The 2014 International Power Electronics Conference

Distributed Series/Hybrid-Shunt Compensation for Harmonic Mitigation in Commercial Facilities

Rogerio Azevedo Diniz Diretoria de Apoio aos Neg6cios e Opera<;oes

Banco do Brasil Brasilia, Brazil

rogeriodiniz@bb.com.br

Abstract- This work presents the development and ap­

plication of an electronically controlled harmonic mitigation

device based on the insertion of active series harmonic im­

pedances in the electric network. These active harmonic

impedances are inserted at specific frequency (or frequen­

cies). Important advantages of the proposed system are the

reduced converter rating and the utilization of coaxial

transformers with single turn secondary. In this paper, the

active harmonic impedance device is applied to implement

distributed harmonic mitigation strategy, leading to a flexi­

ble and cost-effective solution for industrial and commercial

power systems applications. The desired overall results are

investigated through modeling and simulation of an actual

commercial facility, based on the PTW - Power Tools for

Windows/SKM. Harmonic distortions and harmonic

sources data are measured in the considered facility, cha­

racterizing the situation before and after the implementa­

tion of series-shunt compensation for harmonic mitigation.

Keywords - Active Harmonic Impedance, Harmonics,

Power Factor Correction, Distributed Compensation.

I. INTRODUCTION

The advance of power electronic applications has been stimulated by continuing advances on semiconductor device technologies and demands for energy savings and productivity increase in commercial and industrial facili­ties. Machinery and processes using static converters, arc furnaces, switching power supplies, reactive compensa­tors (SVC's) are employed in growing numbers, increas­ing the presence of nonlinear loads in industrial parks, and on a smaller scale, but no less relevant, in commer­cial building facilities. Such loads imply new challenges in the electrical power system, demanding attention to the harmonic distortion of voltage and current, which can cause problems such as:

v' Overloading power equipment and systems; v' Transformers: temperature rise due to the in­

crease of losses in iron (voltage harmonics) and copper (current harmonics) into harmonic fre­quencies; audible noise emission;

v' Cables: temperature rise due to increased losses; skin effect losses; voltage stress and corona from dielectric failure;

978-1-4799-2705-0/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE 3270

Igor A. Pires*, Gleisson J. Franya, Braz J. Cardoso** Electronic Engineering Departament*, Electrical Engineer­

ing Departament* * U niversidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Belo Horizonte, Brazil iap@ufmg.br. gleissonjf@ig.com.br, cardosob@ufmg.br

v' Capacitors: possibility of resonance due to high levels of voltage and current, increased heating, dielectric stress, reduction of life;

v' Reduced power factor.

The alternatives normally used for harmonic mitiga­

tion are grouped as passive, active and hybrid solutions.

Passive solutions use only inductors, capacitors and resis­

tors on its construction. The major difficulties of the

passive solutions are the reduced flexibility and perfor­

mance strongly dependent on system impedance and load

configuration. Active solutions are based on series and/or

parallel active filters. Finally, hybrid solutions are a com­

position of active and passive solutions. The main diffi­

culties of active and hybrid solutions application are the

implementation cost, mainly in high current and/or vol­

tage systems, and reliability [I].

Recognizing the fact that it is only necessary to reduce

the harmonic content of the electric system to levels

compatible with the existing equipment, this work pro­

poses a series active harmonic impedance insertion sys­

tem where impedances are coupled only at specific de­

sired harmonic frequencies. An important feature of the

proposed system is the use of a coaxial transformer for

harmonic impedance coupling. The harmonic impedances

can be used as series or hybrid shunt compensation with

the objective to control the harmonic current flow, direct­

ing it to paths that do not cause damage to the system

components.

In this paper, Series Active Harmonic Impedance -SAHI - devices are considered for distributed harmonic mitigation in a commercial building facility. The selected commercial building presents a high density of non-linear loads with relevant harmonic currents flow. Such high harmonic content causes significant electrical losses, especially in the secondary of the transformer substation, and cabling. The desired overall results are investigated through modeling and simulation based on the PTW -Power Tools for Windows/SKM. Harmonic distortions and harmonic sources data are all obtained from field measurement in the considered facility, characterizing the situation before and after the implementation of series­shunt compensation for harmonic mitigation.

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II. SERIES ACTIVE HARMONIC IMPEDANCE

COMPENSATION

A. General Description

The series active harmonic impedance proposed here is essentially a controlled voltage source based on single phase static DC/AC converter. The harmonic voltage induced in the main power cables is determined from a desired proportion between the harmonic current and voltage. This relationship is defmed independently from the fundamental frequency, for one or more harmonic frequencies in the electrical system.

An important characteristic of the active harmonic im­pedance proposed in this work is the flexibility intro­duced by the utilization of coaxial transformers, as can be shown in Figure 1. This solution allows the use of exist­ing power cables as the secondary winding. In [2], a similar coupling system was discussed for application in distributed fundamental frequency power flow control, proposed in order to obtain flexibility to improve renew­able energy market.

PWM CONVERTER

�--------------, I I I

Optional Low Pass

Filter 1-------1 I

Power System

I I Vinj = Vh +Vfund I I Vh=jwhL\

'·Ii -I(lf I M-�L-_-__ -_�_� __ �' --�. :__ _ _____ ____ --....-.""t I, = l,u",,+lh

Control System

Power System

Fig. 1. General diagram of the proposed active harmonic im­pedance.

Active harmonic impedance devices are independent single phase low power units. They can be cascaded to achieve the desired total harmonic impedance at one point or distributed to control harmonic flow. The flex­ibility inherent to the system allows its use for detuning (or tuning) a capacitor bank composed of several stages, as an alternative to the use of one reactor per stage for detuning or the implementation of shunt filter banks. Since electrical loads change along the day, typical auto­matic capacitor banks used for reactive compensation and filtering uses up to 12 capacitor stages in order to obtain an efficient compensation at any load demand. Each capacitor stage uses a dedicated reactor in detuned and tuned systems which lead to costly and heavy reactive compensation systems. The single phase approach gives the advantage to treat unbalanced harmonic conditions since each phase is considered and compensated inde­pendently from the others.

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Figure 2 shows a block diagram of the active harmonic impedance cell. The transformer secondary current (elec­trical system power cable) Is is measured and a PLL algo­rithm is used to obtain the fundamental frequency current component amplitude and phase. The estimated funda­mental current - If is subtracted from the measured cur­rent and the result - I" (harmonic component) is directed to another PLL input, tuned to estimate the amplitude and phase of the desired harmonic frequency.

Fig. 2. B lock diagram of the active harmonic impedance cell.

In order to apply the proposed system for the compen­sation of additional harmonic components it is necessary to introduce additional PLL algorithms and inverse Park transforms for each additional harmonic. In practice, the compensation of the 5t", ]''' and 1 1 tIl harmonic is suffi­cient to obtain satisfactory results on most industrial systems.

In this work the harmonic impedance synthesized is a pure inductive reactance, represented by the inductance L *, according to the equation ( 1).

V = L'dlh (\) h dt

Equation ( 1) is implemented considering that the cur­rent Is, which flows on the coaxial transformer, corres­

ponds to the a component used in Clark transformation, on the single phase PLL.

B. Active harmonic Impedance Implementation

As the PLL algorithms, (\) is implemented consider­ing the emulation of a balanced three-phase system. The calculation of the voltage to be synthesized from equation ( 1) is carried out in the synchronous reference frame based on the following development, observing the refer­ence axis of Figure 3. Park's transformation applied to the components a and � is given by:

where:

I q = I a cos Bh + Ipsen Bh Id = lasenBh-lpcosBh

(2)

(3)

(4)

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Differentiation of the equations (2) and (3) with respect to time results in:

u+ a+

c+ Fig. 3. Axis references for axis transformations.

Considering a steady state condition:

dIq = dId = 0 dt dt (d1a dl f3 J--coseh +-seneh - (J)h1d dt dt

(7)

(8)

(9)

Based on the development represented by (2) to (9), and recognizing that in (5) and (6), the terms of the first parentheses after the equal sign represent the Park trans­formation of the derivatives of the components a and � of the desired currents [7], the components of the voltage to be synthesized are calculated on the synchronous refer­ence frame as follows:

( 10)

(II)

Applying the inverse Park transform on the results from ( 10) and ( 1 1) and taking the a-axis component, ( 12) is obtained representing the open loop voltage to be synthesized by the PWM modulator, seen at the second­ary side of the coupling transformer, responsible for injecting the desired active harmonic impedance.

( 12)

In Section III, simulation results from application of equation ( 12) to the implementation of the proposed active harmonic impedance are presented. Experimental results are shown in section V.

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c. PLL Algorithms

The PLL algorithms are based on the Park transforma­tions for treatment of desired variables on a synchronous reference frame. The PLL tracking system is based on a PI that objectives to cancel the d axis component result­ing from the Park transformation [3].

The proposed system requires at least two separate PLL algorithms: one for obtaining the amplitude, fre­quency and phase of the fundamental current component and one PLL in order to obtain the parameters for each harmonic component of interest. It can be found on the literature several alternatives for implementation of the PLL algorithms, but the method of coordinate transfor­mations for the use of synchronous reference has been widely applied. Detailed analysis of PLL algorithms is given in [3].

D. Coupling Coaxial Transformer Considerations

The design of the coaxial transformer, shown in Figure 4, should take into consideration the maximum voltage to be injected on the desired frequency and also to ensure the use of the magnetic core at a flux density level lower than the saturation level of the magnetic material used on its construction, as stated by eq. (2). Also, maximum flux density choosing is critical, as it is directly related to the iron losses on the transformer core. Another important factor is the primary coil number of turns, which should be defmed taking into account the voltage and current ratings of commercially available power semiconductors to achieve a good cost-benefit relationship.

1, '7

Fig. 4. Coaxial transformer used for active impedance coupling.

B(t) = BI (t) + L Bh (t) < Bsafmax ( 13) h

The effective harmonic voltage induced in the single tum secondary of the transformer is given by equation ( 13). Considering the harmonic induced voltage as a design input, ( 13) can be used for calculation of the min­imum sectional area of the magnetic core necessary to induce the desired harmonic voltage. The magnetic core should be chosen satisfying simultaneously the equations ( 13) and ( 14).

v, . - BhrmAe h2 rm.'

- .J2 ( 14)

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III. SIMULATION RESULTS

A. PLL Algorithms

Figures 5 and 6 shows the simulation results obtained from the application of the PLL algorithms to a signal composed by a fundamental component plus fifth and seventh harmonic components, with amplitudes of I pu, I

pu and 0. 1 pu respectively.

Estimated Fundamental Component Amplitude

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Estimated fundamental Component Phase Angle

140 Phase estimation error

r:�: w 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

time (ms)

Fig. 5. Amplitude (lq) and phase angle (Sf) response obtained from PLL - fundamental component estimation applied to a

signal composed by: 1 p.u. (fundamental component) + 1 p.u. (5th harmonic) + 0.1 p.u. (7th harmonic).

140

The PLL simulation results shows the effectiveness of the implemented algorithms, as the fundamental and the fifth harmonic components were correctly tracked even in the presence of an additional harmonic component.

Estunated Hannonic Component Amplilnde 4 , !

, , , I-PLL Output 2

o llNili Filtered PLL Output

2'� • • • • • • i i i i i i

IV. CASE STUDY: COMMERCIAL BUILDING

In typical commercial facilities the harmonic sources are distributed in the system. The allocation of filters would be as close as possible to all relevant har­monic sources. By doing so, the installed system would be able to achieve the overall reduction in energy con­sumption in kW and standardized levels of harmonic distortion. However, this method often becomes costly due to the number of filters to be installed and the diffi­culties of adapting the existing infrastructure to the solu­tion. Proper selection of the installation points of the active harmonic impedance device and sizing of such units is the aim of this case study.

A. Building characterization

Type: commercial building; Floors: 1 1; Constructed area: 9.000 m2; Population: 1.200 people; Installed power: l.500 kW; Demanded power: 655 kW; Profile loads: air conditioning 54%, non-linear loads 36%, others 10%; Typical single phase non linear loads -l27(V); A vailability of all power plants and loads list.

B. Methodology

The methodology adopted for this case study, in progress, is based on the steps below:

i. The power quality survey of the entire plant via quality analyzer (Fluke 434), registering the higher incidence points of harmonic distortion. So, already at this stage, one can observe the technical feasibility of the applica­tion of active harmonic impedance devices, object of this paper.

ii. Modeling of the entire installation, on the software PTW. All components are properly configured and spe­cified with real data from manufacturers.

20

hi U/I

• 00 W Estunated Hannonic Phase Angle

1l1li 120

-Actual Phase Angle

140 iii. Modeling the active harmonic impedance device in PTW. Such model must present performance equivalent to harmonic compensation technology, proving its ef­fectiveness in simulation studies. Estimated Phase Angle

I�Uli 1II/I/I/I/I/It I' n : ," ' " 'i 20 40 80 1l1li 120 140

rF{ j l�' [TWm l + .

.

.

• ... 0 ..................... , .....

... , , , , , .................... . e ! ! ! ! ! ! � 5<)0 20 4� 00 80 1l1li 1;0 140

tline (ms) Fig. 6. Amplitude (lqsh) and phase angle (SSh) response of the

PLL used to estimate the fifth harmonic component.

iv. Investigation of the best installation points and sizing of the active harmonic impedance devices as required in this study case. Those two points identified: the input PFC and the BUS-TC Rooms and Elev, concentrates high level of harmonic distortion. The last one represents 69% of facilities non-linear critical loads. This condition has been consolidated and are shown on Table I and Figure 1 1 - Quality energy diagram. The implementation of SARI TC at this point presents some advantages: contributed to reduce involved current le­vels, consequently the SARI dimensions and costs; it

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The 2014 International Power Electronics Conference

represents the best facility place to install the equip­ment, ensuring harmonic mitigation to upstream loads, including the essential energy bus - BUS EE.

v. Practical implementation of the active harmonic imped­ance devices and installation at the points identified in the previous steps; perform new measurements of the entire installation.

V. MODELING AND SIMULATION OF THE FACILITY

First of all, the entire installation has been modeled, on the software PTW, shown in Appendix and described on item A - Building characterization. All components are properly configured and specified with real data from manufacturers. The simulation performance of the elec­trical system ratified the aforementioned results on the primary stage, identifying two high current harmonic distortion points by field measurements, Fluke analyzer and PTW simulations: BUS-TC Rooms and Elev data are registered at Table I and Figure 8 below, and BUS­En+EE at Table II and Figure 10 ahead:

TABLE I Table of THDi, obtained at BW-QGBTIEE, demanded by BUS­

TC Rooms and Elev, with quality analyzer equipment, before optimization.

Amp A B C N THD%f 26,4 24,9 25,6 419 H3%f 21,9 22,4 22,7 418 H5%f 11,6 9,6 10,8 30,2 H7%f 7,7 3,8 3,8 26,6

TABLE II Table of THDi, obtained at BW-SE/QGBT, demanded by

BUS-En+EE and a lard contribution of Capacitor B ank loads mainly at 5th harmonic and 7th harmonic, obtained with quality

analyzer equipment, before optimization.

Amp A B C N THD%f 13 11,2 9,9 307,6 H3%f 7,9 8,7 7,4 305,8 H5%f 6,8 4,7 4,1 27 H7%f 6,3 4,4 4,1 22,6

TABLE III Table of THDi, obtained at BW-GMGIQGBT, demanded by

BUS-EE loads, obtained with quality analyzer equipment, before optimization.

Amp A B C N THD%f H3%f H5%f H7%f

20.6 17.8 7.6 5,7

20.8 19.1 6.9 3.4

19,1 17,8 5,7 2,6

1026 1033 80,6 55.2

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Tables II and III, revels the propagation and impact of harmonics high level generated by nonlinear loads lo­cated downstream facility and named: TC Rooms and Elev.

Above, Figure 7, shows the parameterized voltage waveform on PTW and equivalent injected voltage syn­thesized by the PWM modulator, seen at the secondary side of the coupling transformer, and responsible for injecting the desired active harmonic impedance. As shown in TABLE IV, the relevance of harmonic order 3rd and 5th is evident, so deserving attenuation by the compensator.

Harmonic Source Model l

Name: ISAHI TC

Wave Form: � \Jpdale I Eower Factor: � (iLj!g r Lgad ,HarmonIC Source TYP,:�

r �.urrenl r. �ollage

Harmonic Magnitude Order (pu)

L 1 1.000000 3 0,008076 5 0,003197

Angle . (degrees) �

147.00 ·130,20

T

1,00

0,75

0,50

0,25

-0,00

-0,25

·0,50

·0,15

-1,00 "" 0 >0 '00 ,>0 200 ,>0 300 ,>0

Harmonic Source WfIYe Form (Degrees)

Typical Qata I ,Static Converter I

Fig. 7. PTW's SAHI TC parameterized wave form

The values sizing of magnitude and angle defined in PTW and illustrated in Figure 7, were based on the values calculated by the software in the situation without optimi­zation, ie, the amplitude of the harmonics and their re­spective angles of square phase shifted with respect the current.

TABLE IV This table consolidates the facilities scenario object of these studies in the light ofPTW before implementation of SAHT,

showing numbers of power losses caused by respective harmon­ics distortion. Once more high THDi indices are measured.

HARMONIC CURRENT SPECTRUM REPORT SAHI OUT

kWl.oss kVARl.oss Harmonic IEEE-519

Order/THDi% Limit

SAHlout 0,453 4,327 1/20,95 12

3/18,851 10

5/8,079 10 Hanmnic IEEE-519

W-GMG'QGI kWLoss kVARLoss Order/THDi% Limit

SAHIout 0,418 3,334 1115,53 12

3113,492 10

5/6,738 10

BW-SElQGBT kWLoss kVARl.oss Harmonic IEEE-519

Order/THDi% Limit

SAHlout 0,338 4,166 1117,58 15

12

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v. PRACTICAL RESULTS

On the following three graphs presented, called "Waveform Distortion" and part of Figures 8, 09 and 10, we observe the behavior of the injected voltage signal wave induced current, where the angular displacement and previously parameterized amplitude in the desired harmonic, shows the effective compensation of their precursors unwanted signal. As a consequence, the posi­tive result is materialized in a significant decline in the rates of both THDi as 3rd in 5th order, in all three eva­luated situations.

It is noteworthy that these results were achieved exclusively and sufficiently with the implementation of SARI -TC, ie, mitigation of harmonic distortion in the center of applied loads identified as being of higher har­monic contributions to the installation, further down­stream. Its effectiveness can be observed at BW­SE/QGBT, with the exclusively actuation ofSARI-TC.

At this moment there is no contribution of active compensator implemented on BUS-CB yet. [t is possible to observe the important influence of Capacitor Bank increasing harmonics 7th order. However specific studies should be further add to this paper.

BWQGBTIEE· Distortion Waveform - -

swdyl· SAIII OJI· BW OOBTIEE· Bran� DislIlIioo Curr!lll Wilel Study 2· SAIII, EE· BW OOBTIEE· Bran� Dis!alia1 Currenl Wa

1,5

I ,O{-· ····.,.··· ········ · ····· ··;····· ······· ···/:-f······ ................... , ...... ,""""', .....•...................... ; ............. ............... " ................ ...... , ............ 1 0,5 O,O{-· · , .... .. :/.7> ...... . ...................... , .. .... .................... , . ............... + .. . ",�...... + .................... .... . ,................... ,............ 1 �,5t· ..... + ...... ,// · ........ ,· ... · ...... · .... · .... · .. ·+- .. · ....................... + ...... · ... · ............... , ........ ................ ';: .'\: ................... , .......................... -+... 1 ,1,0 ·1,5

O,�O,W

)0 100 1)1) 200 2)1) Tille (1 C)"e) a 0-J6iI degrees BW QGBT/EE - Distortion Spectrum

• •

1)1)

SlIidyl·SAHI ool·BWOGBTItE· Brancil Distor\oo Curr"'IS� Study 2·SAHI� EE· BWOGBTJEE ·BrancillMlortion CurrenlSp u-- --------------------------------------------------------0,9 - --------------------------------------------------------0,8 - --------------------------------------------------------0,1 -

0,6 -0,5 -

0,4 -0,3 -

::: � ���,��I����������������������������������������������� O ,O -'.o!!!!!...,...O!!!--+-...!!II�....!!!!_"""'""*'"""""-� ........... _!:::..I

7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 Harrnon�Order

Fig. 8. Current Harmonic distortion spectrum, obtained from PTW simulation, at BW-QGBT/EE, demanded by BUS-TC Rooms and Elev loads, before and after SAHr TC implementa­tion.

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BW GMG/QGBT . Distortion Waveform - -swdyl· SAHI OJI· BW GMGIIlGBT . B� DislllIioo Currenl W... Swdy 2· SAHI. EE· BW GMGIOGBT· Brant' Dis!alia1 Cu'MI W

I,)f,,,",",;',-,",,,,,",,,,,,,

1,0+ ..... ·:-............. · .. ·· ,· ....... · ........ 7"1' .... · .......... ··· .......... ·;-...... ·,"'2', .... ;· ........... ··· ........ · ... ;-........................... ; ......................... , .. .. I O,)t"""'"''"'"'"'''''"''''''' O,Of ' .... · .... · ·· ·· /1 ..... .................. +. . .......... . .. . ,.............. ..... .. , ... ... ... "" ......... + . ...... .. ......... . . +. . ............ .. . , ............ 1 �,)+ ...... ;. ........ #- , .......................... , . .. ....................... �................... . , ......................... "'�\: .... ..... ... ....... ; ........................... ;. ·1 ·1,0

·I,)f ··;. . ... ..... · ...... · ; .............. ............. , . .. .. ........... .......... . ;....... ... .......... . ; ..... ............ ... ....... , ........... .......... ... "" 100 150 200 250 Tmell C)"ela�36IIdegrees BW GMG/QGBT - Distortion Spectrum

• •

Joo

Studyl· SAHoul·BWGMGJOGBT ·liIan., IllIortioo CurrenlSp" Study2·SAH" EE . BWGMGJOGBT . Bon� Ilstortioo Cu."IS

1,0 - --------------------------------------------------------0,9 - --------------------------------------------------------0,8 -0,7 -0,6 -0,5 -0,4 -0,3 -0) -0,1 - -----t--�---..---�---�--------------------------�---,--D,D ..-....! .... -+-�_i-!!!!I-...,.�""""+-....... .....,-_-I-.... _+-"""' ...

8 10 II 12 13 14 15 Harmonic Order

Fig. 9. Current Harmonic distortion spectrum, obtained from PTW simulation, at BW-GMGIQGBT, demanded by BUS-EE loads, before and after SAHT TC imptementation.

BW-SE/QGBT • Distortion Waveform - -

Sludyl·Cap,,»,bant inl SAII!oot· BW"WQGBT· �anth Di, Sludy 2 • Capacilor bank ./SAH!TC il·BW-SEIlGBT • �anth 0

)I) 100 1)1) 200 2)1) Tirrell Cycleloc�36IIdegree,

BW-SE/QGBT • Distortion Spectrum • • Sludyl· Gapa<ita bank. I SAIII 001· BW-SEIOOBT • Branch �, SliJdj2· Capltna bank. J SAIl! TC •. BW-SEIOOBT . Bonth 0 lR � -----------------------------------------------------

Ur -----------------------------------------------------

0,81 0,71 0,6 r

D,Sf f

D,4T D,3T 0,2, D,lt D ,D _ .... + .... _+-.. """"' ........ """""....I!!!_+--+-_!-.. -+--=�

7 S 9 10 HarmooicOrde!

12 13 14 IS

Fig. IO.Current Harmonic distortion spectrum, obtained from PTW simutation, at BW-SE/QGBT, demanded by BUS­En+EE, before and after SAHT TC implementation.

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TABLE V This table represents the significant mitigation of THDi har­monics levels on the facility, reaching values below the limits

established by the lEEE-519 standard. Moreover, the power losses reduction saves 0,143% kW and 2,4% kV AR .

HARMONIC CURRENT SPECTRUM REPORT SAHlIN

BW­

QGBTIEE

SAHTin

IW-GMGlQGB'

SAHTin

BW-SElQGBT

SAHTin

kWLoss

0,248

kWLoss

0,288

kWLoss

0,278

kVARLoss

1,371

kVARLoss

1,46

kVARLoss

2,681

HamlOllic

Order/THDi%

1/6,03

1EEE-519

Limit

12

3/3,319 10

5/2,648 10

HamlOllic

Order/THDi%

1/4,21

3/0,980

511 ,733

HamlOllic

Order/THDi%

1112,66

3/2,348

1EEE-519

Limit

12

10

10

1EEE-519

Limit

15

12

5/2,66 12

Economical feasibility: The low values of "Vol­tage Magnitude" registered on Figure 7, above, confirm one of the most powerful SAHI's advantage, its competi­tive cost and volume.

VI. CONCLUSION

This paper described a flexible harmonic compensation system that can be used to implement series or hybrid harmonic mitigation solutions. The use of a coaxial coupling transformer gives flexibility to the system allowing a fast field solution evaluation that is especially useful for detecting the better configuration in existing power systems.

The active harmonic impedance device performance and practical application is investigated based on a case study. A commercial building was selected and the harmonic flow in its power network was characterized based on field measurements. The building was modeled in PTW for further studies involving the application of

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the active harmonic impedance devices, aiming at the selection of the installation points and sizing of the harmonic mitigation devices required.

Aligned with the fact that it is only necessary to reduce the harmonic content of the electric systems to the com­patibility levels of the equipment that shares it, and not completely eliminates the harmonic content, this work provide recommendations for reducing harmonic distor­tion, improving system capacity, availability and relia­bility while evaluating economic feasibility.

This is an ongoing project. The economic feasibility can be increased with the conclusion of details studies based on the electrical losses caused by harmonic distortion and can also add the function of limiting the harmonic currents through the capacitors without the need to raise their voltage levels and to control the harmonic flow, with the objective of distribute harmonics currents through patches that do not harm the system components.

REFERENCES

[1] D. 1. Carnovale, T. 1. Dionise, and T. M. Blooming, "Price and Performance Considerations for Harmonic solutions". Power Sys­tems World, Power Quality 2003 Conference, Long Beach, Ca­lifornia.

[2] H. Johal, D. Divan.," Design Considerations for Series-Connected Distributed FACTS Converters", IEEE Trans. on Industry Appli­

cations, vol, 43, n° 6, pgs. 1609-1618, NovemberlDecember 2007. [3] L. N. Arruda, B. J. Cardoso Filho, S. M. Silva, S. A. C. Diniz,

"Wide Bandwidth Single and Three-Phase PLL Structures for Grid-Tied PV Systems", Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2000. Conference Record of the Twent€ y-Eighth IEEE, pgs. 1660-1663.

[4] GJ. Franya, BJ. Cardoso Filho, "Series-shunt distributed com­pensation for harmonic mitigation and dynamic power factor cor­rection". Doctorate Thesis, PPGEE - Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte MG, 2012.

[5] GJ. Franya, B.1. Cardoso Filho. Series-Shunt Compensation for mitigation and dynamic power factor correction. Eletr6nica de Potencia (Printed), v. 17, p. 641-650, 2012.

[6] G.1. Franya, B.1. Cardoso Filho. Method and equipment for selec-tive harmonic mitigation and its use. Pat. Req. BR1020130257079, 2013, INPI, Brazil.

[7] Bhattacharya S., P. Chen, D. Divan, "Hybrid Solutions for Im­proving Passive Filter Performance in High Power Applications", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. 33, n° 3, May/June 1997.

[8] PTW, "Power Tools for Windows", SKM Power Tool Version 6.0.2.1

The 2014 International Power Electronics Conference

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