the right

of equality. So strengthening of democracy requires the participation of masses so that

they could be able to control the goverment in one way or the other. Democracy can be

strengthened in following ways :

(i) Basic Rights : Democracy can be strengthened by giving some of the basic and

fundamental rights to the people. If the people would be given the right to vote,

right of equality, right to follow religion, right to do work, etc. then it will become

easy for the people to live a happy life. It will help in their participation in decision

making process. This step will strengthen the democracy.

(ii) Educated Masses : People should be educated enough to understand national and

international problems. They should also understand the value of vote and should

realise that it is a national trust. People who are ignorant and don’t have common

sense cannot appreciate the basic rights which they have got. So the people should

be educated enough so that the democracy could be strengthened.

(iii) Economic Equality : If we want to strengthen the democracy then there should be

no gross economic inequality. Economic inequality cannot be completely wiped

out, yet gross inequality makes democracy futile. Rich people can misuse their

power and wealth. So economic equality should be to there for its strength.

9. “Corruption and casteism affect democracy.” Justify. [3]

Ans. Corruption and casteism are main problems of democracy. In many democratic countries

of the world, political leaders and government officials are corrupt, dishonest and

inefficient. As a result, people do not take interest in elections and have no faith in

government officials. This affects the working of democracy in the country very badly.

Further, a large number of voters give weight to the caste and religion of the candidate

during election. Political parties also keep in mind the caste or religion of a person while

distributing tickets for the election. Representatives elected on the basis of caste or

religion work for the welfare of the people belonging only to their caste or religion. In

this way corruption and casteism affect our democracy.

10. What are the reforms needed to decrease doctors absenteeism ? What values have

you learnt from doctors absenteeism ? [3]

Ans. To control doctors’ absenteeism in Uttar Pradesh, some reform proposals are given

below :

(i) The government should make it compulsory for the doctors to live in the village

where they are posted; otherwise their service should be terminated.




(ii) District administration and police should carry out surprise raids to check the

attendance of the doctors.

(iii) Village Panchayat should be given the power to write the annual report of the

doctor which should be read out in the Gram Sabha meeting.

(iv) Big states like Uttar Pradesh should be split into several smaller states which can

be administered more efficiently.

11. Describe broad challenges to democracy. [5]

Ans. (i) Foundation Challenge : There are many countries which are facing foundational

challenge i.e. they have non democratic regime. Countries like Cuba, Korea,

Zimbabwe face foundational challenge. The foundational challenge involves

bringing down the existing non-democratic regime, keeping military away from

controlling the government and establishing a sovereign state.

(ii) Challenge of Expansion : Most of the established democracies like India and

USA face the challenge of expansion. This involves :

(a) Applying basic principle of democracy across all regions, different social groups,

and various institutions.

(b) Providing more powers to state and local governments.

(c) Inclusion of women and minority groups in decision making.

(d) Minimising decisions which should remain outside the arena of democratic central.

(iii) Challenge of Deepening of Democracy : This challenge is faced by every

democracy in one or other form. This includes :

(a) Strengthening political parties and other institutions that promote democracy.

(b) To bring down the control and influence of the rich and powerful in the government.

(c) To provide more powers to local governments.

12. When was the ‘Right to Information Act’ implemented ? How does it act as the

‘watchdog of democracy’ ? Explain. [5]

Ans. The Right to Information Act was implemented on 12 October, 2005.

This is an example of one of those laws which has empowered people to act as watchdogs

of democracy in the following ways:

(i) This act has given people an extensive right to know what is happening in the

government.

(ii) This enabled people to know about every details of any programmes from the

levels of planning to implementation. By this, they can know lapses,

misappropriation, etc. if any, by any officials and file a complaint.

(iii) This law helped control corruption and supplement the existing laws that ban

corruption and impose strict penalties.

(iv) This law helps to know who has taken the decision, was the decision taken as per

the established norms and procedures. So, the executives have to think twice before

taking any biased decision.

(v) Through this act, people have been empowered with the right to know the source

of income, details of expenditure etc. This puts an effective control over the

government officials while dealing with the funds.

o o o





POLITICAL SCIENCE











1. In what respect is a democratic government better than its alternatives ? [1]

Ans. (i) It promotes equality among citizens.

(ii) As decisions are taken by following a procedure so it improves the quality of

decision making.

2. Give one special feature that distinguishes a movement from an interest group.

[1]

Ans.

Interest Groups

1. They do not have a loose organisation.

2. Their decision making is formal.

Movements

1. They have a loose organisation.

2. Their decision making is informal and

flexible.

3. Who is the founder of Bahujan Samaj Party ? [1]

Ans. Kanshi Ram is the founder of the Bahujan Samaj Party.

4. Give any two characteristics of democracy. [1]

Ans. (i) Elected representatives and

(ii) Rule of law.

5. What is the full form of RTI ? [1]

Ans. The full form of RTI is Right to Information Act.

6. How did King Gyanendra take advantage of the weak democratically elected

government ? [1]

Ans. He dissolved the parliament and dismissed the Prime Minister.

7. What is the criteria to recognise as a National Political Party in India ? [1]

Ans. A Party that secures atleast 6% vote in Lok Sabha election and atleast 4 seats in Lok

Sabha. e.g. Bharatiya Janta Party, Indian National Congress, Bahujan Samaj Party etc.




8. What do you mean by economic inequality ? [1]

Ans. The idea is which some humans of society are rich and some humans of society are

poor is known as economic inequality. Wrong distribution of wealth causes economic

inequaltiy in the society.

9. What is the most basic outcome of democracy ? [1]

Ans. The most basic outcome of democracy is that it gives us a government which is responsive

to the needs of the people, which is accountable to the people and which fulfils the

needs of the people.

10. Explain ‘Foundation Challenge’ faced by democracies of the world. [3]

Ans. ‘Foundation Challenge’ faced by democracies of the world are as follows :

(i) Foundation challenge takes place when the basic structure or foundation of the

government changes.

(ii) It can be monarchy or military dictatorship, changed into democracy.

(iii) Recently, the Nepal King Gyanendra, who replaced democracy with autocracy was

forced to leave the palace and accept democracy and political rights of the people,

when the movement against autocracy took place.

This transition may take many decades or centuries.

11. Explain the three steps taken by the different authorities to reform political parties

and their leaders in India. [3]

Ans. The following measures should be taken to reform the political parties :

(i) Passing of Anti-Defection Act : To check defections from one political party to

another to become a minister or for money, Anti-Defection Act has been passed

which says that if any MLA or MP changes parties, he/she will lose the seat in the

legislature. Although this Act has not completely stopped defections, yet it has

helped to bring defections very down.

(ii) To reduce the role of Money and Muscle Power : In order to reduce the role of

money and muscle power in the elections, the Supreme Court has passed on order

which say that every candidate who contests election will have to file an affidavit

giving details of his property and criminal cases pending against him.

(iii) Organisation Elections : The Election Commission has passed an order making

it necessary for political parties to hold their organisational elections at regular

intervals. This can lead to greater internal democracy in political parties.

12. Why is democracy considered a better form of government than other forms ?

State any three reasons. [3]

Ans. Democracy is not a mere form of government. It is a form of society as well as a social

order. It is always preferable and superior to any other form of government because :

(i) It enhances dignity of the individual by giving every person equal treatment.

(ii) It involves every citizen in the decision making process. Every citizen has the right

to vote and choose his representatives in the government.

(iii) Democracy is such an effective form of government which provides room to correct

its own mistakes and resolves conflicts amicably.

All these justify that democratic government is people’s own government.




Pressure Groups

1. Pressure Groups have specific interest and

work for the collective interests of its

members only.

2. Membership of pressure groups is limited

and that too of a particular kind, i.e., a

student’s pressure group will consist only

of students and not of traders, etc.

3. Pressure groups resort to agitational

politics like marches,demonstrations,

strikes, fasts, etc.

4. Pressure groups are informal, often

secretive, conceited and conspiratorial and

sometimes even unrecognised entities.

Political Parties

1. Political parties have a broad based

programme that covers many aspects of

national life. They influence and coerce

the Government.

2. Membership of the parties is very broad

based and it is a wide coalition of diverse

members and they have mass

memberships.

3. Political parties use only Constitutional

means to achieve their aims.

4. Political parties are the formal, open and

recognised part of the political system

competing for power.

13. What is the difference between a pressure group and a political party ? [3]

Ans.

*14. ‘Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and

disseminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity.’

Read the above statement carefully and answer the following questions :

(i) Identify the Fundamental Right which is related to this statement.

(ii) How do you feel when you come across words like ‘disadvantaged’ and

‘disseminated’ being used for a sections of citizens of free India ?

(iii) How far can ‘equal status’ and ‘equal opportunity’ restore back the dignity

and freedom of these deprived classes ? [3]

Ans. (i) The above statement relates to “The Right to Equality”.

(ii) Every citizen of India is equal in the eyes of laws. This means they should be treated

politically, economically and socially equal. But, even after more than 60 years of

independence, when such words are used, it looks to me a great failure on the name

of the country.

(iii) If equal opportunities are provided and availed of, it will raise and uplift the status

of the people. This will further restore them the dignity and freedom. So, the

government should make serious efforts to bring social and economic equality among

the people of the country.

15. Study the cartoon and answer the following

questions :

(i) What do you understand about the

economic growth and income

distribution from above?

(ii) Should the gains of economic growth be

evenly distributed ?

(iii) How can the poor get a voice for a better

share in a nation ? [3]




Ans. (i) The cartoon tells us about the disparities between the rich and poor.

(ii) Yes, the gains of economic growth be evenly distributed between the rich and the

poor.

(iii) The poor can get a voice for a better share in a nation by forming their own pressure

groups and raising the public issues.

16. Explain any three most effective ways in which the pressure groups and movements

influence the politics of a country. [3]

Ans. The three most effective ways in which the pressure groups and movements influence

the politics of a country are :

(i) Raising public issues : They try to gain public support and sympathy for their

goals, and their activity by carrying out information campaigns, organizing meetings,

file petitions, etc. Most of these groups try to influence the mass media into giving

more attention to these issues.

(ii) Participation in the working of government : They often organize protest

activities like strikes, disrupting government programmes. Workers organizations

from pressure groups or movement groups may participate in official bodies and

committees that offer advice to the government.

(iii) Impact on political parties : Pressure groups and movements do not directly

engage in party politics, they seek to exert influence on political parties. Most of

the political parties take agenda from these organizations. Most of the movement

groups take political stance without being a party.

17. How far has India succeeded in overcoming the challenge of expansion before its

democracy ? Evaluate. [5]

Ans. The challenge of expansion involves application of basic principles of democratic

government across all the regions, social groups and various institutions. In the following

ways, India has witnessed expansion of democracy and overcome this challenge

successfully:

(i) A powerful Election Commission : Conduction of regular and free and fair election

provides basis for the expansion of democracy. India has one of the most powerful

Election Commissions in the world.

(ii) Ensuring greater power to local government : Decentralisation of power is a

must for the expansion of any democracy. In India, the Panchayati Raj System has

given people at the root level an opportunity to administer their local affairs on

their own. For this they are being provided with sufficient help from the government.

(iii) Federal System : India is a federation of states. The power is distributed among

the states. Centre’s interference is minimum. The federal principle has been extended

to all the units of the federation.

(iv) Greater participation of women : By reserving one-third seats in the local

panchayati system, the government has ensured greater participation of women in

administration. Also there is a Bill before the Parliament intending to reserve about

33% seats in the legislative for women.

(v) Protection to the interests of minorities : Through its various provisions,

programmes and policies, the government has ensured that minorities are not

deprived of their rights and opportunities. For this, government has given required

protection and promotion in the various fields.




18. ‘Democracy is seen to be good in principle, but felt, to be not so good in practice.’

Justify the statement with suitable arguments. [5]

Ans. Democracy is seen to be good in principle but felt not to be so good practice because of

the following reasons :

(i) The decision making process in democracy is time consuming, whereby justice

delayed is justice denied.

(ii) The tyranny of the majority overrides the will of the minority.

(iii) Corruption and red-tapism dominates the functioning of democracy.

(iv) An illiterate and ill-informed electorate fails to give itself a legitimate and

accountable government.

(v) Politics is dominated by the charisma of popular leaders and dynastic succession.

19. State the similarities and levels of popular mass struggles of Nepal and Bolivia.[5]

Ans. Nepal and Bolivia had political conflicts which involved mass uprisings and popular

struggles. In Nepal, the common man supported the demand for restoring democracy

and in Bolivia people supported the struggle against the MNCs over municipal water

supply i.e., it involved claims against the elected democratic government.

Similarities : Both these struggles were similar on many grounds and shared some

common elements, like :

(i) Political Conflict : The struggles in Nepal and Bolivia were the examples of political

conflict which resulted into popular struggles.

(ii) Mass Mobilisation : Strike, public demonstrations, mass mobilisation were very

much prevalent in both the struggles. Public demonstrations of mass support clinched

the dispute.

(iii) Role of Political Organisations : Lastly, political organisations played critical role

in both the struggles of Nepal and Bolivia.

Level of Popular struggle : The two movements involved mass mobilisation and public

demonstration of mass support. Both these struggles showed how democracy evolved

all over the world like :

(i) Democracy evolved through popular struggle.

(ii) Democratic conflict and mobilisation.

(iii) Democracy and political organisation.

Thus, both the struggles reveal that people’s participation and the critical role of political

organisations led to the success of their struggles.

20. Examine critically the role of an ordinary citizen in strengthening and deepening

democracy. [5]

Ans. Following are some ways in which an ordinary citizen can play roles in strengthening

and deepening democracy.

(i) By active participation in political processes : An active participation in various

political processes like election, strengthens democracy and enhances its quality.

So, by ensuring his participation an ordinary citizen can help democracy in its

deepening.

(ii) By keeping a watch on the performance of parties and government : An ordinary

citizen can have a watch on the acts and programmes of the political parties and

government. It will help not only him but others as well in electing genuine candidate

as people’s representative.




(iii) By Use of rights : By using Right to Information an ordinary citizen can find out

what is happening in the government. The informations he gets can help to control

corruption.

(iv) Support to movements : There are many popular movements that compelled the

government to correct the wrong. This is possible only when ordinary citizens

extend their support to any movement.

(v) Stay politically aware : It becomes easy to decide about the candidate, government

and the whole system when you are aware of the political events taking place in

your state/country. A politically aware citizen is able to take good and balanced

decision and thereby strengthen democracy.

o o o




ECONOMICS

CHAPTER – 1 (MONEY AND CREDIT)



1. Define Barter System. [1]

Ans. Barter refers to the direct exchange of goods and services. In this way, barter system refers

to that system by which one commodity is exchanged for another without use of money.

2. What is debt trap ? [1]

Ans. Debt trap is a situation in which a debt is different or impossible to pay typically because

high interest payments prevent repayment of principal.

3. What do you understand by SHGs ? [1]

Ans. SHGs are the groups created by needy person themselves, especially women to fulfil

their credit and loan needs. A typical SHG has 15-20 members, who meet and save

regularly.

4. What is included in the modern form of money ? [1]

Ans. (i) Currency (ii) Demand deposits

5. Name the organisation which supervises the functioning of formal sources of credit.

[1]

Ans. The Reserve Bank of India

6. Describe any three major functions of the Reserve Bank of India. [3]

Ans. Following are the main functions of the Reserve Bank of India:

(i) It issues currency notes on behalf of the central government.

(ii) It surprises the functioning of formal sources of loans which includes banks and

co-operatives.

(iii) It monitors that the banks actually maintain the cash balance out of the deposits

they receive. These days this cash balance is 15 per cent of their total cash deposits.

(iv) It sees that the banks give loans to small cultivators, small-scale industries small

borrowers, etc.

(v) It periodically receives information from the banks as to how much they are lending,

to whom, at what interest rates, etc.

7. Describe the organisation, working and importance of Self-Help Groups. [3]

Ans. (i) SHGs are the groups created by needy person themselves, especially women to

fulfil their credit and loan needs. A typical SHG has 15-20 members, who meet

and save regularly.

(ii) Saving of per member varies from ` 25 to ` 100 or more depending on the ability

of the people to save.

(iii) Members can take small loans from the group itself to meet their needs.

(iv) The group charges interest on these loans but this is still less than what the money-

lenders charge.




(v) If the group is regular in savings, it becomes eligible for availing loan from the

bank. The loan is sanctioned in the name of the group and is meant to create self-

employment opportunities for the members.

Advantages of SHGs :

(i) The SHGs help the borrower to overcome the problem of lack of collateral.

(ii) They can get timely loans for a variety of purposes and at a reasonable interest rate.

(iii) SHGs are the building blocks of organisation of the rural poor.

(iv) Not only do they help women become financially self-reliant, the regular meetings

of the group provide a platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues such

as health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc.

8. Why do lenders ask for collateral while lending ? Give any three reasons. [3]

Ans. Money lenders ask for collateral for the following reasons :

(i) Collateral acts as security in case a borrower defaults in the repayment of loans.

(ii) In case, the borrower is declared insolvent, then the lender can sell-off the collateral

assets to recover the loan amount.

(iii) Collateral binds the borrower to be regular in making the loan repayments to the

lender.

9. Study the given pie chart carefully, and answer the following questions : [3]

C o o p erativ es an d c om m ercia l b an k s

G o ve rn m e n t an d o th er fo rm al so urce s

P ro fe ssio n al a n d A g ric u ltu re m o n ey le n de rs

Trad e rs

L an d lo rd s

R e lative s an d F rie nd s

O th er S o u rc es

S o u rce s no t S p ec ified8 %

1 8 %

2 %5 %4 %

6 %

5 %5 2 %

(i) Which are the major sources of credit for the rural households in India ?

(ii) Which is the most important source of credit for the rural households in India ?

(iii) Why still large number of people still depend upon informal sources of

credit ? [3]

Ans. (i) Cooperatives and commercial banks, Government and other formal sources,

professional and Agriculture money lenders.

(ii) Cooperatives and commercial banks.

(iii) (a) Banks are not present everywhere.

(b) Getting a loan from the bank is difficult.

10. Mention any three values which are reflected by the informal sources of credit.

[3]

Ans. (i) Rural poor lack in collateral that is essential for formal sources of credit. Thus,

informal sources are considered better for the rural households.

(ii) Usually informal sources do not require extensive documentation for giving the

loan. Thus, the illiterate people of rural household finds it easier to take loans from

informal sources.




(iii) Banks are mostly unwilling to lend loans to rural poor because the repayment of

loan is dependent on the income from farming. In case of crop failure, repayment

becomes impossible.

Thus, rural poor are dependent on the informal sources for running their routine work

and livelihood.

11. Explain the functions of Commercial Banks. [5]

Ans. Following are the functions of Commercial Banks :

(i) Accepting deposits : The most significant and traditional function of commercial

bank is accepting deposits of public under saving account, current account and

fixed deposits. They play the role of custodian of money.

(ii) Providing loans : The second important functions of commercial bank is advancing

loans to the public to fulfill their needs of money. Loan may be granted in the form

of cash credit, ordinary loans, overdraft, discounting of bills etc.

(iii) Credit Creation : Money deposited by the people is given to other people in the

form of loan to satisfy their wants of money. People who take loan from banks, do

not spend whole money, they also deposit money in their bank account. The process

continues in this way, money multiplies and bank make a system of credit creation.

(iv) Transfer of funds : Commercial banks are also able to transfer funds of a customer’s

account through the cheques, drafts, credit card, cash order etc.

(v) Agency functions : In modern time, commercial banks also act as an agent of the

customer. They accept subscription for shares from various shareholders on behalf

of their respective company.

12. “Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the countries development.” Highlight

the role of loans in reference to India. [5]

Ans. (i) If cheap credit is not provided to the farmers they will be forced to arrange the

capital at high rate which will increase the cost of production. The high cost of

production put the farmers into a debt trap.

(ii) Cheap and affordable credit is also must manufacturing sector to purchase raw

material and other inputs.

(iii) Cheap and affordable credit is required to decrease the dependency on informal

sources of credit.

(iv) Most of the Indian farmers are very poor so they do not have any surplus savings.

(v) Cheap and affordable credit is also required for establishing new manufacturing

units especially small scale units.

o o o




CHAPTER – 2 (GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY)



1. When was WTO established ? [1]

Ans. WTO was established on 1st January, 1995.

2. What are Special Economic Zones ? [1]

Ans. Special Economic Zones are the regions where world class facilities like water, electricity,

roads and transport, recreation, education are available.

3. What is a MNC ? Give two examples. [1]

Ans. A Multinational Corporations or a MNC is a company that owns or controls production

in more than one country e.g. Tatamotors, Infosys etc.

4. State the basic function of foreign trade. [1]

Ans. The basic function of foreign trade is to exchange of goods - purchase and sale-across

geographical boundaries of the country.

5. For whom does the globalisation pose a major challenge ? [1]

Ans. The major challenge posed by globalisation is for small producers.

6. How have Indian markets been transformed in recent years ? Explain with

examples. [3]

Ans. (i) The Indian market has been transformed in recent years as a consumers have a

wide choice of goods and services which was not available earlier.

(ii) The latest model of mobile phones, televisions, digital cameras of leading

manufactures of the world are within their reach.

(iii) New models of automobiles and cars are launched every season.

(iv) All the top companies in the world have introduced their popular brands in India

for various products like shirts, fruit juices, cosmetics, toys, furniture, stationary

and services like insurance, banking (debit and credit cards) and education courses

like MBA, etc.

(v) Increase in job opportunities with the advent of different professions.

7. How is foreign trade inter-connecting the markets in different countries ? Explain

with examples. [3]

Ans. Foreign trade leads to integration of markets in the following ways :

(i) Trade provides opportunity for both producers and buyers to reach beyond markets

of their own country.

(ii) There is flow of goods, services and finance across different countries.

(iii) Prices of similar goods in the two markets tend to become equal.

(iv) Sometimes the producer of other countries set up joint venture with the local

producers.

(v) There is huge competition among producers of various countries. This brings

producers closer to each other.

For example, Japanese electronic items are imported to India, and have proved to

be a tough competition for less technologically advanced companies here.




8. Describe the ways through which MNCs control production in other countries.[3]

Ans. (i) MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where they can get

cheap labour and other resources.

(ii) This is done so that the cost of production remains low and the MNCs can earn

greater profits.

(iii) At times, MNCs set up production jointly, with some of the local companies in

these countries.

(iv) Its twin benefits are – they can provide money for additional investments like buying

of new machines for faster production and MNCs might bring with them the latest

technology for production.

(v) The most common route for MNC investments is to buy up local companies and

then expand production. MNCs with huge wealth can quite easily do so.

(vi) Large MNCs in developed countries place orders for production with small producers.

Garments, footwear, sports items are examples of industries where production is

carried out by a large number of small producers around the world.

(vii) The products are supplied to the MNCs which then sell these under their own brand

names to the customers.

9. “Liberalisation of trade and investment policies promote globalisation.” Justify

your answer with suitable examples. [3]

Ans. In the following manner liberalisation of trade and investment helped the globalisation

process :

(i) Liberalisation makes industries free to expand themselves according to the market.

It helps the globalisation process.

(ii) Liberalisation of investment helps to form new businesses in all other countries

which is a part of globalisation.

(iii) Liberalisation of trade means removing unnecessary trade restriction. Due to which

import and export between countries has become more easier and it gave birth to

globalisation.

10. Inspite of Globalisation creating good quality product and expanding market, how

is it affecting stability in jobs for the workers ? What values are reflected in the

question ? [3]

Ans. The following effects on the job of the workers are observed :

(i) There is no permanent employment, but workers are employed only when needed,

i.e., they are ‘flexible workers’. In the slack season, they are out of work with no

compensation.

(ii) Due to increased competition between companies, the MNC’s main objective is to

lower costs. Here, the axe falls on the ‘labour costs’, in which, besides temporary

employment, the workers may be given lower wages or they may have to work on

piece rate basis.

(iii) Workers may have to work longer hours without any overtime payment at peak

season time and be laid off from work without any compensation during the slack

season.

Values : Insecurity of jobs, widening of economic inequalities as rich has become more

rich and the population of poor is still on increase.




11. Which factors have stimulated the globalisation process ? [5]

Ans. The following factors have stimulated the globalisation process :

(i) Improvement in transportation : In the last 50 years, there have been lots of

improvements in transportation technology. This has made faster delivery of goods

across long distances possible, at lower costs.

(ii) Development in information and communication technology : Technology in

the areas of telecommunication and computers has been advancing rapidly.

(iii) Telecommunication : Telecommunication facilities like telephone, telegraph,

mobiles , fax are used to contact people in the world. This has been made possible

due to satellite communication devices.

(iv) Computers : They have now entered almost in every field of activity. In the amazing

world of Internet, we can obtain and share information on almost anything.

(v) Internet : Internet also allows us to send instant electronic mail (e-mail) and talk

(voice mail) across the world at negligible cost. Even the payment of money from

one bank to another can be made through e-banking.

12. Discuss any five functions of WTO. [5]

Ans. Following are the functions of WTO :

(i) Administering WTO Trade Agreements : WTO acts as an administrator for the

trade agreements amongst different members countries. It ensures that the

agreements are not anti-competitive and does not hamper the interest of other

member nations.

(ii) Handling Trade Disputes : WTO acts as an arbitrator for handling trade disputes

between member countries. It works towards achieving balance between the two

conflicting member nations over the different agreements.

(iii) Forum for Trade Negotiations : WTO acts as a key forum for trade negotiation.

It puts the members countries at the negotiation table for arriving at mutual

understanding over the trade agreements.

(iv) Monitoring the National Trade Policies : WTO monitors the national trade policies

of individual member nations to ensure smooth trade within an outside the country.

It also seeks to avoid unfair trade practices of the member nations.

(v) Technical Assistance and Training for Developing Countries : WTO provides

technical assistance and training to developing economies for framing trade policies,

laws, internal and external regulations etc.

* Note : Question No. 6 has been Changed.

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CHAPTER – 3 (CONSUMER RIGHTS)



1. What does the ISI, Agmark or Hallmark logo on a package assures ? [1]

Ans. The ISI, Agmark or Hallmark logo on a package assures quality of the product.

2. A shopkeeper insists that you buy a guide with your NCERT textbook. Which

right of the consumer is being violated ? [1]

Ans. Right to Choose.

3. What do the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 ensures ? [1]

Ans. The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 ensures the protection of the rights of the consumers.

4. What are consumer forums ? [1]

Ans. The consumer movement in India has led to the formation of various organisations

locally to protect the rights of consumers, known as Consumer Forums or Consumer

Protection Councils.

5. What is meant by adulteration ? [1]

Ans. Adulteration usually refers to mixing an inferior and sometimes harmful quality of a

matter with food and drink intended to be sold. In other words, it is mixing something

impure with something genuine.

6. Why are rules and regulations required for the protection of consumers interest in

the market place? Explain three reasons. [3]

Ans. The main ways of exploitation of consumers are described below :

(i) Adulteration : Adulteration means mixing or substituting undesirable materials in

food. This causes heavy loss to the customers; they suffer from monetary loss as

well as spoil their health.

(ii) False claim : Sellers make false claim about the durability and quality of their

product through advertisements.

(iii) Under measurement : Sellers generally give under measured goods and charge for

the actual quantity.

(iv) Hoarding and Black marketing : Trader generally hold the stock of essential

commodities to create artificial scarcity in the market so that they can sell their

commodities at higher price.

Examples :

(i) a grocery shop owner might sell expired products, and then blame the customer for

not checking the date of expiry before buying the items.

(ii) In order to achieve the goal of profit maximisation and growth, a businessman

sometimes resorts to adulteration of goods, poor quality of the product, lack of

service and courtesy to the customer, misleading or dishonest advertising etc.

Thus, because of the above given reasons rules and regulations are required for the

protection of consumers interest in the market place.




7. How did consumer movement arise in India ? Explain. [3]

Ans. Following are the factors that gave birth to the consumer movement in India:

(i) Dissatisfaction of consumers as many unfair practices were being indulged in by

the sellers.

(ii) There was no legal system available to consumers to protect them from exploitation

in the market place.

(iii) The consumer movement as a ‘social force’ originated with the necessity of

protecting and promoting the interest of consumer against hoarding, black

marketing, adulteration of food and edible oil.

8. What is the three-tier quasi-judicial machinery set up for redressal of consumer

disputes ? Mention their jurisdiction. [3]

Ans. Three- tier quasi-judicial machinery at the district, state and national level was set up for

redressal of consumer disputes.

Claims upto which they deal are

(a) District level courts – Upto ` 20 lakhs

(b) State level courts – Between ` 20 lakhs and ` 1 crore.

(c) National level courts – Exceeding ` 1 crore

If a case is dismissed in district level court, the consumer can also appeal in state and

then in National level courts.

9. Analyse the functions of consumer forums. [3]

Ans. The consumer movement in India has led to the formation of various organizations

locally to protect consumer’s rights known as consumer forums or consumer protection

councils.

Following are the functions of consumer forums :

(i) They guide consumers on how to file cases in the consumer court.

(ii) On many occasions, they also represent individual consumers in the consumer

courts.

(iii) These voluntary organisations also receive financial support from the government

for creating awareness among the people.

(iv) It works for the protection of the consumer rights.

(v) It imparts knowledge about consumer rights by writing articles and getting it

published in newspaper.

10. “After more than 25 years of enactment of COPRA, the consumer awareness in

India has not gained momentum.” Explain this statement. What values are reflected

by the given statement. [3]

Ans. Awareness of the Consumer Protection Act is very poor, as most of the consumers are

not aware of their rights as consumers to get a fair deal for the money that they pay for

goods purchased or services availed. Further, rules and regulations for working of markets

are often not followed.

There is a lack of active involvement of the consumer, because the consumer redressal

process is cumbersome, expensive and time consuming. In addition, the existing laws

also are not very clear on the issue of compensation to consumers injured by defective

products.




From the given statement I have learnt, that for the Consumer Movement to be effective,

a voluntary effort and struggle involving the participation of all consumers is required.

11. In India consumer movement is a ‘Social Force’ Explain. [5]

Ans. (i) In India , the consumer movement as a ‘social force’ originated with the necessity

of protecting and promoting the interests of consumers against unethical and unfair

trade practices.

(ii) Rampant food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, adulteration of food and edible

oil gave birth to the consumer movement as a social movement in the 1960s.

(iii) It arose out of dissatisfaction of the consumers at the mass level.

(iv) Earlier when a consumer was not happy with a particular brand, product or shop,

he/she generally avoided buying that brand product or from that shop. It took many

years for organisations in India and abroad to create awareness amongst people.

(v) The movement has later on, succeeded in bringing pressure on business firms as

well as government to correct unethical and unfair business conducts.

12. Describe the measures taken by the government to control the price rise. [5]

Ans. (i) Public Distribution System : Government of India, under its public distribution

system ensures the availability of essential commodities such as wheat, rice, sugar,

edible oil and kerosene oil to the consumers at reasonable prices through a network

of fair price shops. At present, there are about 4.61 lakh of fair price shops in the

country. Subsidies are borne by the government.

(ii) Administrative Price Mechanism : Administrative prices are those prices of goods

and services, which are controlled by the government. Government of India has

imposed price controls on a number of commodities, e.g., steel, automobiles, etc.

Producers of these commodities cannot charge prices higher than the maximum

prices fixed by the Government.

(iii) Monetary Policy/Measures : It is the policy of the Central Bank (RBI) to control

money supply and credit in economy. This results in people’s tendency to consume

less, which in turn reduces the demand for goods and thereby lower the prices.

(iv) Fiscal Policy/ Measures : It is the expenditure and revenue policy of the government

to accomplish the desired goals. The intention of the government here is to reduce

the money supply, which is kept in the hands of the people. When people have less

money to spend, their consumption will also fall, which leads to decline in prices.

*Note : Question No. 11 has been Changed.

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ECONOMICS











1. What are informal sources of credit ? [1]

Ans. Informal sources of credit refers to the loan taken from moneylenders, traders, relatives

and friends. These informal lender resources are not controlled by the government.

2. What is COPRA ? [1]

Ans. COPRA—‘Consumer Protection Act, 1986’ was passed by the Parliament in 1986 (and

came into force with effect from July 1, 1987) for the protection of the consumers from

unethical and unfair trade practices and dishonest traders.

3. State any two steps which have been taken by the government to attract foreign investment.

[1]

Ans. (i) Special Economic Zones are being set up.

(ii) Government has allowed flexibility in the labour laws.

4. What do you understand by Cash Reserve Ratio ? [1]

Ans. Banks always keep some part of the total amount deposited as cash reserve to meet the

needs of the depositors. That part of the total deposits which the bank keeps with itself

in the cash form is called the Cash Reserve Ratio.

5. What is Right to Information Act ? [1]

Ans. The Right to Information Act 2005 ensures the citizens all information about the functions

of government departments.

6. Mention any two ways through which MNCs expand production. [1]

Ans. (i) By setting up partnership with local companies.

(ii) By buying the local companies.

7. Mention the modern forms of money. How is it different from traditional forms of money ?

[1]

Ans. Paper notes, coins and demand deposits constitute the modern money whereas traditional

forms of money were made up of precious metal like gold, silver and copper. And unlike

grain and cattle which were used in traditional times, modern currency is neither of

everyday use. The modern currency is without any use of its own.

8. What is globalisation ? [1]

Ans. “Globalisation is the process of integration or interconnection between countries.”

Globalisation allows free flow of trade, capital and human resource across borders.




9. Mention any two ways through which consumer are exploited. [1]

Ans. (i) High price

(ii) Adulteration

(iii) Under weight

(iv) Selling of poor quality goods.

10. What is double coincidence of wants ? Explain with the help of an example. [3]

Ans. (i) Double coincidence of wants implies a situation where two parties agree to sell

and buy each other’s commodities., i.e., what one party desires to sell is exactly

what the other party wishes to buy.

(ii) Money does away with this tedious and complex situation by acting as a medium

of exchange that can be used for one and all commodities.

(iii) For example, if an ice-cream vendor wants a bicycle but the bicycle manufacturer

wants clothes, and not ice-creams, then the vendor can use money to obtain a

bicycle. He does need to adhere to the bicycle man’s needs because money acts as

the common medium of exchange. Similarly, the bicycle manufacturer can then

use the money to buy clothes.

11. “The Indian government, after independence has put many such barriers on foreign

trade and foreign investment.” Why was this considered necessary ? [3]

Ans. (i) After Independence, the Indian government had put up barriers to foreign trade

and foreign investment. This was considered necessary to protect the domestic

producers from foreign competitors.

(ii) Industries were just coming up in the 1950s and 1960s and competition from imports

at that stage would not have allowed these industries to come up.

(iii) Thus, India allowed imports of only essential items such as machinery, fertilisers,

petroleum, etc.

12. (i) Explain the ‘Right to Choose’ as consumer’s right.

(ii) Explain the ‘Right to Seek Redressal’ as a consumer’s right. [3]

Ans. (i) Right to Choose : The consumer can choose the product to be bought and also

whether or not to buy a product. He cannot be forced to purchase a product or

service which is not of his choice.

(ii) Right to Seek Redressal : The consumer has the right to seek redressal if the

supplier has exploited him. He has the right to be compensated by the trader/producer

if any damage or loss occurs due to the product or service purchased.

13. Who supervises the functioning of banks ? In what ways is the supervision done ?

[3]

Ans. Reserve Bank of India is the apex bank of the country. Supervising the functioning of

formal sources of credit as given below :

(i) The Reserve Bank of India monitors the amount of money that banks loan out, and

also the amount of cash balance maintained by them.

(ii) It also ensures that banks give out loans not just to profiteering businesses but also

to small cultivators, small scale industries and small borrowers.

(iii) Periodically, banks are supposed to submit information to the RBI on the amounts

lent, to whom and at what rates of interest.




(iv) This monitoring is necessary to ensure that equality is preserved in the financial

sector, and that small industries are also given an outlet to grow. This is also done

to make sure that banks do not loan out more money than they are supposed to, as

this can lead to situations like the Great Depression of the 1930s in the USA,

which greatly affected the world economy as well.

14. How do the MNCs help in the growth of local companies ? [3]

Ans. (i) Availability of modern techniques and management : Modern technology and

managerial services are made available to the local companies or to the host country.

As a result, the productivity of the local enterprises increases and the resources are

optimally utilised.

(ii) Capital : MNCs can provide capital (money and machines) for faster production.

The MNCs, also keep the flow of work.

15. “Income and employment will increase if farmers are provided irrigation and

marketing facilities.” Justify the statement. [3]

Ans. (i) Irrigation is a basic input in agriculture. To provide irrigation government needs to

dug canals or wells. This will provide more employment opportunities in rural

areas.

(ii) Irrigation will also increase total production. This will increase employment as

well as income.

(iii) Farmers need market to sell the surplus production. Farmers can get higher rates of

their crops in the market. This will increase their income.

(iv) To build the market government have to invest in roads or railways. This will

increase employment opportunity.

*16. Self Help Groups support has brought about a revolutionary change in the rural

sector. Which values according to you is it able to support. [3]

Ans. (i) It promotes women empowerment. SHGs are the groups created by needy persons

themselves, especially women to fulfil their credit and loan needs.

(ii) The SHG encourages team work because it is an organisation of about 15-20

members who meet and save at a regular intervals.

(iii) The Self-Help Group leads to self-sufficiently to its members. Members can take

small loans from the group itself to meet their needs. If the group is regular in

savings, it can avail loans from the bank that is meant to create self-employment

opportunities for the members.

17. How can a consumer get justice when his rights are denied ? [5]

Ans. Three- tier quasi-judicial machinery at the district, state and national level was set up for

redressal of consumer disputes.

Claims upto which they deal are

(a) District level courts – Upto ` 20 lakhs

(b) State level courts – Between ` 20 lakhs and ` 1 crore.

(c) National level courts – Exceeding ` 1 crore

If a case is dismissed in district level court, the consumer can also appeal in state and

then in National level courts.




18. What changes have occured in India due to the adoption of the policy of

liberalisation and globalisation ? [5]

Ans. (i) Variety of products : Due to the New Economic policy, many MNCs have invested

their capital in India. So the Indian consumers are getting variety and quality

products at cheaper rates.

(ii) Development in the infra structure : Due to the policy of globalisation and

privatisation, the condition of infrastructure has improved considerably. Much

progress can be seen in the communication sector. At present many private compa-

nies are providing better services to the consumers.

(iii) Boost to Foreign direct investment : The policy of liberalisation and globalisation

has provide a big boost to foreign direct investment in developing countries.

(iv) Boost to the Indian companies : Due to the policy of globalisation and

liberalisation, the private sector has gained a big push. Now the private sector is

free to import raw material and technology from other countries. Many restrictions

on the imports and exports have been lifted. Several top Indian companies have

been able to benefit from the increased competition. Moreover, globalisation has

enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinationals themselves. Tata

Motors (automobiles), Infosys (IT), etc.

(v) Boost to the service sector : Globalisation has also created new opportunities for

companies providing services, particularly those involving information and com-

munication technologies. Besides, a host of services such as data entry, account-

ing, administrative tasks, engineering, etc., are now being cheaply done in our

country, and are exported to the developed countries.

19. Why do rural borrowers depend on the informal sector of credit ? [5]

Ans. (i) Availability of banks is not everywhere in rural India, whereas the informal sources

are easily available in all the villages.

(ii) Getting a loan from a bank is very difficult than taking a loan from the informal

resources because bank loans require proper documents and collateral. Most of the

poor people don’t possess anything to offer as collateral.

(iii) Informal sources of credit provide loan to the poor people without any collateral.

(iv) The formal sources provide loan only for productive purposes, whereas the informal

sources provide credit for productive and non-productive purposes.

(v) The methods of business of the formal sources are very complex, whereas the

informal resources have a very simple way of business.

20. What is consumer exploitation ? What are the various ways in which a consumer

can be exploited ? [5]

Ans. It is a situation in which a consumer is cheated by the producer.

The main ways of exploitation of consumers are described below :

(i) Adulteration : Adulteration means mixing or substituting undesirable materials in

food. This causes heavy loss to the customers; they suffer from monetary loss as

well as spoil their health.

(ii) False claim : Sellers make false claim about the durability and quality of their

product through advertisements.




(iii) Under measurement : Sellers generally give under measured goods and charge for

the actual quantity.

(iv) Hoarding and Black marketing : Trader generally hold the stock of essential

commodities to create artificial scarcity in the market so that they can sell their

commodities at higher price.

(v) Substandard goods : Sellers usually sell inferior quality goods in order to make

more profits.

(vi) High price : Sellers who are dealing in necessities generally charge arbitrary prices.

(vii)Duplicate Articles : In the name of genuine parts or goods, duplicate items are sold

to the consumers.

(viii) Lack of safety devices : Electronic appliances produced locally lack the required

inbuilt safeguards which causes harm to the consumers.

Examples :

(i) A grocery shop owner might sell expired products, and then blame the customer for

not checking the date of expiry before buying the items.

(ii) In order to achieve the goal of profit maximisation and growth, a businessman

sometimes resorts to adulteration of goods, poor quality of the product, lack of

service and courtesy to the customer, misleading or dishonest advertising etc.

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