dmitrii mendeleev - CERN Indico

WHY GENIUS ?WHAT’S GENIUS ?

DMITRII MENDELEEV: THE TABLE AND BEYOND

VLADIMIR SHILTSEVFERMI NATIONAL ACCELERATOR LABORATORY, BATAVIA, IL, USA

EUROPEAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY

AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY

HTTPS://WWW.IYPT2019.ORG/

Vladimir Shiltsev | Mendeleev - CERN, Nov 2019 2

IYPT’2019 MAP

UNESCO INT’L YEAR OF PERIODIC TABLE

FERMILAB (CHICAGO) – MAY 2019


Vladimir Shiltsev | Mendeleev - CERN, Nov 2019 5Prof. Petra Rudolf (Netherlands)

DMITRIIIVANOVICH

MENDELEEV(DIM)

GENIUS“THE TABLE” AND BEYOND

VLADIMIR SHILTSEV

CERN 2019


Maxwell Darwin

Garibaldi Tolstoy

Pavlov

Marx

1869


1850 1900

DIM : b. 1834 (Tobolsk), d. 1907 (StPetersburg)

DIM’S ORIGINAL TABLE FEB. 17, 1869


IMPORTANT SUBTLETY: MAJOR DISCOVERY IS PERIODIC LAW, THE TABLE IS JUST ITS PRESENTATION

• PERIODIC LAW: PERIODIC DEPENDENCE OF

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS ON THEIR

ATOMIC WEIGHT

• PRESENTED: 6 MARCH 1869

• INITIALLY: ONLY 63 ELEMENTS

• PREDICTED AND DISCOVERED:

GA (1875), SC (1879), GE (1885)


DISCOVERY OF GALLIUM


1875 - Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran – original density measured 4.7 g/cm3,

Mendeleev advised to re-measure – the correct value found was 5.9 g/cm3

1871 1875

ability to act either as an acid or a base.

Vladimir Shiltsev | Mendeleev - CERN, Nov 2019

13

WHY (THE TABLE)?

• DISCOVERY OF ELECTRON (1897), PROTON (1913) AND

NEUTRON (1932)

• CHEMICAL PROPERTIES EXPLAINED BY QUANTUM

MECHANICS

• COMPOSITION OF NUCLEI – BY QUANTUM

CHROMODYNAMICS

Element Symbol At. No.

Technetium Tc 43

Promethium Pm 61

Astatine At 85

Neptunium Np 93

Plutonium Pu 94

Americium Am 95

Curium Cm 96

Berkelium Bk 97

Californium Cf 98

Einsteinium Es 99

Fermium Fm 100

Mendelevium Md 101

Nobelium No 102

Lawrencium Lr 103

Rutherfordium Rf 104


Element Symbol At. No.

Dubnium Db 105

Seaborgium Sg 106

Bohrium Bh 107

Hassium Hs 108

Meitnerium Mt 109

Darmstadtium Ds 110

Roentgenium Rg 111

Copernicium Cn 112

Nihonium Nh 113

Flerovium Fl 114

Moscovium Ms 115

Livermorium Lv 116

Tenessine Ts 117

Oganesson Og 118

29 Man-Made Synthetic Elements

26 in red – accelerator bombardment

3 – in blue – irradiation/bomb products


Neon (10) Uranium (92) = Nobelium (102)…or

Calcium (20) Californium (98) = Оganesson (118)

HOW NEW ELEMENTS

GET DISCOVERED NOW

(E.G. IN DUBNA)

1951 Nobel Prize for discovery of

transuranic elements (Seaborg, McMillan)

1955

1939

THE TABLE & ACCELERATORS


Glen Seaborg Edwin McMillan

Emilio SegreErnest Lawrence

ALSO AT ACCELERATORS:ELEMENTS TO THE HIGHEST ENERGIES


At RHIC upto 0.1 TeV/n

Variety of accelerated

and collider ions: H, Al,

Cu, Au, U…

At the LHC upto 2.76 TeV/n

Providing the world’s highest

energy collisions of elements

from the periodic table :

H, Xe, Pb, soon O…


ANOTHER TABLE : STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS

NOW AT #118 - IS THERE AN END ? 172 ?


TWO PROBLEMS FOR TOO MANY PROTONS


#2: too many

protons

very strong

repulsive

forces

nucleus

quickly

breaks out

hard to

survive even

for 10-14 s !

#1: too many

protons

electrons get

closer and

enter the

inner nucleus

protons

and electrons

fuse into

neutrons

can NOT get

more than

172 protons

at once !

MENDELEEV IS AN ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE OF

GENIUS, ГЕНИЙ, GÉNIE, GENIO

• A GENIUS IS A PERSON WHO DISPLAYS EXCEPTIONAL

INTELLECTUAL ABILITY, CREATIVE PRODUCTIVITY,

UNIVERSALITY IN GENRES OR ORIGINALITY, TYPICALLY TO

A DEGREE THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACHIEVEMENT OF

NEW ADVANCES IN A DOMAIN OF KNOWLEDGE

• THE NOUN IS RELATED TO THE LATIN VERB GENUI,

GENITUS, "TO BRING INTO BEING, CREATE, PRODUCE".

• CLOSE: GENESIS AND GENE

• FROM PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN *GʷḖN

• IN RUSSIAN, OF THE SAME ROOT – ЖЕНА (WIFE)Vladimir Shiltsev | Mendeleev - CERN, Nov 2019 21

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Originality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_conjugation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/g%CA%B7%E1%B8%97n

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/g%CA%B7%E1%B8%97n

“MENDELEEV’S DREAM”

(INVENTION OF PERIODIC TABLE)

Opening “Mendeleev’s Dream” monument in St.Petersburg (2017)

• In memoirs of Prof.

A.Inostrantsev (1843-

1919), geologist, friend

• Widely spread by media

• Very popular among

students (no study – go to

bed!)

• DIM himself never

confirmed or denied… • commented that it took

him 20 yrs of thinking

… IN REALITY


Foundations of Chemistry (1869)

Mend

ele

ev’

s “S

yst

em

of

Elem

ent

s” in

short

form

Pub

lish

ed

in

Pa

rt 2

of

“Foun

da

tions

of

Che

mis

try”

(187

1)

DM

“CO

MPLE

TE W

ORK

S”

(193

7-1

954) Volume I. Ph.D. and Master thesis (3 articles).

Volume II. Periodic law (7).

Volume III. The study of aqueous solutions by specific gravity (11).

Volume IV. Solutions (13).

Volume V. Fluids (16).

Volume VI. Gases (17).

Volume VII. Geophysics and hydrodynamics (25).

Volume VIII. Works in the field of organic chemistry (29).

Volume IX. Gunpowder (34).

Volume X. Oil (36).

Volume XI. Fuel (40).

Volume XII. Works in the field of metallurgy (42).

Volume XIII. “Principles of Chemistry". Part One (50).

Volume XIV. “Principles of Chemistry". Part Two (55).

Volume XV. “Knowledge is theoretical”, small notes (62).

Volume XVI. Agriculture and processing of agricultural products (68).

Volume XVII. Technology (70).

Volume XVIII. Economic work. Volume I (74).

Volume XIX. Economic work. Volume II (78).

Volume XX. Economic work. Volume III (82).

Volume XXI. Economic work. Volume IV (84).

Volume XXII. Metrological work (86).

Volume XXIII. Public education and higher education (93).

Volume XXIV. Articles and materials on general issues (96).

Volume XXV. Supplementary Materials (98).Vladimir Shiltsev | Mendeleev - CERN, Nov 2019 25

MENDELEEV INTERESTS


Р.Б

.До

броти

н, Н

.Г.К

арпи

ло, Л

.С.К

ерова,

Д.Н

.Три

фо

нов. Л

ето

пи

сь ж

изн

и и

деяте

льности

Д.И

.Менд

ел

еева

. Л

., 1

984.

Periodic law,

pedagogy

II Organic chemistry

Solutions

Gases,

liquids

Metrology

Solid state, glass, metallurgy

Bio-med,

agriculture

MENDELEEV’S STORIES• VODKA (PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLUTIONS)

• PERIODIC LAW AND TABLE

• SUPERCRITICAL LIQUID

• RARIFIED GASES – SEARCH FOR ETHER

• CLAPEYRON-MENDELEEV EQUATION OF IDEAL GASES

• AERONAUTIC AND METEOROLOGY, SMOKELESS POWDER

• CHAMBER OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

• PERSONAL LIFE

• CRITICISM OF SPIRITISM AND TESTS/EXPOSURES OF MEDIUMS

• OIL IN BAKU – NOBEL BROTHERS, DONETSK COAL, ECONOMICS & TARIFFS

• JUDGMENTS ON LITERATURE AND POETRY

• MENDELEEV AND LOMONOSOV

• “WHAT KIND OF ACADEMY WE NEED” – (NON-ELECTION AND FAME)Vladimir Shiltsev | Mendeleev - CERN, Nov 2019

27

POPULAR MYTHS ABOUT VODKA

• “INVENTED BY DMITRII MENDELEEV”

• “IDEAL RECIPE ESTABLISHED BY MENDELEEV DUE

MANY UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF 40 % ALCOHOL”:

• BURSTS INTO FLAME

• DOES NOT FREEZE

• ULTRA PURE PRODUCT

• FAT DROWNS IN VODKA

• EVAPORATES BUT AS FAST AS WATER

• FROM GRAIN ONLY

• MINIMAL HANGOVER

… AND MANY OTHER FASCINATING FEATURES ATTRIBUTED


29


30“The solution is Jesiutic”

“Un-Real History” (TNT channel)

VODKA STANDARDS

Mendeleev is often cited as “father of

Russian vodka”

Interpretation of his 1865 PhD thesis

DIM was on the State Commission on

Tariffs in 1890-1900’s (incl. alcohol

standards and monopoly)

o Initiated by Tzar Alexander III

o Implem’d by S.Witte 1895-1904

o Out of concerns of health and $$o 25-30% of budget income (!)


Seminal scientific study of solutions of

alcohol C2H5OH in water:

Temperature control dT~ 0.02oC, new

method to get record pure 99.99% ethyl

alcohol, took into account air weight and

air pressure, precise calibration of P and

T, glass expansion, etc etc...

VERY thorough error analysis

Record accuracy <0.01 %

Chi-squared and Chebyshev methods

Cont’d analysis in 1887

Concluded presence of “associations”

What we now know as hydrogen bonds

1:1

4:2

PHD THESIS (1865)


32

On Compounds of Alcohol with Water


Experimental data

Straight line –

Under assumption that alcohol

and water do not interact

If mixed up

Modern Vodka Standart(40% by volume = 34% by weight)


Maximum contraction(53% by vol. = 46% by weight)

WHY PEAK AT 46% ALCOHOL?

C2H5OH AND 3 (H2O)

12X2 + 5 +16 + 1 3 X (2+16)

46 54

OUT OF TOTAL OF 100


MODERN VIEW ON THE ISSUEINT’L SCIENTIFIC SEMINAR, MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY , 2010

“145-TH ANNIVERSARY OF MENDELEEV’S THESIS “Dr. V. Grigorieva (Moscow, author of “Vodka: Known and

Unknown”, M., 2010)

It’s incorrect to cite DM as the creator of Russian vodka

Prof. D. Shaefer (U. Cincinnati)

NMR and UV analysis shows just two clustering phenomena: at 1:5

(~20-25% ) and 1:1 (~46%, as in DM’s work)

due to hydrogen bonds, balanced by thermal motion

Prof. Masashi Hojo (Kochi University, Japan, author “Sake:

Chemistry and Maturation”, ”Alcohol Consumption and Health”)

Hydrogen bond strength depends not only on ethanol concentration

but also on impurities/foreign substances

Consequently, the taste is strongly dependent on them, too

Dr. A.Kalinina (Moscow, Russian Narcology Center)

Comparative analysis of health effects of vodka, gin, beer, whiskey

Drs. S.Patsaeva and T.Dolenko (Moscow State University)

Successfully applied Raman scattering for precise determination of

the ethanol concertation and detail analysis of impuritiesVladimir Shiltsev | Mendeleev - CERN, Nov 2019 36


39

Nullius in verba !


“STRENGTH LOSS IN TIME”

DOES VODKA CATCH FIRE AND BURN ?


41


VISCOSITY - “DRINK WHEN COLD”


VODKA - ANTIFREEZE

MENDELEEV EXPERIMENTS IN HEIDELBERG (1859-1861)


SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS

Decaffeinate coffee beans by S.Crit. CO2

Kur

t Zose

l, 1963

Also - cocoa butter from cocoa beans, soybean oil from soybeans, essential oils from spices

HEIDELBERG MENTORS:BUNSEN & ERLENMEYER


Erlenmeyer flask

Bunsen burner

RUSSIAN STUDENTS IN HEIDELBERG


ALEXANDER BORODIN1859-1861

DIM

“PRINCE IGOR” OPERA

MENDELEEV IN SWITZERLAND 1860


WITH ALEXANDER BORODIN

PARENTS (& 10 BROTHERS AND SISTERS)


Maria (1793-1850) Ivan (1783-1847)

TOBOSLK – CAPITAL OF SIBERIA


1587 - 1838

DIM Gymnasium and Museum

(1892 bld.)

TOBOLSK NOWADAYS


51

DIM father gymnasium (1810)

Kremlin

Transit of Venus 1761 observation site

Junction of rivers

Tobol and Irtysh

MENDELEEV’S FAMILY(1834-1907)


52

Feozva Lescheva (1828-1905)

Anna Popova (1860-1942)

Vasily

1886-1922

Olga (1868-1950)Vladimir (1865-1898)

Lyuba

1881-1939

m. 1862

m. 1882* 10,000 R Maria

1886-1952Ivan

1883-1936

Ingegnere

serbatoi

Gestore di cani

#1 in USSRAttrice

Ufficiale della Marina

Matematico

Gestore di cani


Lyuba Mendeleeva & Alexander Blok, m.1903.

«Poesie su una bella signora» - 129 (!) [1901-1902]

…Вхожу я в темные храмы,

Совершаю бедный обряд.

Там жду я Прекрасной ДамыВ мерцаньи красных лампад.

INDEXYEAR=#[WORD]YEAR/ #[ALL WORDS]YEAR


https://books.google.com/ngrams

Менделеев and Блок

MENDELEEV’S FAME

• THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

• NON-ELECTION TO THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY

OF SCIENCES IN 1880


In mantle of honorary doctor of

Edinburgh University

• MEMBER OF 150 ACADEMIES

AND SOCIETIES: FOR.MEM.R.S.,

PARIS, BOLOGNA, ACCADEMIA

DEI LINCEI, ROME, ETC

• BROAD SPECTRUM OF

INTERESTS AND PUBLICATIONS

(25 VOLUMES)


THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION!

Further reading:

M.Gordin, “A Well-Ordered Thing” (Princeton P. Press)

V.Shiltsev, “Dmitrii Mendeleev and the Science of Vodka”, Physics Today, Aug. 2019

V.Shiltsev, “On the Nature of Genius” (Chamonix, 2012) arxiv:1205.1787

THANK YOU FOR YOUR

KIND ATTENTION!


DM AND GASESTEXTBOOK EQUATIONS

• R. BOYLE (1662) AND E. MARIOTTE (1676)

• J. CHARLES(1787) AND J. GAY-LUSSAC (1802)

• AT CONSTANT PRESSURE, T IN KELVIN

• A. AVOGADRO (1811) • IN MOLES, UNDER SAME P, T

• B.P.E. CLAPEYRON (1834)

• B DEPENDS ON GAS

• D. MENDELEEV (1874)

• R IS THE UNIVERSAL GAS CONSTANT (R = 8.314 J/MOLE K)

• HIS OWN DATA T=273.09+T(OC)… NOW 273.16Vladimir Shiltsev | Mendeleev - CERN, Nov 2019 58

PV=(M/μ)RT

Clapeyron-Medeleev equation


Mendeleev, Borodin

October 1860


“…How proud such country should be.. which can

produce people like Garibaldi !” (D.Mendeleev)


Landau Mendeleev KolmogorovLomonosov

DM NATURE, 15 (1877), P.499


ON ELASTICITY OF GASES (1875)


DM’S LAB


water vacuum pump

mercury vacuum pump

differential barometer

DIM RARIFIED GASES (1872-1883)


PV=Const

MS, VI, p.551 (1875)

d(pv)/dp > 0

concludes ether

NON-IDEAL GASES


So, the correction should be

(PV)/P0V0=1-0.00031(P/P0)

i.e. PV is larger at low P (sic!)

• DM’s value is +0.18

For air

POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS


1) error in the pressure measurements (eg non-ideal vacuum in the U-shape

manometer, or effect of long and narrow pipes connecting ~3 liter volume with the

manometer)

2) outgassing in the system, which resulted in the difference btw P in the volume and V

in the manometer

3) minor compression of the glass volume and pipes when the air pressure is dropped

e.g. 0.18 mm Hg

pressure offset

results in

GRAZIE PER LA VOSTRA

ATTENZIONE!


DIM AND SPIRITS (1875)


Petty Brothers of Newcastle

SOLAR ECLIPSE 7 AUG, 1887


• ~650 m3 ~500 kg

• ~8 ton H2SO4 + Fe

• Defense Ministry

• Many problems

• Detail report (~50 pp)

ДИМ В ПИТЕРЕ


71

General Pedagogical Inst. St.P University (400 m)

Meseem-Archive of DIM

EVE OF LIFE (1907)


“Nel selvaggio nord …”Ivan Shishkin (1832-1898)

DIM : RATIONALIST


DM on LT: “…Brilliant, but stupid-

he can not connect two thoughts

logically - mostly bare subjective

constructions, moreover, not true-

life and sickish…”

DM on FD: “It‘s torture to

read!…Here [in Crime and

Punishment] we have a guy who

killled a person and then two

volumes of torment, and here [in a

Western] on one page, six are

killed, and no one feels bad..”

• so, DM hated

psychological

novels and

preferred

Westerns,

Dumas, Jules

Vern and

likes…

Leo Tolstoy

(1828-1910)

Fedor Dostoevsky

(1821-1981)

DIM – “TEMPERATURE OF ABSOLUTE BOILING” (1860) – NOW, SO CALLED

“CRITICAL POINT”


WHAT DID HE DRINK?


From “Tariffs Explained: Or a Study on Industrial Development” (1891)

“Толковый тариф: или, изследование о развитии промышленности” (1891)

NEW ELEMENTS 113-118JOINT INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR RESEARCH (DUBNA, RUSSIA)


IUPAP: December 30, 2015:

#113 RIKEN

#115 JINR,LLNR,ORNL

#117 JINR,LLNR,ORNL

#118 JINR, LLNL

#114 Flerovium

(JINR, 2012)

#116 Livermorium

(JINR, LLNL, 2012)

June 8, 2016:

#115 Moscovium

# 118 Oganesson

Calcium (20) Californium (98)

= Оganesson (118) … lives only 1/200 second

119 и 120 - ??

Ti(22) на Es(99)

DIM

“CO

MPLE

TE W

ORK

S”

(193

7-1

954)


77

Volume I. Ph.D. and Master thesis (3 works).

Volume II. Periodic law (7).

Volume III. The study of aqueous solutions by specific gravity (11).

Volume IV. Solutions (13).

Volume V. Fluids (16).

Volume VI. Gases (17).

Volume VII. Geophysics and hydrodynamics (25).

Volume VIII. Works in the field of organic chemistry (29).

Volume IX. Gunpowder (34).

Volume X. Oil (36).

Volume XI. Fuel (40).

Volume XII. Works in the field of metallurgy (42).

Volume XIII. “Principles of Chemistry". Part One (50).

Volume XIV. “Principles of Chemistry". Part Two (55).

Volume XV. “Knowledge is theoretical”, small notes (62).

Volume XVI. Agriculture and processing of agricultural products (68).

Volume XVII. Technology (70).

Volume XVIII. Economic work. Volume I (74).

Volume XIX. Economic work. Volume II (78).

Volume XX. Economic work. Volume III (82).

Volume XXI. Economic work. Volume IV (84).

Volume XXII. Metrological work (86).

Volume XXIII. Public education and higher education (93).

Volume XXIV. Articles and materials on general issues (96).

Volume XXV. Supplementary Materials (98).

Том I. Доктор философии и магистерская работа(3 работы). Том II. Периодический закон (7). ТомIII. Исследование водных растворов поудельному весу (11). Том IV. Решения (13). ТомV. Жидкости (16). Том VI. Газы (17). Том VII.

Геофизика и гидродинамика (25). Том VIII.

Работает в области органической химии (29).

Том IX. Порох (34). Том X. Масло (36). Том XI.

Топливо (40). Том XII. Работает в областиметаллургии (42). Том XIII. «Принципы химии».

Часть первая (50). Том XIV. «Принципы химии».

Часть вторая (55). Том XV. «Знаниетеоретическое», небольшие заметки (62). ТомXVI. Сельское хозяйство и переработкасельскохозяйственной продукции (68). Том XVII.

Технология (70). Том XVIII. Экономическаяработа. Том I (74). Том XIX. Экономическаяработа. Том II (78). Том XX. Экономическаяработа. Том III (82). Том XXI. Экономическаяработа. Том IV (84). Том XXII. Метрологическиеработы (86). Том XXIII. Государственноеобразование и высшее образование (93). ТомXXIV. Статьи и материалы по общим вопросам(96). Том XXV. Дополнительные материалы (98).

TRANSLITERATION: ДМИТРИЙ

• DMITRY

• DMITRI

• DMITRYI

• DMITRY’I

• DMITRIY

• DMITRIJ

• DMITRIǏ

• DMITRII


-- AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION AND THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

TOBOLSK - 2018

Vladimir Shiltsev | Mendeleev - CERN, Nov 2019 82Tobolsk Pedagogical Inst. named after Mendeleev

MENDELEEV AND ITALY1860, 1864, 1879, 1881, 1904


Rome, Genoa,

Bologna, Venice,

Palermo, Catania,

Naples, Aosta,

Chiavenna,

Menaggio,

Porlezza, Ivrea,

Arona, Como,

Bellagio, Torino,

Novara, Bergamo,

Padova, Brescia,

Verona, Milano,

Pisa, Firenze ,

Civitavecchia,

Albano, Anacapri,

Castellammare,

Sorrento, Messina,

Canicatti,

Caltanissetta,

Agrigento,

Bolzano

PHD (1994) – NOVOSIBIRSK (RUSSIA)FERMILAB (CHICAGO, USA) – SINCE1996


85

• Head of the Tevatron Collider 2001-2006

• Director Accelerator Physics Center 2007-2018

2 TeV c.m.e. proton-antiproton

6.3 km

ДИМ И НОБЕЛИ

• ИХ ИНТЕРЕСЫ СТОЛКНУЛИСЬ В БАКУ, ГДЕ АЛЬФРЕД НОБЕЛЬ И ЕГО

БРАТЬЯ ЗАРАБАТЫВАЛИ ОГРОМНЫЕ ДЕНЬГИ, ЭКСПЛУАТИРУЯ

МЕСТНЫЕ НЕФТЯНЫЕ МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ. ЖЕЛАЯ ЗАНЯТЬ

МОНОПОЛЬНОЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ НА РОССИЙСКОМ НЕФТЯНОМ РЫНКЕ,

НОБЕЛИ ЛОББИРОВАЛИ ВВЕДЕНИЕ НОВОГО НАЛОГА, РАССЧИТЫВАЯ,

ЧТО ЭТО РАЗОРИТ КОНКУРЕНТОВ. А НЕОБХОДИМОСТЬ ВВЕДЕНИЯ

НОВОЙ ПОДАТИ ОБОСНОВЫВАЛИ ТЕМ, ЧТО БАКИНСКИЕ

МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ БЛИЗКИ К ИСТОЩЕНИЮ. МЕНДЕЛЕЕВ ДОКАЗАЛ

ОБРАТНОЕ, ЧЕМ ВЫЗВАЛ НЕУДОВОЛЬСТВИЕ ШВЕДСКИХ МАГНАТОВ.


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