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The Journal of Biodiversity. Photon 113 (2014) 305-338 https://sites.google.com/site/photonfoundationorganization/home/the-journal-of-biodiversity Original Research Article. ISJN: 8359-6193: Impact Index: 3.78

The Journal of Biodiversity Ph ton Diversity and ecology of algae and cyanobacteria in the Aragvi R iver, Georgia Sophia Barinovaa*, Lali Kukhaleishvilib a Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel b Tbilisi Botanical Garden and Institute of Botany, Kodzhorskoe shosse, 1, Tbilisi, 0105, Georgia The authors receive Thomas Edison Award-2014 in the domain of Biodiversity for Inspiration and Knowledge Distribution among young research scholars. Article history: Received: 01 November, 2013 Accepted: 08 November, 2013 Available online: 15 March, 2014 Keywords: Algal communities, comparative floristic, Aragvi River, Georgia Corresponding Author: Dr. Barinova S.* Email: barinova@research.haifa.ac.il Phone: +97248249697 Fax No: +97248288235 Dr. Kukhaleishvili L. Email: lalikuk@yahoo.com Abstract The algal communities from the Aragvi River basin, Eastern Georgia, were studied in 1966-1968 and 2005-2008. The algal species diversity come from 383 algological samples and includes 644 species and infraspecies, which belong to five taxonomical divisions. 235 species are reported for the first time in the Aragvi River. Diatoms as a part of Heterokontophyta taxonomic division prevail in studied algal flora. The Heterokontophyta including diatoms is the most species rich with 317 taxa in which Nitzschia and Gomphonema species are prevail. Followed Charophyta (123 taxa) and Cyanobacteria (118 taxa). High representation of charophyte algae in freshwater algal flora is remarkable, most of which are from Cosmarium and Closterium genera. Highest taxonomic varieties have Cosmarium botrytis Meneghini ex Ralfs with 5

varietes, Cocconeis placentula Ehrenberg, Fragilaria capucina Desmazières, Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W. Smith with 4 varietes, 10 species with 3 and 43 with 2 varietes. Bio-indication results characterize the Aragvi River waters as temperate, moderately oxygenated, fresh, neutral water affected by a low to moderate level of organic pollution. The pattern of diversity distribution depends on altitude and local climatic conditions. Whereas Heterokontophyta and Charophyta are richest in high mountain habitats, green algae and euglenoids avoid high mountain habitats and have negative correlation with altitude. With helps of statistical programs two floristic groups are recognized corresponding to tributaries of the eastern and western parts of watershed. The CCA analysis shows three different sets of environmental variables which correspond to water quality. Whereas Heterokontophyta algae, mostly diatoms, are indifferent in respect of reen algae which prefer low mineralized water. The numbers of infraspecies per species index increased with increasing of altitude habitats from 0.14 in the Aragvi River mouth to 1.14 in high mountain tributary Tetri Aragvi. Index is positively correlated with altitude, and therefore, species of the high mountain ecosystems in the Aragvi River are most polymorphic. The general trend is an increase of species diversity to the high mountains habitats. Our analysis reveals a strong altitude control over the major diversity estimates in the Aragvi River basin habitats, the major river in Georgia. Citation: Barinova S.., Kukhaleishvili L., 2014. Diversity and ecology of algae and cyanobacteria in the Aragvi River, Georgia. The Journal of Biodiversity. Photon 113, 305-338. All Rights Reserved with Photon. Photon Ignitor: ISJN83596193D608115032014

1. Introduction

It is very important to know about algal diversity in fresh waters because most of algal species can be used as environmental indicators. Whereas algal diversity in the nearby countries is regularly studied (Dell’Uomo, 1999; Prygiel et al., 1999; Aysel, 2005; Biodiversity, 2005; Barinova 2011a;

Tsarenko et al., 2006-2011), the research in the aquatic objects of the southern Caucasian region still remains at an initial stage (Barinova et al., 2011). The aim of this work was enriching of algal diversity in the Georgia area in particular in the

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largest Georgian river, the Aragvi River, and revealing of major environmental factors which regulated of algal species distribution. We have assumed that comparison of species diversity of the river and its tributaries will help in revealing trends of algal diversity under climatic impacts. The main characteristic of the southern Caucasian region is the high range of altitude and sharp seasonality of climate. The elevation plays a larger role in regulating plant species richness patterns. The altitudinal studies of high plant diversity distribution are very developed especially for the rare species. But from the standpoint of the factors which regulate distribution the study of common species are the most important (Jaccard, 1912). The diversity-temperature relationship for the high plants is well-known (Qian et al., 2007). Whereas study of altitude-diversity correlation for diverse groups of plants, bryophytes, and lichens is developed (Qian et al., 1999), it is not clear for freshwater algal communities (Barinova et al., 2011). The studied area is placed in the high mountains and mostly avoid of strong anthropogenic impact and transformation. Methods used to reveal environmental impacts with the help of ecological indicators are: the community structure fluctuation analysis, bio-indication of major impacting factors, and statistical approaches, linking the community structural and functional aspects with environmental fluctuation (Heywood, 2004). 2. Description of the Study Area The Aragvi River basin located on the southern slope of the central Caucasus mountains (Figure 1) and represent of upper part of the Kura - South Caspian Drainages (The Nature Conservancy and World, 2013) in the Freshwater Ecoregions of the World. The basin area is 2,724 km2 (Zomaya, 1974). The main stream is followed from North to South and is about 90 km length. The basin of the

Aragvi River has complex and varied terrain. Here are the high ridges with steep, dissected slopes, gorges, high volcanic mountains and plateaus, rolling foothills, wide terraced valleys, and plains (Aphazava, 1975). The basin of the Aragvi River is divided into two parts by Gudamakarsky ridge (Dzhavahishvili, 1926). The river basin system is created by four large tributaries, the length and the drain of more or less equal to each other: Tetri, Shavi, Khevsuretis and Pshavis Aragvi (Figure 2). By age they are almost identical. In this connection, set the main river is difficult, but at the drain and the length of the main river is accepted Tetri Aragvi, which rises in the north of the volcanic plateau Kel-Nepiskalo at an altitude of 3155 m above sea level (a.s.l). Near the village Pasanauri the Tetri Aragvi merges with the Shavi Aragvi, which originates on the south slope of the Chaukhi Mountains at an altitude of 2952 meters a.s.l. Near the Zhinvali village the Tetri Aragvi merges with Pshavis Aragvi, and near Mtskheta it under the name Aragvi falls from the left into the Mtkvari River (Kura). Pshavis Aragvi starts from the southern slope of the Mount Didi Borbalo at an altitude of 3084 meters a.s.l. Near Ortzhali it merges the Khevsuretis Aragvi. In the beginnings of the main tributaries are narrow and deep gorges. Rivers in this part are characterized by large flow rate (2-2.5 m/sec.). In the lower reaches the Aragvi River forms a wide valley. Here are not numerous lakes. Almost all of them are small in size and are mainly located in mountainous part of the basin in the Kels volcanic plateau. At the lower part of basin is the most prominent lake - Basaleti, which is located near the town of Dusheti (Aphazava, 1975). The Aragvi River basin has abundant by groundwater and springs. The upper reaches of the Tetri Aragvi River are enriched by lot of springs. In the lower reaches of the Aragvi River the remarkable are Bulachaury, Natahtarsky and Saguramsky springs which supply drinking water to Tbilisi.

Figure 1: The Aragvi River Basin in the Georgian territory

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Figure 2: Sampling points in the Aragvi River basin

Before this study the algal flora of the Aragvi River basin water bodies has been episodically studied from 1872 in the lover part of the basin, especially in Basaleti Reservoir as well as in Saguramo salt lake (Plutenko, 1872; Voronichin, 1917-1923; 1924; 1925; Kutubidze, 1947; 1952; Imerishvili, 1962). Total list of algae and cyanobacteria has been included 110 taxa. We continue algal diversity research and pertly published results in the local magazines (Kukhaleishvili, 1969a; 1969b; 1971; 1976) as well as a part of the Saguramo Natural Reserve algal diversity list (Barinova et al., 2011). 3. Materials and Methods Intensive sampling was carried out in 1966-1968 and 2005-2008. Altogether, 383 samples (152 of them - from the Tetri Aragvi basin, 101 - from Pshavis Aragvi basin, 89 - from Khevsureti Aragvi basin, and 41 - from Shavis Aragvi basin). We studied different types of water bodies - rivers, streams, waterfalls, fountains, pools, oxbow lakes, mineral springs,

shallow standing water, ponds, and lakes (Fig. 2). Samples were taken from different ecological groups: periphyton, benthos, plankton (using plankton net with gas mesh 25), wet rocks, the surface of stones, stems higher aquatic plants and other items, samples were collected with a scalpel. Large forms of algae - Chara and Cladophora and some other green filamentous algae were taken by hand. We measured the water temperature and pH (for colorimetric scale) and the water flow rate. Chemical data has been partly taken from the regional references (Karsanidze and Supatashvili, 1972; Supatashvili, 2003). The collected material was fixed with 4% formaldehyde solution. Identification of algae was with using of microscopes MBI-3 and Amplival. Diatoms studying were by protocol (Zabelina, 1951) with using of aniline-formaldehyde media under magnification 400-800. Species were identified according to international guides and the taxonomy follows the modern taxonomical system (Guiry and

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Guiry, 2013), which includes the recent taxonomic revision. To form the full floristic list, we have attracted species that we found in Saguramo Natural Reserve (Barinova et al., 2011), part of which is situated in the upper reaches of the river Tetri Aragvi. For species diversity and ecological analysis we applied the bio-indication methods wildly used in European countries under Framework Directive (European Parliament, 2000). Our data base for indicator species is published in Barinova et al. (2006). The statistical methods are those recommended by Heywood (2004) for development of floristic and taxonomic studies namely the CANOCO Program (ter Braak and Šmilauer, 2002) for Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) (ter Braak, 1987, 1990), GRAPHS program (Novakovsky, 2004) for comparative floristic, and Statistica 7.0 Program for calculation of Pearson correlation. 4. Results and Discussion 4.1 Diversity and environmental variables The Aragvi River water is low mineralized, fresh, alkaline with pH 8.04-8.25, and low Nitrogen concentration (Table 1) over main river flow and tributaries. A total of 644 species and infraspecies of algae and cyanobacteria were identified in the studied Aragvi River system. As a result, the full species list, including those recorded that has been revealed by us (539 taxa) and other authors (110 taxa) is represented in Table 2. Here are also included information on ecology and distribution of revealed taxa as a part of our data base (Barinova et al., 2006), as well as distribution over the Aragvi River itself and tributaries. Before diversity analysis we constructed the Willis curve (Figure 3) to assess how representative the assumed material is. As it was concluded from our many algal floras of Eurasia (Barinova et al., 2006; Barinova, 2011a), the Willis curve has a hyperbolic shape in sufficiently studied cases. In the case of the Aragvi River freshwater flora, the Willis curve approaches hyperbolic shape, thereby confirming that the material is sufficiently known for making the taxonomic and ecological analysis feasible. The Willis proportion is as well close to hyperbolic for the Georgian Reserves algal diversity (Barinova et al., 2011).

Figure 3: Willis Curve for the algal flora of the Aragvi River basin: number of species per genera (such as: one genus with 57 species; two genera with 35 species; tree genera with 15 species etc.)

The taxonomic structure of algal communities of the Aragvi River basin is represented in Table 3. Of five taxonomic divisions represented in the flora, the Heterokontophyta including diatoms is the most species rich with 317 taxa (Table 2, Fig. 4) in which Nitzschia and Gomphonema species are prevail. Followed Charophyta (123 taxa) and Cyanobacteria (118 taxa). It is very interesting such a high representation of charophyte algae in freshwater algal flora, most of which are from Cosmarium and Closterium genera. 4.2 Bio-indication of environmental variables for the Aragvi River basin The bio-indication analysis gives us the basis for assessing sustainability of ecosystems represented in the Aragvi River, and therefore for evaluating the effectiveness of environmental protection management in Georgia. The bio-indication results are presented in Figures 4, 5. It can be seen, that each group of analysis includes a wide ecological range of indicator species, but the trend lines for each variable cuts off the middle indicator group, except for indicators of nutrition type (Figure 5b). As a result of this analysis it is possible to conclude, that aquatic communities of the Aragvi River basin formed benthic and periphytonic communities which indicated temperate, moderate oxygenated, fresh, low alkaline neutral water at the low or moderate level of organic pollution. Therefore, bio-indication shows that the Aragvi River is only slightly anthropogenically impacted. To infer the major factors of the alpha-diversity forming process we compared the taxonomic

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Figure 4: Taxonomy and bio-indication of major environmental variables by the algal species of the Aragvi River basin. (a) Species distribution over taxonomic divisions; (b) Substrate preferences (P - planktonic, P-B - plankto-benthic, B - benthic, Ep - epiphyte, S - soil, pb - phycobiont); (c) Temperature preferences (cool - cool-water, temp - temperate, eterm - eurythermic, warm - warm-water); (d) Oxygenation and streaming (st - standing water, str - streaming water, st-str - low streaming water, ae - aerophiles); (e) Acidity (pH) degree according Hustedt (1957) (alb-alkalibiontes; alf - alkaliphiles, ind - indifferents; acf - acidophiles; acb - acidobiontes, neu - neutrophiles as a part of indifferents); (f) Halobity degree according Hustedt (1938-1939) (hb - oligohalobes-halophobes, i - oligohalobes-indifferent, mh - mesohalobes, hl - halophiles; ph - polyhalobes)

Figure 5: Bio-indication of water quality and trophic state by the algal species of the Aragvi River basin. (a) Trophic state (Van Dam, 1994) (ot - oligotraphentic; om - oligo-mesotraphentic; m - mesotraphentic; me - meso-eutraphentic; e - eutraphentic; he - hypereutraphentic; o-e - oligo- to eutraphentic (hypereutraphentic)); (b) Nitrogen uptake metabolism (Van Dam, 1994) (ats - nitrogen-autotrophic taxa, tolerating very small concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; ate - nitrogen-autotrophic taxa, tolerating elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; hne - facultatively nitrogen-heterotrophic taxa, needing periodically elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; hce - obligately nitrogen-heterotrophic taxa, needing continuously elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen); (c) Degree of saprobity according Watanabe et al. (1986) (sx - saproxenes, es - eurysaprobes, sp - saprophiles); (d) Water Quality Class indication on the base of saprobity degree (Sládeček, 1973)

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Figure 6: Bio-indication of species richness (a), substrate preferences (b), temperature (c), streaming and oxygenation (d), pH (e), and salinity (f) in the different parts of the Aragvi River basin

Figure 7: Bio-indication of nutrition type (a), trophic state (b), organic pollution according Watanabe (1986) method (c), and Water Quality Classes according Sládeček (1973) (d) in the different parts of the Aragvi River basin

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Table 1: Physical and chemical parameters of the Aragvi River sampling stations pH Cl- SO4

2- HCO3- Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Sum of ions

N- NH4

+ N- NO2

- N- NO3

- Sum of Nitrogen

Tetri Aragvi before Pasanauri 8.04 5.3 12.6 184.0 9.7 1.3 42.1 9.3 265±1.51 0.01 0.00 1.5 1.51 Tetri Aragvi before Zhinvali Reservoir

8.23 6.6 20.7 179.0 13.1 1.2 38.4 8.1 267±2.37 0.06 0.01 2.3 2.37

Aragvi mouth 8.11 9.8 31.5 166.0 14.6 1.7 40.4 11.4 276±1.65 0.04 0.01 1.6 1.65 Shavi Aragvi mouth 8.16 5.1 20.6 179.0 10.8 1.3 37.1 10.7 264±2.05 0.05 0.00 2.0 2.05 Pshavis Aragvi mouth 8.25 8.9 23.5 162.0 13.2 1.6 37.5 8.7 256±2.33 0.02 0.01 2.3 2.33

Table 2: Diversity and ecology of algae and cyanobacteria in the Aragvi River basin Taxa Sha Tet Khe Psh Ara Sub T Oxy D Hal pH Sap Het Tro Geo Cyanobacteria Anabaena pseudoscillatoria Bory de Saint-Vincent 0 1 0 0 0 P-B - - - - - b - - k Anabaena sp. 1 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Anabaena torulosa var. tenuis (Lemmermann) Geitler 0 1 0 0 0 P-B - - - - - b - - k Aphanocapsa fusco-lutea Hansgirg 1 0 0 1 0 B,S warm - - - - - - - Ha Aphanocapsa grevillei (Berkeley) Rabenhorst 1 0 1 1 1 P - - - hb - o-b - - k Aphanocapsa incerta (Lemmermann) G.Cronberg et Komárek 0 0 0 1 0 P-B - - - i - b - - k Aphanocapsa muscicola (Meneghini) Wille 0 1 1 1 0 B,S - - - i - - - - k Aphanothece castagnei (Brébisson) Rabenhorst 1 0 0 1 0 P-B,S - - - - - - - - k Aphanothece stagnina (Sprengel) A.Braun 0 0 1 1 1 P-B - - - hl ind b-a - - k Calothrix braunii Bornet et Flahault f. braunii 0 1 1 1 0 B,S temp st-str - - - o - - Ha Calothrix braunii f. major Pandey 0 1 0 1 0 B,S - - - - - - - - Ha,Pt Calothrix breviarticulata West et G.S.West 0 0 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Calothrix brevissima G.S.West 0 0 0 1 0 B,S - st-str - - - - - - Ha,Pt Calothrix clavata G.S.West 0 1 0 1 0 B,S - st-str - - - - - - Ha,Nt Calothrix elenkinii Kossinskaja 1 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Chamaesiphon britannicus (F.E.Fritsch) Komárek et Anagnostidis 0 0 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Chondrocystis dermochroa (Nägeli) Komárek et Anagnostidis 0 1 1 1 0 B,S - - - - - - - - k Chroococcus minutus (Kützing) Nägeli 1 1 1 1 1 P - - - i ind o - - k Chroococcus turgidus (Kützing) Nägeli 0 1 1 1 1 P-B - - - hl alf o - - k Coelosphaerium dubium Grunow 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - - Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum Nägeli 0 0 0 0 1 P - - - i - b-o - - k Coleofasciculus chthonoplastes (Gomont) M.Siegesmund, J.R.Johansen et T.Friedl 0 0 0 0 1 B,S - - - ph - - - - k

Cyanothece aeruginosa (Nägeli) Komárek 0 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - b-a - - - Dactylococcopsis fascicularis Lemmermann 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - - Geitlerinema amphibium (C.Agardh ex Gomont) Anagnostidis 0 0 0 0 1 P-B,S - st-str - hl - o-a - - k Geitlerinema splendidum (Greville ex Gomont) Anagnostidis 0 1 0 0 0 P-B,S H2S st - - - o-a - - k Gloeocapsa atrata Kützing 0 1 1 1 0 B - - - hl - - - - k

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Gloeocapsa cohaerens (Brébisson) Golerbach 1 0 0 1 1 B,S - - - hb - - - - k Gloeocapsa kuetzingiana Nägeli 0 0 0 0 1 S - - - - - - - - a,Ha Gloeocapsa minor (Kutzing) Hollerbach 0 0 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Gloeocapsa punctata Nägeli 1 1 0 0 0 S - - - hl - - - - k Gloeocapsa rupestris Kützing 0 1 0 1 0 S - - - - - - - - k Gloeocapsa turgida f. maxima (Nygaard) Hollerbach 0 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Gloeocapsa turgida f. mipitanensis (Wolosz.) Hollerbach 1 0 0 0 0 P - - - i - - - - k Gloeocapsa vacuolata (Skuja.) Holl. 0 0 0 0 1 B - - - i - - - - b Gloeothece palea (Kützing) Nägeli 0 0 0 1 0 B,S - - - - - - - - Ha,Nt Gomphosphaeria aponina Kützing 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st-str - hl alf o - - k Heteroleibleinia ucrainica (Schirschoff) Anagnostidis et Komárek 0 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Homoeothrix simplex Voronichin 0 0 0 1 0 B - str - - - - - - Ha Jaaginema pseudogeminatum (G. Schmid) Anagnostidis et Komárek 0 0 1 1 1 P-B,S warm st-str - - - - - - Ha,Pt

Leptolyngbya amplivaginata (van Goor) Anagnostidis et Komárek 0 0 1 1 0 B,S - - - - - - - - Ha,Pt Leptolyngbya foveolara (Montagne ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 0 1 1 1 0 B,S - - - - - b-o - - k

Leptolyngbya purpurascens (Gomont ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1 0 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - -

Leptolyngbya tenuis (Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 0 0 0 1 0 B,S - st-str - i - b-a - - k Leptolyngbya vorochiniana Anagnostidis et Komárek 1 1 1 1 0 Ep,S - - - - - x-o - - Ha Limnococcus limneticus (Lemmermann) Komárková, Jezberová, O.Komárek et Zapomelová

0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - -

Lyngbya aestuarii Liebman ex Gomont 0 0 0 0 1 P-B,S - - - ph - o - - k Lyngbya birgei G.M.Smith 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st - - - - - - k Lyngbya hieronymusii Lemmermann 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - -

Lyngbya martensiana Meneghini ex Gomont 0 1 0 0 1 P-B,S - st-str - - - o-a - - Ha,Pt,Nt

Merismopedia elegans A.Braun ex Kützing 0 1 1 0 1 P-B - - - i ind b-o - - k Merismopedia glauca (Ehrenberg) Kützing 0 1 1 1 1 P-B - - - i ind o-a - - k Merismopedia marssonii Lemmermann 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - - Merismopedia punctata Meyen 1 1 1 1 1 P-B - - - i ind o-a - - k Merismopedia tenuissima Lemmermann 1 1 0 0 1 P-B - - - hl - b-a - - k Microchaete tenera Thuret ex Bornet 0 0 1 1 0 - - - - - - o - - - Microcoleus vaginatus (Vaucher) Gomont ex Gomont 0 0 0 1 0 B,S - st - hl - - - - k Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing f. aeruginosa 0 0 0 0 1 P - - - hl - o-a - - k Microcystis aeruginosa f. flos-aquae (Wittr.) Elenk. 0 0 0 0 1 P - - - i - o-a - - k Microcystis pulverea (Wood) Forti in De Toni f. pulverea 0 1 0 0 1 P-B,S - - - i - o-b - - k Microcystis pulverea f. minor (Lemmermann) Hollerbach 0 0 0 1 0 P - - - i - - - - k Nostoc commune Vaucher Ex Bornet and Flahault 0 1 1 1 0 P-B,S - - - - - b-o - - k Nostoc humifusum Carmichael ex Bornet et Flahault 0 0 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - -

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Nostoc linckia (Roth) Bornet ex Bornet et Flahault f. linckia 0 0 1 1 0 - - - - - - o-a - - - Nostoc linckia f. piscinale Kützing 0 1 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Nostoc paludosum Kützing ex Bornet et Flahault 1 0 0 1 0 P-B,S - st - - - - - - k Oscillatoria amoena (Kützing) Gomont 1 1 1 1 0 P-B,S - st-str - - - x - - k Oscillatoria anguina Bory ex Gomont 0 0 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Oscillatoria limosa C.Agardh ex Gomont f. limosa 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st-str - hl - b - - k Oscillatoria limosa f. laeteaeruginosa Kützing ex Elenkin 0 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Oscillatoria princeps Vaucher ex Gomont 0 1 0 1 0 P-B,S - st-str - - - b-p - - k Oscillatoria sancta Kützing ex Gomont 0 1 0 0 1 P-B,S eterm st-str - i - b-a - - k Oscillatoria tenuis C.Agardh ex Gomont f. tenuis 0 1 1 0 1 P-B,S - st-str - hl - b-a - - k Oscillatoria tenuis f. symplociformis (Hansgirg ex Forti) Elenkin 0 0 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Oscillatoria terebriformis f. amphigranulata Elenkin et Kossinskaja 1 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Oscillatoria terebriformis f. pseudogrunowiana Elenkin et Kossinskaja 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - -

Phormidesmis molle (Gomont) Turicchia, Ventura, Komárková et Komárek 1 0 0 0 0 B,S - st-str - i - o-a - - k

Phormidium ambiguum Gomont f. ambiguum 0 0 1 1 0 B,S eterm st-str - i ind b - - k Phormidium ambiguum Gomont f. novae-semliae (Schirsch.) Elenk. 0 0 1 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Phormidium animale (C.Agardh ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 0 0 0 0 1 P-B,S cool str - - - o - - k

Phormidium autumnale (C. Agardh) Trevisan ex Gomont 1 1 1 1 0 B,S - st-str - - - b - - k Phormidium bohneri Schmidle 0 0 0 1 0 B,S - - - - - - - - k Phormidium breve (Kützing ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1 1 1 1 1 P-B,S - st - - - b-p - - k Phormidium caucasicum (Elenkin et Kossinskaja) Anagnostidis 1 1 1 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Phormidium diguetii (Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Phormidium favosum (Bory) Gomont 1 1 1 1 0 B cool str - - alf b - - k Phormidium grunowianum (Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 0 0 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Phormidium irriguum (Kützing ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 0 0 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - -

Phormidium molle f. tenue (Woronichin) Elenkin 0 0 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - Phormidium papyraceum (C.Agardh) Kützing ex Gomont 0 0 1 1 0 B,S - st-str - - - o-b - - k Phormidium puteale (Montagne ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 0 1 0 1 0 B,S - st-str - - - - - - k

Phormidium terebriforme (C.Agardh ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 0 0 0 1 0 B,S eterm st-str - - - b-p - - k

Phormidium tergestinum (Kützing) Anagnostidis et Komárek 0 0 0 1 1 P-B - st-str - - - - - - k Phormidium valderiae f. tenue (Woronich.) Elenkin 0 1 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Phormidium variabile (Wille) Anagnostidis et Komárek 0 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Phormidium versicolor Wartmann ex Gomont 0 0 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Planktolyngbya limnetica (Lemmermann) J.Komárková-Legnerová et G.Cronberg 0 0 0 1 0 P-B,S - st-str - hl - o-b - - k

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Planktothrix agardhii (Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st - hl - b-o - - Ha Pseudanabaena frigida (F.E.Fritsch) Anagnostidis 1 1 0 1 0 P-B cool st-str - i - - - - k Pseudoncobyrsa lacustris (Kirchner) Geitler 0 0 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Rivularia aquatica De Wildeman 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - - Schizothrix calcicola (C.Agardh) Gomont ex Gomont 0 0 0 1 0 B,S - - - - - - - - a,k Schizothrix fuscescens Kützing 0 0 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Schizothrix lardacea (Cesati) Gomont 0 0 0 1 0 B,S warm str - - - - - - k Scytonema hofmannii Bornet et Flahault 0 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Scytonema ocellatum Bornet et Flahault 0 0 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Snowella lacustris (Chodat) Komárek et Hindák 0 1 0 0 1 P - - - i - b - - k Spirulina major Kützing ex Gomont 0 1 1 1 1 P,S - st - ph - a - - k Spirulina subtilissima Kützing 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st-str - - - - - - k Stigonema hormoides (Kützing) Bornet et Flahault 0 0 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Symplocastrum muelleri (Nägeli ex Gomont) Anagnostidis 0 0 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Synechococcus elongatus (Nägeli) Nägeli 0 0 0 1 0 P-B,S - - - - - x - - k Synechocystis pevalekii Ercegovic 0 0 0 1 0 Ep,S - - - - - - - - Ha,Pt Tolypothrix distorta Kützing ex Bornet et Flahault 0 0 0 1 0 B,S - - - - - o - - k Tolypothrix tenuis Kützing 1 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Woronichinia compacta (Lemmermann) Komárek et Hindák 1 0 0 0 1 P - - - i - b - - k Woronichinia naegeliana (Unger) Elenkin 0 0 0 0 1 P - st - - - o-b - - Ha Xenotholos kerneri (Hansgirg) M.Gold-Morgan, G.Montejano et J.Komárek

0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - -

Heterokontophyta

Achnanthes childanos Hohn et Hellerman 0 0 1 0 0 B - str sx i ind o ats ot a-a

Achnanthes lanceolata f. capitata (O.F.Müller) Hustedt 0 1 1 1 0 B - - - i ind x-b - - k

Achnanthes lanceolata f. elliptica Hustedt 0 0 0 1 0 B - str sx i alf a - - k

Achnanthidium exile (Kützing) Heiberg 0 0 0 0 1 B - str sx i alb o-a ats o-m -

Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kützing) Czarnecki 0 0 1 1 1 B eterm st-str es i alf b ate o-e k

Amphipleura pellucida (Kützing) Kützing 0 0 0 0 1 B - st - i alf a-b ate o-m k

Amphora ovalis (Kützing) Kützing 1 1 1 1 1 B temp st-str sx i alf a-b ate e k

Amphora pediculus (Kützing) Grunow ex A.Schmidt 0 1 0 0 0 B temp st es i alf o-a ate e K

Amphora perpusilla (Grunow) Grunow 1 1 1 1 0 B temp st es i alf - - - K

Anomoeoneis sphaerophora E. Pfitzer var. sphaerophora 0 1 0 0 0 P-B warm st-str - hl alb x-b ate e K Anomoeoneis sphaerophora var. sculpta (Ehrenberg) O.Müller 0 0 0 0 1 B - - - mh - - - - K

Ph ton 315

Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen 0 0 0 0 1 P-B temp st-str es i alf b-a ate e k

Brachysira serians (Brébisson) Round et D.G.Mann 0 0 0 0 1 B - - - - acf x-b - - -

Brebissonia lanceolata (C.Agardh) Mahoney et Reimer 0 1 0 1 1 B - str sx i alf o ats o-e K

Caloneis alpestris (Grunow) Cleve var. alpestris 1 1 1 1 0 B - str - i alf o ats m a,k Caloneis alpestris var. inflata Pantocsek 0 0 0 1 0 B - str - i alf o ats m a,k

Caloneis bacillum (Grunow) Cleve 1 1 1 1 1 B temp st-str es i alf o ats me K

Caloneis leptosoma (Grunow) Krammer 0 0 1 0 0 B - str - i ind o - - B Caloneis limosa (Kützing) R.M.Patrick 1 1 0 0 0 B - st - i acf - - - K

Caloneis silicula (Ehrenberg) Cleve 1 1 1 1 1 B - st sp i alf x ats me K

Caloneis ventricosa var. alpina (Cleve) Patrick 0 0 1 0 0 B - - - i - - - - B Caloneis ventricosa var. truncatula (Grunow) Meister 0 1 1 1 0 B - st - i alf o ats me K Campylodiscus noricus var. costatus (W.Smith) Grunow 0 1 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cavinula cocconeiformis (Gregory ex Greville) D.G.Mann et A.J.Stickle 0 1 0 0 0 B - str e

s i ind o ats o-m a-a

Cocconeis disculus (Schumann) Cleve 0 0 1 0 0 B - st es i alf x-o - - K

Cocconeis pediculus Ehrenberg 0 1 1 1 0 B - st-str sx

i alf o-a ate e K

Cocconeis placentula Ehrenberg var. placentula 0 1 1 1 0 P-B temp st-str es i alf o-b ate e K

Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta (Ehrenberg) Grunow 0 1 1 1 1 P-B temp st-str sx i alf b ate e K

Cocconeis placentula var. intermedia (Héribaud et M. Peragallo in Héribaud) Cleve

0 1 0 1 1 B - st-str - i alf b ate e -

Cocconeis placentula var. lineata (Ehrenberg) van Heurck 0 0 0 1 0 P-B temp st-str es i alf o-b ate e K

Craticula ambigua (Ehrenberg) D.G.Mann 1 1 0 1 0 B warm st es i alf o - - K

Craticula cuspidata (Kutzing) D.G.Mann 0 0 0 0 1 B temp st-str es

i alf o ate e K

Cyclotella kuetzingiana Chauvin var. kuetzingiana 0 0 0 0 1 P-B temp st sp hl ind b - - K

Cyclotella kuetzingiana var. radiosa Fricke 0 0 0 0 1 P-B temp st sp hl ind b - - K

Cyclotella meneghiniana Kützing 0 0 0 0 1 P-B temp st sp hl alf o-a hne e K

Cymatopleura solea (Brébisson) W.Smith var. solea 1 1 1 1 1 P-B - st-str - i alf o ate e K Cymatopleura solea var. vulgaris Meister 0 0 0 1 0 B - - - i ind - - - K

Ph ton 316

Cymbella aequalis W. Smith 1 1 1 1 0 B - - - i - o - - b

Cymbella affinis Kützing 1 1 1 1 1 B temp st-str sx i alf b-o ats e K

Cymbella amphicephala Näegeli 0 1 1 1 0 B - str sx i ind o-b ats o-m B

Cymbella aspera (Ehrenberg) Cleve 1 1 1 1 0 B - st-str es i alf b-o ats o-e K

Cymbella cistula (Hemprich et Ehrenberg) O. Kirchner 1 1 1 1 1 B - st-str sx i alf o-b ats e K

Cymbella cymbiformis C. Agardh 0 1 1 1 1 B temp str sx i neu o ats o-m K

Cymbella delicatula Kützing 0 0 1 1 0 B - str sx i alf o ats ot a,k

Cymbella excisa Kützing 0 1 0 0 0 B - - - - - - - - K Cymbella gracilis var. robustior Rabenhorst 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cymbella gracilis var. scotica (W.Smith) Rabenhorst 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - - Cymbella helvetica Kützing var. helvetica 1 1 1 1 1 B - str - i alf o-a - - a,k Cymbella helvetica var. curta Cleve 0 0 1 0 0 B - - - i alf - - - B Cymbella lata var. minor K. Mölder 0 1 1 0 1 B - - - i ind - - - B Cymbella parva (W. Smith) Cleve 1 1 1 1 0 B - - - - - - - - - Cymbopleura austriaca (Grunow) Krammer 0 1 1 1 1 B - - - i ind - - - B Cymbopleura inaequalis (Ehrenberg) Krammer 0 1 0 0 1 B - st-str - i alb b-o ats m K Denticula elegans Kützing 0 0 0 1 0 B - - - i alf o - - K

Denticula kuetzingii Grunow 0 0 1 1 0 P-B - str es i alb x-b - - K

Diadesmis perpusilla (Grunow) D.G.Mann 0 0 0 0 1 B - - - i - b - - -

Diatoma anceps (Ehrenberg) Kirchner 1 0 1 1 0 P-B cool st-str sx hl alf b - - a,k

Diatoma hiemale (Roth) Heiberg 1 1 1 1 1 P-B cool st-str sx

hb ind b-o ats - K

Diatoma mesodon (Ehrenberg) Kützing 1 1 1 1 1 B cool - sx hb - o-b - - K

Diatoma tenuis C.Agardh 1 1 1 1 1 P-B - - sx hl ind o-b - - K

Diatoma vulgaris Bory de Saint-Vincent var. vulgaris 1 1 0 1 0 P-B - st-str sx i ind b-a ate me K

Diatoma vulgaris var. ovalis (Fricke) Hustedt 0 1 0 0 0 B - - - i alf - - - B

Diatoma vulgaris var. producta Grunow 1 1 0 1 0 B - st-str es

i alf o-b ate me K

Dinobryon sertularia Ehrenberg 0 0 0 0 1 P - - - i - o-a - - K

Diploneis elliptica (Kützing) Cleve 0 1 0 0 0 B temp str sx

i alf o-a ats m K

Ph ton 317

Diploneis oblongella (Nägeli ex Kützing) Cleve-Euler 0 0 0 1 0 B - - - hl alf - - - k

Diploneis ovalis (Hilse) Cleve 1 1 1 1 0 B - str sp i alb b ats - B

Encyonema caespitosum Kützing 0 0 0 0 1 B - - sx - - b-a - - -

Encyonema gracile Rabenhorst 1 1 1 1 1 B - str sx hb ind b ats o-m a-a

Encyonema hebridicum (Gregory) Grunow 1 1 1 1 0 B - str - i acf o ats ot B

Encyonema minutum (Hilse) D.G.Mann 0 1 0 0 0 B - st-str sx i ind x-o - - K

Encyonema perpusillum (Cleve) D.G.Mann 1 1 0 1 0 B - str - hb acf o ats ot B

Encyonema prostratum (Berkeley) Kützing 0 0 0 1 0 B - str es i alb o-a ats e K

Encyonema ventricosum (C.Agardh) Grunow 1 1 1 1 1 B - - es i ind o-b - - K

Encyonopsis cesatii (Rabenhorst) Krammer 0 0 1 1 0 B - str es

i ind o-b ats ot a-a

Epithemia adnata (Kützing) Brébisson var. adnata 0 0 0 1 1 B temp st sx i alb b - - K

Epithemia adnata var. proboscidea (Kützing) Hendey 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - - Epithemia adnata var. saxonica (Kützing) R.M.Patrick 0 0 1 0 0 B temp - - i alb b-o - - K Epithemia argus var. alpestris (W.Smith) Grunow 0 0 0 1 0 B - - - i ind o - m B

Epithemia sorex Kützing 0 0 0 0 1 B temp st sx i alf o-a ats e K

Epithemia turgida (Ehrenberg) Kützing 1 1 1 0 0 B temp st sx i alf o ats me K

Eucocconeis flexella (Kützing) Meister 1 0 1 1 0 B - - sx mh ind o - - a-a

Eucocconeis quadratarea (Østrup) Lange-Bertalot 0 0 1 1 0 B - - - i acf o - - B Eunotia arcus var. fallax Hustedt 0 0 0 0 1 B - - - i ind - - - K Eunotia bigibba Kützing 0 0 1 1 0 B - - - i acf x - - a-a Eunotia bilunaris var. capitata (Grunow) M.Aboal 0 1 0 0 0 B - st - i ind - - - K Eunotia cristagalli Cleve 1 0 0 0 0 B - - - i acf - - - a-a Eunotia fallax A.Cleve var. fallax 0 0 1 0 0 B - str - hb acf o ats ot K Eunotia fallax var. gracillima Krasske 1 0 0 0 0 B - - - hb ind o - - K Eunotia glacialis Meister 0 0 0 1 0 B - - - hb ind o - - K

Eunotia pectinalis (Kützing) Rabenhorst 0 0 0 0 1 B - str sx hb acf x-b ate m K

Eunotia praerupta Ehrenberg var. praerupta 0 1 0 1 0 B cool st-str sx hb acf b ats o-m K

Eunotia praerupta var. muscicola Petersen 0 1 1 1 0 B - - - hb acf o - - a-a Eunotia valida Hustedt 1 0 0 1 0 B - - - hb acf o-b - - B

Ph ton 318

Fistulifera pelliculosa (Brébisson) Lange-Bertalot 0 1 1 1 0 B - ae es i alf o-b - o-m k

Fragilaria acus (Kützing) Lange-Bertalot 1 1 0 1 0 P - st-str es i alb b - - K

Fragilaria amphicephaloides Lange-Bertalot 1 1 1 1 0 B - - sp i - x - - K

Fragilaria bituminosa Pantocsek 0 0 0 0 1 B - - - i - - - - B Fragilaria brevistriata Grunow 0 0 0 1 1 P-B - st-str - i alf x-o ats o-e K

Fragilaria capucina Desmazières var. capucina 1 0 1 0 0 P - - sx i alf o - - K

Fragilaria capucina subsp. rumpens (Kützing) Lange-Bertalot 1 1 1 1 0 B - - es i alf o - - K

Fragilaria capucina var. mesolepta (Rabenhorst) Rabenhorst 0 0 0 1 0 P-B - - es i alf - - - K

Fragilaria capucina var. vaucheriae (Kützing) Lange-Bertalot 1 1 1 1 1 P,Ep - - sx i alf o-b - - K

Fragilaria construens (Ehrenberg) Grunow 1 1 1 0 1 P-B temp st-str sx i alf o ats me K

Fragilaria famelica (Kützing) Lange-Bertalot 0 0 1 0 0 Ep - - - hl acf b-o - - K

Fragilaria parasitica var. subconstricta Grunow 1 0 0 0 0 Ep - st-str sx i alf o-b - - K

Fragilaria radians (Kützing) D.M.Williams et Round 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - - Fragilaria tenera (W.Smith) Lange-Bertalot 0 0 1 1 0 B - - - i - o - - a-a Fragilariforma bicapitata (Mayer) D.M.Williams et Round 1 0 1 1 0 B - str - hb ind o-b ats o-e B

Fragilariforma virescens (Ralfs) D.M.Williams et Round 1 0 1 1 0 P-B - st es i neu o ats o-m K

Frustulia amosseana Lange-Bertalot 1 1 1 0 0 B - - - hb - - - - -

Frustulia vulgaris (Thwaites) De Toni 1 1 0 1 0 P-B - st es i alf x-b ate me K

Gomphonema acuminatum Ehrenberg 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st es i alf x-b ats e K

Gomphonema affine var. insigne (W.Gregory) G.W.Andrews 0 0 0 1 0 P-B - st es - - o-b - - K

Gomphonema angustatum (Kützing) Rabenhorst 1 1 1 1 0 P-B - st-str es i alf b - - K

Gomphonema auritum A.Braun ex Kützing 0 1 1 1 0 B - - sp i alf - - - a-a

Gomphonema capitatum Ehrenberg var. capitatum 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - - - - - b - - K Gomphonema capitatum var. anglicum (Ehrenberg) G.L.Rabenhorst 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - -

Gomphonema coronatum Ehrenberg 0 0 1 0 1 P-B - st - i ind b - - K Gomphonema dichotomum Kützing 0 0 1 1 0 P-B - st-str E i ind o - - k

Ph ton 319

s

Gomphonema gracile Ehrenberg emend. Van Heurck var. gracile 1 1 1 1 0 P-B temp st es i alf b-o ats m K

Gomphonema gracile var. naviculacea (W. Sm.) Cleve 0 0 1 0 0 B - - - i ind - - - a-a Gomphonema grunowii R.M.Patrick et Reimer 0 0 1 0 0 B - - - i ind - - - a-a

Gomphonema intricatum Kützing var. intricatum 1 1 1 1 1 P-B - st-str es i ind x-o - - K

Gomphonema intricatum var. pumilum Grunow 0 1 1 1 0 P-B - st-str es i ind x-o - - K

Gomphonema longiceps var. subclavatum Grunow 0 0 0 1 0 B - str es

i neu b ats o-m -

Gomphonema olivaceum (Hornemann) Brébisson var. olivaceum 1 1 1 1 0 B - st-str es i alf b-a ate e K

Gomphonema olivaceum var. calcareum (Cleve) Van Heurck 1 1 0 1 0 B - st-str - i alf x ate - K Gomphonema olivaceum var. minutissimum Hustedt 0 0 1 1 0 B - str - i alf o ats o-m B

Gomphonema parvulum (Kützing) Kützing var. parvulum 1 1 1 1 0 B temp str es i ind x hne e K

Gomphonema parvulum var. micropus (Kützing) Cleve 1 1 1 1 0 B - str es i ind - - - K

Gomphonema productum (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot et Reichardt in Lange-Bertalot 1 1 1 1 1 B - str e

s i alf b - - K

Gomphonema tergestinum (Grunow) Fricke 1 0 0 0 0 B - str es i alf x ats o-m B

Gomphonema truncatum Ehrenberg 1 1 1 1 1 B - - - i alb o - - K

Gomphonema vibrio var. bohemicum Reichelt et Fricke 1 1 1 1 0 P-B - st-str es i ind o - ot K

Grunowia sinuata (Thwaites) Rabenhorst 1 1 1 1 0 B - str - i ind b-a ats m K

Grunowia tabellaria (Grunow) Rabenhorst 0 1 0 1 0 B - str sx i ind o-b ats m K

Gyrosigma acuminatum (Kützing) Rabenhorst var. acuminatum 1 1 1 1 1 B cool st-str - i alf o-x ate e K Gyrosigma acuminatum var. gallica (Grunow) Cleve 0 1 0 1 0 B - - - hl - - - - K Gyrosigma attenuatum (Kützing) Rabenhorst 0 1 0 0 1 P-B - st - i alf x ate e K

Gyrosigma nodiferum (Grunow) Reimer 0 1 1 1 0 B - - es i - o-b - - K

Gyrosigma scalproides (Rabenhorst) Cleve 1 1 1 1 0 B - - es i alf x-o - - K

Hannaea arcus (Ehrenberg) R.M.Patrick var. arcus 1 1 1 1 1 B - str es i alf o - - a-a

Hannaea arcus var. amphioxys (Rabenhorst) R.M.Patrick 1 1 1 1 0 B - str es i alf o - - a-a

Hannaea arcus var. linearis (Holmboe) R.Ross 1 1 1 1 0 P - - - i alf - - - a-a Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehrenberg) Grunow f. amphioxys 1 1 1 1 0 B temp st-str E i neu b-o ate o-e k

Ph ton 320

s

Hantzschia amphioxys f. capitata O.Müller 1 1 1 1 0 B temp st-str es i neu b-o ate o-e K

Hantzschia amphioxys var. major Grunow 0 1 0 0 0 B - - - i alf - - - K Hantzschia elongata (Hantzsch) Grunow 0 1 1 0 0 B - ae - i acf o ats ot B Hippodonta capitata (Ehrenberg) Lange-Bertalot, Metzeltin et Witkowski 0 0 0 0 1 B - - - - - x-o - - -

Hydrurus foetidus (Villars) Trevisan 1 1 1 1 0 B - - - - - o-x - - -

Kobayasiella subtilissima (Cleve) H.Lange-Bertalot 0 0 1 0 0 B - st sx i acf o ats ot B

Mastogloia dansei (Thwaites) Thwaites ex W.Smith 0 0 0 0 1 B - - - - - - - - - Mastogloia smithii var. amphicephala Grunow 0 0 0 0 1 B - - - hl alf - - - K

Mayamaea atomus (Kützing) Lange-Bertalot 0 1 0 0 0 B - st-str es i alf o hce he K

Melosira varians Ag. 0 0 0 0 1 P-B temp st-str es hl alf a-b hne e K

Meridion circulare (Greville) C.Agardh var. circulare 1 1 1 1 1 B - str es i alf o-b ate o-e K

Meridion circulare var. constrictum (Ralfs) Van Heurck 0 1 1 0 0 P-B - st-str sx hb alf x ate o-e K

Microcostatus krasskei (Hustedt) J.R.Johansen et J.C.Sray 0 0 1 1 0 B - str - hb acf o ats om R Navicula anglica var. minuta Cleve 0 1 0 0 0 B - - - i - - - - B

Navicula capitatoradiata Germain 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - - sx mh alf a-b - - K

Navicula cryptocephala Kützing var. cryptocephala 1 0 1 1 1 P-B temp st-str es i alf x ate o-e K

Navicula cryptocephala var. veneta (Kützing) Rabenhorst 1 1 1 1 0 B - - es

hl alf x-o - - K

Navicula cryptonella Lange-Bertalot 0 0 0 1 0 B - - es i ind o-b - - K

Navicula dicephala Ehrenberg 0 0 0 0 1 B - - - i ind o-a - - K

Navicula digitoradiata (Gregory) Ralfs 0 1 0 0 0 B - - es mh alb - - - K

Navicula exigua Gregory 0 0 1 0 0 B - str es i alf x-o ats e K

Navicula gothlandica Grunow 1 1 0 1 0 P - - es

hl - o - - B

Navicula gracilis f. laevis (Kützing) Rabenhorst 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - -

Navicula gregaria Donkin 1 1 1 1 0 B - - es mh alf x-b ate e K

Navicula hasta Pantocsek 1 0 0 0 0 B - - es - ind - - - K

Ph ton 321

Navicula inflata Donkin 0 1 0 0 0 B - - - hb - x - - k

Navicula lanceolata Ehrenberg 1 0 1 1 0 B - st-str es i alf x-b ate e K

Navicula minutissima Grunow 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - -

Navicula oblonga (Kützing) Kützing 0 1 1 1 1 B - st-str sx i alf b ate e K

Navicula peregrina var. lanceolata Skvortzov 0 0 1 0 0 B - - - i - - - - B

Navicula radiosa Kützing 1 1 1 1 1 B temp st-str es i ind o ate me K

Navicula radiosa var. avenacea Brébisson 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - - Navicula rhynchocephala Kützing 0 1 0 1 1 B - - - hl alf b ate o-e K

Navicula slesvicensis Grunow 0 0 1 0 0 B - - es hl alf - - - K

Navicula tripunctata (O.F.Müller) Bory de Saint-Vincent 1 1 1 1 0 B - st-str es i alf b - - K

Neidium affine (Ehrenberg) Pfizer var. affine 0 0 1 0 1 B - str - i alf o ats me B Neidium affine var. amphirhynchus (Ehrenberg) Cleve 0 1 1 0 0 B - - - hb alb o - - B Neidium affine var. minus Cleve 0 0 0 1 0 B - - - hb - - - - A Neidium ampliatum (Ehrenberg) Krammer 0 0 1 0 0 B - st - hb ind - - - B Neidium binode (Ehrenberg) Hustedt 1 0 1 1 0 B - - - hb ind - - - K Neidium dilatatum (Ehrenberg) Cleve 0 0 1 0 0 B - st-str - i acf - - - B Neidium dubium (Ehenberg) Cleve 0 0 1 1 0 B - str - i alf x ats me K

Neidium iridis (Ehrenberg) Cleve var. iridis 0 1 1 1 0 B - st es

hb ind o-x ats m K

Neidium iridis var. diminutum (Pant.) Wislouch et Kolbe 0 1 0 0 0 B - - - i ind o - - B

Neidium productum (W.Smith) Cleve 0 0 0 0 1 P temp - sx i ind o-b ats - K

Nitzschia acicularis (Kützing) W.Smith 0 0 1 0 0 P-B temp - es i alf o-b hce e K

Nitzschia amphibia Grunow 0 1 0 0 0 P-B,S temp st-str sp i alf o hne e K

Nitzschia angustata var. acuta Grunow 1 1 0 0 1 B - - - i alf b - - B Nitzschia barbieri Peragallo 0 0 1 0 0 B - - - i - - - - a-a

Nitzschia communis Grunow var. communis 0 0 0 1 0 P-B - st-str sp i alf o hce e K

Nitzschia communis var. abbreviata Grunow 0 1 1 0 0 B - st-str - i alf - - - K Nitzschia communis var. minuta Bleisch. 0 0 1 0 0 B - - - i - - - - - Nitzschia constricta (Kützing) Ralfs 1 1 1 1 0 B - - - - - b-o - - K

Nitzschia dissipata (Kützing) Grunow 0 1 1 1 0 B - st-str sx i alf x ate me K

Nitzschia dubia W.Smith 1 1 1 1 0 P-B - st-str - mh acb o-b hne e K Nitzschia fasciculata (Grunow) Grunow 1 0 1 0 0 B - st S hl alf x-o - - k

Ph ton 322

x Nitzschia fonticola (Grunow) Grunow in Van Heurck 1 0 1 1 0 B - st-str - oh alf o-b ate me K

Nitzschia frustulum (Kützing) Grunow var. frustulum 0 0 1 0 0 B temp st-str sp hl alf b hce e K

Nitzschia frustulum var. asiatica Hust. 1 0 0 0 0 B - - - hl - - - - B

Nitzschia gracilis Hantzsch var. gracilis 1 1 1 1 0 P-B temp st-str sp i ind o-x - m K

Nitzschia gracilis var. capitata Wisl.et Poretzky 1 0 1 0 0 B - - es i - o - - K

Nitzschia hantzschiana Rabenhorst 0 0 1 0 0 B - str es

i alf o-x ats m B

Nitzschia heufleriana Grunow 0 0 0 1 1 B - - sp i alf o-b - - K

Nitzschia kuetzingiana Hilse 0 0 1 0 0 B - - es hl ind b - - K

Nitzschia linearis (Agardh) W. Smith var. linearis 1 1 1 1 1 B temp st-str es

i alf x ate me K

Nitzschia linearis var. subtilis (Grunow) Hustedt 0 1 0 0 0 B - - es i ind o - - K

Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W. Smith var. palea 1 1 1 1 0 P-B temp - sp i ind o-x hce he K

Nitzschia palea var. capitata Wisl.et Poretzky 0 1 0 1 0 B - - - i ind b - - K

Nitzschia palea var. debilis (Kützing) Grunow 0 0 1 1 1 B - - es i neu o - ot B

Nitzschia palea var. tenuirostris Grunow 1 1 1 1 0 B - - - i ind - - - B

Nitzschia paleacea (Grunow) Grunow 0 1 0 0 0 P-B - st-str es i alf b hce e K

Nitzschia recta Hantzsch ex Rabenhorst 0 0 0 1 0 B - st es i alf x ate o-e K

Nitzschia romana Grunow 1 0 0 0 0 P-B temp - es i alb o - - B

Nitzschia sigma (Kützing) W.Smith 1 1 1 1 0 B temp st-str es mh ind a ate e K

Nitzschia sigmoidea (Nitzsch) W. Smith 1 1 1 1 0 P-B - st-str - i alf o ate e K

Nitzschia sublinearis Hustedt 0 0 0 0 0 P-B - - es i alf o-b - - K

Nitzschia tibetana Hustedt 0 0 1 1 0 P - - - i ind - - - a-a

Nitzschia tubicola Grunow 1 0 1 1 1 B - - es hl ind - - - B

Nitzschia vermicularis (Kützing) Hantzsch in Rabenhorst 0 0 1 1 0 B - str - i alf o - o-e K Ophiocytium majus Nägeli 0 1 1 0 0 P - st - - - o-b - - Ha Ophiocytium parvulum (Perty) A.Braun 0 1 0 0 0 B - - - oh - o - - K

Ph ton 323

Pinnularia abaujensis var. linearis (Hustedt) R.M.Patrick 0 1 0 0 0 B - - - i ind - - ot b

Pinnularia acutobrebissonii Kulikovskiy, Lange-Bertalot et Metzeltin 1 1 1 1 1 B temp st-str sp i ind x ate o-e K

Pinnularia angulosa Krammer 0 1 0 0 0 B - - - i ind o - - B Pinnularia angusta var. rostrata K.Krammer 0 1 1 0 0 B - - - i ind - - - B

Pinnularia biceps W.Gregory 1 0 0 0 0 B - str sp i acf b-o ats o-m K

Pinnularia bogotensis (Grunow) Cleve 0 1 0 0 0 B - - - i - o - - B

Pinnularia borealis Ehrenberg 0 1 1 1 0 B - ae es i ind o-b ate o-m K

Pinnularia brauniana var. amphicephala (A.Mayer) Hustedt 1 1 0 1 0 B - - sp hb ind o - ot B

Pinnularia brebissonii var. acuta Cleve-Euler 1 1 1 1 0 B - st-str es i ind o-x - e K

Pinnularia brevicostata Cleve 1 1 0 1 0 B cool - - i ind o - ot K Pinnularia hemiptera (Kützing) Cleve 0 0 1 0 0 B - str - i acf o - ot K Pinnularia intermedia (Lagerstedt) Cleve 0 0 1 0 0 B - st - i ind x - o-e B Pinnularia isostauron (Ehrenberg) Cleve 0 1 1 0 0 B - - - i ind o - - a-a Pinnularia lata (Brébisson) W.Smith 1 0 0 0 0 B - str - i acf o - ot B Pinnularia maior (Kützing) Cleve 1 1 0 0 0 B temp st-str - i ind x ate me K Pinnularia mesogongyla var. interrupta Cleve 1 0 0 0 0 B - - - i ind - - - B Pinnularia microstauron var. ambigua Meister 0 0 1 0 0 B - st-str - hb ind - - ot K Pinnularia streptoraphe Cleve 0 0 0 0 1 B - str - i acf o ats om R

Pinnularia subcapitata W.Gregory 1 0 1 0 0 B - st-str sp i ind x-o ate om K

Pinnularia subrostrata (A.Cleve) Cleve-Euler 0 0 1 0 0 B - - sx - - - - - -

Pinnularia sudetica (Hilse) Hilse 0 1 0 0 0 B - - - i ind x-o - - a-a

Pinnularia viridis (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg 1 1 1 1 1 P-B temp st-str es i ind o-x ate o-e K

Planothidium conspicuum (Mayer) E.A.Morales 0 1 0 1 0 B - st es i alf o-a - - K

Planothidium lanceolatum (Brébisson ex Kützing) Lange-Bertalot 1 1 1 1 1 P-B warm st-str sx i alf o-x - - K

Planothidium rostratum (Oestrup) Lange-Bertalot 0 1 1 0 0 B - str es i alf a ate e K

Pleurosigma spenceri (Quek.) W.Smith 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - -

Pseudostaurosira parasitica (W.Smith) Morales 0 0 1 1 0 B - - es i alf x - - K

Reimeria sinuata (Gregory) Kociolek et Stoermer 1 1 1 1 0 B - st sx i ind b ate m K

Rhoicosphenia abbreviata (C.Agardh) Lange-Bertalot 0 0 0 1 1 P-B - st-str E i alf x-o ate e k

Ph ton 324

s

Rhopalodia gibba (Ehrenberg) G.F.O. Müller var. gibba 0 1 1 0 1 B temp - es i alb x-o - - K

Rhopalodia gibba var. parallela (Grunow) H.Peragallo et M.Peragallo 1 1 1 1 1 B - - e

s i - o - - a,k

Rhopalodia musculus var. mirabilis Fricke 0 0 0 0 1 B - - - mh - - - - B

Rossithidium linearis (W.Smith) Round et Bukhtiyarova 0 0 1 0 0 B - - es

i ind x-o - - K

Rossithidium nodosum (Cleve) M.Aboal 1 0 0 0 0 B - - - - acf - - - -

Sellaphora pupula (Kützing) Mereschkovsky var. pupula 0 0 1 0 0 B eterm st sx

hl ind x-o ate me K

Sellaphora pupula var. capitata (Skvortzov et K.I.Meyer) Poulin 0 1 0 0 0 B temp st-str sp hl ind b ate me K

Sellaphora rectangularis (Gregory) Lange-Bertalot et Metzeltin 1 1 0 1 0 B temp st-str sx hl ind - ate me K

Sellaphora seminulum (Grunow) D.G.Mann 0 0 1 0 0 P-B - - sp

i ind x-o hne e K

Stauroneis anceps Ehrenberg f. anceps 1 1 0 1 0 P-B - st-str sx i ind x ate me K

Stauroneis anceps f. linearis (Ehrenberg) Cleve 1 1 1 0 0 B - st-str sx i alf b ate me K

Stauroneis gracilis Ehrenberg 1 1 1 1 0 B - - - - ind - - - -

Stauroneis phoenicenteron (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg 1 0 0 0 1 B temp st-str es i ind x-o ate me K

Stauroneis pygmaea Krieger 1 0 0 0 0 B - - sx

- ind o-x - - -

Stauroneis schulzii Jouse 1 0 0 0 0 B - - - i - - - - B Stauroneis smithii Grunow 1 1 1 1 0 P-B - st-str - i alf x-o ate o-e K Staurosira venter (Ehrenberg) H.Kobayasi 0 0 1 0 0 P-B temp str - i alf b ate me K Staurosirella lapponica (Grunow) D.M.Williams et Round 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - -

Staurosirella leptostauron (Ehrenberg) D.M.Williams et Round 0 0 1 0 0 B - st es hb alf a-b ats me B

Staurosirella pinnata (Ehrenberg) D.M.Williams et Round var. pinnata 1 1 1 1 1 B temp st-str e

s hl alf b-a ate o-e K

Staurosirella pinnata var. trigona (Brun et Héribaud-Joseph) M.Aboal et P.C.Silva 0 0 0 1 0 - - - s

p - - - - - -

Surirella angustata Kützing var. angustata 1 1 1 1 0 B - - - i alf b - - K Surirella angustata var. constricta F. Hustedt 0 1 1 0 0 B - - - i - - - - K Surirella angustata var. hankensis Skvortzow 0 0 1 1 0 - - - - - - - - - -

Surirella minuta Brébisson 1 1 1 1 0 B - st-str es i ind o-a - - K

Surirella patella Ehrenberg 0 0 1 1 0 B - - - mh - - - - -

Ph ton 325

Surirella spiralis Kützing 0 0 1 1 0 B - str - i neu o ats ot a,k Surirella splendida (Ehrenberg) Kützing 0 1 0 0 0 P-B - st-str - i alf o-b - me K

Surirella tenera W. Gregory 1 1 1 1 0 P-B - st es i alf o - e K

Synedra rumpens var. familiaris (Kützing) Hustedt 0 1 1 1 0 B - - sx i ind - - - K

Synedra tabulata var. parva (Kützing) Grunow 0 0 1 0 0 B - - es

mh ind b-a - - K

Synedra ulna var. impressa Hustedt 0 1 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - -

Synedra ulna var. oxyryhnchus f. mediocontracta (Forti) Hustedt 0 1 0 0 0 B - - es

i alf b-a - - K

Synedra vaucheriae var. truncata (Greville) Grunow 0 0 0 0 1 B - - - i alf - - - B

Tabellaria flocculosa (Roth) Kützing 0 0 1 0 0 P-B eterm st-str es hb acf o-a ats m K

Tabularia fasciculata (C.Agardh) D.M.Williams et Round 0 1 0 1 0 B - - es mh ind b-a - - K

Tribonema aequale Pascher 1 1 1 1 0 B - - - - - x-b - - - Tribonema affine (Kützing) G.S.West 0 0 1 0 0 B - - - hb - - - - B Tribonema ambiguum Skuja 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Tribonema angustissimum Pascher 0 1 0 0 0 B - - - - - o - - - Tribonema elegans Pascher 1 0 1 0 0 B - - - - - x - - - Tribonema minus (Wille) Hazen 1 0 1 1 0 B - - - i - b-o - - K Tribonema spirotaenia Ettl 1 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Tribonema subtilissimum Pascher 0 0 1 0 0 B - - - i - - - - B Tribonema viride Pascher 0 1 1 0 1 P-B - - - i - o - - K Tribonema vulgare Pascher 0 1 1 0 0 P-B - - - i - o-a - - -

Tryblionella angustata W.Smith 1 1 1 1 0 P - st sx i alf x-b ats m K

Tryblionella hungarica (Grunow) Frenguelli 1 1 1 0 0 P-B - - sp mh alf a-b ate e K

Ulnaria amphirhynchus (Ehrenberg) Compère et Bukhtiyarova 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - - Ulnaria capitata (Ehrenberg) P.Compère 0 0 0 0 1 B - - - - - o-b - - -

Ulnaria contracta (Østrup) E.A.Morales et M.L.Vis 1 1 0 1 0 - - - es - - - - - -

Ulnaria danica (Kützing) Compère et Bukhtiyarova 1 1 1 1 0 P-B temp - es i alf x-b - - K

Ulnaria oxyrhynchus (Kützing) M.Aboal 1 0 0 0 0 B - - es i alf b-a - - K

Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) P.Compère var. ulna 1 1 1 1 1 P-B temp - es i alf o-a - - K

Ulnaria ulna var. aequalis (Kützing) M.Aboal 0 0 1 0 1 B - - sp i alf b - - K

Ph ton 326

Ulnaria ulna var. amphirhynchus (Ehrenberg) M. Aboal 1 1 1 0 0 B - - es i alf - - - k

Vaucheria borealis Hirn 0 1 1 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Vaucheria debaryana Woronin 1 0 1 1 0 B - - - - - o - - - Vaucheria geminata (Vaucher) De Candolle 1 1 1 1 0 B - - - - - o-a - - Ha Vaucheria sessilis (Vaucher) De Candolle 0 1 0 0 0 B - - - - - x-b - - - Vaucheria terrestris (Vaucher) De Candolle 0 1 0 0 0 B - - - - - o - - - Euglenophyta Euglena deses Ehrenberg 0 0 1 0 0 P-B - st - i ind b - - K Euglena geniculata Dujardin 0 0 1 0 0 P-B eterm st-str - - alf i - - K Euglena gracilis Klebs 0 0 1 0 0 P-B eterm st - oh ind x-b - - K Euglena granulata (Klebs) F.Schmitz 0 0 1 0 0 P-B eterm st-str - - ind a - - K Euglena longicauda Ehrenberg 0 1 0 0 0 P-B - st - i ind a-b - - K Euglena proxima P.A. Dangeard 0 0 0 1 0 P-B eterm st-str - mh ind p - - K Euglena sp. 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Euglena viridis (O.F. Müller) Ehrenberg 0 1 1 0 1 P-B,S eterm st-str - mh ind i - - K Lepocinclis spirogyroides (Ehrenberg) Marin et Melkonian 0 0 0 1 0 P-B - st-str - i ind b - - K Phacus caudatus var. minor Drezepolski 0 0 0 0 1 - - st-str - - ind - - - - Phacus longicauda (Ehrenberg) Dujardin 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st - i ind a-b - - K Phacus pleuronectes (O.F.Müller) Nitzsch ex Dujardin var. pleuronectes 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st-str - i ind b-a - - K

Phacus pleuronectes var. hyalinus Klebs 0 0 0 0 1 P - st-str - - ind - - - Ha Trachelomonas curta A.M.Cunha 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - - Trachelomonas oblonga Lemmermann var. oblonga 0 0 0 0 1 P eterm st-str - i - b-a - - K Trachelomonas oblonga var. pulcherrima (Playfair) Popova 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - b - - - Trachelomonas volvocina (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg 0 0 0 0 1 B eterm st-str - i ind b - - K Trachelomonas volvocinopsis Svirenko 0 0 0 0 1 P - st-str - i - b - - K Chlorophyta Actinotaenium obcuneatum (West) Teiling 1 0 0 0 0 P-B - - - i - b - - K Acutodesmus acuminatus (Lagerheim) Tsarenko var. acuminatus 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st-str - i ind b - - K Acutodesmus dimorphus (Turpin) Tsarenko 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - b - - - Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Ralfs 1 0 1 1 1 P-B - st-str - hb - b - - K Ankistrodesmus spiralis (W.B.Turner) Lemmermann 0 0 0 0 1 P - - - - - b - - - Aphanochaete repens A.Braun 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st - - - b - - K Botryococcus braunii Kützing 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st - i ind o-b - - K Chaetophora elegans (Roth) C.Agardh 0 0 0 1 0 B - - - - - b-o - - - Chaetophora pisiformis (Roth) C.Agardh 0 1 1 1 0 B - - - - - o-b - - - Chaetophora tuberculosa (Roth) C.Agardh 0 1 1 0 0 B - - - - - x-b - - - Chlamydomonas noctigama Korschikov 0 1 0 0 0 P - - - - - b-a - - - Chlamydomonas sp. 0 0 0 1 0 P - - - - - b-p - - - Chlorella vulgaris Beyerinck 1 0 0 0 0 P-B, - - - hl - a - - k

Ph ton 327

pb,S Cladophora fracta (O.F.Müller ex Vahl) Kützing 0 1 1 0 1 P-B - st-str - - - o-a - - K Cladophora globulina (Kützing) Kützing 0 0 0 0 1 B - - - - - o-b - - - Cladophora glomerata (Linnaeus) Kützing 1 1 1 1 0 P-B - st-str - i alf b-o - - K Coelastrum microporum Nägeli 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st-str - i ind b - - K Coelastrum proboscideum Bohlin 0 0 0 0 1 P - - - - - o - - - Desmodesmus abundans (Kirchner) E.Hegewald 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st-str - - - o-a - - K Desmodesmus quadricaudatus (Turpin) Hegewald 0 1 0 0 1 P - - - i ind b - - K Dictyosphaerium ehrenbergianum Nägeli 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st-str - - - o-b - - Ha Enallax costatus (Schmidle) Pascher 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - - Hariotina reticulata P.A.Dangeard 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - - Kirchneriella lunaris (Kirchner) K.Möbius 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st-str - i - b - - K Microspora pachyderma (Wille) Lagerheim 1 0 1 0 0 B - - - - - o - - - Microspora quadrata Hazen 1 1 1 1 0 B - - - - - b - - - Microspora stagnorum (Kützing) Lagerheim 0 0 1 1 0 B - st - - - b-o - - Ha Microspora tumidula Hazen 1 1 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Microspora willeana Lagerheim 0 1 1 0 0 B - - - - - o-b - - - Monoraphidium arcuatum (Korshikov) Hindák 0 1 0 0 0 P-B - st-str - - - b - - K Nephrocytium lunatum West 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st - - - b - - K Oedogonium macrandrium Wittrock ex Hirn 0 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Oedogonium sp. 1 1 1 1 0 B - - - - - - - - - Oedogonium undulatum A.Braun ex Hirn 0 0 0 0 1 B - - - i - - - - K Oocystis borgei J.W.Snow 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st-str - i ind b-o - - K Oocystis lacustris Chodat 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st-str - hl - b-o - - K Oocystis novae-semliae Wille 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st - i - - - - K Oocystis pusilla Hansgirg 0 0 0 1 0 P - - - oh - o - - - Oocystis solitaria Wittrock 0 0 0 0 1 P - st - i ind b-o - - K Oocystis sp. 0 1 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Pandorina mora (O.F. Müller) Bory de Saint-Vincent 0 1 0 0 0 P - st - i - b - - K Pediastrum boryanum var. longicorne Reinsch 0 0 1 0 0 P-B - st-str - - - - - - K Pediastrum braunii Wartmann 0 0 1 0 0 P - - - - - o - - - Pediastrum duplex Meyen 0 0 0 0 1 P - st-str - i ind o-a - - K Penium spirostriolatum J.Barker 0 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - x-b - - - Protoderma viride Kützing 0 0 1 1 0 - - - - - - o - - - Pseudopediastrum boryanum (Turpin) E.Hegewald 1 1 0 0 1 P-B - st-str - i ind o-a - - K Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum (C. Agardh) Kützing 0 1 1 1 1 B - st-str - hl - o - - K Scenedesmus acuminatus (Lagerheim) Chodat var. acuminatus 0 1 0 0 0 P-B - st-str - - - - - - K Scenedesmus acuminatus var. briseriatus Reinhard 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - - Scenedesmus caudato-aculeolatus Chodat 0 1 0 0 0 P - - - - - - - - K Scenedesmus obliquus (Turpin) Kützing 0 1 0 0 1 P - - - i ind o-a - - K Scenedesmus quadricauda var. dispar Brébisson 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - -

Ph ton 328

Schroederia setigera (Schröder) Lemmermann 1 1 0 0 0 P - st-str - i - b-o - - Ha,Nt Sorastrum spinulosum Nägeli 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - b-o - - - Sphaerocystis schroeteri Chodat 0 0 0 0 1 P - - - i ind b-o - - K Stauridium tetras (Ehrenberg) E.Hegewald 0 1 0 0 1 P-B - st-str - i ind o-a - - K Stigeoclonium tenue (C.Agardh) Kützing 0 1 1 1 0 B - st-str - - - b-p - - K Tetraedron caudatum (Corda) Hansgirg 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st-str - i ind b - - K Tetraedron minimum (A.Braun) Hansgirg 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st-str - i - b - - K Tetraedron trigonum (Nägeli) Hansgirg 0 0 0 0 1 P - - - - - b - - K Tetraspora lubrica (Roth) C.Agardh 0 0 1 1 0 B - - - hb - - - - - Ulothrix aequalis Kützing 0 0 1 1 0 B - - - - - o-b - - - Ulothrix oscillarina Kützing 0 1 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Ulothrix tenerrima (Kützing) Kützing 1 1 1 1 1 B - st - i - o-a - - K Ulothrix tenuissima Kützing 1 1 1 1 0 B - - - i - o - - K Ulothrix zonata (Weber et Mohr) Kützing 1 1 1 1 0 P-B - st-str - i ind o-a - - K Westella botryoides (West) De Wildeman 0 0 0 0 1 P - st-str - - - b - - K Charophyta Actinotaenium didymocarpum (P.Lundell) Coesel et Delfos 0 1 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Actinotaenium silvae-nigrae (Rabanus) Kouwets et Coesel 0 0 0 1 0 - - - - - - o - - - Actinotaenium spinospermum (Joshua) Kouwets et Coesel 0 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Actinotaenium turgidum (Brébisson ex Ralfs) Teiling 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - - Chara connivens P.Salzmann ex A.Braun 0 0 0 0 1 B - - - - - - - - Ha,Pt Chara gymnophylla A.Braun 1 1 1 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Closterium acerosum Ehrenberg ex Ralfs var. acerosum 1 1 1 0 0 P-B - st-str - i ind a-b - - K Closterium acerosum var. elongatum Brébisson 0 1 0 0 0 P-B - st-str - i ind a-b - - K Closterium acerosum var. minus Hantzsch 1 0 0 0 0 P-B - st-str - i ind a-b - - K Closterium archerianum Cleve ex P.Lundell 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - - Closterium closteroides (Ralfs) A.Louis et Peeters 0 1 1 0 0 - - - - - - x-b - - - Closterium dianae Ehrenberg ex Ralfs var. dianae 0 0 0 0 1 P-B - st-str - - - x-b - - K Closterium dianae var. pseudodianae (J.Roy) Willi Krieger 0 1 0 0 0 B - - - i - - - - K Closterium ehrenbergii Meneghini ex Ralfs 1 1 1 1 0 P-B - st-str - hb ind o-a - - K Closterium flaccidum Delponte 0 1 0 0 0 P-B - - - i - b - - K Closterium lanceolatum Kützing ex Ralfs var. lanceolatum 1 1 1 1 0 B - st - - - - - - K Closterium lanceolatum var. parvum West et G.S.West 0 1 0 0 0 B - st - - - - - - K Closterium leibleinii Kützing ex Ralfs 1 1 0 1 0 P-B - st-str - - - a-b - - K Closterium libellula var. interruptum (West et G.S.West) Donat 0 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - x-b - - - Closterium littorale Gay 1 1 1 1 0 - - - - - - b-a - - - Closterium moniliferum Ehrenberg ex Ralfs var. moniliferum 1 1 1 1 1 P-B - st-str - i - b - - K Closterium moniliferum var. subrectum (Groenbl.) Poljansky 0 1 0 0 0 P-B - st-str - i - b - - K Closterium moniliferum var. concavum Klebs 1 0 0 0 0 B - st-str - hb - - - - K Closterium parvulum Nägeli ver. parvulum 1 1 1 0 1 P-B - - - i - b - - K Closterium parvulum var. maius (Schmidle) Willi Krieger 0 0 0 1 0 P-B - - - i - b - - K

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Closterium pseudolunula Borge 0 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Closterium spetsbergense f. longius V.I.Poljansky 1 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Closterium strigosum var. elegans (G.S.West) Willi Krieger 0 1 0 0 0 P-B - st-str - - - b - - Ha Closterium subulatum (Kützing) Brébisson 1 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium anceps P.Lundell 0 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium annulatum (Nägeli) de Bary 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium binum Nordstedt 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium bioculatum var. hians West et G.S.West 0 1 0 0 1 P-B - st-str - hb - - - - K Cosmarium bipunctatum Børgesen 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium blyttii var. novae-sylvae West et G.S.West 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium blyttii Wille var. blyttii 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium botrytis Meneghini ex Ralfs var. botrytis 1 1 1 1 0 P - st-str - i ind b - - K Cosmarium botrytis var. gemmiferum (Brébisson) Nordstedt 0 1 1 0 0 P - st-str - i ind b - - K Cosmarium botrytis var. mediolaeve West 0 1 0 0 0 P - st-str - i ind b - - K Cosmarium botrytis var. subtumidum Wittrock 1 1 0 1 0 P - st-str - i ind b - - K Cosmarium botrytis var. tumidum Wolle 0 0 1 0 0 P - st-str - i ind b - - K Cosmarium calcareum Wittrock 1 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium contractum var. rotundatum Borge 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium crenatum Ralfs ex Ralfs 0 0 1 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium elegantissimum P.Lundell 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium formosulum Hoff 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - o-a - - - Cosmarium furcatospermum West et G.S.West 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium galeritum Nordstedt 1 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium garrolense J.Roy et Bisset var. garrolense 1 1 1 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium garrolense var. pyramidatum Krieg et Gerloff 0 1 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium gayanum De Toni 0 1 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium granatum Brébisson ex Ralfs 1 1 0 1 1 B - st-str - i ind o - - K Cosmarium hammeri var. protuberans West et G.S.West 1 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium holmiense var. hibernicum (West) Schmidle 0 0 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium humile var. danicum (Børgesen) Schmidle 0 1 0 0 0 B - - - i - o - - - Cosmarium impressulum Elfving var. impressulum 1 1 0 1 1 P-B - - - hb ind o-a - - K Cosmarium impressulum var. alpicola Schmidle 0 1 0 0 0 P-B - - - hb ind o-a - - K Cosmarium impressulum var. suborthogonum (Raciborski) Taft 0 0 0 1 0 P-B - - - hb ind o-a - - K Cosmarium laeve Rabenhorst var. laeve 1 1 1 1 0 B - st-str - hb ind o-a - - K Cosmarium laeve var. westii Willi Krieger et Gerloff 0 1 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium lundellii var. ellipticum West et G.S.West 0 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium meneghinii Brébisson ex Ralfs 0 1 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium nitidulum De Notaris 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium notabile Brébisson var. notabile 0 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium notabile var. subnotabile (Wille) Coesel 0 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium novae-semliae Wille 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - -

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Cosmarium obtusatum (Schmidle) Schmidle 1 1 1 1 0 P - - - i - o - - k Cosmarium pachydermum P.Lundell 0 1 0 0 0 B - - - i - x-b - - K Cosmarium phaseolus Brébisson ex Ralfs 0 0 0 0 1 B - - - i - - - - K Cosmarium punctulatum var. subpunctulatum (Nordstedt) Børgesen 1 1 0 0 0 P-B - - - hb acf o - - K

Cosmarium quadratulum var. willei (Schmidle) Willi Krieger et Gerloff 0 1 0 0 0 B - - - hb - o-x - - K

Cosmarium speciosum var. rostafinskii (Gutwinski) West et G.S.West 0 0 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - -

Cosmarium speciosum var. simplex Nordstedt 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium subcostatum Nordstedt var. subcostatum 0 1 1 1 0 P-B - - - i ind - - - K Cosmarium subcostatum var. beckii R.Gutwinski 0 1 0 0 0 P-B - - - i ind - - - K Cosmarium subcrenatum Hantzsch 1 1 1 1 0 - - - - - - o - - - Cosmarium subgranatum (Nordstedt) Lütkemüller 0 1 0 0 0 P - - - i - - - - K Cosmarium tetragonum (Nägeli) W.Archer 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - -

Cosmarium tetraophthalmum Brébisson ex Ralfs 1 1 0 0 0 P-B - st-str - - - - - - Ha,Pt,Nt

Cosmarium tinctum var. globosiforme Krieger et Gerloff 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium tinctum var. intermedium Nordstedt 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium tumens Nordstedt 1 1 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium undulatum var. minutum Wittrock 1 0 1 1 0 P-B - - - i acf - - - K Cosmarium undulatum var. wollei West 0 1 1 1 0 P-B - - - i acf - - - K Cosmarium venustum (Brébisson) W.Archer 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cosmarium vexatum West 1 1 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - - - Cylindrocystis brebissonii (Ralfs) De Bary 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - o - - - Draparnaldia glomerata (Vaucher) C.Agardh 0 0 0 1 0 B - - - - - o-x - - - Draparnaldia mutabilis (Roth) Bory de Saint-Vincent 0 0 0 1 0 B - - - - - o-x - - - Euastrum ansatum Ehrenberg ex Ralfs var. ansatum 0 1 0 0 0 P-B - - - - acf - - - K Euastrum ansatum var. pyxidatum Delponte 0 0 1 0 0 P-B - - - - acf - - - K Euastrum ansatum var. rhomboidale F.Ducellier 0 0 1 0 0 P-B - - - - acf - - - K Euastrum bidentatum Nägeli 0 0 1 0 0 P-B - - - hb - o - - K Euastrum dubium Nägeli 0 0 1 0 1 P - - - hb - - - - K Euastrum oblongum Ralfs 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - x-b - - - Klebsormidium flaccidum (Kützing) P.C.Silva, K.R.Mattox et W.H.Blackwell 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - b-o - - -

Klebsormidium subtilissimum (Rabenhorst) P.C.Silva, K.R.Mattox et W.H.Blackwell 0 0 1 1 0 B - - - - - b - - -

Mougeotia recurva (Hassall) De Toni 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Mougeotia sp. 1 1 1 1 0 B - - - - - o - - - Nephrocytium limneticum (G.M.Smith) G.M.Smith 0 1 0 0 0 P - st - - - - - - Ha Penium margaritaceum Brébisson 1 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - o-x - - -

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Penium polymorphum (Perty) Perty 0 0 1 0 0 B - st - - - x-b - - k Pleurotaenium ehrenbergii (Ralfs) Delponte 0 0 0 0 1 B - - - i - o-x - - K Pleurotaenium trabecula Nägeli 0 0 1 0 1 P-B - - - i - o - - K Spirogyra borgeana Transeau 1 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Spirogyra longata (Vaucher) Kützing 1 0 0 0 0 B - st - - - o - - K Spirogyra sp. 1 1 1 1 1 B - - - - - - - - - Spirogyra varians (Hassall) Kützing 0 0 1 0 0 P-B - - - oh - b-a - - K Spirogyra weberi Kützing 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Staurastrum brebissonii W.Archer 0 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Staurastrum dispar Brébisson 0 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - b-o - - - Staurastrum gracile Ralfs ex Ralfs 0 0 0 0 1 P - st - i - o-b - - K Staurastrum hirsutum var. muricatum (Brébisson ex Ralfs) Kurt Förster 0 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - o - - -

Staurastrum polymorphum Brébisson 0 1 0 0 0 P - - - i - - - - K Staurastrum punctulatum Brébisson var. punctulatum 1 1 1 1 0 - - - - - - o-b - - - Staurastrum punctulatum var. kjellmanii (Wille) Wille 0 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - o-b - - - Staurastrum punctulatum var. pygmaeum (Brébisson ex Ralfs) West et G.S. West 1 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - o-b - - -

Staurastrum pyramidatum West 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - Staurastrum tetracerum Ralfs ex Ralfs 0 0 0 0 1 P - st-str - i - o - - K Staurodesmus cuspidatus (Brébisson) Teiling 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - - - Tetmemorus laevis Kützing ex Ralfs 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - o-x - - - Zygnema insigne Hassall 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - x-b - - - Zygnema sp. 1 1 1 1 0 B - - - - - x-b - - - Total species in the river 198 310 289 287 198 Note: Rivers: Sha - Shavi, Tet - Tetri, Khe - Khevsuretis, Psh - Pshavis, Ara - Aragvi. Substrate (Sub) - substrate preferences (P - planktonic, P-B - plankto-benthic, B - benthic, Ep - epiphyte, S - soil, pb - phycobiont); Temperature (T) - temperature preferences (cool - cool-water, temp - temperate, eterm - eurythermic, warm - warm-water); Oxygenation (Oxy) - streaming and oxygenation (st - standing water, str - streaming water, st-str - low streaming water, ae - aerophiles); Salinity (Hal) - halobity degree on the Hustedt’s (1938-1939) (hb - oligohalobes-halophobes, i - oligohalobes-indifferent, mh - mesohalobes, hl - halophiles; ph - polyhalobes); Acidity (pH) - рН degree on the Hustedt’s (1957) (alb-alkalibiontes; alf - alkaliphiles, ind - indifferents; acf - acidophiles; acb - acidobiontes, neu - neutrophiles as a part of indifferents); Saprobity DAIpo (D) - degree of saprobity after the Watanabe et al. (1986) (sx - saproxenes, es - eurysaprobes, sp - saprophiles); Autotrophy-Heterotrophy (Het) - nitrogen uptake metabolism (Van Dam, 1994) (ats - nitrogen-autotrophic taxa, tolerating very small concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; ate - nitrogen-autotrophic taxa, tolerating elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; hne - facultatively nitrogen-heterotrophic taxa, needing periodically elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; hce - obligately nitrogen-heterotrophic taxa, needing continuously elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen); Trophy (Tro) - trophic state (Van Dam, 1994) (ot - oligotraphentic; om - oligo-mesotraphentic; m - mesotraphentic; me - meso-eutraphentic; e - eutraphentic; he - hypereutraphentic; o-e - oligo- to eutraphentic (hypereutraphentic)); Saprobity S (Sap) - degree of saprobity (Pantle et Buck 1955; Sládeček, 1973) (x - xenosaprobes, x-o - xeno-oligosaprobes, o-x - oligo-xenosaprobes, x-b - xeno-betamesosaprobes, о - oligosaprobes, о-b - oligo-betamesosaprobes, b-o - beta-oligosaprobes, b - betamesosaprobes, b-a - beta-alphamesosaprobes, b-p - beta-polysaprobes, o-a - oligo-alphasaprobes, a-b - alpha-betamesosaprobes, a - alphamesosaprobes, p - polysaprobes, i - i-eusaprobes); Geographic distribution (Geo) - k - cosmopolite, Ha - Holarctic, Pt - Paleotropic, Nt - Neotropic, a - Arctic, a-a - arcto-alpine, b - Boreal.

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structure of algal floras and bio-indication results from different parts of the river basin. As can be seen from Table 3, altitude gradient of the different parts of the river is rather sharp. Whereas altitude of sampling points varied from 236 m to 2268 m a.s.l, the altitude gradient is different for each tributary. Can be seen that taxonomical diversity varied between 73 species in the Shavi River and 142 species in the Tetri River, which is highest altitude. In high mountain habitats of closely related regions such as Turkey (Kolayli and Şahin, 2009; Şahin, 2009; Şahin et al., 2010) and Israel (Barinova, 2011a; 2011b) the algal floras are, as a whole, enriched by non-diatom algae and species richness increased with altitude, in contrast with our results where high altitude communities were increased with number of species but enriched by the number of diatom and Charophyta species. Species diversity in the Aragvi River basin has similar distribution with the Swat River algal flora in Hindu Cush Mountains (Barinova et al., 2013). It allows us to assume that riverine algal communities have similar regulation of its diversity by high mountains climatic factors. Table 4 presents correlation coefficients of species richness and taxonomical diversity of major Divisions with altitude. Table 4 shows that species richness is dependent with altitude of the river part (corr. 0.54). Heterokontophyta and Charophyta are richest in high mountain habitats with correlation coefficient 0.66 and 0.74 with altitude gradient and 0.90 and 0.72 with mean altitude respectively. Green algae and euglenoids avoid high mountain habitats and have negative correlation with altitude gradient of -0.78 and -0.90 respectively. It can be related with environmental and climatic factors that correlated with altitude. Therefore mentioned taxonomic groups can be used as indicators of

environmental changes in the mountainous areas. We analyzed ecological preferences of the species that inhabit parts of the Aragvi River basin which placed in the different altitude. Bio-indication results are presented in Figures 6 and 7. Percentage of diatoms in communities decreased whereas cyanobacteria and green algae and euglenoids increased in lower part of the river basin. The rate of planktonic and eurythermic species increased also with decreasing of the river part altitude. The Khevsuretis and Pshavis rivers can be assessed as more oxygen enriched parts with highest speed of the river flow. Indicators of pH don’t show differences. But salinity slightly increased in the lower part of the basin. Indicators of nutrition type are representing high chlorophyll activity. Trophic state of the river part ecosystem shows eutrophication in the lower part of the Aragvi River basin with water quality degradation. We analyzed the correlation of the algal species diversity in the Aragvi River basin with altitude of habitats (Table 3) with help of Statistica 7.0 Program. In Figures 8 and 9 present relationships of the species richness and altitude of the Aragvi River habitats. These plots confirm that species richness as a whole as well as Charophytes and Heterokontophytes including diatoms are increased with altitude whereas other taxonomic divisions such as cyanobacteria show opposite trend. This result is opposite of our calculation of algal diversity distribution in the Georgian Natural Reserves. It can be related with climatic control of algal diversity in the territory of Georgia in compare of territory of single river basin. The analysis, thus, reveals a strong altitude control over the major diversity estimates in the Aragvi River.

Table 3: Distribution of algal taxonomical diversity over altitude of the Aragvi River and its tributary River Aragvi Khevsuretis Pshavis Shavi Tetri Altitude average, m 236 730 915 979 1134 Altitude max, m 925 2710 2755 3045 3161 Altitude min, m 453 1250 925 1087 893 Altitude gradient, m 472 1460 1830 1958 2268 Chlorophyta 36 24 18 13 25 Charophyta 19 44 34 36 76 Cyanobacteria 42 35 70 24 38 Euglenophyta 10 5 2 0 3 Heterokontophyta 91 181 163 125 168 No. of Species 198 289 287 198 310

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Table 4: Correlation of algal taxonomical diversity with altitude of the Aragvi River and its tributary Parameter Altitude gradient Mean altitude

Correlation coefficient

p-value Correlation coefficient

p-value

No. of Species 0.54 0.17 0.54 0.17 Heterokontophyta 0.66 0.10 0.9 0.10 Chlorophyta -0.78 0.06 -0.08 0.44 Charophyta 0.74 0.07 0.72 0.08 Euglenophyta -0.90 0.01 -0.22 0.35

Earlier we give attention to infraspecies variation in respect of major factors which are dependent to climatic variables such as altitude (Barinova et al., 2011) or latitude (Barinova, 2011b; Barinova and Stenina, 2013) of freshwater habitats. Relationship higher/lower taxa ratio for vascular plants can characterize floristic region. Diversity ratios in Asian floras parity is more due to the temperate-tropical taxa (White, 1983). In Georgian Natural Reserves algal flora the Index of infraspecies variation is rather low, changed in a small range between 1.01-1.15 (Barinova et al., 2011), which means that only few species of the total species list of each reserve are divided into taxonomic varieties. We calculated Infraspecific variation index for the Aragvi River basin as ratio of number of species and infraspecies to number of species. Index varied in the same range as in the Georgian Natural Reserves. Yet in the Aragvi River algal flora species of the total species list are divided into taxonomic varieties are Cosmarium botrytis Meneghini ex Ralfs with 5 varietes, Cocconeis placentula Ehrenberg, Fragilaria capucina Desmazières, Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W. Smith with 4 varietes, 10 species with 3 and 43 with 2 varietes. Infraspecies variation index show that algal species polymorphism in the Aragvi River basin communities increased with increasing of altitude habitats: 0.14 (Aragvi), 1.09 (Shavis), 1.11 (Khevsuretis and Pshavis), and 1.14 (Tetri). That allows us to conclude that species of the high mountain ecosystems of the Aragvi River are more polymorphic. This calculation reflects a low infraspecies variation and can be explained by a constant seasonally fluctuated environment in the Aragvi River basin and a low to middle anthropogenic impact. 4.3 CCA analysis Statistical analysis of algal diversity and environmental variables was performed for revealing the major factors that influenced the algal diversity in the Aragvi River. Biplot of CCA analysis (Figure 10) shows that environmental variables formed three different sets in respect of influence on algal

communities. Chlorophytes are influenced by calcium and sulfates content, charophytes are under ammonia and hydrocarbonates impact, cyanobacteria prefer low mineralized waters, and diatoms with other heterokontes are indifferent in respect of studied environmental variables. Remarkable that green algae preferred low pH, low nutrient water and low species rich communities in low altitude habitats such as Basaleti Lake in the lower part of the Aragvi River. Figure 8: Relationships between the species richness, especially charophyte numbers, and altitude of the Aragvi River basin

Figure 9: Relationships between the species richness, especially cyanobacteria numbers, and altitude of the Aragvi River basin

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Figure 10: Biplot of CCA analysis for the taxonomic diversity at the divisional level and environmental variables of the Aragvi River basin

Figure 11 : Clustering of the taxonomic structure in the Aragvi River and its tributaries algal communities calculated on the basis of Serensen-Chekanovsky indices. At the similarity level of 50% three clusters are cut off

4.4 Comparative floristic Comparative floristic approach provide for the grouping of algal communities in respect to their taxonomic similarity. Similarity tree of floristic composition is constructed for the

Aragvi River communities (Figure 11), showing three species diversity clusters at the similarity level 50%. Cluster 1 includes communities of Shavis and Aragvi rivers. Cluster 2 includes the closest high mountain floras of Pshavis

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and Khevsuretis rivers, and Cluster 3 comprises only one flora of Tetri high mountain river. Figure 12: Dendrite of taxonomic diversity overlaps in the Aragvi River and its tributaries constructed by the paar-similarity calculating method on the basis of Serensen-Chekanovsky indices. The floristic core of the Aragvi River basin algal diversity is marked by bold line

The dendrite of taxonomic overlap (Figure 12) shows that the algal flora of the Pshavis tributary shares species with all other floras (about 60%) and therefore it is placed in the center of the dendrite. The floras with maximal overlap are Khevsuretis and Pshavis rivers, which are the rich high mountain algal floras of eastern part of the Aragvi River basin. Flora of the Aragvi River lower reaches is less similar to other and contains euglenoids and chlorophyta algae. Conclusion We studied floristic diversity of algal the Aragvi River basin and compared it to what is known about freshwater algae of the National Georgian reserves. The species are mostly represented in the first time for Georgian rivers. Altogether 644 species are listed after extensive sampling and revision of the previously described materials. Diatoms as a part of Heterokontophyta taxonomic division prevail in studied algal flora. Bio-indication characterize the Aragvi River waters as temperate, moderately oxygenated, fresh, neutral water affected by a low to moderate level of organic pollution. The pattern of diversity distribution depends on altitude and local climatic conditions. Whereas Heterokontophyta and Charophyta are richest in high mountain habitats, green algae and euglenoids avoid high mountain habitats and have negative correlation with altitude. These results can usable as indicator of environmental changes in the mountainous

areas. Two floristic groups are recognized corresponding to the eastern and western parts of the watershed. The CCA analysis shows that environmental variables formed three different sets in respect of influence on algal communities, especially green algae which prefer low mineralized water. The numbers of infraspecies per species are positively correlated with altitude, and therefore, species of the high mountain ecosystems in the Aragvi River are most polymorphic. The general trend is an increase of species diversity from lowland areas in the south to the high mountains. This can be seen as a regional peculiarity of the Georgian river basins because the dominants relationships between diatom and chlorophyta groups tend to be inverted. This confirm by algal diversity pattern in the nearby floras of the west coast of the Black Sea, in Moldova (Cocirta, 2000; Biodiversity, 2005) Romania (Cărăuş, 2002), and high mountain habitats in Turkey (Şahin, 2003, 2009) in which algal floras are as a whole enriched by non-diatom algae (the green algae and euglenoids) as in mountainous Georgia, and in the Aragvi River in particular in controversial by the Turkish coast freshwater floras where the diatoms are ubiquitously prominent (Gönülol et al., 1995; Kolayli and Baysal, 1998; Kara and Sahin, 2001; Dere et al., 2002; Sahin, 2003; Aysel, 2005; Baykal et al., 2009). Remarkable that algal community in the Aragvi River is more species rich that in the above mentioned nearby Black Sea coastal rivers of Turkey, which also flow from mountainous areas. As a conclusion, our analysis reveals a strong altitude control over the major diversity estimates in the Aragvi River basin habitats as a major river in Georgia. Acknowledgements This work was partially funded by the Israel Ministry of Absorption. Research Highlights • Studied algal flora is rich with 644 taxa and can characterize the Aragvi River basin as a typical Caucasian river basin • Altitude and altitude-related climatic variables play the major role in species distribution • Algal diversity pattern in high mountain habitats are as a whole enriched by non-diatom algae

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• We found a strong altitude control over the major diversity estimates in the Aragvi River basin habitats • Algal species polymorphism in the Aragvi River basin communities increased with increasing of altitude habitats Limitations Studies were conducted for a long time and in difficult economic conditions that did not allow applying modern methods of water quality analysis. This limited the our results include only species richness, but not allowed to make a full multivariate analysis revealed the diversity of algae due to indicators of their environment, as well as the seasonal distribution of species in the communities. Recommendations In the future, we need to collect water samples for chemical analysis and analyze them for a considerable number of parameters. Samples must be collected by the seasons. Funding and Policy Aspects We are looking for funding for a complex work on relationships of diversity of algae and water quality. To do this, apply for a grant to fund joint research of the EU and Georgia. We expect to develop research on bio-indication of water quality based on the biodiversity of algae under the European Water Framework Directive. This will provide the basis for the development and improvement of national water quality standards, as well as water monitoring system design. Our results provide a basis for studying the effect of climate change on freshwater community in the face of future climate change, an important area of research is still poorly developed. Justification of Research Our study compensates for the deficiency in the study of regional algal flora of Georgia. We carry out a comparative analysis of the identified algal flora with floras of close regions, which allows us to conclude about general regional floras patterns and features of the algal flora of the Aragvi. Conclusion Our studies provide complete data on the poorly studied algal diversity of the main river in Georgia, supplement information on indicator species of water quality assessment,

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