Development of Crop Typology in Bangladesh

International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India

Draft Final ReportOn

Development of Crop Typology for BangladeshDhaka

March, 2014

i

Table of Contents

Table of Contentsi

List of Tables 4

List of Figures 11

List of Pictures 11

List of Abbreviations 13

Glossary 15

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Agricultural production, population growth and environment-theglobal challenges 1

1.2 Population and crop production in Bangladesh and Asian Countries1

1.3 The agricultural sector and crop production in Bangladesh and Asian countries 2

1.4 The statement of problem 3

1.5 The research question 3

1.6 Objectives of the study 4

1.7 Rationale of the study 4

1.8 Crop typology as new paradigm concept used for sustainable crop production system 4

1.9 Crop typology components and their structural linkages for development of crop typology in Bangladesh 5

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1.10 Developing dimensions, factors and principles for development of crop typology in Bangladesh 6

1.11 Development of a framework for developing typical crop typology in Bangladesh 10

1.12 A symbolic presentation of typical structural crop typology in Bangladesh 11

1.13 Approach and Methodology 11

1.14 Research Team 14

1.15 Output of the research 142. Literature Review15

3. Situation Analysis 17

3.1 Geo-demographic features of Bangladesh17

3.1.1 Geographical situation..................................17

3.1.2 Demographic features....................................17

3.1.3 Division wise population by sex and household...........19

3.1.4 Administrative structure of Bangladesh..................19

3.2 Land use for crop production in Bangladesh 20

3.2.1 Land use under crop production..........................20

3.3 Crop categories and types in Bangladesh 21

3.3.1 Crop categories in Bangladesh...........................21

3.3.2 Crop types based on production coverage area............21

3.3.3 Crop types based on seasonal variation..................22

3.3.4 Crop Diversification and crop rotation in Bangladesh....24

3.3.5 Cropping pattern based on cropping seasons (Kharif-I, Kharif-II and Rabi) in Bangladesh.............................25

3.3.6 Cropping patterns based on Districts (area grown) in Bangladesh....................................................27

3.3.7 Crop varieties in Bangladesh............................30

3.4 Agro-meteorological condition for crop production34

3.4.1 Rainfall................................................35

3.4.2 Temperature.............................................36

3.4.3 Humidity................................................38

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3.4.4 Sunshine................................................39

3.5 Natural Disasters 40

3.5.1 Flood Prone.............................................40

3.5.2 Flash flood prone.......................................41

3.5.3 Drought Prone...........................................41

3.5.4 Saline prone............................................42

3.6 Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) in Bangladesh 43

3.6.1 Area, land type, soil properties based on Agro Ecological Zones (AEZ) in Bangladesh.....................................43

3.6.2 Soil fertility based on agro-ecological zones...........45

3.6.3 Crop varieties based on Agro Ecological Zones (AEZs) in Bangladesh....................................................47

3.6.4 Land types in Bangladesh................................52

3.6.5 Crop suitability by land types in Bangladesh............54

3.6.6 Crop suitability by soil textures.......................54

3.7 Input Use in Bangladesh 55

3.7.1 Seed....................................................55

3.7.2 Fertilizer..............................................55

3.7.3 Pesticide...............................................57

3.7.4 Irrigation..............................................58

3.8 Infrastructure 58

3.8.1 Electricity.............................................58

3.8.2 Communication...........................................59

3.9 Crop Production in Bangladesh 61

3.9.1 Major crops and vegetable productions...................61

3.9.2 Horticultural crop production in Bangladesh.............61

3.10 Socio Economic situation in Bangladesh62

3.10.1 Distribution of age group by Division in Bangladesh.....62

3.10.2 Labour employment by sector in Bangladesh...............62

3.10.3 Division wise labour employment by sector in Bangladesh. 63

3.10.4 Poverty.................................................63

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3.10.5 Types of agricultural farms.............................65

3.10.6 Farmer’s classification.................................65

3.10.7 Agriculture labour wage rate............................66

3.10.8 Division wise agricultural and non-agricultural occupational status...........................................67

3.10.9 Population engaged in agricultural activities...........67

3.10.10Status of Migration....................................68

3.10.11Literacy and Education.................................68

3.10.12Government and Non-Government Organizations............694. Crop Typology 71

4.1 Characterization for Development Crop Typology 715. Conclusion and Recommendation 255

References 257

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List of Tables

Table 1.1: Population growth and crop production in Asian Countries (2000-2011) 2

Table 1.2: Percent of land area planted to crops in Bangladesh, 2011 2

Table 1.3: Trend of Crop Production in Bangladesh and Asian Countries (2000-2011) 3

Table 1.4: Dimensions, factors and principles for development of crop typology of Bangladesh 7

Table 1.5: Steps, task, study, data analysis tools and techniques fordevelopment of crop typology in Bangladesh 12

Table 3.1: Growth of population during 2001 to 2012 in Bangladesh (in million) 17

Table 3.2: Population trend of Bangladesh, 1974-2011 18

Table 3.3: Divisionwise population by sex, sex ratio, number and average size of households, 2011 19

Table 3.4: Total land area, cultivable land and fallow land under Upazilas, Districts and Divisions 20

Table 3.5: General cropping pattern based on rainfed and irrigated condition in Bangladesh 25

Table 3.6: Division and District wise major cropping patterns including horticulture crops in Bangladesh 27

Table 3.7: Crop type, name and number of most used HYV and hybrid varieties in Bangladesh 30

Table 3.8: Development of crop variety types in Bangladesh 31

Table 3.9: Monthly average rainfall (mm) pattern in Bangladesh (2000-2011) 35

Table 3.12: Monthly average maximum temperature (°C) (2000-2011) 37

Table 3.14: Monthly average humidity in Bangladesh (2000-2011) 38

Table 3.17: Area, land type, soil properties and textures of AEZs in Bangladesh 44

Table 3.18: Soil fertility based on AEZs in Bangladesh 46

Table 3.19: Major field and horticultural crops grown according to AEZs 48

Table 3.20: Crop grown by different land types in Bangladesh 54

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Table 3.21: Crop grown by different soil textures 54

Table 3.22: Use of fertilizer in field crops 56

Table 3.23: Use of fertilizer and pesticides in the horticulture crops56

Table 3.24: Detailed use of pesticide in crop field in Bangladesh 57

Table 3.25: Irrigated areas by Divisions in Bangladesh (2005-2006 and 2011-2012) 58

Table 3.26: Increase of electricity connection 59

Table-3.27: Roads at upazila, union and village level in Bangladesh 59

Table 3.28: Annual area coverage and production of crop varieties in Bangladesh 61

Table 3.30: Population distribution by age group in Bangladesh 62

Table 3.31: Employment by major occupation (million) 63

Table-3.32: Percentage of agriculture dependent population 63

Table-3.33: Different Farmers types 65

Table 3.34: Farmer’s classification (Land ownership) 66

Table-3.35: Wage rate by different units in Bangladesh 66

Table-3.36 Division wise agricultural and non-agricultural occupational status 67

Table-3.37: Population engaged in agricultural activities67

Table 3.38: Division wise migration situation. 68

Table 3.39: Educational status in Bangladesh (2001-2012) 68

Table 3.40: Literacy rate in Bangladesh 69

Table-3.41: Government and non- govt. organizations 69

Table-1: Population in the pilot area 73

Table-2: Field and horticultural crops grown according to AEZs 77

Table 3: Detailed land type of the pilot area 78

Table-4: Detailed land use of the pilot area 79

Table5: Detailed soil texture of top soil (0-15cm) in pilot area 81

Table- 6: Detailed distribution of available soil moisture in the pilotarea 83

Table 7: Soil salinity in the pilot area 85

Table -8: Detailed drainage characteristics of the pilot area 87

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Table-9: Existing cropping patterns with area in the pilot area 89

Table ?: Input (Seed, Labour, Fertilizer and Pesticides) used in the Dacope pilot upazial 90

Table14: Modes of irrigation, number and area (ha) irrigated in the pilot area 91

Table 15: Incidence of poverty 2005 in the pilot area 92

Table-16: Farmers by land ownership 92

Table-17: Wage rate by different units in Dacope 92

Table-18: Agricultural and non-agricultural occupational status 93

Table-19: Population engaged in agriculture activities (7+ years) activities 93

Table 20: Literacy rate in the pilot area 93

Table-21: Educational status in Dacope 93

Table-22: Housing and sanitary status of dacope 94

Table-23: Government and non- govt. organizations 94

Table 24: Crops grown in the pilot area 95

Table-25: Existing and proposed cropping patterns for claster-1 95

Table-26: Crops grown and fertilizer application for cluster-1 96

Table27: Proposed orchard for inter cropping (Pattern-I) 97

Table28: Proposed cropping pattern for inter cropping (Pattern-II) 97

Table29: Proposed cropping pattern 99

Table 30: Proposed cropping pattern 99

Table31: Proposed cropping pattern100

Table-1: Population in the pilot area. 103



Table -4: Detailed soil texture of the surface soil (0-15 cm) in the pilot area 111


Table -6: Detailed drainage characteristics of the pilot area 115

Table-7: Cropping patterns with area are presented 117

Table ?: Input used in the Khagrachhari pilot area for horticulture crops 119

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Table ?: Input used in field crops in Khagrachhari pilot area 119


Table15: Poverty incidence 2005 in the pilot area 120

Table-14: Different Farmers types and number 121

Table-15: Wage rate by different units in Khagrachhari Sadar 121


Table18: Literacy rate in the pilot area. 122

Table-19: Educational status in Khagrachhari Sadar 122

Table-20: Housing and sanitary status of Khagrachhari Sadar 123


Table-23: Existing and proposed major cropping patterns for cluster-1124

Table-24: Crops grown and fertilizer application for changing cropping patterns for cluster-1 124

Table-25: Existing and proposed crops production through intercropping (pattern-II) 125

Table-26: Additional land coverage for horticulture crops126

Table-28: Proposed cropping patterns for cluster 4. 128

Table-29: Proposed cropping patterns 128





Table 4: Detailed soil texture of the surface soil (0-15 cm) in the pilot area 141


Table 6: Detailed drainage characteristics of the pilot area 145

Table-7: Cropping patterns with area are presented 147

Table ?: Input used for horticulture crops in the Gazipur pilot area 148

Table ?: Input used for Major field crops in the Gazipur pilot area 149

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Table13: Modes of irrigation, number and area Irrigated in the pilot area 150

Table15: Poverty incidence in the pilot area 150


Table-16: Labor wage rate in Gazipur sadar 151


Table 18: Population engaged in agriculture, industry and services (7+ years) activities151

Table19: Literacy rate in the pilot area 152

Table 20: Educational status in Gazipur sadar 152

Table-21: Sanitary and housing status of GazipurSasar 152

Table 21: Government and non- govt. organizations 153

Table 22: Crops grown in the cluster-1 153

Table-23: Existing and proposed cropping patterns for cluster-1 154

Table-24: Crops grown and fertilizer application for changing cropping patterns for claster-1 154

Table-25: Existing and proposed crop production through intercropping with Zinger (pattern-I) 155

Table-26: Existing and proposed crops production through intercropping with turmeric (pattern-II) 156

Table 27: Additional land coverage for horticulture crops158

Table-28: Proposed cropping patterns for cluster 4. 159


Table 30: Proposed cropping patterns 160

Table 31: Agro-economic performance of existing cropping pattern (T.Aus-T.Aman-Fallow) and Improved cropping pattern(T.Aus-T.Aman-Mung bean) rice 160

Table 32: Return of improve pattern over existing pattern160





Table 5: Detailed soil texture of top soil (0-15cm) in pilot area 168

Table 7: Soil salinity in the pilot area 171

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Table ?: Inputs used in major field crops in the Amtoli pilot area 174


Table15: Incidence of poverty 2005 in the pilot area 176


Table-17: Wage rate by different units in Amtali 176




Table-21: Educational status in Amtoli 178

Table-22: Housing and sanitary status of Amtoli 178



Table 25: Existing and proposed cropping patterns for claster-1 179

Table 26: Crops grown and fertilizer application for cluster-1 180

Table 27: Proposed vegetables pattern /with inter cropping (Pattern-I)182

Table 28: Proposed vegetables and fruit cropping pattern /with inter cropping (Pattern-II) 182

Table29: Proposed cropping pattern through inter cropping (Pattern-4)183

Table 30: Proposed cropping pattern through inter cropping (Pattern-IV)183








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Table 6: Existing cropping patterns with area in the pilot area 199

Table ?: Input used horticulture crops in the Gomastapur pilot area 200

Table ?: Input used in major field crops in the Gomastapur pilot area200

Table 14: Modes of irrigation, number and area (ha) irrigated in the pilot area 201


Table 16: Different Farmers types and number 201

Table-17: Wage rate by different units in Gomostapur 202


Table 19: Population engaged in agriculture activities (7+ years) activities 202


Table-21: Educational status in Gomostapur 203




Table-25: Existing and proposed cropping patterns for claster-1 205


Table27: Proposed orchard through inter cropping (Pattern-I) 207

Table28: Proposed cropping pattern through inter cropping (Pattern-II)207

Table 29: Vegetables cultivation at pond side and fencing of pond side207

Table-30: Vegetables cultivation at surrounding area of pond and side of pond 208




Table 1: Population in the pilot area 211

Table 2: Field and horticultural crops grown according to AEZs 215

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Table5: Detailed soil texture of top soil (0-15cm) in pilot area 216


Table ?: Input (Seed, Labour, Fertilizer and Pesticides) used in the pilot area 221




Table 17: Wage rate by different units in Jamalganj 223

Table 18: Agricultural and non-agricultural occupational status 223



Table 21: Educational status in Jamalganj 224

Table-22: Housing and sanitary status of Jamalganj 224



Table 26: Crops grown and fertilizer application for cluster-1 226










Table 4: Detailed distribution of available soil moisture in the pilot area 239

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Table 6: Existing major cropping patterns with area in the pilot area241

Table ?: Input used for horticulture crops in the Pirgonj pilot area 241

Table ?: Input used in different field crops in the Pirgonj pilot area242


Table15: Incidence of poverty 2005 in the pilot area 243


Table-17: Wage rate by different units in Pirganj 243




Table-21: Educational status in Pirganj 245







Table -29: Vegetables cultivation at pond side with Macha and fencing of pond side 251

Table-30: Vegetables cultivation at surrounding area of pond and side of pond 252




List of Figures

Figure 1.1: Interrelated Components for crop typology development 6

15

Figure 1.2 : A symbolic presentation of typical structural crop typology in Bangladesh 11

Figure 3.1: Division wise NCA and fallow lands in Bangladesh 21

Figure 3.7: Land Types in Bangladesh, 2012 52

Figure 3.6: Land Types in Bangladesh, 2001 52

Figure 3.8.: Electricity connection in Bangladesh (2005 and 2010) 59

Figure 3.11: Farm size in Bangladesh 65

Figure: 3.12 Literacy rate and increased percentage 69

List of Pictures

Picture 1: Boro transplanting in the pilot area 90

Picture 2: Local vegetables seed used 90

Picture 3: Rice processing in the pilot area 91

Picture 4: Plant selected for seed91

Picture 5: Cabbage in the pilot area 118

Picture 6: Brinjal field in the study area 118

Picture7: Famers apply pesticide in the mango orchard 118

Picture 8:Mango orchard in the pilot area 118

Picture 9: Collected for Seed 120

Picture 10: Plant selected for seed 120

Picture 1: HYV Boro crop land in the pilot area 148

Picture 2:Oal kopi field in the pilot area 148

Picture3:Brinjal field in the pilot area 148

Picture4:Intercultural activities in the HYV boro rice field 148

Picture 1:Brinjal field in the pilot area 220

Picture 2:Country bean plant in the pilot area 220

Picture 3: Boro field with irrigation facilities 221

Picture 4: Surface water irrigation in boro crop field in the pilot area 221

Picture 5: Sweet gourd field in the pilot area 221

Picture 6: Weeding in boro field by rice weeder 221

Picture 7: Floating Gardens (Vegetable Farming) 229

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List of Abbreviations

AAO Additional Agriculture Officer

AB Agriculture Block (DAE)

AEO Agriculture Extension Officer

ASA Association for Social Advancement (NGO)

ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers

AEZ Agro-Ecological Zones

BADC Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation

BARC Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council

BARI Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute

BRRI Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

BMD Bangladesh Meteorological Department

BRDB Bangladesh Rural Development Board

BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

CCP Combinations of Cropping Practice

CEC Cation Exchange Capacity

CEGISCentre for Environmental and Geographic InformationServices

DAE Department of Agriculture Extension

DD Deputy Director (DAE)

DTW Deep Tube-Well

FAO Food and Agricultural Organization

GB Grameen Bank

GCA Gross Crop Area

GIS Geographic Information System

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GOB Government of Bangladesh

HIED Household Income and Expenditure Survey

HL High Land

Ha Hectare

HYV High Yielding Variety

IGA Income Generating Activities

Kg Kilogram

LGED Local Government Engineering Department

LLP Low Lift Pump

LV Local Variety

MP Muriate of Potash

NCA Net Cultivable Area

NGO Non-Government Organization

RCM Reference Crop Management

SAAO Sub-Assttent Agriculture Officer

SRDI Soil Resource Development Institute

STD Shallow Tube Wells

T/ha Tone per hectare

Tk/ha Taka per hectare

Tk/kg Taka per kilogram

TO Training Officers (DAE)

TSP Triple Super Phosphate

UAO Upazila Agriculture Officer

UEO Upazila Education Officer

UPHE Upazila PublicHhealth Engineer

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USO Upazila Statistical Officer

20

Glossary

Aus Rice grown during pre- monsoon/Kharif-I, betweenFeb/March to June

Aman Rice grown during monsoon/Kharif-II, between June-Sept toNov/Dec

Boro Rice grown during rabi/winter between Dec-February toApril-June

Cluster Grouping of parameters having similar characteristicsused in classifying things based on homogeneity.

F0 High land flooding up to 30 cm

F1 Medium- high land, flooded 30-90 cm seasonally

F2 Medium- low land, flooded 90-180 cm seasonally

F3 Low land, flooded <9 months180-300 cm

F4 Very low land, flooded >9 months >300 cm

HYV High Yielding Variety

Kharif-I

Name of cropping season that covers pre- monsoon periods,i.e, March to June

Kharif-II

Name of cropping season that covers post monsoon period,i.e, June to December

Pests Biological agents causing damages to crops and animals

Rabi Cropping season when winter crops are grown

T. Aman Transplanted rice grown in Kharif-II

AEZ Agro-Ecological Zone

21

Executive Summary

Agricultural production has become decisive basically to meet thebasic food need of human beings. Global population has doubledduring last 45 years to reach seven billion. Currently, world’spopulation is increasing at the rate of 1.3 percent per year andpersistence of this rate will add another two billion population toreach nine billion by 2050. As the world population continues togrow, agricultural production is becoming increasingly importantcontributing not only to the food security, but also to nutrition,health and livelihood for world’s population. Total food grainsproduction in Bangladesh was 51 million metric tons in 2000, whichhas increased to 67 million metric tons in 2011, a 31 percent higherthan previous year’s production, while population increase was 17percent. Crop production for meeting the basic food demand in thecontext of changing environment and increasing population has becomecrucial and key challenge for Bangladesh. To cope up with thischallenge, various type of crops need to be produced to an optimallevel using time and cost efficiently and effectively for whichsustainable crop production system has emerged as the best solution.This calls for motivating farmers to produce crop not only for thepurpose of profit making but also for the purpose of nutrition,health and change in consumption pattern of human beings.

Farmers are growing crops, but they are facing some problems such assalinity, drought, flood. Crops are often damaged by naturalcalamities such as tidal surge, hailstorm, fog, cold wave etc. goodquality seeds and fertilizer locally available, irrigation. On theother hand they don’t have knowledge on modern varieties use,technologies, quality seeds and saplings and post harvesttechnologies. These are the major constraints of low productivity.Farmers are growing crops in the field, but they don’t haveidea/knowledge to do the best cropping patterns. For that reasonsometimes they are losing full or partial yield of all crops. Inmany areas, there are cluster of orchards but farmers are not fullyaware to get the highest yield from orchard or crops. Managementconditions of orchard are very poor. The concept of crop typology isconsidered to meet the challenge of food security for the increasingpopulation.

Seven upazila were selected from seven divisions as a pilot area fordevelopment of crop typology. These are: 1) Salinity area: Dacopeupazila in Khulna district and Amtali upazila in Barguna district;2) Hilly area: Khagrachari sadar in Khagrachari district 3) Floodfree area: Gazipur sadar in Gazipur district Pirgonj upazila inRangpur district; 4) Drought area: Gomastapur upazila in Chapai

Annex- 2

Nawabganj district; and 5) Haor/Flash flood area: Jamalganj upazilain Sunamganj district. Consultation was held with farmers, scientistand local department of agriculture extension personnel of therespective pilot upazila to know about the existing situation offield and horticultural crops. Data were collected from fieldthrough focus group discussion and secondary data were collect fromrespective departments. It was observed that land type is one of themajor factors for selecting crops and cropping patterns in the pilotupazilas. Therefore, cluster based on land type were considered fordeveloping crop typology described in the following sections. Dacope Upazila in Satkhira district in Khulna division

The main constraint of the pilot area is soil and water salinity.Tidal surge also damage the crops. Natural calamities such ashailstorm, fog, cold wave and drought etc. are also affecting normalcrop production to some extent. Inclusion of vegetables in kharif-Iseason in the presently practiced Fallow-T.Aman-Fallow croppingpattern and inclusion of T.Aman in the kharif-II season in thepresently practiced Fallow-Fallow-Boro cropping pattern has beensuggested after intensive consultation with local farmers and DAEofficials.

Amtali upazila in Barisal district Farmers grow more Aman crops in the pilot area than Boro crops dueto scarcity of fresh water during dry season. Kheshari is also grownin large area. Farmers can grow vegetables in the pilot area if thepractice of rain water harvesting can be introduced. Farmers mayprepare 5 vegetables bed each one measuring 5 m long and 5 m wide.

It is possible to practice double cropping in about 277 ha. Most ofthe land remains inundated by tidal water in the pilot area. Sarjanmethod may be introduced in the pilot area. Vegetables, fish andfruit crops can be grown in this method. It is an integrated farmingsystem. Presently 24% area is covered by single crops. According toUAE it is possible to grow double crops about 3% areas if there isirrigation facilities. About 56% lands is double cropped, it ispossible to grow triple crops in about 20% areas if there isirrigation facilities.

Khagrachhari Sadar Upazila of Khagrachhari district in Chittagongdivision

Lack of irrigation water availability is the main problem in thepilot area. Lack of awareness about modern technologies, non-

24

Annex- 2

availability of quality seeds and saplings and post harvest lossesare the major constraints in the hilly area. Farmers are growingcrops on the hills, slope of the hills and in the field, but theyare not about the real planting time, crop variety use, managementpractices. For that reason sometimes they are losing full or partialyield of all crops. In many areas, there are cluster of orchards butfarmers are not fully aware to get the highest yield from orchard orcrops. Management conditions of orchard are very poor.

BARI has developed an irrigation system that can be demonstrated inthe pilot area which will open up opportunity of multiple croppingand increased production per unit area. Intercrops can be introducedin orchard garden with zinger and turmeric so that additionalproduction can be secured from the area currently covered by fruittrees. Vegetables may be introduced in the currently practicedFallow-T.Aman-Fallow cropping pattern.Gazipur Sadar upazila of Gazipur district in Dhaka division

Low soil moisture in dry season, low organic matter, water scarcityin dry season, low water holding capacity are the constraints forcrop production. Farmers create raised boundary (ail) around theindividual plots in the land, but due to land slope can not holdwater for crop production. Farmers are growing many crops in thefield, but cropping pattern varies with locations. There are clusterof fruits, but farmers are not fully aware to get the highest yieldfrom orchard. There is high land where there are mango, pineappleand jackfruit but not well organized.

Presently 40% of cultivated area is single cropped, it is possibleto convert half of this into double cropped area with provision ofirrigation facilities. About 42% land is double cropped, it ispossible to grow triple crops in about half of this area withprovision of irrigation facilities. Jute may be introduced as thefourth crop in the Fallow-T.Aman-Mustard-Boro cropping pattern withthe use of short duration HYVs Gomostapur Upazila in Chapai Nawabgonj district in Rajshahi division

The main constraints of the pilot area are severe drought andsiltation of rivers and khals. The scarcity of irrigation water forcrop production during dry season is very severe. Natural calamitiessuch as over rainfall, hail storm, pest and disease infestation etc.are also affecting normal crop production. About 80% DTW does notwork during dry season due to continuous extraction of ground water.Normally in the pick period fertilizer is not available.

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Annex- 2

Presently 33% area is covered by single crops. According to UpazilaAgriculture Officer, Gazipur it is possible to grow double crops inat least 5% areas if there is irrigation facilities. Double croppingis presently practiced in 40% area, it is possible to grow triplecrops in 28% areas if there is irrigation facilities. Re-excavationof khals and creation of mini ponds will help in overcoming watercrisis. Cropping pattern may change by introduction of shortduration HYVs. Cropping intensity may increase through Mango-T.amaninter cropping. Crop damage due to drought may be checked throughmulching. Vegetables may be cultivated in pond side. Jamalganj Upazila of Sunamgonj district

The main constraint of the pilot area is flash flooding. Heavyrainfall, long time stagnant flood water also damage crops. Naturalcalamities such as hailstorm, fog, cold wave and drought etc. arealso affecting normal crop production to some extent

About 35% lands is double cropped, it is possible to grow triplecrops in about 5% areas if there is irrigation facilities.Vegetables may by introduced in the kharif-I season in the presentlypracticed Fallow-Lt.Aman-Mustard cropping pattern. In addition,T.Aman may be grown in kharif-II season where presently single borocrop is grown by cultivating submergence tolerant rice variety inAman season.

Pirganj Upazila

Heat stress and high temperature are mainly responsible for creatingdrought situation. Scarcity of surface water in Boro season as wellas lowering of ground water table are constraints for cropproduction. Other barriers are cold weave, hail storm etc.

It is possible to increase double cropping in 7% areas and toincrease triple crops in 30% areas from base condition withirrigation facility. Fallow-Fallow-Mustard-Boro cropping pattern maybe replaced by T.Aus-T.Aman-Boro cropping pattern throughintroduction of short duration varieties. Cropping intensity may beincreased through Maskalai-T.aman intercropping. Zero tillage Maizecultivation. Vegetables may cultivate in pond sideConsidering the present land use, cropping patterns, orchardmanagement, introduction of intercrops in the orchard and finallygrowing four crops in a year from the same land, upazila wise aboutforty clusters were developed, with the consideration of more

26

Annex- 2

intensive land use with improve patterns, four crops grown insteadthree crops, intercrops with orchard etc. What is needed? That istypology of agriculture that incorporates not only the factors thatdefine production technology and output, but also the socioeconomicfactors that determine the constraints that limit the ability offarmers to produce more efficiently and sustainably. Sinceagricultural activities undertaken by farmers are an articulation ofthe multiple objectives of the farm within the agro-ecological andsocioeconomic constraints of the environment, they are likely tofulfill the required role of an integrator of key structuralvariables.

In Bangladesh crop typology concept and cluster wise crop productionsystem is new. It needs research with the collaboration of theresearch institute and side by side do some farmers leveldemonstration through Department of Agriculture Extension.

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Team Composition

1. Dr. Faruque-Team Leader, CEGIS

2. Professor Md. Ebrahim-DTL, CEGIS

3. Md. Zahidul Islam-Agronomist, CEGIS

4. Md. Toufiq Elahi- GIS Specialist, CEGIS

5. Md. Zahid Hasan Dhali-Research Associate, CEGIS

6. . Md. Mosle Uddin-Research Associate, CEGIS

1. Introduction

1.1 Agricultural production, population growth andenvironment-the global challenges

Agricultural production has become decisive basically to meet thebasic food need of human beings. The decision of food need dependson the growth of population and environment in place. Globalpopulation has been increasing vastly which doubled the populationduring last 45 years that resulted to reach at 7 billion. Currently,world’s population is increasing at the rate of 1.3 percent per yearand persistence of this rate will add another 2 billion populationand reach to 9 billion by 2050. As the world population continues togrow, agricultural production is becoming increasingly importantcontributing not only to the food security, but also to nutrition,health and livelihood for world’s population. Within the globe, thecontinent-Asia covers 29.4% of the Earth's land area but hold apopulation of over 4 billion - accounting for about 56 percent ofthe world population. Among the Asian countries, the population ofBangladesh, India and China are estimated to be around 3 billionwhich accounted for about 75 percent. In the context of increasingpopulation in the world, agricultural productivity for meeting thefood demand is becoming increasingly important. However,agricultural productivity is often linked with questions aboutenvironment, sustainability, ecosystem services and adaptation oftechnological innovation. It is revealed that agriculturalproduction is still considered without due attention to theenvironmental parameters. Agricultural production activities such asweak soil and water management practices, improper crop rotation,poor irrigation practices, use of chemical and fertilizer,deforestation, natural disasters including droughts and floods areaffecting to reduce the land productivity which jeopardize theability to feed the increasing population of the world.

1.2 Population and crop production in Bangladesh andAsian Countries

Bangladesh, a country of South Asia, supports a population of 151million in an area of 147,570 square kilometers, experiencing one ofthe most densely populous countries of the world. It is estimatedthat by 2025, present population of Bangladesh will grow to 193

1

Introduction

million-an increase of nearly 42 million people, representing agrowth rate of 2.78 percent. Meeting the challenges of this fact,agricultural sector of the country has been playing a prudent andpivotal role in the economy showing exemplary achievement in selfsufficiency of food demand which indicates that Bangladesh has thecapability to produce the required food needed for the present andfuture generation. Total food grains production in Bangladesh,according to Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) and FAOSTAT was51 million metric tons in 2000, which has increased to 67 millionmetric tons in 2011, a 31 percent higher than previous year’sproduction, while population increase was 17 percent (Table 1.1). Itis revealed that crop production has nearly doubled in comparison tothe increase of population during the last 10 years. In case ofIndia, crop production was 26 percent while increase of populationwas 22 percent. China’s population has decreased by 9 percent butcrop production has increased by 33 percent showing a significantimprovement during the last 10 years. It is revealed that among theother countries of South Asia, the performance of crop production inMyanmar was at the top (65 percent) and Maldives was in the bottomindicated as decreased by 50 percent. On the contrary, the percentof increase of population in Nepal was the highest stated at 29percent while Vietnam was only 10 percent.

Table 1.1: Population growth and crop production in Asian Countries(2000-2011)

Name ofCountry

Crop production during last 10 years2000 2005 2010 2011

Popu

lati

on(Mil

lion

Crop

prod

ucti

onPopu

lati

on(Mil

lion

Crop

prod

ucti

on

Popu

lati

on(Mil

lion

Crop

prod

ucti

onPopu

lati

on(Mil

lion

Crop

prod

ucti

on(Mil

lion

Bangladesh 129 51 144 54 164 67 151 67

India 1,014 657 1,10

4 616 1,189 752 1,241 829

China 1,485 1,055 1,30

4 1,165 1,338 1,343 1,346 1,399

Myanmar 46 37 51 50 53 63 54 61Nepal 24 14 25 17 28 20 31 21Maldives 0.27 0.04 0.30 0.03 0.30 0.02 0.30 0.02

2

Introduction

Vietnam 80 68 83 82 53 90 88 96 Source: FAOSTAT and BBS, Bangladesh

1.3 The agricultural sector and crop production inBangladesh and Asian countries

Agriculture remains the most important sector for the economy ofBangladesh, contributing 19.6 percent to the national GDP andproviding employment for 63 percent of the population and playing akey role in meeting the food demand of the nation.

According to the World Bank, the total arable land in Bangladesh is61.2 percent of the total land area showing a decrease from 68.3percent in 1980. The dominating crops are rice and wheat for whichabout 84 percent of total arable land is used. Next to this, jute,which was known as golden fiber of Bangladesh, still used 2.86percent of arable land. Along the line, pulses, potato, oilseeds,spices and vegetable are grown using almost same amount of land(Table 1.2).

With respect to the level of production, in Bangladesh, cropproduction has increased to 32 percent during the period of 2000 to2011 (Table-3) while the same in India is 28 percent, China 33percent, Myanmar 68 percent, Nepal 38 percent and Vietnam 42percent. The production has decreased by 33 percent in Maldives. Theproduction of vegetable has increased by 45 percent in Bangladeshand Vietnam while Nepal has become highest showing increase by 60percent. Level of increase for China, Myanmar and Maldives are 31percent, 33 percent and 33 percent respectively. In case of India,production has decreased by 28 percent.

Table 1.2: Percent of land area planted to crops in Bangladesh, 2011

Sl. No. Crop Percent1 Rice 79.42 Wheat 4.093 Jute 2.864 Pulses 2.805 Potato 2.396 Oilseeds 2.377 Spices 2.218 Vegetables 2.14

3

Introduction

Sl. No. Crop Percent9 Others 1.74

Table 1.3: Trend of Crop Production in Bangladesh and AsianCountries (2000-2011)

Country

Production (Million tons) (2000-2011)

2000 2005 2010 2011

Crop Vegetable Crop Vegetabl

e Crop Vegetable Crop Vegetabl

eBangladesh 50 0.91 53 1 66 1 66 1.3India 628 29 594 22 720 32 801 (-) 28China 934 121 1024 141 1190 153 1240 158Myanmar 34 3 46 3 59 4 57 4Nepal 13 2 15 2 17 3 18 3Maldives 0.03 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.02 0.0Vietnam 62 6 76 7 82 7 88 9Note: Figure 0.50 or more is rounded to 1.00; Source: FAOSTAT and BBS, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

1.4 The statement of problem

Crop production for meeting the basic food demand in the context ofchanging environment and increasing population has become crucialand key challenges for Bangladesh. To cope up with this challenges,Bangladesh needs various type of crops to produce to an optimallevel using time and cost efficiently and effectively for whichsustainable crop production system has emerged as the bestalternative solution. To address the best alternative solution,different underlined questions havecome to the focus. For example,how to produce the optimal level of crop or rice with a lower costwhen the amount of suitable arable land is decreasing due tourbanization or climate change? How to use less or rainwater due tochange and uncertainty in precipitation or precipitation patternsand intensity? How to adopt technology, innovation and less labor ascrop farmers move out of the agriculture sector? How to ensure moreefficient, effective and environmentally friendly crop productionprocess? How to motivate farmers to produce crop not only for thepurpose of profit making but also for the purposes of nutrition,health and change in consumption pattern of human beings? To answerall of these questions, crop typology is considered as dogma,instrumental and normative study which can be used to provide

4

Introduction

holistic crop production solution for meeting the food demand inBangladesh

1.5 The research question

Considering the changing context of environment and populationgrowth of Bangladesh and meeting the basic food need throughdifferent types of crop production, the following research questionis adopted:

How and to what extent the defined dimensions, factors andprinciples can be applied for development of crop typology to meetthe basic food demand for the present and future generation in thechanging context of environment and population growth of Bangladesh?

1.6 Objectives of the study

Translating the research question, the following objectives areadopted:

1. To define the crop typology dimensions, factors and principlesand construct a framework and identification of relevantvariables for construction of crop typology concept forBangladesh;

2. To collect data and information of different administrativelevels (Division, District and Upazila) and performcompilation and analysis using GIS, RS and statistical toolsto describe AEZs, soil, weather (rainfall and temperature),infrastructure (road, irrigation, electricity), socio-economic(poverty, income, agricultural wage, education and gender);

3. Consultation with agricultural scientists, and breeders forrefinement and finalization of crop typology developed by theresearch team;

1.7 Rationale of the study

For various types of crop production, the consideration ofsustainability, productivity, efficiency, effectiveness, zoning,timing are the important component to adopt farming decisions inorder to meet the food demand of the country. An appropriate policyand planning should guide and support this production system. Croptypology is the study of various crops where different factors suchas climate, soil, socio-economic activities, technology areconsidered, which generate a combination of Thus, study of croptypology helps to produce optimal level of crop production in thechanging environment and the context of population growth, which

5

Introduction

basically allows farmers to produce crops effectively andefficiently. The study also helps to the policy planners to makeappropriate policy planning for adopting an environmental-friendlycrop production process. Finally, formulation of appropriate policyplan and environment-friendly practice will support to grow morecrops, which will help to meet the food demand of the present andfuture generations of the country.

1.8 Crop typology as new paradigm concept used forsustainable crop production system

The ‘study or the exploration of crop typology’ is the new paradigmconcept in the context of ‘futurity’, ‘holistic view’, ‘synoptic’,‘productivity’, ‘sustainability’, ‘optimization’, ‘priority to thepoor’ and ‘efficiency and effectiveness’ in resource use. Theconnotation of cropping typology signifies that crop productionsystem or all actions related to the crop production system shouldbe considered holistically instead of ‘reductively’. In practicingproduction process using cropping typology concept, farmer’s view ofthe production system as ‘production with due care to theenvironment’ or ‘following the sustainability principles’, orobtaining ‘optimal production or necessary production’ instead of‘maximum production’ or ‘meeting the present generation’s needconsidering the ‘future generation’s need’, or ‘giving overridingpriority to the poor’ etc. According to the principles ofsustainable development, crop production must satisfy the principlesof sustainability, i.e. crop production system to be practiced basedon the principles of sustainability. It is imperative that there isno scope of degrading the environment or destroying the ecologywhile crop production actions are taken in place. Considering all ofthis, the power of the word ‘crop typology’ with respect to the newparadigm view, it can be stated as ‘undertaking a research orinvestigation process to identify the ‘type’ of crops that havecharacteristics in common for which production system should bebased on sustainability principles. Recently, the empirical studyshows that the Bangladeshi agronomist at BARI claimed that croppingintensity in Bangladesh can be increased by growing four crops ayear in all cultivable land that could be the result of cropproduction using all agricultural land will be more than doubled(The daily Star, dated 8 September, 2013). The study also dispelledout the concern of over exploitation of soil resources that can beresulted to reduce soil fertility and use of chemicals and inorganicfertilizer may affect the climate change which in the long run may

6

Introduction

lead to decrease in food production instead of increase the foodproduction. Therefore, a vital burning question arises that shouldBangladesh adopt the double crop production strategy using allcultivable land without protecting the environment or reducing thesoil fertility? To overcome this constraint, crop typology hasbecome the most pragmatic and contemporary concept as well as a newparadigm view which could be adopted in all crop production systemto ensure environment friendly farming practices, sustaining andincreasing crop production to meet the food demand of the increasingpopulation of the world.

1.9 Crop typology components and their structurallinkages for development of crop typology in Bangladesh

For development of crop typology for Bangladesh, differentcomponents related to the typology development and theirinterrelations are important consideration as because this willbring under detailed study. The Figure 1 explains differentcomponents and how these components are interrelated in order todevelop the crop typology. From the Figure, it signifies that thereare three basic linkages that have to be considered for developmentof the crop typology, which are – (i) crop types, (ii) climaticcondition and system, and (iii) characterization and clusters. Thisthree basic factors need to be used for crop production. Thedecision on the level of crop production comes from the level ofpopulation growth and demand for crop for consumption as food. Whenthe three basic components are interlinked for crop production forwhich the system become sustainable, productive and efficient geo-demographic, agro-ecological, socio-economic, technology andinstitutional factors and principles are rationally applied to thesystem. Thus, before development of crop typology, the typologystudy needs to be extended for this factors and principles. Finally,an evaluation in terms of sustainability, productivity, efficiencyand effectiveness and farmers preference and choice need to beconsidered for finalization of development of crop typology.

7

Introduction

Figure 1.1: Interrelated Components for crop typology development

1.10 Developing dimensions, factors and principles fordevelopment of crop typology in Bangladesh

To develop the crop typology in Bangladesh, first it is imperativeto investigate or perform a study of crops, cropping pattern,cropping intensity and crop production system and then theapplication of paradigm view of typology such as ‘futurity’,‘holistic perspectives’, ‘synoptic’, ‘productivity’,‘sustainability’, ‘optimization’, ‘priority to the poor’ and‘efficiency and effectiveness’ in resource use on the cropproduction system to provide a holistic and synoptic solution forcrop production. To consider all of this, different dimensions,

8

Geo-demographic

Climatic condition and system

Crop Types

Agro-ecological

Socio-economic

Institutional

Population Growth

Characterization and clustering

Crop Demand

Crop Production

Evaluation

Technology

Source: Author and Principal Investigator, Bangladesh

Sustainability, Productivity and

Efficiency

Introduction

factors and principles of crop typology need to be identified.Considering the challenges, underlined problems and understandingthe paradigm concept of crop typology, following factors andprinciples are suggested:

9

Introduction

Table 1.4: Dimensions, factors and principles for development ofcrop typology of Bangladesh

Dimensions Factors Principles

Philosophical Dimension

Holistic,synopticandfuturity

1. Holisticview

1. Consider ‘whole’ or ‘cluster’ as much aspossible in all planning and decisionmaking for crop typology to produce optimallevel of production on the basis of commoncharacteristics

2. Synoptic 2. Allow people, stakeholders and farmers incrop typology decisions on the basis ofcommon view and ideas

3. Futurity 3. Produce crop to a optimal level, not to amaximum level, to meet the minimum need ofthe present and future generation

4. Consider the opportunities for futuregeneration in typology selection

5. Use present resources keeping resources forfuture generation in typology selection

4. Priority tothe poor

6. Engage poor people and farmers in planningand decision making and crop productionprocess in construction of typology

Procedural or Methodological (Normative and Instrumental) Dimension

Geo-demography

a. 1.Administrativeunit

b. 2. Zones

c. 3. Population

d. 4.Infrastructure

7. Use existing administrative unit for bettercrop management

8. Consider existing ago-ecological zones forselecting the respective type of crop

9. Classify zone based on climatic and othersuitable production factors

10. Population having common characteristics11. Transportation system for production and

marketing the particular type of crop

Socio-Economic

1. Crop farmers

2. Literacy rate

12. Categorize crop farmer’s based onliteracy rate, education, occupation andincome sources and income level;

13. Efficient and effectiveness in resource

10

Introduction

Dimensions Factors Principles3. Education4. Occupation 5. Level of

income6. Income

sources7. Training8. Cost,

resource use

9. Productivity

10. Labour11. Value

chain12. Market

facilities13. Gender

use, Low cost and cost-effective14. Use low cost and cost-effective for

irrigation and water management system 15. Allow training for the particular ‘type’

of crop production 16. Allow low cost and cost effective

technology17. Consider level of total productivity

instead of single productivity 18. Select farm size based on production,

efficiency and effectiveness 19. Labor to be selected based on gender,

skills and efficiency 20. Consider other social factors for

practice and context21. Consider value chain and market

facilities22. Use gender concept in crop production

and typology selection

Agro-ecological

andTechnology

14. Land type

15. Soil16. Temperat

ure17. Rainfall18. Moisture19. Natural

Disaster20. Landscap

e21. Crop

type

(field andhorticultural)

22. Variety23. Seed24. Fertiliz

er

23. Consider suitable land, soil anddifferent climate condition at differenttime frame which have commoncharacteristics

24. Consider crop homogeneity in amanageable land and soil unit

25. Consider HYV crop variety withoutdegrading ecology and environment

26. Soil fertility never be allowed toreduce when using chemical and fertilizer.Alternative technology could be used;

27. Improving soil fertility using greenmanuring, composting, treating acid soil;

28. Replacing old seeds with quality seed,producing seeds, and linking seedproduction to the local farmers community

29. Promoting bio-pesticides and organiccomposting

30. Promoting bio-fertilizers and createlocal organization for manufacturing

11

Introduction

Dimensions Factors Principles25. Pesticid

e26. Irrigati

on and 27. Water

management

31. Use rainwater or rainfed water as muchas can for production

32. Innovate locally adoptable, low cost andcost effective technology

33. Consider efficiency and effectiveness inirrigation and water management

Institutional

28. System, process andmethod

34. Adopt a year round production systemwith multiple crop production

35. Homogeneity in selection of crop, inputuse, process adopted, zone selection andclimatic condition

36. Efficient and effective in resource useand production system

29. FarmersAssociation

37. Allow local farmers association forempowerment and decision making

30. Policy,Plan andStrategy

38. Formulate strategy applicable to aspecific typology zones

39. Adopt policy and plan applicable to aspecific typology region

Source: Author and Principle Investigator, Bangladesh, 2013

12

Introduction

1.11 Development of a framework for developing typicalcrop typology in Bangladesh

13

Use of Statistical (cluster analysis or multivariate analysis), Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) tools and techniques to define each typical cluster, describe characteristics and

presentation of typical crop typology based on sustainable crop production system

Existing Crop Production Geographical and Agro-ecological Zones in Bangladesh

Crop farming region based on

GSATI-1


GSATI-2


GSATI-3


GSATI-4

Crop Farming System - 1 (Logical and

ordered combination of

cropping system, CCPs)

Crop Farming System – 2(Logical and

ordered combination of cropping system,

CCPs)







Sustainable Crop Typology dimensions, factors and principles (Philosophical and Procedural)

(Geo and demographic, Socio-economic, Agro-ecological and Technology and Institutional) (GSATI)

Geo and demographicIndicators

Agro-ecological Indicators

Crop System Technology and Institutional Indicators

Socio-economic Indicators

Decision on achieving aggregate sustainable crop production system based on geo-demographic, socio-economic, agro-ecological, technological and

institutional indicators through clustering process

Decision on various typical crop typology based on sustainable crop production indicators in each cluster

Perception of farmers on yearly crop production planning and management strategy in each cluster

Identification of constraints related to the environment and whole crop production system in each cluster

Evaluation on typical crop typology system based on sustainable crop production indicators and farmers’ crop production planning and management

strategyRedefining various typical crop typologies based on sustainable crop

production indicators and famers’ crop production planning and management strategy in each cluster

Typical Crop Typology System

- 1


– 2


– 3

Typical Crop Typology System –

4

Introduction

1.12 A symbolic presentation of typical structural croptypology in Bangladesh

The symbolic presentation signifies to perceive the crop typologyconcept in the context of Bangladesh. The existing agro-ecologicalzones like Zone-1, Zone-2, Zone-3 etc were considered first forconstruction of typology. Then the existing crop farming system wereinvestigated for which the criteria of sustainability, climaticcondition, productivity, efficiency and effectiveness were appliedfor development of a typical crop production system. Afterwards, anevaluation system has been linked for ensuring sustainability,productivity and efficiency and effectiveness for creating totalvalue of the production.

14

Existing Agro-ecologicalzones and cropping system in Bangladesh

Zone-

Legend:

=Croptype A

= Croptype B

=Crop typeC

Characterization by majorcrops with length ofgrowth period and zones.

Zone-

Zone-

Farming System-1

FarmingSystem -2

FarmingSystem-4

Typologies-1(Criteria,sustainability

Typologies-2(Criteria, sustainability



Farming System -3

Zone-

Zone-1, Farming

Evaluation

Introduction

Source: Author and Principal Investigator, Bangladesh

Figure 1.2 : A symbolic presentation of typical structural croptypology in Bangladesh

1.13 Approach and Methodology

The study has been carried out following eight generic steps, statedas follows:

1. Perceiving crop typology concept, dimensions, factors and principles from sustainability, holistic, normative and instrumental perspectives;

2. Description of geo-demographic, agro-ecological zones, land types, climatic condition, socio-economic activities and existing crop production pattern in Bangladesh;

3. Identification of crop farming regions (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 etc.) based on sustainable crop typology principles and indicators;

4. Characterization of existing crop farming system based on logical and ordered combination, CCPs within the region;

5. Compliance of sustainability indicators (ecological, environmental, technological) within the typical crop farming system;

6. Characterization by major crops and zones, and development ofvarious crop typologies within the zonal crop farming system;

7. Evaluation of crop typologies based on farmers’ perception, strategies, productivity preferences and sustainability indicators; and

8. Redefine or revise crop typologies based on crop farming strategies and evaluation and finalization of crop typologies

Multiple data and multiple techniques were applied for datacollection, analysis and presentation as detailed in the followingtable

15

Introduction

Table 1.5: Steps, task, study, data analysis tools and techniquesfor development of crop typology in Bangladesh

Step

Taskidentified inthe framework

Natureof study

Data Typeand

Sources

Methods/Tools/

Techniques

Output

Step-1

Crop typologyconcept,dimensions,factors andprinciplesfromsustainability, holistic,normative andinstrumentalperspectives

Exploratory anddescriptive

Scientific reportandjournals,publications ofspecializedorganization

Contentand textanalysis

Descriptionof aholistic,normative andinstrumentaltypicalframeworkbased onsustainablecrop typologyprinciplesandindicators.

Step-2

Description ofGeographicaland Agro-ecologicalzones, landtypes andexisting cropproductionpattern inBangladesh

Descriptive

CEGISdatabase,secondarydata fromBARC,BARI,BRRI andscientific report

GIS andRS tools,andContentanalysis

Reportingbaseline cropproductionpattern basedongeographicalregions, landtype, soiltexture,irrigationand agro-climaticparameters.

Step-3

Identificationof cropfarmingregions (1, 2,3, 4, 5 etc.)based onsustainablecrop typologyprinciples andindicators.


Primarydata,secondarydata,scientific reportandjournals,publications ofspecializedorganizat

Survey,GIS, RS,Contentand textanalysis

Reportingcrop farminggeographicalregions(cluster)land type,irrigationand agro-climaticparametersbased onsustainablecrop typology

16

Introduction

Step


Natureof study

Data Typeand

Sources

Methods/Tools/

Techniques

Output

ion principlesandindicators.

Step-4

Characterization ofexisting cropfarming systembased onlogical andorderedcombination,CCPs withinthe region

Descriptive

Primarydata,secondarydata,scientific reportandjournals,publications ofspecializedorganization.

Survey,GIS, RS,Contentanalysis

Reportingexisting cropfarmingsystem basedon logicaland orderedcombination,CCPs withinthe region

Step-5

Compliance ofsustainabilityindicators(ecological,environmental,technological)within thetypical cropfarmingsystem.


Primarydata

Surveymethodand GIS

Reportingtypical cropfarmingsystem basedonsustainability indicatorswithin thecrop farmingsystem

Step-6

Characterization by majorcrops andzones, andDevelopment ofvarious croptypologieswithin thezonal cropfarming system


Primarydata

Surveymethodand GIS

Reportingtypical cropfarmingtypologieswithin thecrop farmingsystem basedonsustainability indicators

Step-7

Evaluation ofcroptypologiesbased onfarmers’


Primarydata

Surveymethodand GIS

Reportingtypical cropfarmingtypologieswithin the

17

Introduction

Step


Natureof study

Data Typeand

Sources

Methods/Tools/

Techniques

Output

perception,strategies,productivitypreferencesandsustainabilityindicators.

crop farmingsystem basedon farmers’evaluationresults

Step-8

Redefine orrevise croptypologiesbased on cropfarmingstrategies andevaluation andfinalizationof croptypologies


Primarydata

Surveymethodand GIS

Finalizationof croptypologiesbased onfarmers cropfarmingstrategies,perceptionand valuationresults

Source: Authors and Principal Investigator, Bangladesh.

1.14 Research Team

Sl.No.

Name Position Contribution inthis study

1. Mr. Md. WajiUllah

Chief Specialist andExecutive Director,CEGIS

ResearchAdvisor,Bangladesh

2. Dr. Uttam KumarDeb

Principal Scientist,Research Program onMarkets, Institutionsand Policy, ICRISAT,India.

PrincipalInvestigator,India

3. Dr. Md. GolamFaruque

Principal Specialistand Director,Agricultural Division,CEGIS

PrincipalInvestigator,Bangladesh

4. Mr. Md. ZahidulIslam

Agronomist, CEGIS Project Leaderand ResearchAssociate

18

Introduction

5. Mr. MohammedZahid HasanDhali

AgriculturalSpecialist, CEGIS

ResearchAssociate

6. Mr. Mosleh Uddin Professional(Agriculture), CEGIS

ResearchAssociate

1.15 Output of the research

The research study would generate the following generic output:

1.Reporting the dimensions, factors and principles of croptypology and construction of crop typology concept andframework for Bangladesh;

2.Describing the existing crop types (field and horticultural),agro-ecological zones (covering district and sub-district),cropping pattern, socio-economic variables, technological andinfrastructure condition for construction and characterizationof crop typology in Bangladesh;

3.Reporting AEZs, soil, weather (rainfall and temperature),infrastructure (road, irrigation, electricity), socio-economic(poverty, income, agricultural wage, education and gender);

19

2. Literature Review

The word ‘Typology’ has evolved as the combination of two separatewords, which are ‘type’ and ‘logy’. The word ‘type’ is used both asnoun and verb. As a noun, ‘type’ connotes the class or group of‘people’, ‘thing, ‘institution’, ‘event’ or ‘process’ etc that havecharacteristics in common. As a verb, it signify the action ofclassifying thing, person, event etc according to its type, whilethe word ‘logy’ means ‘subject of study’. Taken together, theconcept ‘typology’ can be understood as ‘type’ to be studied orstudy of the ‘type’ or ‘action’ or ‘process’ to be considered tostudy the ‘type’. In the given context, ‘crop typology’ is meant asthe ‘study of the type of crop’ that has characteristics in common.

Myint, H., (1964) suggested that concept typology signify thepractice of alternative theoretical models instead of monolithictheoretical model. Helleniner, G.K., (1965) pointed out thatdifferent alternative models may be employed for different types toobtain the best possible outcomes. Helleniner, G. K. (1964) furtherurged that to seek a typology, it is required to search the criteriathat must be employed to ‘type’. One can think immediately of anumber of possible criteria for classification. For searching thecriteria, the ‘geographical’ one is regarded as one of the mostcommon criteria. Then ‘size’ measured by population and ‘level ofdevelopment’ measured by per capita output may be another vitalcriteria those can be employed to ‘type’.

Bellec, et.al, (2011) argued that farm typologies and croppingpractice typologies generally aim at seeking determinants ofexisting crop management strategies. They constitute the first stepfor setting improvement goals for cropping systems. For developing atypology, Bellec, et.al, (2011) further pointed out that there arethree stages that need to be followed. First, logical and orderedcombinations of cropping practices (CCPs), constitutive of observedas well as reference crop managements (RCMs) were identified throughexpert analysis. Based on measurements of deviation between farmers’CCPs and RCMs’ CCPs, a typology of cropping practices was nextbuilt. Secondly, the performances of farmers’ crop management wereevaluated using relevant indicators, and third and finally,constraints – either related to the environment or to the whole farmmanagement that determined producers’ cropping practices were

20

Literature Review

identified for making with the stakeholders, proposals for furthertechnical improvements.

Whaley L. J. (1997) described two purposes of typology: (i) toidentify universal and (ii) to identify the potential range ofvariations. He further put forward four vital opinions: (i) typologyrequires both qualitative and quantitative analysis, and thustypology is highly subjective and it does not meet the scientificstandard, (ii) the aim of typology is not to answer “what types orkind are there? But to answer what types or kinds of structure arethere? (iii) certain aspects of structure correlates and theimplicational universals can be stated in terms of the correlation,(iv) ways that changes through time and (v) develop a properdatabase for suitability.

Parthasarathy and Kelly (2003) defined typology for rain-fedagriculture in terms of (i) characteristics of specific zones, (ii)geographical spread, (iii) dominant agricultural activities, (iv)temporal and spatial variability with respect to crop and livestockperformance, (v) agro-ecological and socio-economic characterizationand (vi) growth of crop yield.

Parthasarathy and Birthal. (2008) uses different factors and searchdifferent responses which was further analyzed to develop crop-livestock system typology that delineates the regions of eachcountry into homogenous crop livestock zones/systems with similarresponses to technology uptake and development initiatives.

Umr, et al., (2008) has defined the concept in the context of farm andproduction unit typologies. According to him, typologies are a wayof representing the diversity of farming systems and productionunits in a given region.

According to the Malton et al., (2005), two types of methods can beused to build a typology: (i) the ‘positive method’ based onstatistical analysis of farm surveys, and (ii) the ‘constructivistmethod’ where types are built from expert knowledge and thenvalidated by surveys.

Groot,. et al. (2008) illustrated different interlinked components,which are used as typology for classification, description andvaluation of ecosystem functions, goods and services.

Yu, et al., (2010) developed a typology of food security indeveloping countries, in which they developed a number of criteriain different stages and produced a matrix to apply this criteria toa suitable country.

21

Literature Review

Paulet al., (2013) developed a feed-based typology of crop-livestocksystems in which they used cluster analysis techniques. Under thistechniques, they followed several steps for clustering: (i)identification of the geopolitical zones, (ii) farm size and farmersasset capacity and skills, (iii) input use and cost, (iv) intensityand level of production. Those steps are sequentially used todevelop the typology.

Perret et.al (2003), translating the criteria of crop managementstyles and crop features and combining those criteria they developthe typology of cropping system.

Bellac et al., (2011) opined that typology is basically a standardfarm management strategy and three steps for development of croptypology is required -(i) logical and ordered combinations ofcropping practices (CCPs), constitutive of observed as well asreference crop management (RCMs), a typology of cropping practiceswas next built. At stage 2, the performances of farmers’ cropmanagement were evaluated using relevant indicators. Finally atstage 3, constraints related to the environment or to the whole farmmanagement strategies were evaluated, then decision are taken todevelop the crop typology.

Saint Malo, (2012) analyzed diversity of farming systems, practicesand variability then developed typology.

According to the ICRA learning centre, for making typology first itneeds a description of different types of farms or households, andsecond classification of each household or farm into one of thetypes that best describe the farm. Considering various concepts oftypology, it is perceived that crop typology is the study ofdifferent variations of parameters in which and by which the cropsare grown. It is not the study of types of crops but the study ofstructures where cropping arrangements are met. Developmenttypology, first, need a universal and then second need to look atthe variation and finding the best value to produce the bestresults.

22

3. Situation Analysis

3.1 Geo-demographic features of Bangladesh

3.1.1 Geographical situation

Bangladesh lies in the northeastern part of South Asia bounded byIndia in the west, north, northeast and east, by Myanmar in thesoutheast and by the Bay of Bengal in the South. It is locatedwithin 88 to 89oE Longitude and 22 to 23oN Latitude. According to theFAOSTAT, 2011, total area of Bangladesh is 147,570sq km, in whichavailable land is 133,910 sq km. and water is 10,090 sq km. Landboundaries is 4,246 km and coastline is 580 km. Exclusive economiczone is 200 nm and territorial sea is about 12 nm. The country’stotal arable land including permanent crops is 62 percent, forestsand woodland is 15 percent and others 23 percent.

Bangladesh is blessed with deep, rich and fertile soil, which is agift from the three major rivers that form the deltaic plain uponwhich it is located. The Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna Rivers allwend their way down from the Himalayas, carrying nutrients toreplenish cropping field in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is almostentirely flat except from some hills in the Cox’s Bazar Districts,almost entirely at sea level. As a result, the country is sometimesinundated by the major rivers or by the tropical cyclones created bythe tidal bores along the Bay of Bengal. Climatic condition istropical with mild winter (October to March); hot and humid summer(March to June); and humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October).Terrain is mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in south- and north-east borders.

3.1.2 Demographic features

The current population size of Bangladesh is estimated at 164million (FAOSTAT, 2012). The rate of population growth is 1.15 in2012 (Table 3.1). The population of the country was 134 million in1991 and 131 million in 2001. According to Bangladesh Bureau ofStatistics (BBS), the population size was 144 million in 2011 whilethe average annual growth rate was 1.34 percent (Table 3.2)

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Table 3.1: Growth of population during 2001 to 2012 in Bangladesh(in million)

Year 200 1 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2

Population 134 137 139 142 144 151 154 159 158 160 162 164

Rate(%)

1.87

1.86 1.8 1.8

11.73

1.49

1.42

1.39

1.32

1.29

1.25

1.15

Source: FAOSTAT, 2012

According to the BBS, 2011, it is revealed that 18 millionpopulations have increased between 2001 and 2011. The annual averagegrowth rate over the last 10 years has decreased from 1.58 percentin 2001 to 1.34 percent in 2011. It has been forecasted that thepopulation size will stand at 220 million by 2025 if the presentgrowth rate persist in the country.

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Table 3.2: Population trend of Bangladesh, 1974-2011

1974 1981 1991 2001 2011

Population size (in millions) 71.4 87.1 106.3 124.3 144.8

Population increase (inmillions) - 16.0 19.0 18.0 18.0

Average annual growth rate (inpercent) - 2.32 2.01 1.58 1.34

Source: BBS, 2011

The population density of Bangladesh was 755 in 2001 and 964 in 2011per square kilometer (BBS, 2011). The number of households in 2011was 32.12 million of which 19.45 million were in rural areas and5.86 million in urban areas. The average size of a household was4.5. The literacy rate in 2011 for 7 years and above is 51.8 percentin which male is 54.1 percent and female is 49.4 percent. The adultliteracy rate (15 years and over) was 47.5 percent in 2001. Theeconomic activity rates in 1991 and 2001 were 43.1 and 37.6respectively.

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Map 3.1: Upazila wise population density in Bangladesh (2001 and2011)

3.1.3 Division wise population by sex and household

The country's population is diversely distributed throughout its 7Divisions and 64 districts. Table 3.3 depicts Division wisepopulation and household size in Bangladesh. The capital city Dhakais the densely populated area having 47 million populations, whilethe population of Sylhet and Barisal are comparatively lower thanthat of Dhaka. The male occupies 51 percent of total populationwhile the female is 49 percent. On an average, a district has apopulation of about 1.8 million, an Upazila 230,000 a union 25,000and a village 2,000.

Table 3.3: Divisionwise population by sex, sex ratio, number andaverage size of households, 2011

DivisionPopulation (million)

Sexratio

Household

Total Male Females Total(million)

Averagesize

Barisal 8.3 4.3 4 96.8 1.83 4.4Chittagong 28.4 14.3 14.1 96.1 5.62 5Dhaka 47.4 24.3 23.1 103.9 10.84 4.3Khulna 16.2 8.2 8.0 100 3.74 4.2Rajshahi 18.4 9.3 9.1 100.4 4.48 4.1Rangpur 16.2 8.2 8.0 99.8 3.81 4.1Sylhet 9.9 5 4.9 99.1 1.8 5.5Bangladesh 144.8 73.6 71.2 99.44 32.12 4.5

Source: BBS’2011 and Banglapedia

The estimated number of households is 32.1 million. On average, ahousehold consists of 4.5 persons. Population increased by about 20lakh per year. The rate of population is increasing at the rate of

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1.37%. Last eleven years data on population and household have beenanalysis. Data clearly indicated that it’s growing gradually. Thereare 7 metropolitan cities and 119 municipalities in the country. Thelevel of urbanization is low at 20% which leaves 80% of thecountry's total population to live in the rural areas primarilydepends on agriculture for livelihood. The capital city of Dhaka haspopulation of 8.58 million.

3.1.4 Administrative structure of Bangladesh

For the administrative purposes, Bangladesh is subdivided into sevenadministrative Divisions, which is further subdivided into 64Districts (Table 3.4 and Map 3.2 and 3.3). Again the Districts aresubdivided into Upazilas. Currently, there are 583 Upazilas inBangladesh. Under each Upazila there is Union Parishad, which is thelowest administrative unit in Bangladesh. Currently there is 4,498Union Parishads in Bangladesh.

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Map 3.2: Divisions ofBangladesh

Map 3.3: Districts of Bangladesh

3.2 Land use for crop production in Bangladesh

3.2.1 Land use under crop production

In Bangladesh, the estimated total land area is 13.58 millionhectares while net cultivable land is 11.08 million hectares (Table-3.4). The highest cultivable land (3.95 million ha) is in DhakaDivision and lowest cultivable land (556211 ha) is in SylhetDivision. The highest percentage (91%) of cultivable land is inBarisal Division and the lowest percentage (58%) is in Chittagongdivision. Currently Bangladesh has 1,804 hectares fallow land. Adetailed Division wise land area, cultivable land area, and netcultivable land area is presented in table 3.4.

Table 3.4: Total land area, cultivable land and fallow land underUpazilas, Districts and Divisions

Sl.

No

Divisi

on

No.

ofDistri

ct

No.

ofUp

azila

Total

land

(milli

onha)

Cultiv

able

land

(milli

on% of

cultiv

able

land

Operat

edarea

(ha

)

NCA

(ha)

% of N

CA

Fall

owland

(000 h

a)

% of

fall

ow

1 Dhaka 17 171 4.49 3.95 88 2,487 1,951 78 536 22

2 Chittogong

11 111 2.39 1.39 58 1,372 1,051 77 322 23

3 Rajshahi 8 70 3.00 2.54 85 1,587 1,347 85 240 15

4 Khulna 10 64 1.32 1.10 83 1,322 1,069 81 253 19

5 Sylhet 4 38 0.66 0.56 85 657 556 85 101 15

6 Barisal 6 42 0.85 0.77 91 674 562 83 112 17

7 Rangpur 8 58 0.87 0.77 89 1,587 1,347 85 240 15

Total 64 554 13.58 11.08 81.59 9,686 7,883 81 1,804

18

Source: BBS, 2011

According to Banglapedia, it has been estimated that 35 percent ofthe cultivable land of the country is very suitable for agriculturalcrop production, 40 percent is medium type while 25 percent land isless suitable for agricultural crop production. The total fallowland in Bangladesh is 1804 thousand hectares which is distributed ineach Division of Bangladesh, in which Dhaka Division possess 536thousands hectare fallow land (the highest) while Sylhet Division

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has 100 thousand hectares fallow land (the lowest). Figure 3.1illustrates Division wise fallow land in Bangladesh. District wiseTotal land area, cultivable land, NCA and fallow land is presentedin annex-table3.1.45.

Source: BBS’2011

Figure 3.1: Division wise NCA and fallow lands in Bangladesh

3.3 Crop categories and types in Bangladesh

3.3.1 Crop categories in Bangladesh

Crops in Bangladesh are generally categorized into four majorgroups. These are (a) food crops which are the types of crops whichbasically supply and meet the need of the people’s food for whichthe major types are cereals, tubers, roots, pulses, vegetables, oilcrops and fruits, The major cereal crops are rice and wheat etc.,(b) forage crops which are the crops grown basically to feed thelivestock. The main crop of this category are the grasses which aredominating of this category, although it is not widely practiced inBangladesh, (c) fiber crops which basically supply the fiber such asjute, cotton, hemp and kenaf and finally (d) other or miscellaneouscrops which includes tea, tobacco, rubber, ornamental flowers.

3.3.2 Crop types based on production coverage area

With respect to the production coverage area, crops are divided intotwo groups-(a) major crops and (b) minor crops. A detailed of thesetwo crops is given below:

a. Major crops

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The major crops are those for whose gross crop area (GCA) is onepercent or more. Only nine crops are under this category. These arerice (74 percent), wheat (5 percent), jute (4 percent), rape andmustard (3 percent), lentil (2 percent), chuckling vetch, potato,sugarcane and chilli are grown on one percent or more of the cropacreage (15 million hectare) and considered as major crops inBangladesh.

b. Minor Crops

Crops which are grown on less than one percent of the Gross CroppedArea (CGA) are known as minor crops in Bangladesh. The crops likegram (0.78%), millets and maize (0.60%), onion (0.58%), black gram(0.51%), sweet potato (0.45%), groundnut (0.40%), green pea (0.36%),sesame (0.33%), linseed (0.30%), garlic (0.20%), pea (0.12%), barley(0.10%), etc, are usually considered as minor crops. In addition,some crops, including vegetables, spices, etc, occupy a veryinsignificant proportion of the GCA (i.e. less than 0.10% to eachcrop), and they altogether account for 1.57 percent.

3.3.3 Crop types based on seasonal variation

The crops in this country are grown throughout the year in twodistinct cropping seasons. Based on the seasonal variations, cropsare divided into two groups, which are (a) Kharif crops and (b) Rabicrops. Cosidering the characteristics of the Kharif season, theKharif crops are further divided into two groups, which are (a)Kharif-I crops and (b) Kharif -II crops. Detailed of these crops aregiven below:

a. Kharif crops

The crops that spend the entire or most of the kharif season fortheir physical growth, blossom and fructification, are known askharif crops. The aspects of the Kharif season are (a) hightemperature, (b) heavy rainfall, (c) high relative humidity, (d)more possibilities of storms, (e) more fear of hailstorms, (f) morethreat of flood, (g) more hazards from diseases and pest, (h)irrigation almost not needed, (i) day length is longer or equal tonighttime, (j) The crops that require high temperature arecultivated in kharif season.

Kharif crops encompass the season which is conveniently divided intoKharif-I and Kharif-II seasons. Kharif-I often called Pre-kharifthat actually starts from the middle of March and ends in middle ofMay while Kharif-II starts from middle of May and ends in Middle of

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August. The Kharif-I season is characterised by high temperature andstorms and hailstorm while the Kharif-II season is attributed byrainfall and humidity and temperature tends to be moderate.

The principal crops grown in the country during this season are (i)cereals- broadcast and transplant aus, transplant aman (ii) tuberand root crops- panikachu, mukhikachu, olkachu, mankachu, and panchamukhikachu; (iii) oilseeds- sesame, groundnut, and soybean; (iv)pulses- black gram, mungbean, and pigeon pea; (v) summer vegetables-lady’s finger, red amaranths, amaranths, indian spinach, sweetgourd, ash gourd, bitter gourd, squash, snake gourd, teasle gourd,yardlong bean, brinjal, and summer tomato; (vi) spices- greenchilies, ginger, and turmeric; (vii) fibre crops- jute, kenaf,mesta, and cotton; (viii) sugar crops- sugarcane; (ix) stimulant-tea, and (x) fruit plants- banana, pineapple, papaya, and melon.Most Kharif crops are subject to drought and floods in areas wherethere are no irrigation systems and flood control measures. Thegrowing areas of Kharif-I and Kharif-II are shown in Map 3.4 and Map3.5.

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b. Robi crops

The crops that spend the entire or most of the rabi season for theirphysical growth, blossom and fructification, they are known as rabicrops. The Robi crops are grown during November to February. Theseason is characterized by low temperature, insufficient rainfall,low humidity, less threat to flood and storms, fewer hazards ofdisease, less fear of hailstorms, needs irrigation. The averagelength of the Rabi growing period range from 100-120 days in theextreme west to 140-150 days in the Northeast part of Bangladesh. Major Rabi crops grown in the country include: (i) cereals- wheat,maize, barley, and boro rice; (ii) tuber and roots crops - potatoand sweet potato; (iii) oilseeds- mustard, sesame, groundnut,sunflower, linseed, and safflower; (iv) pulses- chickpea, lentil,grass pea, and cowpea; (v) winter vegetables- cabbage, cauliflower,brinjal, tomato, carrot, turnip, radish, spinach, lettuce, bottlegourd, country bean, and garden pea; (vi) spices- chilli, onion,garlic, coriander, sweet cumin, black cumin, and fenugreek; (vii)fibre crops- sunhemp; (viii) sugar crop- sugarcane; (ix) stimulant-tobacco, and (x) fruit plants- watermelon. The Robi and horticulturecrop growing areas in Bangladesh is shown in maps 3.6 and 3.7respectively.

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Map 3.4: Kharif I crops by areasin Bangladesh

Map 3.5: Kharif II crops byareas in Bangladesh

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Map 3.6: Robi crops in Bangladesh Map 3.7: Horticulture cropsin Bangladesh

c. Rain-fed food crop

The rain-fed crops are the food crops cultivated under natural rain-fed conditions. Rain-fed crops utilize little or no irrigated water.The agro-ecological and socio-economic characteristics allow thefarmers to grow crops in a sustainable, with low level of input,risk-aversion type of mixed farming to attain a minimum foodsecurity in the face of natural hazards. The total rain-fed foodgrain cropped area is 10.6 million ha which was about 76 percent ofthe total cropped area. The rain-fed rice crop consists of aus andaman groups, high yielding varieties, pajam, local aus, broadcastaman, and local transplant-aman.

d. Season neutral Crops

The crops that are grown throughout the year are known as seasonneutral or Baramashi (12 months) crops. The season neutral crops canblossom and produce fruits irrespective of day length. InBangladesh, the season neutral crops are red amaranth (lalshak), egg

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plants or brinjals, chilli, papaya, banana etc. which is grown inalmost all parts of the country.

3.3.4 Crop Diversification and crop rotation in Bangladesh

Farmers of Bangladesh practice diversified crops for suitable croprotation of a cropping system in a given year. The purposes thatmotivate farmers of crop diversification are the production of bestoptimal production using multiple crop combination in given yearwithout giving the priority of practice of single cropping system.The crop production factors such as land and soil type, climaticcondition, fertilizer use, seed, irrigation, water, agriculturalmachineries, time frame are used for selection of crops throughoutthe year. Currently the cropping system that are practiced inBangladesh are (a) mixed and relay cropping, (b) Zero tillagemethod, (c) relay cropping and (d) proper utilization of resources.

As an improved and effective agricultural farming technology, likeother countries of the world, farmers in Bangladesh practice croprotation considering the existing soil condition, land type, pestand disease infestation, fertilizer use for sustainable crop yield.In the present context, farmers divide their land into three or fourplots. In the first year, different crops are grown in Rabi, Kharif-I and Kharif-II seasons. Since rice is the principal variety,therefore, it dominates the cropping pattern in Bangladesh.Depending on the land type, temperature, rainfall, sunshine, soilcharacteristics and water availability, rice cropping pattern may besingle, double or triple. In general double or triple croppingpattern is practiced in the high land areas in Bangladesh while inthe medium lowlands, a mixed cropping of Aus and broadcast Aman isthe common cropping practices. In the flooded areas, single croppingof broadcast Aman in Kharif, or Boro in Rabi is the common croppingpractice in Bangladesh. The cropping pattern also varies based onrainfed and irrigated condition. For these two conditions, currentlythe following cropping patterns are practiced in Bangladesh.

Table 3.5: General cropping pattern based on rainfed and irrigatedcondition in Bangladesh

Condition

Cropping seasons in Bangladesh

Kharif-I Kharif-II Rabi

Rainfed Aus/jute/Fallow

T.aman/ Aman/Fallow

Wheat/potato/pulse/Oilseeds/ Sugarcane

Irrigate Vegetables/ T Aman/ Wheat/Boro/potato/

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d Fallow/ T Aus Fallow/ Maize vegetables/ Maize

For better uses of soil resources, farmers in Bangladesh althoughnot always executed as planned, follow crop rotation to some extent.However, the general practices are cultivation of deep-rooted cropslike jute then follow with shallow rooted crops like rice.

3.3.5 Cropping pattern based on cropping seasons (Kharif-I, Kharif-IIand Rabi) in Bangladesh

Almost all parts of Bangladesh are suitable for production ofvarious types of crops. Based on the suitability of soil and landand other climatic conditions in different seasons in Bangladesh,farmers follow different cropping pattern for production and incometo an optimal level. Crop calendar of Bangladesh is illustrated inFigure 3.2 below.

Figure 3.2: Field crop and fruit crop calendar in BangladeshCrop Kharif I Kharif II Robi

March

April

May

June

July

August

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Jan.

Feb

T.AusB.AusT.AmanB.AmanBoroWheatMaize(W)PotatoLentilMungbean(W)MustardGroundnut(W)Groundnut(S)Sesame(W)Ginger

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Crop Kharif I Kharif II Robi March

April

May

June

July

August

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Jan.

Feb

TurmericOnion(S)GarlicCorianderChili(Winter)Chili(Summer)RedamaranthIndianspinachGourdPointedgourdLadysfingerBittergourdEggplantCarrotRadishCabbageCauliflowerTomato(W)CucumberBeanJute(Desi)Sugarcane

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Crop Kharif I Kharif II Robi March

April

May

June

July

August

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Jan.

Feb

WatermelonTobaccoOrangeLemonPineappleBananaPapayaLitchiMangoJackfruitBetelnut

3.3.6 Cropping patterns based on Districts (area grown) inBangladesh

Division and District wise cropping pattern of Bangladesh in shownin Table 3.6. From the Table, it is evident that Kharif-I season isdominated by Aus, jute and sugarcane; Kharif-II season is dominatedby Aman and T.Aman while Rabi is dominated by Boro, HYV Boro, wheat,maize, mustard, potato and vegetables. Upazila wise croppingpattern is presented in annex Table 3.1.63.

Table 3.6: Division and District wise major cropping patternsincluding horticulture crops in Bangladesh

Division Kharif-I

Kharif-II

Rabi Horticulture/Orchard

Dhaka division

Dhaka Jute T.Aman Boro Banana, Jujube,Guava

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High labor demandFruit transplanting

Banana sucker

transplant transplant

Sugarcane set/cutting/seedling transplant

Duration of field crop production

Crop seeding time Fruit harvesting

Literature Review

Division Kharif-I

Kharif-II


Faridpur Jute T.Aman Boro, Pulse,oilseeds

Banana, Watermelon

Gazipur Aus MVAman, HYVBoro Jackfruit, Guava,Banana

Gopalgonj Jute Aman HYVBoro, Pulse Water melon,Banana

Jamalpur Vegetable

T.Aman Boro, mustard Banana, Pineapple

Kishorgonj

Fallow T.Aman HYVBoro Banana

Madaripur Jute HYV.Aman Boro, Vegetables Banana, Watermelon

Manikgonj Jute T.Aman HYVBoro, Mustard Banana, Guava

Munshigonj

Jute T.Aman HYVBoro, Potato Banana, Watermelon

Mymensingh

Aus,Jute

T.Aman HYVBoro, Mustard Banana, Watermelon,

Narayangonj

Jute MVAman Boro Banana, Watermelon

Norsingdi Jute T.Aman Boro Banana, Jujube

Netrokona Aus T.Aman Boro Banana

Rajbari Jute T.Aman Boro, Pulse,oilseeds, spices

Banana, Watermelon, Mango

Sariotpur Jute T.Aman Boro, Pulse,Mustard, Spices

Banana, Guava

Sherpur Jute T.Aman HYVBoro Banana

Tangail Jute T.Aman Boro, Mustard Banana, Jackfruit

Chittagong division

Bandarban Fallow T.Aman Boro, Veg. Papya, Banana,Pineapple

B.Baria Fallow T. Aman HYVBoro Banana, Pineapple

Chandpur Jute T. Aman HYVBoro Banana, Watermelon

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Division Kharif-I

Kharif-II


Chittagong

Fallow T. Aman HYV.Boro Banana, Pineapple

Comilla Jute T. Aman HYVBoro Banana, Watermelon

Cox'sbazar

Fallow T. Aman Rabi crops Banana, Watermelon

Feni Aus T. Aman Boro Banana, Pineapple

Khagrachari

Fallow T. Aman Fallow Banana, Watermelon

Lakshmipur

Fallow T. Aman Rabi crops Banana, Watermelon

Noakhali Fallow Aman Rabi Banana, Watermelon

Rangamati Aus Aman Rabi Banana, Watermelon

Barisal Division

Barguna Aus T. Aman Pulse Water melon,Coconut

Barisal Fallow T. Aman Boro Golden apple,Coconut, Guava

Bhola Aus T. Aman Rabi crops Coconut, Banana

Jhalokhati

Fallow T. Aman Rabi crops Guava, Goldenapple

Patuakhali

Fallow Aman Rabi crops Coconut, Goldenapple, Watermelon

Pirojpur Aus T. Aman Rabi crops Guava, Goldenapple, coconut

Khulna Division

Bagerhat Fallow T. Aman Boro, pulse Coconut, Watermelon

Chuadanga Aus T. Aman Boro Banana, Jackfruit

Jessore Aus T. Aman Veg, HYVBoro Flower, Mango,

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Division Kharif-I

Kharif-II


Date

Jhenaidha Aus T. Aman HYVBoro, Veg. Jackfruit, Banana

Khulna Jute T. Aman Rabi crops Water melon,Banana

Kushtia Aus T. Aman Rabi crops Mango, Banana,Betel vine

Magura Aus T. Aman Boro Jackfruit, Mango,Banana

Meherpur Aus T. Aman Boro Mango, Banana,Betel vine

Narail Jute T. Aman Boro Banana, Watermelon

Satkhira Fallow T. Aman Mustard Mango, Banana

Rajshahi Division

Bogra Aus T. Aman HYVBoro, Potato Banana, Mango

Joypurhat Jute T. Aman Boro Mango, Banana

Naogaon Aus T. Aman HYVBoro Mango, Banana,Water melon

Natore Fallow,Sugarcane

T. Aman,Sugarcane

HYVBoro, Onion Banana, Watermelon

ChapaiNawabgonj

Aus Aman Boro Mango, Banana

Pabna Fallw T. Aman HYVBoro Jackfrui, JujubeBanana

Rajshahi Aus T. Aman Rabi crops Mango, Banana

Sirajgonj Fallow Aman Rabi crops Banana,watermelon

Rangpur Division

Dinajpur Aus T. Aman Boro, Wheat,Maize

Litchi, Mango,Banana

Rangpur Aus T. Aman Tobacco, Rabicrops

Banana, Mango

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Division Kharif-I

Kharif-II


Gaibandha Jute T. Aman Rabi crop,Maize Banana, Mango,Jackfruit

Kurigram Jute T. Aman Rabi crops Jujube, Banana,Mango, Jackfruit

Lalmonirhat

Jute T. Aman Maize, Rabicrops

Banana, Jackfruit

Nilphamari

Aus Aman HYVBoro, Veg. Banana, Jackfruit

Panchagarh

Jute T. Aman HYVBoro, Wheat,Maize

Water melon,Banana

Thakurgaon

Sugarcane

T. Aman HYV Boro, Wheat,Maize

Water melon,Banana

Sylhet division

Hobigonj Fallow B. Aman HYVBoro Banana, Watermelon

Maulovibazar

Aus Aman Boro Banana, Watermelon

Sunamgonj Fallow B. Aman Boro Banana, Watermelon

Sylhet Fallow T. Aman Rabi crops Tea, Pineapple,Water melon,

Source: CEGIS field visit, District DAE office of Bangladesh

According to the gross cropped area (CGA), there are only nine cropsthat are grown on more than one percent of NCA. These are (1) rice(73 percent), wheat (4.45 percent), jute (3.91 percent), rape andmustard (3.08 percent), lentil (1.54 percent), chicklling vetch(1.25 percent), potato (1.13 percent), sugarcane (1.12 percent) andchilli (1.05 percent) are grown on 1 percent or more of the cropacreages. Farmers also consider horticultural crops like mango,litchi with the common cropping pattern in Bangladesh.

Table 3.6 signify that in Bangladesh, farmers grow rice, potato,wheat, jute, sow pulses, oilseeds, potato, vegetables andsugarcanes. However, the common practices are 2-crop combination and3-crop combinations. The two crops combinations are amon-boro rice

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and amon-aus rice. The 3-crop combinations are amon-boro-aus rice,amon-boro-jute and amon-boro-pulse.

3.3.7 Crop varieties in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is one of the pioneer countries in inventing variousvarieties of crops. The famous and widely used varieties are shownin Table 3.7 and 3.8. Some of prominent research organizationsinvented variety for higher yield and qualitative.

Table 3.7: Crop type, name and number of most used HYV and hybridvarieties in Bangladesh

Sl

Croptypes Crop name with number of varieties

InventingResearchInstitute

1 CerealCrops

1. Rice: HYV Boro (22), HYV Aus (19),HYV Aman (21), Hybrid Aman (22),Hybrid Boro (22), Hybrid Aus (2);

2. HYV Wheat (10), and

3. Maize: HYV Maize (10), Hybrid Maize(07)

BRRI, BARI,WheatResearchInstituteand PrivateCompany

2.

FiberCrops

1. Jute: HYV Desi, Kenaf, Mesta, Shan and HYV

BJRI andBINA

3.

SugarCrops

1. Sugarcane: HYV (20) SRTI

4.

TuberCrops

1. Potato: HYV (20) and 2. Sweet Potato: HYV (20)

BARI

5.

PulseCrops

1. Mustard: HYV (17), 2. Sunflower: HYV(4), 3. Soybean: HYV (5)

BARI andBINA

6.

OilCrops

1. Mungbean: HYV (12), 2. Khasari: HYV(3), Lentil: HYV (5), Chick pea: HYV(10) and Groundnut: HYV (10)

BARI

7.

SpeciesCrops

1. Chili: HYV (10) and Hybrid (06), 2.Onion: HYV (10) and Hybrid (4), 3.Garlic: HYV (3), 4. Turmeric: HYV(3) and 5. Betel vine: Localvariety.

BARI

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Sl

Croptypes Crop name with number of varieties

InventingResearchInstitute

8.

Wintervegetables

1. Tomato: HYV (10) and Hybrid (02), 2.Cabbage: HYV (2) and Hybrid (1), 3.Kankkong: HYV (1) and Hybrid (1), 4.Bean: HYV (7) and Hybrid (1) andCauliflower: HYV (10) and Hybrid(2).

BARI, BAU,IPSA

9.

Summervegetable

1. Brinjal: HYV (5) and Hybrid (02), 2.Cucumber, 3. All gourds: HYV (4) andHybrid (3), 4. Yard long bean: HYV(1) and Hybrid (1).

BARI

Source: BARI, 2011 and Discussion with BRRI, BARI scientist and SAAO.

Note: Details of crops, names varieties are shown in Annex A. Number of varieties is shown in thebracket.

Table 3.8: Development of crop variety types in Bangladesh

Sl

Cropvarietie

s

Scientific names

No.of

variety

Names of the popularvarieties

SignificantCharacteris

tics

1 Rice(Modernvarieties)

Oryza sativa 95 BR-28, BR-25, BR-27,BRRIdhan28, BRRIdhan29, BRRI dhan35,BRRI Dhan47, BRRIdhan51, BRRI dhan36BRRI dhan44, BRRIdhan43, BRRIdhan40,BR-19, BRRI Hybriddhan3, BRRI Hybriddhan 4, BRRI Hybriddhan 2, BRRI dhan ( 2—61)

Highyielding,hazardtolerant,

Hybrid Oroza sativa 8 Hira, Shathi,Jagoroni, BRRIdhan1-4,Aloron, Sonarbangla,Aftab LP, Manik,

Higheryield,HazardSophisticated, careful

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Sl

Cropvarietie

s

Scientific names

No.of

variety



tics

operation2 Rice

Traditionalvarieties

Oryza sativa 18 Basai, Samsi, Patjug,Latamala, Basa,Chamari, ShatiaLatishail,Sarnamushari, Ganza,Dudpash, Tapibor,Jaglibor, Laldhan,Khiradha,Latamala,Basa.Binashail

Pestinfest, lowyield,

3 Wheat Triticumaestivum

10 Kanchan, Akbar,Agrhiani, Praotiva,Shaurov, Gourab,Satabdi, Sufi, Bijoy,Pradip,

High yield,pesttolerant

Barley Hordeumvulgare

2 BARI Barely 1, BARIBarely 2,


Maize Zea mays 16 Barnali, Suvra, Kahivutta, Mohor, BARIVutta5-7, BARI hybridvutta-1, BARI topcross hybrid vutta,-1,BARI, Misti vutta-1,Hybrid (Hira, Badsha,Super, Samrat, King,Sweet corn, Liberty


Foxtailmillet

Setariaitalica

1 Tushar High yield,pesttolerant

Jute Corchoruscapsularis

7 BJRI (2-6), Atompat-38,


Mesta Hibiscussabdariffa

1 BJRI Mesta-1 High yield,pesttolerant

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Sl

Cropvarietie

s

Scientific names

No.of

variety



tics

Kenaf Hibiscuscanabinus

2 BJRI kenaf(1-2) High yield,pesttolerant

Cotton Gossypiumspp.

10 CB (1-10) High yield,pesttolerant

Potato(Modernvarieties)

Solanumtuberosum

19 Hira, Ailsha, Diamond,Kardinal, Chamak,Dhira, Granula,Binela, Arinda, Raja,Baraka, Bintje,Zarla,, BARI TPS-1,Felsina, Estrix,Baraka, Benje, Mondial

Potato Indigenous variety

2 Goal alu, Bograia High yield,Pestresistance

SweetPotato

Ipomeabatatas

5 Tripti, Kamalasundori,Daulotpuri, BARI mistialu(4-5)

High yieldPestresistance

Sugarcane

Saccharumofficinarum

21 Ishordi (16-36),Latajoba-C,

High yield,Pestresistance

Chickpea

Cicerarietinum

8 Nabina, Boral,Borendra, Zorafull,Pabnai, Navarun, Binasola(2-4), Hiprosola


Lentil Lensculinaris

2 BARI Masur(1-4), BINAMasur-1


Mungbean

Vignamungo

12 Kanti, Progoti,Rupsha, Taioani, BINAmung(1-6), BAU Mung(1-2),


Blackgram

Vignaradiate

7 BARI Mashkalai (1 -3),BINA-1, Pantho,

High yield,Pest

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Sl

Cropvarietie

s

Scientific names

No.of

variety



tics

Sharat, Hemonta resistanceKheshari Lathyrus

sativus3 BARI Kasheri(1-2),

BINA kshari-1High yieldPestresistance

Rapeseed Brassicanapus

15 Rai, Tori, Kollania,Sonali, Daulat,Dhali, BARISharisha(7-13), BINAsharisha(3-6)


Sunflower

Helianthusannuus

2 Kironi, BARIshurjamukhi-2


Sesame Sesamumindicum

4 T-6, BARI Til(2-3),BINA Til-1


Soybean Glycine max 3 Bangladesh Soyabean-4,BARI Soyabean-5,Shohag


Groundnut

Arachishypogea

8 Jhingabadam, BasontibadamBARIChinabadam(5-7)Maizechar Badam,BINA Chinabadam(1-3);Tridana Badam


Turmeric Curcumadomestica

4 BARI Halud(1-3),Sinduri,


Guava Psidiumguajava

5 Kazi, Sharupkhati,BARI-2,3 IPSHA-1


Papaya Caricapapaya

6 Shahi, Kohinur, Gazi,Marvelash, Madhubindu, Red lady


Banana Musa spp. 8 BARI Kola-1,2,3, Amrtasagor, Mehersagor,

High yield,Pest

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Sl

Cropvarietie

s

Scientific names

No.of

variety



tics

Singapuri, Sabri,Chinichampa,

resistance

Chili 13 Dirga F-1, Ghira-701,Angarika F-1, JamunaF-1, Shainik F-1,Premium F-1, Major,Vigor F-1, LPS-44,LPS-46, BSBD( 505-510), Bgrade,Balijuri,


Cabbagevar.

Brassicaoleraceavar. capitata

23 Provati, Agradut, IPSABadhakopi-1, KKCrossGreen ball, Nova,Sheshir, Vaduri,Balaka, Green diamond,Helmet,Green champion,Summer boy, Supartropic, BT Cross, Rasi65, Autumn, Queen,Green crown, YRSummer-50, Orientalexpress, Equma F-1,Midori F-1,


Cauliflower

Brassicaoleraceavar.botrytis

13 Rupa, Champabati,Chandramukhi-65,Rupali-75, Snaha F-1,Brac-80, Elora F-1,Kamelia F-1, MonalisaF-1, Sagorika F-1,Fulkopi 60 days F-1,Maya F-1, Chandrima F-1,


Radish Raphanussativus

11 Tasakisan, Pinki,Druti, Biplob-94,Mukti F-1, Super-40,Raki-45, Sufala-40,Anarkoli, Durbar,


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Sl

Cropvarietie

s

Scientific names

No.of

variety



tics

Barkoti-40.Onion Allium cepa 7 BARI-1, BARI-2,

Gulshan-71, SarnaLatim Faridpuri,Taherpuri, Goldenball, Diamond


Tomato Lycopersiconlycopersicum

16 Manik,, Ratan, BARI-3,BARI-4, BARI-5, Caiti,Apurba, Shila, Lalima,Anupama, Jhumka,Sindur, Srabani,Bahar, BINA-2,3


Cucumber Cucumissativus

12 Dadi-2231, Hira-904,Hemal, Titumir, Alvi,Green king, Shila,Baromashi, Jati, Greenjaunt , Beautiful,Evergreen,


Brinjal Solanummelongena

12 BSBD-403, 410,414,415,417, Kajla,Laboni, Surivi,Chamak, Ullash, Laki,Mohoni


Bottlegourd

Lagenariavulgaris

6 Jamali, Jhinai, RajaF-1, Rani F-1, Dalisa


Source: BARI and BRRI’2012

3.4 Agro-meteorological condition for crop production

Selection of crops for cultivation in a given cropping seasons(Rabi, Kharif-I, Kharif-II) depends on the weather and climaticcondition. For the purpose of this study, the following climaticparameters have been considered:

1. Rainfall2. Temperature3. Humidity, and

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4. Sunshine5. Natural Disasters (Flood, Flash flood, draught, salinity)

The characteristics and suitability of these climatic parameters forcrop selection and production are discussed in below:

3.4.1 Rainfall

The rainfall or water is very important for crop production andsignify the most dominating element of the climate. Rain is the keysources for soil moisture and most influencing factor of cropproduction. Bangladesh enjoys a favorable location in the tropicalmonsoon region, to which the amount of rainfall is very high. Theaverage changes in rainfall over last 10 years is depicted in Figure3.3 which signify that average rainfall is high in Chittagong andSylhet Division while the lowest rainfall occurs in Rajshahi andKhulna Division. For development of crop typology, Division wiseaverage monthly rainfall pattern are shown Table 3.10. From theTable, it is revealed that monthly amount of rainfall during June toSeptember varies from 345 mm to 476 mm in Bangladesh, on thecontrary lowest amount varies during November to March where monthlyamount ranges from 22 mm to 60 mm. The amount of rainfall is highestin Sylhet Division while lowest in Khulna Division.

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Table 3.9: Monthly average rainfall (mm) pattern in Bangladesh(2000-2011)

Divisions

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

Dhaka 115 241 383 377 264 307 207 27 3 8 20 52Rangpur 118 251 483 442 258 313 249 7 5 8 13 27Sylhet

371 562 811 719 603 435 190 39 4 8 37117

Khulna 66 173 298 406 237 360 198 26 3 12 21 42Rajshahi 77 171 314 339 244 274 165 4 1 7 12 34Chittagong 100 346 570 610 413 340 222 42 6 10 13 44Barisal 68 204 475 533 320 389 259 29 3 10 15 37

Mean (

) 131 278 476 489 334 345 213 25 4 9 19 50

St Dev(s)

108 139 177 138 134 54 33 15 2 2 9 30

CV 82 50 37 28 40 16 15 60 50 22 47 60Source: BMD, 2012

Although there is wide deviation from the mean rainfall during Julyto August (SD ranges from 134 mm to 177 mm) but the amount ofchanges from the mean rainfall in these months is more or less same(CV values ranges 28 to 37).

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Map 3.8: Average annual rainfall inBangladesh

Map 3.9: Average annualtemperature in Bangladesh

3.4.2 Temperature

The Division wise changes of average temperature during the year2000 to 2011 are shown in Figure 3.3 and Table 3.11. It is evidentthat variation of temperature ranges from 290C to 310C during last 10years.

Source: BMD, 2012

Average temperatures in seven Division varies 33°C to 35°C DuringMarch October while it varies from 26°C to 30°C from November toFebruary (Table 3.12) known as the winter season in Bangladesh. Asthe winter season progresses into the hot season, temperaturegradually rises, reaching the maximum in April and May, which is themiddle of the pre-monsoon hot season when average temperaturesvaries from 34°C to 37°C (SDs are 1.3 and 1.6 respectively). On the

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other hand, there is wide variation from the mean temperature fromDecember to June (CV value ranges from 3.6 to 4.7). The changes oftemperature patter in different months are almost same in allDivisions of Bangladesh.

Table 3.12: Monthly average maximum temperature (°C) (2000-2011)

Divisions

Apr

May Jun Jul

Aug Sep Oct

Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

Dhaka 35 35 34 33 33 33 33 30 27 26 31 34

Rangpur 34 34 34 33 34 33 32 29 26 24 28 32

Sylhet 33 33 33 33 34 33 33 30 29 28 31 33

Khulna 37 38 36 34 34 34 33 31 27 26 32 35

Rajshahi 36 36 36 34 34 34 33 30 27 25 30 31

Chittagong 35 34 33 32 33 33 33 31 28 27 31 33

Barisal 35 35 34 32 32 32 33 31 28 27 32 34

Mean ( ) 35 35 34 33 33 33 33 30 27 26 31 33

St Dev(s)

1.3 1.6 1.3

0.8 0.8 0.7

0.4 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.3

CV 3.7 4.7 3.7

2.5 2.4 2.1

1.2 2.5 3.6 5.1 4.5 4.1

3.4.3 Humidity

The relative change in average humidity and its pattern for last 10years is depicted in Figure 3.4 and Table 3.13. It is observed thatthe percent of relative humidity is much higher (84-85 percent) inBarisal Division than other Divisions (average 80-81 percent) inBangladesh. The variation of relative humidity in Dhaka, Khulna,Rajshahi, Sylhet, Chittagong and Rangpur is not significant over thelast 10 years. Division wise monthly change in humidity is shown inTable 3.14. From the Table, it is observed that June, July, Augustand September are the maximum humid months when average monthlyrelative humidity varies from 84 percent to 86 percent. The minimumaverage humidity occurs in the period from February to March whichis in the range of 72 percent to 69 percent.

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The lowest average humidity ranges from 66 percent to 68 percentduring February and March occurs in Sylhet Division while thehighest humidity shown 77 percent to 90 percent occurs in BarisalDivision. In Khulna Division, the minimum average humidity occurs inthe period of February to April which is in the range 74 percent to71percent, while in Rajshahi Division, the minimum average humidityoccurs in the period of February, March and April, which is in therange from 66 percent to 72 percent.

Table 3.14: Monthly average humidity in Bangladesh (2000-2011)

Divisions


Dhaka 75 79 85 85 85 85 85 79 78 79 72 70

Rangpur 77 80 85 85 85 86 84 80 81 82 75 70

Sylhet 76 81 87 86 86 85 82 77 75 76 68 66

Khulna 74 76 83 86 86 87 84 80 80 79 74 71

Rajshahi 72 77 83 86 85 86 84 79 79 80 72 69

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Divisions


Chittagong 77 81 86 87 86 86 84 81 79 77 71 72

Barisal 81 83 89 91 89 90 88 85 84 82 77 77

Mean (

) 76 80 85 87 86 86 84 80 79 79 73 71

St Dev(s)

2.8 2.4 2.1 2.1 1.4 1.7 1.8 2.5 2.8 2.3 2.9 3.4

CV 3.7 3.1 2.5 2.4 1.6 2.0 2.1 3.1 3.5 2.9 4.0 4.7

The deviation from the mean value ranges from 1.4 to 3.4 while CVvalues indicate that deviation from the mean value ranges from 1.6to 4.7. The deviation is higher in the months of February and Marchsignifies that there is wide variation of humidity during these twomonths.

3.4.4 Sunshine

The average sunshine hours per day of Bangladesh is illustrated inFigure 3.5 and Table 3.15. It is observed that there is nosignificant change in sunshine in hours per day over last 10 yearsexcept in 2007. Data reveals that sunshine hours has reduced to 4hours per day in Rajshahi Division in the year 2007. The averagebright sunshine duration is 6.07 hours in Dhaka Division, 6.56 inChittagong Division, 6.39 in Khulna Division, 6.25 in RajshahiDivision, 6.04 in Barisal Division, 6.07 in Sylhet Divison and 6.13in Rangpur Division.

From the Figure 3.5, it is also revealed that the sunshine durationin Bangladesh is in general decreasing at a shocking rate. In theyear 2001, the average sunshine hour was 6.5 to 7.0 hours per daywhile in 2009 the sunshine hours has reduced to 6.0 to 6.5 hours perday. The sunshine hours has decreased in Khulna, Rajshahi, Barisaland Rangpur Division.

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3.5 Natural Disasters

Bangladesh is very prone to natural disasters. Crops production isresponsive to the natural disasters. Crop production can beincreased in a favourable weather and climatic condition while itdecreases in a non-favourable condition. The country is severelyaffected by natural disasters like floods, flash flood, drought,salinity earthquake, riverbank erosion etc. Among this flood,drought and salinity are most important for which a briefinformation is stated below:

3.5.1 Flood Prone

Flood occurrence to a tolerable limit is a recurring phenomenon inBangladesh. Crop damage and loss depends on level of flood water,flow of flood water. Flood water inundates low and mid-low landareas in Bangladesh. For this, fields of crops especially paddyfields go under water. Usually at the time of sowing or post-sowingperiod aman rice suffers damage because of flood. But boro ricesustains loss from floods caused by overflow of rivers during theperiod it matures. Sometimes flood becomes devastating. The mostseverely affected areas by natural hazards are shown in Table 3.16.and Map 3.10.

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Table 3.16: Severely natural hazards prone areas in Bangladesh. StudyAreas District Upazila

Flood Prone

Gaibandha Gaibandha Sadar, SundarganjKurigram Chilmari, Raumari

Gopalganj Tungipara, KotaliparaRangpur Gangachara, TaraganjTangail Shakipur, DhonbariManikganj Harirampur, DaulatpurJamalpur Dewanganj, IslampurMadaripur Madaripur Sadar, Rajoir

Flash Flood Prone

Sunamganj Sunamganj Sadar, JamalganjMaulabhibazar Kulaura, Baralekha

Habiganj Baniachang, AjmeriganjNetrokona Barhatta, KalmakandaSherpur Nalitabari, Jhinaigati

DroughtProne

Chapai N. gong HoNawbganj

Nachole, Gomostapur

Naogaon Porsha, SapaharNatore Bagatipara, LalpurJoypurhat Akkelpur, KalaiRajshahi Godagari, Tanore

Saline Prone

Khulna Dacope, TerokhadaPirojpur Bhandaria, Nazirpur

Satkhira Shyamnagar, Satkhira Sadar

Noakhali Subarnachar, ChatkhilLakhsmipur Ramgati, RaipurPatuakhali Kalapara, MirjaganjBagerhat Sharankhola, FakirhatCox’s Bazar Kutubdia, Chokoria

3.5.2 Flash flood prone

Heavy rain may cause flash flood and water logging. Flood and waterlogging result in oxygen deficiency in the soil. In this situationthe growth of plants and their production suffer from damages.

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Table 3.16 signify theflood prone areas inBangladesh are theGaibandha Sadar,Sundarganj, Chilmari,Raumari, Tungipara,Kotalipara, Gangachara,Taraganj, Shakipur,Dhonbari, Harirampur,Daulatpur, Dewanganj,Islampur, Madaripur Sadar,Rajoir, while SunamganjSadar, Kulaura, SunamganjSadar, Jamalganj,Baralekha, Baniachang,Ajmeriganj, Barhatta,Kalmakanda, Nalitabari,Jhinaigati are prone toflash flood in Bangladesh.

Each year about 26,000 sqkm i.e. 18 percent of thecountry is flooded. Duringsevere floods, the affectedarea exceeds more 55percent of the total areaof the country. In anaverage year, 844,000million cubic metre of

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Various plants like papaya, jackfruit, etc. even die in suchcondition.

3.5.3 Drought Prone

Draught has become the recurrent natural phenomenon of northwesternregion of Bangladesh. The draught is perceived in Bangladesh whenmoisture content of soil is less than the required amount foroptimal and satisfactory growth of the crops. Drought is common inthe northwestern Districts of Bangladesh. Drought is divided intothree forms on the basis of damage caused to crops, e.g. – severedrought, moderate drought and ordinary drought. Due to draughtseverity, crop loss ranges between 20 to 60 percent. Fortransplanted aman, this loss may be even more. Very severe droughtshit the country in 1951, 1957, 1958, 1961, 1972, 1975, 1979, 1981,1982, 1984, 1989, 1995, 2001 and 2008. Bangladesh experiences twomajor spells of drought: Kharif (June-July to October) especially inthe highlands of the Barind tract and Rabi and Pre Kharif (Januaryto May) due to dry days and low soil moisture. The Chittagong,Mymensingh and Sylhet are the less draught affected areas inBangladesh (Map 3.10 and Map 3.11).

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Map 3.10: Flood affected areas inBangladesh

Map 3.11: Draught affectedareas (Robi) in Bangladesh

Crops production suffers due to drought in almost all seasons inBangladesh. Rajshahi, Chapai Nawabgonj, Natore, Dinajpur, Rangpur,Bogra, Kushtia, Jessore, and Madhupur regions experience severe tomoderate drought almost every year.

3.5.4 Saline prone

Bangladesh has 1.06 million hectare of land severely or moderatelyaffected by salinity or intrusion of saline water. The south-western, south-central and south-eastern regions of Bangladesh aremostly affected by the salinity. This comes to about one fifth ofthe total areas of Bangladesh. The saline soils are mainly found inKhulna, Barisal, Patuakhali, Noakhali, Chittagong, Laxmipur, Feni,Satkhira, Pirajpur, Barguna, Bagerhat, Bhola, Cox’s Bazar, Jessore,Magura, Narail, Faridpur, Gopalganj, Jhalkati districts of thecoastal and offshore lands of Bangladesh (Map 3.13).

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Map3.12: Draught affected areas(Kharif) in Bangladesh

Map 3.13: Saline prone areas inBangladesh

3.6 Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) in Bangladesh

Based on physical and agro-climatic environment which are relevantto land use, the land has been divided into 30 agro-ecological zonesand 88 sub-regions. The agro-ecological factors for which cropproductions basically depends are diverse in nature in Bangladesh.The agro-ecological zones of Bangladesh signify the basis of somedefinite characteristics like soil, land, weather condition uponwhich the cropping pattern or decision of year round crop productionpattern can be taken. Considering detailed on 30 AEZs explainingarea, land type, District covered, soil condition and fertility areshown in Annexure – Table (3.1.29 and 3.1.32).

3.6.1 Area, land type, soil properties based on Agro Ecological Zones(AEZ) in Bangladesh

Area, land type, soil pH and soil properties are illustrated inTable 3.17. The highland crops are adapted to the based on localsoil pH. According to SRDI, soils are categorized as very stronglyacidic having pH below 4.5; strongly acidic pH 4.6-5.5; slightlyacidic pH ranges 5.6-6.5; neutral pH 6.6-7.3; slightly alkaline pHranges 7.4-8.4; strongly alkaline pH ranges 8.5-9.0 and verystrongly alkaline pH 9.0. In the Table, the organic matter statushas been classified as: very low (1%); low (1.1-1.7%); medium (1.8-3.4); high (3.4-5.5); and very high >5.5. The dominance crop likerice, jute, wheat, potato etc are grown in almost all agro-ecological zones in Bangladesh. However, a brief description of cropproduction of 30 AEZs is discussed below:

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Table 3.17: Area, land type, soil properties and textures of AEZs inBangladesh

AEZ

#Name of AEZ Hectare

s

Land Type (%) Soil properties

Highlan

dMedium

highlan

Medium

lowland

Lowland

Very

lowland

Organic

matter

content

Soil P

H

Soil

Texture

1

OldHimalayanPiedmontplain

398,154 63 34 1 2 Low-med

4.0-6.0

Sandyloam

2 Active TistaFloodplain 83,644 22 72 0 0 6 Low 5.2-

6.9Sandyloam

3TistaMeanderFloodplain

946,803 40 51 4 1 2 Low 4.6-6.5 Loamy

4Karatoya-BangaliFloodplain

257,158 31 44 14 1 6 Low 4.7-7.8

Siltyloamclay

5 Lower AtraiBasin 85,105 3 8 21 6

5 1 Medium

4.8-6.0 Clayey

6LowerPurnabhabaFloodplain

12,900 20 10 60 10 Mediu

m4.5-6.0 Clayey

7

ActiveBrahmaputraAnd JamunaFP

31,900 25 37 20 8 10 Verylow

7.5-7.9 Loam

8

YoungBrahmaputraAnd JamunaFP

592,394 25 42 19 9 5 Verylow

5.6-7.5

Sandy/silty

9OldBrahmaputraFloodplain

723,037 35 35 20 7 3 Low 5.1-5.6

Silt,Loam

10ActiveGangesFloodplain

333,447 23 33 18 4 13 Low 6.5-7.5 Loamy

11High GangesRiverFloodplain

1,320,549 50 32 12 2 4 Low 6.1-

7.5Sandyloam

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AEZ


s


Highlan

dMedium

highlan

Medium

lowland

Lowland

Very

lowland

Organic

matter

content

Soil P

H

Soil

Texture

12Low GangesRiverFloodplain

796,851 21 29 31 14 3 Mediu

m6.2-7.7

Siltyloam

13 Ganges TidalFloodplain

1,706,573 12 78 2 8 Mediu

m6.5-7 Loamy

14 Gopalganj-Khulna Bils 224,700 3 13 41 2

8 12 Medium

5-7.7 Clayey

15 Arial Bil 14,436 8 13 73 6 Mediu

m 5.4 Clayey

16MiddleMeghna RiverFloodplain

155,464 17 8 29 25 21 Low 5.9-

5.5 Loam

17Lower MeghnaRiverFloodplain

90,934 17 14 28 31 10 Mediu

m5.0-6.0

Siltloam

18Young MeghnaEstuarineFloodplain

926,885 28 45 7 20 Low 6.1-6.8

Siltloam

19Old MeghnaEstuarineFloodplain

774,026 12 24 33 21 10 Mediu

m5.0-6.1

Siltloam

20

EasternSurma-KushyaraFloodplain

462,159 15 25 20 36 4 Mediu

m4.7-6.9

Siltloam

21 Sylhet Basin 457,345 7 4 19 43 27 High 4.7-

4.9Siltloam

22Northern &EasternPiedmont Pln

403,758 39 31 16 9 5 Medium

4.5-5.8

Sandyloam

23ChittagongCoastalPlains

372,007 37 43 13 0 7 Low 5.6-6.0

Siltloam

24 St. Martin’sCoral Island 804 34 63 2 0 1 Low 7.0-

7.5 Sandy

25 Level Barind 504,851 37 55 4 2 2 Low 5.0- Loamy

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AEZ


s


Highlan

dMedium

highlan

Medium

lowland

Lowland

Very

lowland

Organic

matter

content

Soil P

H

Soil

Texture

Tract 2 5.7

26 High BarindTract 159,964 93 1 1 1 4 Low 4.8-

5.9 Loamy

27NorthEasternBarindtract

107,926 41 56 1 0 2 Low 4.8-5.6 Loamy

28 MadhupurTract 424,359 62 18 7 9 4 Low 4.8-

5.5 Loamy

29Northern AndEasternHills

1,817,172 95 2 1 0 2 Low 4.5-

4.9 Loamy

30 AkhauraTerrace 11,324 59 11 10 1

5 5 Low 5.5-6.5 Loamy

Source: BARC’2010

From the Table it is evident that AEZs 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,13, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30 are characterized byhigh and medium-high land, AEZs 5, 6 and 15 are dominated by lowland while AEZs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19,20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30 occupied 10 or less than10 percent very low land.

3.6.2 Soil fertility based on agro-ecological zones

The most important nutrient that influence crop productions areNitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) known as the primaryessential elements while Sulphur (S), Calcium (Ca), Zinc (Zn),Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), and Boron (B), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum(Mo), Cobalt (Co), Chlorine (Cl), Cation exchange capacity (CEC)and Nickel (Ni) are known as the secondary elements. Also soilsalinity is another factor that creates the fertility problem wherecrops cannot be grown properly. The following Table-3.18 illustratesthe general soil fertility in different AEZs.

Table 3.18: Soil fertility based on AEZs in Bangladesh

AEZ No Name of AEZs General soil fertility1 Old Himalayan The natural fertility of the soil, except

the course textured, is moderate but well

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AEZ No Name of AEZs General soil fertilityPiedmont Plain sustained. Soil fertility problems include

rapid leaching of N, K, S, Ca, Mg and B.

2 Active TistaFloodplain

Moderately acidic, organic matter content islow and CEC is medium. Soil fertility levelis low to medium.

3 Tista MeanderFloodplain

Moderately acidic, fertility level, ingeneral, is low to medium but the status ofK and CEC is medium in most of the places.

4 Karatoya-BangaliFloodplain

Moderately acidic, organic matter content islow in ridges and moderate in basins.General fertility is medium.

5 Lower AtraiBasin

Acidic, organic matter low to medium,moderate CEC and fertility status of soils.

6 LowerPurnabhabaFloodplain

Acidic, organic matter status is medium tohigh with high CEC. General fertility levelis medium with high K status.

7 ActiveBrahmaputraAnd Jamuna FP

Slightly alkaline, organic matter status islow and fertility status is low to medium.Nitrogen and P are, in general limitingwhereas K, S and Zn status is reasonable.

8 YoungBrahmaputraAnd Jamuna FP

Neutral to slightly acidic; organic mattercontent is low in ridges and moderate inbasins. Soils are deficient in N, P and Sbut the status of K and Zn is reasonable.

9 OldBrahmaputraFloodplain

Top soils moderately acidic while sub-soilsare neutral. Organic matter content low inridges and moderate in basins. Generalfertility level is low. Phosphorus andcation exchange capacity (CEC) is medium andK status is low in highlands and medium inlowlands.

10 Active GangesFloodplain

Mildly alkaline, organic matter content low.General fertility level is medium with highCEC but deficient in N and available P andZn.

11 High GangesRiverFloodplain

Slightly alkaline; organic matter content inthe brown ridge soils is low but higher inthe dark grey soils. General fertility levelis low although CEC is medium.

12 Low Ganges Neutral to slightly alkaline; organic matterlow in ridges and moderate in the basins.

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AEZ No Name of AEZs General soil fertilityRiverFloodplain

General fertility level is medium with highCEC and K status.

13 Ganges TidalFloodplain

Most top-soils are acidic and sub-soils areneutral to mildly alkaline. Generalfertility level is high with medium to highorganic matter and very high CEC.Limitations are due to high exchangeable Naand low Ca/Mg ratio.

14 Gopalganj-Khulna Bils

Potentially strongly acidic; organic mattercontent is medium to high. Low in P status.Fertility level is medium.

15 Arial Bil Moderately acidic; organic matter contentgenerally exceeds two per cent. High CEC andgeneral fertility level is medium to high.

16 Middle MeghnaRiverFloodplain

Topsoils are strongly acidic and su-bsoilsslightly acidic to slightly alkaline.General fertility level is medium with low Nand organic matter

17 Lower MeghnaRiverFloodplain

Topsoils are moderately acidic and sub-soilsare neutral. General fertility level ismedium to high with low to medium organicmatter

18 Young MeghnaEstuarineFloodplain

Mildly alkaline. General fertility is mediumbut low in N and organic matter. Sulphurstatus is moderate to high.

19 Old MeghnaEstuarineFloodplain

Topsoils are moderately acidic, but subsoilsare neutral. General fertility level ismedium. Pota

20 Eastern Surma-KushyaraFloodplain

Strongly acidic to neutral. Organic mattercontent is moderate. CEC and Zn level arehigh, other essential nutrients medium.

21 Sylhet Basin Mainly acidic; organic matter content ismoderate. Fertility level is medium to highwith low P and high Zn content.

22 Northern AndEasternPiedmont Pln

Slightly acidic to strongly acidic. Generalfertility level is low to medium.

23 ChittagongCoastal Plains

Moderately acidic. Organic matter content islow to moderate. General fertility level ofthe soils is medium, but N and K arelimiting. Status of S is high.

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AEZ No Name of AEZs General soil fertility24 St. Martin’s

Coral IslandNeutral; general fertility level is low.

25 Level BarindTract 2

Slightly acidic to acidic; organic matterstatus is very low. Most of the availablenutrients are limiting.

26 High BarindTract

Acidic to strongly acidic; low organicmatter status. General fertility status islow. Zinc level is medium to high.

27 North EasternBarindtract

Strongly acidic; low organic matter. Generalfertility level is poor with high Zn status.

28 Madhupur Tract Strongly acidic with low organic matterstatus. Low fertility level. Soils aremainly phosphate fixing and low in K, S andCa.

29 Northern AndEastern Hills

Acidic; low organic matter. Generalfertility level is low.

30 AkhauraTerrace

Strongly acidic with low organic matter.General fertility is low.

Source: Fertilizer recommendation Guide’2010 BARC

3.6.3 Crop varieties based on Agro Ecological Zones (AEZs) inBangladesh

Table 3.18 signify the major crops grown in different agroecological zones Bangladesh. It is evident that most of the AEZs aresuitable for rice, wheat, potato and jute. The AEZs which are famousfor the specific crops and fruits are described in Table 3.19.

Table 3.19: Major field and horticultural crops grown according toAEZs

AEZ

No

Comprising Districts Major Field crops Horticultural Crops

1 Panchagarh ,Thakurgaon,Dinajpur.

Rice, wheat, jute , Potato,Chili, Sugarcane, Mustard,Maize, Mungbean, Sesame,Brinjal, Lady's finger,Cabbage, Radish

Mango,Litchi,Jackfruit

2 Nilphamari, Rangpur,Kurigram, Gaibandha,Lalmonirhat

Rice, wheat, jute , Potato,Chili, Mustard, Maize,Millet, Groundnut,Grasspea, Tobacco,

Jackfruit , Am,Litchi,Taal,

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AEZ

No


3 Rangpur,Panchagarh,Natore, Bogra,Dinajpur, Joypurhat,Noagoan, Rajshahi

Rice, wheat, jute , potato,sugarcane, Mustard, Maize,Mungbean, Brinjal, Lady'sfinger, Cabbage,cauliflower,

BanChalta,Jackfruit

4 Bogra, Sirajgong Rice, wheat, jute , potato,Mustard, Maize, Mungbean,Brinjal, Lady's finger,Cabbage, Cauliflower,Onion, Garlic,

Aam,Kanthal,Kalo jam,Litchu

5 Natore, Bogra,Noagoan, Rajshahi,Sirajgong

Rice and Grasspea Narikel,Amra

6 Noagaon,Chapainowabgong

Boro(rice), Watermilon Khejur,Narikel,

7 Kurigram, Gaibandha,Sirajgong, Pabna,manikgong, Dhaka,Munshigong,Narayangong,Chandpur.

Rice, wheat, jute , potato,Mustard, millet, Chickpea,Grasspea, Sweet potato

Kanthal,Aam

8 Sherpur, jamalpur,Tangail, Manikgong,Munshigong, Dhaka,Narayangong,Gazipur,Mymensingh,Kishorgong,Norsinghdi

Rice, wheat, jute , potato,Mustard, Sesame, Brinjal,Cabbage, sweetpotato,Mouri,

Mango,CoconutSupari,Jackfruit

9 Sherpur, jamalpur,Tangail,Mymensingh,Netrokona,Kishorgong,Norsinghdi,Narayangong, Dhaka,Gazipur

Rice, wheat, jute , Potato,Sugarcane, Mustard, Maize,Mungbean, Grasspea, Lady'sfinger, Cabbage, Chickpea,Onion, Garlic,

Jackfruit

10 Chapainowabgong,Rajshahi, Laxmipur,

Rice, wheat, jute , Potato,Mustard, Blackgram,

Palm, date

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AEZ

No


Barisal Chickpea, Onion, Garlic,Groundnut

11 Chapainowabgong,Rajshahi, Pabna,Kushtia, Meherpur,Chuadanga, Jhenaida,Magura, Jessore,Satkhira, Khulna,Noagaon, Norail

Rice, wheat, jute , Potato,Sugarcane, Mustard, Banana,Blackgram, Lentil,Caluiflower, Tomato,Sesame, Mungbean,Grasspea, Lady's finger,Cabbage, Chickpea, Onion,Garlic,

Mango,

12 Natore , Pabna,Faridpur, Gopalgonj,Shariotpur, Kustia,Magura,Norail.Khulna,Bagerhat.North sideof Barishal Dhaka,Munshigonj.

Rice, wheat, jute , Potato,Sugarcane, Gourd, Brinjal,Millet, Chili, cabbage,Mustard, Blackgram, Lentil,Caluiflower, Sesame,Grasspea, Cabbage,Chickpea, Onion, Garlic,

Mango,

13 Barishal,Jhalokhati,Pirojpur,Patuakhali, Barguna,Satkhira, Khulna,Bagerhat

Rice, Chili, Mustard,Grasspea, Cowpea,Groundnut, Mungbean, Watermelon,

Mango,

14 Madaripur,Gopalgonj, Norail,Jessore, Bagerhat,Khulna

Rice, Wheat, Mustard,Grasspea, Pui, Countrybean, B.gourd, Sesame,Jute,

15 Munshigonj, Dhaka Rice, Potato, Mustard,Grasspea, Jute,

Narikel,Supari,Khejur

16 Kishorgonj, B.Baria,Comilla, Chandpur,Norsingdi, part ofNarayangonj

Rice, Wheat, Potato,Mustard, Grasspea, Jute,

Narikel,Supari,Khejur,Jackfruit

17 Chandpur, Laximpur,Noakhali

Rice, wheat, jute , Potato,Soyabean, Chili, Mustard,Lentil, Chickpea.

Narikel,Supari

18 Chattagonj, Feni,laximpur, ,

Rice, wheat, Soyabean,Groundnut, Grasspea,

Narikel,Supari

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AEZ

No


Noakhali, Bhola,Barisal, Patuakhali,Barguna,

Cowpea, Chili, Mustard,Lentil, Mungbean.

19 Habigonj,B.Baria,Kishorgonj,Comilla, Chandpur,Noakhali, Laxmipur,Dhaka, Norsingdi,Narayangonj,Shariotpur, FeniMadaripur,Gopalgonj, Barisal

Rice, wheat, jute, Potato,Mustard, Lentil,Caluiflower, Tomato, Grasspea, Chili,Chickpea.

Jackfruit,

20 Sylhet, Sunamgonj,Moulovibazar,Hobigonj

Rice, Mustard, countrybean

Lemon,Jackfruit

21 Sunamgonj, Hobigonj,Netrokona,Kishorgonj, B.Baria

Rice, Mustard, Grasspea. Banchalta,Chapalish

22 Sherpur, Netrokona,Sunamgonj, Sylhet,Moulovibazar,Comilla, Hobigonj,B.Baria

Rice, wheat, Jute, Potato,Mustard, Blackgram, Kakrol,Tomato, Grasspea.

Kanthal,Taal

23 Feni, Chattagonj, ,Cox's Bazar.

Rice, Radish, Brinjal,country bean, Lady'sfinger, cowpea, Groundnut,Potato, Mustard, Kakrol,Tomato, Maize.

Narikel,Khejur

24 Sent Martin's Onoin, Garlic, Cucurbits,Grasspea, Rice(Aman)

25 Dinajpur, Gaibandha,Joipurhat, Bogra,Naogaon, Sirajgonj,Natore.

Rice, Sugarcane, Potato,Wheat, Cabbage, Jute,Millet, Mustard, Onion,Cucurbits, Tomato, Maize.

Jackfruit,Mango,

26 Rajshahi,Chapainibabgonj,Noagaon.

Rice, wheat, jute, Potato,Sugarcane, Mustard, Maize,Lentil, Barley,Cauliflower, Spinach,Lady’s finger, Cabbage,

Mango

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AEZ

No


27 Gaibandha, Rangpur,Bogra, Dinajpur,Joipurhat,

Rice, wheat, jute, Potato,Sugarcane, Mustard, Maize,Blackgram, Sesame, Brinjal,Cabbage, Mungbean.

Jackfruit,Mango,

28 Dhaka, Gazipur,Norsingdi,Narayangonj,Tangail, Mymensingh,Kisorgonj.

Rice, wheat, jute,Sugarcane, Mustard, Lentil,Mungbean, Chickpea.

Jackfruit

29 Kagrachari,Bandarban, Rangmati,Cittagonj, Cox'sbazar, Hobigonj,Moulovibazar

Rice, Sugarcane, Sweetpotato, Cowpea, Brinjal,Cucumber, Snake gourd,Bitter gourd, Sweet gourd,Ridge gourd

Jackfruit

30 Akhaura. B.Baria,part of Hobigonj

Rice, Sugarcane, Jute,Wheat, Potato, Mustard,Turmeric.

Source: Fertilizer recommendation guide, 2012, BARC

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Map 3.12: Agroecological zones in Bangladesh

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Apart from the table, it is evident that AEZ 1 is familiar forlitchi and mango. Currently tea and oranges also been started tocultivate, AEZ 2 which is the popular region for gound-nut and kaun(a kind of cereal), AEZ 3 and 4 mainly famous for tobacco andvegetables, AEZ 5 and 6 where water melon and garlic are cultivatedwidely nowadays, AEZ 7 is suitable for ground-nut and pumpkin, AEZ 8is famous for mango and coconut AEZ 9 where special crops are waterchestnut (Paanifal) and jackfruit, AEZ10 is famous for ground nut,AEZ 11 where cotton is grown, AEZ 12 for broadcasted aman and palm,AEZ 13 is for mango and fruits, AEZ 14: palm and date trees, AEZ 15is the broadcast aman (buna aman) which is the main type of crop inthis region, AEZ 16 where crops includes potato and banana, AEZ 17the general crops includes ground nuts, maize etc., AEZ 18 is forcoconut and betel leaf, AEZ 19: broadcast aman, AEZ 20 is for bororice, AEZ 21 is the production areas of boro rice and vegetables,AEZ 22 is for areca palm, lemons, oranges, AEZ 23 is for betelleaves, AEZ 24 is for coconut, AEZ 25, 26, and 27 where almost allcrops are grown here, AEZ 28 where sal tree (Vatika robusta), Jackfruitand Pineapple, AEZ 29 the special crop is tea and AEZ 30 in whichthe major crops are kakrol and mukundapuri guava.

3.6.4 Land types in Bangladesh

Based on the flooding depth in Bangladesh, the land has beencategorized as highland (F0), medium highland (F1), medium lowland(F2), lowland (F3) and very lowland (F4). The high Lands are theareas which is relatively high and cannot hold waters duringmonsoon. The medium high lands normally flooded upto about 90 cmduring the rainy season for more than two weeks continuously whilethe medium low lands are normally flooded between 90 cm and 180 cm.depth and low land is normally flooded between 180cm and 275 cmdepth during the monsoon season. The very lowland consists of haors,bills, canals and other low lying areas which look like large lakesduring rainy season. The land types of Bangladesh is shown Map

The land type of in Bangladesh is determined based on depth, timingand duration of flooding. In 2001, high land and medium high inBangladesh were 39% and 44% of the total land, while in 2012 thehighland and medium high land decreased about 5% and 4% than that of2001 due to urbanization, settlement and industrialization. Low landand medium low land are suitable for paddy production. Detaileddifferent land types in year 2001 and 2012 are shown in Figures 3.6and 3.7. (District wise land types are presented in annexure tablenumber 3.1.30 and 3.1.31)

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Source: BARC, SRDI

Figure 3.7: Land Types inBangladesh, 2012

Source: BARC, SRDI

Figure 3.6: Land Types inBangladesh, 2001

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Map 3.13: Land types showing high, medium high, medium-low and lowlands in Bangladesh

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3.6.5 Crop suitability by land types in Bangladesh

Bangladesh has the hilly lands comprising of Rangmati, Bandarban andKhagrachari Hill Districts, parts of Chitagong, nortarn part ofMymensingh, north and southern parts of Sylhet division, easternborder of Comilla and north eastern strip of Feni District. Apartfrom this, there are char lands that spread over the riversidedistricts of the country Rangpur, Kurigram, Lalmonirhat, Gaibandha,Rajshahi etc. The land types of Bangladesh are shown in Map 3.

Table 3.20: Crop grown by different land types in Bangladesh

LandType

Major field crops Major horticulturecrops

NCA(%)

Highland

Paddy (B. Aus, T. Aus, T. Aman),Wheat, Millet, Maize, Jute,Cotton, Sugarcane, Pulse,Mustard, Onion, Garlic, Termaric,Zinger, Chili, Betel vine,Cabbege, Kangkong, IndianSpenach, Kolmi, Tomato,Cauliflower, All gourd, Bean,Brinjal,Cucumber, Arum, Potato,Sweet potato, Radish.

Mango, Jackfruit,Berry, Litchi,Jujubi, Coconut,Guava, Amloki,Goldenapple,Lemon, Orange,Wood apple,Pomogranate, Date,Banana, Papaya,Pineapple.

33

Mediumhighland

Paddy (B.Aus, T. Aus, T. Aman,Lt. Aman) Wheat, Millet, Maize,Jute, Cotton, Sugarcane, Pulse,Mustard, Groundnut, Sunflower,Soyabean, Onion, Garlic, Chili.Cabbege, Kangkong, IndianSpenach, Kolmi, Tomato,Cauliflower, All gourd, Bean

Coconut, GuavaAmloki, Goldenapple, Orange,Wood apple,Pomogranate, Date,Banana, Papaya,Pineapple.

39

Mediumlowland

Paddy (B. Aus, B. Aman) Wheat,Millet, Maize, Jute, Pulse,Mustard, Groundnut, Sunflower,Soyabean, Onion, Garlic, Chili.

Orange, Woodapple,Pomogranate, Date,Banana, Papaya,Pineapple.

15

Lowland

Paddy (B. Aman, Boro-Hybrid/HYV,Local Boro).

Pomogranate, Date,Banana, Papaya,Pineapple.

11

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Verylowland

Paddy (Boro-Hybrid/HYV, LocalBoro), Sweet gourd, Sweetpotato.

Water melon, melon 2

Source: Fertilizer Recommendation Guide’2010 BARC, Upazila Nirdashika Book’SRDI

3.6.6 Crop suitability by soil textures

There are six types of soil textures in Bangladesh. Clay and clayloam are considered as the best soil for crop production. The sandysoil is suitable for vegetable production. A detailed of cropproduction based on the soil texture in depicted in Table 3.21.District wise soil characteristics in presented in Annexure-

Table 3.21: Crop grown by different soil textures

SoilTexture

Major Crops

Clay Boro (HYV/Hybrid), Indian spinach, Kolmi, Cucumber,Arum, Potato, Sweet potato,

Clayloam

Paddy (Local Boro, B. Aus, B. Aman, T. Aus, T. Aman, Lt.Aman), Wheat, Millet, Maize, Jute, Cotton, Sugarcane,Pulse, Mustard, Sunflower, Chili, Betel vine, Cabbage,Indian spinach, Kolmi, Cauliflower, Brinjal, Cucumber,Arum, Potato, Sweet potato, Radish

Loam Paddy (Local Boro, B. Aus, B. Aman, T. Aus, T. Aman,Lt .Aman), Wheat, Millet, Maize, Jute, Cotton,Sugarcane, Pulse, Mustard, Groundnut, Sunflower,Soybean, Onion, Garlic, Turmeric, Zinger, Chili,Cabbage, Pui, Kangkong, Indian spinach, Kolmi, Tomato,Cauliflower, All gourds, Bean, Brinjal, Cucumber, Arum,Potato, Sweet potato, Radish.

Sandyloam

Paddy (B.Aus, T.Aus, T.Aman, Lt.Aman), Groundnut,Sunflower, Soybean, Onion, Garlic, Turmeric, Zinger,Chili, Betel vine, Kangkong,Pui, Indian spinach, Kolmi,All gourds, Brinjal, Arum, Potato, Sweet potato, Radish

Sand Sweet potato

Silt Local BoroSource: Fertilizer Recommendation Guide’2010 BARC, Upazila Nirdashika Book, SRDI

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3.7 Input Use in Bangladesh

3.7.1 Seed

Good seed for good crop is a popular saying. BADC is responsible forsupply of quality seed in Bangladesh. Farmers are using both BADCsupplied seed and preserved by themselves. Farmers normally growcereals, fibers, tubers, pulses, oils, spices, sugars andvegetables. Major cereal crops are rice, wheat and maize, otherminor cereal crops like millet and cheena. Fiber crops such as Juteand cotton are mainly cultivated. Sugarcane is the only sugar cropgrown widely in the country. Among the tuber crops potato, aroids ofvarious types and sweet potato are very popular. Pulse crops likeMungbean, Khesari, Lentil, Blackgram and Chickpea are widelycultivated mostly beyond the coastal region while Groundnut iscultivated in Char area of Bangladesh. Mustard and Sesame andLinseed are popularly grown in the country. Major Spice’s cropsgrown in the country are chili, onion, garlic, ginger and turmeric.Narcotic crops such as Tobacco and Betel vine are grown in localizedareas in the country. Winter and summer vegetables are being widelycultivated in Bangladesh.

3.7.2 Fertilizer

Farmers in Bangladesh basically use two types of fertilizers, namelyorganic and chemical fertilizer used in their farming system. Thesource of organic fertilizer is cow dung, compost; muster oil cakeand green manuring crops such as Sesbania. Most of the farmers donot apply the organic fertilizer due to the lack of knowledge.Preservation of cow dung is very poor in Bangladesh. Farmers do notuse chemical fertilizer as per recommended dose due to lack ofknowledge. Detailed of fertilizer use for field and horticulturecrops is presented in Table-3.22 and 3.23.

Table 3.22: Use of fertilizer in field crops

Crop nameFertilizer (Kg/ha)

Urea TSP MP Gypsum HYV Aus 100-140 40-60 0-40 0-40Local Aus 100-140 - - - HYV Aman 120-180 60-80 20-40 0-40 Lt. Aman 100-140 40-60 20-40 0-40 B. Aman 60-100 0-40 - - HYV Boro 200-250 100-120 50-75 50-100

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Local Boro 120-150 - - - Potato 300-350 100-150 150-200 20-40 Wheat 180-220 60-80 40-50 40-60Maize 140-160 60-80 40-60 30-40 Pulses 20-50 40-50 20-40 - Oilseeds 100-180 40-60 30-40 30-40 Spices 200-250 120-160 100-150 60-100 Jute 60-100 30-40 30-40 0-50Sesame 60-100 - - -Chilli 120-150 60-80 40-50Water melon 120-150 80-100 20-40Groundnut - 60-80 40-60 - W. Vegetables 200-300 100-200 100-200 - S. Vegetables 200-300 100-200 100-200 -Mango 180 120 100 -Ber/ Jujube 140 100 80 -Banana 160 120 100 -Sugarcane 100-120 60-80 40-60 -Tobacco 180-200 80-100 60-80 70-

80(Sulphet)

Source: Statistical Year Book, 2010 and sample survey of CEGIS, 2012

Table 3.23: Use of fertilizer and pesticides in the horticulturecrops

Crop name

Fertilizer (Gm/Pit) Pesticides

Urea TSP MPGypsum

Cow dung(kg/pit)

No. ofAppli.

Liq.(ml/ha

)Mango 250 500 500 - 30 3-4 300-

500Jackfruit 0 500 0 0 20 2-3 -Blackberry - 500 - - 20 1-2 400-

700Litchi - 500 - - 20 2-3 300-

700Jujube 250 250 - - 20 - -Coconut - 450 300 - 15 1-2 500-

700Guava 120 500 - - 10 - -

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Crop name


Urea TSP MPGypsum

Cow dung(kg/pit)

No. ofAppli.

Liq.(ml/ha

)Amloki 500 - 150 - 15 1-2 700Kamranga 1000 1500 - - 15 0-1 300Goldenapple

500 - 750 - 10 1-2 -

Orange 200 100 - - 10 - -Jambura 1250 1500 150

0- 15 0-2 700

Wood apple 500 1000 500 - 15 - -Pomegranate

300 - - - 10 2-3 -

Date 750 1000 750 - 10 1-2 700Sharifa 750 100 100 - 8 1-2 800Areca plum 750 500 750 - 10 - -Betel Nut 250 150 - - 10 2-3 30-700Banana - 300 - - 15 3-4 300-

700Papaya - 400 - - 20 1-2 1000Watermelon

- 250 - - 10 1-2 100

Source: Statistical Year Book, 2010

3.7.3 Pesticide

The use of pesticide during the period of 2001 to 2010 is presentedin Table 3.24. It is found from the table that in Bangladeshfarmers apply about 165,280 tons insecticide in granular form,27,957 tons in liquid form and 3,782 tons in powder form to theagriculture field during the period of 2001 to 2010. Farmers aredesperate to control the attack of pests and spread of diseases. Theyield and production of agricultural crops are significantly damagedby pest an diseases infestations which is accounted for about 10-15%. Unscrupulous use of pesticides in vegetables is observed in thecountry while its use in orchards is limited in the commercialgardens only, particularly in mango, litchi and banana farms in ourcountry.

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Table 3.24: Detailed use of pesticide in crop field in Bangladesh

YearInsecticide Fungicide

Rodenticide TotalGranul

ar Liquid Powder Liquid Powder

2001 10788.4

1426.45 86.04 18.85 2170.6 70.3

15398.6

2002 12335.4

1496.85 142.12 2418.8 - 36.34

17393.5

2003 11781.4

1830.32 155.02

2940.68 - 18.56

18080

2004 12113.4

2008.27 229.04

4279.23 - 23.08

22115.9

2005 14061.7

2511.05 323.51

5771.74 - 23.54

25466.4

2006 15918.5

3159.13 453.57 - - 14.73

19545.9

2007 19963.2

3104.19 519.36 - - 10.36

23597.1

2008 25230.6 4190.4 694.2 - - 68.18

30183.4

2009 22118.9

4274.89 606.8 - - 62.38

27062.9

2010 20967.8

3954.94 571.82 - - 79.81

28920.5

Total 165279.3

27956.49 3781.48 15429.

3 2170.6 407.28 227764.1

Source: Statistical Year Book, 2010

3.7.4 Irrigation

Crop production is unthinkable without irrigation facilities. It isidentified that in 2005-06, out of 8,788,038 ha cultivable area,4,759,717 ha was irrigated by ground and surface water which was 54percent of total cultivable land (Table 3.25). In 2011-12, about8,266,372 ha cultivable land was cultivated of which 5,322,335 hawas irrigated by ground and surface water which was 64 percent ofthe total cultivable land. It indicates that total cultivable land

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has decreased by about 6 percent between 2005-06 and 2011-12. In theyear 2005-06, highest (41 percent) irrigated area was in RajshahiDivision and lowest (2 percent) was in Barisal Division. In 2011-12,highest (39 perecnt) irrigated area has been found in RajshahiDivision and lowest (3 percent) was in Barisal Division. During theperiod 2005-06 and 2011-12, there are no significant changes inirrigated areas in all Division except in Khulna Division. Low liftpumps (LLP), deep tube-wells (DTW), shallow tubewells (STW) andcanals are examples of modern irrigation methods in Bangladesh.District wise irrigation is presented in (Annexure-table 3.1.45)

Table 3.25: Irrigated areas by Divisions in Bangladesh (2005-2006and 2011-2012)

DivisionName

Land in hectare, 2005-06

Land in hectare, 2011-12

% ofchange

Cultivated

Irrigated

% oftotal

Cultivated

Irrigated

% oftotal

Dhaka 2,251,866

1,331,105

27.97 2,038,304

1,407,145

26.44 -2

Rajshahi 2,653,655

1,948,785

40.94 2,297,330

2,094,371

39.36 -2

Chittagong

1,251,072

521,266 10.95 1,358,830

546,325 10.26 -1

Khulna 1,197,357

644,611 13.54 940,965 835,641 15.70 2

Sylhet 724,947 203,034 4.27 808,416 271,979 5.11 1

Barisal 709,141 110,936 2.33 822,527 166,865 3.13 1

Total 8,788,038

4,759,717

100 8,266,372

5,322,335

100

Source: BADC, 2012

3.8 Infrastructure

3.8.1 Electricity

Electricity plays an important role in agriculture and farmerslivelihood system. It specially helps to lift surface and groundirrigated water for crop production. Division-wise electricityconnection of the total area and its increase in 2005 and 2010 are

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presented in Figure 3.8 and Table 3.26. It is evident thatelectricity consumption has been doubled during last10 years.

Figure 3.8.: Electricityconnection in Bangladesh (2005

and 2010)

Table 3.26: Increase ofelectricity connection

Note: Rangpur is newly created’2011 Division

Dhaka and Khulna divisions are the top while Rangpur and Barisal arethe lowest in electricity consumption in Bangladesh. Irrigation iswidely used for rice production during Kharif seasons in Bangladesh.The government policy also given high priority to the farmersproviding electricity to increase production. District-wiseelectricity connection is shown in (Annenxure- table 3.1.35).

3.8.2 Communication

Road is the most widely used indicator for measuring communication.In Bangladesh, three types of roads are used for physicalcommunication. According to an estimate by LGED (2012), nationalhigh way is 3570 km, regional high way is 8,323 km, fider/zilla roadis 13678 km and railway 2,877 km throughout the country. Different

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Electricityconnection (%)

Increased

(Percent)2005 2010

Dhaka 32.62 58.58 25.97Chittagong 31.04 53.09 22.06

Rajshahi 25.71 51.29 25.58

Khulna 27.25 53.88 26.63Barisal 17.75 38.55 20.8

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types of roads in Bangladesh are presented in Table 3.27 and Map3.14.

Table-3.27: Roads at upazila, union and village level in Bangladesh

Road type Kacha road (km) Pucca road(km) Total Length(km)

Upazila Road 9822.45 27950.47 37772.92

Union Road 25580.49 19200.33 44780.82

Village Road(wide)

94359.07 6206.27 106906.89

Village Road(small)

88652.18 18254.71 100565.34

Total roads 218414.19 71611.78 290025.97Source: LGED’2012

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Map 3.14: Road network in Bangladesh

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3.9 Crop Production in Bangladesh

3.9.1 Major crops and vegetable productions

Annual crop production and area coverage for various crops inBangaldesh are shown in Table 3.28.

Table 3.28: Annual area coverage and production of crop varieties inBangladesh

Cropname

2001-2002

2003-2004

2005-2006

2007-2008

2008-2009

2009-2010

2010-2011

2011-2012

Millio

n ha

Millio

n tons

Millio

n ha

Millio

n tons

Millio

n ha

Millio

n tons

Millio

n ha

Millio

n tons

Millio

n ha

Millio

n tons

Millio

n ha

Millio

n tons

Millio

n ha

Millio

n tons

Millio

n ha

Millio

n tons

Rice 9.7 30.0

10.1

32.4

10.5

33.7

11.0

36.2

11.2

36.8

11.4

38.7

11.6

39.4

11.8

50.7

Wheat 0.6 2.0 0.5 1.8 0.5 1.7 0.5 1.6 0.5 1.6 0.4 1.5 0.4 1.5 0.4 1.5

Maize 0.1 1.2 0.1 1.3 0.1 1.3 0.1 1.3 0.1 1.4 0.1 1.4 0.1 1.4 0.1 1.4

Pulses 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4

Oilseeds 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4

Sugarcane 0.2 4.1 0.2 3.9 0.2 3.7 0.2 3.6 0.1 3.6 0.1 3.5 0.1 3.5 0.1 3.5

Jute 0.5 1.2 0.4 1.1 0.4 1.0 0.4 1.0 0.4 1.0 0.4 1.0 0.4 0.9 0.4 0.9

Fruits 0.2 0.8 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.7

Vegetables 0.3 2.0 0.3 2.1 0.3 2.1 0.3 2.1 0.3 2.2 0.3 2.2 0.3 2.2 0.3 2.2

Spices 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6

Potato 0.3 4.2 0.3 4.3 0.3 4.5 0.3 4.6 0.3 4.7 0.3 4.7 0.3 4.7 0.3 4.8

Others 0.3 2.7 0.3 2.8 0.3 2.9 0.3 2.8 0.3 2.7 0.3 2.7 0.3 2.6 0.3 2.5

Total 13.1

49.7

13.4

51.9

13.7

53.0

14.1

55.3

14.3

55.9

14.5

57.7

14.7

58.4

14.9

69.6

Increase - - 0.3 03 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Increase - - 2.2 1.1 2.3 0.6 1.8 0.7

11.2

Source: BBS, 2012

From the table it is revealed that rice production has increasedmore than 70 percent during last 10 years (i.e. 2001-2002 to 2011-2012). Wheat production also increased more than double during last10 years, while used area for rice production has increased only 2

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percent; on the contrary, used area has decreased for wheatproduction.

3.9.2 Horticultural crop production in Bangladesh

The climate and weather are suitable for fruit production inBangladesh. Some of regions (District) are more suitable to producemajor crops. Dhaka division is very suitable for banana production,Chittagong Division is suitable for water melon, Rajshahi divisionis mango, Jackfruit in Dhaka division, Litchi in Rangpur division,Guava in Barisal and Jujube production is in Rangpur rather thanother division. Detailed description is presented in table. Districtwise production picture is presented in (Annex table 3.1.37).

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Table 3.29: Area used for fruit crop production in Bangladesh (basedon Division)

Division

Area (Thousand ha)

Banana Pineapple

Watermelon

Mango Jackfruit

Litchi Guava Jujub

e

1 Barisal 72.99 1.4 25.46 0 0.1 0 13.45 0

2

Chittagong 139.8 18.46 32.0

1 1.2 4.3 0 0.55 0.6

3 Sylhet 5.86 1.85 2.74 0.1 0.2 0 0.2 0.1

4 Dhaka 144.75 1.12 11.63 1.55 6.35 0.95 0.55 2.2

5 Khulna 98.82 1.53 10.09 13.15 4.2 1.25 0.85 0.75

6 Rajshahi 37.83 0.8 6.12 263.7 2.85 0.6 1.2 2.27

7 Rangpur 48.44 2.9 8.14 52.9 5 16.3 0.9 3.42

Bangladesh 548.49 28.06 96.1

9 332.6 23 19.1 17.7 9.34

3.10 Socio Economic situation in Bangladesh

3.10.1 Distribution of age group by Division in Bangladesh

Population by different age group is shown in Table 3.30 whichsignifies that Dhaka Division is the top for holding the capacity ofpopulation of different age groups while Sylhet Division is thelowest for this.

Table 3.30: Population distribution by age group in Bangladesh

Division

20110-4 5-9 10-

1415-19

20-24

25-29

30-49

50-59

60-64

65+

Barisal 61.1 78.7 75.5 49.6 46.6 49.8142.

0 41.6 19.7 35.3Chittagong

129.2

155.2

140.1

106.6 98.2 95.2

234.7 62.6 28.3 49.9

Dhaka179.

9220.

7197.

2144.

3152.

0155.

5405.

9109.

4 49.3 85.9

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Khulna 90.7111.

5112.

2 84.0 87.3 93.3266.

5 70.3 29.4 54.9Rajshahi 76.0 91.6 85.6 66.9 73.5 78.0

212.6 54.4 22.5 38.9

Rangpur 85.9104.

4 90.4 65.3 67.8 74.5199.

7 53.3 21.6 37.2Sylhet 51.3 59.2 49.4 38.3 33.9 32.6 84.5 22.3 10.5 18.1Source: BBS, 2011

3.10.2 Labour employment by sector in Bangladesh

Sector wise employment in Bangladesh is depicted in Table 3.31 whichsignify that 25.7 million people were engaged in agriculture in2010-2011 while this engagement was on 22.8 million in 2002-2003.

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Table 3.31: Employment by major occupation (million)

Sectors Labour force survey (15+ Population)

(in million)

2002-03 2005-06 2010-2011

Agriculture, forestry &fisheries 22.8 23.0 25.7

Professional, technical 1.7 2.2 2.4

Administrative, managerial 0.1 0.2 0.7

Clerical workers 1.5 1.0 1.0

Sales workers 6.5 6.7 8.2

Service workers 2.0 2.8 3.0

Production & transportlabourers & others 9.7 11.5 13.5

Total 44.3 47.4 54.5Source: BBS; 2010

Agriculture sectors is the biggest sector for engagement of labourforces in Bangladesh while service and clerical sectors are thelowest sector for employment of labour force in Bangladesh.

3.10.3 Division wise labour employment by sector in Bangladesh

According to BBS (2011) about 66 % of total population engagesdirectly in this system for their major income source (Table-3.32).Maximum dependency has been found in Rangpur division followed byRajshahi and Barisal, Khulna, Sylhet, Chittagong and Dhaka. Thissector has been expanding day by day to meet up the demand ofincreasing population.

Table-3.32: Percentage of agriculture dependent population

Division Total Population Agriculture DependentPopulation (%)

Barisal 604,128 76Chittagong 2,470,762 60Dhaka 5,602,860 55Khulna 1,695,842 74Rajshahi 2,465,627 76

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Rangpur 2,074,196 82Sylhet 1,124,488 69

Total = 16,037,903 66Source: BBS, 2011

3.10.4 Poverty

The poverty level of agro-base livelihood is high in this country.In Bangladesh, the official poverty rates are produced at theNational and Division levels only using Household Income andExpenditure Survey (HIES) data. However the absolute size of thepoor population is large. Finally, Monga areas record high povertyheadcount rates, and also have large poor populations. InBangladesh, poverty measurement includes two types, one is Upperpoverty line and another is Lower poverty line. As a result, if anupper poverty line is adopted, more households and individuals aredefined as poor than it is a lower poverty line. Poverty line are onaverage 20% higher than the lower poverty lines. The following twoFigures-3.9 and 3.10. and Maps 3.15 and 3.16 represents the upperand lower poverty level in Bangladesh.

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Map 3.15: Upper poverty level Map3.16: Lower poverty level

3.10.5 Types of agricultural farms

In Bangladesh, agriculture farm type’s holder has been divided into5 categories; these are landless, marginal, small, medium and largefarm holders. In analyzing from 2001 to 2012, farm type’s holdershave changed due to increasing population, urbanization, expansionof settlement. Detailed description is presented in Figure-3.11.

Figure 3.11: Farm size in Bangladesh

3.10.6 Farmer’s classification

Based on land ownership land has been classified in five categories.These are Landless/ functionally landless<0.2 ha (<50 dec), Marginalfarmer 0.2-0.5 ha (50-125 dec), Small holder 0.5- 1 ha (126-250dec),

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Medium farmer 1-2 ha (251-500 dec) and Large farmer > 2ha (more than501 dec). Data were collect from FAO, BARC and BBS. Categories wisedata on land is shown in the Table 3.3 below.

Table-3.33: Different Farmers types

Landlessfarmers

Marginalfarmers Small farmers Medium

farmersLarge

farmers Possess 0.00 to 0.49 acres ofcultivable land.

Small number of assetholding (both interms ofhousehold assetsand livelihoods assets).

Vulnerable to average year flood/drought situation.

Primary producers.

Possess 0.50 to 1.49 acres ofcultivable land.

Small number of assetholding (both interms ofhousehold assetsand livelihoods assets).


Possess 1.50 to2.49 acres of cultivable land.

Livelihoods rely mostly on wage employment(usually non-formal employment)

Participate in either agricultural and/ or non-agricultural wage labour.

Receive wage daily, seasonally or after work in cash or kind.

Locally regarded/ identified as vulnerable.


Possess asignificant amount(2.50-7.49 acres) ofcultivable land.

Small number ofasset holding (both in terms of householdassets and livelihoods assets).


Possess large amount of cultivable land usually more than 7.5 acres of land.

Lease out land for tenancy purposes.

Large number of asset holdings (both in terms of household assets and livelihoodsassets).

Able to cope with average year flood/drought situation.

Source: BBS’2012

Table 3.34: Farmer’s classification (Land ownership)

Landownership Dhaka Chittago

ng Rajsha

hiKhuln

aRangpu

rBarish

alSylhet

Landless/functiona

1,092,014

291,753 598,571 593,484

505,028 423,233 217,590

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangpur_Division




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajshahi_Division

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajshahi_Division

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Division

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Division

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka_Division

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llylandless<0.2 ha(<50dec.)Marginalfarmer0.2-0.5ha (50-125 dec.)

1,070,385 664,569 525,208 469,40

1 481,404 213,789 162,375

Smallholder0.5- 1ha. (126-250dec.)

727,066 392,727 401,856 348,221 331,775 165,638 117,1

23

Mediumfarmer 1-2 ha.(251-500dec.)

521,001 252,688 379,105 313,293 352,747 29,899 160,0

80

Largefarmer >2ha.(morethan 501dec.)

44,270 27,959 45,585 29,408 43,072 17,963 26,157

Source: DAE, 2012

3.10.7 Agriculture labour wage rate

In ordinary sense, wages are the remuneration paid for the servicesof labour. The agriculture labour is who are working on agriculturalproduction system. In this connection information were collectedfrom BARC and open discussion with different categories of farmers.It was found out that agriculture labor in the peak time (ricetransplanting and harvesting) is higher than in the lean period. Inpeak period male labour in upazila is higher than district anddivisional area. It also varies from male to female. Detailsinformation are shown in Table-3.35 below.

Table-3.35: Wage rate by different units in Bangladesh

Labour wage AgricultureLabourtypes

Wage rate (Taka)Upazila Distric

tDivision Total

Average agri.day labor wage

Male 400 350 300 350Female 250 250 250 250

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in peak periodAverage agri.day labor wagein lean period.

Male 250 250 250 250Female 100 150 150 133

Source: BARC’2012

3.10.8 Division wise agricultural and non-agricultural occupationalstatus

It is very difficult to find out the households information bydivisions. We tried to collect data from different sources like BARCand BBS. Data were categorized in three categories. These are HHsentirely depending on agricultural production (farm) and HHsentirely depending on nonfarm occupation. (Non-farm). Divisionwise information’s are given table-3.4 below.

Table-3.36 Division wise agricultural and non-agriculturaloccupational status

Divisions

Total HHs

HHs entirelydepending onagricultural

production. forincome (farm)

(%)

HHs entirelydepending onnon- farmoccupation.(non farm)

(%)

Division

Barisal 1,781,993 588,057 26 338,579 21

Chittagong 4,867,243 1,606,191 21 924,776 20

Dhaka 11,023,436 3,637,733 26 2,094,453 23

Khulna 3,086,448 954,109 28 541,197 22

Rajshahi 3,889,014 1,283,375 30 738,913 19

Rangpur 11,131,874 3,673,519 35 2,115,056 17

Sylhet 1,499,079 494,696 22 284,825 18Source: BBS’2010

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3.10.9 Population engaged in agricultural activities

Bangladesh is an agriculture dominant country. The socio-economiccondition of the livelihood system depends mainly on the agricultureproduction system. Rural farmer is more dependent in agriculturesector by 99% than the urban farmer is (Table-3.37). Both male (96%)and female (4%) contribute in this sector to meet up the basiceconomic need for their livelihood.

Table-3.37: Population engaged in agricultural activities

Divisions Rural Urban

TotalMale Female Male Female

Khulna 2,968,985 1,442,271 34,362 19,295 4,464,913Rajshahi 6,870,563 1,774,701 41,689 10,760 8,697,713Sylhet 1,313,630 405,126 1,834 367 1,720,957Barisal 1,293,892 600,412 8,076 4,310 1,906,690Chittagong 3,219,873 1,845,532 22,856 9,868 5,098,129Dhaka 5,769,874 1,938,560 49,044 15,142 7,772,620 Rangpur 21,436,817 8,006,602 157,861 59,742 29,661,022

Source: BBS’2011

3.10.10Status of Migration

It is very difficult to find out the households information that aremigrating from village to upazila or district or divisional town forwork to improve their livelihoods. People migrate where/when theirwork. We tried to collect data from different sources like BARC andBBS. Data were categorized in four categories. Details are shown inthe table-3.38 below:

Table 3.38: Division wise migration situation.

DivisionTotal numberof migration

Internal migration over last 5 yearsUrban toUrban

Urban toRural

Rural toRural

Rural toUrban

Barisal 115,891 85.5 137.2 273.8 103.2Chittagong 511,620 181.6 205.9 451.2 261.8Dhaka 3,103,222 221.3 261.1 880.7 327Khulna 284,437 172.2 109 505.3 213.5

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Rajshahi 276,733 171.6 107.9 355 165.4Rangpur 166,919 144.3 156.7 394.8 105.2Sylhet 187,870 56.2 35.7 236 72.3Bangladeshtotal 4,646,692 1032.7 1013.5 3096.8 1248.4Source: Population and Housing Census; 2011

3.10.11Literacy and Education

Education: In country, the general and vocational education havebeen increasing, but religious education is being decreased due tojob opportunity. The technical and business related educationgradually is increasing rather than general education. The increaseand decrease of different types of education is shown in Table 3.39below.

Table 3.39: Educational status in Bangladesh (2001-2012)

Divisions

No schooling Vocational Religious General

2001 2012 2001 2012 2001 2012 2001 2012

Barisal2,244,75

22,020,27

78,36

4 11,291187,1

95168,4

764,683,00

65,619,60

7

Chittagong

8,019,544

7,217,590

53,631 72,402

947,054

852,348

12,382,053

14,858,464

Dhaka15,549,2

8613,994,3

5798,6

91 133,233443,0

2039871

817,950,3

3321,540,4

00

Khulna5,127,78

54,615,00

723,7

48 32,060232,2

93209,0

647,671,51

99,205,82

3

RajShahi6,486,54

75,837,89

226,5

52 35,845292,0

96262,8

867,615,15

99,138,19

1

Rangpur5,842,99

65,258,69

618,5

87 25,092214,9

35193,4

425,928,62

47,114,34

9

Sylhet3,295,17

42,965,65

710,5

04 14,180114,4

83103,0

353,313,58

03,976,29

6

Literacy: Literacy percentage of the country is satisfactory.Analyzed data from table show that from 2001 to 2012, rate ofliteracy has increased, especially primary education. Male andfemale literacy percentages are almost same in 2012. Detaileddescription is presented in table 3.40.

Table 3.40: Literacy rate in Bangladesh

Year Literacy rate (%)

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Years 5+ Years 7+

Male Female Male Female2001 45 37 47 392012 58.2 57.4 61 57

Increased(%) 13.2 20.4 14 18

Figure: 3.12 Literacy rate and increased percentage

3.10.12Government and Non-Government Organizations

Three categories-local or regional, national and international NGO’sare working in our country. There are various Government and non-Government organizations working in the Divisions to Village. Weknow about Govt. organizational setups from divisions to upazillaslevel. In addition to that there are non-Govt. organizations likeBRDB, LGED, BRAC, ASA, Grameen Bank, etc. work with poorer sectionof the society. Some organizations have their micro credit, health,crops, livestock, poultry, IGA and non-formal educational activitiesin the villages. They gave training on poultry, goat rearing,agriculture, sanitation, etc. Group formation remains the usualapproach for the NGOs in reaching and addressing development needsof the beneficiaries. Division wise name of the non- govt.organizations are listed in the below Tables-3.41.

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Table-3.41: Government and non- govt. organizations

Division

Govt-organizations (major) Non Govt-organizations(majo

r)

Barisal

Administrative Units, DAE, DoF, DLS,DoE, BBS, BRDB, LGED, BARI, BRRI,SRDI, BWDB, RHD, PKSF, BINA, DoPE,Education board etc.

ASA,BRAC, GrameenBank,, PROSHIKA,TMSS etc

Chittagong



Dhaka



Khulna



Rajshahi



Rangpur



Sylhet



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4. Crop Typology

4.1 Characterization for Development Crop Typology

Development of crop typology for Bangladesh was initiated with theselection of pilot areas in consideration of the following criteria.

i) Overall, potentiality sustainability, crop yields anddifferent agro-climatic zone.

ii) Yearly rainfall, humidity, temperature. iii) Soil characteristic, land type and irrigation

facilities. iv) To validate the improved crop production technologies in

saline prone district of Khulna.v) To test the acceptance of crop production technologies

among different categories of saline areas.vi) To identify and address constraints in the production

programme of improved crop production technologies.vii) Physical factors limiting the yield potential of

individual crops on a particular region or agro-climaticzone.

viii) Paddy is the crop best adapted to cultivation in thekharif season over most of the country and considerableareas also are best suited for paddy cultivation in therabi season in different AEZ.

ix) The pilot area in a saline prone area and greatopportunities to reduce salinity by management practicesand introduce different saline tolerant rice or non-ricevarieties to increase crop production.

x) The best opportunities to increase dry land rabi cropproduction, with or without irrigation in Bajua, Laudob,Pankhali, Kailasganj and Dacope unions of pilot area.

xi) The use of chemical fertilizers as supplementary sourcesof nutrients has been increasing steadily in Bangladesh,but our farmers do not practice balanced fertilization.For any crops especially in HYV’s of all crops in threeseasons about 75% of the fertilizers applied arenitrogen, 12% phosphate, and only 6% potash compared withthe recommended ratio of 100:80:60. If farmers usebalance dozes fertilizer in time yield will increaseabout 8-10% in pilot area.

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Considering the above points the following pilot areas wereselected.

1. Pilot 1: Dacope upazila in Khulna2. Pilot 2: Khagrachhari upazila in Chittagon Hill Tracts3. Pilot 3: Gazipur Sadar Upazila in Gazipur 4. Pilot 4: Amtali upazila in Barisal5. Pilot 5: Gomastapur in Rajshahi6. Pilot 6: Jamalgonj in Sylhet7. Pilot 7: Pirgonj in Rangpur

Detailed description of the 7 pilot areas are presented in thefollowing sections.

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Pilot-1, Dacope Upazila of Khulna

1. Introduction

From Khulna Division we selected Khulna District and from KhulnaDistrict we selected Dacope upazila as a pilot area. Pilot Upazila(Dacope) has a lot of scope to grow more crops using High YieldingVarieties (HYVs) of field and horticultural crops and land use indifferent season. Khulna zila was upgraded to a zila in 1882.Nothing is definitely known about the zila name. Local traditionstates that the area is called after Khullana, a heroine of Hindumythology who dedicated to kali, a shrine called the temple of theKhullaneswari on the bank of the river Bhairab. The zila is boundedon the north by Jessore and Narail zilas, on the east by Bagerhatzila, on the south by the Bay of Bengal and on the west by Satkhirazila. The zila lies between 22°12' and 23°59' north latitudes andbetween 89°14' and 89°45' east longitudes. The total area of thezila is 4394.45 sq. km. (1696.00 sq. miles) including 2348.55 sq.km. (906.78 sq. miles) forest areas. Annual Average Temperature:Maximum 35.5°C and lowest 12.5°C; annual rainfall is 1710 mm. MainRivers are Rupsa-Pasur, Bhairab, Shibsha, Dharla, Bhadra, Ball, andKobadak (BBS 2011). Administrative map of Dacope upazila is showinin the following map.

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1.1 Geographic information of Dacope upazila:The upazila occupies an area of 991.56 sq. km. including 494.69 sq.km. reserve forest area. It is located between 22°24' and 22°40'north latitudes and between 89°24' and 89°35' east longitudes. Theupazila is bounded on the north by Batiaghata upazila, on the eastby Rampal and Mongla upazilas of Bagerhat zila, on the south by theBay of Bengal and on the west by Paikgachha and Koyra upazilas. Mainrivers are Pasur, Sibsa, Manki, Bhadra. The southern part of thisupazila is surrounded by Sundarban (11790.13 hectors) (BBS, 2011).1.1.2 Demographic information of Dacope upazila

Data were collected from Upazila Agriculture Officer, 2013 and BBS,2011. Total populations in 2011 was 157,489 of them male was 83,193and female was 74,296 whereas in 2001 total population was 152,316where male was 76,291 and female was 76,025. Table-1 indicate that

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population is increasing day by day. But female population numberhas decreased by 1,729 in 2011 from 2001. The differences betweenten years data presented in the table-.

Table-1: Population in the pilot area

Population 2001 2011 DifferenceBoth Sex 1,52,316 1,57,489 5173Male 76,291 83,193 6902Female 76,025 74,296 (-1729)Source: UAO, Dacope upaziula, 2013 and BBS, 2011

2. Agro-meteorological condition

All data was collected from Bangladesh Meteorological Department(BMD), Khulna. Data was available from 2004-2008. All data(rainfall, temperature, humidity and sunshine) were analyzed anddescribed below.

2.1 Rainfall

The figure-1 on rainfall from (2004 to 2008) last five years data(collected from BMD Khulna) shows significant rainfall during themonths of July to September. On the other hand, very little rainfallor no rain occurs during the period November to February. Last fiveyears maximum rainfall occurred in 2004 in the month of September.

Source: BMD, Khulna

2.2 Temperature

Maximum: Figure-2 indicate that seasonal variation of temperature islarge. Mean data of last five years from 2006 to 2010 indicated thatthe mean monthly maximum temperature was 36.11°C in April and that

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was the warmest month. Likewise mean monthly minimum temperature was24.19°C. January was the coldest month that was shown in the figure-2.

Source: BMD, Khulna

Minimum

The highest temperature ever recorded in the last five years was27.0°C, which was in the month of August, 2010 while the lowest everrecorded minimum temperature was 11.8°C recorded in the month ofJanuary, 2010. Details are shown in figure-3.

Source: BMD, Khulna

2.3 Humidity

The humidity data of Dacope was collected from BMD and plotted ingraph shown below. From the figure it is observed that June, July,August and September are the maximum humid months when average

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monthly relative humidity varies from 82.31 to 85.82%. The minimumaverage humidity occurs in the period from November to March whichwas in the range of 79.22 to 70.11 %. The monthly average relativehumidity of last five years (2004-2008) is shown in figure-4

Source: BMD, Khulna

2.4 Sunshine

The figure-5 on sunshine of last five years (2004 to 2008) showsthat maximum sunshine was in the month of September in 2004. On theother hand, minimum was in November 2006. Last five years averagesunshine is presented below.

Source: BMD, Khulna

3. Agro-Ecological Zone(AEZ)

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Bangladesh has been divided into 30 agro-ecological zones (AEZ)depending on physiography, climatic condition, depth and inundationof land. The pilot area is situated in the Ganges Tidal Flood Plain(AEZ-13) is shown in map-. Details descriptions of AEZ are givenbelow and crops (field and horticultural) grown in the pilot areaaccording to AEZs are presented in the table-.

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Ganges Tidal Flood Plain (AEZ-13)This region occupies an extensive area of tidal floodplain land inthe south-west of the country. The Ganges Tidal Floodplain has lowrelief compared to the Ganges River Floodplain. The area is criss-crossed by innumerable tidal rivers and creeks whose banks generallystand less than a metre above the adjoining basins. The whole ofthis zones lies within the cyclone zone.

Under natural conditions, this area is flooded at high tide, eitherthroughout the year or during rainy season when rivers entering fromthe north bring in increased flows. In the southwest, theembankments have cut off this tidal flooding in places, but basinsites are flooded by rain water which accumulates in the monsoonseason. The rivers are saline throughout the year in the west. Inthe east, they carry fresh water to the coast during rainy season,and only become saline in their lower courses during the dry season.Most of the eastern half of the unit is non-saline throughout theyear. Therefore, tidal and seasonal flooding are mainly shallow, butbasin centers in the north are moderately deeply flooded in themonsoon season. The Ganges Tidal Floodplain consists of threesubunits namely, non-saline, saline and Sundarbans.

There is pattern of grey, slightly calcareous, heavy soils on riverbanks and grey to dark grey, non-calcareous, heavy silty clays inthe extensive basins. Non-calcareous Grey Floodplain soil is themajor component of general soil types. Acid Sulphate soil alsooccupies significant part of the area where it is extensively acidicduring dry season. In general, most of the top soils are acidic andsub-soils are neutral to mildly alkaline. Soils of Sundarbans areaare strongly alkaline. The fertility level is generally high withmedium to high organic matter content.

Table-2: Field and horticultural crops grown according to AEZs

No.AEZ

Name ofAEZ

Totalarea(ha)

Major crops grown

13c GangesTidalFloodplain

28,557 Rice, Potato, Sesame, Mung bean, Brinjal,Cabbage, Cauliflower, Knol khol(Oalkopi), Gourd, Sponge gourd(Dhundal),Amaranth(Danta), Red amaranth(Lal shak)Snake gourd(Chichinga), Ash gourd (Whitegourd),Cucumber, Papaya, Mukhikachu(Taro), Man kachu, Pani kachu, IndianSpinach, Raddish, Bitter gourd, Ribbed

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gourd(Jhinga), Ladies finger(Okra), yardlong bean, Sweet gourd, Tomato,Watermelon, Melon, Turmeric, Ginger, Fruit crops(Grown only homestead):Safeda(Sapota), Ber(Kul), Wood apple(Kotbel), Guava, Coconut, Tamarind and Betelnut

Source: UAO, Dacope upaziula, 2013

4. Land types in pilot area Based on the flooding depth in Bangladesh, the land has beencategorized as highland (F0), medium highland (F1), medium lowland(F2), lowland (F3) and very lowland (F4). Total area in the pilotupazila is 28,557ha and net cultivated area is 19,830 ha. The pilotarea is dominated by medium high land (89%) and which is followed byhigh land (11%). The land types of Dacope Upazila are presented intable 3 and map-.

Table 3: Detailed land type of the pilot area

Land type Area(ha) % of NCAHigh land(F0) 2,234 11Medium high land(F1) 17,596 89

Total 19,830 100Source: CEGIS estimation from SOLARIS

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Map 4: Land type of the pilot area

5. Land use in the pilot area

Total land area is estimated about 28,557 ha and net cultivable landis about 69.44% in the pilot area. The Settlement, Road &Infrastructure, River, Water bodies, Forest and Orchard area are6.10%, 8.26%, 4.39%, 2.12%, 2.49% and 7.21 % of the pilot area

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respectively. Detailed land use of the pilot area is presented intable-4 and map-5.

Table-4: Detailed land use of the pilot area

Land use Area (ha) %Settlement 1,741 6.10Road, Infrastructure & other structure 2,359 8.26River 1255 4.39Water bodies 604 2.12Forest 710 2.49Orchard 2,058 7.21NCA 19,830 69.44Gross area 28,557 100Source: Source: UAO, Dacope upaziula, 2013

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Map 6: Land use of the pilot area

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6. Soil Texture

Soil texture is the relative proportions of sand, silt and clay. Itis very important for agriculture crop production. The soil textureis dominated by clay (62%) which is followed by clay loam (37%) inthe pilot area. Detailed soil texture is presented in table-5.

Table5: Detailed soil texture of top soil (0-15cm) in pilot area

Texture Area(ha) % of NCAClay 12,325 62Clay Loam 7,290 37Loam 214 1


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Map 7: Soil texture of the pilot area

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7. Available soil moisture

According to SRDI (1988), the available soil moisture has beenclassified into four categories. The pilot area is dominated by lowlevel (62%) of available soil moisture followed by medium level(37%) of available soil moisture. Detailed distribution of availablesoil moisture is presented in table-6 and map-8.

Table- 6: Detailed distribution of available soil moisture in thepilot area

Classification ofavailable soil

moisture

CharacteristicsArea(ha)

%ofNCA

Low

Plant extractable soilmoisture remained in thefield level less than onemonth

12,395 62

MediumPlant extractable soil moistureremained in field level fromone to two months

7,290 37

HighPlant extractable soil moistureremained in field level fromtwo to three months

214 1


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Map-8: Available soil moisture of the pilot area

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8. Salinity

The soils of the pilot area become saline in the dry season (Jan-May). The soil and water salinity gradually increases with drynessfrom January and reach maximum level in the month April-May and thendecreases due to onset of monsoon rainfall. Soil salinity mapprepared by the SRDI for 2000 and 2010 showed about 96.6% area ofthe pilot area suffered by strongly saline with very strongly salinewhich is followed by slightly saline with some moderatelysaline(3.0%). Detailed soil salinity of the Pilot area is presentedin Table 7 and map-9.

Table 7: Soil salinity in the pilot area

SoilSalinityclass

(ECe=ds/m)

CharacteristicsSalt

affectedareas (ha)

% ofNCA

4.1-8.0 Slightly saline with somemoderately saline 587 3.0

8.1-12.0 Moderately saline with somestrongly saline 82 0.4

12.1-15.0 Strongly saline with verystrongly saline 19,161 96.6

Total 19,830 100 Source: CEGIS estimation from SRDI

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9. Drainage Characteristics

Drainage plays a vital role in the management of soil in the projectarea. As per the SRDI (1988), the drainage characteristics have beendivided into six classes from the agriculture point of view. Most ofthe pilot area is under poorly drained condition (99.7%) which isfollowed imperfectly drained (0.3%). Detailed information ofdrainage characteristics is presented in table-8 and map-10.

Table -8: Detailed drainage characteristics of the pilot area

Drainageclassifica

tionDescription

Area(ha)

% ofNCA

Imperfectly Drained

Water drained from soil badly or slowly.This soil often remains wet in rainyseason due to rainfall. In normalsituation, water does not stand on landmore than 15 days at a stretch. In rainyseason, groundwater stands within 1 metreat least for some time.

52 0.3

PoorlyDrained

The soil remains under water from 15 daysto 7/8 months. Water is drained from thesoil slowly. In most cases, the landremains wet/water logged for aconsiderable period of time after therainy season.

19778 99.7

Total 19,830 100

Source: CEGIS estimation from SOLARIS

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Map-10: Drainage characteristics of the pilot area

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10. Constraints of crop production

The main constraint of the pilot area is soil and water salinity.Tidal surge also causes for crop damage. Natural calamities such ashailstorm, fog, cold wave and drought etc. are also affecting normalcrop production to some extent.

11. Present cropping patterns

There are 109 villages in Dacope Upazila. Within the villagesDepartment of Agricultural Extension (DAE) has 11 Agriculture Blocks(AB) where farmers are growing different crops in the field, butthey can’t do the same patterns due to salinity and tidal surgeproblem. For that reason sometimes they are losing full or partialyield of all crops.

Dominant cropping pattern is Fallow-T.aman-Fallow which is practicedin 84.04% of the NCA. Next cropping pattern is Fallow-T.aman-Watermelon which is practiced in 7.69% of the NCA. Single, double andtriple cropped area is 84.20%, 12.02% and 3.78% respectively.Cropping intensity of the pilot area is about 120%. Detailedexisting cropping patterns with area of coverage are presented intable-.

Table-9: Existing cropping patterns with area in the pilot area

Sl. No. Cropping Patterns Area(ha) % of NCA

Kharif-I Kharif-II Rabi1 Fallow T.Aman Boro 25 0.132 Fallow Fallow Boro 30 0.153 Aus T. Aman Water

melon600 3.03

4 Fallow T. Aman Watermelon

1,525 7.69

5 Aus T. Aman Fallow 100 0.506 Fallow T. Aman Sesame 16 0.087 Fallow T. Aman Mung bean 18 0.098 Vegetables Fallow Potato 100 0.509 Vegetables Vegetables Potato 30 0.1510 Vegetables Vegetables Spices 50 0.2511 Vegetables Fallow Vegetables 175 0.88

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12 Vegetables Vegetables Vegetables 75 0.3813 Fallow T. Aman Vegetables 350 1.7714 Aus T. Aman Vegetables 70 0.3515 Fallow T. Aman Fallow 16,666 84.04

Total 19,830 100.00Source: UAO, Dacope upaziula, 2013

Picture 1: Borotransplanting in the pilot area

Picture 2: Localvegetables seed used

12. Input Use in pilot area

Inputs used for growing agricultural crops include seed, fertilizers(including manure), pesticides and labor. Major crops grown with thelevel of these inputs in Dacope pilot upazila is presented intable ?

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Table ?: Input (Seed, Labour, Fertilizer and Pesticides) used in theDacope pilot upazial

Crop nameSeed

(Kg/ha)

Labor

(Number/ha )

Fertilizer (Kg/ha) Pesticides

Urea TSP MP Gypsum

No.of

application

Liq.(ml/ha)

Granular/ Powder(kg/ha

HYV Aus 40 170 100-110 60-70 50 0 0 -1 800 8-10

HYV Aman 40 170 125 80 60 0 1- 2 800 8-10

Lt. Aman 50 120 80-100 60 30 0 1- 2 700 8 -10

HYV Boro 50 180 200-220 100 50 20-30

1- 2 800 10 -12

Potato 1400 170 180-200 140 150 0 1- 2 800 7 - 8

Sesame 8 100 15 60 30 0 1- 2 500 4 - 5

Mung bean 30 110 50 60 20 0 0 -1 650 7- 8

Spices 30 110 100-140 80-90 70 0 1- 2 500 4 - 5

Chilli 2.5 120 60 40 30 0 1 -2

500 4 5

W.Vegetables

2-3* 160 120-130 60-70 50-60 0 3- 5 800 6 - 8

S.Vegetables

2-3* 160 140-180 100-120

90-120

0 4 -5 800 6 - 7

Watermelon

1.5* 160 160-180 80-100

90-100

10 2- 3 800 10 - 12

Source: Farmers interviewed, Janu, 2014; *Seed rate Varies in different crops

Picture 3: Rice processing inthe pilot area

Picture 4: Plant selected forseed

12.1 Irrigation

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It was found that about 3,000 ha cultivable area was irrigated in2012-2013. Surface water (Mini pond and canal) is the only source ofirrigation in Dacope upazila. Low lift pumps (LLP) are used forlifting irrigation water. Farmers irrigate only in boro season usingLow lift pumps (LLP) for surface water irrigation. Due tounavailability of irrigation facilities, farmers’ are growing theHYVs boro in only 15% of pilot area. Details information ispresented in the table-14.

Table14: Modes of irrigation, number and area (ha) irrigated in thepilot area

Mode ofirrigation

No. equipment Area irrigated(ha)

% of NCA

LLP 938 3,000 15Total 938 3,000 15

Source: UAO, Dacope upaziula, 2013

13. Gender and Social Aspects

13.1 Poverty

The poverty level of agro-base livelihood is high in this upazilaand the absolute size of the poor population is large. In the pilotarea poverty measurement includes two types, one is Upper povertyline and another is Lower poverty line (hardcore poor people). Inour pilot area poverty line are on average 73.30% higher than thelower poverty lines. Detailed poverty status of the pilot areapresented in table-15.

Table 15: Incidence of poverty 2005 in the pilot area

Division

District

Upazila

% Poor (Upperpoverty line*)

% Extreme Poor(Lowerpoverty line*)

Khulna Khulna

Dacope

73.30 60.40

Source: BBS, 2004

14. Land ownership

Based on land ownership in Dacope upazila farmers were classified infive categories. These are Landless/ functionally landless: <0.2 ha(<50 dec), Marginal farmer: 0.2-0.5 ha (50-125 dec), Small holder:0.5- 1 ha (126-250 dec), Medium farmer: 1-2 ha (251-500 dec) andLarge farmer: > 2ha (more than 501 dec). Data were collected from

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UAO, DAE of Dacope which has relevance with FAO, BARC and BBS.According to the table-14 marginal farmers (28%) are dominant whichis followed by large farmers in the pilot area. Category wisefarmers’ data is presented in table-16.

Table-16: Farmers by land ownership

Landlessfarmers

MarginalfarmersSmall farmers Medium farmers Large

farmersTotal

6,109 8,902 8,043 5,808 2,294 31,156Source: UAO, Dacope upaziula, 2013

14.1 Agriculture labour wage rateFrom the open discussion with different categories of farmers in thefield that normal agriculture labor wage rate is tk 300 per male perday in peak period (rice transplanting and harvesting) and tk. 275per male per day in the lean period. It is also varies from male tofemale. The rate for per female per day is tk. 200 in peak andtk.175 in lean period. Wage rate by different units in Dacope ispresented in table-17.

Table-17: Wage rate by different units in Dacope

Labour wage Agriculture Labourtypes

Wage rate (Taka)Village Upazila

Average agri.day labor wagein peak period

Male 300 350Female 200 250

Average agri.day labor wagein lean period.

Male 275 375Female 175 250

Source: RRA, Dacope

14.2 Agricultural and non-agricultural occupational status Data were collected from BBS and UAO of DAE, Dacope. It was analyzedand presented in table-18. Maximum HHs in this upazilas is engagedon agricultural activities. For this reasons farm household’s rateis higher than other upazilas.

Table-18: Agricultural and non-agricultural occupational status

Upazila Total

HHs

HHs entirely depending onagricultural productionfor income (farm)

(%)

HHs entirelydepending onnon- farmoccupation (nonfarm)

(%)

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Dacope

36,597 23,788 65 12,809 35

Source: UAO, Dacope upaziula, 2013 and BBS, 2011

14.3 Population engaged in different activities

In Khulna District, Dacope is dominant in agriculture speciallyfruits. Agriculture sector is first priority and land preparation ismainly done by power tiller. Aman rice is covering more area thanboro rice crop, because in boro there is no scope for irrigation dueto salinity. The socio-economic condition of the livelihood systemdepends mainly on the agriculture production. Rural farmer in thepilot area is more dependent in agriculture sector. Most of thepeoples (male and female) are working in different crops andhorticulture crops field to contribute in this sector to meet up thebasic economic need for their livelihood. Detailed of the populationengaged in agriculture (7+years) activities is presented in table-19.

Table-19: Population engaged in agriculture activities (7+ years)activities

Upazila Total populationField ofActivity(7+years)

AgricultureBoth Male Female Male Female

Dacope 157,48983,193 74296 7085 365

Source: BBS, 2011

14.4 Literacy and Education14.4.1 Literacy: Literacy percentage in the pilot area is notsatisfactory. Male and female literacy percentages are presented intable-20.

Table 20: Literacy rate in the pilot area

Upazila Literacy (can write a latter) Literacy rate(%)

Both Male Female Both

Male

FemaleYes No Yes No Yes No

Dacope 75,656

59,440

42,545

25,049

33,111

34,391

56.0

62.9 49.1

Source: BBS, 2011

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14.4.2 Education: All the data were collected from BBS and analyzedaccording to age, to know the status of different aged of child’sare going/not going school. Present status of education in differentaged is presented in table-21.

Table-21: Educational status in Dacope

Upazila

Population aged 3-5years



Attendingschool

Notattendingschool

Attendingschool

Notattendingschool

Attendingschool

Notattendingschool

Male Female

Male

Female Male Femal

eMale

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Dacope 579 616

3556 3393 6496 6384

1368 1228

5568 5443

1128 705

Source: BBS, 2011

14.5 Housing and sanitationAll the data were collected from BBS and analyzed. Most of thehouses are kutcha (87.6%) which is followed by pucca (2.9%) in thepilot area. In case of sanitary condition, 13.7% has no sanitarytoilet facilities. Details housing and sanitary status are presentedin table-22.

Table-22: Housing and sanitary status of dacope

Upazila

Numberof

Households

Type of Structure (%) Toilet Facility (%)

Pucka

Semi-

pucka

Kutcha

Jhupri

Sanitary

(water-

sealed)

Sanitary(nonwater-sealed

)

Non-sanitary

None

Dacope 36,597 2.9 5.7 87.6 3.8 45.0 22.3 18.913.7

Source: BBS 2011

15 Government and Non-Government Organizations15.1 Government organizationsThree categories-local or regional, national and international NGO’sare working in the pilot area. There are various Government and non-Government organizations working in the upazila as well. Govt.organizational setups work in District to union level. In additionto that non-Govt. organizations are also working in the pilot areawhich is presented in the table-23.

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Table-23: Government and non- govt. organizations

District toUnion

Govt-organizations (major) Non Govt-organizations(major

)

Dacope

Administrative Units, DAE, DoF, DLS,DoE, BBS, BRDB, LGED, BARI, SRDI,BWDB, RHD,DPHE

ASA, BRAC, GrameenBank, PROSHIKA,TMSS, World Vision,Bangladesh etc

15.2 Non- Govt organizationsMost of the non-govt. organizations have their micro credit, health,crops, livestock, IGA and non-formal educational activities in thevillages. They give training on agriculture, sanitation, etc. Groupformation remains the usual approach for the NGOs in reaching andaddressing development needs of the beneficiaries.

16. Crop typology based on land type

Cluster-1 (High and medium high land, high yielding varieties)Normally three crops grown are in a year in the same land in thepilot area, we called it very good pattern. We visited pilot area,observed the area, discussed with the local farmers, SAAO of DAE inthe field level and in the office Agriculture Extension Officer(AEO) of DAE. Crops, season and varieties are presented in thetable-24.

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Table 24: Crops grown in the pilot area

AEZno.

13

Crop Season Varieties

Aus Kharif-I BR-26, BRRI Dhan-27Aman Kharif-II BR-11, BR-23, BRRI Dhan-39, BRRI

Dhan-40, BRRI Dhan-41,BBRI-49 ,BINA-7Boro Rabi/Boro BRRI Dhan-28, BRRI Dhan-29, BINA-8Vegetables

Kharif-Iand Rabi

Indian spinach: BARI Pui shak-1, Lalshak: BARI Lal shak-1, Palong shak-Kapi palong, Cauli flower-BARIphulkapi-1, Snow white, Cabbage-KKcross-1,Brinjal, BARI Begun-1,BARIBegun-2,Ladies finger-Bangkim, BARIDherosh-1,Bean-BARI Sheem-1,BARISheem-2,Potato-BARIAlu-1,BARI Alu-11

Sesame Rabi BARI Til-T6,BARI-2,BARI-3Pulses Kharif-2 BARI Mung:BARI-5Spices Round the

yearBARI Peaj-2,BARI Peaj-3,BAURashun-1,Turmeric-Dimla, Chilli-Localimproved variety, Zinger-Localimproved variety

Watermelon

Rabi Glory, World queen, Big family

Example- 1: Farmers grow more Aman crops in the pilot area than Borocrops due to scarcity of fresh water during dry season. Availabilityof water source in the pilot area can be created through waterreservoir to store rain water or re-excavation of khals. It ispossible to accommodate one or two crops. Farmers will be benefitedif they become aware about growing period of crops and use ofrecommended fertilizer in time. It is also assumed that farmers willuse extra seed, labor, fertilizer and pesticide. Proper managementwill also be done. It is also expected that soil health and croppingintensity will increase. Detail existing and proposed croppingpattern for cluster 1 is presented in table-25.

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Table-25: Existing and proposed cropping patterns for claster-1

Observation

Existing croppingpattern

Proposed cropping pattern

Rabi Kharif-I Kharif-II


Rice Fallow

Fallow T.aman Vegetables

Fallow T.aman

Rice Boro

Fallow Fallow Boro Aus T. aman

Presently 84.20% area is covered by single crops. According to UAEit is possible to grow double crops in about 5% areas if there isirrigation facilities. Presently 12.02% lands is double cropped, itis possible to grow triple crops in about 3.78% areas if there isirrigation facilities.

Example-2: Total single cropped area is 16,697 ha which NCA is 84.20% of the cultivable area. There is little area where it is possibleto grow double crops. It is possible to grow double crops in 198 ha.Farmers can grow the following crops in different seasons and applyrecommended fertilizer. Details are explained in the table-26.

Table-26: Crops grown and fertilizer application for cluster-1

AEZno.

13

Crop Season

Varieties FertilizerUrea TSP MP Gypsum

Aus Kharif-I

BR-26, BRRI Dhan-27 100-

140

40-60

0-40

0-40

Aman Kharif-II

BR-11, BR-23, BRRIDhan-39, BRRI Dhan-40,BRRI Dhan-41,BBRI-49 ,BINA-7

120-

180

60-80

20-40

0-40

Boro Rabi/Boro

BRRI Dhan-28, BRRIDhan-29,BINA-8

200-

250

100-

120

80-100

50-100

Vegetables

Kharif-IandRabi

Bitter gourd: Localimproved variety,Indian spinach: BARIPui shak-1, Yard longbean: Local improved

200-

300

100-

200

100-

200

-

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variety, Lal shak: BARILal shak-1, Palongshak-Kapi palong, Cauliflower-BARI phulkapi-1,Snow white, Cabbage-KKcross-1,Brinjal, BARIBegun-1,BARI Begun-2,Ladies finger-Bangkim, BARI Dherosh-1,Bean-BARI Sheem-1,BARI Sheem-2,Potato-BARIAlu-1,BARI Alu-11

Sesame Rabi BARI Til-T6,BARI-2,BARI-3

22-28

80-90

155-

165

165-175

Pulses Kharif-2

BARI-5 40-50

80-85

30-35

Spices Roundtheyear

BARI Peaj-2,BARI Peaj-3, BAURashun-1,Turmeric-Dimla, Chilli-Local improved variety,Zinger-Local improvedvariety

250-270

190-210

150-170

-

Watermelon

Rabi Glory, World queen, Bigfamily

250-280

120-150

100-120

80-100

Source: BARI, BRRI; BINA

Cluster-2 (High and medium high land with fruits)

There is no organized orchard in the pilot area. But in homesteadarea there is Sapota (Safeda), Ber (Kul), Wood apple (Kot bel),Guava, Coconut, Betel nut and Tamarind plant. It is possible toestablish Safeda orchard through inter cropping in high land area asSafeda performs well in the coastal/saline area. Detail proposedorchard pattern with intercropping are given in table- 27and table--28.

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Table27: Proposed orchard for inter cropping (Pattern-I)

Landtype

PilotUpazila

Fruitcrops

Intercrops

Varietyuse

Expected yield(t/ha)

Cultivatedcost

(Tk/ha)

Totalreturn

(tk/ha)

Netreturn

(tk/ha)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (8-7)

Highlandandmedium

highland(F0 andF1)

Dacope

Safeda

BARISafeda-2

10 10,000 100,000

90,000

Turmeric

BARI-Dimla

,Sundari

2.5 17,500 25,000

7,500

Total 27,500 125000

97500

Table28: Proposed cropping pattern for inter cropping (Pattern-II)

Landtype

PilotUpazila

Fruitcrops

Inter

crops

Varietyuse


Cultivatedcost

(Tk/ha)

Totalretur

n(tk/ha)

Netretur

n(tk/ha)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (8-7)Highlandandmediumhighland(F0

andF1)

Dacope

Safeda

BARISafeda-2

10 10,000 100,000

90,000

Zinger BARI 2.5 50,000 100,0

0050,00

0

Total 60,000 200,000

140,000

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Cluster- 3 (High and Medium high land)

Following crops can be grown in high and medium high land.

Cereal andoilseeds cropswith differentseasons

Aus: BR-26 and BR-27

Aman: BR-11,BRRI Dhan-23, BRRI Dhan-39, BRRIDha-40, BRRI Dha-41, BINA-7,

Boro: BRRI Dhan-28, BRRI Dhan-29, BRR Dhan-47,BINA-8

Oilseeds: Sesame: BARI Til-T6, BARI-2, And BARI-3

Differentvegetables andwater meloncrops withseasons

Vegetables: Bitter gourd, Indian spinach, Yardlong bean, Lalshak, Snake gourd, Ash gourd, Bottlegourd, Sweet gourd, Sponge gourd, Spinach andAmaranthus.

Table29: Proposed cropping pattern

Cropping PatternsKharif-I Kharif-II RabiFallow Vegetables BoroFallow Vegetables PotatoAus Taman Sesame

Fallow Vegetables VegetablesCluster-4 (High and medium high land)

Following crops can be grown in different land type

Cereal, oilseedsand pulses cropswith differentseasons


Aman: BR-11,BRRI Dhan-23, BRRI Dhan-39, BRRIDhan-40, BRRI Dhan-41, BINA-7,

Boro: BRRI Dhan-28, BRRI Dhan-29, BRR Dhan-47, BINA-8

Oilseeds: Sesame: BARI Til-T6, BARI-2, AndBARI-3

Pulses: BARI Mung-5

Differentvegetables andwater melon cropswith seasons

Vegetables: Bitter gourd, Indian spinach, Yardlong bean, Lalshak, Snake gourd, Ash gourd,Bottle gourd, Sweet gourd, Sponge gourd,Spinach and Amaranthus.

Water melon: Glory, World queen, Big family

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Table 30: Proposed cropping pattern

Cropping PatternsKharif-I Kharif-II RabiFallow T.aman BoroAus T. Aman Water melon

Fallow T.aman PulsesVegetables Vegetables Vegetables

Cluster-5 (Rain-fed condition)

Vegetables crops: Bitter gourd, Indian spinach, Yard long bean,Lalshak, Snake gourd, Ash gourd, Bottle gourd, Sweet gourd, Spongegourd, Spinach and Amaranthus.

Rice crops:

Aus: BR-26, BR-27

Aman: BR-11, BR-23, BRRI Dhan-39, BRRI Dhan-40, BRRI Dhan-41, BINA-7

Oilseeds: Sesame: BARI Til-T6, BARI-2, and BARI-3


Cropping Patterns


Aus T. aman Sesame

Aus T. aman Fallow

Fallow Vegetables Fallow

Typology of production systems and characteristics of irrigators

Irrigation: DAE has eleven ABs of them it is possible only growcrops in five ABs, because of irrigation problems. In the pilot areafarmers are growing few vegetables and DAE is trying to implementdifferent agricultural projects (demonstrations) where irrigation isdone by LLP only, because there are no STW and DTW. Surface water(Mini pond and canal) is the only source of irrigation in the pilotarea. A project is running i.e DCRMA under CDMP they are harvestingrain water preserving in mini ponds and using for irrigation purposein HYV Boro rice by LLP. Farmers may more aware on rain waterharvest and use for irrigation purpose through local DAE.

Salinity management: Salinity is a big problem in the pilot area. In2000 and 2010, SRDI Soil prepared a map on pilot upazila and showedabout 96.6% area is strongly saline with very strongly saline which

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is followed by slightly saline with some moderately saline (3%).Strongly saline with very strongly saline is in robi crop growseason. In the wet season farmers can make nine inches to one feetdeep drain two meter distance each then salinity may reduce bywashing top soil. Also farmers can grow pit crops using mulch thatwill also reduce the soil salinity. Crop rotation can also changethe salinity by growing leguminous crops.

Food SecurityIn the pilot area total population is 157,489. Total production is46,381 metric tons. If one person consumes 487 gram/day then totalrequirement is 76,697 metric tons. So, extra food needed is 30,316metric tons/ year. There are scopes to improve cropping patterns,two crops instate of one crop then food scarcity may reduce.

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Pilot-2, Khagrachhari sadar upazilla, Khagrachhari1. Introduction

In Chittagonj division we selected Khagrachhari to represent hilldistrict and from Khagrachhari district we selected Khagrachharisadar upazilla as representative of hill area. There are manyopportunities to develop fruits, use of fallow land and enhancingproduction of fruit by using high yielding varieties of fruits andfield crops intensively in Khagrachhari sadar and appropriatemanagement because there is fallow medium high land and low land.

Khagrachhari zila was established in 1983. Nothing is definitelyknown about the origin of the zila name. It is said that theexisting zila headquarters is situated on the bank of the chengistream (chhara) which was full of Catkin plants means ‘Khagra’ inlocal languages. This might be the origin of the zila name asKhagrachhari. It is bounded on the north by India, on the east byRangamati zila, on the south by Chittagong and Rangamati zilas andon the west by India and Chittagong zila. It lies between 22˚38 and23˚44 north latitudes and between 91˚44 and 92˚11 east longitudes.The total area of the zila is 2,749.16 sq. km (1061.00 sq. miles) ofwhich 2242.44 sq. km is under forest. It is a hilly zila. Annualaverage temperature is maximum 34.6ºC, minimum 13ºC and rainfall3031 mm. The hills of this region are composed of folded sedimentaryrocks. Notable hill ranges Alu Tila, Bhanga Mura (416.66 m), MataiPukhiri (213.36m), Matai Lakho (274.32 m). Main Rivers are Chingri,Maini, Feni and Halda; lake Mataipukhiri (Debotar pukur). Upazilaadministrative map is shown below--

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1.1 Geographic features of Khagrachari sadar

The upazila occupies an area of 297.91 sq. km including 277.86 sq.kmforest areas. It is located between 23°00' and 23°21' northlatitudes and between 91°55' and 92°00' east longitudes. The upazilais bounded on the north by Panchhari upazila, on the east byDighinala and Langadu upazilas of Rangamati Zila, on the south byMahalchhari upazila and on the west by Matiranga upazila.

1.2 Demographic features of Khagrachhari sadar

Data were collected from Upazila Statistical Officer of KhagrachhariSadar for 2013, and BBS, 2011. Total populations in 2011 was 111,833of which male was 58,366 and female was 53,467 whereas in 2001 totalpopulation was 92,380 where male was 50,380 and female was 42,000.The difference between ten years data is shown in the table-1.

Table-1: Population in the pilot area.

Population 2001 2011 DifferenceBoth Sex 92,380 111833 19453Male 50,380 58366 7986Female 42,000 53467 11467Source: USO, Khagrachhari Sadar 2013 and BBS, 2012

2. Meteorology2.1 Rainfall

Rainfall data of last five years (2009 to 2013), collected fromBangladesh Agriculture Research Institute (BARI) and Department ofAgricultural Extension (DAE) Khagrachhari shows significant rainfallduring the months of May to September. Only in April, 2009 rainfallwas more than other years. On the other hand, very little rainfallor no rain occurs during the period of November to March. During thelast five years, maximum rainfall was occurred in 2009 in the monthof August as shown in figure--.

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Source: CSO, BARI and DD, DAE Khagrachhari, 2013

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2.2 Temperature

Maximum: Data of last five years (2009 to 2013) indicate that themean monthly maximum temperature was 34.30°C in March and May wasthe warmest month. Likewise mean monthly minimum temperature was15.1°C in the month of January and it was the coldest month (figure-2).

Source: CSO, BARI and DD,DAE Khagrachhari, 2013

Minimum: The lowest ever recorded minimum temperature was 12.35°Crecorded in the month of January, 2013. Details are shown in figure-3.


2.3 Humidity

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The humidity data of Khagrachhari Sadar was collected from BARI andDAE Kahgrachhari (Figure-4). From the figure it is observed that inMay 2009 humidity was highest (89.1%). June, July, August,September, October and November are the maximum humid months whenaverage monthly relative humidity varies from 87.37 to 86.90%. Theminimum average humidity occurs in the period from February to Aprilwhich was in the range of 79.3 to 80.80%. The monthly averagerelative humidity of last five years (2009-2013) is shown in Figure-4


3. Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ)

Khagrachhari sadar upazila is within the Northern and Eastern Hills(AEZ-29) shown in map-3. Detailed description on AEZ-29 anddifferent crops grown are described in table-2.

The Northern and Eastern Hills (AEZ-29) region includes thecountry’s hill areas. Relief is complex. Hills have been dissectedto different degrees over different rocks. In general, slopes arevery steep and few low hills have flat summits. The major hill soilsare yellow-brown to strong brown, permeable, friable, loamy; verystrongly acidic and low in moisture holding capacity. However, soilpatterns generally are complex due to local differences in sand,silt and clay contents of the underlying sedimentary rocks and inthe amount of erosion that has occurred. Brown Hill soils are thepredominant General Soil Types of the area.


Items Major crops Area/

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(ha)Cereals,Oilseed, Pulses,Spices crops

rice, potato, mustard, sesame,mustard, mungbean, onion, chilli,turmeric, zinger, lentil

3,419

Vegetables

brinjal, cabbage, country bean,string bean, sweet gourd, spinach,read amaranthous, bottle gourd,radish, kakrul, tomato, cauliflower

968

Horticulturalcrops

jackfruit, mango, pineapple, banana,litchi 1,110

Total 5,497Source: RRA, UAO, DAE, 2014

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4. Land types in pilot area Total area in the pilot upazila is 11,464 ha of which high land is7,164 ha (62%), medium highland 3,486 ha (30%), medium lowland 717ha (6%) and lowland 97 ha (1%). The land types of Khagrachhari SadarUpazila are shown in a figure-6 and map-4.

Source: UAO, DAE, Khagrachhari sadar

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Total pilot area is about 23,806 ha of which net cultivable land isabout 28%. Detailed distribution of land use of the pilot area ispresented in Table 3 and map-5.


Land use Area (ha)% ofNCA

Settlement, road, Infrastructure 2,070 8.7River, lake and chora (khal) 1,207 5.1Water bodies 111 0.5Forest 11,284 47Orchard 1,110 4.7NCA 6,778 28Fallow land 1,246 5.2Gross area 23,806 100Source: UAO, DAE, Khagrachhari Sadar

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Map 5: Land use of the study area

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6. Soil Texture

Soil texture is the relative proportions of sand, silt and clay. Itis very important for agriculture crop production. The soil textureis dominated by clay loam (36%) which is followed by sand (30%) inthe pilot area. Detailed data on soil texture is presented intable-4.

Table -4: Detailed soil texture of the surface soil (0-15 cm) in thepilot area

Texture Area(ha) % of NCAClay 358 5Clay Loam 2,467 36Clay loam/clay 59 1Clay loam/loam 411 6Loam 1,427 21Sand 2,056 30


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Map 6: Soil texture of the study area

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According to SRDI (1988), the available soil moisture has beenclassified into four categories. The pilot area is dominated by lowlevel (96%) of available soil moisture followed by medium level (4%)of available soil moisture. Detailed distribution of available soilmoisture is presented in table-5 and map-7.



moistureCharacteristics Area

(ha)

%ofNCA

Low

Plant extractable soilmoisture remained in thefield level less than onemonth 6,541

96

Medium

Plant extractable soil moistureremained in field level fromone to two months 237

4


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Map 7: Available soil moisture of the pilot area

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Drainage plays a vital role in the management of soil in the projectarea. As per the SRDI (1988), the drainage characteristics have beendivided into six classes from the agriculture point of view. Most ofthe pilot area is under excessively drained condition (62%) which isfollowed by imperfectly drained (35%). Detailed information ofdrainage characteristics is presented in table-6.

Table -6: Detailed drainage characteristics of the pilot area

Drainageclassificat

ionDescription

Area(ha)

% ofNCA

Excessivelydrained

e. Water drained out rapidly from surfacesoil or soil. Water removed from soilimmediately after rainfall or applicationof irrigation water. This soil is notfavorable for field crops.

4215 62

ImperfectlyDrained

Water drained from soil badly or slowly.This soil often remains wet in rainyseason due to rainfall. In normalsituation, water does not stand on landmore than 15 days at a stretch. In rainyseason, groundwater stands within 1 metreat least for some time.

2358 35

PoorlyDrained

The soil remains under water from 15 daysto 7/8 months. Water is drained from thesoil slowly. In most cases, the landremains wet/water logged for aconsiderable period of time after therainy season.

205 3

Total 6778 100 Source: CEGIS estimation from SOLARIS

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Map 8: Drainage characteristics of the pilot area

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9. Constraints of crop production

Lack of knowledge of farmers on modern technologies, lack ofavailability of quality seeds and seedlings and post harvest lossesand lack of trained manpower etc. are the major constraints of lowproductivity in the hilly area. To address the constraints, on-station improved crop technologies should be evaluated at farmers’field level for adaptability and identification of superiorgenotypes along with improved production package for augmentation ofproduction at farmers level. There are 205 villages in Khagrachharisadar upazila. Within the villages, Department of AgriculturalExtension (DAE) has 16 Agricultural Blocks (ABs) where farmers aregrowing crops in the field, but they can’t practice the samepatterns because of hill area. For that reason sometimes they arelosing full or partial yield of all crops. In many areas, there arecluster of orchards but farmers are not fully aware to get theoptimum yield from orchard or crops. Management conditions oforchard are very poor. In the pilot upazila, there is high landwhere litchi, mango, pineapple and banana gardens are available. Butthe management (weeding, fertilizer use, irrigation etc.) is verypoor in the orchard garden. Present cropping patterns with area ofcoverage are presented in table-7.

10. Present cropping patternsThe dominant cropping pattern of the pilot area is Fallow-T.aman-Fallow on 24% of the NCA. Next cropping pattern is Fallow-T.aman-HYVboro on 21% of the NCA. Detailed existing cropping pattern of thepilot area is presented in the table-7.

Table-7: Cropping patterns with area are presented

Sl.No.

Cropping Patterns Area(ha) % of NCAKharif-I Kharif-II Rabi

1 Fallow T. aman HYV boro 1,451 212 Fallow Vegetables Vegetables 437 63 Fallow T. aman Fallow 1,605 245 Fallow T. aman vegetables 568 86 Vegetables T. aman HYV boro 384 67 T. aus T. aman Potato/

maize215 3

8 T. aus T. aman pulses 100 2

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9 T. aus T. aman Oilseed 98 210 Spices Spices Spices 810 1111 Fruits Fruits Fruits 1,110 17

Total 6,778 100Source: UAO, DAE, Khagrachhari sadar

About 52%, 35% and 13% of the NCA is covered with single, double andtriple cropping. The cropping intensity is about 161%.

Picture 5: Cabbage in the pilotarea

Picture 6: Brinjal field in thestudy area

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Picture7: Famers apply pesticidein the mango orchard

Picture 8:Mango orchard in thepilot area

11. Input Use in Khagrachhari Sadar

Inputs used in Khagrachhari pilot upazila include seed, fertilizer,pesticides and labor. Data collected on inputs used in horticulturecrops and field crops are presented in tables ? and ? respectively.

Table ?: Input used in the Khagrachhari pilot area for horticulturecrops

Crop name


Urea TSP MP GypsumCow dung(kg/pit)

No. ofAppli.

Liq.(ml/ha)

Mango 120 80 50 00 20 3-4 300-800

Jackfruit 100 60 80 00 20 2-3 800

Pineapple 80 40 60 00 15 2-3 800

Litchi 80 60 20 00 5 2-3 100-500

Banana 20 50 - - 15 3-4 100-500Source: UAO, DAE and Farmers interviewed, Feb, 2014

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Table ?: Input used in field crops in Khagrachhari pilot area

Crop name Seed(Kg/ha)

Labor(Number/ha )


Urea TSP MP Gypsum

No ofapplication

Liq.(ml/ha)

Granular/Powder

(kg/ha

HYV aus 40-50 150 60-80 15-30 0 0-1 700 7 - 8

HYV aman 40-50 150 60-100 25-30 10-35 0 1- 2 700 7 - 8

Local aman 45-60 120 80-100 20-40 0 1- 2 500 7

HYV boro 40-50 170 130-140

40.7 30-75 0 1-2 800 7 -8

Potato 1400 150 100-140

40-70 70-100

0 1-2 700 4 - 5

Maize 20 120 70-100 80-100

20-50 0 1- 2 500-600

0

Spices(turmeric +zinger)

20 100 20-40 20-Oct

0 0 1- 2 200-300

0

Oilseed 6 -8 110 20-40 40-50 20-30 0 0-1 500 5 -7

Chilli 2 - 3 100 100-180

100-120

50-60 0 1- 2 400 5 - 7

W.Vegetables

3 - 4 110 20-30 15-18 0 0 1- 2 500 4 - 5

S.Vegetables

3 - 4 120 40-60 30-60 10-30

0 3 -5 700 5 - 7

Pulses 15- 20 120 40-60 30-60 10-30 0 4 - 5 700 5 -6Source: UAO, DAE and farmers interviewed, Feb, 2014

Picture 9: Collected for Seed Picture 10: Plant selected for

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seed

11.1 Irrigation

Irrigation is the main problem in the pilot area. Crop production isdifficult without irrigation facilities, especially in Boro paddy.It is identified that about 1,471 ha cultivable area was irrigatedunder 16 agriculture blockss in 2012-2013 in the pilot area. Surfacewater is the only source of irrigation. Farmers irrigate only inboro season using Low lift pumps (LLP) for lifting surface water.Due to unavailability of irrigation facilities, farmers are growingHYVs boro only on 21% of the pilot area. Details information ispresented in the table-13.


Mode ofirrigation

Number equipment Area irrigated(ha)

% irrigated

LLP 252 1,471 21Total 252 1,471 21

Source: UAE, DAE, Khagrachhari Sadar


12.1 Poverty

The poverty level of agro-based livelihood is high in this upazila.However the absolute size of the poor population is large. In thepilot area, poverty measurement includes two types, one is Upperpoverty line and another is Lower poverty line (hardcore poorpeople). In the pilot area, higher poverty line is on average 34.60%higher than the lower poverty lines. Detailed poverty status of thepilot area is presented in the table15.

Table15: Poverty incidence 2005 in the pilot area

Division District Upazila % Poor (Upperpoverty line*)

% Extreme Poor(Lower povertyline*)

Chittagong

Khagrachari

Khagracharisadar

34.60 14.80

Source: BBS, 2004

12.2 Farmer’s classification

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Data on land ownership were collected from UAO, DAE of Khagrachharisadar which has relevance with FAO, BARC and BBS. According to thetable15 marginal farmers (3,797) are dominant which is followed bylarge farmers (335). Category wise land ownership data are presentedin table-14.

Table-14: Different Farmers types and number

Landlessfarmers(<0.2 ha)

Marginalfarmers(0.2-0.5

ha)

Smallfarmers(0.5-1.0

ha)

Mediumfarmers (1-

2 ha)

Largefarmers (>2

ha)

Total

2,383 3,797 3,249 1,234 335 10,998

Source: UAO, DAE, Khagrachai Sadar, 2014

12.3 Agriculture labour wage rateNormal agriculture labor wage rate is tk 325 per male per day inpeak period (rice transplanting and harvesting) and tk. 275 per maleper day in the lean period. Wage rate varies from male to female.The rate for female per day is tk. 175 in peak and in lean period.Wage rate by different units in Khagrachhari sadar is shown belowtable-15.

Table-15: Wage rate by different units in Khagrachhari Sadar

Labour wage

Agriculture Labourtypes



Male 325 350Female 175 180


Male 275 300Female 175 150

Source: RRA, Khagrachhari Sadar

12.4 Agricultural and non-agricultural occupational status Data were collected from BBS and UAO of DAE, Khagrachari sadar. Ithas been analyzed and presented in table-16. Maximum HHs in thisupazila is engaged on agricultural activities.

Table-16: Agricultural and non-agricultural occupational statusUpazila

Total

HHs

HHs entirely dependingon agricultural

production. for income(farm)

(%)

HHs entirelydepending onnon- farm

occupation. (non

(%)

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farm)Khagrachhari Sadar

24,316 18,237 75 6,079 25

Source: BBS, 2011 and UAE, DAE, Khagrachhari Sadar

12.5 Population engaged in different activitiesIn Khagrachhari District, Khagrachhari Sadar is dominant inagriculture specially fruits. Land preparation is mainly done bypower tiller. Aman rice is covering more area than boro rice crop,because in boro there is no scope for irrigation. The socio-economiccondition of the livelihood system depends mainly on the agricultureproduction. Rural farmer in the pilot area is more dependent inagriculture sector. Most of the people (male and female) are workingin different field crops and horticulture crop to meet up the basiceconomic need for their livelihood. Detailed of the population (7+years) engaged in agriculture activities is presented in table-17below.


UpazilaTotal population

Field ofActivity(7+years)


KhagrachhariSadar 111,833

58,366 53,467 6,796 1,268

Source: BBS, 2011

12.6 Literacy and Education12.6.1Literacy: Literacy percentage in the pilot area is notsatisfactory. According to UEO, those who can write a letter toexpress their views has been considered as literate. Male and femaleliteracy percentages are presented in table-18.

Table18: Literacy rate in the pilot area.



Male


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40,713

31,376

18,285

22,786

22,428

57.1

63.2 50.4

Source: BBS, 2011 and UEO, Khagrachhari Sadar.

12.6.2 Education: All the data were collected from BBS and UEO andanalyzed according to age, to know the status of different aged ofchildren if they are going/not going to school. Present status ofeducation in different ages is shown in table-19 below.

Table-19: Educational status in Khagrachhari Sadar

Upazila

Population aged 3-5 years


Population aged11-14 years

Attending school

Notattending school

Attending school

Notattending school

Attending school

Notattendi

ngschool

Male

Fema

le

Male

Fema

le

Male

Fema

le

Male

Fema

le

Male

Fema

le

Male

Fema

le

KhagrachhariSadar 794 800

3,309

3,067

6,000

5,461

1,458

1,412

4,189

3,896

1,061 964

Source: BBS, 2011 and UEO, Khagrachhari Sadar

12.7 Housing and sanitationData on housing and sanitation were collected from BBS and UPHE andanalyzed. Details housing and sanitary status are shown in table-20below.

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Table-20: Housing and sanitary status of Khagrachhari Sadar

Upazila

Numberof

Households

Type of Structure(%) Toilet Facility (%)

Pucka

Semi-

pucka

Kutc

ha

Jhup

ri

Sani

tary

(wat

er-

seal

ed)

Sani

tary

(non

wate

r-No

n-sa

nita

ryNo

ne


6.3

16.5

76.5 1.7 20.5 41.4

35.4

2.7

Source: BBS 2011

12.8 Government and Non-Government Organizations12.8.1 Government organizationsThree categories-local or regional, national and international NGO’sare working in the pilot area. There are various Government and non-Government organizations working in the upazila to para. Govt.organizational setup functions from District to union level. Inaddition, non-Govt. organizations are also working in the pilot areawhich is presented in the below table-21.


Districtto Union

Govt-organizations (major) Non Govt-organizations(majo

r)

Khagrachhari

Administrative Units, DAE, DoF,DLS, DoE, BBS, BRDB, LGED, BARI,SRDI, BWDB, RHD, Sugarcane Sub-Station etc.

ASA,BRAC, GrameenBank, PROSHIKA,TMSS, etc

11.8.2 Non- Govt organizationsMost of the non-govt. organizations have their micro credit, health,crops, livestock, IGA and non-formal educational activities in thevillages. They gave training on agriculture, sanitation, etc. Groupformation remains the usual approach for the NGOs in reaching andaddressing development needs of the beneficiaries.

Crop Typology by clusterCluster-1: (High and medium high land, high yielding varieties)

In the pilot area, farmers generally grow T aman crop in Kharif-IIseason under rain fed condition. In dry season, a limited area iscovered with HYV boro under irrigated condition. During field visit,

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discussions were made with the local farmers, SAAO of DAE in theeight (8) locations with the Additional Agriculture officer (AAO) ofDAE. It was learn that DAE have initiated to improve croppingpatterns with new crop cultivars with optimum level of fertilizerapplication. This would influence to improve crop production in thepilot area.

Table-22: Crops grown in the cluster-1

Rice Kharif-II BR-11, BRRI Dhan-30, BRRI Dhan-34, BRRIDha-40

Vegetables

Rabi BARI Sheem-1,BARI Sheem-2

Spices Round theyear

Turmeric-patnai ,Zinger-Local variety

Fruits Round theyear

Banana, Papaya, Mango Litchi

Source: AAO, DAE and Farmers interviewed, Feb, 2014

Example- 1: Existing and propsed cropping patterns, presented intable 23, is based on discussion with the AAO and local farmers. Itis possible to grow one more vegetable crop in pattern number 1 and2. Farmers are growing banana on the slope of the hill, they onlyplant the sucker and later on go for harvest. Farmers agreed thatit is possible to do some management including use of improvevariety. It is also possible to grow inter crop with mango orchard.The cropping intensity would increase and also soil fertility willimprove by application of fertilizers.

Table-23: Existing and proposed major cropping patterns forcluster-1

Pattern

no.

Crop Existing croppingpattern




1 Rice Fallow

Fallow T.aman

vegetables Fallow T.aman

2 Rice /vegetable

Fallow

Jhumaus/Vegetables

Fallow

Fallow Aus T. aman

3 Banana Banana

Banana Banana

Banana(Improvevariety +



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Pattern

no.

Crop Existing croppingpattern




management)

management)

management)

4 Mango Mango Mango Mango Mango +Turmeric

Mango +Turmeric

Mango +Turmeric

5

Litchi Litchi Litchi Litch

i

Litchi(Improvevariety +management)



6

Spices Spices Spices Spice

s

Spices(Improvedvariety +management)



Source: BARI, UAO, DAE and Farmers interviewed, Feb, 2014

Example-2: Total single cropped area is 3,238 ha which is 24%of the NCA. There are areas where it is possible to grow doublecrops. Total double cropped area is 2,097ha. About 350 ha land maybe triple cropped if there are irrigation facilities. Details arepresented in the table-24 below.

Table-24: Crops grown and fertilizer application for changingcropping patterns for cluster-1

Crop Season

VarietiesFertilizer

Urea TSP MP GypsumRice Khari

f-IBR-20, BR-26 100-

14040-60 0-40 0-40

Rice Kharif-II

BR-11, BRRI Dhan-30,BRRI Dhan-34, BRRIDha-40

120-180

60-80 20-40 0-40

Vegetables

Rabi Sheem-1,BARI Sheem-2 200-300

100-200

100-200

-

Spices Roundtheyear

Turmeric-Patnai,Zinger-Localimproved variety

250-270

190-210

150-170

-

Fruits Round Banana(Improved 1.2* 1.6* 1.25* 0.3*

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Crop Season

VarietiesFertilizer

theyear

variety)Mango-BARI-1,2,3,4,Litchi-Improved variety,Jackfruit withturmeric(HYV)

Source: BARI, BRRI * Fertilizer used in 10+ year plant

Cluster-2: (High and medium land with fruit crops)

Agro-forestry is an ancient practice, now it is becoming an integralpart of the crop farming system in our country as well as inKhagrachhari District. In the Khagrachhari upazila, traditionallydifferent fruit orchard like Mango, Litchi, Guava and Jujube isbeing grown by the farmers, however Banana is dominating andincreasing day by day for higher economic return. Farmers canconvert their field crops as inter cropping (high land) in to bananagarden in the hilly slope. At present farmers are not cultivatingany intercrops in the banana garden. Discussion with local farmers,horticulturist of BARI at Khagrachhari and AAO of sadar upazilasuggested that it is possible to grow turmeric in between the bananaplants and possible to harvest a good yield by growing intercrops.The intercrop will help to maximize the use of cultivable land.Mango is the second dominating cash crop and it is possible to growtermaric as inter crop. One analysis is given in the below table-25.

Crops: Mango, Litchi, Guava, Jujube, Pineapple, Lemon

Intercrops: Zinger, Turmeric, Pineapple, Lemon

Table-25: Existing and proposed crops production throughintercropping (pattern-II)

Land type

Pilot

Upazila

Present

crop

Yield

(t/ha)

Management

Cost

Total

return

Inter

crops

Variety

use

Expected

yield

Cultivated

cost

Total

return

(tk/ha)

Net

return

(tk/ha)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 (11-6)

Highland

KhagrachhariSadar

Mango

10 60,000

90,000

Mango Amrapali,BARI-1,BARI-2BARI-3

12 10,000

150,000

50,000

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andBARI-4

Turmeric

BARI 2.5

17,500

25,000

7,500

Total 60,000

90,000

27,500

175,000

57,500


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Crops: Banana, Papaya, Pineapple, Litchi

Example: There are some gardens in the pilot area like banana,mango, pineapple, papaya, jackfruit, leachi, guava and lemon. Theseare grown by the farmers in high land. There are some fallow landsthat would come under crop production. If farmers do it, thenhorticultural crop area and production will increase. Ultimatelyfarmers will be benefited and livelihood will change. Local farmer’sopined that it is possible to earn tk. 172,234,500 with the samemanagement practices and same input use. A short analysis is shownin the below table-26.

Table-26: Additional land coverage for horticulture crops

Pre-work Propose Difference

CropsName

Area(ha)

Yield

(t/ha.)

Grossreturn(Taka)

CropsName

Area(ha)

Yield

(t/ha.)

Grossreturn(Taka)

Area(ha)

Yield(t/ha)

Extraincome

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8(6-2) (7-3) (8-4)

Banana 221 1533,150,0

00 Banana 225 16 36,000,000 42,850,00

02,850,00

0

Mango 473 4056760000

0 Mango 475 42 698250000 2130,650,

000130,650,

000

Pineapple 10 14.8

1,480,000

Pineapple

10.5 15 2,362,500 0.5 882,500 882,500

Papaya 26 9512,350,0

00 Papaya 27 97 13,095,000 1 745,000 745,000

Jackfruit 171 75

192,375,000

Jackfruit

171.5 78

214,032,000 0.5

21,657,000

21,657,000

Litchi 110 2260,500,0

00 Litchi110.5 24 74,256,000 0.5

13,756,000

13,756,000

Guava 23 255,750,00

0 Guava 24 25.5 7,344,000 11,594,00

01,594,00

0

Lemon - Lemon 0.5 20 100,000 - - 100,000

Total873,205,

0001,045,439,

5009.5 172,134,

500172,234,

500Source: BARI, UAO, DAE and Farmers interviewed, Feb, 2014

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Cluster-4 (medium high and medium low land)

Following crops are suggested for the medium high and medium lowland types

Cereal andoilseeds cropswith differentseasons

Aus: BR-20 and BR-26Aman: BR-11, BRRI Dhan-30, BRRI Dhan-34, BRRI Dha-40, Boro: BRRI Dhan-28, BRRI Dhan-29, Chhokya panjaOilseeds: BARI Sharisha-14 Maize: BARI Maize-7, BARI hybrid maize-2

Differentvegetablescrops withseasons

Vegetables crops: Bitter gourd, Indian spinach,Yard long bean, Lalshak, Snake gourd, Ash gourd,Bottle gourd, Sweet gourd, Spinach, Amaranthus.

Presently 24% area is covered by single cropping. According to UAO,it is possible to bring additional 11% under double cropping withirrigation facilities (table-28). About 35% lands is double cropped,it is possible to grow triple crops in about 1.5% areas if there isirrigation facilities (table-29).

Table-28: Proposed cropping patterns for cluster 4.

Kharif-I Kharif-II RabiFallow Vegetables BoroMaize T.aman PotatoAus Taman MustardVegetables Vegetables Vegetables


Cluster-5 (medium high, medium low and low land)

Cereal, oilseed andpulses withdifferent seasons


Aman: BR-11,BRRI Dhan-30, BRRI Dhan-34, BRRIDha-40,

Boro: BRRI Dhan-28, BRRI Dhan-29, Chhokyapanja

Oilseeds: BARI Sharisha-14

Pulses: BARI Masur-3, BARI Chhola-4, BARIMung-5

Differentvegetables crops

Vegetables crops: Bitter gourd, Indianspinach, Yard long bean, Lal shak, Snake

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with seasons gourd, Ash gourd, Bottle gourd, Sweet gourd,Dhundal, Spinach, Amaranthus.

Table-29: Proposed cropping patterns

Cropping PatternsKharif-I Kharif-II RabiFallow T.aman BoroAus T.aman FallowAus T.aman Pulses

Fallow Vegetables VegetablesSource: BARI, UAO, DAE and Farmers interviewed, Feb, 2014


f. Cereal and oilseedcrops withdifferent seasons


Aman: BR-11,BRRI Dhan-30, BRRI Dhan-34, BRRIDha-40,

Boro: BRRI Dhan-28, BRRI Dhan-29, Chhokyapanja

Oilseeds: BARI Sharisha-14

g. Differentvegetables cropswith seasons

Vegetables crops: Bitter gourd, Lalshak, Snakegourd, Ash gourd, Bottle gourd, Sweet gourd,Dhundal, Spinach, Amaranthus.

Table-30: Proposed cropping patterns

Kharif-I Kharif-II RabiAus T.aman MustardJute T.aman FallowFallow Vegetables Fallow


Typology of production systems and characteristics of irrigators There are no irrigation policies in the pilot area. A typology offarm households and irrigators is useful for understanding the keydrivers of production system adoptions in which irrigation is used,while also capturing the diversity of agricultural production

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practices and economic activities, and potentially the role ofirrigation in livelihood.

Cluster Irrigation policies in the pilot area have historically supportedboth large-scale public irrigation projects and small-scale privateirrigation. In the pilot area, there are agricultural projects whichis scattered. Farmers may be aware to make the irrigation system oncluster basis

A Typology for Farmers' in Drought Management

Drought is a normal, recurrent climate feature in the pilot area.Drought is a slow-onset natural disaster. Planning at macro leveloften assumes that farmers react to and manage drought in similarways. If this assumption of homogeneity is incorrect, the potentialeffectiveness of drought mitigation efforts is likely to bedangerously inhibited. More specifically, it should be examinedwhether farmers use different strategies to mitigate drought and, ifso, whether a typology to classify their management approaches canbe developed.

Food Security

In the pilot area total population is 1,820,373. Total production is53,031.37 metric tons. If one person consumed 454 gram/day thentotal requirement is 301,654 metric tons. So, extra food needed is214,809 ton/ year. There are scopes to improve cropping patterns andintensity, as well as intercropping and timber with fruit treecombination which will reduce the vulnerability of food security foreveryone.

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Pilot-3: Gazipur Sadar Upazila, Gazipur.

1 Introduction

There are many opportunities to develop and enhance production offruit and field crops intensively in Gazipur sadar, because the soilis fertile for production and employment generation. It is boundedon the north by Mymensingh and Kishoreganj districts, on the east byNarsingdi district, on the south by Dhaka district and on the westby the Tangail district. The total area of the district is 1806.36sq. km of which 17.53 sq. km is riverine and 273.42 sq.km. is forestarea. The main rivers are Old Brahmaputra, Shitalakshya, Turag,Bangshi, Balu and Banar. Gazipur district has been selected forassessing production practice and opportunity of production. PilotUpazila (Gazipur Sadar) has a lot of scopes to grow more crops usingHigh Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of field and horticultural crops,maximizing the use and intensification, intercropping in differentseasons. Upazila administrative map is shown in map ?

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1.1 Geographic features

Area and Location: The upazila occupies an area of 457.67 sq. km.including 0.31 sq. km. river area and 54.52 sq. km. forest area. Itis located between 23o53' and 24o11' north latitudes and between90o20' and 92o30' east longitudes. The upazila is bounded on thenorth by Sreepur upazila, on the east by Sreepur and Kaliganjuapzilas and Rupganj upazila of Narayanganj district, on the southby Uttara Thana and Mirpur thanas of Dhaka megacity and on the westby Kaliakair and Savar upazilas.

1.2 Demographic features

Data were collected from Upazila Agriculture Officer of Gazipursadar, 2013, and BBS, 2011. Total population is 1,820,374 of whichmale is 976,683 and female is 843,691. Data presented in table ?below indicate that population is increasing day by day.


Population 2001 2011 DifferenceTotal 8,66,540 18,20,374 954834Male 4,71,768 9,76,683 504915Female 3,94,772 8,43,691 448919Source: UAO, DAE, Gazipur sadar 2013 and BBS, 2012

2. Meteorology

2.1 Rainfall

Data on rainfall (2009 to 2013), collected from Bangladesh RiceResearch Institute (BRRI), shows significant rainfall during themonths of May to October. On the other hand, very little rainfall orno rain occurs during the period of November to March. Last fiveyears maximum rainfall is shown in figure1.

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Source: BRRI, Joydebpur, Gazipur, 2013

2.2 Temperature

Maximum: Seasonal variation of temperature is large. Mean data oflast five years from 2009 to 2013 indicate that the mean monthlymaximum temperature was 35.14°C in March and that was the warmestmonth. Likewise mean monthly minimum temperature was 23.71°C.January was the coldest month that was shown in the figure-2.


Minimum: The highest temperature ever recorded in the last fiveyears was 27.06°C, which is found in the month of July, 2010 whilethe lowest ever recorded minimum temperature is 10.31°C recorded inthe month of January, 2011. Details are shown in figure-3.

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2.3 Humidity

The humidity data of Gazipur Sadar was collected from BRRI andplotted in graph which indicates that June, July, August andSeptember are the maximum humid months when average monthly relativehumidity varies from 79.67 to 83.77%. The minimum average humidityoccurs in the period from November to February which was in therange of 44.35 to 59.35%. The monthly average relative humidity oflast five years (2009-2013) is shown in Figure-4


2.4 Sunshine

The figure-5 contain data on sunshine for last five years (2009 to2013) and show that maximum sunshine prevailed in the month ofNovember in 2013. On the other hand, minimum was December in 2011.

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The pilot area is situated in (i) Young Brahmaputra and Jamuna FloodPlain (AEZ-8), (ii) Old Brahmaputra Flood Plain (AEZ-9) and (iii)Madhupur Tract (AEZ-28) shows in the Map-3, 4 and 5. Detaileddescription of AEZ is given below. Crops (field and horticultural)grown in the pilot area according to AEZs are shown table-2 below.

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Young Brahmaputra and Jamuna Flood Plain (AEZ-8)

The region comprises the area of Brahmaputra sediments. It has acomplex relief of broad and narrow ridges, inter-ridge depressions,partially in filled cut-off channels and basins. This area isoccupied by permeable silt loam to silty clay loam soils on theridges and impermeable clays in the basins; neutral to slightly acidin reaction. General soil types include predominantly greyfloodplain soils. Organic matter content is low in ridges andmoderate in basins. Soils are deficient in N, P and S but the statusof K and Zn is medium.

Old Brahmaputra Flood Plain (AEZ-9)

This region occupies a large area of Brahmaputra sediments beforethe river was diverted to its present Jamuna channel about 200 yearsago. The region has broad ridges and basins. Soils of the area arepredominantly silt loams to silty clay loams on the ridges and clayin the basins. General soil types predominantly include dark greyfloodplain soil. Organic matter content is low on the ridges andmoderate in the basins, topsoils moderately acidic and subsoilsneutral in reaction. General fertility level is low. However, thestatus of P and CEC is medium and the K status is low.

Madhupur Tract (AEZ-28)

This is a region of complex relief and soils are developed over theMadhupur Clay, The landscape comprises level upland, closely orbroadly dissected terraces associated with either shallow or broaddeep valleys.

Eleven General Soil Types exist in the area of which, Deep Red BrownTerrace, Shallow Red Brown Terrace soils and Acid Basin Clays arethe major ones. The soils on the terrace are better drained, friableclay loams to clays overlying friable clay substratum at varyingdepths. Soils in the valleys are dark grey heavy clays. They arestrongly acidic in reaction with low status of organic matter, lowmoisture holding capacity and low fertility level. The soils aremainly phosphate fixing, and low in P, K, S and B levels.


No.AEZ

Name of AEZ Totalarea(ha)

Major crops grow

8 YoungBrahmaputra 5,304

Rice, wheat, jute , potato, Mustard,Sesame, Brinjal, Cabbage,

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and JamunaFloodplain

sweetpotato, Mouri, Aam, Kanthal,NariKel, Supari, Jackfruit

9OldBrahmaputraFloodplain

4,001

Rice, wheat, jute , Potato,Sugarcane, Mustard, Maize, Mungbean, Grass pea, Lady's finger,Cabbage, Chickpea, Onion, Garlic,Jackfruit

28 MadhupurTract 34,058

Jackfruit, Mango, Pineapple etc.

Source: BARC, 2005

4. Land types in pilot area

Total area in the pilot upazila is 43,363 ha. The area of High landis 22,983 ha (53%), medium highland 9,106 ha (21%), medium lowland1,301 ha (3%) and lowland 9,973 ha (23%). The land types of GazipurSadar Upazila are shown in a figure-6 and map-3.

Source: UAO, DAE, Sadar, Gazipur

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Total land area is 41,300 ha, 55.3% of which is the net cultivableland. Settlement, road, river, water bodies, forest and orchard areais about 32.5%, 1.0%, 0.6%, 0.5%, 3.6% and 6.5 % of the pilot arearespectively. Detailed land use of the pilot area is presented intable-3 and map-4.


Land use Area(ha) %Settlement 13,426 32.5Road 409 1.0River 238 0.6Water bodies 216 0.5Forest 1,500 3.6Orchard 2,680 6.5NCA 22,831 55.3Gross area 41,300 100.0Source: UAO, DAE, Gazipur sadar

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Map-4: Land use of the pilot area

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6. Soil Texture

The soil texture is dominated by loam (54%) which is followed byclay (33%) in the pilot area (table-4 and map-5).

Table 4: Detailed soil texture of the surface soil (0-15 cm) in thepilot area

Texture Area(ha) % of NCAClay 7,534 33Clay loam 2,283 10Clay/loam 685 3Loam 12,329 54


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Map 5: Soil texture of the pilot area

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According to SRDI (1988), the available soil moisture has beenclassified into four categories. The pilot area is dominated by lowlevel (60%) of available soil moisture followed by medium level(23%) of available soil moisture. Detailed distribution of availablesoil moisture is presented in table-5 and map-6.



moisture


%ofNCA

Low


13,699 60

Medium

Plant extractable soil moistureremained in field level fromone to two months

5,251 23

High

Plant extractable soil moistureremained in field level fromtwo to three months

3,881 17


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Map 6: Available soil moisture of the pilot area

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Drainage plays a vital role in the management of soil in the projectarea. As per the SRDI (1988), the drainage characteristics have beendivided into six classes from the agriculture point of view. Most ofthe pilot area is under imperfectly drained condition (39%) which isfollowed by moderately well drained (35%). Detailed information ofdrainage characteristics is presented in table-6 and map-7.

Table 6: Detailed drainage characteristics of the pilot area

Drainageclassificat

ionDescription

Area(ha)

% ofNCA

Moderatelywell

Drained

Water drained from soil slowly. So,soil remains wet for a certain time. Inthis case, slowly permeable layer orground water remains within 1-2 metreof depth in rainy season.

7,991 35

ImperfectlyDrained

Water drained from soil badly orslowly. This soil often remains wet inrainy season due to rainfall. In normalsituation, water does not stand on landmore than 15 days at a stretch. Inrainy season, groundwater stands within1 metre at least for some time.

8,904 39

PoorlyDrained

The soil remains under water from 15days to 7/8 months. Water is drainedfrom the soil slowly. In most cases,the land remains wet/water logged for aconsiderable period of time after therainy season.

2,055 9

Very poorlydrained

h. The land remains submerged under waterfor more than 8 months and remains wetthroughout the year. 3,881 17

Total 22,831 100


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Map 7: Drainage characteristics of the pilot area

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9. Constraint for crop production

Lowering of soil moisture in dry season, lack of organic matter andsoil nutrient, water scarcity in dry season, low water holdingcapacity, and excess permeability of water are the main constraintsfor crop production in the pilot area.


There are 264 villages in Gazipur Sadar Upazila. Department ofAgricultural Extension (DAE) has 49 Agriculture Blocks (AB) wherefarmers are growing many crops in the field, but they can’t practicethe same patterns. For that reason sometimes they are losing full orpartial yield of all crops. There are cluster of fruits but farmersare not fully aware to get the optimum yield from orchard garden.There is high land where mango, pineapple, and jackfruit gardens areavailable but not well organized (hexagonal, square etc). Croppingpatterns with area of coverage are presented in table-7 below.

Dominant cropping pattern of the pilot area is Fallow-T.aman-Borowhich is practiced in 31.54% of the NCA. Next cropping pattern isFallow-Fallow-Boro which is practiced in 22.52% of the NCA. Croppingintensity is 177%. Detailed cropping pattern of the pilot area ispresented in the table-7.

Table-7: Cropping patterns with area are presented

Sl.No.

Cropping Patterns Area(ha) % of landuseKharif-I Kharif-II Rabi

1 Fallow Fallow Boro 5141 22.522 Fallow T. Aman Boro 7100 31.543 Aus T. Aman Boro 1550 6.794 Maize T. Aman Potato 65 0.285 Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane 50 0.226 Vegetables T. Aman Vegetables 805 3.527 Aus T. Aman Fallow 616 2.708 Aus T. Aman Pulses 22 0.099 Aus T. Aman Oilseed 18 0.0810 Spices Spices Spices 250 1.1011 Jute T. Aman Fallow 39 0.1812 Vegetables Vegetables Vegetables 1515 6.63

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13 Vegetables Fallow Vegetables 1760 7.7114 Fruits Fruits Fruits 3800 16.63

Total 22,831 100Source: UAO, DAE, Sadar, Gazipur.

Presently 40.46% area is covered by single crops. According to UAOit is possible to grow double crops about 21% areas if there isirrigation facilities. About 42.13% lands is double cropped, it ispossible to grow triple crops in about 17.41% areas if there isirrigation facilities.

Picture 1: HYV Boro crop land inthe pilot area

Picture 2:Oal kopi field in thepilot area

Picture3:Brinjal field in thepilot area

Picture4:Interculturalactivities in the HYV boro rice

field

11. Input Use in Gazipur Sadar

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Inputs used for agriculture as well as horticulture crops in gazipurpilot area include seed, fertilizer, pesticide and labor (Table ?)

Table ?: Input used for horticulture crops in the Gazipur pilot area

Cropname


Urea TSP MP Gypsum Cow dung(kg/pit)

No. ofAppli.

Liq.(ml/ha

)Mango 150 70 100 0 10 4-Mar 300-

800Litchi 0 100 0 0 5 3-Feb 100-

300Jujube 150 90 0 0 5 0 0Guava 40 90 0 0 3 0 0Jambura 150 70 60 0 3 0 0Woodapple

80 90 60 0 0 0 0

Date 50 100 50 0 0 0 0Sharifa 50 100 50 0 0 0 0Arecaplum

750 500 750 - 10 0 0

Betelnut

250 150 - - 10 0 0

Banana - 300 - - 15 4-Mar 100-200

Papaya - 400 - - 20 2-Jan 200Source: UAO, DAE and farmers interviewed, Nov, 2013

Table ?: Input used for Major field crops in the Gazipur pilot area

Cropname

Seed(Kg/ha)

Labor

(no./ha )


Urea TSP MP Gypsum

No ofapplication

Liq.(ml/ha)

Granular/

Powder(kg/ha

HYV Aus 45 120 80-100

40-60 0-40 00 0-1 600 7-8

HYVAman

45 110 40-60 - - 00 1-2 700 7-8

Lt.Aman 50 100 80-100

40-60 0-40 00 0 0 0

HYVBoro

50 140 200-250

80-100

50-75

20-30 1-2 600 7-8

Potato 1500 150 200-250

90-150

90-150

00 1-2 700 4-9

Wheat 120 100 120- 30-70 40- 00 0-1 700 7-8

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140 50Maize 22 120 120-

16060-80 40-

6000 1-2 500-

8000

Pulses 30 80 20-50 40-50 20-40

00 1-2 200-400

0

Oilseeds

8 80 100-180

40-60 30-40

00 0-1 650 7-8

Spices 20 110 100-200

100-130

50-70

00 1-2 200 6-7

Jute 8 120 60-70 30-40 00 00 0-1 100-200

0

Chilli 2.5 120 10-40 - - 00 1-2 500 4-5 W.Vegetables

2-3 140 120-150

60-80 40-50

00 3-5 650 6-8

S.Vegetables

2-3 140 200-300

100-200

90-100

00 4-5 600 6-7

Sugarcane

3500cuttings

- 100-120

60-80 40-60

- 1-2 - 9-12

Source: UAO, DAE and farmers interviewed, Nov, 2013

11.1 Irrigation

It is identified that about 14,400 ha cultivable area was irrigatedunder 49 ABs in 2012-2013 in the pilot area. Farmers are using Lowlift pumps (LLP), deep tube-wells (DTW), and shallow tube wells(STWs) for lifting irrigation water. Details information ispresented in the table-13.

Table13: Modes of irrigation, number and area Irrigated in the pilotarea

Mode ofirrigation


% irrigated

DTW 123 2718 19STW 904 1074 7LLP 1741 10608 74Total 2768 14400 100

Source: UAE, DAE, Gazipur sadar


12.1 Poverty

The poverty level of agro-based livelihood is higher in thisupazila. The absolute size of the poor population is large. In thepilot area poverty measurement includes two types, one is Upper

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poverty line and another is Lower poverty line (hardcore poorpeople). In the pilot area, poverty line is on average18.40% higherthan the lower poverty lines. Detailed poverty status of the pilotarea is presented in the table 15.

Table15: Poverty incidence in the pilot area

Division District

Upazila Percent Poor(Upper povertyline*)

Percent Extreme Poor(Lower poverty line*)

Dhaka Gazipur

Gazipursadar

18.40 7.30

Source: BBS, 2004

12.2 Land Ownership

Data on land ownership were collect from UAO, DAE of Gazipur Sadarwhich has relevance with FAO, BARC and BBS. Category wise data onland ownership is presented in table-15..



Marginalfarmers(0.2-0.5

ha)

Smallfarmers(0.5-1.0

ha)

Mediumfarmers(1-2 ha)

Largefarmers(>2 ha)

Total

9,390 18,858 7793 9,037 853 45,931

Source: UAO, DAE, Gazipur, Sadar, 2013

12.3 Agriculture labour wage rateInformation was collected from BARC and open discussion withdifferent categories of farmers. It is found out that agriculturelabour in the peak time (rice transplanting and harvesting) ishigher than in the lean period. In peak period male labour inupazila is higher than district and divisional area. It also variesfrom male to female. Details information are shown in table-16.

Table-16: Labor wage rate in Gazipur sadar

Labour wage AgricultureLabour types

Wage rate (Taka)Upazila

District

Average

Average agri. day labor wagein peak period

Male 450 400 425Female 250 250 250

Average agri. day labor wagein lean period.

Male 300 150 225Female 100 150 125

Source: UAO, DAE, Gazipur sadar

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12.4 Occupational status Data on occupation were collected from BBS and UAO of DAE, Gazipuesadar. Data were analysed and shown in table-17. A lot of garmentsand industries are in sadar upazila. For this reason non-farmhouseholds is higher than other upazilas.


Upazila TotalHHs



(%)


occupation. (nonfarm)

(%)

GazipurSadar

436,377 244,735 57 187,642 43

Source: BBS, 2011 and UAE, DAE, Gazipur sadar

12.5 Population engaged in different activitiesIn Gazipur District, Gazipur sadar is dominant in industry sector.Agriculture sector is third priority but a lot of scopes are thereto increase agriculture production in Gazipur upazila. The socio-economic condition of the livelihood system depends mainly on theagriculture production system, industry and services. Rural farmersin the pilot area are more dependent in agriculture sector. Most ofthe people (male and female) are working in the different industryof the southern part of the Upazila to contribute in this sector tomeet up the basic economic need for their livelihood. Detailed ofthe population (7+ years) engaged in agriculture, industry andservices activities is presented in table-18 below.

Table 18: Population engaged in agriculture, industry and services(7+ years) activities

Upazila

Total populationField of Activity(7+years)

Agriculture Industry Service

Both Male Female Male Femal

e Male Female Male Femal

eGazipurSadar

18,20,374

9,76,683

8,43,691

19,014 1,185

52,150

47,344

51,622

16,884

Source: BBS, 2011

12.6 Literacy and EducationLiteracy: Literacy percentage in the pilot area is satisfactory.According to UEO those who can write a letter to express their views

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have been considered as literate. Male and female literacypercentages are presented in table-19.

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Table19: Literacy rate in the pilot area

Nameof

pilotarea

Literate (can write a latter) Literacy rate(%)


Male


Gazipur

1,067,081

531,188

609,321

253,898

455,760

277,290 67

70.75 62.6

Source: BBS, 2011 and UEO, Gazipur sadar

12.7 Education:Data were collected from BBS and UEO and analyzed according to age,to know the status of different aged childrens’ going/not going toschool. Present status of education in different aged is shown intable-20 below.

Table 20: Educational status in Gazipur sadar

Upazila




Attending school

Notattendingschool

Attendingschool

Notattendingschool

Attendingschool

Notattendingschool

Male

Femal

e

Male

Femal

e

Male

Femal

e

Male

Femal

e

Male

Femal

e

Male

Femal

e

Gazipursadar

8,811

8,265

45,205

43,561

67,309

62,335

22,568

21,628

42,679

39,630

15,151

15,432

Source: BBS, 2011 and UEO, Gazipur sadar

12.8 Housing and sanitationData were collected from BBS and UPHE and analyzed. Details housingand sanitary status are shown in table-21 below.

Table-21: Sanitary and housing status of GazipurSasar

Upazila

Number ofHousehold

s


Pucka

Semi-

pucka

Kutcha

Jhupri

Sanitar

y(water-

Sanitar

y (non

water-

sealed)

Non-

sanitar

y

None

Gazipur

Sadar 436,377 16.2 57.4 24.9 1.5 37.2 52.7 9.5 0.5

12.9 Government and Non-Government Organizations

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Three categories-local or regional, national and international NGO’sare working in the pilot area. There are various Government and non-Government organizations working in the upazila to village level.Govt. organizational setups is there from District to Union level.In addition, non-Govt. organizations are also working in the pilotarea which is presented in the below table-21.

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Table 21: Government and non- govt. organizations

District toUnion

Govt-organizations (major) Non Govt-organizations(major)

Gazipur

Administrative Units, DAE, DoF, DLS,DoE, BBS, BRDB, LGED, BARI, BRRI, SRDI,CERDI, Seed Certification, BWDB, RHD,PKSF, Sugarcane Sub- Station DPHE, OpenUniversity, National University, BSMRAU,etc.

ASA,BRAC, GrameenBank, PROSHIKA,TMSS, GUK etc

13. Non- Govt. organizationsMost of the non-govt. organizations have their micro credit, health,crops, livestock, poultry, IGA and non-formal educational activitiesin the villages. They gave training on poultry, goat rearing,agriculture, sanitation, etc. Group formation remains the usualapproach for the NGOs in reaching and addressing development needsof the beneficiaries.

Cluster 1: High and medium high land, high yielding varieties

Normally three crops could be grown in a year in the same land inthe pilot area. We visited and observed the pilot area, discussedwith the local farmers, SAAO of DAE in the field level and in theoffice Deputy Director (DD), Training officers (TO), UpazilaAgriculture Officer (UAO), Additional Agriculture officer (AAO) andAgriculture Extension Officer (AEO) of DAE. Crops, season, andvarieties used are presented in table-22. After a long discussion itwas agreed that more new varieties of crops and recommendedfertilizer application may be adopted and improve cropping patternsis possible to fit in the pilot area.

Table 22: Crops grown in the cluster-1

Crop Season VarietiesAus Kharif-I BR-26, BRRI Dhan-42, BRRI Dhan-43, BRRI

Dhan- 48Rice Kharif-

IIBRRI Dhan-38, BRRI Dhan-39, BRRI Dha-51

Boro BRRI Dhan-28, BRRI Dhan-29, BRRI Dhan-36,BINA-7

Vegetables Kharif-I Pani kachu-Latiraj, Mukhi kachu-Bilashi,

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and Rabi BARI Pui shak-1, Lal shak BARI Lal shak-1,Palong shak-Kapi palong, Gima Kolmi-BARIgima kolmi-1,Cauli flower-BARI phulkapi-1,Snow white, Cabbage-IPSA-1,KK cross-1,Brinjal, BARI Begun-1,BARI Begun-2,Ladiesfinger-BARI Dherosh-1,Bean-BARI SHeem-1,BARI Sheem-2,Potato-BARIAlu-1,BARI Alu-11

Spices Roundthe year

BARI Peaj-2,BARI Peaj-3,BAURashun-1,Turmeric-Dimla,Chilli-Balijuri,Zinger-Local improved variety

Fruits Roundthe year

Jackfruit, Banana, Papaya, Pineapple, Guava

Source: UAO, DAE and Farmers interviewed, Nov, 2013

Example- 1: It is possible to cultivate jute after harvest of shortduration Boro rice (BRRI Dhan-28) between Boro and T.aman. Iffarmers become aware about R3 (right dose, right time, rightapplication) for seed fertilizer, pesticide in crops growing periodfarmers will be more benefited. If farmers follow the proposedcropping pattern, it is possible to earn additional net income ofTk. 17,080. The cropping intensity would be increase and also soilfertility will improve for application of balance fertilizers. It isalso mentioned that soil health and cropping intensity willincrease. The analysis is shown in table-23 below.

Table-23: Existing and proposed cropping patterns forcluster-1

Observation


Total

patternreturn(tk)

Proposed cropping pattern Totalreturn(tk)

Netreturn(tk)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (10-5)

Crop Mustard

Boro T.aman

74,400

Mustard

Boro Jute T.aman

91,480

17,080

Variety Tori-7

BRRIDhan-29

BRRIDhan-39

BARI Sharisa-14

BRRIdhan-28

O-9897

BINA Dhan-7

Date ofsowing/Transplanting

15-20Nov,

5-10Feb,

10-15Aug,

15-20Nov,

5-10Feb,

5-10May,

15-20August,

Date ofharvesting

25Jan.to 05

25-30May,

10-15Nov.

5-10Feb,

5-10May,

5-10Au.

5-15Nov,

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(range) Feb, Aprox.Cropdurationin field(days)

75 115 95 80 90 90 85

Jackfruit

Jackfruit

Jackfruit

30,000

Jackfruit+Turmeric

Jackfruit+Turmeric

Jackfruit+Turmeric

Jackfruit+Turmeric

50,000

20,000

Total 104,400

141,480

37,080

Source: 1. BRRI, BARI, BINA, UAO, DAE and Farmers interviewed, Nov, 2013

Example-2: Total single cropped area is 9,241 ha which is 40.48 % ofthe NCA. It would be possible to practice double and triple croppingand even four crops in 131 ha with application of recommended dosesof fertilizer. Details are presented in the table-24 below.

Table-24: Crops grown and fertilizer application for changingcropping patterns for claster-1

Crop Season

VarietiesFertilizer

Urea TSP MP GypsumRice Khari

f-IBR-26, BRRI Dhan-42, BRRIDhan-43, BRRI Dhan- 48

100-140

40-60

0-40

0-40

Rice Kharif-II

BRRI Dhan-38, BRRI Dhan-39,BRRI Dha-51

120-180

60-80

20-40

0-40

Rice Boro BRRI Dhan-28, BRRI Dhan-29,BRRI Dhan-36, BINA-7

200-250

100-120

80-100

50-100

Maize Kharif-IandRabi

BARI Maize-7, BARI hybridMaize-2

170-250

168-180

96-110

140

Pulses Rabi BARI Kheshari-2,BARI Masur-3,BARI Chhola-4,Maskalai-BARIMaskalai-3,BARI Mung-5

40-50

80-90

30-40

Vegetables

Kharif-IandRabi

Pani kachu-Latiraj, Mukhikachu-Bilashi, BARI Pui shak-1, Lal shak BARI Lal shak-1,Palong shak-Kapi palong, GimaKolmi-BARI gima kolmi-1,Cauliflower-BARI phulkapi-1,Snowwhite, Cabbage-IPSA-1,KKcross-1,Brinjal, BARI Begun-1,BARI Begun-2,Ladies finger-BARI Dherosh-1,Bean-BARISHeem-1,BARI Sheem-2,Potato-BARIAlu-1,BARI Alu-11

200-300

100-200

100-200

-

Spices Roundthe

BARI Peaj-2,BARI Peaj-3,BAURashun-1,Turmeric-

250-270

190-210

150-

-

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Crop Season

VarietiesFertilizer

Urea TSP MP Gypsumyear Dimla,Chilli-Balijuri,Zinger-

Local improved variety170

Fruits Roundtheyear

Jackfruit with turmeric(HYV) 1.2* 1.6* 1.25*

0.3*

Source: BARC, BJRI, BARI, BRRI; BINA, BAU, * Fertilizer used in 10+ year plant

Cluster 2: High land with fruit crops

Agro-forestry is an ancient practice, now it is becoming an integralpart of the crop farming system in Bangladesh as well as in GazipurDistrict. In the pilot area traditionally different fruit orchardlike Jackfruit, Litchi, Guava, Jujube are grown by the farmers, butjackfruit is dominating and increasing day by day for highereconomic return. Farmers can convert their field crops as intercropping (high land) in to Jackfruit garden. At present farmers arenot cultivating any intercrops in the jackfruit orchard. Discussionwith local farmers, horticulturist of BARI and UAO of sadar upazilarevealed that it is possible to fit the intercrops in the Jackfruitorchard and possible to harvest a good yield by growing interscrops. The intercrop will maximize the use of the cultivable land.Intercropping would also be possible on forestry land by pineappleand lemon fruits.

Crops: Jackfruit, Litchi, Guava, Jujube, Pineapple, Lemon

Intercrops: Zinger, Turmeric, Sesame, Linseed, Pineapple, Lemon

Example: Jackfruit garden farmers are not growing any other crops.It is possible to grow intercrops in the jackfruit garden, which aregood cash crop in the pilot area and has a good market. Computationpresentated in tables 25 and 26 suggest that farmers can harvestmaximum ten tons. If they grow inter crops with spices (ginger andturmeric), farmers can harvest extra two tons jackfruits because oftwo times irrigation is required for spices.

Table-25: Existing and proposed crop production throughintercropping with Zinger (pattern-I)

Landtype

PilotUpazila

Presentcrop

Yield(t/ha)

ManagementCost(tk/ha)for 5years

Totalreturn(tk)/ha

Intercrops

Variety use

Expectedyield(t/ha)

Cultivatedcost(Tk/ha)

Totalreturn(tk/ha)

Netreturn(tk/ha)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 (11-6)

Hig Gazip Jackf 10 70,000 100,00 Jackf Khaza, 12 10,00 150,00 50,00

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hland(F0)

urSadar

ruit 0 ruit Adharosha,Gala(Localimprovedvariety)

0 0 0

Zinger

BARI 2.5 50,000

100,000

50,000

Total7,0000

10,000 60,000

250,000

100,000

Source: BARI, UAO, DAE and Farmers interviewed, Nov, 2013

Table-26: Existing and proposed crops production throughintercropping with turmeric (pattern-II)

Landtype

PilotUpazila

Presentcrop

Yield(t/ha)

ManagementCost(tk/ha)for 5years

Totalreturn(tk)/ha

Intercrops

Varietyuse

Expectedyield(t/ha)


Totalreturn(tk/ha)

Netreturn(tk/ha)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 (11-6)

Highland(F0)

GazipurSadar

Jackfruit

10 70,000 100,000

Jackfruit

Khaza,Adharosha,Gala,Localimprovedvariety

12 10,000

150,000

50,000

Turmeric

BARI 2.5 17,500

25,000 7,500

Total 70,000 10,000 27,500

175,000

57,500


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Cluster 3: High and medium high land with fruits

Crops: Banana, Papaya, Pineapple, Jujube, Jackfruit, Litchi, Guavaand Lemon

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Example: There are some other gardens in the pilot area like Banana,Papaya, Pineapple and Jujube. There are some fallow lands that couldcome under crop production leading to increase in horticultural croparea and production. Ultimately farmers will be benefited andlivelihood will change. Local farmer’s could earn tk.375,000 withthe same management practices and same input use. A short analysisis shown in the below table 27.

Table 27: Additional land coverage for horticulture crops

Pre-work Propose Difference

Crops Name

Area (ha)

Yield (t/ha.)

Gross return(Taka)

Crops Name

Area (ha)

Yield (t/ha.)

Gross return(Taka)

Area (ha)

Yield (t/ha)

Extra income

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (6-2) (7-3) (8-4)

Banana 5616.2

150,000 Banana 60 17

160,000 4 0.8

10,000

Pineapple

17.1

14.8

200,000

Pineapple

17.5 15

225,000 0.4 0.2

25,000

Papaya 1.195.5

100,000 Papaya 1.8 97

110,000 0.7 1.5

10,000

Jackfruit 9.2

78.3

100,000

Jackfruit 9.6 80

105,000 0.4 1.7

5,000

Litchi 1.723.5

200,000 Litchi 2 24

220,000 0.3 0.5

20,000

Guava 5.825.2

150,000 Guava 6

25.5

175,000 0.2 0.3

25,000

Jujube - 0.5 5 50,000 0.5 550,000

Melon 4.4 31120,00

0 Melon 5 35150,00

0 0.6 430,000

Lemon - Lemon 0.5 20200,00

0 - -200,000

Total 1,020,000

1,395,000

375,000


Cluster 4: High, medium high and medium low land

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Following crops are suggested for the above land types

Cereal and oilseedscrops withdifferent seasons

Aus: BR-26, BRRI Dhan-42, BRRI Dhan-43, BRRIDhan- 48 Aman: BRRI Dhan-38, BRRI Dhan-39,BRRI Dha-51, BINA-7

Boro: BRRI Dhan-28, BRRI Dhan-29, BRRI Dhan-36

Oilseeds: Tori-7, BARI Sharisha-14

Maize: BARI Maize-7, BARI hybrid maize-2

Differentvegetables cropswith seasons

Vegetables crops: Bitter gourd, Indianspinach, Yard long bean, Lalshak, Snake gourd,Ash gourd, Bottle gourd, Sweet gourd, Dhundal,Spinach, Amaranthus.

Presently 40.46% area is covered by single crops. According to UAO,it is possible to grow double crops in about 21% areas if there isirrigation facilities. About 42.13% lands is double cropped, it ispossible to grow triple crops in 17.41% areas if there is irrigationfacilities (table-28).

Table-28: Proposed cropping patterns for cluster 4.

Cropping PatternsKharif-I Kharif-II RabiFallow Vegetables BoroMaize T.aman PotatoAus Taman Mustard

Vegetables Vegetables VegetablesSource: BRRI, BARI, UAO, DAE and Farmers interviewed, Nov, 2013

Cluster 5: Medium high, medium low and low land

Cereal, pulsesand jute cropswith differentseasons

Aus: BR-26, BRRI Dhan-42, BRRI Dhan-43, BRRI Dhan-48Aman: BRRI Dhan-38, BRRI Dhan-39, BRRI Dha-51 Boro: BRRI Dhan-28, BRRI Dhan-29, BRRI Dhan-36,BINA-7 Pulses: BARI Kheshari-2, BARI Masur-3, BARIChhola-4, Maskalai-BARI Maskalai-3, BARI Mung-5Jute: CVL-1, O-9897

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Differentvegetablescrops withseasons

Vegetables crops: Bitter gourd, Indian spinach,Yard long bean, Lal shak, Snake gourd, Ash gourd,Bottle gourd, Sweet gourd, Dhundal, Spinach,Amaranthus.Table-29: Proposed cropping patterns

Cropping PatternsKharif-I Kharif-II RabiFallow T.aman BoroAus T.aman FallowJute T.aman PulsesFallow Vegetables Vegetables

Source: BRRI, BARI, UAO, DAE and Farmers interviewed, Nov, 2013

Cluster 6: Rain-fed conditionCereal, oilseed andjute crops withdifferent seasons

Aus: BRRI Dhan-42, BRRI Dhan-43Aman: BRRI Dhan-33, BRRI Dhan-38, BRRIDhan-39, BRRI Dha-51 Oilseeds: Tori-7Jute: O-9897


Vegetables crops: Bitter gourd, Lalshak,Snake gourd, Ash gourd, Bottle gourd, Sweetgourd, Dhundal, Spinach, Amaranthus.

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Table 30: Proposed cropping patterns

Cropping PatternsKharif-I Kharif-II Rabi

Aus T.aman MustardJute T.aman FallowFallow Vegetables Fallow

Source: BRRI, BARI, UAO, DAE and Farmers interviewed, Nov, 2013

Table 31: Agro-economic performance of existing cropping pattern(T.Aus-T.Aman-Fallow) and Improved cropping pattern(T.Aus-T.Aman-

Mung bean) rice

Existing cropping pattern Improved cropping pattern

Crop Kharif-I

Kharif-II

Rabi Kharif-I

Kharif-II

Rabi

T. Aus T.Aman Fallow

T.Aus T.Aman Mung bean

Variety BR-26 BRRIdhan-33

Fallow

BRRIdhan-42

BINADhan-7

BARIMung6

Fertilizer(Kg/ha)

Urea-180,TSP-100,MoP-80

Urea-200,

TSP-120,

MoP-120

Fallow




Fertilizerapplication

Broadcast

Topdressing

Fallow

Topdressing

Topdressing

Broadcast

Intercultureoperation

Weeding

Weeding Fallow

Weeding Weeding Irrigation&Weeding

Fieldduration

85-90DAP

95-100DAP

Fallow

90-95DAP

90-95DAP

58-65DAS

Yield(t/ha) 2.30 2.8 2.9 3.68 1.06

Grossreturn

- 41,400 50,400

52,200 66,240 47,700

Totalvariable

- 29,208 37,858

39,208 37,858 29,695

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Existing cropping pattern Improved cropping pattern

cost(Tk/ha)

Grossmargin(Tk/ha)

- 21,992 12,542

12,992 26,382 18,005

Price of input and output (Tk/kg): Urea-20, TSP-22, MoP-15, Mungbean seed-73, Mung bean non-seed-45, Rice-18

Table 32: Return of improve pattern over existing pattern

Return overexisting pattern

Gross return(Tk/ha)

Total variablecost (Tk/ha)

Gross margin(Tk/ha)

74,340 29,695 22,845

Food Security

In the pilot area total population is 1,820,373. Total production is53,031.37 metric tons. If one person consumed 454 gram/day thentotal requirement is 3, 016, 54.25 metric tons. So, extra foodneeded 2,148,09.25m.ton/ year. There are scopes to improve croppingpatterns and intensity, as well as intercropping and timber withfruit tree combination will reduce the vulnerability of foodsecurity for everyone.

Pilot-4, Amtali Upazila of Barisal

1. Introduction

Amtoli upozila of Barguna District in Barisal division was selectedas a pilot area. Pilot Upazila (Amtoli) has a lot of scope to growmore crops using High Yielding Varieties (HYV) of field andhorticultural crops. The coastal zila of Barguna was upgraded into azila on the 28th February, 1984. It is bounded on the north byBarisal and Patuakhali zilas, on the east by Patuakhali zila, on thesouth by the Bay of Bengal and on the west by Pirojpur and Khulnazilas. The total area of the zila is 1,831.31 sq. km. (707.07 sq.miles) of which 399.74 sq. km. is reverine and 97.18 sq. km. isunder forest. Important rivers of Barguna district include the PayraRiver, Bishkhali River and the Baleshwar River. Administrative mapof Barguna district and Amtoli upazilas are showing in the map-1 andmap-2.

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1.1 Geographic information of Amtoli upazila:

The upazila occupies an area of 720.75 sq.km of which 51.64 sq.km isunder forest. It is located between 21º51' and 22º18' northlatitudes and between 90º00' and 90º23' east longitudes. The upazilais bounded on the north by Patuakhali Sadar upazila, on the east by

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Galachipa and Kalapara upazilas of Patuakhali zila, on the south bythe Bay of Bengal and on the west by Barguna sadar upazila andMirzaganj upazila of Patuakhali zila. (BBS, 2011).

1.2 Demographic information of Amtoli upazila:

Data were collected from Upazila Agriculture Officer, 2013 and BBS,2011. Total population in 2011 was 270,802 of them male is 132,168and female is 138,634 where as in 2001 total population was 259,757where male was 132,017 and female was 127,740. Table-1 indicatesthat population is increasing.


Population 2001 2011 Difference

Both Sex 2,59,757 2,70,802 11045

Male 1,32,017 1,32,168 151

Female 1,27,740 1,38,634 10894Source: UAO, Amtoli 2013 and BBS, 2011

2. Meteorology

2.1 Rainfall

Data on rainfall of last five years (2004 to 2008) were collectedfrom Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) Barisal which showsignificant rainfall during the months of July to September. On theother hand, very little rainfall or no rain occurs during the periodNovember to February. Last five years maximum rainfall occurred in2004 in the month of September.

Source: BMD, Barisal

2.2 Temperature

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Maximum: Below figure indicated that seasonal variation oftemperature is large. Mean data of last five years from 2006 to 2010indicated that the mean monthly maximum temperature was 34.74°C inMay and that was the warmest month (Figure-2).


Minimum:

The lowest ever recorded minimum temperature was 11.1°C recorded inthe month of January, 2007. Details are shown in figure-3.


2.3 Humidity

The humidity data of Amtali was collected from BMD and plotted ingraph shown below. From the figure it is observed that June, July,August, September, October and November are the maximum humid monthswhen average monthly relative humidity varies from 82.97 to 90.98%.The minimum average humidity occurs in the period from December toMarch which was in the range of 71.17 to 80.53 %. The monthly

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average relative humidity of last five years (2006-2010) is shown infigure-4.


2.4 Sunshine

The figure-5 on sunshine during last five years (2006 to 2010)shows that maximum sunshine was in the month of September in 2007and minimum was July in 2008.


3 Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ)

Bangladesh has divided into 30 agro-ecological zones (AEZ) dependingon physiography, climatic condition, depth and inundation of land.The pilot area is situated in the Ganges Tidal Flood Plain (AEZ-13)

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as shown in map-3. Details descriptions of AEZ are given below andcrops (field and horticultural) grown in the pilot area according toAEZs are presented in the table-2.

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4. Ganges Tidal Flood Plain (AEZ-13)

This region occupies an extensive area of tidal floodplain land inthe south-west of the country. The Ganges Tidal Floodplain has lowrelief compared to the Ganges River Floodplain. The area is criss-crossed by innumerable tidal rivers and creeks whose banks generallystand less than a meter above the adjoining basins. The whole ofthis zones lies within the cyclone zone.

Under natural conditions, this area was flooded at high tide, eitherthroughout the year or during rainy season when rivers entering fromthe north brought in increased flows. In the southwest, theembankments have cut off this tidal flooding in places, but basinsites are flooded by rain water which accumulates in the monsoonSeason. The Rivers are saline throughout the year in the west. Inthe east, they carry fresh water to the coast during rainy season,and only become saline in their lower courses during the dry season.Most of the eastern half of the unit is non-saline throughout theyear, therefore, Tidal and seasonal flooding are mainly shallow, butbasin centers in the north are moderately deeply flooded in themonsoon season. The Ganges Tidal Floodplain consists of threesubunits namely, non-saline, saline and Sundarbans.

There is pattern of grey, slightly calcareous, heavy soils on riverbanks and grey to dark grey, non-calcareous, heavy silty clays inthe extensive basins. Non-calcareous Grey Floodplain soil is themajor component of general soil types. Acid Sulphate soil alsooccupies significant part of the area where it is extensively acidicduring dry season. In general, most of the top soils are acidic andsub-soils are neutral to mildly alkaline. Soils of Sundarbans areaare strongly alkaline. The fertility level is generally high withmedium to high organic matter content.


No.AEZ

Name ofAEZ

Totalarea(ha)

Major crops grown

13c GangesTidalFloodplain

38,500

Rice, Potato, Sesame, Mung bean, Brinjal,Cabbage, Cauliflower, Knol khol(Oalkopi), Gourd, Sponge gourd(Dhundal),Amaranth(Danta), Red amaranth(Lal shak)Snake gourd(Chichinga), Ash gourd (Whitegourd),Cucumber, Papaya, Mukhi

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kachu(Taro), Man kachu, Pani kachu, IndianSpinach, Raddish, Bitter gourd, Ribbedgourd(Jhinga), Ladies finger(Okra), yardlong bean, Sweet gourd, Tomato,Watermelon, Melon, Turmeric, Ginger,

Fruit crops(Grown only homestead):Safeda(Sapota), Ber(Kul), Wood apple(Kotbel), Golden apple(Amra),Guava, Coconut,Tamarind and Betel nut


Based on the flooding depth in Bangladesh, the land has beencategorized as highland (F0), medium highland (F1), medium lowland(F2), lowland (F3) and very lowland (F4). The pilot area is dominatedby medium high land (56%) and which is followed by medium low land(37%). The land types of Amtali Upazila are presented in table 3 andmap-4.

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Land type Area(ha) % of NCA

High land (F0) 2,695 7

Medium high land (F1) 21,560 56

Medium low land (F2) 14,245 37

Total 38,500 100Source: DAE, Amtali; 2014


Total land area is 72,000 ha and net cultivable land is about 53% inthe pilot area. The Settlement, Road & Infrastructure, Water bodies,Forest and Orchard area is about 13%, 2%, 26% and 1% of the pilotarea respectively. Detailed land use of the pilot area is presentedin table-4 and map-5.


Land use Area (ha) Percent

Settlement 9,450 13

Road, Infrastructure & other structure 1475 2

Water bodies(beel, River) 18,755 26

Forest 700 1

Orchard 520 1

Permanent fallow 175 0

Others 475 1

Current fallow 1950 3

Net cultivated area 38,500 53

Gross area 72,000 100Source: UAO, DAE, Amtali

6. Soil Texture

The soil texture is dominated by clay loam (60%) followed by clay(40%) in the pilot area. Detailed data on soil texture is presentedin table-5.

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Table 5: Detailed soil texture of top soil (0-15cm) in pilot area

Texture Area(ha) % of NCA

Clay 15269 40

Clay Loam 23231 60

Total 38500 100Source: CEGIS estimation from SOLARIS

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According to SRDI (1988), the available soil moisture has beenclassified into four categories. The entire pilot area is under lowlevel (6) of available soil moisture. Detailed distribution ofavailable soil moisture is presented in map-8.

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8. Salinity:

The soils of the pilot area become saline in the dry season (Jan-May). The soil and water salinity gradually increases with drynessfrom January and reached maximum level in the month April-May andthen decreases due to onset of monsoon rainfall. Soil salinity mapprepared by the SRDI for 2000 and 2010 showed about 53% area of thePilot area belong to slightly saline with moderately saline which isfollowed by very slightly saline with some slightly saline (30.0%).Detailed soil salinity of the pilot area is presented in Table 7 andmap-9.

Table 7: Soil salinity in the pilot area

SoilSalinityclass(ECe=ds/m)

CharacteristicsSaltaffectedareas (ha)

% ofNCA

2.0-4.0 Very slightly saline with someslightly saline 11,369 30

4.1-8.0 Slightly saline with somemoderately saline 20,487 53

8.1-12.0 Moderately saline with somestrongly saline 4,803 12

12.1-15.0 Strongly saline with verystrongly saline 1,840 5

Total 38,500 100 Source: CEGIS estimation from SRDI

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Drainage plays a vital role in the management of soil in the projectarea. As per the SRDI (1988), the drainage characteristics have beendivided into six classes from the agriculture point of view. Most ofthe pilot area is under poorly drained condition (98%) while 2% areais very poorly drained. Detailed information of drainagecharacteristics is presented in table-8 and map-10.

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Drainageclassification Description Area

(ha)% ofNCA

Poorly Drained

The soil remains under waterfrom 15 days to 7/8 months.Water is drained from the soilslowly. In most cases, the landremains wet/water logged for aconsiderable period of timeafter the rainy season.

29,049 98

Very poorly

The land remains submergedunder water for more than 8months and remains wetthroughout the year.

9,451 2

Total 38,500 100


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10. Constraint for crop production

The main constraint of the pilot area is soil and water salinity.Tidal surge also causes crop damage. Natural calamities such ashailstorm, fog, cold wave and drought etc. are also affecting normalcrop production to some extent.


There are 183 villages in Amtoli Upazila. Within the villages,Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) has 30 Agriculture Blocks(AB) where farmers are growing different crops in the field, butthey can’t do the same patterns due to salinity and tidal surge

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problem. For that reason sometimes they are losing full or partialyield of all crops.

Dominant cropping pattern is Fallow-T.Aman-Fallow which is practicedin 24% of the NCA. Next cropping pattern is Fallow-T.aman-Kheshariwhich is covered about 22% of the NCA. Single, double and triplecropped area is about 24%, 56% and 20% respectively. Croppingintensity is about 196%. Detailed existing cropping patterns witharea of coverage are presented in table-9.


Sl. No. Cropping Patterns Area(ha) % ofland useKharif-I Kharif-II Rabi

1 Fallow T.Aman Fallow 9,240 242 T. Aus T.Aman Fallow 6,930 183 Fallow T. Aman khesari 8,470 224 T. Aus T. Aman khesari 3,465 95 T. Aus T. Aman Mung bean 2,695 76 Fallow T. Aman Mung bean 3,465 97 Fallow T. Aman Water

melon1,540 4

8 T. Aus T. Aman Watermelon

1,540 4

9 Fallow T. Aman Ground-nut 385 110 Fallow T. Aman Chili 770 2Total 38,500 100.00

Source: UAO, Amtoli, Barguna


Seed, fertilizer, pesticide and labor are the inputs for growingdifferent crops. The level of these inputs used in Amtoli pilotupazila is presented in table ?.

Table ?: Inputs used in major field crops in the Amtoli pilot area

Cropname

Seed(Kg/ha)

Labour(No./ha)


Urea TSP MP

Gypsum

No.ofapplication

Liquid(ml/ha)

Granular/Powder(kg/ha)

HYV Aus 40 90- 70- 40 00 1-2 700 10-12

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Cropname

Seed(Kg/ha)

Labour(No./ha)


Urea TSP MP

Gypsum

No.ofapplication

Liquid(ml/ha)

Granular/Powder(kg/ha)

120 80HYVAman

40 170 120 70 50 00 1-2 800 10

Lt.Aman

50 170 80-100

50 40 00 2-3 800 10-12

HYVBoro

50 120 200-210

90 40 20-25

1-2 800 7-8

Potato 1400 180 180-200

140 150 00 0-1 - 7-8

Sweetpotato

40,000cuttings

170 100-110

80-90

100 - 0-1 500 7-8

Groundnut

100 100 60 50 25 00 1-2 400 5-6

Oilseed

8 100 80 - 50 00 1-2 600 5-6

Pulses 40 100 90 - - - 1-2 700 10-12Spices 30 110 100-

14080-90

70 00 1-2 800 10

Chilli 2.5 110 60 40 30 00 2-3 800 10-12W.Vegetables

2-3* 120 120-130

60-70

50-60

00 3-5 900 8-9

S.Vegetables

2-3* 160 140-180

100-120

90-120

00 4-5 900 8-9

Watermelon

2.0* 160 160-180

80-100

90-100

10 2-3 900 10-12

Source: Farmers interviewed, February, 2014; *Seed rate Varies in different crops

11.1 Irrigation

About 664 ha was irrigated in 2009-10 due to scarcity of fresh waterfor irrigation. Surface water (Mini pond) is the only source ofirrigation in Amtali upazila. Low lift pumps (LLP) are used forirrigation. Farmers irrigate the only in boro season. Due to

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unavailability of irrigation facilities farmers’ are growing only1.7% of the HYVs boro in the pilot area. Details information ispresented in the table-14.


Mode ofirrigation


% of NCA

LLP 152 664 1.7

Total 152 664 1.7Source: BADC, 2009-10


12.1 Poverty

The poverty level of agro-base livelihood is high in this upazilaand the absolute size of the poor population is large. Povertymeasurement includes two types, one is Upper poverty line andanother is Lower poverty line (hardcore poor people). Detailedpoverty status of the pilot area is presented in table-15.

Table15: Incidence of poverty 2005 in the pilot area

Division

District

Upazila


% Extreme Poor (Lowerpoverty line*)

Barisal

Barguna

Amtoli

67.40 50.40

Source: BBS, 2005

12 Land Ownership

Based on land ownership in Amtali upazila farmers were classified infive categories. These were Landless/ functionally landless<0.2 ha(<50 dec), Marginal farmer 0.2-0.5 ha (50-125 dec), Small holder0.5- 1 ha (126-250 dec), Medium farmer 1-2 ha (251-500 dec) andLarge farmer > 2ha (more than 501 dec). Data were collect from UAO,DAE of Amtali which has relevance with FAO, BARC and BBS. Accordingto the table-14 small farmers (39%) are dominated which is followedby large farmers (5%) in the pilot area. Categories wise farmers’data were classified in table-16.

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Marginalfarmers(0.2-0.5ha)

Smallfarmers(0.5- 1 ha)

Mediumfarmers (1-2 ha)

Largefarmers (>2ha)

Total

5,733 13,098 18,623 7,510 2,439 47,403

Source: UAO, DAE, Amtali, 2014

12.1 Agriculture labour wage rate

From the open discussion with different categories of farmers in thefield it was found that normal agriculture labor wage rate is tk 400per male per day in peak period (rice transplanting and harvesting)and tk. 450 per male per day in the lean period. The rate variesfrom male to female. The rate for per female per day is tk. 200 inpeak and tk.175 in lean period. Wage rate by different units inAmtali is presented in table-17.

Table-17: Wage rate by different units in Amtali




Male 400 450Female 200 250


Male 350 300Female 175 200

Source: RRA, Amtali

12.2 Occupational status agricultural and non-agricultural

Data were collected from BBS and UAO of DAE, Amtali. It was analyzedand presented in table-18. Maximum HHs in this upazila is engaged inagricultural activities. For this reasons farm household’s rate ishigher than other upazilas.


Upazila Total

HHs

HHs entirelydependent onagriculturalproduction income(farm)

(%)

HHs entirelydepending on non-farm occupation (nonfarm)

(%)

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Amtali 63,212 34,767 55 28,445 45

Source: BBS, 2011 and UAO, DAE, Amtali

12.3 Population engaged in different activities

The socio-economic condition of the livelihood system depends mainlyon the agriculture production. Rural farmer in the pilot area ismore dependent in agriculture sector. Most of the peoples (male andfemale) are working in the different crops and horticulture cropsfield almost in the Upazila to contribute in this sector to meet upthe basic economic need for their livelihood. Details of thepopulation engaged in agriculture (7+years) activities is presentedin table-19.


UpazilaTotal population

Field of Activity(7+years)

Agriculture

Both Male Female Male Female

Amtoli2,70,802

1,32,168

1,38,634 14,155 667

Source: BBS, 2011

13 Literacy and Education

Literacy: Literacy percentage in the pilot area is not satisfactory.Those who can write a letter to express their views have beenconsidered as literate. Male and female literacy percentages arepresented in table-20.




Male

FemaleAmtoli Yes No Yes No Yes No

120,582

107,860

60,756

49,983

59,826

57,877

52.8

54.9 50.8

Source: BBS, 2011

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Education: All the data were collected from BBS and analyzedaccording to age, to know the status of different aged of child’sare going/not going school. Present status of education in differentaged is presented in table-21.

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Table-21: Educational status in Amtoli

Upazila




Attending school

Notattending school

Attendingschool

Notattending school

Attending school

Notattending school

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Amtoli

1,253

1,332

8,766

8,566

15,325

14,745

3,660

3,355

9,906

9,524

2,330

1,586

Source: BBS, 2011

13.1 Housing and sanitation

Most of the houses are kutcha (87.4%) which is followed by pucca(1.2%) in the pilot area. In case of sanitary condition, sanitarycondition of 4.4% has no sanitary toilet facilities. Details housingand sanitary status are presented in table-22.

Table-22: Housing and sanitary status of Amtoli

Upazila

NumberofHouseholds


Pucca

Semi-pucca

Kutcha

Jhupri

Sanitary(water-sealed)

Sanitary(nonwater-sealed)

Non-sanitary

None

Amtoli 63,066 1.2 4.0 87.4 7.4 22.3 44.6 28.7 4.4Source: BBS 2011

14 Government and Non-Government Organizations

14.1 Government organizations

There are various Government and non-Government organizationsworking in the upazila to para. Govt. organizational setups are fromDistrict to unions level. In addition to that there is non-Govt.organizations who are working in the pilot area (table-23).

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District toUnion


Amtoli

Administrative Units, DAE,DoF, DLS, DoE, BBS, BRDB,LGED, BARI, BWDB, RHD,DPHE

ASA, BRAC, Grameen Bank,PROSHIKA, TMSS, CODEC, Save theChildren,USA, Sangram, AhsaniaMission, NSS etc.

14.2 Non- Govt organizations

Most of the non-govt. organizations have their micro credit, health,crops, livestock, IGA and non-formal educational activities in thevillages. They gave training on agriculture, sanitation, etc. Groupformation remains the usual approach for the NGOs in reaching andaddressing development needs of the beneficiaries.

Crop typology by cluster, based on land type and use in Amtoli pilotupazial is presented in the following sections.

Cluster 1: High and medium high land, high yielding varieties

The crop typology study team visited the area, observed prevailingcropping practices, discussed with the local farmers, SAAO of DAE inthe field level and in the office Upazila Agriculture Officer (UAO),Agriculture Extension Officer (AEO) of DAE. Crops grown, season andvarieties are presented in the table-24. After a long discussion itwas agreed that more new varieties of crops and recommendedfertilizer application may be adopted and improve cropping patternsis possible to fit in the pilot area.


Crop Season Variety

Aus Kharif-I BR-26, BRRI Dhan-27Aman Kharif-II BR-11, BR-23, BRRI Dhan-39, BRRI Dhan-40,

BRRI Dhan-41, BBRI-49 ,BINA-7Boro Rabi/Boro BR -28, BR-29, BINA-8, BRRI Dhan-47, BRRI-50,

BAU-63, Hybrid-AloronVegetables

Rabi Indian spinach: BARI Pui shak-1, Lal shak:BARI Lal shak-1, Palong shak-Kapi palong,Cauli flower-BARI phulkapi-1, Snow white,Cabbage-KK cross-1,Brinjal, BARI Begun-1,BARIBegun-2, Ladies finger- BARI Dherosh-1, Bean-BARI Sheem-1, BARI Sheem-2, Potato-BARI Alu-1,

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Crop Season Variety

BARI Alu-11Sesame Rabi BARI Til-T4,BARI-2Groundnut

Rabi BARI-5

Mustard Rabi BARI Sarisha-14Pulses Kharif-2,

RabiBARI Mung:BARI-6, BARI Masur-6, Kheshari-LocalImproved variety

Spices Round theyear

BARI Peaj-2,BARI Peaj-3, BAURashun-1,Turmeric-Dimla, Chilli-Local improved variety,Turmeric-Dimla, Sinduri

Watermelon

Rabi Glory, World queen,

Example- 1: Farmers grow more Aman crops in the pilot area than Borocrops due to scarcity of fresh water during dry season. Kheshari isalso grown in large area. Farmers can grown vegetables in the pilotarea if the practice of rain water harvesting can be introduced. Itis possible to change cropping pattern with additional one or twocrops. Farmers will be benefited if they can be made aware aboutcrops growing period and use recommended fertilizer in time. Detailsof existing and proposed cropping pattern are presented in table-25.

Table 25: Existing and proposed cropping patterns for claster-1

Croptype

Existing cropping pattern Proposed cropping patternRabi Kharif-I Kharif-II Rabi Kharif-I Kharif-

IIRice Fallow Fallow T. Aman Vegetabl

esFallow T. Aman

Rice/Kheshari

Kheshari

Fallow T. Aman Kheshari/Mustard

Fallow T. Aman

Rice Fallow T. Aus T. Aman Boro T. Aus T. AmanPresently 24% area is covered by single cropping. According to UAEit is possible to grow double crops in about 3% areas if there isirrigation facility. About 56% lands is double cropped, it ispossible to grow triple crops about 20% areas if there is irrigationfacilities.

Example-2: Total single cropped area is 9,240 ha which is 24% ofNCA. There is little area where it is possible to grow double crops.From the total 9,240 ha land it is possible to practice doublecropping in about 277 ha. Farmers can grow the following crops in

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different crop season and they can apply recommended fertilizers.Details are explained in the table-26.

Table 26: Crops grown and fertilizer application for cluster-1

Crop Season Varieties FertilizerUrea TSP MP Gypsum

Aus Kharif-I

BR-26, BRRI Dhan-27 100-140

40-60

0-40

0-40

Aman Kharif-II

BR-11, BR-23, BRRIDhan-39, BRRI Dhan-40,BRRI Dhan-41,BBRI-49 ,BINA-7

120-180

60-80

20-40

0-40

Boro Rabi/Boro

BRRI Dhan-28, BRRI Dhan-29,BINA-8,BAU-63,Hybrid-Aloron

200-250

100-120

80-100

50-100

Vegetables

Kharif-I andRabi

Bitter gourd: Localimproved variety, Indianspinach: BARI Pui shak-1, Yard long bean: Localimproved variety, Lalshak: BARI Lal shak-1,Palong shak-Kapi palong,Cauli flower-BARIphulkapi-1, Snow white,Cabbage-KK cross-1,Brinjal, BARI Begun-1,BARI Begun-2,Ladiesfinger-Bangkim, BARIDherosh-1,Bean-BARISheem-1,BARI Sheem-2,Potato-BARIAlu-1,BARIAlu-11

200-300

100-200

100-200

-

Sesame Rabi BARI Til-T4 22-28

80-90

155-165

165-175

Pulses Kharif-2

BARI Mung:BARI-6,BARIMasur-6,Kheshari-LocalImproved variety,Phelon-BARI phelon-1

40-50

80-85

30-35

Ground Rabi BARI-5 20- 150 80-

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nut 30 -170

90

Mustard Rabi BARI Sarisha-14 250-300

170-180

80-100

Spices Roundtheyear

BARI Peaj-2,BARI Peaj-3,BAURashun-1,Turmeric-Dimla, Sinduri, Chilli-Local improved variety,

250-270

190-210

150-170

-

Watermelon

Rabi Glory, World queen, Bigfamily

250-280

120-150

100-120

80-100

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Source: BARI, BRRI; BINA, BAU

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Cluster 2: High and medium high land/home stead

Amtali is a saline prone area and farmers grow aman crops widely.They can not grow Boro and vegetables widely in the pilot area. So,to meet up the nutritional demand at family level farmers canpractices following methods for vegetables cultivation in the pilotarea.

Vegetable cultivation in Bed method: Farmers may prepare 5 vegetables bedeach one measuring 5 m long and 5 m wide. Detail proposed vegetablespattern /with intercropping are given in table- 27 and table--28.

Table 27: Proposed vegetables pattern /with inter cropping (Pattern-I)

Upazila Vegetablespattern

Kharif Rabi

Amtali 1st bed Lal shak+Bitter gourd Lal shak/Tomato

2nd bed Indian spinach Lal shak/Brinjal

3rd bed Lal shak+Kang kon Spinach/Raddish

4th bed Ladies finger Cabbage

5th bed Amaranth Bean

Note: +=Inter cropping and/= Relay crop

Sarjan method for homestead/high and medium high land (vegetables and fruit pattern-II):Most of the land remains inundated by tidal water in the pilot area.Sarjan method may be introduced in the pilot area. Vegetables, fishand fruit crops can be grown in this method. It is an integratedfarming system.

Table 28: Proposed vegetables and fruit cropping pattern /with intercropping (Pattern-II)

Location Cropping pattern

Kharif Rabi

Bed-1 Amaranth(EarlyMarch)

Ladiesfinger(EarlyMarch)

Lal shak(EarlyOctober)

Tomato (EarlyNovember)

Side Bitter gourd Bean

Bed-2 Indian Vegetables Cabbage/

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Location Cropping pattern

Kharif Rabi

spinach(EarlyMarch)

seed bed(EarlyOctober)

Cauliflower(EarlyNovember)

Side Bitter gourd Bean

Bed-3 Papaya(EarlyMarch)

Chilli(EarlyApril)


Side Ribbed gourd Bean

Bed-4 Banana(EarlyMarch)

Kang kong(Gima Kolmi(EarlyOctober)


Brinjal (EarlyNovember)

Side Ribbed gourd Bitter gourd

Bed-5 Banana(EarlyMarch)

Amaranth(EarlyApril)


Brinjal (EarlyNovember)

Side Ribbed gourd Bitter gourd

Table29: Proposed cropping pattern through inter cropping (Pattern-4)

Landtype

PilotUpazila

fruitcrops

Intercrops

Varietyuse

Expectedyield(t/ha)


Totalreturn(tk/ha)

Netreturn(tk/ha)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (8-7)

Highlandandmediumhighland

Amtali

Peyara

Sawarupkatipeyara(Localimproved)

10 8,000 80,000

72,000

Turmeric

BARI-Dimla,Sundari

2.5 17,500 25,000

7,500

Total 25,500 105,000

79,500

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Table 30: Proposed cropping pattern through inter cropping (Pattern-IV)

Landtype

PilotUpazila

fruitcrops

Intercrops

Varietyuse

Expectedyield(t/ha)


Totalreturn(tk/ha)

Netreturn(tk/ha)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (8-7)

Highlandandmediumhighland

Amtali

Peyara

Sawarupkatipeyara(Localimproved)

10 8,000 80,000 72,000

Zinger BARI 2.5 50,000 100,00

0 50,000

Total 58,000 180,000

122,000


Following crops can be grown in different land type.

Cereal andoilseeds cropsin differentseasons

Aus: BR-26 and BR-27Aman: BR-11, BRRI Dhan-23, BRRI Dhan-39, BRRI Dha-40, BRRI Dha-41, BINA-7, Boro: BRRI Dhan-28, BRRI Dhan-29,BINA-8,BAU-63,Hybrid-AloronOilseeds: Sesame: BARI Til-T4, Mustard: BARISarisha-14, Ground nut: BARI-5

Vegetablecrops indifferentseasons

Vegetables: Bitter gourd, Indian spinach, Yardlong bean, Lalshak, Snake gourd, Ash gourd, Bottlegourd, Sweet gourd, Sponge gourd, Spinach andAmaranthusTable 31: Proposed cropping pattern

Cropping Patterns


Fallow Vegetables Boro

Aus Fallow Potato

Aus Taman Oil seed

Fallow Vegetables Boro

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Presently 24% area is covered by single crops. According to UAE itis possible to grow double crops about 3% areas if there isirrigation facilities. About 56% lands is double crops, it ispossible to grow triple crops in about 20% areas if there isirrigation facilities.

Cluster 4: High, medium high and medium low land

Following crops can be grown in different land type.

Cereal, oilseedsand pulses crops indifferent seasons


Aman: BR-11,BRRI Dhan-23, BRRI Dhan-39, BRRIDhan-40, BRRI Dhan-41, BINA-7,

Boro: BRRI Dhan-28, BRRI Dhan-29, BRR Dhan-47, BINA-8 Oilseeds: Sesame: BARI Til-T4,Mustard: BARI ShSarisha-14,Ground nut:BARI-5

Pulses: BARI Mung:BARI-6,BARI Masur-6,Kheshari-Local Improved variety, Phelon-BARIphelon-1

Differentvegetables andwater melon cropswith seasons

Vegetables: Bitter gourd, Indian spinach, Yardlong bean, Lalshak, Snake gourd, Ash gourd,Bottle gourd, Sweet gourd, Sponge gourd,Spinach and Amaranthus

Water melon: Glory, World queen, Big family


Cropping Patterns


Fallow T.aman Boro

Aus T. Aman Water melon

Fallow T.aman Pulses

Vegetables Vegetables Vegetables

Cluster 5: Rain-fed condition


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Rice crops: Aus: BR-26, BR-27

Aman: BR-11, BR-23, BRRI Dhan-39, BRRI Dhan-40, BRRI Dhan-41,BINA-7

Oilseeds: Sesame: BARI Til-T4, Mustard: BARI Sarisha-14, Ground nut:BARI-5


Cropping Patterns


Aus T. aman Oilseed

Aus T. aman Fallow


15 Food Security

In the pilot area total population is 270,802. Total production is83,441 metric tons. Assuming one person consume 487 gram/day, totalrequirement is 54,813 metric tons. So, extra food needed is 28,627metric tons/ year. There are scopes to improve cropping patterns,two crops instate of one crop then food scarcity may reduce.

Pilot 5: Gomostapur Upazila, Rajshahi1. Introduction

Gomastapur upazila of Chapai nawabganj district in Rajshahi divisionwas selected as a pilot area. Gomostapur has a lot of scope to growmore crops using High Yielding Varieties (HYV) of field andhorticultural crops and intensification of land use in differentseasons.

Chapai Nawabganj was one of the sub-divisions of the former Rajshahizila. It is said that this area had strategic and commercialimportance due to its location at the junction of the riversMahananda and the Ganges. Because of its importance, Nawab Alivardifounded Nowabganj town which in course of time became known asNawabganj. The zila is bounded on the north by India, on the east byNaogaon and Rajshahi zilas, on the south and west by India. Thetotal area of the zila is 1702.55 sq.km (657.00 sq.miles). MainRivers are Ganges, Mahananda, Pagla, Moraganga and Punarbhaba. BeelBhatia, Beel Choral, Beel Hogla, Beel Singra, Sukrabari Damos,Maricha Dara, Beel Putimari, Beel Anal, Kumiradaha are the noted

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depressions. Annual Average Temperature: Maximum 37.8°C, minimum11.2°C; annual rainfall 1862 mm(BBS 2011). Administrative map ofChapainawabganj Gomostapur upazilas are showing in the map-1.

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1.1 Geographic information of Gomostapur upazila:The upazila occupies an area of 318.13 sq. km. It is located between24°44' and 24°58' north latitudes and between 88°13' and 88°58' eastlongitudes. The upazila is bounded on the north by India and Porshaupazila of Noagaon zila, on the east by Niamatpur upazila of Noagaonzila, on the south by Nachole and Shibganj upazilas and on the westby Bholahat and Shibganj upazilas and India, (BBS, 2011).

1.1.2 Demographic information of Gomostapur upazila:

Data were collected from Upazila Agriculture Officer, 2013 and BBS,2011. Total population in 2011 is 275,823 of which male is 136,321and female is 139,502. Total population in 2001 was 240,123 wheremale was 122,325 and female was 117,798. The differences between tenyears data on population is presented in Table-1 which show thatpopulation is increasing.


Population 2001 2011 DifferenceBoth Sex 2,40,123 2,75,823 35,700Male 1,22,325 1,36,321 13,996Female 1,17,798 1,39,502 21,704Source: UAO, Gomostapur 2013 and BBS, 2011

2. Meteorology

2.1 Rainfall

Rainfall data of last five years (2007 to 2011), collected fromBangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) Rajshahi, showssignificant rainfall during the months of July to September. On theother hand, very little rainfall or no rain occurs during the periodNovember to February. Last five years maximum rainfall was occur in2011 in the month of September (Figure 1).

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Source: BMD, Rajshahi

2.2 Temperature

Maximum: Figure 2 indicate that seasonal variation of temperature islarge. Mean data of last five years from 2006 to 2010 show that themean monthly maximum temperature was 38.33°C in April and that wasthe warmest month.

Source: BMD, Rajshahi.

Minimum: The lowest ever recorded minimum temperature is 9.38°Crecorded in the month of January, 2010. Details are shown in figure-3.

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2.3 Humidity

The humidity data of Gomostapur was collected from BMD and plottedin graph shown below. From the figure it is observed that June,July, August and September are the maximum humid months when averagemonthly relative humidity varies from 76 to 87%. The minimum averagehumidity occurs in the period from November to April which was inthe range of 61 to 85 %. The monthly average relative humidity oflast five years (2007-2011) is shown in figure-4.


2.4 Sunshine

The figure-5 on sunshine of last five years (2005 to 2010) showsthat maximum sunshine was in the month of February in 2009. On the

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other hand, minimum was August in 2005. Last five years averagesunshine is presented below.


3 Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ)

Bangladesh has been divided into 30 agro-ecological zones (AEZ)depending on physiographic, climatic condition, depth and inundationof land. The pilot area is covered by: (i) Lower Purnabhaba Floodplain (AEZ-6),(ii) High Ganges River Floodplain (AEZ-11) and (iii)High Barind Tract (AEZ-26) area shown in the map-3, 4 and 5.Detailed description of AEZ are given below. Crops (field andhorticultural) grown in the pilot area according to AEZs are shownin table-1 below.


AEZNo.

Name of AEZ Totalarea(ha)

Major crops grow

06LowerPurnabhabaFlood plain

4,268Rice, wheat, Mustard, Sesame,Brinjal, Cabbage, Mouri, Mango,Kanthal, NariKel, Supari, Jackfruit

11 High GangesRiverFloodplain

9,228

Rice, wheat, , Potato, Sugarcane,Mustard, Maize, Mungbean, Grasspea, Lady's finger, Cabbage,Chickpea, Onion, Garlic, Jackfruit

26 High Barind 18,316 Rice, Wheat, Sugarcane, Mustard,

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Tract Khesari, Vegetables (w & s) Mango,Jackfruit, Guava etc.

Source: BARC, 2005

4. Lower Purnabhaba Flood plain (AEZ-6)

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This region occupies a narrow strip of floodplain land along thelower course of the Purnabhaba River in the west of Naogaon and thenorth of Chapai Nawabganj districts. The relief comprises broadridges and basins, with beels occuping the basin centres. Most ofthe areas are deeply flooded in the rainy season, and is subject toflash floods descending the Purnabhaba River and running off theadjoining High Barind Tract during periods of heavy rainfall.

The soils are heavy in nature occupying almost the whole landscape,ridges and basins alike. In this area soil are dark grey, mottledred and very strongly acid in nature. Organic matter content ismedium to high. General fertility level is medium.

High Ganges River Floodplain (AEZ-11)

This region includes the western part of the Ganges River Floodplainwhich is predominately high land and medium high land. Most areashave a complex relief of broad and narrow ridges and inter-ridgedepressions, separated by areas with smooth broad ridges and basins.

There ia an overall pattern of olive-brown silt loams and siltyclay loams on the upper parts of the floodplain ridges and darkgrey, mottled brown, mainly clay soils on ridge sites and in basins.Most ridge soils are calcareous throughout. General soil typespredominately include Calcareous Grey Floodplain soils andCalcareous Brown Floodplain soils. Organic matter content in brownridge soils is low and higher in dark grey soils. Soils are slightlyalkaline in reaction. The fertility level is generally low.

High Barind Tract (AEZ-26)

This region includes the western part of Barind Tract where theunderlying Madhupur Clay has been uplifted and cut into by deepvalleys. The High Barind Tract occupies about 10% of the wholeBarind Tract. It is underlaid by heavy Madhupur Clay which oftencontains large lime nodules.

The soils include paddled silt loam to silty clay loam in thetopsoils and porous silt loam with mottled plastic clay at varyingdepth. Deep Grey Terrace soils and Grey Valleys soils are the majorcomponents of general soil types of the area. General fertilitystatus is low having low status of organic matter.

Most of the ridge tops, valley sides and sloping valley bottoms havebeen terraced for paddy cultivation and have poorly drained greysoils with silty topsoils.


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Based on the flooding depth in Bangladesh, the land has beencategorized as highland (F0), medium highland (F1), medium lowland(F2), lowland (F3) and very lowland (F4). Total area in the pilotproject area is 31,812 ha and net cultivated area is 24,850 ha. Thepilot area is dominated by high land (60%) which is followed by verylow land (4%). The land types of Gomostapur Upazila are shown in afigure-1.

Source: UAO, DAE, Gomostapur

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Total land area is estimated about 31,812 ha and net cultivable landis 78.1% in the pilot area. The Settlement, Road, River, and Waterbodies’ area is about 13.8%, 2.4%, 0.3% and 5.4% of the pilot arearespectively. Detailed land use of the pilot area is presented intable-2.


Land use Area(ha) %Settlement 4,388 13.8Road 774 2.4River 90 0.3Water bodies 1,710 5.4NCA 24,850 78.1Gross area 31,812 100.0Source: UAO, DAE, Gomostapur

6. Soil Texture

Soil texture is the relative proportions of sand, silt and clay. Itis very important for agriculture crop production. The soil textureis dominated by clay loam (57%) which is followed by clay (32%) inthe pilot area. Detailed soil texture is presented in table-3.


Texture Area(ha) % of NCAClay 7,952 32Clay Loam 14,164 57Loam 2,734 11


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According to SRDI (1988), the available soil moisture has beenclassified into four categories. The pilot area is dominated by low

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level (88.5%) of available soil moisture. Detailed distribution ofavailable soil moisture is presented in table-4.



moisture


%ofNCA

Low


22,000 88.5

Medium

Plant extractable soil moistureremained in field level fromone to two months

78 0.3

High

Plant extractable soil moistureremained in field level fromtwo to three months

2,772 11.2


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Drainage plays a vital role in the management of soil in the projectarea. As per the SRDI (1988), the drainage characteristics have beendivided into six classes from the agriculture point of view. Most ofthe pilot area is under imperfectly drained condition (70.25%) which

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is followed by poorly drained (29.69%). Detailed information ofdrainage characteristics is presented in table-5.


Drainageclassificatio

nDescription

Area(ha)

% ofNCA

ImperfectlyDrained

Water drained from soil badly orslowly. This soil often remains wetin rainy season due to rainfall. Innormal situation, water does notstand on land more than 15 days ata stretch. In rainy season,groundwater stands within 1 metreat least for some time.

17,456 70.25

Moderatelywell Drained

Water drained from soil slowly. So,soil remains wet for a certaintime. In this case, slowlypermeable layer or ground waterremains within 1-2 metre of depthin rainy season.

15 0.06

PoorlyDrained

The soil remains under water from15 days to 7/8 months. Water isdrained from the soil slowly. Inmost cases, the land remainswet/water logged for a considerableperiod of time after the rainyseason.

7,379 29.69

Total 24,850 100


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9. Present cropping patternsThere are 234 villages in Gomostapur Upazila. With in the villagesDepartment of Agricultural Extension (DAE) has 20 Agriculture Blocks(AB) where farmers are growing different crops in the field, butthey are losing partial yield of crops.

The dominant cropping patterns are Fallow-T. Aman-HYV Boro andFallow-Fallow-HYV Boro which is practiced in 16.7% and 16.3% of theNCA. The coverage of Fallow-T. Aman–Fallow and Aus–Aman–Boropattern are 14.9% and 11.1% of the NCA.

The single, double and triple cropped area is 32.77%, 39.08% and28.19% respectively. The cropping intensity is about 195%. Detailedcropping pattern is presented in Table 6.

Table 6: Existing cropping patterns with area in the pilot area

Sl.No.

Cropping Patterns Area (ha) % ofland useKharif-I Kharif-II Rabi

1 Fallow Fallow Boro 4050 16.32 Fallow T. Aman Boro 4150 16.73 Aus T. Aman Boro 2758 11.14 Fallow Fallow Mustard-Boro 1051 4.235 Aus Maskalai Boro 424 1.716 Aus Fallow Boro 1051 4.237 Aus Fallow Mustard-Boro 449 1.818 Fallow T. Aman Wheat 3230 139 Aus T. Aman Wheat 424 1.7110 Vegetable

sT. Aman Mustard 198 0.8

11 Fallow T. Aman Mustard 159 0.6412 Aus T. Aman Mustard 119 0.4813 Vegetable

sVegetables Vegetables 618 2.49

14 Vegetables

T. Aman Spice 360 1.45

15 Fallow T. Aman Maize 69 0.2816 Fallow T. Aman Fallow 3702 14.9

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17 Mango T. Aman Mango 1250 5.0318 Maskalai Mango Mango 400 1.6119 Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane 390 1.57

Total 24,850 100.0Source: UAO, Gomostapur, Chapainawabgonj

Presently 32.770% area is covered by single crops. According to UAOit is possible to grow double crops about 5% areas if there isirrigation facilities. About 39.08% lands is double cropped, it ispossible to grow triple crops in about 28.15% areas if there isirrigation facilities.

10. Input Use in Bangladesh Seed, fertilizer, pesticides and labor are the inputs used in bothhorticulture crops and field crops. The level of these inputs usedin Gomastapur pilot upazial is presented in table ?.

Table ?: Input used horticulture crops in the Gomastapur pilot area

Crop name



No. ofAppli.

Liq.(ml/ha)

Mango 150 70 100 00 10 3-4 500-800Jackfruit 100 50 20 10 3 1-2 100-200Banana - 300 - - 15 3-4 100-200Litchi 00 100 00 00 5 2-3 100-300Guava 40 90 00 00 3 00 00Jujube 150 90 00 00 5 00 00Coconut 80 40 20 10 2 00 00Lemon 150 70 60 00 3 00 00

Source: UAO, DAE and Farmers interviewed January, 2014

Table ?: Input used in major field crops in the Gomastapur pilotarea

Crop nameSeed(Kg/ha)

Labor(No./ha )

Fertilizer(Kg/ha) Pesticides

Urea TSP MP Gypsum

No ofapplication

Liquid(ml/ha)

Gran./Pow.(kg/ha

HYV Boro 48 175 200-220

80-100

50-60 20-30 1-2 600 7-8

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HYV Aman 45 165 150-160

60-70

- 00 1-2 700 7-8

Lt. Aman 50 160 80-100

40-60

0-40 00 0 0 0

HYV Aus 45 170 100-120

40-60

0-40 00 1-2 600 7-8

Mustard 8 100 100-120

40-60

30-40 00 1-2 650 7-8

Wheat 120 130 120-140

30-70

40-50 00 0-1 - 7-8

Spices 20 120 100-150

80-100

50-70 00 1-2 200 6-7

Maize 22 130 180-200

60-80

40-60 00 1-2 500-800 0

Pulses 30 100 80-100

- - 00 1-2 200-400 0

Sugarcane 3500cuttings

180 100-120

60-80

40-60 - 1-2 - 9-10

Vegetables (w)

3-4 120 120-150

60-80

40-50 00 3-5 650 6-8

Vegetables (s)

2-3 120 150-180

100-150

80-100

00 4-5 600 6-7


11.1 Irrigation

Scarcity of irrigation water is severe in the pilot area due tolowering of ground water table in the dry season. Irrigation isprovided to HYV Boro crops. The source of irrigation water is groundwater. Irrigation is lifted with the help of Deep Tube Wells (DTWs)and Shallow Tube Wells (STWs). But, the availability of ground waterreduces in the dry season. Aus and T. Aman crop is generallypracticed under rain fed condition. Sometimes, supplementaryirrigation is provided during June-September under water tresscondition. But irrigation is occasionally provided to other cropssuch as Wheat, potato, Mustard, Vegetables, Maize, onion, garlic,chilli, lentil, orchard etc.

Table 14: Modes of irrigation, number and area (ha) irrigated in thepilot area

Mode ofirrigation


% of NCA

DTW 417 13,065 52STW 2,167 5,900 24LLP 786 5,871 24Total 3,370 24,836 100



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12.1 Poverty

The poverty level of agro-base livelihood is high in this upazila.However the absolute size of the poor population is large. In thepilot area poverty measurement includes two types, one is Upperpoverty line and another is Lower poverty line (hardcore poorpeople). In the Gomastapur pilot area poverty line are on average is43.10% higher than the lower poverty lines. Detailed poverty statusof the pilot area presented in table-15.


Division

District Upazila % Poor (Upperpovertyline*)

% Extreme Poor(Lower poverty

line*)Rajshahi

Chapainawabgonj

Gomostapur

43.10 27.40

Source: BBS, 2004

12.2 Land ownership

Based on land ownership farmers have been classified in fivecategories. Data were collect from UAO, DAE of Gomostapur which hasrelevance with FAO, BARC and BBS. According to the table-16 marginalfarmers (28%) are dominated which is followed by large farmers (%)in the pilot area.

Table 16: Different Farmers types and number


Marginalfarmers (0.2-

0.5 ha)

Smallfarmers

(0.5- 1 ha)

Mediumfarmers (1-

2 ha)

Largefarmers(> 2ha)

Total

7,735 11,151 11,105 8,205 2,075 40,271

Source: UAO, DAE, Gomostapur, 2013

12.3 Agriculture labour wage rateNormal agriculture labor wage rate is tk 250 per male per day inpeak period (rice transplanting and harvesting) and tk. 200 per maleper day in the lean period. Wage rate varies from male to female.The rate for female per day is tk. 200 in peak and tk.150 in leanperiod. Wage rate by different units in Gomostapur is presented intable 17.

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Table-17: Wage rate by different units in Gomostapur




Male 250 300Female 200 250


Male 200 250Female 150 200

Source: Farmers interviewed, January, 2014

12.4 Occupational status agricultural and non-agricultural Data were collected from BBS and UAO of DAE, Gomostapur. It wasanalyzed and presented in table-18. Maximum HHs in this upazilas isengaged on agricultural activities. For this reasons farmhousehold’s rate is higher than other upazilas.


Upazila TotalHHs

HHs entirely dependingon agricultural

production. for income(farm)

(%)



(%)

Gomostapur

62,938 59,791 95 3,147 5

Source: BBS, 2011 and UAO, DAE, Gomostapur

12.5 Population engaged in different activitiesGomostapur is dominant in agriculture especially fruits i.e mangoorchard based. Farmers practicing Mango+T. Aman and Mango+Mashkalaiinter cropping which is most popular in the pilot area. Agriculturesector is first priority and land preparation in mainly done bypower tiller. Aman rice is covering more area than Boro rice crop,because in Boro there is no scope for irrigation in the crops fielddue to irrigation crisis/ Barind Tract area. The socio-economiccondition of the livelihood system depends mainly on the agricultureproduction. Rural farmer in the pilot area is more dependent inagriculture sector. Most of the people (male and female) are workingin the different crops and horticulture crops field in the Upazilaand contributing in this sector to meet up the basic economic needfor their livelihood. Detailed of the population engaged inagriculture (7+years) activities is presented in table-19.

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Table 19: Population engaged in agriculture activities (7+ years)activities



Gomostapur

2,75,823 1,36,3

211,39,5

02 32,369 625

Source: BBS, 2011

12.6 Literacy and Education12.6.1 Literacy: Literacy percentage in the pilot area is notsatisfactory. According to BBS, 2011 those who can write a letter toexpress their views for others partner. Male and female literacypercentages are presented in table 20.




Male


Gomostapu r

96,255

1,37,242

45,919

68,832

50,336

68,410

41.2

40.0 42.4

Source: BBS, 2011


Table-21: Educational status in Gomostapur

Upazila




Attending school

Notattendingschool

Attendingschool

Notattendingschool

Attendingschool

Notattendingschool

Male

Femal

e

Male

Femal

e

Male

Femal

e

Male

Femal

e

Male

Femal

e

Male

Femal

e

Gomostapur

703 765

9,162

8,558

13,376

13,699

4,269

3,259

9,266

10,996

3,631

1,243

Source: BBS, 2011

11.7 Housing and sanitationss

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All the data were collected from BBS and analyzed. Most of thehouses are kutcha (68.6%) which is followed by jhupri (4.3%). Incase of sanitary condition, 19.2% has no sanitary toilet facilities.Details housing and sanitary status are presented in table-22.


Upazila

Numberof

Households


Pucka

Semi-

pucka

Kutcha

Jhupri

Sanitar

y(water-

Sanitar

y (non

water-

sealed)

Non-

sanitar

y

None

Gomostapur 62,938 7.7

19.4

68.6 4.3 11.7 10.7 58.4 19.2

Source: BBS 2011

13 Government and Non-Government Organizations13.1 Government organizationsThere are various Government and non-Government organizationsworking in the upazila to village level. Govt. organizational setupcover from District to unions level. In addition to that non-Govt.organizations are also working in the pilot area which is presentedin the table-23.


Districtto Union

Govt-organizations (major) Non Govt-organizations

(major)

Gomostapur

Administrative Units, DAE, BMDA, BADC,DoF, DLS, BBS, BRDB, BARI, SRDI,BWDB, DPHE

ASA, KANTA, GrameenBank, TMSS, Care,Bangladesh etc

13.2 Non- Govt organizationsMost of the non-govt. organizations have their micro credit, health,crops, livestock, IGA and non-formal educational activities in thevillages. They gave training on agriculture, sanitation, etc. Groupformation remains the usual approach for the NGOs in reaching andaddressing development needs of the beneficiaries.

Crop Typology by cluster in Gomastapur Upazila pilot area

Cluster 1: High and medium high land, high yielding varietiesCrops, season and varieties of the Gomastapur pilot upazila arepresented in the table-24. Present practices and the possibilitieswere discussed with the local farmers, SAAO of DAE in the field

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level and in the office Agriculture Extension Officer (AEO) of DAE.After a long discussion it was agreed that more new varieties ofcrops and recommended fertilizer application may be adopted andimprove cropping patterns is possible to fit in the pilot area.


AEZno.

6,11,26

Crop Season

Varieties

Aus Kharif-I

Pariza, BR-26, BRRI Dhan-48

Rice Kharif-II

Sada Sorna, BR-23, BRRI Dhan-39, BRRIDhan-40, BRRI Dhan-41,BBRI-49 ,BINA-7

Rice Boro BR-3, BRRI Dhan-28, BRRI Dhan-29, BRRIDhan-36, BRRI Dhan-48, BINA-8

Vegetables

Kharif-IandRabi

Indian spinach: BARI Pui shak-1, Lalshak: BARI Lal shak-1, Palong shak-Kapipalong, Cauli flower-BARI phulkapi-1,Snow white, Cabbage-KK cross-1,Brinjal,BARI Begun-1,BARI Begun-2, Ladies finger-Bangkim, BARI Dherosh-1,Bean-BARI ,Potato-Cardinal, Diamond, Lalsindurkuti.

Mustard Rabi BARI 9,,BARI-14, BARI-15, Tori-7, Local

Pulses Rabi BARI Masur-5, BARI Sola-4, :BARI Sola-5,Local Khesari

Spices Roundtheyear

Taherpuri onion, Rashun-local, Chilli-Ghora, Sikrampuri, Turmeric-Dimla,Zinger-Local improved variety

Wheat Rabi Satabdi, Prodip, BARI wheat-25, BARIwheat-26

Source: UAO, DAE and Farmers interviewed, Nov, 2013

Example- 1: Farmers grow more Aman crops in the pilot area than Borocrops due to scarcity of irrigation water during dry season. It ispossible to change cropping pattern if availability of water sourcein the pilot area can be increased by creating water reservoir tostorage rain water or re-excavation of khals. Farmers will bebenefited if they are made aware about crops growing period and userecommended fertilizer in time. It is expected that farmers will useextra seed, labor, fertilizer and pesticide application. Proper

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management will also be done. It is also mentioned that soil healthand cropping intensity will increase. Detail existing and proposedcropping pattern is presented in table 25.

Table-25: Existing and proposed cropping patterns for claster-1

Observation





Rice Fallow

Fallow T.Aman

Vegetables

Fallow T. Aman

Rice Boro

Fallow Fallow Boro Aus T. Aman

Presently 32.770% area is covered by single crops. According to UAOit is possible to grow double crops about 5% areas if there isirrigation facilities. About 39.08% lands is double crops, it ispossible to grow triple crops about 28.15 % areas if there isirrigation facilities.

Example-2: Total single cropped in the pilot area is 8,143 ha(32.77% of NCA). There are area where it is possible to grow doublecrops. From the total 9,386 ha land it is possible to grow doublecrops in 1,243 ha and farmers can grow the following crops indifferent crop season and they can apply recommended fertilizer.Details are explaining in the table 26.


AEZno.

6,11,26

Crop Season


Aus Kharif-I

Pariza, BR-26, BRRIDhan-48

100-

140

40-60

0-40

0-40

Rice Kharif-II

Sada Sorna, BR-23,BRRI Dhan-39, BRRIDhan-40, BRRI Dhan-41,BBRI-49 ,BINA-7

120-

180

60-80

20-40

0-40

Rice Boro BR-3, BRRI Dhan-28,BRRI Dhan-29, BRRIDhan-36, BRRI Dhan-48, BINA-8 ,

200-

250

100-

120

80-100

50-100

Vegetabl Khari Indian spinach: BARI 200 100 100 -

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AEZno.

6,11,26

Crop Season


es f-IandRabi

Pui shak-1, Lal shak:BARI Lal shak-1,Palong shak-Kapipalong, Cauli flower-BARI phulkapi-1, Snowwhite, Cabbage-KKcross-1,Brinjal, BARIBegun-1,BARI Begun-2,Ladies finger-Bangkim, BARIDherosh-1,Bean-BARI ,Potato-Cardinal,Diamond,Lalsindurkuti.

-300

-200

-200

Mustard Rabi BARI 9,,BARI-14,BARI-15, Tori-7,Local

80-100

60-70

40-50

-

Pulses Kharif-2

BARI Masur-5, BARISola-4, :BARI Sola-5,Local Khesari

80-100

40-50

30-35

Spices Rabi Taherpuri onion,Rashun-local, Chilli-Ghora, Sikrampuri,Turmeric-Dimla,

250-270

190-210

150-170

-

Wheat Rabi Satabdi, Prodip, BARIwheat-25, BARI wheat-26

200-

250

100-

120

80-100

50-100


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In the pilot area traditionally different fruit orchard like Mango,Litchi, Guava, Jujube is being grown by the farmers, but Mango is

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dominating and increasing day by day for higher economic return.Farmers can use field crops as inter cropping (high land) in Mangogarden. Detail proposed orchard pattern with intercropping are givenin table- 27 and table--28.

Table27: Proposed orchard through inter cropping (Pattern-I)

Landtype

PilotUpazila

fruit

crops

Intercrops

Varietyuse


Cultivatedcost

(Tk/ha)

Totalreturn

(tk/ha)

Netreturn

(tk/ha)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (8-7)

Highlandand

mediumhighland

Gomostapur

Mango Fazli 11 200,000 330,0

00130,000

Maskalai

BARI-3 1.2 500 60,00

059,500

Total 200,500 390,000

189,500

Table28: Proposed cropping pattern through inter cropping (Pattern-II)

Landtype

PilotUpazila

Fruitcrops

Inter

crops

Varietyuse

Expected

yield(t/ha)

Cultivatedcost

(Tk/ha)

Totalreturn

(tk/ha)

Netreturn

(tk/ha)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (8-7)

Highland andmediumhigh

land(F0

and F1)

Gomostapur Mango 11 200,000 330,0

00130,000

Zinger Local 2.5 50,000 100,0

0050,000

Total 250,000 430,000

180,000

Proposed vegetables pattern for Drought area/Pond side Vegetablescultivation in High Barind Tract Area:

Pilot area lies in the High Barind Tract area. Crop cultivation isconstrained by lack of irrigation water in dry season. This ishappening due to continuous extraction of ground water level ofwhich is declining. So, pond side vegetables cultivation in High

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Barind Tract area may be introduced widely to mitigate the droughtproblem.

Table 29: Vegetables cultivation at pond side and fencing of pondside

Pond side Kharif RabiPond side Fence

(Pondside)

Pond side Fence(Pondside)

Southside

Ladiesfinger/Banana

Ribbedgourd

Brinjal/Lalsak

Bean

Northside

Kang kong(Kolmisak/Katua data

Bittergourd

Tomato/Carrot

Yard longbean

East side Wintervegetablesseedling/Bittergourd/Chilli

Ribbedgourd

Yard longbean/ Carrot

Bean

West side Sweetgourd/Chilli

Bittergourd

Spinach+ Lalsak+Chilli

Yard longbean

Table-30: Vegetables cultivation at surrounding area of pond andside of pond

Pond side Vegetables cultivation inFence at surrounding sideof pond

Vegetables cultivation atpond side

Kharif Rabi Kharif RabiSouthside

Ribbed gourd Bean Ash gourd Bottle gourd

Northside

Bitter gourd Yard longbean

Snake gourd Bottle gourd

East side Ribbed gourd Bean Snake gourd Bottle gourdWest side Bitter gourd Yard long

beanSnake gourd Bottle gourd

Cluster 3: High and Medium high land


Cereal andoilseeds cropswith different

Aus: Pariza, BRRI Dhan-48 and BR-27

Aman: Sada Sorna, BR-23, BRRI Dhan-39, BRRI

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seasons Dhan-40, BRRI Dhan-41,BBRI-49 ,BINA-7Boro: BR-3, BRRI Dhan-28, BRRI Dhan-29, BRRIDhan-36, BRR Dhan-48, BINA-7

OiOilseeds: Mustard: Tori-7, BARI-14, BARI-15

Differentvegetables

Vegetables: Bitter gourd, Indian spinach, Yardlong bean, Lalshak, Snake gourd, Ash gourd,Bottle gourd, Sweet gourd, Sponge gourd, Spinachand Amaranthus.


Cropping PatternsKharif-I Kharif-II RabiFallow T. Aman FallowAus Fallow Boro

Fallow T. Aman BoroAus T.Aman Oil seeds

Presently 32.770% area is covered by single crops. According to UAOit is possible to grow double crops in about 5% areas if there isirrigation facilities. About 39.08% lands is double cropped, it ispossible to grow triple crops in about 33.15% areas if there isirrigation facilities.

Cluster 4: Medium high, medium low and low land




Aman Sada Sorna, BR-23, BRRI Dhan-39, BRRIDhan-40, BRRI Dhan-41,BBRI-49 ,BINA-7


OiOilseeds: : Mustard: Tori-7, BARI-14, BARI-15

Pluses: BARI Mung-5

Wheat: Satabdi, Prodip, BARI wheat-25, BARIwheat-26

Differentvegetables


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AEZ Cropping Patterns

6, 11, and 26 Kharif-I Kharif-II Rabi

Fallow T.aman Boro

Aus T. Aman Wheat

Fallow T.aman Pulses

Vegetables Vegetables Vegetables

Cluster 5: Rain-fed condition

Vegetables crops: Bitter gourd, Indian spinach, Yard long bean,Lalshak, Snake gourd, Ash gourd, Bottle gourd, Sweet gourd, Spongegourd, Spinach and Amaranthus

Rice crops: Aus: Pariza, BRRI Dhan-48 and BR-27

Aman: Sada Sorna, BR-23, BRRI Dhan-39, BRRI Dhan-40, BRRI Dhan-41,BBRI-49,BINA-7

Oilseeds: Mustard: Tori-7, BARI-14, BARI-15


AEZ Cropping Patterns6, 11, and 26 Kharif-I Kharif-II Rabi

Aus T. aman MustardAus T. aman Fallow


Food Security

In the pilot area total population is 2,75,823. Total production is113918 metric tons. If one person consumed 487 gram/day then totalrequirement is 68433 metric tons. So, extra food needed 45485 metrictons/ year. There are scopes to improve cropping patterns, two cropsinstate of one crop then food scarcity may reduce.

Pilot 6: Jamalganj Upazila of Sunamganj1. Introduction

Jamalganj upazila of Sunamganj District in Sylhet Division wasselected as a pilot area. Jamalganj has a lot of scope to grow morecrops using High Yielding Varieties (HYV) of field and horticulturalcrops and land use in different season.

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Sunamganj zila emerged as a zila on the 1st March, 1984. The zila isfull of haors and baors. This might be the origin of the zila nameto be Sunamganj. It is bounded on the North by India, on the east bySylhet zila, on the south by Habiganj and Kishoreganj zilas and onthe west by Netrokona zila. It lies between 24º34' and 25º12' northlatitudes and between 90º 56' and 91º 49' East longitudes. The totalarea of the zila is 3747.18 Sq. km. (1446.00 sq. miles) of which71.28 sq. km. (27.52 sq. miles) are under forest. Annual AverageTemperature: Maximum 33.2°C and minimum 13.6°C; annual rainfall3334mm (BBS, 2011). There are many haors and beels in Sunamganj.Administrative map of Jamalganj upazila are showing in the map-.

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1.1.1 Geographic information of Jamalganj upazila:The upazila occupies an area of 309.38 sq. km. It is located between24 º50´ and 25º04´ north latitudes and between 91º05´ and 91º19´east longitudes. The upazila is bounded on the north by Tahirpur andBishwambarpur upazilas, on the east by Sunamganj Sadar upazia and on

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the south by the Derai upazila and on the west by DharmapashaUpazila (BBS, 2011).

1.1.2 Demographic information of Jamalganj upazila:

Data were collected from BBS, 2011. Populations in 2011 was 167,260of them male was 84,612 and female is 82,648 where as in 2001 totalpopulation was 138,985 where male was 71,701 and female was 67,284.The differences between ten years data presented in table-1.

Table 1: Population in the pilot area

Population 2001 2011 DifferenceBoth Sex 138,985 167,260 28,275Male 71,701 84,612 12,911Female 67,284 82,648 15,364Source: BBS, 2011

2. Meteorology

2.1 Rainfall

Rainfall data of last five years (2004 to 2008), collected fromBangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) Sylhet (Figure 1) showssignificant rainfall during the months of June to September. On theother hand, very little rainfall or no rain occur during the periodNovember to February. Last five years maximum rainfall was in 2004in the month of July.

Source: BMD, Sylhet

2.2 Temperature

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Maximum: Mean data of last five years from 2006 to 2010 indicatedthat the mean monthly maximum temperature was 33.99°C in August andthat was the warmest month (Figure 2).

Source: BMD, Sylhet


Source: BMD, Sylhet

2.3 HumidityThe humidity data of Jamalganj was collected from BMD and plotted ingraph shown below. From the figure it is observed that June, July,August and September are the maximum humid months when averagemonthly relative humidity varies from 82.6 to 88.2%. The minimumaverage humidity occurs in the period from November to March which

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was in the range of 60.1 to 72.9 %. The monthly average relativehumidity of last five years (2006-2010) is shown in figure-4

Source: BMD, Sylhet

2.4 unshineSunshine of last five years (2006 to 2010) shows maximum sunshinethe month of November in 2008. On the other hand, minimum was Junein 2010. Last five years average sunshine is presented below.

Source: BMD, Sylhet


Bangladesh has beendivided into 30 agro-ecological zones (AEZ)depending on physiography, climatic condition, depth and inundationof land. The pilot area is situated in the Eastern Surma-Kushiyara

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Floodplain (AEZ 20) and Sylhet Basin (AEZ 21) is shown in map-3 andmap-4. Details descriptions of AEZ are given below and crops (fieldand horticultural) grown in the pilot area according to AEZs arepresented in the table-2.

Eastern-Surma Khushiyara Floodplain (AEZ-20)

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This region occupies the relatively higher parts of the Surma-Kushiyara Floodplain formed on sediments of the rivers draining intothe Meghna catchment area from the hills. The area is mainly smooth,broad ridges and basins.

This area is occupied by grey, heavy silty clay loams on the ridgesand clays in the basins. Non calcareous Grey Floodplain soils arethe only General Soil Type. Organic matter content of the soil ismoderate. Soil reaction ranges from strongly acidic to neutral.Levels of CEC and Zn are medium while the status of P, K and B islow.

Sylhet Basin (AEZ 21)

The region occupies the lower, western side of the Surma-KushiyaraFloodplain. The area is mainly smooth, broad basins with narrowridges of higher land along rivers. Soils of the area are grey siltyclay loams and clay loam on the higher parts that dry out seasonallyand grey clays in the wet basins. Non calcareous Grey Floodplainsoils and Acid Basin Clays are the major components of the generalsoil types. The soils have moderate content of organic matter andsoil reaction is mainly acidic. Fertility level is medium to highwith medium P and Zn contents.

Table 2: Field and horticultural crops grown according to AEZs

AEZNo.

Name ofAEZ

Totalarea(ha)

Major crops grown

20and21

Eastern-Surma

Khushiyara

Floodplain

6760

Rice, Brinjal, Cabbage, Cauliflower,Knol khol (Oal kopi), Gourd, Spongegourd (Dhundal), Amaranth (Danta), Redamaranth (Lal shak), Tomato, Snakegourd (Chichinga), Ash gourd, Ribbedgourd (Jhinga), Ladies finger (Okra),yard long bean, Sweet gourd, ChilliFruit crops(Grown only homestead):Safeda (Sapota), Ber (Kul), Aam, Guava,Kanthal

SylhetBasin

20290 Rice, Brinjal, Cabbage, Cauliflower,Knol khol (Oal kopi), Gourd, Spongegourd (Dhundal), Amaranth (Danta), Redamaranth (Lal shak),Tomato, Snake gourd(Chichinga), Ash gourd Ribbedgourd(Jhinga), Ladies finger (Okra),yard long bean, Sweet gourd,

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Watermelon, ChilliFruit crops(Grown only homestead):Safeda (Sapota), Ber (Kul), Aam, Guava,Kanthal

Source: Local farmers

4 Land types in pilot area Total area in the pilot project is 31,331 ha and net cultivated areais 27,050 ha. The pilot area is dominated by low land (32%) andwhich is followed by medium high land (24%). The land types ofJamalganj Upazila are presented in table 3 and map-4.


Land type Area(ha) % of NCA

High land (F0) 2,435 9

Medium high land (F1) 5,410 20

Medium low land (F2) 6,492 24

Low land (F3) 8,656 32

Very low land (F4) 4,058 15

Total 27,050 100Source: CEGIS estimation from UAO, DAE, Jamalganj


Total land area is 31,331 ha and net cultivable land is 86.3% in thepilot area. The Settlement, Road & Infrastructure and Water bodies’area is about 1.2%, 0.2% and 12.3% of the pilot area respectively.Detailed land use of the pilot area is presented in table-4 and map-5.


Land use Area(ha) %Settlement 363 1.2Road, Infrastructure & other structure 77 0.2Water bodies(River, Beel, Haor and Khal) 3,841 12.3NCA 27,050 86.3Gross area 31,331 100

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Source: UAO, DAE, Jamalganj and from SOLARIS-SRDI

Map6: Land use of the pilot area

6. Soil Texture

Soil texture is the relative proportions of sand, silt and clay. Itis very important for agriculture crop production. The soil textureis dominated by clay loam (49%) which is followed by clay (34%) inthe pilot area. Detailed soil texture is presented in table-5.

Table5: Detailed soil texture of top soil (0-15cm) in pilot area

Texture Area(ha) % of NCAClay 9,197 34Clay Loam 13,396 49Loam 4,579 17


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According to SRDI (1988), the available soil moisture has beenclassified into four categories. Entire pilot area is under high

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level of available soil moisture. Detailed distribution of availablesoil moisture is shown in map-8.

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8. Drainage CharacteristicsDrainage plays a vital role in the management of soil in the projectarea. As per the SRDI (1988), the drainage characteristics have beendivided into six classes from the agriculture point of view. Entirepilot area is under poorly drained condition. Detailed drainageinformation of pilot area is shown in map-10.

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9. Crop production constraints

The main constraint of the pilot area is flash flood. Heavyrainfalls, long time stagnant flood water causes crop damage.Natural calamities such as hailstorm, fog, cold wave and droughtetc. are also affecting normal crop production to some extent.

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10. Present cropping patternsThere are 190 villages in Jamalganj Upazila. The Department ofAgricultural Extension (DAE) has 8 Agriculture Blocks (AB) wherefarmers are growing different crops in the field, but crops areoften damaged by flash flood.

Dominant cropping pattern is Fallow-Fallow-Boro which is practicedin 65% of the NCA. Next cropping pattern is Fallow-Lt. aman-Mustardpracticed in 18% of the NCA. Cropping intensity is about 130%.Existing cropping patterns with area of coverage are presented intable-9.


Sl.No.

Cropping Patterns Area(ha) % ofland useKharif-I Kharif-II Rabi

1 Vegetables Fallow Vegetables 541 22 Fallow Lt.aman Mustard 4869 183 Fallow T.aman Boro 4058 154 Fallow Fallow Boro 17583 65

Total 27050 100Source: UAO, DAE, Jamalganj

Picture 1:Brinjal field in thepilot area

Picture 2:Country bean plant inthe pilot area

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Picture 3: Boro field withirrigation facilities

Picture 4: Surface waterirrigation in boro crop field in

the pilot area

Picture 5: Sweet gourd field inthe pilot area

Picture 6: Weeding in boro fieldby rice weeder

Presently 65% area is covered by single crops. According to UAO itis possible to grow double crops about 5% areas if there isirrigation facilities. About 35% lands is double crops, it ispossible to grow triple crops about 5% areas if there is irrigationfacilities.


Seed, labor, fertilizer and pesticide used in different crops inJamalgonj pilot upazila are presented in table ?.

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Table ?: Input (Seed, Labour, Fertilizer and Pesticides) used in thepilot area

Cropname

Seed(Kg/ha)

Labor(No./ha )


Urea TSP MP Gypsum

Noof

application

Liq.(ml/ha

)

Gran./

Pow.(kg/ha

HYVaman

40 170 200 85 55 5,000 2-3 1000 10

Lt.aman

60 150 160 65 86 5,000 2-3 700 8

HYVboro

50 160 140 80 40 - 2-3 800 10

Localboro

60 120 100 60 40 - 2-3 700 -

Mustard

10 110 271 172 91 163Gypsum 1-2 700 7-8

Spices

30 110 100-140 60 40 00 1-2 500 4-5

Chilli

2.5 120 100-140 80-90

70 00 1-2 700 8

W.Vegetables

2-3*130 271 222 135 6,000 1-2 700

S.Vegetables

2-3*120 148 98 140 4,000 2-3 1000 10

Source: Farmers interviewed, Janu, 2014; *Seed rate Varies in different crops

11.1 Irrigation

About 21,470 ha was irrigated under 8 AB in 2012-2013. Both groundand surface water are the source of irrigation in Jamalganj upazila.Shallow Tube Wells (STWs) and Low lift pumps (LLP) are used forirrigation. Farmers irrigate the only in boro season. Farmers’ aregrowing 79.4% of the HYV boro in the pilot area. Details informationis presented in the table-14.


Mode ofirrigation


% of NCA

STWs 10 108 0.4LLPs 1,132 21,362 79

Total 1,142 21,470 79.4

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Source: UAO, DAE, Jamalganj and BADC, 2010


12.1 Poverty

In the pilot area poverty measurement includes two types, one isUpper poverty line and another is Lower poverty line (hardcore poorpeople). In the pilot area, poverty line are on average 52.10%higher than the lower poverty lines. Detailed poverty status of thepilot area presented in table 15.


Division

District Upazila % Poor (Upperpoverty line*)


Sylhet Sunamganj

Jamalganj

52.10 29.70

Source: BBS, 2004

12.2 Land ownership

Data were collect from UAO, DAE of Jamalganj which has relevancewith FAO, BARC and BBS. According to the table 14 small farmers(33%) are dominant which is followed by large farmers (6%) in thepilot area. Categories wise land ownership data is presented intable-16.


Landlessfarmers

MarginalfarmersSmall farmers Medium farmers Large

farmersTotal

4,397 8,462 9,905 5,473 1,698 29,935Source: UAO, DAE, Jamalganj, 2013

12.3 Agriculture labour wage rateOpen discussion with different categories of farmers in the fieldrevealed that normal agriculture labor wage rate is tk 350 per maleper day in peak period (rice transplanting and harvesting) and tk.250 per male per day in the lean period. Wage rate varies from maleto female. The rate for per female per day is tk. 200 in peak andtk.150 in lean period. Wage rate by different units in Jamalganj ispresented in table 17.

Table 17: Wage rate by different units in Jamalganj

Labour wage Agriculture Labour Wage rate (Taka)

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types Village UpazilaAverage agri.day labor wagein peak period

Male 350 400Female 200 250


Male 250 300Female 150 200

Source: RRA, Jamalganj

12.4 Occupational status Data on occupational status were collected from BBS and UAO of DAE,Jamalganj. It was analyzed and presented in table 18. Maximum HHs inthis upazilas is engaged on agricultural activities. For thisreasons farm household’s rate is higher than other upazilas.

Table 18: Agricultural and non-agricultural occupational status

Upazila TotalHHs



(%)

HHs entirelydepending on non-farm occupation.

(non farm)

(%)

Jamalganj

29,935 17,961 60 11,974 40

Source: BBS, 2011 and UAO, DAE, Jamalganj

12.5 Population engaged in different activitiesIn Sunamganj District, Jamalganj is definitely dominant inagriculture. Boro rice is covering more area than aman rice crop.Farmers can not grow aman due to haor/ water logged area. The socio-economic condition of the livelihood system depends mainly on theagriculture production. Rural farmer in the pilot area is moredependent in agriculture sector. Most of the peoples (male andfemale) are working in the different crops and horticulture cropsfield almost in the Upazila to contribute in this sector to meet upthe basic economic need for their livelihood. Detailed of thepopulation engaged in agriculture (7+years) activities is presentedin table 19.

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Jamalganj 16726084,612 82648 21492 878

Source: BBS, 2011

12.6 Literacy and Education12.6.1 Literacy: Ability of a person to write a letter has beenconsidered as the basis of literacy. Literacy Male and femaleliteracy percentages are presented in table 20.




Male

FemaleJamalgan

jYes No Yes No Yes No42,60

388,653

22,946

43,280

19,657

45,373

32.5

34.6 30.2

Source: BBS, 2011

11.6.2 Education: All the data were collected from BBS and analyzedaccording to age, to know the status of different aged of child’sare going/not going school. Present status of education in differentaged is presented in table 21.

Table 21: Educational status in Jamalganj

Upazila

Population aged3-5 years



Attending

school

Notattending school

Attendingschool

Notattendingschool

Attendingschool

Notattendingschool

Mal e Fem

ale

Mal e Fem

ale

Mal e Fem

ale

Mal e Fem

ale

Mal e Fem

ale

Mal e Fem

ale

Jamalganj

460 520

8,650

7,991

8,377 8,478 5,062

4,361

3,996

4,354

3,522

2,495

Source: BBS, 2011

11.7 Housing and sanitation

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Data on housing and sanitation was collected from BBS and analyzed.Most of the houses are kutcha (87.1%) which is followed by pucca andjhupri (each 2.2%) in the pilot area. In case of sanitary condition,9.9 % has no sanitary toilet facilities. Details housing andsanitary status are presented in table 22.

Table-22: Housing and sanitary status of Jamalganj

UpazilaNumber ofHousehold

s


Pucka

Semi-

pucka

Kutcha

Jhupri

Sanitar

y(water-

sealed)

Sanitar

y (non

water-

sealed)

Non-

sanitar

None

Jamalganj 29,935

2.2

8.6

87.1 2.2 3.5 25.0 61.6 9.9

Source: BBS 2011

13 Government and Non-Government Organizations13.1 Government organizationsThere are various Government and non-Government organizationsworking in the upazila to para. In addition, non-Govt. organizationsare also working in the pilot area which is presented in the table23.


District toUnion


Jamalganj

Administrative Units, DAE,DoF, DLS, DoE, BBS, BRDB,LGED, RHD,DPHE

ASA, BRAC, Grameen Bank,PROSHIKA, TMSS, World Vision,Bangladesh Concern worldwide,Bangladesh CARE Bangladesh andCNRS etc.

13.2 Non- Govt organizationsMost of the non-govt. organizations have their micro credit, health,crops, livestock, IGA and non-formal educational activities in thevillages. They give training on agriculture, sanitation, etc. Groupformation remains the usual approach for the NGOs in reaching andaddressing development needs of the beneficiaries.

Crop typology by cluster in Jamalgonj upozila pilot areaCluster 1: High and medium high land, high yielding varietiesFarmers are practicing two crops in a year in the same land in thepilot area. We visited pilot area, observed cropping practices,

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discussed with the local farmers, SAAO of DAE in the field level andin the office Upazila Agriculture Officer (UAO) of DAE. Crops,season and varieties are presented in the table 24. After a longdiscussion it was agreed that more new varieties of crops andrecommended fertilizer application may improve cropping patterns inthe pilot area.


AEZno.

20,21

Crop Season Varieties

Aman Kharif-II

BR-11, BR-32, BRRI Dhan-32, BRRI Dhan-39Paijam

Boro Rabi/Boro

BRRI Dhan-28, BRRI Dhan-29

Vegetables

Kharif-I andRabi

Indian spinach: BARI Pui shak-1, Lal shak:BARI Lal shak-1, Palong shak-Kapi palong,Cauli Brinjal, BARI Begun-1,BARI Begun-2,Ladies finger- BARI Dherosh-1, Bean-BARISheem-1, BARI Sheem-2,

Mustard Rabi Tori-7, BariSharisha-9,14Spices Round

theyear

BARI Peaj-2, BARI Peaj-3, BAURashun-1,Turmeric-Dimla, Chilli-Local improvedvariety, Zinger-Local improved variety

Example- 1: It is possible, cropping pattern will change, additionalone or two crops can be harvested. Farmers will be benefited if theybecome aware about growing period of crops and use recommendedfertilizer in time. It is also expected that farmers will use extraseed, labor, fertilizer and pesticide. Proper management will alsobe done. It is also likely that soil health and cropping intensitywill increase. Detail existing and proposed cropping pattern ispresented in table 25.

Table-25: Existing and proposed cropping patterns for cluster-1

Observation





Rice Mustard

Fallow Lt.aman

Mustard Vegetables

Lt.aman

Rice Boro

Fallow Fallow Boro Fallow T. aman

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Example-2: Single cropped area is 17,583 ha which is 65% of the NCA.From the total 17,583 ha land it is possible to grow double croppingin 879 ha and farmers can grow the following crops in different cropseason. Details are presented in the table 26.

Table 26: Crops grown and fertilizer application for cluster-1

AEZno.

20and21


Aman Kharif-II

BR-11, BR-23, BRRIDhan-32, BRRI Dhan-39,Paijam

120-180

60-80

20-40

0-40

Boro Rabi/Boro

BRRI Dhan-28, BRRIDhan-29

200-250

100-

120

80-100

50-100

Vegetables

Kharif-I andRabi

Bitter gourd: Localimproved variety,Indian spinach: BARIPui shak-1, Yardlong bean: Localimproved variety,Lal shak: BARI Lalshak-1, Palong shak-Kapi palong,Brinjal, BARI Begun-1,BARI Begun-2,Ladies finger-BARI Dherosh-1,Bean-BARI Sheem-1,BARISheem-2

200-300

100-

200

100-

200

-

Mustard Rabi Tori-7,BariSharisha-9,14

22-28

80-90

155-

165

165-175

Spices Roundtheyear

BARI Peaj-2,BARIPeaj-3,BAURashun-1,Turmeric-Dimla,Chilli-Localimproved variety,Zinger-Localimproved variety

250-270

190-210

150-170

-

Source: BARI, BRRI

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There is no organized orchard in the pilot area. But in homesteadarea Sapota (Safeda), Ber (Kul), Jackfruit, Guava, Coconut and Betelnut are available. It is possible to established Kul orchard through

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inter cropping in high land area as Kul performs well in thecoastal/saline area. Detail proposed orchard pattern withintercropping are given in table 27and table 28.


Landtype

PilotUpazila

fruit

crops

Intercrops

Variety use


Cultivatedcost

(Tk/ha)

Totalreturn(tk/ha

)

Netreturn(tk/ha

)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (8-7)

Highland&

medium

highland

Jamalganj Kul BAU

Kul 10 15,000 110,000

95,000

Turmeric

BARI-Dimla

,Sundari

2.5 16,500 25,000 8,500

Total 31,500 135,000

103,500

Table28: Proposed cropping pattern through inter cropping (Pattern-II)

Landtype

PilotUpazila

fruit

crops

Inter

crops

Varietyuse


Cultivatedcost

(Tk/ha)

Totalreturn

(tk/ha)

Netretur

n(tk/ha)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (8-7)

Highland&

medium

highland

Jamalganj Kul BAU

Kul 10 15,000 110,000

95,000

Zinger BARI 2.5 55,000 110,0

0055,00

0

Total 70,000 220,000

150,000

Cluster 3: High, Medium high and Medium low land

Following crops can be grown in different land types

Cereal andoilseeds cropswith different

Aman: BR-11,BRRI Dhan-23, BRRI Dhan-32, BRRIDhan-39, BRRI Dhan-51 and BRRI Dhan-52

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seasons Boro: BRRI Dhan-28, BRRI Dhan-29

Mustard: Tori-7, BariSharisha-9,14



Presently 65% area is covered by single crops. According to UAE itis possible to grow double crops about 5% areas if there isirrigation facilities. About 35% lands is double cropped, it ispossible to grow triple crops in 5% areas if there is irrigationfacilities.


Cropping PatternsKharif-I Kharif-II RabiFallow Vegetables BoroVegetables T.Aman BoroFallow Taman MustardFallow Vegetables VegetablesCluster 4: Medium low, low land and very low land

Following crops can be grown in different land types.

Cereal crops byseasons

T.aman: BRRI Dhan-51, BRRI Dhan-52Boro: BRRI Dhan-28, BRRI Dhan-29

Oil seeds andPulses

Mustard: Tori-7, BariSharisha-9, BARISharisha-14Pulses: Kheshari-BARI Kheshari-1, Localimproved variety


AEZ Cropping Patterns20 and 21 Kharif-I Kharif-II Rabi

Fallow Fallow BoroFallow T. aman MustardFallow T.aman Kheshari

Proposed Floating Gardens (Vegetable Farming) for Flash Flood ProneAreas

Jamalgonj pilot area is a flash flood/water logged area. Seedlingsof aman rice is damaged in the pilot area. Vegetables cultivation isalso a barrier in the pilot area. So, farmers can prepare floating

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bed for seedling and vegetables cultivation. Floating bed can beprepared by the collection of materials such as water-hyacinth andother aquatic vegetation. Mostly vegetables (both summer and winter)grow in the floating bed. The bed has ball or cushion like structureand is used for seedling raising (Rabbani, 2013). A farmer can earnBDT. 16,000/- to 160,000 per season depending on the size offloating bed (Rabbani, 2013).

Picture 7: Floating Gardens (Vegetable Farming)Cluster 5: Rain-fed condition


Rice crops: Aman: BR-11, BR-23, BRRI Dhan-39, BRRI Dhan-40, BRRIDhan-41,

Mustard: Tori-7, BariSharisha-9, BARI Sharisha-14

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AEZ Cropping Patterns

13 Kharif-I Kharif-II Rabi

Fallow T. aman Mustard

Fallow T. aman Fallow


Pilot 7: Pirgonj Upazila, Rangpur

1. Introduction

Pirgonj upazila has been selected as a pilot area. This upazila isunder in Rangpur district of Rangpur Division. It was selected forrepresenting Rangpur division in relation of where AEZs, lands andsoils as well as crops and fruits are similar. The pilot upazila(Pirgonj) has a lot of scope to grow more crops using High YieldingVarieties (HYV) with proper operation of field and horticulturalcrops and maximization of land use in different seasons. Rangpur wasthe former district and was under in Rajshahi division. It has beenformed as division in 2010. It is said that this area had strategicand commercial importance due to its location at the junction of theTeesta, Doleshshary, Dudkumar, Atrai, Jamnashry, Punarvaba, Depa,Tangon rivers.

Rangpur was conquered by the army of Raja Man Singh, a commander ofthe Mughal emperor, Akbar, in 1575, but it was only until 1686 thatit was fully integrated into the Mughal Empire. Names of places likeMughalbasa (literal meaning being a locality of the Mughals), andMughalhat (literal meaning a “local market” organized by theMughals) bear testimony to the Mughal Association and past ofRangpur and its hinterland. Later on, Rangpur passed under thecontrol of “Sarker” of Ghoraghat. During the period of the BritishEast India Company, the Sannyasi Rebellion took place.

1.1 Geographic information of Pirganj upazila:This upazila occupies an area of 411 sq. km. It is located between25.4153°N 89.3167°E. It is the southernmost upazilla of Rangpurdistrict. It is surrounded by Mithapukur upazilla of Rangpur to the

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http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Pirganj_Upazila%2C_Rangpur&params=25.4153_N_89.3167_E_

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sannyasi_Rebellion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Singh_I_of_Amber

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North, Sadullahpur upazilla of Gaibndha to the east, Palashbariupazilla to the south and Ghoraghat and Nawabganj upazillas ofDinajpur to the west. (BBS, 2012). Upazila administrative map shownbelow-

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1.1.2 Demographic information of Pirganj upazila: Data have been collected from BBS upazila office’2013 and Year bookof statistics’ 2012. A total of populations male and female in 2012are 385,000 of them male is 192,000 and female is 193,000 where asin 2001 total population was 346,000 where male was 176,000 andfemale was 170,000. The population comprising between 2011 to 2001,population being increased. Detailed incremental situation ispresented in table-1


Population 2001(‘000) 2011(‘000)Increase/

Decrease(+/-)(‘000)

Both Sex 346 385 +39Male 176 192 +16Female 170 193 +23

Source: Upazila statistics office, BBS’2012

2. Meteorology

2.1 RainfallThe rainfall data last five years (2004 to 2008) were collected fromBangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) Rangpur (Figure ?) whichshows significant rainfall during the months of July to September.On the other hand, very little rainfall or no rain occurs during theperiod November to February. Last five years maximum rainfalloccurred in 2011 in the month of September.

Source: BMD, Rangpur.

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2.2 TemperatureMaximum: Figure 2 indicates that seasonal variation of temperatureis large. Mean data of last five years from 2006 to 2010 indicatethat the mean monthly maximum temperature was 32.50°C in May andthat was the warmest month.

Source: BMD, Rangpur



2.3 HumidityThe humidity data of Pirganj was collected from BMD and plotted ingraph shown below. From the figure it is observed that June, July,August and September are the maximum humid months when averagemonthly relative humidity varies from 85% to 86%. The minimum

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average humidity occurs in the period from November to April whichwas in the range of 78% to 85 %. The monthly average relativehumidity of last five years (2007-2011) is shown in figure-4.


2.4 Sunshine

Data on sunshine of last five years (2005 to 2010) shows maximumsunshine in the month of August in 2008. On the other hand, minimumwas August in 2005. Last five years average sunshine is presentedbelow.



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The pilot area comprises of (i) Tista Mender Flood plain (AEZ-3) and(ii) North Eastern Barind Tract (AEZ-27) area shown in the map-3 and4. Detailed descriptions of AEZ are given below. Crops (field andhorticultural) grown in the pilot area according to AEZs are showingtable-1 below.

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Tista Meander Floodplain (AEZ-3)

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This region occupies most of the Tista Floodplain. It includes theAtrai, Little Jamuna, and Karatoya Floodplains, as well as the olderparts of the Dudhkumar and Gangadhar Floodplains. The boundarieswith the adjoining Active Tista and Brahmaputra –Jamuna Floodplainsare irregular and they are subject to change as the major riversencroach by erosion or by depositing new alluvium over oldersoils.In the south-east, the unit merges into the Karatoya-BangaliFloodplain.

The major portion of the areas have broad floodplain ridges andalmost level basins. There is an overall pattern of olive brown,rapidly permeable, loamy soils on the high floodplain ridges, andgrey or dark grey, slowly permeable, heavy silt loam or silty clay-loam soils on the lower land and parent materials rich in minerals.Eight general soil types occur in the region; of which,Noncalcareous Grey Floodplain and Noncalcareous Brown Floodplainsoils predominate. They are moderately acidic throughout, low inorganic matter content on the higher land, but moderate in the powerparts. Fertility level in general, is low to medium. Soils ingeneral have good moisture holding capacity.

North Eastern Barind Tract (AEZ-27)

This region occupies several discontinuous areas on the north-eastern margins of the Barind Tract. It stands slightly higher thanadjoining floodplain land.

The region has silty or loamy topsoil and clay loams to claysubsoils and grades into strongly mottled clay. The Madhupur Clayunderlying this region is deeply weathered. Deep Red Brown Terracesoils and Deep Grey Terrace soils are the major components of theGeneral Soil Types of the area. The soils are strongly acidic inreaction. Organic matter of the soils is low. General fertilitylevel is poor with medium status of Zn.


No.AEZ

Name of AEZ Total area(ha)

Major crops grow

03Teesta Meander

Floodplain (AEZ-3)

21,144

Rice, Potato, Maize, Garlic,Onion, Chili, Cauliflower,Cabbage, Wheat, Chili,Mustard, Sugarcane, Jute,Pulse Mango, Jack fruit,Jujube

North Eastern 20,303 Rice, Wheat, Sugarcane,

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27 Barind Tract (AEZ-27)

Mustard, Khesari, PotatoMaize, Vegetables (w & s)Mango, Jackfruit, Guava,Litchi, Jujube etc.

Source: CEGIS estimation, BARC (FRG’2012)


Total area is 41,447 ha and net cultivated area is 38,085 ha. Thepilot area is dominated by medium high land (55%) which is followedby high land (44.66%). The land types of Pirganj Upazila are shownin a figure-1.



Total land area is 41,447 ha and net cultivable land is about 85% inthe pilot area. The Settlement and Water bodies area is about 14%and 2% respectively. Detailed land use of the pilot area ispresented in table-2.


Land use Area(ha) % of Grossarea

Settlement ( road bushes, pond etc) 5,676 14Water bodies (river, khal, beel 686 2

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etc)NCA 35,085 85Gross area 41,447 100Source: CEGIS UAO, DAE, 2013

6. Soil Texture

The soil texture is dominated by loam (56%) which is followed byclay loam (44%) in the pilot area. Detailed soil texture ispresented in table-3.


Texture Area(ha) % of NCAClay Loam 15,437 44Loam 19,648 56

Total 35085 100Source: CEGIS estimation from SOLARIS

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According to SRDI (1988), the available soil moisture has beenclassified into four categories. The pilot area is dominated by low

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level (88.5%) of available soil moisture. Detailed distribution ofavailable soil moisture is presented in table 4.

Table 4: Detailed distribution of available soil moisture in thepilot area


moisture


%ofNCA

Low

Plant extractable soilmoisture remained in thefield level less than onemonth 25,261 72

Medium

Plant extractable soil moistureremained in field level fromone to two months 5,263 15

High

Plant extractable soil moistureremained in field level fromtwo to three months 4,561 13

Tota 35,085 100Source: CEGIS estimation from SOLARIS

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9. Present cropping patternsThe dominant cropping patterns are Fallow-T. Aman-HYV Boro which ispracticed in 45% of the NCA.

The single, double and triple cropped area is about 15%, 50% and 35%respectively. The cropping intensity is about 222%.Detailed croppingpattern is presented in Table 6.

Table 6: Existing major cropping patterns with area in the pilotarea

Sl. No. Cropping Patterns Area(ha) % oflanduse


1 Vegetables Vegetables Vegetables 2,456 72 Fallow T. Aman Vegetables 1,053 33 Fallow T. Aman Boro 15,788 454 Fallow Fallow Mustard-

Boro351 1

5 Fallow T.Aman Maize/Pulses

3,509 10

6 Vegetables T.Aman Potato 6,315 187 T.Aus Fallow Onion 702 28 Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane 1,754 59 Banana Banana Banana 3,509 10

Total 35,085 100Source: UAO, Pirganj, Rangpur

Presently 15% area is covered by single crops. It is possible toconvert to double crops area from single crop area about 10% areasby inter cropping. Mix cropping and inter cropping is possible inthe pilot area for good soil texture.

About 60% lands is double crops, it is possible to convert to triplecrops from double crop area about 30% areas if can be confirmedproper management. Four crops will be possible from triple crop areaabout 1% by using modern technology and proper management

10. Input Use in Pirgonj Inputs used for horticulture crops include fertilizer and pesticidewhile seed and labour are used in field crops. Data on input use inhorticulture and field crops in Pirgonj pilot upazila is presentedin table ?.

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Table ?: Input used for horticulture crops in the Pirgonj pilot area

Crop name



No. ofAppli.

Liq.(ml/ha

)Mango 150 70 100 00 10 3-4 500-

800Jackfruit 100 50 20 10 3 1-2 100-

200Banana - 300 - - 15 3-4 100-

200Litchi 00 100 00 00 5 2-3 100-

300Guava 40 90 00 00 3 00 00Jujube 150 90 00 00 5 00 00Lemon 150 70 60 00 3 00 00


Table ?: Input used in different field crops in the Pirgonj pilotarea

Cropname

Seed(Kg/ha)

Labor(No./ha )


Urea TSP MP Gypsum

No ofapplication

Liq.(ml/ha)

Gran./Pow.(kg/ha

HYV Boro 48 170 200-220

80-100

50-60

20-30 1-2 600 7-8

T.Aman 45 135 150-160

60-70

- 00 1-2 700 7-8

T.Aus 45 170 100-120

40-60

0-40

00 1-2 600 7-8

Mustard 8 100 100-120

40-60

30-40

00 1-2 650 7-8

Spices 20 120 100-150

80-100

50-70

00 1-2 200 6-7

Maize 22 130 180-200

60-80

40-60

00 1-2 500-800

0

Pulses 30 100 80-100

- - 00 1-2 200-400

0

Sugarcan 3500 120 100- 60- 40- - 1-2 - 9-10

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e cuttings

120 80 60

Vegetables (w)

3-4 120 120-150

60-80

40-50

00 3-5 650 6-8

Vegetables (s)

2-3 120 150-180

100-150

80-100

00 4-5 600 6-7


11.5 Irrigation Scarcity of irrigation water is severe in the pilot area due tolowering of ground water table in the dry season. Irrigation isprovided to HYV Boro crops. The source of irrigation water is groundwater. Irrigation is lifted with the help of Deep Tube Wells (DTWs)and Shallow Tube Wells (STWs). But, the availability of ground waterreduced in the dry season. Aus and T. Aman crop is generallypracticed under rain fed condition. Sometimes, supplementaryirrigation is provided during June-September under water tresscondition. But irrigation area covered by other crop such as potato,Mustard, Vegetables, Maize, onion, orchard etc.


Mode of irrigation No. equipment Area irrigated(ha) % of NCA

DTW 25 7,017 20STW 2570 26,314 75LLP 320 1,754 5

Total 2,915 35,085 100Source: UAO, DAE, Pirganj, Rangpur


12.1 Poverty

The poverty level of agriculture based livelihood is higher in thisupazila. However the absolute size of the poor population is large.In the pilot area poverty measurement includes two types, one isUpper poverty line and another is Lower poverty line (hardcore poorpeople). In our pilot area poverty line are on average 52.5% higherthan the lower poverty lines. Detailed poverty status of the pilotarea presented in table-15.

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Table15: Incidence of poverty 2005 in the pilot area

Division

District

Upazila



Rangpur

Rangpur

Pirganj

52.5 32.5

Source: BBS, 2012

12.2 Land ownership

Based on land ownership in Pirganj upazila farmers were classifiedin five categories. These were Landless/ functionally landless<0.2ha (<50 dec), Marginal farmer 0.2-0.5 ha (50-125 dec), Small holder0.5- 1 ha (126-250 dec), Medium farmer 1-2 ha (251-500 dec) andLarge farmer > 2ha (more than 501 dec). Data were collect from UAO,DAE of Pirganj which has relevance with FAO, BARC and BBS. Accordingto the table-16 marginal farmers (33%) are dominated which isfollowed by medium farmers (23%) in the pilot area. Categories wisefarmers’ data were classified in table-16.


Landlessfarmers

Marginalfarmers

Smallfarmers

Mediumfarmers

Largefarmers

Total

10,512 17,545 11,105 12,140 1,720 53,022Source: UAO, DAE, Pirganj, 2013

12.3 Agriculture labour wage rateFrom the open discussion with different categories of farmers in thefield that normal agriculture labor wage rate is tk 275 per male perday in peak period (rice transplanting and harvesting) and tk. 200per male per day in the lean period. It is also varies from male tofemale. The rate for per female per day is tk. 200 in peak andtk.150 in lean period. Wage rate by different units in Pirganj ispresented in table-17.

Table-17: Wage rate by different units in Pirganj

Labour wage

Agriculture Labourtypes



Male 250 300Female 200 250

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Male 200 250Female 150 200

Source: Farmers interviewed, January, 2014

12.4 Occupational status agricultural and non-agricultural Data were collected from BBS and UAO of DAE, Pirganj It was analyzedand presented in table-18. Maximum HHs in this upazilas is engagedon agricultural activities. For this reasons farm household’s rateis higher than other upazilas.


UpazilaTotalHHs



(%)



(%)

Pirganj 102,000 88,740 87 13,260 13

Source: BBS, 2011 and UAO, DAE, Pirganj

12.5 Population engages in different activitiesIn Rangpur District, Pirganj is definitely dominant in agriculturedominant practices, especially fruits i.e mango, Jackfruit, Jujubeorchard based. Farmers practicing Jujube +Turmeric and Mango-Mashkalai inter cropping which is being popular in the pilot area.Agriculture sector is first priority but land preparation in mainlydone by power tiller. Aman rice is covering more area than Boro ricecrop. The socio-economic condition depends mainly on the agricultureproduction. Rural farmer in the pilot area is more dependent inagriculture sector. Most of the peoples (male and female) areworking in the different crops and horticulture crops field almostin the Upazila to contribute in this sector to meet up the basiceconomic need for their livelihood. Detailed of the populationengaged in agriculture (7+years) activities is presented in table-19.


Upazila Total population Field ofActivity(7+years)

Agriculture

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Both Male Female Male Female

Pirganj 143,000 72,000 71,000 33,092 1,622

Source: BBS, 2011

12.6 Literacy and Education12.6.1 Literacy: Literacy percentage in the pilot area is notsatisfactory. According to BBS, 2011 those who can write a letter toexpress their views for others partner. Male and female literacypercentages are presented in table-20.


Upazila Literacy (can write ) Literacy rate(%)


Male

FemalePirganj Yes No Yes No Yes No

96,255

1,37,242

45,919

68,832

50,336

68,410

41.2

40.0 42.4

Source: BBS, 2011


Table-21: Educational status in Pirganj

Upazila




Attending school

Notattending school

Attendingschool

Notattendingschool

Attending school

Notattending school

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Pirganj

703 765 9,1

628,558

13,376

13,699

4,269

3,259

9,266

10,996

3,631

1,243

Source: BBS, 2011 11.7 Housing and sanitationsAll the data were collected from BBS and analyzed. Most of thehouses are kutcha (58.6%). which is followed by semi puckka (24.4%)in the pilot area. In case of sanitary condition, sanitary condition

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of 58.4% has no sanitary toilet facilities. Details housing andsanitary status are presented in table-22.


Upazila

Numberof

Households


Pucka

Semi-

pucka

Kutcha

Jhupri

Sanitary

(water-

sealed)

Sanitary(nonwater

-sealed)

Non-sanitary

None

Pirganj 102,000 12.7 24.4 58.6 4.3 11.7 10.7 58.4

19.2

Source: BBS 2011

13 Government and Non-Government Organizations13.1 Government organizationsThree categories-local or regional, national and international NGO’sare working in the pilot area. There are various Government and non-Government organizations working in the upazila to village. We knowabout Govt. organizational setups from District to unions’ level. Inaddition to that there is non-Govt. organizations are also workingin the pilot area which is presented in the table-23.


District toUnion

Govt-organizations (major) Non Govt-organizations

(major)

Pirganj

Administrative Units, DAE, BMDA, BADC,DoF, DLS, BBS, BRDB, BARI, SRDI, BWDB,DPHE

ASA, Ekota, GrameenBank, TMSS, Care-Bangladesh, BRAC,GUK, SKSDebichawdharini etc

13.2 Non- Govt organizationsMost of the non-govt. organizations have their micro credit, health,crops, livestock, IGA and non-formal educational activities in thevillages. They gave training on agriculture, sanitation, etc. Groupformation remains the usual approach for the NGOs in reaching andaddressing development needs of the beneficiaries.

Selection criteria for crop typology:

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i) The development of crop typology has been provided, forthe first time in Bangladesh, an assessment of cropsuitability in terms of attainable yields of crops willbe done. Preliminary indications from the pilot areasuggest that, overall, potential sustainable crop yieldsfor major cereals may be lower than had previously beenassumed, especially for rain fed conditions in differentagro-climatic zone.

ii) Yearly rainfall, humidity, temperature will beconsidered.

iii) Soil characteristic, land type and irrigation facilities will have to be considered.

iv) To validate the improved/ modern crop productiontechnologies in drought prone district of Rangpur.

v) To test the acceptance of crop production technologiesamong different categories of drought area farmers.

vi) To identify and to solve constraints in the productionprogramme of improved crop production technologies

vii) Physical factors limiting the yield potential ofindividual crops on a particular region or agro-climaticzone.

viii) Paddy is the crop best adapted to cultivate in the Kharifseason over most of the country and considerable areas also are best suited for paddy cultivation in the rabi season in accordance of AEZs.

ix) Opportunity to increase dry land rabi crop production, with or without irrigation of pilot area.

x) The pilot area is a drought prone area and great opportunities to reduce drought by management practices and introduce different drought tolerant rice or non-ricevarieties and low requirement irrigated crops cultivate to increase crop production.

xi) The use of chemical fertilizers as supplementary sourcesof nutrients has been increasing steadily in Bangladesh,but our farmers do not practice balanced fertilization.For any crops especially in HYV’s of all crops in threeseasons about 80% of the fertilizers applied arenitrogen, 25% phosphate, and only 15% potash comparedwith the recommended ratio of 100:80:60. If farmers usefertilizer balance dozes in time yield will increaseabout 10-20% in pilot area.

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xii) Presently fruit crops are growing about 10% in the pilotarea. According to the BARI scientist and DAE, it ispossible to grow more fruit garden fit with intercropping that may cover 10-15% of the total area.

Considering the above points the following clusters may be introducethrough Department of Agriculture Extension with the closecollaboration of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, BangladeshAgriculture Research Institute, and Bangladesh Institute of NuclearAgriculture Officials.

15. Suggestions and Recommendation

Cluster-1(High and medium high land, high yielding varieties)

Normally three crops grown in a year in the same land in the pilotarea, we called it very good pattern. We visited pilot area on21/02/2014 to 23/02/2014, observed the area, discussed with thelocal farmers, SAAO of DAE in the field level and in the officeAgriculture Extension Officer (AEO) of DAE. It is also mentioned inthe below that crops, season and varieties are presented in thetable-24. After a long discussion it was agreed that more newvarieties of crops and recommended fertilizer application may beadopts and improve cropping patterns is possible to fit in the pilotarea.


AEZ #3, 27

Crop Season

Varieties

Aus Kharif-I

Pariza, BR-26, BRRI Dhan-48

Rice Kharif-II

Sada Sorna, BR-23, BRRI Dhan-39, BRRIDhan-40, BRRI Dhan-41,BBRI-49 ,BINA-7

Rice Boro BR-3, BRRI Dhan-28, BRRI Dhan-29, BRRIDhan-36, BRRI Dhan-48, BINA-8

Vegetables

Kharif-IandRabi

Indian spinach: BARI Pui shak-1, Lalshak: BARI Lal shak-1, Palong shak-Kapipalong, Cauli flower-BARI phulkapi-1,Snow white, Cabbage-KK cross-1,Brinjal,BARI Begun-1,BARI Begun-2, Ladiesfinger-Bangkim, BARI Dherosh-1,Bean-BARI, Potato-Cardinal, Diamond,Lalsindurkuti.

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Mustard Rabi BARI 9,,BARI-14, BARI-15, Tori-7, LocalPulses Rabi BARI Masur-5, BARI Sola-4, :BARI Sola-5,

Local KhesariSpices Round

theyear

Taherpuri onion, Rashun-local, Chilli-Ghora, Sikrampuri, Turmeric-Dimla,Zinger-Local improved variety

Wheat Rabi Satabdi, Prodip, BARI wheat-25, BARIwheat-26

Source: UAO, DAE and Farmers interviewed, 2013

Example- 1: Farmers have grown more Aman crops in the pilot areathan Boro crops due to scarcity of irrigation water during dryseason. If available of water source in the pilot area by creatingwater reservoir to storage rain water on pond and khals or re-excavation of khals. It is possible, cropping pattern will change,additional one or two crops can harvest. If farmers became awareabout crops growing period and use recommended fertilizer in timethen automatically farmers will be benefited. It is also calculatedthat farmers will use extra seed, labor, fertilizer and pesticideapplication. Proper management will also be done. It is alsomentioned that soil health and cropping intensity will increase.Detail existing and proposed cropping pattern is presented in table-25.

Table-25: Existing and proposed cropping patterns for cluster-1

Observation

Existing cropping pattern Proposed cropping pattern

Rabi Kharif-I

Kharif-II

Rabi Kharif-I

Kharif-II

Rice Mustard-Boro

Fallow Fallow Boro T.aus T. aman

Rice/Vegetables

Maie/pulse Fallow T.aman Maize/

pulseT.aus T. aman

It would be possible to increase double crops about 5% areas frompresent situation if there are irrigation facilities.

It would possible to increase triple crops about 30% areas from basecondition if there is an irrigation facility.

Example-2: Total single cropped in the pilot area is 5,262 ha whichNCA is 15 % of the total cultivable area. There is little area whereit is possible to grow double crops.The total 5,262 ha land ofsingle would possible to converted to double crop land would about

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3,508(10%) by provide irrigation support and proper management.Details are explaining in the table-26.


AEZno.

3,27

Crop Season

Varieties Fertilizer

Urea TSP MP Gypsum

Aus Kharif-I

Pariza, BR-26, BRRIDhan-48

100-

140

40-60

0-40

0-40

Rice Kharif-II

Sada Sorna, BR-23,BRRI Dhan-39, BRRIDhan-40, BRRI Dhan-41,BBRI-49 ,BINA-7

120-

180

60-80

20-40

0-40

Rice Boro BR-3, BRRI Dhan-28,BRRI Dhan-29, BRRIDhan-36, BRRI Dhan-48, BINA-8 ,

200-

250

100-

120

80-100

50-100

Vegetables

Kharif-IandRabi

Indian spinach: BARIPui shak-1, Lal shak:BARI Lal shak-1,Palong shak-Kapipalong, Cauli flower-BARI phulkapi-1, Snowwhite, Cabbage-KKcross-1,Brinjal, BARIBegun-1,BARI Begun-2,Ladies finger-Bangkim, BARIDherosh-1,Bean-BARI ,Potato-Cardinal,Diamond,Lalsindurkuti.

200-

300

100-

200

100-

200

-

Mustard Rabi BARI 9,,BARI-14,BARI-15, Tori-7,Local

80-100

60-70

40-50

-

Pulses Kharif-2

BARI Masur-5, BARISola-4, :BARI Sola-5,Local Khesari

80-100

40-50

30-35

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Spices Rabi Taherpuri onion,Rashun-local, Chilli-Ghora, Sikrampuri,Turmeric-Dimla,

250-270

190-210

150-170

-

Wheat Rabi Satabdi, Prodip, BARIwheat-25, BARI wheat-26

200-

250

100-

120

80-100

50-100



Agro-forestry is an ancient practice now it is becoming an integralpart of the crop farming system in our country as well as in PirganjDistrict. In the pilot area traditionally different fruit orchardlike Mango, Litchi, Guava, Jujube is being grown by the farmers, butMango is dominating and increasing day by day for higher economicreturn. Farmers can convert their field crops as inter cropping(high land) in to fruit garden. Discussion with local farmers,horticulturist of BARI and UAO of Pirganj upazila it is agreed thatpossible to fit the intercrops into the fruit orchard and possibleto harvest a good yield by growing intercropping. Detail proposedorchard pattern with intercropping are given in table- 27 andtable--28.

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Landtype

PilotUpazila

fruit

crops

Intercrops

Varietyuse


Cultivatedcost

(Tk/ha)

Totalreturn(tk/ha

)

Netreturn(tk/ha

)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (8-7)

Highlandandmediu

mhighland(F0 andF1)

Pirganj

Fruits

grafted 11 2,00000 3,30,0

001,30,000

Maskalai

BARI-3 1.2 500 60,000 59,500

Total 200500 390000 189500Table28: Proposed cropping pattern through inter cropping (Pattern-

II)

Landtype

PilotUpazila

fruit

crops

Inter

crops

Varietyuse


Cultivatedcost

(Tk/ha)

Totalreturn(tk/ha

)

Netreturn(tk/ha

)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (8-7)

Highlandandmedium

highland(F0 andF1)

Pirganj

Mango 11 2,00000 3,30,0

001,30,000

Zinger Local 2.5 50,000 100,00

0 50,000

Total 250,000 430,000

180,000

Proposed vegetables pattern for Drought area/Pond side Vegetablescultivation in Teesta mender and Barind Tract Area:

Pilot area lies in the Teesta mender and Barind Tract area lack ofirrigation water in dry season crop cultivation. This is happeneddue to continuous extraction of ground water, ground water tablelowering day by day. So, there is scope limit to irrigate vegetablescrops in dry season. So, Pond side Vegetables cultivation in thearea may be introducing widely to mitigate the drought problem.

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Table -29: Vegetables cultivation at pond side with Macha andfencing of pond side

Pond side Kharif RabiPond side Fence(Pond

side)Pond side Fence(Pond

side)Southside

Ladiesfinger/Banana

Ribbedgourd

Brinjal/Lalsak

Bean

Northside

Kang kong(Kolmisak/Katua data

Bittergourd

Tomato/Carrot

Yard longbean

East side Wintervegetablesseedling/Bittergourd/Chilli

Ribbedgourd

Yard longbean/ Carrot

Bean

West side Sweetgourd/Chilli

Bittergourd

Spinach+ Lalsak+Chilli

Yard longbean

Table-30: Vegetables cultivation at surrounding area of pond andside of pond

Pond side Vegetables cultivation inFence at surrounding sideof pond

Vegetables cultivation atpond side

Kharif Rabi Kharif RabiSouthside

Ribbed gourd Bean Ash gourd Bottle gourd

Northside

Bitter gourd Yard longbean

Snake gourd Bottle gourd

East side Ribbed gourd Bean Snake gourd Bottle gourdWest side Bitter gourd Yard long

beanSnake gourd Bottle gourd



Cereal andoilseedscrops withdifferentseasons


Aman: Sada Sorna, BR-23, BRRI Dhan-39, BRRI Dhan-40, BRRI Dhan-41,BBRI-49 ,BINA-7

Boro: BR-3, BRRI Dhan-28, BRRI Dhan-29, BRRIDhan-36, BRR Dhan-48, BINA-7

OiOilseeds: Mustard: Tori-7, BARI-14, BARI-15

Different Vegetables: Bitter gourd, Indian spinach, Yard long

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vegetables bean, Lalshak, Snake gourd, Ash gourd, Bottlegourd, Sweet gourd, Sponge gourd, Spinach andAmaranthus.


Cropping PatternsKharif-I Kharif-II RabiFallow T. Aman FallowAus Fallow Boro

Fallow T. Aman BoroAus T.Aman Oil seeds

Fruits +intercropping with field cropCluster-4 (medium high, medium low and low land)




Aman Sada Sorna, BR-23, BRRI Dhan-39, BRRIDhan-40, BRRI Dhan-41,BBRI-49 ,BINA-7


OiOilseeds: : Mustard: Tori-7, BARI-14, BARI-15

Pluses: BARI Mung-5

Wheat: Satabdi, Prodip, BARI wheat-25, BARIwheat-26

Differentvegetables



AEZ Cropping Patterns3,27 Kharif-I Kharif-II Rabi

Fallow T.aman BoroAus T. Aman WheatFallow T.aman PulsesVegetables Vegetables Vegetables


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Vegetables crops: Bitter gourd, Indian spinach, Yard long bean,Lalshak, Snake gourd, Ash gourd, Bottle gourd, Sweet gourd, Spongegourd, Spinach and Amaranthus

Rice crops:


Aman: Sada Sorna,BR-23,BRRI Dhan-39, BRRI Dhan-40, BRRI Dhan-41, BBRI-49, BINA- 7

Oilseeds: Mustard: Tori-7, BARI-14, BARI-15


AEZ Cropping Patterns3,27 Kharif-I Kharif-II Rabi

Aus T. aman MustardAus T. aman FallowFallow Vegetables Fallow

Typology of production systems and characteristics of irrigators There are no irrigation policies in the pilot area. A typology offarm households and irrigators is useful for understanding the keydrivers of production system adoptions in which irrigation is used,while also capturing the diversity of agricultural productionpractices and economic activities, and potentially the role ofirrigation in livelihood.

Cluster Irrigation policies in the pilot area have historically supportedsmall-scale private irrigation. In the pilot area there areagricultural projects which is scattered. Farmers may be aware tomake the irrigation system on cluster method

A Typology for Farmers' in Drought Management

Drought is a normal, recurrent climate feature in the pilot area.Drought is a slow-onset natural disaster. Planning at macro leveloften assumes that farmers react to and manage drought in similarways. If this assumption of homogeneity is incorrect, the potentialeffectiveness of drought mitigation efforts is likely to bedangerously inhibited. More specifically, it examined whetherfarmers use different strategies to mitigate drought and, if so,whether a typology to classify their management approaches can bedeveloped.

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5. Conclusion and Recommendation

This report is the beginning of a systematic crop typology forBangladesh, using existing information to prepare crop typology inthe pilot seven upazilas. Many gaps in knowledge remain, because noresearch was held in our country. Study on irrigation types willalso hopefully provide the foundation and framework for futurestudies and initiatives of both informal and formal systems. Fieldsurvey and analysis in the selected upazilas from seven district anddivisions indicated that crop typologies differ from upazila toupazila. In every upazila, there are single crop, double crops andtriple crops. It was identified in the field that in almost allupazilas, it is possible to grow double, triple and four crops in ayear in the same piece of land even combining field andhorticultural crops in some upazilas. In the saline prone area theresponse of plants to salinities and various constituent ions in thesoil solution varies widely according to species. The relationshipof crop yield and the concentration of salt in root medium have tobe reviewed. BRRI and other Institutions developed salt tolerantcereal and oilseed varieties. With these information cluster wasdeveloped in consultation with the local farmers, research andextensional personnel. When cluster was made we saw/found thefollowings:

Land suitable for transplanted rice, where practicalexperiences shows that water will stand for few days water

Land not suitable for transplanted rice, but suitable forgeneral dry land crops where water will not stand on the landfor few days

Land which does not stay moist enough in the root zone forseven days after a 4-inch irrigation for general dry landcrops to be grown satisfactorily, where vegetables may growwhich can pay for additional irrigation or where irrigationshould not be applied (usually, the area of such land is verysmall)

Land suitable for orchard but growing unproductive crops Pesticide, fertilizer recommendations for individual crops are

not followed by the cluster. This is because fertilizer needsvary between different soils and different parts of theupazila, and they also change with time. Therefore, SAAO

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(extension staff should obtained up-to-date recommendationsfor the crops which are grown in their work area).

The classification of food insecure countries presented here wouldhelp define more precisely the group of countries that arevulnerable to food security problems, and thus enable more targetedpolicies in representative countries. Farmers could design hisspecific policies to overcome constricting factors in promotingagriculture production. In order to achieve food security withfavorable land and water conditions need to exploit their potentialto increase agricultural production and productivity through a moreconductive policy framework and increased investment in agriculturaland rural development. There are many examples of preaches, and thedegrees of involvement of the farmers differ greatly from one methodto another. For example, involves the farmers very early in hisconstruction approach, at the diagnostic stage. For our part, wechose to call in the farmers only after the constraint-determiningstage, but before the constraints had been ranked.

However, future research is needed for developing good typologythrough cluster on crop production, crop management, watermanagement, fruits garden with intercrops, and relay crops.

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Rao P. P., and Birthal PS., 1998. Crop-Livestock Systems Typology:India. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). Patancheru-502 324, Andhra Pradesh,India.

Hoque M. E., 2002. Crop Diversification in Bangladesh. Department ofAgriculture Extension. Ministry of Agriculture. Khamarbari.Farmgate. Dhaka. Bangladesh.

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