Dcbrc Zeit, Ethiopia - AAU Institutional Repository

ADDIS ABA IlA UN IVEllSITY

FAC LTY OF VETER INARV MED IC INE

PREVALENCE OF BOVINE TRYPANOSOMOSIS IN SOKORU

WOREDA. J I M~l A ZONE, O ROM IA REG ION, SOUTH WEST

ETl1 IOP IA.

BY

YESH IT ILA AMEDE YE'vlER

JUNE 2006.

Dcbrc Zei t, Ethiopia

ADDIS A BABA UN IVERSITY

FACULTY OF VETER INARY l ED ICI ' E

PR EVALENCE OF TRYPANOSOMOS IS IN SOKORU WOREDA, J IMMA ZONE

OROMIA REG ION, SOUTH W EST ETHIOPIA

A th esis submitted 10 the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis

Ababa Uniyc rs il), in partial fu lfil lment o f Ocg rc{' of 1\ laste r of Sc ience in Tropica l

VCl"crinary!\lcdicinc

13) YESHITILA A~ l E I) E YE~lER

June 2006.

Ocbre Zei!. Et hiopia.

II

P rcval cnce of Bovinc Try pa nosomos is in Soko ru W o rcda,

Ji mm3 Zone, O ro mia Region, Southwest E thiopia.

By YESHIT ILA AMEDE YEME R

Board of exa miners Signature

I. Professor Phlippe Dorchies

2. Prof cssor Stieg Einarson

3. Dr. Mark Eiser

4. Maximili an Bauman

5. Dr Mohammad Abdella

Academic ad viso r

Dr Asoke KlI mar BasH

II I

DEDICATIO '

This thesis is presented to be a remembrance to my darling parents, my late father AMEDE

YEMER and 111) late mother MULUNESH EM IRU for their maximum amnity of parental

care and love the) have rendered me, and for unreserved help and concern they have provided

me to promote In) life in deed.

IV

TABLE OF CONTA INTS

LIST OF TABLES ...... ........ ................... ... .............. .. ............................................................ V II LIST OF FIGURES .. .. .. .... .. .. ... .. ............ ................. ... ..................................................... VIII

_ LIST OF ANNEXES ................... ................. ......... ............................................................ IX _ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................... .. .................... ..................... ........................ .. .... ... X _ ABBREViATIONS ......................................................................... ................................ X II _ ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... XIII _-:I~. INTRODUCTION .... .. ...... ... ............. .................... ........................................................... I ~. LITERATURE REViEW ............ ........... ................... ........................................... .. ......... 3 _ 2.1 AFRICAN AN IMAL TRYPANOSOMOSIS .. .. ............................ ... .. .. ... .......... ........... 3

2.1.1 Tf) panosomcs .... ..................... .......... ................................. ..... .. .. ... ..... .... .. .. ...................... ..................... 3 2. 1.2.Classi lication ........................ ............ . .... ... ............... .... ............................. ........ ...... .... ........... .. .. 3 2. 1.3. Life C)clc of Trypanosomes ... .. ...... . ...................... ...... ....................... .... ........ ........ ............. .... 4

_2.2.nIE VECTOR . TSETSE FI.Y .. .. ... .... .................... . ............. ................. .... .... ... ............... ....... .... .... .. .. 4 2.2. I.C lassification and morpholog) ...... ... .. .... ..... ... .... ...... .. .. .... ....... ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ............... .. ..... ............. ....... 4 2.2.2.Distribution and Di\ crsity .... ..... .............................................. ................ .... ........ ................ ................ .. 5

_2.J. EpIOEMIOLOGY ........................................................................................................................... .......... .. .. 6 _ 2.4 Pathogenesis ................ .... ... ................ ..................... ...... ........... ...................................... 8 _2.5 Clinical Features ........................................................................................ ..... ........ .... ..... ..... ... .. ..... ... ... .... 8

_ 2.6 PATHOLOGY .. .......................... ..... ............................................................... ... ... ........ .... ........ .. .... ........... .... 8 2.7 Diagnosis .................................................................................................... .... ..... ............ .... .. ............ .. .. ... . 9

_ 2.8 CONTROL. ............................................................................................................ ........ ........... .......... ........ 10 2.8.1 Parasite Control ................................................................................................ .................................... 10 2.8.2 \ 'ector Control .............................................................................................. .. ......... ... ......................... 12 2. 8.3 Tr)panoto1crance .......................................................................................... .. ...... ..... .......... .. .... .......... 14 2.8.4. Tsetse and Tr~panosontosis in Ethiopia.. ............ ....... ....... ... . . .... .... ... ................. ... . .. 15

_ 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ....... ... .. ........ .. ... .. .... .. .... ................... .. ... ................... .. 16 _3. 1. The stud) arca ... ........ ............. .......... ......... .... ...... ...... ..... ... ...... .......... ...... ................... . 16

3. 1. 1 C li mate ....................................................................................................... ... ...... .. ................ ..... ..... .. ... 18 3. 1.2. Vegetation ......................................................... _ ............................................ ..................................... 18 3. 1.3. Agriculture ...................................................................................................... ... ................... .. ... .......... 18 3. IA . Animal husbandr) ............................................................................................................................... 18 3. 1.5. Disease Situation in the \\ 'oreda ................................................................................. 20 3.2. Stud~ Population ..................................................................................................... 20

_3.3. SruOy DESiGN.................................................. . ............................................................................. 19 3.3.1. Qucstionn3irc Sunc~ ............. . ................................ 20 3.3.2. Entomological sune~ .................................. . .......................... ... .. ............................... 20 1

3.3.2.1. Collection oflsetse and OIher biting me!).. ... ..... . ................................................. 21 3.3.2.2 . Parasitological Sun e). ...... ....... ...... ..... .. .......................................... 22 3.3.2.3. Sampling Method and Sample si7e Determination ............................ . . .. . . ............. ........... 22 3.3.2.4 . Sample Collection and Parasitological Examination ........................... ... . .................... . .... 22 3.3.2.5. Assessment of Tr:- panocidal Drug Eflicac) .. ........................ . .. ............. ....... .. .. . 23

_3 .4. DATA ANAL YSIS .............................................................................................. .... .... .............. ... .......... ... 224

_ 4. RESULTS ... .. .................. .. ............ ...... .. .................. ................................................ ... ... 25 4.1. Questionnaire Sur-C) ................................................................... . .......................... 27 4 . 1.2 Li\ ('stock Production ....................................................................................... ..... ... .. .. .. .... ... ............... 25 4 1 J Disease Situation ........................................................................................ .... .... ..... .......... ...... ... .... ..... 25 4. 1.4 . Treatment opponunities against Tr)panosomosis ................................................. .. .......... 30 4. 1 5. Socio-economic Practice ............ _ ................................................................... ......... ................ .. .......... 30 4.2. Cross sectional Stud) ................................................................................................ 32 4.2.1. Entomological Sur-e) ................................................................................ .... .. .................... .... .. ...... ... 30 4.2.2. Parasitological Findings ..................................................................................... ............... ..... ............ 32 4.:!.3 Prc\alcnce oftr)panosomes acccrding to ag(; &. sc\. of animals. . ....................................... 34 4.2 A. Infection Risk Factor ................ ................. ......................................................................................... 36 4.3. Haematological Findings ............................................................... ............................ 39

4.4 . Longitudinal study ................... . .... .. ....... .. .. . . .. .......... .... ............................ ..

v

4.4.1. Assessment of Trypanocidal Drug Emcllcy........... . .............................................. .44 4.4 .2. PCV Findings...... .. ......... ............. ..................... . . ............. ............................. 47

5. DiSCUSSiON ...................................... .. ........................ . .......... . ........ .49 _6. CONCLUS ION ..................................................... ....................................................... .. 48

7. RECOMMENDATION ....................... .. ........................ ..... . ................... 54 _8. REFERE 'CES ............................................................................................................... 50 _9. A NEXES 70-92

_ ANNEX I QUESTIONNAIRE FOR INTERVIEWI~G FARMERS IN TIlE STUDY ,'REA ................................................... .

10 CURR ICULUM VITAE 96 I J. SIG ED DECLERATION SHEET 97

VI

LIST OF TAllLES

Table I. Tsetse and olher fly catches in late and dry seasons at Abelty and Tiroshashama

villages in Sokoru district. South\~est Ethiopia .................................. ..... ........... .............. 31

Table 2: Prevalence of infection in cattle in different seasons and 95% confidence interval at

AbeilY and Tiroshashama vil lages Sokoru district of Southwest Ethiopia ........... , ........... 33

Table 3: The abundance and seasonal di stribution of trypanosome species at Abelty and

Tiroshashama villages in Sokoru di strict o f Southwest Ethiopia ..................................... 33

Table 4: Trypanosome infections of cattle. illustrated in terms of sex difference in Abelty a nd

Tiroshashama village. South\\cst Ethiopia ....................................................................... 34

Table 5: Different types of trypanosome infection in different age and sex group at Abelty and

Tiroshashama villages ofSokoru district. Southwest Ethiopia ........................................ 35

Table 6; Mean rev (%) result s of sampled cattle during cross sectional study and mean rev (%) value of cattle which had rev (%) value of > 26% and < 26% in Sokoru district,

AbeJt) & Tiroshashama villages ofSouth\\est Eth iopia ................. ................................. 37

Table 7: Mean rev (%) of aparasitaemic and parasitacmic caltle observed du ring cross

sectional stud) at Abell) and Tiroshashama villages. Sokoru district, Southwest Ethiopia .

.......................................................................................................................................... 38

Table 8: Isometamidium chloride efficacies treated at a dose of I mglkglbw in naturally

trypanosome infected local callie at AbeJt) \ iJ1age Sokoru district. Southwest Ethiopia .

......................................................................................................................................... .41

Table 9; ]sornetam idium chloride efficac). treated at a dose of I mglkg bw in naturally

trypanosome infected local cattl!!. at Tiroshashama village. Sokoru district Southwcst

Ethiopia ................. ................... ........ ............. .................................................................... 41

Table 10 : TI) panosome infection ide:ntified in control groups of animals during longitudinal

stud) at AbellY and TiroshashaIl13 ...................... ......... ............. ........................................ 42

Table II Mean rcv (%) \ alues after isomel3midiuJ11 treatment and mean rev (%)of control

group at Abell) .Sokoru district. Sout!1\\est Ethiopia ..................................................... .43

Table 12: Mean rcv (%) values after Isomctamidiul11 treatment and mean rev (%) of

control group at Tiroshashama, Sokoru district. SOlHhwest Ethiopia . ............................. 43

VII

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure I : Map of Ethiopia and Sokoru Woreda ........................................................................ 17

Figu re 2: Priority of Livestock Diseas(:s of Economic Inlponance ............ , .............................................................................................. ........... 26 Figure 3: The signs of try panos om os is in catt le reponed b) interviewed persons at Abelty and

Tiroshashama vi ll ages in Sokoru distri ct, Southwest Ethiopia ........................................ 27

Figure 4 : Personnel concerned in the treatment of try panos om os is at Abelty and

Tiroshashama PAs indicated by quest ionnai re results ............................. ......................... 28

Figure 5. Dosage of trypanocidal drugs used b) farmers as ind icated during questionnaire

inspect ion at Abelty and Tiroshashama villages in Southwest Ethio pia ............ .. ..... ... .... 29

Figure 6: Frequency oftrealmcnts rendcred in the year time to treat trypanosomosis as

verified in questionnaire survey at Abelty & Tiroshashama sites, Sokoru Woreda,

South\\est Eth iopia ........................... ....................... ..... ..................... ..... .......................... 30

Figllre 7: Species of tsetse nies found in different seasons at Abelt) & Ti roshashama vi llage

in Sokoru di strict of South\\ est Ethiopia .......................................................................... 32

Figllre 8: Trypanosome infections in callic b) age & se:-. groups at Abelty and Tiroshashama

\ illages. Sokorll district. SOlilim est Ethiopia ............................. ..................................... 35

Figure 9: Frequenc) distribution ofPeV (%) values of the lotal herds in two villages of

Sokoru district (Abelty & Tiroshashama). South\\est Ethiopia ....................................... 36

Figure 10: Mean pev % \alues o f can Ie in (\\o study sites and seasons. Sokoru district.

South" est Ethiopia ........................................................................................................... 38

Figure II: Frequenc) distribution of pev (%) of parasitac-mic cattle at Abelly and

Tiroshashama \ illages. Sokoru di~trict. Southwest Elhiopia ........................................... 39

Figure 12: The correlation bet\\ cen the pre\ alence (%) of Ir) panosome infection and mean

rev (%)value of examind cattle popu lations ................................................................. 39

VIII

LIST OF CHARTS:

C hart I: The Study Design ..... , .. . . ....... . . ... . . .......... . .. . ............. ....... . ... .. .. . ... 23

C hart 2: Plan of \Vork ................... .. . ... .... . ... .... .. .......... .. . .. .. . ..... .. . ......... .. 24

LIST OF ANNEXES

Annex I: Questionnaire for interviewjng farmers in the stud y area ........ ......... .... ............... ..... 60

Annex 2: Photographs illustra ting different dUlies of prevalence of try panos om os is study at

Abelty and Tiroshashama villages,Sokoru Woreda, Southwest Eth iopia ..................... 70

Annex 3 List of catt le reg isterd for cross sectional trypanosomosis preva lence study in late rainy season at Abelty vi llage Sokoru district. 71 · 73

Annex 4: List of callIe sample for cross secti onal trypanosomosis disease prevalence study in dry season .At Abelty village sokorll di st rict. 74-77

Annex 5: Cross sectional trypanosol11<os is pervalence .>tudy in late rainy season at Tiroshasharna village Sokoru district Soutj West Ethiopia. 78-84

Annex 6: Cross sectional trypanosoll1osis di sease prevalence stud y in dry season at Tiroshasharna village. Sokoru di strict. 80

Annex 7: PCV (%) values oft reatme nt grupes o f cattle during longitudi nal study days after isomelamidium block treatment at Abelty and Tiroshashamavillages Sokoru district .85 -88

Annx 8: Li st of regi sterd for cross sec ti ona l trypanosomosis prevalence in late rainy season at Abelly village Sokoru district. 89

Annx 9: Animals used for drug efficacy test at Abelty site isomctamidium treated and none treated . 90-91

Annex 10: Summery description of questionnaire results conducted during questionnaire survaye at Abell) and tiroshasharna \ illages at sokoru district. 92

IX

ACKNOWLE DGEMENTS

I express my gratitude to my former adv isors Professor Getachew Abebe and Dr. Asoke

Kumar Basu for their unreserved advice. intellectual guidance and correction of the paper,

kind and positive response when I compiled this MSc thesis.

My sincere thanks also go to Dr Kcla) Belihu. the current and Dr. 8aylcyegn Molla, the

former Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Studies for their encouragement and advice

during the course program.

I would like to express m) deepest gratitude and love to my wife Dr. Alemtshaye Birhanu for

her unreserved help and encouragement in my study and taki ng over the responsibility of the

famil) during my stay far frol11 home.

My si ncere thanks go to Sokoru Woneda administra tion and Sokoru Worcda Agricultural &

rural Development office. for unreserved help the) hn'. e rendercd mc.

I am vcr) much grateful to the staffmcmbcrsof the Bedele Regiona l Laboratory, Pan African

Control of Epizootics (PACE) of Bedele branch and IITICC fo r the logistics and technical

help.

I am thank ful land great flllJ to Dr Adunya Tadesse the head of l3edele regional laboratory

and Dr Bekele Batiso the head of Be-dele branch pan African comrol of epizootics (PACE)

office for their maximum affinity and help the) have provided me duri ng my research work .

. M) sincere thanks also go to Sokoru Woreda Finical Resource OC\ elopmenl Office.

I forward my appreciation to Ato Kasahun Werku for hi s genu ine help in professional

cooperation during field sllldies.

I wou ld like to extend m) gratitude to the staff of Sokoru Woreda an imal health and resource

development learn for their l11u lllal hdp.

x

I would like 10 acknowledge Alo Temam Gelan Kirubel Tesfaye and Sieshi for their help and

professional participation.

My spec ial thanks go to the community leaders and people of Tiroshashama and Abelty

villages for their genuine cooperation and mutual help. My apprec iation and thank also goes

to Ato Mohammad. leader of Kunbi kebele.

XI

ABBREVIATIONS

BCT

bw.

CFT

ELISA

ESTC

FAO

GTZ

IAEA

IBAR

ICIPE

ILCA

ILRI

Kill

Kg

m.a.s.1.

mg

ml

MOA

NTTICC

PAs

SIT

STEP

UNDP

BuITy Coat Technique

Body weight

Complement Fixation Test

Enzyme Linked Immunoabosorbcnt Assay

Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission

Food and Agricultural Organi7 .. .1lion oCthe United Nations

Germany Technical Ass istance

International Atomic Encrg) Agency

International African Bureau for Animal Resources

International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology

International Livestock Center for Africa

International Livestock Research Institute

kilometers

Kilogram

Meters above sea level

Miligram

Milililcr

Ministr) of Agriculture

National Tsetse and Tr~. panosomias is In vestigation and Control Cenler

Peasant Associations

Sterile Insect Technique

SOllthem Tsetse Eradication I>rojcct

United Nations Dc\eloprncnt Program

XII

ABSTRACT

Tsetse transmitted anima l lrypanosomosis is a serious constraint in animal production and

Agricullural development in Ethiopia. The vast area adjacent to the Gh ibe valley in South

West Ethiop ia is tsetse infested whero:: animal trypanosomosis is a seriolls threat to livestock

economic development. The object ives of the study were 10 investigate the prevalence and

magnitude of bov ine trypanosomos is in representative and selected villages of Sokoru

Woreda. 10 asses and analyze the emeae) of Ir) panoc idals in use. to determine the extent of

the d isease based on the study findings to po int out and search fo r the possible. sustainable

and effective contro l options of tsetse transmitted Irypanosomos is. The stud y was conducted

from September 2005 to February 2006. The study methodology was based on questionnaire

survey. seasonal cross sectional stud ies and longitudinal study for trypanocidals drug efficacy

in villages of AbellY and Tiroshashama. The result of lhe questionnaire survey revealed that

a ll the interviewees agreed that I.rypanosomosis was the most important and major

problematic disease in their area. Cross sectional study was done on 515 sampled · can le.

Animals \\ere examined using parasitological method a buffy coat technique (BCT). A tOlal

of 64 monocon ical traps were deployed along suspected tsetse habitat in the range of 1.392-

1,629 meters above sea level. And entomologica l survey revealed that Glossina m.

sllbmorsifallS \\as the highl: prc\alent tsetse n: species follo\\ed b) Glossina pal/idipes and

with sc\eral Stomoxys spp. The apparent fl) dcnsit: tsetse \\as relativel) higher in late rainy

season (0.19~ flies! trap Iday) at Abelt) in late rainy season and none in dry season

respecti\el) \\here as in Tiroshashallln \ iUnge the n) catch was 0.028 fl y I trap I day in latc

rain) and 0.017 fly Itrapl da) of C.m. submorsitans and 0.017 G. pallidipes was caught in

dr) season. The fl: catch was declined ma} be because of the high temperature of the dr)

season. 10\\ humidity and bush fire \\ hich occurred fe\\ weeks before the study period. and

such condition may damage the suitable tsetse habitat and also inava il ability o f favorab le

hosts in the area. forced the flies to evacuate to the extreme low land areas towards the ri ver

basins. Nevertheless high catches of SI01110XYS 10 flies Itrap I day in late rainy season at

Abelt: and none nies of Stomoxys trap da) in dr) season at Abelt) . Thirteen nies of

St0I110X)S Itrap Iday in late rainy Sl:::ason 20 nies of St01110XYS !t rap Ida) in dry season at

Tiroshashama village \\ere caught. In the parasitological surve) a total of 515 animals out of

which 180 cattle in late rainy season 335 cattle in dry season were examined with buffy coat

technique and the resu lt showed the pre\ alence of trypanosomos is was highest in dry season

XIII

ABSTRACT

Tsetse transmitted animal tr)panosomosis is a seri ous constraint in animal production and

Agricuhural development in Ethiopia. The vaSI area adjacent to the Ghibe valley in South

West Ethiopia is tsetse infested where: animal Irypanosomosis is a serious threat to livestock

economic development. The objectives of the study were to investigate the preva lence and

magnitude of bO\ ine trypanosomosis in representative and selected \ illages of Sokoru

\\ 'oreda. to asses and anal)ze the emeaC) or tr~panocidals in use. to determine the extent of

the disease based on the stud) findings to point out and search for the possible. sustainable

and effective control options of tsetse transmitted Irypanosomos is. The study was conducted

from September 2005 to Februar~ 2006. The stud) methodology was based on questionnaire

SUrH) , seasonal cross sectional studie-s and longitudinal stud) for tr~ panocidals drug efficacy

in villages of Abelt~ and Tiroshashama. The result of the questionnaire suney revealed that

all the inte rvie\\ ees agreed that trypanosomosis \\as the most important and major

problematic disease in their area. Cross sectional stud) "as done on 515 sampled - canle.

Animals \\ere e:-..amined using parasitological method a buffy coat technique (BeT). A total

of 64 monoconical traps were deplo~ed along suspected tsetse habitat in the range of 1.392-

1,629 meters abo\e sea le\el. And entomological sune~ re\ealed that Glossina m.

sllhmorsiwlIs "as the highly pre\alcm tsetse fl~ species follo\\ed by GloJ.\illa pal/idipes and

\\ ith se\ eral Stomoxys spp. The apparent fly density tsetse" as relati\ ely higher in late rain)

season (0.194 flies trap !da~) at Abelt) in late rainy season and none in dry season

respecti \ ely \\ here as in TiroshashalTl3 \ illage the n~ catch \\ as 0.028 fly I trap I day in late

rain~ and 0.017 fly trap. da~ of C.m. slIbmorsirans and 0 .or G. pal/idipes \\as caught in

dry season. The fl~ catch \\as declined may be because of the high temperature of the dry

season. 10" humidity and bush fire" hich occurred fe\\ \\ eeks before the study period. and

such condition may damage the suirrable tsetse habitat and also inavailabilit) of favorable

hosts in the area. forced the flies to evacuate to the extreme 10\\ land areas to\\ards the ri\er

basins. ~e\ertheless high catches of Stomoxys 10 flies trap day in late rain) season at

Abe1t~ and none flies of Stomoxys trap day in dry season at Abeh~ . Thirteen flies of

Stomoxys trap Ida) in late rain~ season 20 flies of 5101110\)S Irap Ida) in dr~ season at

Tiroshashama \ illage \\ ere caught. In the parasitological sun ey a total of SIS animals out of

\\hich 180 cattle in late rainy season 335 cattle in dry season \\ere examined \\ith buffy coal

lechnique and the resu lt shO\\ ed the pre\ alence of tr~ panosomosis \\ as highest in dr) season

XIII

ABSTRACT

Tsetse transmi tted animal trypanosomosis is a serious constrain t in ani ma l product ion and

Agricultural deve lopment in Ethiopia. The vast area adj acent to the Ghibe va lley in South

West Eth iop ia is tsetse infested where animal Irypanosomosis is a serious th reat to livestock

economic development. The objectives o f the stud y were to in vesti gate the preva lence and

magnitude of bov ine trypa nosomos is in representative and selected vi llages o f Sokoru

Woreda. to asses and ana lyze the effic:ac) o f I f ) panoc ida ls in usc. to dete rmi ne the extent o f

the disease based o n the stud~ findings to poin t out and search for the possible. sustainable

and effective co ntro l options of tsetse transm itted trypanosolllos is. The stud y was conducted

from September 2005 to February 2006. The study methodo logy was based on questionnaire

survey. seasonal cross sectional stud ies and longitud inal study for trypanoc idals drug efficacy

in villages of Abell) and T iroshashama. The result of the questionna ire survey revealed th at

all the intervie\\ees agreed that trypanoso rn osis was the most important and maj or

problematic di seasc in their area. Cross sectiona l study was done on 515 sampled - cattl e.

Animals \\ere examined using parasito logical method a buffy coal technique (BCT). A lOla I

of 64 l11 onoconical traps we re deployed along suspccted tsetse hab itat in the range of 1.392-

1.629 meters abo\e sea Ic\el. And entomologica l survey revealed that Glossina m.

submorsiulI/s \\as the highl) prc\alent tsetse n) species follO\\ed b) Glossillll pallidipes and

with se\cral SIOI/lOX)'S spp. The apparent fi) densit) tsetse was relativel) higher in late rai ny

season (0.194 fiies! trap Iday ) al Abelt) in late rain) season and none in dry season

rcspecti\el ) \\hcre as in Ti roshasham f:l village the n) calch was 0.028 fiy I trap I day in late

rain) and 0.017 fir Itrap! day of G.m ,mbmorsilol1S and 0 .or G. pollidipes \\as caught in

dry season. The fi y calch was declined may be because o f the high temperatu re of the dr)

season. 10\\ humid it) and bush fire \\ hich occurred fe\\ \\eeks before the stud) period, and

such condition may damage the suitable tsetse habitat and also inavai labilit) of favorable

hosts in the area. forced the fiies to evacuate 10 the extreme low land areas towards the river

basins. Nc\ertheless high catches of Stomoxys 10 nies Itrap I day in late rainy season at

Abe ll y and none nics of Stomox)s Itrap Ida ) in dry season at Abell) . Thirteen nics of

Stomox~s trap Ida) in latc rain~ season 20 fiies of Stomoxys !t rap Ida) in dr) season at

Tiroshashama \ Hlage were caught. 111 the paras ito logical survcy a IOta I o f 515 animals out of

which 180 cattle in late rainy season 335 cattle in dry season we re examined with buffy coat

technique and the resull sho\\ cd the pre\ alencc of tr) panosol11 osis \\ as h ighest in dry season

XIII

rainy season was observed. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was noticed between the mean

pev va lues in parasitacm ic (95% CI 2 1.24,23.59) aparasitaemic (95% Cl 23 .93,24.73)

cattle.

Abelty and Tiroshashama villages were se lected for Isometamidium chloride block treatment

study.A tota l of 100 animals 50 from each of the villages identified and thc se lccted animals

in each village were grouped into 25 tn;:almcnl and 25 control groups and they were identified

with ear tags to allow easy access during field vis it s. Fourteen days prior the Isometamidium

chloride treatment study all the 100 cattlc were treatcd wilh Diminazcne accturate at a dose

rate of 7mg /kg bw. Both groups of call ie were treated after 2 weeks (day 0). The treatment

groups were given Isol11ctamidium chloride at a dose rate of I mglkg bw. Both groups of catt le

were examined for trypanosome parasi te using buffy coat techn ique every 14 days interval

until 84 days. The result of the total of 22.67% recurrent parras itaemia of r. congo/ense

infection and 35.29% r. "j"m infect ion with 56 day after the treatment indicateed a better

protect ion of Isometamidiu lTl chloride remain a choice of priority drug wh ich cou ld be used

for prophylaxis of animal trypanosomes to protect callie against trypanosomosis at Abe lty and

Tiroshashama villages and other ri sk areas ofSokoru Worcda. And the out put of the findings

of the efficacy Diminazen aceturate revealed that the usc o f the drug was still cu rative and

effective at both stud) \illagcs.

Ke) words bovine trypanosolllos is. prevalence. tsetse n). appa rent density. Abelt: and

Tiroshasham3 villages and Ghibc vallC':.

XIV

I 'T ROD UCT IO N

One of the blackest clouds hanging over the civilization of tropical Africa is the scourge of

trypanosome disease. which affects both human and hi s domestic animals (Chandler and

Read. 1961). The Irypanosomosis of domesticated livestock in Africa arc diseases caused by

infection with several different spec ies of trypanoso mes transmined by tsetse flies of the

genus Glossina. The diseases caused by these organ isms vary cons iderably in severity and

duration and depends on a number of factors assoc iated with both the host species and the

species of trypanosome involved (Brown el al., 1990).

The disease associated Wilh African Irypanosomosis occurs in 38 African countries affecting

10 million km2 area of land between latitudes 14 ! and 29°5 (8 ro\\n el al., 1990). C lose to 50

million cattle and countless numbers of other domestic animals live within tsetse infested

area. African farmers spend 35 million US dollar per year on trypanocidal drugs to protect

their cattle. If it were possib le to eradicate trypanosomosis from A frica it is predicted that the

benefit to over all agricultu ral production would gradually ri se to 4.5 billion US dollar per

year, the lives of over 40% of sub-Saharan Africa's 625 million population would benefit

significant I) and 55.000 deaths per year fr0111 sleeping sickness could be avoided (Budd,

1999).

Tsetse transmitted animal try panos0l11l0sis is a serious constraint to livestock production and

agricultural development in Southern and South Western and Western part of Ethiopia (Ford

el al .. 1976). Currently 220.000km:? area of the country is infested with tsetse flies (NTfICC.

1996). Fi\e species of Glossil/o. namel) GlossuUI pallid/pes, G. mors/tam sllbmorsitaflS , G.

jllscipes jllscipes. G. IOllgipellllij alld G, f{Jchilloides invaded productive agricultural areas in

the West. South and Soutll\\est parts of Ethiopia (Langridge. 1976). More than 10 million

heads of canle are ri sking va riable degrees of trypanosomosis infection at any time each year

of which six million are from tsetse born (Lamccha, 1994) Non-t setse transmitted

trypanosomosis also affects considerable number of animal popUlations in tsetse free zones of

the country (MOA, \995). According 10 the report of the MOA (1995) one to two million

doses oftf)panocidaJ are administered at the cost of some US dollar 0.5 - I million annually

by the government (NTTICC. 1996).

The ant igenic di vc rsity of trypanOSOIllCS has prevented the development of immunization

techniques (no vaccines are availab le) as a result of which prevention and control of tsetse·

transmitted trypanosomosis depends on minim izing contact between livestock. wild life and

tsetse. Cont ro l measures against tsetse a:nd trypanosomosis focus on parasite control with

chemothe rapy and chemoprophylax is: vec tor control with insecticides and target I traps and

use of trypanotolerant animals (Brown el al.. 1990). Community based tsetse trypanosomosis

conlrol operat ion show successful result.s jfthey are attached to local organization with

objectives of livestock issues (Habtewold. 1997). Alternative approach is using

trypanotolerant breeds of ruminants perhaps combined with judicious drug therapy may be in

the future. offer a realistic so lu tion in many areas where the disease is endemic and thi s aspect

is currentl) under intens ive stud) (Urquhart el al.. 1996).

Orol11ia is one of the five regions of Ethiopia infested \\ ilh tsetse flies. The tsetse distribution

in Oromia is unique in nature that all the fi\e tsetse flies spec ies reported in Ethiopia are

found along the main ri ve r basins of Oromia. Almost all the major rivers of Ethiopia either

originate or pass through the Oromia reg ion. The Ghibe \alle), which is known for its high

tsetse challenge and tT) panosol11osi s. is adjacent to Sokoru woreda. where the current

prc\alence stud) \\as conducted. Soloru is located in Jil11l1la zone. partly extending to the

tsetse infested Ghibe valle). As a result the livestock of the Woreda suffer from tsetse·

transmilled trypanosomosis. The objectives of the stud) were as follo\\s:

1. To stud)" the prevalence and magnitude of trypanosomosis in selected si tes of Sokoru

Woreda.

2. To assess the strength and duration of the CffiC3C) oftr)panocidal drugs curren t I) In

use in naturatl) tr) panosomc infected catt le in the field condition.

3. To illustrate the extent of tile disease const raint and

4. To search for the possible. sustainable and efTective control options of tsetse

tr) panosomosis based on the present stud).

2

1. LITERAT UR E REVIEW

2.1 AFRICAN AN IM AL TRYPANOSOMOS IS

2.1.1 Tl)panosomes

Trypanosomes arc flagellated protozoa, which belong to the fami ly Trypanosomaridae. The

family cons ists of several genera and many spec ies; a ll are paras itic in hab it. The spec ies,

which parasitize vertebrates. require a vector for transm ission (Adam et 01.. 1979).

Trypanosomes live and multiply in the bloodstream. i)mphat ic vesse ls, and tissues, including

the cardiac muscle and the central nervous system. The most common form of

Trypanosomaridne is the blood stream form of the mammalian parasites (hard. 1989).

2.1.2. Classification

Trypanosomes are microscopic. elongated & flattened cells. which move with the help of a

s ingle flagellum directed anterior!). at the base of \\ hich is found a characteri stic structure.

the kinetoplast ( liard, 1989). The liength and position of the Ir}panosome' s fiagellum is

\ariable. In Irypanosomes the fiagetlum originates ncar the posterior end of the celt and passes

fomard over the ce ll surface to eAtend freel) at the anterior end where the flagellum is

adherent to the celt surface. The sheath is e>..panded and forms a \\ avy fiange, called the

undulating: membrane (Adam el a/ .. 1979).

The systemat ic position of TI)panOSo l1lo among the protozoa and rc\ ised classification of the

mammalian tr)panosomes "as made by arrang ing related spec ies into subgenera

corresponding to the 1\\ 0 sections i.e. Stercoraria & Salivaria (Mulligan. 1970). Pathogenic

tT)panosomes in the genus Trypanosoma are di, ided according to thei r development in the

vector and transmiss ion by either the sa liva (inoculat ive) (Saiivarian group,) or transmission

by faecal contaminat ion (Stercora ria) (Adam el 01 .. 1979: Losos, 1986: Mulligan, 1970). The

Salivarian consists of species of vcterinar) and medical imponance (Adam el 01.. 1979;

3

Mulligan. 1970) and can be separated into four groups or sub·genera (Duttonell a,

Nan nomonas, Trypanozoon and Pycnornonas) according to the ir morphology in the blood and

their pattern of deve lopment in the tsetse fl y (Adam el 01 .. 1979: Mu lligan , 1970). The major

pathogenic trypanosomcs o f veteri nary and publ ic health importance are T. vivax, T.

congo/elISe, J: brucei. T. rhodesiense and T. gambiense.

2. 1.3. Life Cycle ofTrypanosomes

According to Sei fen (1996), the transmiss ion and interchange of hosts of African

trypanosomos is, wh ich is transmitted by tsetse fl y. can be summarized as follows:

· The tsetse fly gets in fected with the trypomastigote blood form, which loses its

surface coat in the go itre of the fl y and , while rema ining there at least one hour,

restructures its mitochondrion.

· The tr) panosomes enter the mid gut \\ here the) transform thro ugh lengthwise

division into the epimastigote form in the cardia.

· The Ir) panosomes penetrate the haemocoel via the perilrophe membrane and the

mid gut epithe lium and move from there to the sal hary g lands of the tsetse fl y

where they develop into the metacyclic infectious trypomastigote foml which has

now got its surface coat: the trypanosomes are haploid. Because of the complicated

development o f the tr)panosomes \\ ilhin the tsetse fl). on ly about 0.1·0.4% of the

flies is infected and thus is potelllial veclors of try panos amos is.

After the venebrate host has been infected by the tsetse fl y. syngamy takes place; the

trypanosomes become diploid and muhipl) Ihrough length\\ ise divi s ion.

According 10 Putt et 01. ( 1980). T. brucei de\elops in the tsetse mid gut. proventriculus and

sali\ar) glands. while T. congolen'le develops in the mouth pans in addition to mid gut and

pro\cntriculus, and T. viva\" de\elops entirel) in the mouth parts (Ford. 1971; Pun el 01.,

1980)

2.2. The Vector. Tsetse Fly2.2.1. Classification and morphology

The \ ector. tsetse fly. can be classified in the order DipIero (the two-winged nies), famil)

Glossillidae. and with in the gen us: Glossina. There are about 23 species and 8 sub· species of

Glossina identified so far (Moloo. 1993; Leak, 1999). From morphologica l POllll of vie\\ ,

tsetse flies are elongated and robust. of various shades of bro\\ n rangi ng from yellowish to

grayish to dark or blacki sh brown in colour and about 6 to 16mn1 long excluding the

4

proboscis. Males are usually small er than the females ( hard, 1989). Useful features for

identification include: wings being held closed over the abdomen fully overlapping one

another: a piercing probosc is which sticks out horizontally from the front of head; widely

separated compo und eyes; the di stal rn edial ce ll of the wing is shaped like a butcher' s cleaver

and is sometimes referred to as the 'natchct cclr and the hairs on the a ri sta of antenna have

further hairs branching off them (Robert son, 2004).

The genus is further subd ivided into \\e ll·markedxx species groups (subge nera) identified

based on differences from eco logical cha racte ristics ( Leak. 1999). These are the subgenus

Glossina (the GlossinG morsitans group), the subgenus Nemorhina (the Glossina po/palis

group) and the subgen us AI/STellina (the Glossina I"sca group). The G. morsilans grou p is

typ ically fou nd in savannahs and thicket habita ts. The G. palpalis group is riverine flies

requiring a higher humidity: thi s grou p. howe\er. is also capable o f adapting to peridomest ic

habitats in West A frica or lantana th ickets in Uganda. The Glossina lusca group is found in

high fore-s t habitats or in more humid re lict forests on the periphery of the ra in forest belts

(Cox. 1993). Within the subgenera, males of th e palpalis group are identified main ly from the

morpholog) of the inferior claspe rs. males of the Ill orsi tans group from the superior claspers

and fusca group females most easil~ from the signum. \\ hich is a chitinized plate al the

anterior of the o viduct (Leak. 1999).

2.2.2. Distribution and Diversity

Tsetse flies (genus Glossina) are the principal \ectors o f African trypanosomosis. which

infect humans and their domestic animals mer some 10 million klll1 (Green, 1994). They

occur exclush ely in the sub-Sahara n A frica over an area extending on both sides of the

equator from 15 I to 29°$ latitude (Ford. 1971). According to Mo loo (1993), most of the

II/sea and polpolis group o f tsetse are concentrated in west and centra l Africa. whil e most of

the morsitans group of tsetse species arc found in eastern and southern Africa. Glossina

bre\'ipalpis and G. longipennis seem to be the onl) fusca grou p species found in eastern

Africa

The general dist ri bution o f tsetse flies. determined principally b} climate and innuenced by

altitude, vegetat ion and the presence of suitable host animals, has been known for a long time

(Leak, 1999). Each of these facto rs may direc tly affect the birth , death or migra tion rates of

5

the vector and thus the population size (Ha) elol .. 1996). The limit of distribution is closely

correlated with the tropica l savannah (summer rain) climate, which follows the 508 mm

annual isohyet. Climate. though dependent on latitude, is modified by altitude and of course

has a great effect on the vegetation. which is vi tal for providing shade and maintaining a

suitable microcl imate for tsetse as \\ell as a habitat for thei r vertebrate hosts. As a

genera liza ti on. the tropical rain forest (equatorial) climate controls the habitats of the jilSCO

and po/polis groups, and the surrounding woodlands arc the habitats of the morsilons group.

Altitude inOuences tsetse distri bution through its effect on climate. particularly temperature

(Leak. 1999). In Ethiopia. 1600m above sea level was considered the rough upper altitudinal

limit to tsetse distribution according to Langridge (1976). Subsequently, however, G.

polJidipes was found at 1700m alti tude and G. morsilons submorsilons at altitudes up to

2200m (Tikubet and Gemctchu. 1984) .

Generall). the habitat of livestock is directly related 10 the presence of human senJements.

The most important factor to develop an optimum habitat for the disease is the direct

in teraction bet\\een host. vector and parasite each with their O\\n optimum habitat (Glasgow.

1963).

2.3. Epidcmiolog~

Tsetse-transmined tl)panosomes occur in Africa according to the distribution of vector.

Mechanicall) transmitted lr~panosolll es can occur elsc\\ hcrc in Africa (il all, 1985), large

areas of Asia. fl.liddle East and South America (ILRAD, 1987). Among the Salivarian group.

onl~ T. l'iwL\' is considered to be sprcad beyond the confines of tsetse fl) belt by mechanical

transmission (Hall. 1985).

Tsetse-transmitted tl") panosomosis infects various species of mammals but, from an economic

point of \ie\\. it is particularl) imponant in cattle. It is mainl) caused b) T. congo/emf. T

vil'at'. and to a lesser extent. T. brllcei brllcei. T. IIniforme. T. simiae and T. suis are other.

less common tsetse-t ransmitted spc(;ics (011:. 2002). rhc occurrence of tl)panosomosis

\\ ithin the overall tsetse infested area is irregular because of differences in animal husbandry

practices which affect the nature of the contact bet\\cen tsetse flies and livestock and because

of\'ariation in the distribution and dens it) of particular groups and species of tsetse flies

6

which differ in the ir capac ities to tra:nsmit the pathogenic trypanosomes. The pattern o f the

d isease is al so affected by d ifferences in the di stribut ion of the pathogen ic trypanosomes; T.

congo/ense, T. viva'( and T. brucei ar{! always found withi n tsetse infested areas. T. simiae, T.

III1 i/orme. and T. SillS occur less frequentl y (Robertson, 1976). Beside the tsetse fl ies, the

appea rance of game is o f great importance for the pers istence o f the d isease wit hin an infested

area. Highly resistant wild ruminants harbour the trypanosomes and being a lternative hosts for

the tsetse fly become a reservo ir o f i:nfection fo r the tsetse fl y and contr ibute to its surviva l

(Se ifert. 1996).

The infection with T. vivax is widespread : if transmi tted by G, po/polis. it shows a light and

chronic course. but if as in east Africa , G. po/lidipes becomes the vector or if it is G.

morsifClIIS or G, rachinoides as in West Africa, the d isease occurs with high fever, oedemas in

the sub-cutis and causes death afte r 3-4 weeks. The T. congo/ense infection shows the most

severe course. High fever is a symptom for the heavy multip li cat ion of these, the small est

pathogenic TlJlponosoma species with in the blood up to 3 weeks after natural infection

(Seifert . 1996), Multiple infect ions are also of the most important fea tures of trypanosomosis

in cattle (Losos. 1986). T. l 'il'a\" causl~s major losses in cattle in West Africa; whereas in East

Africa, the d isease is lIsually characterized by low mortalil) and morbidity (Hoare, 1972).

However, there have been ou tbreaks of haemorrhagic disease caused by T. vivar in Kenya

(Olubayo ef 01.. 1985). On the OIher hand T. congo/ense is most important in East Africa

causing serious economic loss (Losos. 1986).

There is also a difference in host sLJsc:eptibilit) to trypanosomcs, which is best exemplified b)

the small West African breeds of c<I.ttle such as the N'Dama and West African short hom.

These an imals are less susceptible to the disease than zebu or the European breeds and are

commonly found in endemic areas of trypanosomosis. They are refe rred to as

·tf)panotolerant" breeds (i\lorrison eI at., 1981). There are few data on trypanosomosis in

small ruminants. which have recei\ 'ed much less attention from scien tists and veterinary

researchers compared with cattle. This may be due to their smaller size and lesser apparent

importance. but may also be because they are less susceptible to tf)'panosomosis (Leak,

1999).

7

2.4. Pathogenesis

The pathogenesis of the disease caused by the African trypanosomes difTers accord ing to the

species caus ing the infection. T vil'm' and T congo/ense appear to be strict ly parasites of the

blood plasma and produce ti ssue injury primarily by the anaemia assoc iated with infection. T

bruce; is more widely di stributed in the hosl afTecting the inte rcellular fluids of the body

cavities (Robertso n, 1976), Here. ahhough anaemia occurs, it is considered 10 be of secondary

importance to the extens ive degenerative. necrotic and inflammatory changes. The

pathogenesis of trypanosomosis includes: chancre, lymphadenopathy, anaemia. and tissue

damage (Mulligan, 1970),

2.S. Cl inica l Fea tu res

Acute infections may be seen occasionall) in all domestic animals notably \\ ith T vivaT in

cattle leading to death after 1-3 \\el~ks (Robertson. 1976). Regardless of the spec ies of

tf)panosomes and the species of the host. the principal clinical signs are intermittent fever. an

increasing degree of anaemia and progress ive loss of condition and the disease is seen more

commonly as a ch ronic fonn (Hall. 1985: Robertson. 1976). Infected animals are dull, have a

staring lusterless coat. lose \\eight and are easil~ exhausted. lagging behind the herd.

supe rficial 1) mph nodes are enlarged and prominenl. Cattle infected \\ ith T v;vaT often shO\~

photophobia and exceSS1\C lachr~mation (liall, 1985: Losos. 1986: Murra) e/ol.. 1983:

Robertson, 1976).

2.6. Patho l og~

Post-mortem examination of animals after acute tT)panosornosis ma~ show extensive small

haemorrhages involving mucous and serous surfaces, areas of emph)sema in the lungs and

mild gast roenteritis. After more chronic infections. the carcass may be anaemic and emaciated

\\ ilh an enlarged spleen and lymph nodes (Robe rtson, 1976). Subcutaneous oedema and

accumulations of pericardial and thoracic fluid containing Ir)panosomes are found

particular!) in horses and dogs infectoed \\ ith r brllcei (Seifert. 1996). Degenerative changes

ha\e been obsef\ed III testis and epldid)mls o f sheep. goats. and cat lle mlected with T.

cOllgolense. T bruce; and T vh'aT (Morgan. 1990). Pathological changes of piluital) and

8

adrenal glands with associated endocrine dysfunction have been observed in- Boran (Bos

ifidiclls) catt le infected" ith T cOflgolense (Abebe. 1991 ).

2.7. Diagnosis

The histor) of the affected animals. the geographical incidence of the disease and the clinical

signs of infection may arouse suspicions of tr) panosomosis. but definitive diagnosis depends

on the demonstration oflr)'panosornes of pathogenic species. In the fie ld, reliance is placed on

the examinat ion of blood smears and occasionally. on lymph node biopsy (Mulligan. 1970;

Losos. 1986: Robertson, 1976; Wilson. 1969). It can be accomplished through direct and lor

indirect demonstration of the parasiKe. In spi le of certain differences be tween the difTerent

species. direct demonstration o f the parasite can gencrall) be accomplished \\ ith a blood

smear in the form of a wet film \\ ith or without concent ration. e.g. by cent rifugation in a

haematocrit capillar) (HCT). dark ground buffy coat technique (OG) or by separating

trypanosomes from blood b) anion·exchange chromatography (e.g. diethylaminoethyl

cellulose). stained (Romanowski or Giemsa stain) blood smears as either thick or thin films; a

l}mph node biops) may be useful IT. l'il'at) and transmission of blood to splenectomized

calves or small laborator) animals. Since. depending on the species of trypanosomes. the

pathogens are either found in the peripheral blood (T congo/elISe) or in the blood of the large

vessels. collecting the blood has to bt: done accordingly (Seifert. 1996).

A large number of serological tests have been used to indicate infections \\ ilh lrypanosomes

indirect l). Ho\\c\er. fe\\ of them ha\c found practical application. The most commonl) used

techniques are: immunoflourescence agglutination test (IFAT). enzyme-linked

imrnunosorbent aSS3) (ELISA). card agglutination test (CAT) (T el'ansi). With use of the

mentioned serological techniques. the responsible Trypanosoma spec ies may be identified

\\ ithin ce rtain limitations (Seifert. 1996). Interpretation of the results is made difficult because

antigens from different trypanosome species show considerable cross~reactivity. and

antibodies persist for sc\cral months after tT)panocidal drug treatment. The most promising

tesl appa rentl) is the ELISA. Spec.ies-specific monoclonal antibodies are currently being

de\eloped "hich should allow preparation of defined antigens for use in assays fo r anti bod)

detection. In addition. monoclonal antibodies can be useJ in a sandwich· ELISA to detect

tT)panosomal antigens and thus the presence ofacti\e infections (Bro\\n el 01. , 1990). An

9

antigen-detection enzyme-linked immunosorbcnt assay (antigen-ELISA) for trypanosomosis

has been described (Nantul)a and Lindquist. 1989) and is now available for the diagnosis of

T. vivat'o T. congo/ense and T. bruce; infections in cattle. However, fie ld evaluations of the

test have given inconsistent results. Works done in various countries have shown unexpected

re su lts such as high prevalence of T. bruce; infections which were

not usual. Therefore, additional work is needed to discover and overcome the cause of those

inconsistencies before thc test can be used in the routine diagnosis of trypanosomosis (OlE,

2002). Specific circu lating antigens can be detected in cattle from 8-14 days after infection,

but within 14 days of treatment they are not longer detectable. Therefore, this test seems 10 be

an important tool for controlling the efficiency of trypanocidal treatment, or whether or not a

treatment has eliminated premunity Jantulya. 1990: Nantulya el 01., 1989).

New tools de\eloped by molecular biologists now make it possible to characterize

trypanosomes both in the \ ectors and the hosts. The use of molecular biological tools, and in

particular the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). introduced an exceptional sensitivity and

especially the possibilit) of characterization at the speci fic or intra-specific level. which had

been impossible previous I) (Solano el at.. 2000).

2.8. Conrol

Programs 10 control trypanosornosis have been in operation for nearly 100 years (ILRAD,

1984). The different options currently in use for trypanosomosis control, with particular

reference as to their SlJilabili ty for control and /or eradication. amenabilit) to community

participation. suitabilil) for large scale use and a general appraisal of their advantages and

disadvantages \\ere brien~ indicated;]s follo\\ s.

2.8.1. Parasi te Control

In many parts of Afri ca where bovinl~ trypanosomosis i, a serious constraint to development.

trypanocidal dnJg IreatmenlS constitute the principal method of controlling the disease.

Despite the a\ailabili t) of efTecli H" vector control methods, it is \cry likely that in the

foreseeable future, chemotherap) and chemoprophylaxis will continue to cont ribute

significaml) to the control 01 bO\ me trypanosomosis t Van den 130ssche el. al.. 1 ~9») . Certain

~ompou:1.j~ h. "C c;r ec ific Cfitx lS on ~o:-n t' CI l : i.l;.. ~~ s:em or btu.:!. (;:,sentiJ : md,.b~ lie

10

p3th\\a~s and thll~ kill tr)panoSUl11t"; or inhibit thei r dc\clopmcnt (U ilt:nbe rg. 1998). Drugs

clirrentl~ reCOlllllll.'"nUl.:U Ii., r chC'mothl.'r:tr~ lll" aninlal tr) pallo"OIllo"is COrlll.'" from onl) three

closel ~ related group ... I hcse are the rhcnanthridinr.: .... bornetamid iulll . and Homidiurn. and

the aromatic diall1illinr.:. Dirninazenr.:. Onl~ hOlllc tamilli urn and horn;dilllll are recommended

for proph~ la.\;" \ Itcregrim;. 1994). Cht'lllopfoph~ hl'\ i:::. against bO\ inc tr) panosomosis has been

in \\idespread u ... e in tropical Africa for l1lan~ )cars and Isome tamid iul11 chloride (Samorin~

has been marketr.:ll ... incc: 1961 as a rfoph~ lactic anu therapeutic drug. Because of the cost of

de\ eloping ne\\ Ir) ranocides. and the relati\ cl) slllall cOllllllercial market. the re ha\ e been no

ne\\ drugs for ahout 30 )ears and th'~re is linle prospect of ne\\ ones be ing de\eloped in the

near future. The U"'I." ofthc sallle drugs O\er slIch a long period has resulted in the "idespread

development of drug-resistant staim of tr) panosolllcs (Leak. 1999: Peregri ne. 199-l ). In

I:: thiopia. presences of lll!Jderate to high pn:\alencc oftr)p,\IlosOIllCS resistant to drugs \\ere

reponed in different "ite" f \ fc\\ ark el a1.. ~OOO: Codjia el at.. 1993: Te\\olde i'l {II.. 2004).

Resistance in tr~ pamhOlllt'., to the al\ ailablc tf) rrlllocidcs is a constant and. in some areas.

increasing threat Drug" <'lrl' rwt al\\ a~~ il\ailahk' anll their purchase consumes ,aluable

foreign c\.chang~ ( I rkdcn~ et (I/.. 2000). Resi stance (0 l1lain l ~ chemoproph) lactic

tl")panocides u..,cU in callic has been reponed 31 .,itcs in \\est. central. east and southern Africa

(Peregrine. I 99-t). rhe; l'nl~ alternati\c for circUlm1.'nting the problem of drug resistance is

the alternating application of prouucb. \\hid, ... hould not ha\{~ a chemical relationship and

thus arc not subject III a cr0""-resistanc~. 110\\("\ er. kno\\ n proph) lactic products do not fulfill

this prerequisite. anu Ihl'rdore Dimina/cnc aceluratc offe r" itself a ... i.l sccondaf) "sanati \ e""

If)panocide (Sci/en. 1(96). 'Sanati\e pair:::." of drug". b) ml'an ... of \\hich induction of

fe ... i...rance to (lilt' drug ~all be elimmated h) the of thc other Ihal can effccti\cl) be used

(Scifen. 1996: leak. 19(9).111 addition to th ..... it i ... \\idel) accepled thallhe best \\a) todela~

the de\clopmcni l1r drug rc-.i-:.lanl.'l; i .. tll redlh.:e ,,~Iection rre....,ure on parasite populations.

This is best achic\!.:u h~ ming the corn:-o.:t dlhc. decreasing th~ treatment frequenc) and

rcducing the numher of anima].., tn:.'atcd (Grerh and Ilo hnes. 19(8).

In \ ie\\ of the incr1.'J"ing pr~\alencc of drug rc ... istanc~. il is imponalll to kno\\ ho\\ efTectiH'

t<;etse control \\~)uld Ix in alle\iating tf)pallosomosi<; in li\~<;lock in ..,ituations \\here

tr)panocidaillrug-:. illon~ ba\e become incfkct1\~. ~tudks carned ou t at Ghrbc. in ~outh\\est

[ :h i\JPI<L t1~ ... d I II.::! II I ",\,den.:\.' ul IIHllllpk dlUg rC.,I..,tarKt: \\;1., dt:lec ted (lodJIJ f!f (Ii..

II

1(93) . ..,hO\\cd that tsetse control. in .combination \\itll tr)pwloc idal drug usc. can eOcctively

reduce tile apparcn t tr~piUlosOIllC prc\alencc in callie (Leak ('I a/.. 1993).

2.8.2. Vector Contro l

Vector con trol is the most reliable means o f (Ii<;ease control since it removes Ihe threat of

tr)panosoillosis on a permanent hasis. i\lan) \cctor control methods incl uding woody

\egelation clearance to remo\e t5ehe shelter. and large·scale application of insecticides by air

(non·persistt'nt and pcr~istent fonnulatiolls) and ground spra~in g (ani) persistent insecticides)

and large \\ild tife elimination (to dcn~ tsetse ih source o f food i.e. blood). co uld be applied

(S IT. 1996)

With regards to remo\al of \egetation in sa\annab areas. laniposition occurs in shaded

places. so one control method is to n.' 1110\ e trees and bushes so one is just left \\ ith grass. This

method \\a~ used quitc c'ten.'.i\d~ \\ilb succe~~ in the past but is labour intensive and

requires that there be resla"hing of \egt,tation on an annual basis. The method fell into disuse

\\i th the ad\ent of inseclicidc~. Ilo\\eH:r. I\.'l11 o\al of \egetation for firc\\ood and

urbanization has sometimes achie\ed the same effecl. Also. killing o f \\ild animals with the

objecti\e to remo\e resen oirs of infection in the \\ild anima! po pulations was used

e " tensi\el~ in the past (Robe rt son .. ~OO.t). Ho\\c\cr. these methods are no\\ unpopular on

en\ironmcntal and 011 biodi\crsit~ grounds (~ II. 1996).

Persistent insecticides like orgarw(hlorinc compound .. \\ere used until the mid 1970s during

\\ hich en\ ironmen tal considernti01ls led to a sea rch for alternati\ e insecticides. Ground

spra) ing technique \\<1'-, used in tIll.: !ir":>! 31ll.?rtlph at con trol of tsetse \\ itlt such insecticides. It

\\as \\j del~ uscd in :\igcria. L'gand<L lambi3. limbab\\e. K~n),L and 13 00s\\ana in different

\\ a)s. O\er ~OO.OOO"m~ of hct .. c infested land \\as cleared b~ grou nd spra~ing in West

Afnca. mainl> in j\.igcria. and pro\ed particularl~ successful and cost -effecti ve. Ho\\cvcr. the

h:chlHqUC \\.1S hrghl) labour Illten"IH:. dem3nd~ hrgh Ic\cl ofsupcnis ion and al lo\\ed limited

areas to be co\crcd during thl' spra) ing season. difficult to cove r inaccessible areas of

• I : ,"~ '.' , I· . ; ... ' 1Q99).

12

In Ihe 19705 and 1 980~ Ilw I"I': \\en: man) a thocatc~ o f spm) ill g o r tse tse habitat s from th e air.

which apparent I) o ffe red a high technolog~ so lution requiring litt le o rganization on the

ground. Aerial spm) ing has. ho\\t!\er. pro\ ed high I) expensj \(~ . especiall y in foreign

currenc) . and is abo po lluting (al,huugh k~~ ~o than ground spra)ing) (G reen. 1994).

everthcless. aerial spra~ ing is appro pr iate for Ihe I1ced to controllse tse over large areas and

inaccessible sites infested. Apart from tilt.: usc of ai rcraft 10 cont rol tsetse successfully in

South Africa in the I 940s. the technique \\as dc\ eloped large I) at the then Colonial Pesticides

Research Institute in Tatllania in tlh: carl) 1970s and large-scale comro] \\as carried out in

Zambia. Limbab\\e . and Bots\\ana in so uthern Africa. in Nigeria. and more recently in

Somalia (Lea,. 1999).

A famil) of techn iques o f tset se control has recentl) been coming to the fo re. whi ch otTers

some important advantages O\ er th ose prc\iousl) practiced. the so-ca lled ' ba it systems ' .

Instead of the destruction o r con tamiination of the el1\ ironment o f tile tsetse . th ey depend on

the attrac tion of Ihe fl) from it'- surrounding" to "Ol11e introduced objec t \\ hich ma) be

insecticidal. bm \\!lich c<ln ifnecess<lr) b!..' remmed later: this nUl) be:lll artifact (e.g. trap). or

a live hosl. treated \\ith insec licide. Although not ne\\. se \eral de\elopments have come

together o\t~r the last 10-15 ~ear~ to render bait techniques man.' praclicable. mer a \\ ide r

range o f tsetse habitats. Ihan eyer bdorc. Ba it s)stems are inherenll~ of 10\\ envi ronmental

impact. and are rebli\e1) 10\\ techno log). II is also claimed Ihat the~ arc logistically less

demanding th an other approaches, and are capable of being adopted b) loca l communities on

sel f-help basis and seems incn:a.,ingl~ likel) thai these lechniqul's \\ ill form the bas is for

tsetse 11) cOlltrol1tlthe short to medium term llJreen . 19(4).

Although allcmpts· \\ere made to I.:ontrol betse-using targets impregnated \\ith insecticide

man) )ear:-. ago. sllcc e~srlll arplic:ltil11l of this technique follo\\cd IIle prod uction o f the

second-gene ration S) nthetic p~ rethroid inseclicide,> (Dc ltamethrin, C~ pemlclhrin . C) fluth rin

etc.) and Ihe dc\elopment ofpotentlldour altrar.:tants in Ihe last 10-20 )ears (Leak, 1999).

One o f the late:.t method,> l)f l.:\lI1trol i" the 5terile Ins('ct Technique (S IT) jl1\olving

continuoLis release of sterile insects among the indigenous insect population a t rates suffic ient

to resuli in a reduction in biOlic nOle11lial of the tamt't r0!""daTi0/1 TIl(' nl1ting "f rl'll'ftsec

"terile male ins('cts \\ith indigenolls fertile female insects causes infe fti!it) in the larget

population (S n. 1996).

2. 8.3. Trypa nololeranl'l'

Innate res istancc. or t r~ panotoleranC(: . has been recognized since 1906 when the ability of

indigenous ta urine callk' in \\'cst Afri ca to sun ive and be prod uctive under trypanosomosis

risk \\as obsened. l1 0th acquired and inn:l1l' !"l'si ... tancc to African tr) panoso rnosis can occur

in cattle . The t\\O most jll1rortantt r~panOlolc ralli breeds arc the /Jo.\" /(I lIrllS subtypes. N' Dama

and Baoule. \\ hi lst a degree o f tr~panOlolcrancc has also been sho\\ n to occur in some Bos

indic /ls zebu breeds. lor l'.,alllpJe. the Orilla l3 0ran (Leak, 1999). The usc of trypanotoleram

catt lc. had it nOl becn lirnited in avai labilit) (account onl) for 17% of the total cattle

population of the continent). \\as a potential alternative st rategy for coping with the problem

(Erkel ens l'l 0/ .. 2000).

2.8 ,4 Tsetse and Tr) panosolllosis in Ethiopia

Ethiopia. located in the horn of Africa bet\\cen latitude from 3° N to 150 N of the equator and

longitude from 3J"1 ,- to -is I . i'> an agrarian count r~ (Tik ubet. 1993) \\ ith an estimated hu man

population ofabout6! million and a land area of about 1.1 million km~ (Bourn el o/.. 200 1).

The rural agricultural ,>cc tor mak.cs up 85% of the total popula tion and accoun ts for 95% of all

crop and li\eslock. production (Slingenbergh. 1992a). Climate and tcmperallJre are la rgel)

dependent on ele\Jtion. bUI ra infall patterns are highl~ variable. Three distinct seasons are

recognized. From Fe bru(lr~ 10 ~ l a~. South-easterl~ \\inds usuall~ bring moisture from the

Indian Ocean to producc the ~hort rains ('Belg' in Amharic). From the June to SerJlember.

South - \\eslerl~ and ~oulh-L'a~ll'rI~ \'. ind~ carr~ \\ inds rrom both the Atlantic and Indian

oceans to product' the gl'ni,:rall~ more reliable main rain~ ('Kiremt' in Amharic). The df)

season ('l3ega' in Amharic) lasts from October to Januar~ (Bourn el (II .. 200 I).

The li\ estock population at I·thioria is estimated at 35.1 million heads of cattle. 22 mi llion

sheep. 16.95 million goat..., 8 million equines and lmillion camels (FAO. 2000). Livestock

contribUies to the national l"PI)rt CMI1 ing". "ourccs of food. ca'>h incoille. energy and fertilizer

(Ford el 01.. 1976: Leak. 19(0).

The devastating disease. tr~panosoillosis. had relati\el~ lillie impact on the econolll) of the

I~

laCIOf!. \~hich indud~ l11 ail1l~. o\ crpopu iatioll and o\~f.,tocl..ing of the highlands which forces

pcopk to U:'I.' the I..,d:,e infcslt:d 10'\\ land::.. Ih\.: ad\ancc 01" 1\1.'1\1.' nics inlo previously un

in fested arl.'3S and the de\ elopmcnl o f a \\ idespread drug re::.i ::' lance b) Ir~ panosome parasites

mer thc different I ~pes of tr~ panoc idal drugs \\ bich arc in usc in ethiopia (NLDP. 1997).

The potential aren of tsetse inlec;talion has been \ario u sl~ estirnalCd al 66.000 krn 2• based on a

1500m abo \ c s,,:a Ie\el breeding limit (Ford er a/ .. 1(76): 9R.025 !..111=. based on a 1600 m

abo\e sea le\cl breeding limit (Langridge. 1976): and be!\\l'\.'n 135.000 - 220.000 km1. based

on ma\illlllfll di..,persals up \01700 III abO\c ::.ca Ie\el and ~OOO m (Sli ngenbergh. 1992 a &

b).

Fi\c species of tsetse are found in Ethiopia: G/o,\liIW 1001J.!IPI!IIII1I. G. III. slIbmorsitans. C.

palli(lip!!L (i jlHCljJCS jlllclpes. and G. tachinoidel. and arc confined to southern and

south"e::.tcrn regions of the counlr~ (Langridge. 1976). (i m Hlhmorsitans is usually found in

deciduous \\oodland and \\ooded grassland. often inlerspcr .. ed \\ith c\crgreen vegetation. C.

pollidipe\ I::' all11 o:-.t ill\ariabl~ associa ted \\ith l'\lcn"i\c and fmgmented thickets. inctuding

c\ergreen ~pccie::.. (i. longlj)emll\ is found in dr~ acacia. thorn-bush and is \er) acti\e after

sunset and before nightf..111. G. jIl5clpe.\ /liSClI'(!\ and G. flIdl/lwicl/!1 inhabi t galle!) forest.

thic!..et::. and fringing \egetation on .. \ream::.. ri\\.·r ... and b!..\.' .. hares (Ford et 01 .. 1976:

Langridge. 1976).

FOlJr tsetse-borne tf) panosol11c srec ie... T cOllgo/em£'. r "iWi\" and r brucei brucei of

li\eSlOc!.. and r /Jl"llcei rhodeliellte of hum am. hrl\e bC1.'1l identified and their distribution and

ffequelH.'~ in ho..,t~ recorded r ,·i\'{lX \\as tleteeled in all11l1 .. t all regions of the countl} belo\\

the 2500111 abO\e "iea Ie\ cI altitudinal limit ... (Lamccha. 19(4).

In t::.else -infhted regions of ~thioria. the problem of tr~ pano,>omo::. is is the main cause of

decline in the number of cattle and p.anicularl~ draught o\cn ( \behl' and Jobre. 1996: NLDP.

1997). Ihefelorc. draught animal,> ..::annot be u..,ed for pl\)ughlllg and other purposes. the

situation force .. thl' farmcr .. t\l cuhi\.lte rnanuall~. il" Ihe ll1ai\)rit~ of pC'3sanl farmers can not

afford costl~ machiner~. The end re ... ult i~ that onl~ a ::'l11all fracti on of potential agricultural

il p,UJllI..lIl1JI ~ L'i ... ul'l,;l. IlJl.,ljJ. :\nllu<.It [u~:-.t::, Iv tile natIOnal econom)

.Ir\. l .. tlln.ltlJ tu C\l-Cl.'lJ l,.;S~ :\.hJ Jl1l1li~1II due to IllL1rtalll) am.! 1ll0rbldlt~ olll\cslock. denied

,1(1.'(' ..... to land n.: .. ourccs and the CO::.I", of controlling the dbe""c (Vrc) sell ('1 a/.. 1999).

15

3. ~l ATER I ALS AND ~ I ETIl O Il S

3. 1. T he 51 ull~ ; ll"e :1.

The stud~ area. SOl-Oft! \\ 'orcda (District) situated in Jin1ln3 Lone. Oromia Region. south\~ cst

of Ethiopia (Fig.I), \\as selected based on inlcnsit~ and magnitude of tl)panosomosis

problem. \\hieh is (,lIrrenll~ educing li\cstod. losses particular!) in the peasant associations

\\here tSCbt.: tl~ d13llcnge is cnormollsl~ high. Ihe \\ 'orcda (Districl) is bounded 10 the crth

and :" orthca ... t b~ main Ghibc Ri,,'r and Gilgd (dllbc (~mall Ghibc) ri\er to the east. to the

east \\llh Yem \\ 'orcda (Di"lriCI). to the SOllth and SOlHh\\CSI b~ Omrnonada Worcda

(Distric l). and to the Western \\ilh Gilgel Ghibe Ri\cr. The Gilgel Ghibe \a\le~ in the \\estem

and the big Ghibc Rher in the 'ortheast circle .... the \\'oreda (District) and the li\estock \\hich

are in the adjacent pC3c;ant association') around the \ allc~ are c'lremcl) e:\.poscd to the tsetse

flies infeslalion and 1l10~tli\e~tock found in the 13 peasant associations are attad.ed b) tsetse

Iransmillcd tr) panosomo~is.

The peasant as')ociations of Abelt). Adama. Adami· Bedc) i. I3ede. Do)okobota. Ghibe.

Guragebiflu. KuJala. ';aqalga. Il ro\..unb bi . I iro:-.ha .... hama and Yabu and Basso sufTer from the

disea~e.\l1long Iht''''(' the 1\\ 0 peasant a ....... o(iation .... -\bell) and riroshashama \\ere selected as

the stud) ~11('o:, h.·..:allse ofll'.~!.is lil accc~~jbilll) [hc,>c 1\\0 ~tuJ) ..,itc~ afC found adjacent to the

Gilgel Ghibe \alk)s.

16

/ ~ ~ A. ;hibe :RiVer '-

)SJi)RU ~!

Figure 1: I\tap of Ethiopia and Sokoru \\ orcda

17

3. 1.1. Cli mnte

Sokoru ha~ Ill ost l ~ moist. 10\\. mid <tllll high a lti tude I) pe o f climate. Out o f the total land

co \er 20°'0 is lo\\la nd (Kolla). 50°'0 midland ( \\ 'e~i n adega) and 30 % highland (Oega) . The

climate is characte riLed b) \\ ct and d r~ seasons \\ ith ample ra in fall in the rainy seasons

ranging frolll 800 (0 1-l50 mm : a \ erage annual temperatu re 20(lC - 20 C and al titude rangi ng

from 900- ~300 Ill.a.s. The clirnal\: during the \\ho le )ear is conduc ive fo r agricultural

practice~.

3.1.2. Vegetation

The CO\l'rag~ of \egctation in the \\·or~da \arles trom the highland to the 10\\ land. In the

high land there are natllrall~ gro\\ and aniticiall~ planted dense forests d istri buted in scattered

condition includmg shrubs and bllsh€~s. Open \\oodland forest and m erine forest along the

ri\cr banI..::. Illo:.tl~ cO\crs the arca in the mid altitude and open \\ ood grass land savan na is

\\idel~ .nailabk in the ("cos~stem BIll defore~tation and o\ergrazi ng are the major

constrainh. \\ hi ch d~grad~ soil ferulu> ..,tatlJ::, ()f the \\ oreda.

3.1.3. Agriculture

farmer'> pr<h:tice mi,ed farming Wnd1l1nrl ('10 lahollr-imcnsi\e bas~ \Iajor crops produced in

the dl~trl.:t an: tcft.maIZl:. sorghum. mllkt. \\heat. barcl~. horse bean. pea and nug. root crops

like taro. potato. 5\\ cat pOlato. fal se banana and fruit plants sllch as banana. suga r cane. and

mang0 are culti\ :tted fr ~1l1 the high lall~ 10 th,- \em land

3.1.4. Animal husbandn

Sokoru has about 55.366 heads of li\estod, contributing significant economIc importance

bt!lng onl; U1 ttll.: major categunes UI pt oduL:llun s~S(crn. Alllmal rl.:anng pla)s d \Hal role III

rro\ iding traction PO\\cr. gCIlt:rating ci.t.,h IIKOllll,' and (onsumplion fur thc hOll')ehold.

18

3. 1.5. Disease ~itllation in the \\ on.:d;'1 (Di..,tri ct)

Disease such a~ anthm.\. bo\ in\.' pa \t(:;urcll o~ i~ . IU 11l p~ sl-..in disease. gastro intestinal parasites.

trypanosomosis. fa sciolos is. t icl-.. inlc'stati on and other alTcct the li vestock population of the

Woreda. Abo\ e a ll \·ec tor-borne Ir~ panoso illos is partic ularl) tset se-transmitted

tr) panosomos is is the most pre \ alent di ..,ease among cattle popula tion.

3.2. S t ud~ Populat ion

The Ihestocl-.. popu lation o f the ';okoru \\ oreda ( Distri c t) is 55.366 \\ ith high popu lati on of

cattle (41.637). fol1o \\ed b) sheep and goat" (1 1. 73 2). equi nes ( 1997) and poultr) (54.000).

Smallho lder farmers in the stlld~ site ma nage call ie. Ihe s !U d~ o f bov ine tr)pa nosomosis " as

focused on the c<lttle.

3.3. Study Des ign

The s tud~ \\ as based o n q uestionna ire "un e~ . \ ec tor (en tomological ) sun C) . pa ras itological

slUdies and field assessment of tr~ panocidal drug resistance (Chart. 1 ). It \\ as an

epidem iological c ross-secti onal stlld:~ co\cring se lected si les of the \\ 'oreda \\ ith midla nd

agro-ecologicaJ zones in t\\ O seasons of the ~ ea r . The <l rea \\ <lS stratified in to altitude and

\eget<lt io n t~pe.

3.3 I . Questionnaire <;ur\l'~

To assess the percept ion of fanner':> on the oc.:urrence of t<;etsc and tr) panosomos is. li\ estock

const rain ts. socio-economic s ta tus. he rd C .... 1111P(hition. u::.c and sou rce o f trypanocidal drugs as

\\ ell as deli\e r~ of the d rug for treating thei r animals and other control methods o f

tr) panosomosi::. and tsetse n~ . a qUl'~) t iollllJ.ire sunc~ \\as undcrta l-..en. A total o f 20 fanners

\\ as ~elec ted randomJ~ in the <;tlld~ area j()r thi.., purp0se The quest ions used dur ing Ihe

inlen ie\\ ha \ e been sho\\ n in A nne\ I.

19

.\.3.2. En(()mologic~1 SUf\C~

ro assess the apparent den"it~. ~peeies ofhet '>c Il~ and other biting nics in rdation to season,

altitude Ic\els. trap and \egelalio n I~pes . sampling \\as done in <;(.'lcctcd s ites o f the study

area, The altitude 1c\ cis lIrHJ \ cgetation t) pes \\ cre n:cordcd du ring the sampling pe riod .

3.3.2. 1. eolletion o ft<;cts(' and othe r biting fl it: ...

Entomological data \\as collcctt:d l\\icc during tht.: !.tud~ pcriod. in the late rainy season and

during the dr) period. 1111: nics \\ere: caught \\ ith traps baited \\ ith acetone and CO\\ urine

(Bright\\e ll er 01 .. 1991). In the ':>elc'ctcd ~it('" o r thc "llId~ an:a 6-1 traps. 2-1 (12 in each

\ illage) in late rain~ sca..,on and ·W (:W in l'<ldl \ illagc) in dr~ scason "crt.! dep lo)ed before

sunrise in Ihe morning and kt.:pl in the posilion for -] hour').

The di lTerenl flie.., that \\cre caught in each trap \\ere counted. idt.: ntificd and analyzed. The

species o fht.:bC fl~ \\as identifi,'d b,hCd on Ihl' charat.:h: ristic l11orpho10g) (Langridge, 1976:

Ford I!l al.. 1976. ! .cak c', (II .. 19(3) and for Oiht.:r biting flit.:'> aCl.:ording 10 their morphological

characteristics such as si /e . colour. \\ ing H'IHltion qnll'ture and proboscis at the genus level

(Walle and ~h! . .'arer. 1(97) ,·\\I.:ragc .Jgllltt l'l bl.:t"t: \\iI' dune b~ cal t.!goriling the degree of

\\ear of \\ings o n scale., o r 1·6 using \\ing fra~ method described b) Jackson (19-16) and

Challier ( 1965). ~ tean \\ ing fra~ \\ as calculated as the sum o f each catego~ total divided b)

the sum of fl~ number for I.:ach ca t('gor~ and lind thl' corresponding number from tables,

Obsef\ ing the po\tcrior cnd lIt" the \enlra! (I"'p~xt II I Ihl..· ahdomcn h~ Iwnd lenses did sexing.

As a result mall.: liJc!'> wlllt! bl: t.!il..,rl~ rtll..'ntrircd h~ ,'nlarged Il~poph)g iulll In the posterior

\cntral pan of tile ahdoJllI..'n I h~' ilpp.lrcnt den..,it~ >J h .... bt: t1~ \\<\.., l:'prt.:~::.cJ as the number of

tsetse catch trap according to 1 cak el ,If,. 199.1

3.3.2.2. Parasi tological ~Uf\C~

To determine the <.,ea"onal pr(,\<llenee of Ir~pano"'lltnusis and to assess the risk factors

associated \\ Ith tr~ panu,)llll1l)..,i!> '>nap:-.hot cro::'!>-::'C((llinal !>tudlc!> \\cre conducted t\\ ice during

the stud) period. in the late rain~ <;cason Jnd during dr~ ..,cason in 1\\0 PAs of the slUd~ area,

3.3.2.3. Sampling Ml!Ihod and Salllpk Sill: Ikll:l"lnin<ltiun

Cluster sa1l1rling method \\a~ sampling slrntcg~ (1\lanin ('/ al .. 1(87) and herds were

considered as clusters. The sample si/c \\as dl!lcrrnined using Winepiscope 2.0: improved

epidemiological soft \\are lor \elerinar~ medicinc based a ll the ex pected prevalence rale of

20% and absolute desired precision of 5~'o at confidence level of 95%. As a resull, a lotal of

420 animals \\ere to be sampled (Thrusfield. [(95). But in case of cl uster sampling the

subjects \\ere not independent and hence larger sample \\as required. Therefore. as a rule of

thumb double the number of animals required for s imple random sample was needed for

cluster sampling (Martin el (II.. 1987). For lhe o\'er all optimum sample of the study 515

samples \\ere taken during the laiC rain~ season fmd in the dr) season.

3.3.2.4. Sample Co llection and Para ... ito logicall:.e,aminatiol1

Paired blood samples \\cre co llected from auricular \cin o f each animal using two

haemalocrite capillar~ tubes fillin g 3 -t of the height and sealed with Cristaseal. The

capillaries \\ erc also uscd to I1lI:a"un: the PC\' \ a lues for the determination of anaemia and

comparison of jnl~cted animals \\ ith Il on· infeclcd animals. The capillary tube was cut I mm

belo\\ the bulT~ coat to inc lude !he to p In~er of red celb. I hI.! contenl of the capillary tube \\as

then expressed onto.:l clean slide. mi,cd and cO\t'rcd \\ jlh a 22 :-. 22 111111 cover slip. Then the

slide \\as examined for tr;.panosomes, ba~ed on (hc (~pe ofrnO\ ement in the microscopic field.

Confirmation of tr~panosoJlle ... pecies b~ morpholog ica l characteri stics \\as done after

staining \\llh Ciiernsn h~ e,amin;nie'n \\ill' nil ill1ll1cr il)[1 Pli..:n)",\:or~ \\i lh 100;.. rO\\cr of

magnifications ( \l l1 rra~ t'l al .. 19T). During ~d mpling age. St.' .'. herd number. PA. Woreda.

aitillldc and rrc\ iou" h i<;tn r~ of (rl-;Hll1l~nl \\ it h tr~ 1':lI1ocida I dru gs \\ ere recorded.

3.3.2.5. A ssessmenl o n r) apanoc idal Drug I:. ffi cac) (lsom clam id i urn block treatment stud))

A total of 100 anima ls. 50 from eac h \ il lage. \\a" .. elec led \\ ith a <; imple random method. All

Ihese animals \\ere Ireated \\ith DiminnLenc acelllrate at a dose rate o f7mglkg bod~ weight to

eliminate the e,i '> ting tr~pa no ... olll e in fection (b lanket trea!tHcm) \\hile parasitologica l

exam ination \\as done \0 determine the initial rrc\alencc o f Irypanosomos is. C .... .)\ each

\ illage \\ere then randomi7cd in lO IS\l;\l treatmenl gro up \\ilh 25 animals and control

2 1

(sentinel) group \\ it h 25 anima l ... fo l1lm ing till' Illr.:thmh prnpm r.:d b~ I ~ i slc r e l aI, (200 1) and

Ro\\ land!> (200 I). I\nim;ll .... in each group \\ t·rr.: r.:ar wggr.:d using )cIIO\\ plastic tags, which

a 11 0\\ cd ca \~ ident i ri ea l inn of an ima I., during \.'"eh \ i .... it lix r~lra., itolog ica I e'\am ination.

After t\\ O \\ cd .. s of the blankt treatmC"nt (da~ 0). one group \\ as trcated \\ith ISMt ... 1 at a dose

ratC" o f lm gll..g bod~ \\I;.' ight and tht' other group \\ as left as untreated conlrol group. Bod)

infection recurrence rate \\ as defined a ... the pwport ion of cattle. \\ hich "ere found infec ted

\\ ith same !>pccies of tr~ panosome among th\.' IOtal number of ani ma ls that \\ ere treated \\ ith

Diminazcne aceturate bcforC" t\\O \\cd .......

Bod~ \le igh t of each animal \\as e~tit11i1lt.:d thing heart girth measuring tape (Arora el {II..

198 1). Blood e'\amination of animals for Ir~panOsol11e inlection \\ as conducted e\e~ two

\\ ee !.; s ,!, taning from da~ (If blan!.;c t treatment up to 12 \\ee!.;s follo\\ ing I S ~t:" l blod treatmenl

i.e. da) O. I·t 28. 42. 50. iO and 84. l),ll\.' llltrl..'atmcnt. dosage oftr) panoc idal drugs. pev \alues and tr) panosolll(, infectiolls \\C"rC" n.'~·('rJed during e;1ch c'\alllination. In each group.

call ie infec ted \\ jth Ir~ panosome .... \\ erC" trl;.'atC"J \\ ith Dimina7cIle aceturale al a dose rate of

i mg, "].. g bod~ \\eight (Chan 2)

In!c rprctJtron of Sun i\<11 Data (L'isk'r cf al .• ~Ot)l)

The efficac~ of DiminJ./cne a..:cturat(' In..'Jtmcn! \\as as ... e~ .... ed on Ihe basis of parasitaemia

follo\\cd \\ Ithin ttl a \\ et'b aftt'r treatmen! of (Jttk \\ ilh drug al a dose rate of 7mg 'kg bod~

\\eight. To anal~ze data l1n the efficac\ nt Dirmnuene acclllratc. tf\panosornc incidence rate

and tr~ panosome infec tion recurren":l;' (lhm IJnd~ et al.. 200 I) al each \ illage \\ as compared

using hshr.:r'::'I,.',\act tr.: .... t l"tatJ lNr"r.llll11l ":'UIIO).

3A , Dala l.l llal ~~b

For the management anal~ ~is and interpretJtion of dala collecled based on the stud)

mdhoJl,)lug~ slatistl..:;!J ,\JI!\\Jrt \\a" IIllrh.'~l,.u. ~hJ.l..t \I,.'lstun I.U ::'oll\\ar~ and t~cel \\cre

used. lht' f0110\\ ing pararnl,.'tr.:r~ \\crr.: :!l".lI~ Icd' 1 he :1rparcnt n~ .:atches in relation 10

\ariabJcs measured (scason. altitude le\C"!. and \('geli.ltion and lrap t~pes) \\ ere anal)zed usi ng

Krus!.;al Wallis I('<;t 1 he nrC"\alence of tnpan' ..... ,lrnn .... i .... in dine-rem \ari:1hle ... I<tllllude "'\el ....

sea<;on. se'\ and age) \\a .... compared h~ /-\i:SI. ..... multivariatc computation \\as conducted

u..,ing logi .... t!c rcgre-,sion ani.ll~ sis in orJI,.'r 10 c"ll;!hli .... h thr.: ('iTi..'ct<; of differenl ris!.; factors (age.

SC.\. altitude and <., t.:a ... on) ~ompan;d \\ ilh odd ... r'Hi n /()r cach ri sk factor . Studcnt's t·test was

al so cmplo:ed 10 comparc the mean pev of the paras itacmic and aparasit3cmic anima ls and

thc clleel ofaltitudc o n PCV \ altle ... in the t\\O ...,C;l~on ... .

Mean tr) panosolll c pre;\ alenec \\ as cal culatcd to compare slud: s ites during 8 weeks pe riod as

the mcan o f the t\\ O \\cekl) tr:pan050mc prc\ a1c ncc during 0·56 da) s. Mean pev and 95%

confi dcnce inte nal \\as used to assess fo r an: changc in rcv values o f the ISMM treated and

control groups orcanlc Q\ cr 8 \\eck-s in each \ illage. Data ofqucslionnaire \\as summarized

us ing frequcll c) di~tri bu li o n (pa rt.:ntages). 10 c\ aluate an: relation bet\\ecn different

paramcters corre lation s lope <l nd r·,al lli: ha\c becn dCle nnincd. S ignificant level was

dctermined at P< 0.05 lor all statistic:!1 rcsuit s.

I Swd: Dt' ... ign I Quest ionnairl' \'ector P .... billlllgl~al

Field aSSl'ssm lall of tr~panocid.11 D.c a ana~' s i s

sun c;. sun L: !>t udi~'~ drug resistance

• Occurrence of • Apparent Sca...onal - ISOllH.1amidiul11

tsu se and dcn\lt~ 6. pr('\ all-nu:

bl()..-~ t rCalmcnt • X2-teg, I I) panosorl'lOSIS '=pccics or

oftr~p.1l1o<'(), SI ud)

- li\e5l ock -maSh - logistic I SI."1 o;e con~zraints 1'1:- andOl:her regress10n

- socio-eCOll0f11 ic bft in!!, Ilie~ in - Rj;,1.. l;JLtor~ anal} sis

SUI us rel3l1l1ll t 0 a!>'>O~~lIeJ \\Hh

• herd ~ca'Un. all tt udt'" " r~ralH)Oo{1I11O~js - &udc nl' s

composition k'\ ct-.. trill' ,IT1U I-lest • use and SOlrcc \l'!::1..131MHl oftr~panocjd<ll

t~ !X'~ drugs

• deli\ er) orthe drug

- otherconlrol methods of t I) pano~l'1O!>I~

andtsase ~

Chart I : The stud: de...,ign

, ' ,

[ 131"n'cl treatment

I Aller:2 \\cd,>

(Da, 0)

IS~I~I Ircalmenl ] Control (llllg \..g b\\)

I I Blood ~'''lIl1in:l.1ion

Ir.:\l'r~ ~ \\l:d.~ inh . .'nal up to 12'h \\ccl..s) I I

Dale of Ircauncot. dosage of I f ) panocidal drugs. PC\ \allle~ and tr~pano~ol11e infection::. \\ere

recorded during each examination.

I [n C<ll.:h grlHlp.l'i.lItlt· Inlt'cled \Iith lr~pano::.omcs

Ilere treated \\ilh diminuil1t: i.h:ClUf.itC <.11 a do::.c rale

of -Illg kg h0d~ \\eight.

Chart 2: Plan of IlorJ... for thl' "'lud~ or If) p<lnocidal drug cfticac) on natural!) infected cattle tht: lil'lll

~ . RESU LTS

.t! . Questio llnaire S urH'Y

In the first \\ee!-" of Sepl~mber. 200:;; the que~tionnai re SUf\('~ \\as carried out to assess the

magnitude and situation of lr~ panosomo~is rarticularl) in Abclt) and Ti roshashama villages

ofSokoru \\ 'oreda district. SOUlh\\('S1 Elhiopia. During questionnaire SUfVC) the response was

100%1 in both sites.

A total of t\\elll) elder d\\ellers. len represe ntati\cs (members) of peasant associations from

each of Abell) and Ti roshashama \\ere intenic\\cd. The) ha\e been asked about manage ria l

activities o f their li\estQck. herd cOl1lposition. the o\er all di sease situation . oppo rtun it) o f

disease pre\ entian . treatmelll and socia-economics of Ii \ estock production.

-!.1.2. Li\cstock Prod uction

According to Ihe responder", fr\:.: grieving of liq:"tllC ~ con"lituted about 99%. \~ h i ch was used

as the major source of feed. (,mit' IN:d to mO\c about 1.5 - 5 ~nb from Abelt). 5·7 kms from

Tiroshashama li\ ing centers to the pa.sture and \\alering ~ard s. The \\ater needed fo r livestock

of Abell~ \ illage \\as usual I) collech:d from ponds built b~ GTl and from small stream found

along the sa \annah grassland \\here as al Ti roshashalll3, [he.'Jtock used to drink water from

Kerker Ri\ cr and small stre31m tC,und near b\ the permanent pastlJre. The pasture \\ as

composed of open \\oodland anu \.<1,,1 grass fidd". I h.: Inlen I('\\eu farmers of both thc

\illages agreed Ihat thc li\('s toc~ feed \\as scarce in dr~ sea"on from Januar;. to Ma) and

plent~ available in \\CI scason from June to Decem ber.

-L 1.3. Discase Situation

All of the intenie\\ed li \eSIOCk o\\ners (100°'0) of both peasant associations clai med

tr)panasomosis (Gendi ) is a seriou·) li\estoc~ disease. \\hich causes mortal it) and lo\~ e rs

producti\it~. Tr~panosomosis \\as ranked as the tirst prio r i t~ disease among other diseases

tollo\\ed b) blackleg. pasteurollasb. IIlternal parasite::.. e:-.ternal parasites. anthra:-. and

, . -,

pnc.:ulllonia (Fig. ::n. I hI; Illost affec tcd li\I;"lod ..,pccics a~ menl ioned b) fanners were catt lc.

I'IH: villagers arc unablt.! 10 keep equines. due to adverse risk of Irypanosol11 os is but few

people al Abel t: purchase donkeys frolll other places and tether them at home and exploit

them for transpo rting \\<lIer from po nds to d\\clling c('"nier.

100

90

80 ~ 70 0 -2 60 c

'" "0 c 50 0 40 "-V>

'" 30 a:: 20

10

0 I I • q" ",,:P

~o ~~

,,<'>

Figu re 2: Pri o ril~ of Ihestock diseases ofc-conomic importance according to the respondems

in Abell: JnJ I iroshdshama P \ . \'fk~I!i.J dtstlll..!. Sllu~h\\f.:st. Lthlopta .

26

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

o I I

Figure 3: The s igns of Ir:- pano.;;omos is in cank reported b~ inlen ie\\cd persons at Abclt~ and riroshashama \ illagc~ in ~l)l..oru cJi-.rrkL t", \luth\\C'l1 Lthiopia.

The inter,ic\\cd farmcr~ ckarl~ poinb . .'d llLH the l1l<lin s~nd romc of IT)panosomosis as

emaciation. geophagia (soil eating). COIl'llip,ltl(ll1. abnrtion . Ims of appetite. decreased milk.

\\ eaJ,.nc:,~. :.al i\ alion and diarrlh:a and lo\s of car,lClt~ of the ir ploughing O:\CI1 (Figure 3).

The disease afTects their li\c"tod. ~lll ~car round I,.'\cn though Ihc~ 100" better during the

rain) seasons. About 80°'0 uf lhe rc:.pondt'rs agreed that the IT) panosomosis disease casua lit)

\ \<1:' kno\\11 to occur long ago at Ahelil) in 1966 and at Tiroshashama area in 1978.

Concern ing thc disea~ "ituation a~ pn:~cnt tilll~ the intcnic\\cd people of Abelr) and

I iroshasharna \ illages !la\ e c'\presr.,L'd their difTcrcnt \ ic\' s. ,\ ccording to the Tiroshashama

grllup tf)panosolllosis \\a ,> g~ning \\or..,c L\:. occurrc d 5u,0 in rain ) .,~ason, 15~o in d r) season

and 10% all )car round, \\herc as thl' \ be1t~ gn.llIp agreed Ihal thc di sease risk elc\ated 80%

in \\ct season and 20%1 in dr~ !)cason. On other hand 90°'0 u rthc intcn ic\\cd farmers of both

Pt\ ,> knc\\ that biting. flic-; transmit tr~pann<;l'l1H\'>I<; Ihe rc<;p\lndent<; agrl'Cl1 11'>1 l\-t- n,.

abundance \\as higher in rain~ season than d~ 5('ao:;on in Abelt~ and Tiroshashama \ illagcs,

I \cn tho ugh thi ~ \\ as the ca ... c thc illh!nic\\cd pc rso n ~ \\c rc unab le to di ffe re ntiate tsetse n) from othe r n ~ spcc i c~ .

.. L 1.4 . Treat ment Oppo rtll n ili c~ Again", I r~ panosomosis

Fift~ pcr cent o f inlervic\\cd re ~pondcnb treated their anima ls agai nst tr) panosomosis

Ihel11sehes. I \\ ent~ per eenl of thcm obta ined ~en ice from GO\crn mellt \ctcrinary clinics

and 30~0 b~ drug smuggkr~ (noli pru fc ... ~ion a ls \\ho lrade t r~panoc idal s illegally and sale

to the surrounding farmers) (Figu n: .t ).

50%

o Go-.emmenl SeNce (qualified personnels)

• Trypanocide smugglers (unartlfied personnels)

o Farmers

I"igu re .t. I\.'r"qnnd l'llllccrncd in thc IrcatnKIlI oj tr)panosomosis at Abell) and

Ti rosha'iharna p ·\ s indica1f:d b~ tjlu .. • .... tionnairc re"uhs

Among farmcr ... ('If helh P -\ s 90°0 u'ied tr~ranocide'i to !rca! 'iich. ani mals and some 10% of

responders claimed thaI the ~ practiced trndi tional mcdic ine against tr)panosomos is but fail to

ubtain satisl""~I,'r. rcsulb t· ~lIr\.. Ih~'i, li\.;-.h.,.:I.... Lht; larrnl,;l~ lb l ng thl. tl) panoc ide~

disclosed Ihal tr~ ranocidal drugs \\ crt' :lrrllt·J onl~ to sick <lniI1131" Further more all of

imen ic\\ cd Ihc<;{od.. kccpcr ... appl"lllcJ that Ihl" ri .... h. 01 Ir~pano~orno ... is \\a5 ad\ancing its

hori/on to the adjacen t and nC<ir b~ p~a"ant a"""..:ialitllh

According 10 lilt.' imenie\\. amo ng dilkrent tr~pnnoc ide::. Diminal.cnc aceturatc and

Isomlamcdiuim \\cre \\ ido.:l~ used. Dirnin<l/cne co nstitutes 90% and lsomctamedium

h)drochloridc 10% and nonc or the other tr)panocidt: s \\cre used at both villages. Concerning

the dose of drug::. 60°/0 or respodcllt:. trt:att:d tht:ir li,,:stocJ.., \\ ith correct dose (one sachet for

10 adult cattlc) o f Isomctamidium chloride (I r~pamidiulll) \\ hercas 25% lIsed underdose (one

sachet for 20 adults ) and 15°'0 had no idea about the dose of drugs.

Regarding the drug Dimina7cnc aceturatc. 70°0 o f the fanners lI sed the appropriate dose (one

sachet of 1.05g to Ollt' adult an imal). 20°0 treated \\ ith underdo:-..c (one sachet fo r more than 2

adults) and 10% had no idea about tht: ci t) ... c ( I ig.5).

80

70

_ 60 ~

50 o o -g 40 o 1it 30 o " 20

10

o Isometamldlum

Chlonde OImmazene Aceturate

o Correct dose

a Underdose

o No Idea

Figure 5: Dosage of tr)panoc ida l drugs u ... cd b~ farmer.., as indicated d ur ing questionnaire inspcction at ,\ bdt) and llrl) ... hihhanhl \ illagc') in South\\cSI Eth iopia

At both \ iUa ge::. 65% of responders statcd tha t t ht:~ ha \ e been us ing tr)panoc idals for the

past 25 )ears at in lcn al" o f ~ - -I 1110mh .... Regard ing the frequent) of treatment o f

tf)panosomosis. 38."-, %. 30.70.'0. 23.1 °/0 and 7.7% of fa nners responded from both the \ il lages

rende red -I. 6. 5 and J timc'> treatmen t to the ~car timl' respec l i \ el~ (Figurc 6). The farmers of

both group ... claimed 80°0 curt: and ~ooo n:IJp"'\.' ... lllthl' disC"a~l' alter tn:3tlllent.

4 5

4 0

35

• 30

J 25

20

< ,.

L •

'" 5

0 D 1 I,rre 2 lUres 3 tln-.es 4 tlrnes 5 t,n"'O(lS 6 1,mes

Frequoncy o f tr e atn1enl s por yoa r

Joigurc 6: I' rcqu~nc~ oflreall1lCnh rendered in thl.' ~ear tilll\.' to lrl.'allr~panosomosis as \ crificd in questionnai re Sllf\C~ at t\belt~ &1 iroshashama si tes. Sokoru Woreda. SOlllh\\cst Ethiopia.

4.1.5. Socia-economic Practice

The illlen ie\'" rc\ calcd that both of the farmer a"..,ociations practiced crop-Ii , estock related

fanning !)~311.'11l"', \\hich generated inCClll1c hll 1l\r1ihood. I urtht.:rmorc lnestod .. !:occtor

pro\ided po\\er. milk and meal for the house hold consumption.

-1.2. C ross ~cc tio lla l S tud~

4.~.1. rntomologii.:al Sun t'~

During cntomolngir.:al sun c~ 1\\ \1 .... pCl· it'.., lll" t ... \,:t,,~· !lie ... \\ L'n: identified. Thc3C nere GlosJlnu

l/Ioni/(lI/.~\lIhlll(Jnlf(l1l\ olldCdo_IWIlI pa/lidil,n \ total 01 10 hd5e Ilics "ere caught and

idl!ntificd at Ab~lt) and Ijrosha~harn3 at su~rt:cl~d 11) habiwi. In laic rain) season si:\ females

and one male of 0/0,nill(l monilaml 1I1m/o\iwlII JI -\bell) and ont: female of Glm,sillu m.

whmoriS/(lnl' at Tjro<.,ha~hama \\erc fi:mnd rc<"pl.'cthd) In dr) scason. one female ofG.m

HlhIllUr~II(lW, .mJ Ollt: krnak of v p~'JII{I/pu \\t:H.: IUlilid Buill Ilr0~ha~hama \ lllagt: and no

n) fOlmd in !-\helt) ,illage fTahlc 1 and Figllre 7)

Thc mean catch ofG II/llIhmonitalls in late rain) season at Abell) \\as 0.19~ nies ' tfap ida)

(95°0 (I 0,085· 0101) "herea ... oon n\ trap da\ (("I - f) O~ 08911t Tin)<;ha.;;Il1.IllC'l \ illat'l'

During dr) season the mean catch of (i l1l . I/lhll/(Hi/(ll/\ and Gpallidipes at Tiroshasharna \\ crc

0.017 tlk.-,trapda> (95% CI -.017 .. 052) \\ht.:r~<I'" no h~hl: 11) \\,1'0 found at r\bdl>

30

\ illage :1 he mean catelle.., or (;111 \lIhIllOr.\1/01/\ ..,ho\\cd ... ignificant difference (X2=1.9. P<

0.0 I) bet\\ccn seasons.

During late rain~ season at both sites amI in dr~ season at Tiroshasharna \er) high catches of

SlOmoxys spp. \\ere recorded (Table I).

Table I: Tsetse and other fl~ catches iin laiC and d~ seasons at Abelt~ and Tiroshashama \ illages in Sokoru district. South\\ est eth iopia.

' Village Altitude Season i

Range

T~ pes of nies

Specie."

Abelt~ 1.353 · Late G III ,whmoni((lIH I 6

ralll~ G pallidipes

SIOmOX} spp.

Tohallll.\ spp

Hl>{IIIWIOPOla .~f1f1,

Dr~ G. m. Hlbmori.\!al/S

season G pa/ltdipes

Stoll/o.n 's'pp.

Tahllllli.l SfJp.

/Icoma!! >1'0/(/\1'1',

i Tirosh 1.555. La te .

(j m suhlllonirwlI

ash am 1.6:!9 ram\ G pall itt/fin

SlOmo·9 '\ 'pp.

Taballl/l;\pp.

HeUII/UlOpOla sfll'

a

~ _~ o· -+ On G 11/ mhmonlllllH I

Gpalldlpes

.)1011/0.\:\ ',\ sfJp.

Tabal/II'; sPP

Hl!llmOlOpOIO !>pp.

31

Se'\ Total

7

357

,

39

I -~I

200

Flies / I Remark

trap 'da)

0.19-1

9.92

0.057

0.057

1.08

0.028

0.028 .~-cc:--

0.017

0.017

, " -' .. u

Traps

positioned

al

grazmg

and

\\atering

poims

I ~

10

9 c-

8 --Z 7 E ,

6 • •• o G m submorSltans ci. 5 ~ o G pallid/pes • 4 • ~ • 3 • ...

2

0 L.- IT] I Late Ram~ Dry Season Total

Season

Figure 7: Species of IS else Oil's found in din~renl seasons at Abeh~ & T iroshashama vill age in Sokoru distric t ofSollth\\c",1 thiorb.

4.~.1 . Parasi iologicallinding'"

To assess the prc\aience of tr~pano ... orne infection in cattle in two \i llages. catt le \\ ere

registered and e.\amined (1 able ::!) \\ hieh indicated the pres.cncc of Ir~ panosome species in

both \ il1age5. A tOlal of"" 1 Ir~ pannsollll: inll:e lion ... \\('.'f(' r~corded at both sites of the s t ud~.

OUi of 180 callie c:\amincu in Ci.lrl~ ',memher 2005(the laic rain~ season). 13 (7.22%) \\ ere

infected \\Jlh Ir~pano..,ornl.·'" and ,,) ;lllllllal, e\Jmincd 111 dr~ "'ea,ol1 ( I cbrllar~ 2006) sho\\ crJ

28 (8.36°'0) animals 10 ha\~ tr~pano"oll1~ inh~(tion (phol{)grarh~ in Annc\ 2).

Ho\\ c\ cr the variation ~ho\\cd signiti . .:am difference bet\\ccn seasons and infec tion (P < 0.05.

CI =6.21- 7.8) rind C I ~ 7 ..... ~- 9.31 n:"pr.:dl\ r.:1~.

I'able 2: Pn.;\ aknec of inll:clion in catlk in ditkn.:rH scasons and 95<!0 contidence inte rva l at Abelt) and I iro..,ha"harna \ ilia!,;..:" \ ukoru di ~lrict ofSouth"cst Ethiopia.

Stud) si te Sca~on G ()I~ I OIal "I-r) panosornc 95 %C I

caule positi\c prevalcnce

e:-.arnined rate (%)

A belt) I ,ale rain! 116 I 10 8.62 7.65 - 9.6

Tiroshashama I ,ale rain) 64 J 4.69 4.1 - 5. I 4

Total 18(~ 13 7.22 -+ - r_ '3 ..

Abclt) Dr~ 150 S ,.> 4.73 - 5.93

Tiroshashama J)r~ 185 20 10.81 9.6- 12.03

I Total I I 335 28 8.36 I I -

rherc arc signiticant differenccs (1)<0.051 in abundance or lr!pano~ome beh\een species and

the \ariati ol1 of :.casonal diqributioll occum:d at both \ illage:). Out o f -ll total infected catt le

60.98% \\as due 10 7 collgo/ef/.\e. 36.58°0 due 10 T.\·imx and mi:-.ed infeclion of T

collgoleme & r V/I'ar accounted for 2A-l °0 (I ahle 3).

Table 3: The abundance and se,bonal di"lribulion oftr~panosorne .-.pecic:. at Abel!) and Tirosha .. ham<l \ illages in Sokoru di .. trict of SOLlth\\cst 1· lhiopia.

i Season i Sllld~ si le i :\0. Catlk Rate of in fecI ions Of lr)panOsolllc species (%)

e:\arnined r COllgO! '11\(' ,

Lal~ rain~ Abclt~ 116

Dr~

Late rain)

and dr)

i Tiroshashama 6-l

, Abclt~ 150

Tirosha~ha l1la 185 J--

Tolal mean 515

I

.J .1 ( 1 000

6(75%

8140",)

25160.9

I

81%)

- I (10°/0)

0

2 (25°0)

J J 2 (60%) --

J 5 (36.58%)

Concernin!! till' COlllparr .. n!l of tr~ ran(l'irHlll~ infcrtion" hel\\een "l'\l'<; ,

infection Tc & T,' I ( 10%)

0

0

0

J (2.44%)

'iigni ficant difference (p -oo < 0.05) in infcclion. oS :!9% detected in Ilwle and ~ I 71°;0 obsened

In icmall' ( I abh: -l,.

I able: 4 : -I r~ panosollle inft:<:lioo ... of Gluk. illu~tratt:d in tl'rlll ~ o r sc:\ difference in Abclty a nd Tiroshashama \ ill age. Sou tim est Hhiopia.

Season '\0.01 c'lllle l1f t:ithef ~e:\ \\ ill I otal at both Seasonal I r~ panosorne infect ion \ illages over all

t\belt~ I iroshashalll3. infection %

Female \I ate Female 1\ lale rcmalc 1\ laic

Late rain~ > 8 I > , 10 31.7 1 J

Dr~ I 7 9 II 10 18 68.29

Total 3 15 10 13 13 28

In fection O,o 31.71 68.29 100

Out of 515 samples e.\amincd 31 (6.02°;0) \\ere ~ oung male cattle. 43 ( 8.35~o) }o ung female

callie and 441 (85.63°'0) \\cre auul l animal ....

Regarding the infection rate lllH of J I <..:\mlirmcd rarasit;'lcmic catlle :!3 (56.1 ° 0) \\ere in fected

\\ith T. collgo/cf1\e. Qut oflhl.' .... e 14 (3415°0) \\ere adult males. 4 (9.76%) \\er~ )oung males

and 5 (12.2°'0) \\e re adult kIllJh.:..,.

On other hand out of -tl ink":h..'J animals I~ (-I-t°o) \\ere infeCl\,:d \\ith T \"Inu. Of these lO

(24 .4<1(0) \\ere adult 1l1Jk..,. () i I·L6Y'o adult femaks and:! (4.88°'0) ~ oung females (Table 5

and Figure 8).

The proportion of T um.lf,o/,I/\l inl~·~ti\1Il \\<lS higher in adult male (3 4 .15~0) and lo\\er in

adult female (12. :!0,0) In tilt: "ar1H.: \\il~ the r \'intl: mkction \\<1'" al~o higher in adult male

Lank \\ !lb..1i .; lJl1 .... tjtUt~J 2-+.4' II <lI,J !U\\ II III <IJult 1~ llltlk: aniuMb \\ Ith 14.63 11/0 mfectlon.

The proportion of T cong()/l'ml' inf;"nil'l1 in ~0lHl~ mall' animals "as 9.6%. The infection of

T \/\'(L\" \\as 4.9% in ~ollng f('"ma]e~ .. 1'-one of tht: )oung femntes \\ere infected \\ith T

("(JIIgO/l'flW and non~ of !hl' ~oun!.! !llJk l:<mil.: "ere intCl:lcd \\j lh f I"/I"(l\" ] he nrc\alence rail'

has been found to increase \\ith the ag.e of animal There \\a.;; a !>igni ficant diffcrcnc\.. \1.

ll.}:' df- I p ..... o.on:!) in tr~ran')~"')llll infe..ti\l/l bel\\l:t:n ditfcrcll! ag,-= groups.

Comparison of Ir) pmlOSO me intcc tnon groups bct\\l:cn male,> and fe ma les \\ crc made 10

anal)Le if the intl:cl io n in malt's \\.a'> aggrmalcd or nol. I he pre\Jlcllcc of Il) panOSol11c

inli:c lio n \\as found 10 be hi ghe r in malc .. \dlh 68.29% (9500(, 1 =- 57 -79) infection than

femalcs\\ith31.71°,'0 (95°'o CI 26.2 -37. 14).

Table 5: Different t~ pc .. of tr) pan050l1l1.,' infcCiion in different age and sex group at Abell) and firoshashama \ illagcs of Sokoru district. South\\ CSI l thiop ia.

T cOlIgo!en"e infection T \'I\'UX infection Total I

Age group Adult Adull-t Young Young Adult Adult You ng Young

malc female male r~ale male female male female

I I '\0. of 14 5 4 10 6 1 2 41 animal" Infec ted

488l t - + 00 of 3·L15 12.2 9.76 24.39 14.(1 ,1

animals infecled

10lal 23 (56.1 0'0) 18 (43.9%)

40

35

30 o Tcongolense

- II T vivax

"" 0 25 ~ 20 E c 15 " cI 10

0 5 • 0 Adult Adult Young Young male female mare female

Fig ure 8: T~ pJnosome infeclions in callie b~ age & sc' group" at ,\bclt~ and Tiroshasham<l \ illages. Sokoru district SmJlh\\e<; t I· thiopi<l.

35

1

4.2 ..... Infc:clion Ri~J.. I actor

Logistic regression anal~sis \\as lIsed to obtain the degree of infections among risk facto rs. In

rdation 10 Illulti\ arial(: ana l~ sis thc odds ratio of the: ri sJ.. of tr~ panosol1losis of catt le with

difTerent age: groups in lat c rain~ "ca<;on (carl~ \iO\clllhl.'r) \\as 1.16 times lower than that of

dr) season (I·cbruar~). [here \\a" n signifkanl diflcrcncc (p<O.05) be{\\ccn odds ratio of late

rain) and dr~ ~ea"ons.

-'.3. 1·lcm:ltologic:l1 Findings

rhe over allme:an PCV (%) value of the total number of cattle al Abell) and Tiroshashallla

\ illages \\as 24.33°'0 (95°0 CI= 2-U 1·- 1 .. L57.) . 1 he frcqucnc) distribution of the pev values

o f the tOlal c:\3mined 'lI1imals is illuSirated in figure 9.

60 •

50

• 40 • •

!!!

'" • § c

30 '" -0 0 • • • z

20 • • •• •

10 • • A • •

• .. -. a • •

" " • " ,-

pe v(%)

• ~ I~ ;I .. ' _ ,'nr > " ,. d :~..i I h~": '. '1' r • ... b ... )

Sokoru dislrict (Abeh~ 8:. Tiroshashama). South\\cst Ethiopia

36

Out o f te ... h:d callie 68 .9 1 ° ° had 1'(' \ \ .. lUI.: k ...... than :26° ° and 31.09° ° had PCV greater or

equal 10 26°0 Cr able 6). Kru~kal- \Valli s chi- <;quarc tcst ..,ho\\l.:d that therc \~a s no significant

diOcn;nce (1.2 =0.317. P>0.05) bct\\ccn rev \alucs ofcaHk tc:.tcd during din~rent seasons.

labk 6: \lean PC\' (~o) r~slllts of sampled caHie during cross sectional stud) and mean rev (°0) \alue ofcauk' \\hich had PC\, ,°0) \Jlm' or "> :26°'0 and < 26°'0 in Sokoru di:.tricl. Abeh) & riroshash.<lm<l \ illages of South" e~ t I:.thiopia.

°'0 (attic i % Cattle

' oofcattlc \lean With With

\ 'i llagc exall1in~d Season PC I pev (%,) pev (%)

(°'0) <:26 >26

Abell) 118 LaiC rain) :2.l.03 81.36 18.64

Tiroshashama 64 Lale rain) ]6.03 46.88 53.1 2

AbcJt) 150 Dr> 23.3 .l 73.33 26.67

Tiroshashama 185 Dr> :23.91 ~.l .O5 25 .95

\Iean 2.l.~) 68.91 31.1

(P<0.05. I-test) than the Illt.'an PC\- ~O/O ) of apara:.ilaCmll' (2.l.33 %: CI= 2.l.11-2.l.57) cattle

(Figur~ 10 and Table 7). There \\3:. no ... ignific3m ditlcrcnce in the mean PC\, bet\\een age

and ~e\ groups (P>0.05). The PC\ (~o) \alue~ of the para-;ittlemic cattle ranged from 16 to)O

{Figun.' II J.

I

,

I able 7: \ k'an PCV (0,0) or ap3r~hilacrnil.; and p::uasit3cmic cattlc ob~cr\l:d during cross sectional stud) al Ahl'll) and lin.hha .. harna \illagcs. So!..oru di~lriet. SOUlh\\cSI 1: lhiopia

~

'-;wd) s ite Season 11\0. (allk No. 1\0. I {\ lean (\ lean e.\amined "parasi Parnsita- PCV (%) I'CY (%) of

- 1 -wclllie ernie !of aparas i- parasitaemic

callic callie

. - .- --- · \ bcll) 'Lair.:: rain) 116 106 10

-- -- · r iroshashama Latc ra in) 64 61 3

i\bdl~ Dr)

-I iroshasharna Dr)

Total

JO

25

20

~ • '5 " .§:

.i "

5

Aoe~1

la~e ra "¥

season

- ~ · 150 1-l2 8 ~

185 165 I io -515 474 41

I

a lI,pa'asrtaemc

a Pars laemc

I ..

Aoe'l l-os~.as'<a""G rlfos"as"B""G D-,. euc.'1 I.a'e 'a"" D) seas(

sease",

-taemie Animals Animals -. -2-UI3 22.78

- -- - -+-- -26.03 23 .0

- --+ 21.13 23.3-l

23.91 21.95 I

2-l .33 22.22

SE

0.-11

0 .. 54

0.35

0.29

0.39

I igu re lO: )'lean PC V % \ aluc"" of cattk In l\\ () ... !Ud~ .. ite .. and <,('a"OI1", Sokoru di strict.

<;outh\\~ .. t r 'hi0ri:

7

0 6 0

"' 5 , "' '0 - 4 •• " ,.. u 3 0 0 2 , 0-0 " u.

0 14

Frequency Distribution of PCV (%) of

Parasitaem ic cattle

16 18 20 22 24 26

PCV (%)

28 30

I igure II: I ' reqllcnc~ di~triblJtion of PC\, (00) ofparasitacmic callie at Abclt~ and Tiroshashama \ illagc,>, S0J..oru district Soutll\\~st l:thiopia

rhc prc\akncc oftr~panosome infection <lnd the Il(V \all1c~ sho\\cd a ncgali\c correlation

,\jlh 10\\ mean P(\ \<tILlc among population "itll high Ir~panosome infection (r = 0,9-'1)

(I'igurc 12),

26

'" 25

" ...J 24 < >-~ 23 >-l: 22

'" < '" 21 «.

20

• r = () 941

• •

•

4 8 12 % I'HE"ALL\TE OF 1 HYI't\ '\'OSO'I E

I;\' FECT IO;\'

I'igure 12: I he correlation bet\\ccn the prevalence (%) oftr)panosomc infection and mean PC\, tao) \, [Ill' of c:-.aminl:d catlk P\)lhJ!,lIion~

39

-t A , LO lI l! illHlin:l1 S iudi l''s

To c\aluate Ihl." ertiC<lc) o f lr)panocidab. \\hich are \\idd) in U ~I." in t\\ O \ i1lages of AbeJt)

and Tiroshashama. 100 loca l zebu co\\s.50 from each si te . .15 fo r treatmen t gro up and 25 for

control. \ICn;' se lected and e'.amined .

rile cross sectional stud) rc\ealed Ihe pre\ a1cnc\,.' rail' of !r~ranosl)l11e infection 7,22% in late

rain) st.'ason in the e\e o fblanJ.i.cttrealmenl \\jllt Dim in:II,elle at both s ites (Table 2).

fhL' proponio ll Oflr)pano'>oll1e ~pecies {7 ('ol/go/ellw 7 I'/I'm and mi.\.cd infecliom ) \\ere

identified prior 10 the tn.:alrnent \\ illt the hdp l) j par,l',ilOlog ical procedures as indicated in

cross sec lional ... tud) (Table 3).

Fourteen da):s bcfon: the beginning of bOlllctamirJiul1l bloc],. treatmcnt stud) a 10lal of ten

infec lions at Abe ll) tlnd threc Ir)panosome infeclion at Tiroshashama \i1lage "ere diagnosed

rcspecll\el) (Tahle" 8 and 9). OUI (If 10lal inlCdillll T cOII,'t!.o/cme \\a~ the most pre\alent

Ir)pano",olTle (8-t.6°0). The pre\akncc- or r l/\'el\ and mi'.ed inlcdions cOlbti tuted 7.8°0 each

at Abelt) and none al Tiroshashama.

At da) lero f l-t da~" alter blan],.et IrC<llllll'1l1) ll! Ihe "Iud) no Ir)panO~omc mfection \\a :s

diagnosed al an) of the t" a I illages.

DUring the 12 \\eeb of monitoring a totall1f I (l Ir) ranO..,llllll' infL''':lions \\a~ recorded al bOlh

~ites, lr>panosolll \,.' infection cornrn~l1cl..'J at dtl) 56. out III \\hich .1 ca.,es of Tcollgo/eme at

,\ belt), ilnt! one ca'>c \\ ith 7 c:/JlIgo/enw! and (lnt:' ":,1'>1..' \\ lth 1,\ ila'. infeclion at I iro:shasharna

\\ere n:gi ... tered '\1 dn) ~O i,I\\I;llllf - inh:dl"ll t:":t1rJ\,.,J tIl \\hkh -t .:a~cs of 7: C()fI~oh-nh_

and 1 case at Tl'lnL\" JCCLlUllIl."d at Abelt) \\here a, :! (,bL''' of T cOl1go/ellSe registered at

riroshashama \ illage. In Ihe same \\a) at UJ) S..J t\\O 'Ulimal.., \\ ilh 7. wllgo/ellse and one

\\ illt 7 \·/\'Cu O\:(:urred .11 ·\hdt~ and \Jil t' \,.J"\,.' ot / (IIn1!,II/t'lIw and one ca~c of T. \"I\"(L\"

registered at Tirosha!>hama \ illage n abk!> 8 and Q) During the 1.1 \\ cds of obsen ations no

animal shO\\ed rt.'peatcrJ 1111\,.'C11UIl \\ ith I f) pJlh)SI)IllC .. \ II l.:asL''> 01 relapses 0 1 tr;. panosome

infectiolls \\ere treated "ilh 7.0 mg Dimina/elll' accturate ],.g b\\ t,f"hich T congo/emf' and

r \'/I'(L\" con~ t ituted lor 75°0 and :!51.1'0 rcspc(\l\el~

40

I abh.: S: 1!>{) llld:Ul1 idiullI chloride efli Glci ....... In.:atcd at II do ....... of lmg/kglb\\ in natural!) tr) pano:,olllc inlect .... d local cattl c a t Abclt) \ illage. ~okoru di stric t. Southwest I:thiop ia.

- -1 r~ panosolllc No. I No. infcl' li o ns in 25 pOSI isomclamidum SpCCIC!'> infections

IfC:ll cd l':llIll' in Ahrll~ \ illa gc irotal

in 50 cattle infection ::! \\ .... cks o-rl 4 28 42 56 70 84 before In.:atmcnt -

T COI/Kolellw 8 - -I :

- 2 4 2 I ~ T 1'/I'lL\" I - - - - I I ,vl ix .... d( I .C & I - - I - - - - - I-T.,) I

Total I ,

5 3 -

0,.'0 Parasitaclllic I (8'.) (20%) (12%)

95%(1 ~ I. I- 4.25- 1.75-3.6 6.56. 4.59

Tabll' 9: isornclarnidiulll chloride efficac~. treatl'd at J do,",,, of Img !.;g b\\ in naturall~ tr~ pano..,o l11l' mlecl"d local cimk, <It "1Iru:-.ha ... harna \ illag", Sokoru dist rict. South\\ est ]<thiopia

T~ panosolllc ! )\0. f'O, infc('liolls ill 25 POS I iso lllclamidulIl specIe.., infection ...

11"(,:lI('d (' :llIlc in Tiro!> ila!>hal1J:I \illagc Total

in 50 caule infection - -,- 4~ ,

::! \\ reb 0 14 ~8 56 70 84 bdlHC treatment

T cOIlp.olell \(' 1 , 4 I -T l 'i\'(lX

I : ,

\I;,cd(l.c&-I . , ) I rota] , 2 2 6

00 Para,>it3ernic ~

8' , 8°0 8',

95°'0 Cl I I- 1.1- lol-1 3.06 1 3.06 3.06

41

During longillJdinal ~Iud~ 01 liOllll.:I <lllllidilllll <:hlomlc bloc!.. trea tment 50 an imals. 25 catt lc

from each of Ihe stlld~ 3ilt.: \\(TC c . .lr tnggl..:d and leli untreated lo r control purposes and

monitored for infection of lr~panosollll(, for Ihe duration or 12 \\eeks. Blood samples \\ ere

taken e\ cr~ 1\\ 0 \\ eeks rrom auricular \ ein and e'\amined ror Ihe presence or II) panosome

inreClion. During the stud~ period all together ::!8 cases o f Il)panOSomc infection \\ere

diagnosed from da~ 14 up to da~ 84. OUI of \\hiehl. cOllgo/ellse con istiluted 67.86 % and

T\'i l'{lx 31.14 % respecli\el~ Crable 10). All ca~C' ... of break though infection (relapses) "ere

treated \\ ith Di111inazene aceillratc \\ ith the dose rate of 7 rng !kg b\\ . In case of the callie

treated \\ ith Isomctarnidiurn ch loride bloch. trealmelll the relapses o r break through infection

\\ere 16 anirnab. \\hich constitu ted 5.5 0(1 through ou l o rlhe 300 (50 animals '\ 6 examination

da~ s) lllonil0red cattle during 11 \\ I:e!" ... period In the e:\isting situation IsometamidiuJl1

untreated herds \\ere more \ictimiLed to tr~ra nllSOll1e infections than the treated group.

Table 10 : T r~ panosome infection identified in control ( untreated) groups of animals during longitlldinal stuJ~ at Abelt~ and Tiro"ha ... hama.

I Stud~ Species ' o.or Da~ I Da~ Da~ I Da\ I Da~ Da~ I Tota

Sile Of Canle 1-1 ,8 -12 56 70 8-1 I Ir~ panoso c'\ amin(;d me

-\bcll~ T congo/£' n 25 , , , 1 I 10 - - -,\('

0----T \"n"lL\' G

I I 5

Tiroshaasha Teal/gotcII " 0 I I 'i 9 !l1a " 1-1 ri \'j\'(L\"

-+ ; 0 ' 2 0 0 I I

~

I -I lOla I ,

5 -I 9 28 > , I infection t-- --I Percenl 6% 6(10 8(1'- 10% 8% 18(1"0 "

4A"::!. PC\, Finding3"

I

During t h~ dli cac ~ ~tud~ or hOIll ~liIl1l idilt lll chlorid~ t r~at~d ca HI~ at both !> it~s the rt: \' cre

s ignificant (P<O.OS) inc r~a ... ~~ in th~ 1ll~,Hl PCV \ all".: .... I 10\\ 1:\ cr thc dc\clopmcnt of gradua l

re lapses of infections \\ a .. 1<'1Ik1\\ cd b~ t11l.: ck clinc of h ~a lll a t ocr i t \ alLies from da) 56 onwards

ofpost-bomctamidi um treatmcnts at both \ illagcs (I abks II & 12).

Table I I: i\.lcan pev (00) \ a lues afi~r I",olll ctarn idium tn.:atlll cnt and mean rev (%)of cont rol group at Abelt~ . Sokoru di strict. South\\ cst Ethiopia.

, I Da~ s a ftrr ~o Ofc~;Hllinl'(1 animal:. ~lra n PC " (% )

tre ltm cnl Treated Co nlrol Treatment Control

95% C I

-

! ~~ I ~: I" 25.56 24.72 23_22- 27_9 I , - 28_76 26_96 " - ~8 ' 1 " ., - .). - .} . _ .}

i -, -, , - " '9 , , - , , • _8~ , ~ 2 15 25 ~9.72 2(l.-48 28.6 1-30.82

I "

156 , - 25 i 27.72 25.91 16.38-18 .73 .,

I I 70 , - ,- ,- 24.56 24.62-26.50 ., ., ., 8~

, -., 15 " -- .}.) 22.96 23.3S-15.61

Tabk 11: \ Iean PCV (00) \allles alier b ornetamidium treatmen t and mean PC\, (~o) of

con trol group at Tirosha ... hama. Sokorll dbtricl. SOllth\\cst Ethiopia

Oa~ s No of e \arn incd a nilliah. .\I ean PC\, (% )

a ft n -

Treall' t1 ( 0 1111"0 1 I"r(' allll cnt Co ntrol 95% C I I

treatment - - -

0 ~5 2~ " . ' 12 23.76 21.07-14.57

I~ 25 25 24.48 I

25.18 I 23 .06- 25.89

28 25 ,-., 26.28 26.60 15 .4 1-2 7.15 + -~2 15 25 17.18 25_68 25.12-29.04

56 15 1 "' 19.29 28.24 2781- 31.10 ~ -

70 25 ~5 26.04 27.72 24.50-27.58 • -

-t,0 l<i'~ 8~ 25 2"' 22.16 25.68 I -. -. .

~3

:' . DISCUSS ION

I \cn th ough \ariolls comcntional di~ca,>4..''> induce li\c ..,to(k. Illortali t ~ and result economic

lo,>,>c,> in I: thiopia. hCbc tran ... lllilh: d Ir~ PilllO'>OIllO..,i ... ha ... CrLl(1a1 effect \\ hi ch is becoming

undmlkngcabk to treat. Vector control (letiol1 <; as (I s tr(lll.' g~ o pt ion arc not \\idcl ~

implcnu:ntcd in I: thiopia (' n ICC. 1')96) I-or thi s \cr~ re:I'''OI1 tr)panosoillos is di scast:

control methods basicall) rt:la~ed 011 the \\ ide l). lise of curatil c and proph) lac tic drugs for

more than three decades.

lhe main objecli\c of thi s ~tlld~ \\as to idt:nti f) the pre\alence and magnitude of

tr~panosoll1osis in th c So\..oru di .... trict. to i l1\4..' ~t igate drug dlicac~ o f Ir~panoc idals that arc

currentl ~ and \\idel~ 1Il lI;)e. rhe stlld~ \\as aimcd to prO\ide a concrete anal)si s and

nl<u.!nitllde of the di;)ease in the \\'ort,:da. to prO\ ide base line: data fo r futm\.' studies and 10

pl)int out the direction of (' ... '>t:lltial con trol options o f tr~ panosomosis challenge based on

tangiblc CirClII11 SWflCC. -I hc questionnaire "une~ disclosed that the disease has been prc\ailing

... incc long and 9900 of the re",polllkr ... :lppe:alcd that ,ullong other Ji"ea~cs . Ir~ panosolllosi;) is a

prioT!t~ and a serious clm .... traint \lhich r..:-tard li \..:- .... tocl.; production. cause 1l10rtalit~. dccl ine

traction po\\er of thei r o_'el1 rind induc(.' C'wnomic losses In qUC'''tio nnaire sllf\e~ in selec ted

~ih~~ of FITe A project ar~a ..... \ fe\\ urk 119(8) and 1 t,.!\\olde 000 I) reponed tr~ panosolllosi" to

be the most imponant li\C'5toC\.. Ji ... ca .... c in Ihe Mea o f .\Ietekcl di .... lrict. Nonh\\cst Ethiopia. In

Ihe..present .... lInc~ Ihe intcn iell re\caled i.l ... imilnr .... tatclllC'nt.

\btlUt 500 0 of intcnic\\t:d l~lrInt'r<; dallllt.'d that the) used to trt.':3t tht'ir li\estoc\.. themsehc ...

\\jth Diminazcnc acetunH\.' :lI1d I sol11~tamidium chloride against tr~panosomosis. This

condition poinh out the ..,e\\ . .'ril~ nfthc & ... ea"'l~ in r~nri n g animab in the stud~ areas. Ho\\c\cr.

-Woo and 30~0 of the illter\ iC'\\ed farmer.., claimed that Ihe~ u ... cd underdoses and un\..l1 ('mn

\\er~ applied onl~ to .. ie\.. animal.... \andl'r Bt1\,'he and Ic\\ oltk (2001) found the s.imilar

results during questionnam: ,>un l'~ in lambia and 1- n C \ project sitcs in I:..thiopia. In \\ e;)t

\frka Bauer (~OOI) found thai 90°0 of animal handlers used the tr~panocidal drugs \\Ith out

cnntirmed diagnn ... i"

In the present obsenation .. 80°0 of the re .. pondenlS c1i.limed thai animals \\cre treated b~

farmer .... themsd\(~ .... and unauthl)ri/l..'J IIldi\idunb. \le\\or\.. (11)98) ,mJ le\\ oIJ\' (2001) had

also reponed that about -13° 0 and 57°0 fa rmers used drugs against tr~panosolllosis in thc

\illage cauk of .\It'tek.h: di'>tricl. \'ortll\\c:.1 tlluopl;'! and !-- I IL·\ prOject Sill'S 111 \\esh:rn

Lll.lupi,j 1t.'''l'cdi\d) 1 hI.! prc')t:1lI "tuJ~ r(,lc.'aJed that about 3UU o and -I U~o farmers tr(,ated

their li\estoch. 6 and 4 time::. in <l )ear rc,>pecti\c!) . "I bi3 report corroborated \\ith the repon o f

Afe\\orh. (1998) \\here he obsened that larmers treated their animals in e\er) 4 mon ths and

abO\L'. I he number of intcnentil)fl of treatment'- mt:r a \ear rdkcteu the magnitude of

tf) pano~oJll('lsis challenge in an area Il L ilcnberg. 1(98).

The finding of lsetse Sllne) re\ealed (\\0 I) pes oflse!::.e specks at Abelt~ and Tiroshashama

stud) sites. rhe main \ ectorb detectt:d \\cre G. m .. wbmosila1ls and G. pallidipes. \\hieb \\as

similar \'ith the result obtained in Ghibe \ alk) (Peregrine £II 01 1994). During the late rain)

season 0.194 flies trapda) of G.m .. Hlbmorsita1ls at Abell) and 0.028 flies Itrap Ida) al

Tirosha~hama \illage \'ere recorded. In dr) season 0.017 flies trap ida) of G. m.

whmoni\IOIH and 0.017 flies lrap 'da) of G plll/idlpe.~ species recorded at Tiroshashama

\ illages and none at Abelt) stud) siw. The reason for the decline of apparent fl) densit) in the

dr) season during the SllnC) might be due to uncontrolled bu~h fire. \\hich damaged the

sinannah grasslands and the bush. fe\\ \\ceb prior the sun e) period. Such circumstance

might ha\(' suppressed the fl) dens it> and forced the flies to mOH' 10 the moisture areas of the

sides of \ aile) and ri\ erbanh.s of e·,treme 10\\ ahitlldes. In the pre'>ent observation the n)

den~lI) \\as tl")und to be relatiH'I~ increa ... ed in late rain) ... eason al both stud) sites

(''';o\ember) than the dr) season. Thi~ fact i~ in agreement \\Ith the result of Leak el (I/. (1993)

that the app~rent densit) increased from 'Sepu:mber to December during sune> conducted

from 1986· 1990 at Ghibe \alle). \\hleh \\as the boundar) of the present stud) sites.

-\ccording to Leak (1999) the increase in fl) densit) \\as due to the gro\\th of\egetation and

fomlation ofne\\ habilat in the rain) "ea",on.

In the ..:urrent ~tlld) () 111. )uhmoniulI/\ can be considered as the principal and imponam

\ector of animal tr~ranosomosis due 10 their higher abundance than other tsetse species at

Abdt~ <md liroshashama \ illagcs

The re-;uh of the stud\ re\caled that T crwgIJ/('1I\1' is the mO\1 rrc\<llelll 'r: panosome species

in the stud~ population that con~liltJted 60.9800 fol1o\\ed b> r\'irw: 36.59°·0 and mixed

infection (~.43°'0). An earlier stud) b) Ro\\ land,> t'l al. (.200 I) reported a prc\alenee rate of

37% b) T congo/eml..' in cattle in Sc,uth"e,,1 Lthiopia .. \ bebe and 10bre (1996) also indicated

the infectIon rate of 58.5~o \\ Ith TconS!,o/eIl.H:!. 31.::!0/0 \\ ith T \'/\'(U and 3.5% \\ ith T brucei in

the tsetse·infested area::. of Ethiopia. Further more Afe\\ork (1(98) indicated 17.2% of T

congo/emc infection at \1etekel district and Te\\olde el of. 2001 recorded 75% and 93%, of

I.:a~~ I h.. 110..' anJ \ i:lagc t'ne":.eHlemt'nl ,.rea rl..'''r ...... !i\cI) ir. ·t· ,t.:rn ran l f [t~ !I.piil.

IYhcrr.:n ('I (1/ . (1998) and ~lac1cnnall ! 1(80) ..,uggl.'..,t\.!u that cattle d\.!\clopcd immunit) more

rl.'adil~ against r \"Imx thnn I: ("Ol/ I!.o /t''''(', Abo / I'iwu' is Ie.,,, \ indent and conseque ntl ~

l:a ttk deH'lop tolerance to" \'i\"lL\" more casi l ~ than J. cemgo/(,IIH!. The present stud) al so

r\.'\ l.!<Ikd much Ic~., abundancc of T \'/I"lL\" i"rum th!.! "'[lId~ ar!.!a!>.. \\ hich might be due to Ihe

dc\clopmcnt ofilll munil~ in the ca llk'

In the currcnt cross sec tiona l stud~ an OH'r allmcan PCV (°;0) \alm: lIas recorded as 24.33%.

Callie \\ith PC\' \aluc Il.'ss than 26°0 \\as con..,idcrcd as anemic ( I c\\olde el al .. 2004:

Ro\\lands. 2000) \\nich is said to ~ the principal s ign for tr)panosolllosis in the livestock

(Ilcmbade el a/., 1979. Gardiner. 1989). In [ht.' prcsent st ud) 68.91% of the sampled cattle had

the PC\' (%) l aluc <26°0. AfC'\\ori-. 1~1998) at 1)3\\C'. Nonh\\est Ethiopia found 90% oreatt lc

hal ing PC" (~o) laltlc <26°'0. Similar rc..,ult \\1\.., abo found b) ~ I uturi (1999) at r-.,·Ierab Aab~a

(88.9°0) and Oaya (2004) al Ejacho (55.3°'0) in ~outh\\csi Ethiopia. \\'o rk. done at Ghibe in

Southern Ethiopia sho\\ed that fel\ animab \\I.!rc parasitaemic \\hen the PC\' (~o) \\as greater

than or equal to this \alue ( Ro\\ lands ('1 (I/.. 2001). In the present findings parasitaemic

animab had mean PC\' ~~ -8 °0.

Ro\\ land~ £'1 at (2001) also obscf\~d incrca..,t.' In J'( \ \arue \\i lh a decrease in Ihe proportion

ofpara~ilaelTlic samples at Ghibe \alle~ in ~ou tht.'rn Fthiopia. The pr~sent stud) also revealed

a ncgali\c correlation (r O.LJ41) ~h(,\\ II1g a dt.'l.:rl.'a..,c in mcan PC\ lalue \\ ith an increase in

the proponion ofinf~ct~J animal... lhC'fef0fC'. a\\.'fJge PC\' could be better indicator of the

status o f cattle herds. Vanden and ROI\ lands (~OO I) indicated onC' disad\ antage orthe reliance

in mean PCV \alue could be that it is aff~ch.'d b~ 1l1an~ faclOrs other than Ir)panosolllosis.

Ho\\c\t'f.these factors arc lil-.el~ 10 aIT~t.'t hoth tr~ranosomosis pos iti\e and negati\c animal ...

Ihe difference bet\\l.!en mean PC\ 0 1 para"'llat.'mic and apamsitacrnic animals indicatc3 that

[r~panl)!>.l)nlll~13 i ... il1\llhcd aJ\cr~el~ h~ I'l\\cnnt: the PC\ laruc Ics~ than '::6°;0. Ihe 10\\

PC\ \alue in the apara.,ilJernic animal.., miglll Pt.' dUL' 10 the dcla~cd rccO\er~ of ana~mic

~itlHHion alter re(cnt treatment \\]{h tr:ri.1n"..:idal drug", or dll~ ttl compound effecls of poor

Illllrition and hacmalophagll~ hdminlh", inf('..,tallon such as haclllonchosis and bunoslomosis

(AfC'\\orJ.... 1998)

[he (urrcnt in\l'..,tlgallon rc\ eak'J an Incn:a:.t.' 111 Infection rntL~ \\ ith the agc of the cattle and

thi~ obscf\atioll agn:l'''' \\ ith tht. n."' .. uh 01 \1ulun (1999,. lhc dIfference in prevalencc of

lr)pJnosomos is in diOerent age group \\as significant.

I • "' " , . j' ~ ." ~

lr) r:lnn,,"'m')'ii<. In \ hl.'lt~ and Tir,-,<'hn,hall1:1 \ ill:lgt.'" Drug thefJ.p~ ha') bcen Ihe main

~trJleg! lIsed in the P;l',t to con trol tr! paIll1'>llIlH.l<;i":. throughou t I thi opia (Slingenbcrgh

1992b). In pre ')e nt ~tud! the que:,tionnain: ... une! di sclosed that in most cases the

tr!panocidals u\ed lo r treating \\ere purcha"ed from illegal Irader~. This phenomenon is

~ill1ilar 10 Ill\csligalion of questionnaire ~lIn('~ done b) Afc\\ork e/ (I/., 1000. There is a

flourishing blad mar\.;ct and farmerc; can pmcha"c a \ariet~ of tr!panocidal drugs in most

\ illage mark.el tque":.l ionnairc rc:)uit).

To e\ aluale the pro ph! la~tic and curati\ e l.:ara":l1~ of I~ometamedium and curati\e emcac~ of

Diminazene aciturate at -\belt~ and Tirosha"hamJ \llIages longitudinal stud! \\as performed.

' 0 Ir: panosome infection \\as detected lip to 42 da! ... aftcr blan\.;cttreatmcnt. The appearance

o f parasites \\as first ob:..er\ ed on da) 56 after blan\.;et treatment. \\'o rk.s of Habte\\ old (1993)

at \\'ola!ita re\ealed 8.3°0 - 21.9% recurrent injection afte r treatment \\ith Isometamidium

{Ir: pamidiuml (0.5111£ I..g b\\). Cherincl (1996) reponed 21 .2°0 infection on 12 da!s after

cur:ni\e dose {O.5mg k.g b\\ I of tr!pam idlUm. The \'.'apabilit~ of these doses \\ere less efficient

than the present curatiH' and proph~ lactil.: dp~e (I mg k.g b\\) of Isometamidium chloride

\\hich resulted 22 .6 "7% relapses onl~ from da~ 56 up to 84 after lsometamidium Irealment.

fhe current result indicate ... 3 bellt'r protection of Isorne tamitiiulll chloride Ihan that of

\fe\\ orl.. I!l 01. ( ~OOO) \\hich dem,""InslrateJ 13°0 break through infections of \\hich T

l'ongu/t'me coutribut.:d SQt 1.)1' Infe..:th'n \\ Ihlll ~il d;l!" of treatment \\jth proph!lactic do~e

of bometamidium \ IUlllr' 19QQ) re\ C'Jkd ." rl'..:urrent rara"itaemia in four \\ eck.s time after

treatment \\ ith proph! ladi( d0se of mtrl.)dudj(m. \\ hich also indicates lesse r period of

protection than the ellicJI.:! of current d(l:)c c,II",lml.'tamiduim chloride.

~imilar \\ork.s \\ere carried out in the \outll\\t.'"tl·thinpia on the 1l10~t pre\alcnt drug resi'ltanl

tr!panosome spl.' ,,·ie~ (C\ldija t'l 01 Ilj9~ and Il'JI.. l'l (1/ .. 1993). \Iore O\cr rccent field

ob~l'f\ation" in fthi('pia ba~eJ on dl.lned r~"'\pulati(>ll "hl.l\\ed thaI the drug rec;i ... tJm phenot~pe

of Tcongoll!l1\l! had not altered Q\cr a perIod oj ~ ~ear~ ( \lulugetJ t:l al.. 19 '"1 7) and argued

re ... istant strain ... remain resi"lant alter pa""age thr, u~h hebe Ilies ( \10100 and Kutula 1990).

rhe output of the finding ... (,f the elTiI.: a..:~ of Dimlna7ene al.:etllrate re\ caled that Ihe use of the

drug in all ne\\ ca ... e" \\;h ,,1111 eHt~dl\l' ill buth the "'lUd~ \iIl3gl.''' 1 here \\as recurrent

tr:panosome inre~tion In \,)uth\\e .... l I-thll'pi;] \\hl're dru~ re<;i3tant Ir!panosomes against

DiminaLene 31.:l'tur3te \\ a ... repl lrtcd (Ro\\ land" l'1 ,II 200 I J.

6. C'OI'C'L US IOI'

I he current finding indicates tr~ panosomosis as a major disease of li \ cstock produ ction at the

:.Iud) \ illnges. l-\bc1t~ and l ir isha~h<lI'na in Soj..oro di~t rict. Ihe que~tion naire sun e) a lso

n:\ l.!i.Ikd the in:.l\ ailabilit~ of adequate \ I."lcrinar) .,en icc:-. amI in'>uflicil.:m allocation of

Ir~ panocidals. \\ !lich ha\ c fo rced the I i\ t'stod. keepers to u';c adulterated d rugs and non

ethical drug adrnini~tra l ion.

Among all the biting flie::. found. the bCiSC n~ oCthe spccie~ Glo,\,\II/(I III. slIbmorsi l(JIIS can be

considered as the major \ cctor fo r tr~ panosome infection of li\ C:.. IOd: in the stud) areas .

Regarding the Ir~ panosomosis of cattle. the adult male .. \\ ere ItlUnd to be morc susceptible

than adult fcmak" and ~oung ones.

Among tht.' specIes of 71")/JllIIOSOIII1l identified. T collgoleml' \\3'1 found to be more prevalent

Ih • .iIl uther .. pe~:I'-·"_

The mean PC\, \dlue ... indicated an o\ crall poor health \(:tlll.., ofli\ ,-'stod., at both stud) sites.

,\nd th~ tr) pano~ome infection has been found to cau.,e furtha poor condition indicated b~ a

ll1or~ l.kdinc in PC\ \alue., all10ng the inr~ctcd callie.

The pftlph) lac til ('ni~ac) (If ISOllh:-tamidiuill lhh'rid ... at a dlhc.: rate.: of I mg "g b\\. conferred

a protection agilin ... t the mlcdion. \loreo\l·r. adllllnl'ltr.Hion of b llllleHlrnidiuill chloride and

the \ubscqul'nt treatment \\ ith Diminazene aceturale pro\ ided an Increas~ in PC\, during the

1\\0 month period. Dimina7cI1c acetur.J.te \\as clle~tl\e and r.:urati\(, tor I1C\\ cases of

Ir) panosomc infection.

48

•

I. Sirong and :-.u:-.tainahle t''\h .. 'nsinll \\ orb ... hould hI.:' dOIl~ In crl.:'atc a\\ <lrcncss of Ihe

li\cst(.1(k kt . .'~pl.:' rs to \\iscl~ usc.:- cOlnmunal pcl sturC~. fccd cOlhcnal ioll preparation

and ils lIS~. Ihis nwy help to minimi/c thl' dcgr~t' of exposlIn;o of their livestock

from Inl\ ding long distancc:, for s,:.-arch of feed and \\atl'r in Ille iSl.:'tsc habitat.

'1 Attempt slwuld hI.' madt' 10 c\paml Go\er11I1l l'llt and pri\atc \ctcrin<lr~ services 10

st'n c \$'11 Ihe cOllll11l1nit~. which suft't.'r frlllll tr~ panosolllosis. And Sustainable

(OIllJl1l1nl1~ hast.'cI IS('t;..(' and tr~ pano"orno~is (oTltrnl program shou ld be designc.:-d

and Impll'Illt.'lltt.'d

J Ih(' 11\('sIOCk ket..'rI..T'" ... htnlld be ad\lst.:d 10 ,,\oid thl' U"I..' of Ilnn-('thical and

lI1adequall..' do'>t.'s of drugs. \\ hich Illa~ Jt" l..'lop drug-rl.~'>lstancc in tr~ panosomes,

.f. Pracllcal. enmnmical ilml ('11\ IrOllllll'nt fncndl~ heist.' cOll\rol s) "h.~Ill.s like Ihe use

oftargch and 11",-I]1S should bl' \\idcl~ u"t.:d and <-ll.hOCalcd.

5. '\'c\\ t l.:'dlilolog~ of :-;Icnh/t.:d insc,:1 control1l'chlliquc ('-'II) hi.!" promising effeci

III \'.I..'hl..' 1.'(HlIWI IIlIl'l \ l'lltl0n. J hI..' IHdltlldl lhl' 01 thl'o !I..'l'hnolog~ !11a~ bl..'

Ill1pit'Jl1I..'IlIl'd <llong \\llh lHhl'1 con\l'nti\l1laII'OlllfoJ $Plhlll'"

49

9. REFr.nENCES

Abebe G. (1991): The [nt('.'gril) o f the lI~polhalal1lic Pituitar~ Adrenal Ax is in Boran (80s

indiells) Canlc Infected \\.ilh r':l'panosolll(l (,()lIgo/ellce. PhD Thes is. BruneI

l · ni\l..·r"it~ o f \\ c<.,( I.ondon. 1 I\.

Ab~bc G. and J(lbr~ Y ([9(6): Tn pam)<,\\lnia'ii .. · ,\ 1 hrl'HI to Catlle producii0n in Ethiopia

Renl(! \/ec/ ILl. '''- .897-902

Adam. I\..i'-1.G .. Paul. J . and L.aman. \ . (1979): \kd icul and Vcterinal) Protozo log). An

II1ustr3rcd Guide. Churchilll.i\ ing<,torh' hlillourgh and London.

\fc.:\\ork. Y .. Cldll:>l:ll. P.II .. Abl:be. (J .. Iriahull. 0 .. and t\khlttL. D. (2000): t\lultiplc- drug

rc:>ist<lnt Tr~I'(lIIOHlm(l (OI11!tJ/l.'llt"I.· PUPUI,ItIOlb in \ill<lg.~ Lattk 01 i\ktcJ.,.~1 dbtri(.;t.

north\\c')l I-Ihiop ia .. Iutl Trop. - 6: 231 -238.

\ fc\\orl... Y. (1998): Field imc')ligation ... on th~ app~aran~e of drug resistance population of

Ir~pano ... ome:> in \1clcl..lc dl"'lrid '\orlh \\ ~"'I Ilhiopia. \hc Ih esi:>. Addis Ababa

I nl\~'r !~ ilr.J! r":l;': l Jl1\r..:r il.lt [krilll

·\/Ur,1. \ .1\. .. ::'11'IIIllJ. 1'<' 1... .. ')Ingh. B.P. I alllor." "'.1198 [): A note of bod) measurement in

lIarinn3 C('I\\ "e/ Re\ .I. ~ . 181-182.

Baua. B. (2001): lrnpro\cd ~tmtegie, 01 :;u<;lainablt: Ir~parlo~o1ll,>is managemenl \\ithin thc

council o r r~ pm1o'i()mo'ii.., rC'i·,':m:-h and ,r.nlwl l<\rTR. \ 11lllbasa. Ken\a 1999. OA l

h I R( Publicaiton ;"'0. 120. pp. 123 - 130

Bourn. D .. Reid. R .. Roger .... D .. Sno\\. B .. and \\ illi. \\. (2001): rm ironmental change and

the AulOllornou,> ( \mlrol or l "'l'h~ and I r~ pilllosomo..,i<., in Sub-Saharan A hica. Cas~

50

historil.!~ from I:thiopia. rhe' (ialllhia. K{;Il)a. Nig{;ria :llld I.imbab\\c. Enyi ronmental

Research Group o.,lo rd Limitl.!d. O,lo rd. l It<. .

Brighl\\ell. R .. Dransfidd. R.D .. Kyorlll. C. (1991): DI.!\clopmcnt of a low cost trap and

odour-hait!. for Glo~~ina pllflitlJpe\ and G. /ollgipennis in Kenya. Ated. I'e l Ewomo/

5.153-16-L

Bro\\Il. e.G.D .. Hunter. A. G. and Llickin,>. A.G. (1990): Diseases Caused by Protozoa. In:

Handbook on Animal Disease~ in the Tropics (cds: Se\\ell and Brack lesb) . ..Jth cd ..

Baillicn: '1 indall. 1.01100n.

Budd. L. (1999): DFID-fllnded bet!,C and Ir~panosome research and de\cloprnem since

1980. Vol. 2. I::.conornic anal) si .... ;\~ lesford. UK. on 0 Li \ estock Prodlrction.Animal

Health and '\Jatural Resources ~~\tems Research Programmes. 123 pp.

Challier. A. (1965): I\lL'thod for the dctnrnination of rh~sioJogical age of Glo.\\I/1o. Insect

Ph~sio log~ and B iolog~ . 6. 2-11-2 -18 .

Cheri net. H. (1996): 130\ inc tr~pano '~oll1ia"iis in ;..lorth Orno - Pre\alence and assessment of

drug efficac~. Addis Ababa Lni\l' rsi t~. facult\ o r \ 'cterinar. ~1edicine. DV~'1.

the,>i ... Ochre/cit

Clau..,en. P.II. ,\itlibe. I J.,;.abcre. I. and Baller. B. (1992): Dt.'\cloprnent of multiple drug

re.,i~tancc to Irl/l(UlOI(Jfl/Ci "(1//\10/('11\('. In Icbu cattlc under high na tural tsetse f1~

challenge in pa"itoral l onc of "iamort:goun. Burk ina I"a ... o. ;\cta trap. 5 1. 229-236.

Cotljia. \ ' .. \\ul ::l1u. \\ .. \l.lji\\il. P.\ .O .. leal... ~.G.A .. f{ o\\land .... G. J .• Authic. E .. d·l!e rcn.

G. D.p-.l.. and Perc~rine. t\ ';. (1993): I ' pidcmiol(\g~ of Bo\ ine tr)panosom iasis in

the Ghibe \'alle~ . South- \\ c..,t Ethiopia. 3. Occurrence of population of

/I:\pollosomo (·OII.'o!.oit'lIce rc ... i .... tant to Dirnina7cne. !<;orm:tamidium and homodiulll

.'lUll Trop. 53. 151-163.

(0'.1' .1:.(,. (1993): ,\\odern Para..,itlll(Jg~. ,\ Ic,tbook of Para..,itolog). Second I:dition.

Blacb\cll Science I ttl.

51

Dd\a. T.D. (:!OO-l ): Sea ... onal d\lla.l1li l:'" or hehl: 8: Inpano<.,omo., i.., III ",e lected sitcs of . . .

SotHhern Nat ionalities & people ... n:gion (S--': '-PR S). 1::.lhiopia.

d Iteren. G.D . \ I..Aulhk. E .. \\ iso(':q.t\ . \ Iurra.). f.. 1. ( 1998): Tr) panotolerance an oplion for

sustainable 11\l: sloek prood lll:tion in arc~l s at ri sck from I r~panosol1l os i s .OIE

Scint ific and technical Re\ ie\\ .PI' 15-4-1 55.

Eisler. M. C. Brandt. L Bauer. B .. Clalhen. 1'.-11.. Delespaui\. \' .. Hohnes. P.-H .. Ilemobadc.

A.. r.l achila N .. '\ lb:\\arn bC'. IL \IcDermott L 1\ lehlitz. 0 .. j\·lurilla. G .. Ndungu. J.

j\ 1.. Peregrine. A. S .. Sid ibe .. L .. ~ i n:ang\\e. L.. Geerts. S. (:200 1): Standard ized tests

in mice .a nd .... tIIk 1\'1 lill ullt:o...Ihlll of drug Ic~i~ (an~l' in bel ~c lransmilled

t~ panosolllco:; of Afri can d')llll· ... \tl' o..:ank I cf farmifo/. 9 ~ . 171 ·182 .

Erkclens. A.\t.. D\\ inger. R.H .. Be-dane. B .. ":.Iingcnbergh. J. 11 .\\ .. and \\ int. \\ ' . (2000):

Selec1ion of Priorit~ Areas forl ... e«,c Conlrol in Africa: A Decision Tool Using GIS

in Didcssa Vallc:. I:.l hiopia. a.., ~l Pilot Stud:. In . Animal Tr) panosomosis: Diagnosis

and Epidemiolog:. FAD 1\1 \ (llordinatcd Research Programme on the Use of

I mm ll noa~ ... a~ \kthod ... for ImprlHcJ Diagnosis oflr~pano')omo~is and Monitoring

Tsetse and Tr~ P,HlO-;01110-;1o;, ( lntml Prngrammes International Atomic Energ~

A g enc~. Vicnna.~\ lI ... tria

1\0 (:!OOO): }-{lild <lnd \~ri\.·u1tlln: ()r~:lni/~!ti(ln 01' thl: l nitd '-atilll1 .... ~t<lti"'ica l Database .... :

l-ord. J. 11(71): The Kllic {II I r\ n~m{l 1111 t ... , ... an,l I'l't..,,< 1·lieo.; ii' -\ !"neap f--.c\)lpg; -\ Stud~

of the rset ... c II~ Problem. (l't0rJ l ni\cr ... l1~ press.

I·ord. J.. \lakin. \1. J.. and Grimble. RJ. (1976): I r: panosomia,)l,) Control Programme for

Ethiopia \l ini"'lr: nfO\er..,C'a.., Ik'\cloplllcnt (,reat £1 ri13111

Gardiner. :-'" (1989): ReccllI "'llId~ I'll tht' hi(,hlg: 01 I \'I\'U\". Ad\ Para ... uol 28 230·279_

Geerts. S. and Holme .... P.IL (1998): Drug \l anagel11el1 t and para~itc Resistance in BO\ine

Giasg(m. J.P. ( 1963): 1 hI.: Di"tribut ioll and AbundarKI.: or 1 "e:1.,e:. Pe:rgarnon Press. Oxford

Gre:cn. C II. (199 .... ): Bail \kthod" fm 1 "e:he: rl~ CUllirol. "d\ Purm/wl. J .... . 229·275.

Jl ab1C\\ old. T. (1993). Bo\ inc 1r~ p.lllosomiasis III \\'ola~ ita prevalence and assessment of

drug erticac). Addis Ababa Lni\c rsi t ~ . lacult~ of Veterinar) Medicine. Debcrlcit.

DV~11he"i ....

J-Iable\\ old. T. (1997): Communil) based tsetse and tr~ panosolll iasis control pilol programme

lI!i.ing deltarncthrin in l\.on50. Southern Ethiopia. Proceedings of 11 th conference of

Lthiopian \ctcrinar) ,h !i.oci,rtion. ,\ddis Ababa. Ethiopia. pp.50-59.

Hall. H I.H. (198S). Di5I.:<I<:.e: ... and Parasite::. tlf I.i\ec.,tod in the I ropics. ~econd edition.

Intermediate: J'ropical -\gm:ulture Scril.: .... l,l)f1gman. London and 'C\\ Yor\.. .

Jla). ~.1.. Tud.er. C. L Roger::.. D. J. and Pac\..er. ~1. J. (1996): RelllOlel) Sensed Surrogates

tl1 .\1cleoroklglcal Dill,l t()r thc SlUd~ of the Distribution and Abundance of

.-\nhropod \ CClors of DisC'a~,c. ,lmlO/s hop .. \Ied (lml Par. 90. 1·19.

Hoare, C \. (1972): lhclr)pano~l!llliasis 01 \lammals. l3lacb\ell Scientific Publications.

O_,lord.

Ilembalk. A.A and J3U)s. J. (1979l: i,olalion 01 ... trains of r !'imx rC!i.i"'lam against '\Jo\idium

lrom '\,lrthc:rn '\Ige:rhl \1.'1 KI,.· .. 8- . -hl·-tl_

ILRAD (1984 ): 1"C:hC Flk..,· \'e~lOr" on r~pano..,omia'Sis. Vol. 2. '0.3 . pp. 1· .. 1.

ILR.-\D (19S - ): Inte:rnalion31 Llb\lr,lIor~ for Rc:..,carch In ,\nimal Di!>cases. Annual Rcpon.

heren. (,.D.\1.. Alithic I .. \\ Issolq '\.. \Iurra~. \1. (19(8): Tr)panotolerancc an option for

..,u..,wlnilbk It\C "lOcI-. produdi\Jn in an:.I'" at rt ... Irllil tr~pano!>omo'ii ... Oil scientIfic

and lechnical Rc\ ic\\ pp 15 .... -1 "7 5.

li ard. J. (I 9S9) : A frican Animal I r~ panoso illosis. In: Manual o f Tropical Vcterina ry

Par3si tn log). ,. ngli "h J:diti on. C I A CA B Inh; rnation'll. W'll1ingford. UK.

Jac~:-on. C. II. N. (1946 ): 1\11 3rti/ic ial1) i"o1at~d gt:nt:ra ti on of t ~ct sc nics (Diptcra) . ilulf

1~III. Re.\.37 . 29 1 <~99.

13mccha. II.M . (1994): I r) panosomosis re ~ea rch and contro l ill 1:.tl1i opia: An overv iew. 8th

conferencc Elhiop ian \ ('te rinat,) association. Addis Ababa. Ethiop ia. PI' . 11-12.

Langridge. \\' .P. (1976): A I'setsc and I r) panosomiasis SUf\C) in Ethiopia . Ministr) of

Agric ul ture . Elhiopia and Min islr) orO\ e r~cas Dc\clopmctll. United Kingd om

leak. S. G. A .. i'. lu lalu. \\ .. All th ic. I .. d·leteretl. (I .. Peregrine. k. Ro\\ lands. G. J .. Tra il. J.

(1993): I- pidemiulllg) of 130\inc Ir~pano,)olllo.si.., in tht: (ihibe Valle) . Southwest

Elh iopia. I.Tsetsc challenge and i1'. rl;.'lmiollship 10 tr)panosolllc prc\alcncc in cattle :

2. Factors associated \\ ilh variations in Ir~ P<1110..,0I1H:: pre\ alence. incidence of new

infection.., ,:lIld prc\ <l lcnee or recurrent infections. !ClO Tmp. 53. 121-134: 135-1 50.

I t:ak. S.G.A. (1999): -, sChe l3i olog~ and Icolog): -, heir Role in the Epidcmiolog) and

Control ofTr) panl)\ulllo~i.s. CAB Intt:rtlaliunal. \\ 'allingford (U K).

10..,05. G. J. (1986): InlCctiolts 1ropi("al Di"'t'a~t''> of DOl11e'>tic Animal.s. Inlemalional

De\clopl11t:1lI Research Centre. '\C\\ Yorl-..

\\acknnan. K.J .R. (1980): hehe Ir~parw",o1l1iasi.., rdation to the rural ecollorn .\ in Africa ,.

\Iartin. S. \\ ' .. ;-"lce~. A. II.. \\ illeocq!. P (1987): \'t:lcrinar~ I pidet11 iolog~ . Principles and

i'.kthods. lo\\a "tatt: L ni\er"'lt~ I're.s."Atnt:..,.

\IOA. (\995): Ruminant li\er.,loc~ d!..'\clopmenl .. tratcg\ (RID") i'.linistf\ or agricult1lre

(;>' IOA ). ·\lidi::. ,\bah.!. Ilhiupta.

\10100. ~.h and Kutuza. (:lJlJUr I::..'pr..:s~ t \,n 01 re~t~la nc\,; to isomt:taid lutTl and DtminaLcne 111

7: WilKo/elise in Borolla callie infected b) G{O\\illlllllonil/wlce C('lIlroli.l. ,\Cla Trop.

-1 7.79-89.

10100. S.". (1993): The Di,t rihutioll o f Glossina Spl'cic~ and their Na lUra l Hosts.lnseci Sci.

,'I'plic 1·t. 5 11-S:!7.

Morgan. \\ .J.U. (1990): Pathological Change'> in \Ialc Genitalia of Callie Infected \\ ith 7:

l'/nn and T ('()I1golcllce I ('I .luI/mal 1 ~6 . 175-188.

\Iorrison. \\. I.. ~ I urra~. \1. and 1\1c]nt~rc \\.1.\1. (1981): Bo\inc Tr)panosomias is. In :

Disease of Callie in the Tropics. Curren! Topics in Veterinar) Medic ine and Animal

c"l'ience. Vol. 6. London: '\Iartinus '\ ij hoff Pu blisher. rhe Hague . Netherlands.

\ \ulligan. /I. \\. (1970): 1 hI! A friean 1 r\ panosomiasis. Allen and Lim\ in. London NTIICC - .

(1996): :'-.ational T<,clse and Tr~ panosomiasis 1m cstigalion and Con trol Centre

(' nile). Annual Report. 13etldle. Llhiopia.

\Iulugetil. \\. \\ih.cs 1.. :'lulalll \\ .. ~laji\\a P .. \.O .. :"-. lusoJ...c. R .. Peregrine. A.S. (1997): Long

It:nn oc..;u rrence or r cOIIgolclIH'. Re~i'larH \0 Dirninalcne. isomotamidium and

hllrnidiulll in cattlt: <.11 Ghibe ] thiopia. \("Ia. Trap. 6 ~ . 10S-::! 17

\lurrn ~. \1.. \111rrn~. P.". and \\";Int~re. \\ .1.\1. (1977): An IInpro\cd parasi tologica l

Ic..;hniqul! for the diagnosis or \frican tr~panosornosis. Tram R. Soc. Trop. ,\led

/f,'.\!'. 71. 325·316

\lurra~. \1.. Trail. J. C. \1.. I urncr I). A .. and \\ Is,>ocq l. (1983): ·\nima] Ikahh. Li\estock

Pn .. ,JUl".(l\lI~ and lr~panutolcf,lIlee Il.l·\ JLRI 'CI\\~lrJ... Inllnlng Manual. AddIS

\b..lba. Lthi(.lri.1.

\luturi " ~. ( IlJlJl): I:.pidcm iol(\g~ 01 horine oj bonne Ir~ p;1Il0S0rnla"l\ in selected sites of the

'olllHhern rilt \illk~ () j I.thl\lp"1. \ t....: Ihc~I'" /-\tldl'o Ababa Lni\t: rsi t) \\ilh Freie

l ni\CT'>lt<.lt. Berlin.

'antul~ ,I. \\. 1\1 (]lJIJO). I r~ rl<lIlu..,onIli.hI.., In I)OIllf.:~lIC Anllnab. r h~ Problems 01 Diagnos l ~.

He" .\·ci. Iccll q{f. 1111 Epi::. 9. 357-367.

55

'-antlll~~l. \\. :--'1. and LindlJui~t K.J. (19X9): I\ ntigen Detection bll~ me ImmuTloassays for the

Diagnosis of trypanosoma I';\"(n', t cOIlj!.oh'lIce and T. brllcd Infec tions in Cattle.

fro!, \It'd (/1/(/ /'oras ;fOI. -t o. "267-272.

'-LOP (1997): '-alionall i\estock !)..:\cIOpmCnl Pwgrammc. \ l inistr~ of Agricu ltu re. Addis

Ababa. Ethiopia.

'- TTICC (1996): 'alional Tselse a nd Tr~ panosomiasis 1m estigation and Control Centre

(~TnCC). Annual Report. Ikdclle. Llhiopia.

OlE (2002): TRYPA;-'!OSO~IO~I S (t"'(.'he-transmilled). In: \lanllal of Standards for

Oiagnllslic Tc'>ts and \'aLcin.:<;. ~ t • .'Jition. :WOO.

Oluba~o. R. O. and \I ugera G . .'\. (1<)85). P<lthllgene!>i~ of Haemorrhage!> in T l';I'{L\" Infection

in Cattlc. Di.,<;eminated [nlre" a ... clI[ar Coaglilatic'lfl. Bl/II .·111;111 I/'Ii1 Prod A/ri. 33.

211-"217,

Peregrine. A I) (I <)9.-l): Chenh'th:r.lp> and De li\(~n S~ ..,i1;m ... : Hacmoparasites. I 'e /

P(/r(/\ilOI. 5-t . :!23 - 2~8.

Peregri ne . A.S .. \lulatu. \\ .. Leak. 'i ,(j. \ .. Ro\\ land .... G.J. (199-1): Epidemiology of bm ine

tr~pano\ol1lia"i ... in the Ghihc \alk~. Ilhioria' \\ uhiple drug resi<;wnce and efTecli\e

contrnl Thl' Kcn~a \ ·c\. I S. '(19·, - 1

Pun.~. '- II. ":Iha\\.\ P II .. \l<mc\\Jl1an. R \\ BIl\Inl. D \1 l ndem(\(-xi, \1 James. A n, Ha:a \1.J . and I IIi, P.R. (19801: The ~l)..:ial and fL:onomical Impl ications of

Tr~rant1S0mia"'I'" «('Intm!. .\ ~tuJ~ ('If it, Impa":l on Li\e"'lOck Production and Rura l

Dc\clopl11ent in '\Igl'ria \ l~h.'rinar~ I ridemiolog)- and h::ollomics Research Unit.

Unl\er"'lt~ 01 Ih·aJtn!,! . l nitl'd I-.lIll.!dnll1

Roberbon. A (1976): I r~rano .. omJa ... i ... 111 Domcstlc Animals. In: Handbook on An imal

Di .. ea<;es in the rropics. rhird Edition. British Vetcrinar: Association. O\erseas

Di\ biol1. London.

56

Robl:rt son. II. CWO..t): I ," llil~ : (ilov .. inidal: ( hd')C- nie ~). lJiodm.:rvly explorer. Iziko.

j\ lu scu l1l ~ or Capc 10 \\ n. SOUlh Africa.

RO\\1ands. G. J.. Leak S. G. A .. J\:regril1i.'. A. S .. Nagda. S. 1\1.. Mulatu. W .. d· lcteren. G . D.

\1 , (:!OO I ): The incidence or nl'\\ Jnt! thl' pre\aicnce o r n;currcn l Ir)panosomc

infectio n in cank in ~ou th\\l! '> 1 Ililiopia l"posed to a high cha llenge with drug.

re s i ~tnnl parasite . .-lUll TrOI'. 79. 1--19-163.

~eirert . S. II . H. (19C)6): -' ropical Anirna ilicalth. 2nd Edition. Dordrcch. Klu\\er Academic

Pllblisher~ .

~'T. (1996): Intcgr<lIing thl' :-.tt'rilL" insect control to eradicate behe from southem rift \ aile)

of l:.thiop iJ . r\ drafi project doc ument A co llaborati\e programme bet\\ccn

gO\ ernrnt:nt o f I.~ thi opia and the international atomic energ) agenc). Joint F AO/IAEA

di\ i~ion.

<"Iigenbergh. J .1 1 .\\ .(I<)l):!a):Con')olidatlon olt"el.'ie and Ir~ranosol11iasis control in the

Lppa Didessa \'allc~ . ('onsliltan(~ report oflhc hehe contro l Specialist to the fou rth

Li\cstod, Dc\clopmcl1t Proj ect. ,. \0. and Rome .pp.255.

~Iingenbergh. J .11 .\\ .( 1992h): l"<ietsl' contro l and "~riculttlral dc\clopmcnt in Ethiopia.

\\ ari d Anim .Rc\ 7() 71 .JO-J6

">olano. P .. Rcifcnbcrg. J.\1.. Cuisance. D .. Du\allcl. G .. Dc La Rocque S. (2000): The Use o f

peR in the Diagno ... is and 1 pidemiL1lL1g~ of .\nimal ' r~ pallosomosis. In: Animal

rr~pal1asomosis: Diagnosi ... and 1 pidcmiok'g~. 1',\0 IAIA Coordinated Resea rch

Programme on the Lse or Imrnunoa"sa~ I\k thod" for Improved Diagnosis of

'I r)panosornosi~ and j\\oni loring l ... elSe and I r:pal1 osorno~is Control Prog rammes.

IntcrnatllH1al AtOllllC I ncrg~ '\gcnl ~ \ 'icnn:1. ·\u ... tria

')1 .. \,1 l"oiT' .... r.ltllll l':'OU J. Idid ... , !l'u ')l,I\,1 \ I.r::.h J\ .1) 1 ... \1 \\ 1I1I.h·\\) 'J.llJb:;, I. Ln i\ ersil;'

Dri\e Fast College Stalion. l e,a"'.l <,\.

57

I!.!\\olde. N .. Ah(;he. G .. Eisler. 1\1.. ~ \c tJefill ott. L Greiner. I\\.. Afework. Y .. Kyule. M ..

i\ \unstCrillann. S .. Lessin. K.II .. ('Iausen. P.I I. CWOI): App lication of field methods

10 uss\.'ss isornctamidiulll re ~>i~tancC' of tr~panosolll!.!s in call ie in westem Ethiopia.

Acta Trop. 90. 163-170.

Ihru ~jidd. ~I.\ . (1995): Velerinar~ I pidemiolog~. 1"0.1 edi lion. I3 lack\\ell Science. Oxford.

pp. 183.

Ihurust Odd ~1.\' .. C .Onega .[ .dblu::>.J .1> .i'!oordhuLen .K . Frankela (2001): Winepiscope

.:!. 0 :impro\ed epidemiologlical so li \\are for \er~ritlar\ medicine. The \('terinar)

record \ la~ 5 .200 I.

I'ilahun. G. Balcha. F .. Kassa r. Birre·. H. and Ge1l1echu. T. (1997): Tsetse and tf)panosornsis

pilot control at Pa\\e. sellicllllCI1I Talla Bell's \alle~. ~ Ietekel zone region 6 North

\\ ~s t Ethiopia. Proceedings of 13[1' conference of Ethiopian \ eleri naf) association.

\ddis Ahab:l Ethiopia pp 61 -6- .

Tikuhet G. (1993): Tsetse and I r~ pano<;omia"i" \lanagement in Ethiopia. In: Sustainable

Con1l11lmit~-I3a<;ed Pest \\!1nagell1elll for Rural Dc\clopmenl. Proceedings of a

Con ference held on .:!7-28. Septemher 1993 at Africa Hall. Addis Ababa. Ethiopia

ril..ubet G. and Cicrnechu T. (19 84 ): \ltillJdinal Di .... tribution of Tsetse in the Finchaa Ri\er

\ 'alle\ (\\'c'>tern pari of l.thinpia)./lHcCl SCI Apl'lic. S. 389-395.

lllcnher~. (J 11(48)' A hL'ld (illl,k fl'r the ()ia~n(lc:;i-;. I reatrncm and Prc\emion of African

AnimJI Tr~panosol1losis.l· \0. Rome.ltal).

Ln .. jhart. (j. \1. Armour. J . Duncan. J. I . Dunn. A. \1... and Jennings. F. \\'. (1996):

\'e!erjnar~ Para:;i!oJo,l!\ ~ nd editintl BJad\\ell ~cielKe 1.td . .! ondon UK pp. :!1:!· 219.

Van den Bossehe. P .. Ooran. \1. and Connor. R J. (1999): An Anal~sis ofTr:panocidal Drug

l <;e In the I.a-;tern Pm\I IKe 'I /amhla. In: Pro1; l.!eding~ 01 the' International

Scientific Council for 1 r~ pano'>omiasis Research !1nd Control

(ISC I RC ). 2Slh \1ceting held in i\ lomha..,.·.a. "l'n~<l OAl S rRC Publicatio n No. 120

\'andell l3o!:>schc. P. and Ro\\ lands. CU . (::!OO I ). I he rciation shi p bet\\ccn the paras itological

prc \alcncc o f Ir~panosollle injections in callie and helped a\erage packed ce ll

\ olumc, {\ cta I rop. 78, 168··170.

\'rc~ ... en. ~ 1. J. B .. \lcbrate. A.. ;"1enjcta. \1.. BJncha. B .. Wolde)c!:>. G .. i\lusie. K .. Bekele.

K. and \boscl. G, (1999): The Di ... trihutinn <Jnd Rclali\(~ Abundance of Tsetse Flies

in the Southern Rift Valle) of Lthiorin: Prdiminar~ SunC'~ Results. In : Proceedings

of the Inten1<Jlional Scienti fic Council lor 1 r> panosomiasis Rcsearch and Control

(lSCTRC).25'1 \I{'cling held in \l ombilll ... a. Kcn~a. OAU STRC Publication No. 120.

\\alle. R. and Shearer. D. (1997): \ el\!rinar~ I.ntomolog~. Anhropod Ectoparasites of

\'cterinar> Impl1rtnnce. Chamrman and lla ll. London.pr.l~ 1-193

\\ il!-ton. A .J. (1969): \ aluc of the Inscci I luorc"l'cnt Antibod\ Test as Serological Aid to . -Diagnosis of Glossina T ranslll ineu I3ln inc I r~ panosornia!:>is. Trop . ."1111111. HlrhProd

.1. 89·95

10 ANN EXES

Anne:>. 1 questionnaire lor in[en i~\\ ing farmC'rs in the stud) area

I. Lm:at io n alld id c ll tity

\Vcrcda, ________ ~ __ _ PA _______ _

Dat(' ___ ~

Li\cstock o\\n~r ~ __ ~. __________ _ Age ____ Gender __ _

2. Li\ C's toc k ma nagc lll C' llt

2.1. When do) ou start d\\elling in thi s area. \\ hen do you start keeping livestock?

Callie

Small ruminant

Equine _ ___ _

Others (specit\ )

2.2.110\\ do ~ou manage cattlc?

Free gra7ing

Tether ____ _

Stall fC'cd

2.3. \\ here do caHIc gra/C'?

2.4. Location of\\a tering point ___________________ _ _ _

2.S.ln \\hich season li\e<;toc\'" fi:cd is ,l\ailable? ____ _

In \\hich season li\('<;tock feed is scarce? __ _

3. :"lajo r linsloek disca"r <.;

3.1. \\hat are the 1110S1 common li \estock di seases occu r in the area?

60

3.2. Docs Tr)panosomosis occu r in Ihe an.'a? (Yes/ No. olher)

If)cs. hO\\ do )OU ran" rr)panosomiasis \\ilh regard 10 cattle losses compared to

other diseases?

3.2. Which li\cstoc" do('~ I r~panosolllia~i'> mosll~ affect?

C.«lo __ _

Small rumina!1l

Olhers _____ (!>pecif)

3.·1. What sIgn do )OU ob'>ene \\hen \our animal is s ick \\ith Tr)panosomosis?

3.5. In \\hich season \Ionth do li\estoc" get disease

( Ir~ panosomosi:..).

3.6. When does tr~pano ... omo ... i ... "tarted il1lhe area?

3.7. Is IT)pal1osornosis ge tu ng \\orse . beller or unchanged 111 this area since ) OU first

encountered in the an:a')

A. It is get ting \\or .......

B. [t is get ting better

C. It is the same

D. I don'\ "no\\

3.8. Do YOll kno\\ Ihat flies transmit tr~panosomosis? (Yes' ;,!o)

3.9. If)es in \\hieh season momh arc these flie s most abundant?

3.10. \\ 'hen is the tsetse pOflul,nion high?

A. In arc:! clOSe to Ihe Ti\eT

B. In grafc ')chemc

C. In the bu<;h

61

D. In "manna an.:a ....

~. Oppo rlunit) Orlr(':lIIll('1l1 alld U'l' or lr~ panocidal

-l .1 \\ k il l 'i Ihe sourcc and possibihtic .... o f treat mcnt?

A . 'I rad itio nallreatnlelll at homc

B. 13. \ 'eterinar) dinic

C. Smugg lC"rs

D. Olher~ (speeil-) I

~ . :! . \\ Ill) adllllnisiers the.: tr!.'a tmen t'?

r\. Your'iclf

B. Animal health pe.:r .... llnncl

C. Drug smuggler ....

O thers (specif)

~.3. \ \ 'hich kind of drug common I) tN~d in ~our area? (name. t) pe ·color. etc)

~ . ..l. In \\hat quantit~ do ~ou u .. e th!.' drug .... ? (dose .... )

If Bercnil For adult co\\s o r o:...en

If Tr) pamidimn

If '1..1\ idium

For adult CO\\ ... or ow n

Il)r adult 1.:.\\\ .... llr q,en

-l.5. 1l0\\ long ha\t~ ~lltJ bt.'en tJ',in~ r.:.k:h olthc .... e drug"')

A. ~inl.:c 30 ~car ...

B ":>lIl1.:e 20 \ car ....

C. "Ince 10~ear ....

D. SIIlC!.' 5 ~car,>

-l.6. \\ hich drug do ~Oll thinl.. i ... 1110 .... t cffccti\C"

-l - [n \,hat time frcqucn..:) ~ou In:.lI ~our animal in:l ~ear"

Once

h\l) tim{~ ....

r hree time .... _____ _

\ lore tllilll ~ time'

-l.S D~) thc~ cllre alte.:r the .... e treatment-.' ye ............. 0

-l.9. 110\\ much do ~Oll pa~ for trC'almcnlln a ~car fo r tr)apanoillosis?

62

4 10. Do ~Oll treat'?

'\. All ~our allimal~

Il. Onl~ sid animals

C. Onl) O:\!'!11

D. Onl~ CO\\ s

r . Othcrs(spccif~ )

4.11. Do you usc tradi tional trealment methods to cure )our anima ls?

4.12 . Do ~ou thin\.. tr~panosol11osis is t.''\palltling to other nn;a,,? (Ycs"Jo)

I f ~ cs \\ hat are the Ile\\ ar~a ... aftcctcd'.>

). Soc ia eco no mics :

5 1 For \\hat purpo'il" do ~Oll keep li\c,>tnd')

..\. l or mil\" product ion

I hanl.. ~ou

B. For meal production

C. For '>ell

D. For I.lraughting

I or 1ll<1Il1l n:

For do\\ r~

'\aml" of inh.:n ie\\ cr

Dalc

Signaturc

63

Annex 2 Photograp h illustr:ltiol1 of trypanoso lll os is surveY:.It Abelt)' and Tiroshash cma vi ll:t gcs Sokcl ru district Sout hwest Ethiopi:l.

Tsetse habitat at Aoelty Village Sokoru district Southwest Ethiopia in late rainy season Noycmber 2005

Trap positioned at tsetse habitat in Sokoru district Southwest Ethiopia in laIc rainy season . Early November :W05

64

.' ~-.

. , .' .. '-

,;. -,' J .~ •

... . Jf. .... • ' '-"§r:.~ '

. ; ~ , " 60" 'h"" ,. ..... I' . . .;.;

A cow with chronic T. vivax infection at Tiroshashema village Sokoru district Southwest Ethiopia dry season February 2006

.... ,, -. .... ~ , . , . -

A cow with T Congolese disease at Tiroshashcma village in dry season February 2006.

65

I

. _.

I

. , ,-.

Trap p!l~itl ':1cd .' :s.:·~c r:a,",:::~~ l:-Tl:-O~h l,hem.l \illage ~"k(..-u dlst1!lc ':;:;0Ul!J\\C,' Ed"or:a d;: :-CJ~('\J1 In ! chru.1~ :!II 16

II! . \ ~ I

"

ParasJto~l)g.ic;d S{l i~ ;)1 ·\h('ll~ Soh. ·ru lilslncl South\\(,!;:,l !:thlOj1li.1 JaIl'

raJn~ ~CJSO:: I cbruar) :006

" " ,

,

, ' "1 '", . '. '

, . " r ,. ·,' 'r" . , :Ii: '.. ,' j..~ " .. .. . ,-'" " :ai\G.' ,,, ,. , ..

" frap posllioncd at tsetse habitat orTiroshashcma village Sokoru

disti nct Southwest Ethiopia dry season in February '2006.

Helfer wIth T Congolense infection at riroshashcma Village

'\okoru dIstrict South\\c,\t Ethi(1rm <It: SC;l.<;on Fcbnla~ 200n

, Parasitological study at AbcllY village Sokonl district Southwest Ethiopia dry season February 2006 I

Longitudinal study at Abelty village Sokoru district southwest Ethiopia dry season J' cbruary 2006

68

Deploying trap at tsetse habitat of Abelty village Sokoru district southwest Ethiopi~, late miny season >Jovembcr :WOS

Tsetse habitat at Abelty village Sokoru dlstnct ~outh\Vcstl:.thlOpla late ram~ season November 2005 .

69

Sampling from auiricular vein for cross scctiollnl study .. H Abelty Sokoru district Southwest Ethiopi~ IMc rainy season

Discussion made with experienced tsetse personnels to deploy traps on tsetse target sites of Abelly Sokoru district Southwest Ethiopia November 2005

70

,\ lllll'\ . ,. 1.' ''' [ n l CIIIIl: n:gl ... lc I"Ct! hlr cro,>s ~c{.' li on ;J1

I r) panosolll ias i::. J~C\ <licnee Slud)_ in tat: ra in ~ <;cason al

Abe l! \ \I , lliI!.!c '>nl- orll dl ... ln .. ·1 T -y-'-- -- T 1 1~)3~"-O~le s~ l~k;lIl

Anllllal~ \ II 0/ " '0 O\\llCr".I\'lIllC , - 1

I Ababor A ~ I oga

~ 2jDal-s is Dug,, '.';a ! , \I cng islU Gcl:'lchc\\

Slle IliUll!.' SC\ :\ge 1 ( 1\ II I , ~-- - i 0

- . j

" f\ l ilI-c 1 5 0 0 0

" C hc\\ II1S<I 01 5 0 0 0 0 -- .

" KCllu F 10 0 0 ,

0 0 f-- " ,

, ,"sega> e GC llI

S l lld~

t\ bel

Abel

Abel

Abcl I~ ~ \cg<ll "I i--=±- 0 -- 0 0 . -- - 0 , --0 1

o I :' .lema I A 'Goiam · --- -6t\hcba\\ Siltlel<l\\ , .. ~ Dtnha AlGid,

-~

!oi Rashad i\ i3{11"l.:

') Stllfcra\\ DdMlI-c

I~Nas-;-A/r-. t ill-l -0_

I I Dnha NGidl

I ~ I"'l'!.!a\ e (,elnel · -' I, .... uhan A ~allhl

I·' \beba\\ Shllela" -:- '\,hlf!\ \ltll- ,

16 leI-,ll, ",dane

1- DlIIba A (Jldl

I S\bClbor A \ !t I!.!<1 , - --19/ell l1 Ke{lir

~O ',h'l" \ ,\ l il~1 ~ 1 .... Iufaa\\ DC" hal~c

~~."~lI'>C \\ otlk :', 'lin: \ BlIIgli ~.: .\ Bore 1\ \ h,ISd

~5 "lilian \ Sanhl 'f, \ Dub .\ (ji,j,

~' \kIH! I'jlli (,('\<lLhc\\ · . 2loi \l l'ng.l'~h <l \k~fim'

':(1)lnba \ '( lid ,

,0 I !.'~cm<l Ila ~ till \ 1\ Ilore 1\ \ I Il~a

\~ ('l'lm.' \1 (lll,lInnl

A hc~.K CIl1I'>r.;," ___ --:I~· __

Abl'1t\ Me llor 1\ 1 . ~ ---I\bd\\ ·Dillla \1 . ~-

\bdl~K "I< ___ " \ hd\~ lellh~~__ ~1

Abl'l (\ (lew ! M

\lll'll\ Da ... ~e \ 1 .- --\hl'I(~ ~11It!1I 1

\hell\ h\ <1: 11111 11 " " \hl.' ll~ lelJ,a i \11\1~'"

\1

1 \ h:ll\

\ h ... I(~ \he lt\

,\hl'll\

1\ be 11 ~ .\bel!\

\bcll\ \hell\

"uk \1

\ kga 1e ___ 21.,--_ Dolla,, __ +---,,0,,-1_

_lllo ~ile I· Dcrg \ I ~hilllnCl\ \1

'Bu rcl' \1

,\hdl~ '''Iw!<tm;t \1

;\hd[\ Blll-C \1 '-\))1.'1(\

\\'('It

.\ bd!\

\bdt~

.\hdt~

\hdi~

,\ hdl> \hd!\

Bddlll!.! \k 1 • .1

Hn ... ~a

I ) 1111,1

[);tnh\lh.:

\\ola

\\hl"ht"

n')~l

" \1

" 1

\1

,3 \\'clldullU.hd,1 .\ hl.'l\\ ( ,amhda I ),1 ~c

.l lklelcch I Jam"

\1

" " F ,15'CI3Chc\\ 'II nln~1 I .. \bel!\

'Sj f\.ebcdc N'g,lIl1 -l-- .\bd l~ ,6 \hdx' Sillfer;\ \\ \ \hl'll\

,'" Ikdlu 1)<111\1: · . ,S Bdh:ch t\ DUI.1 · ;1) IkJlu 1),1Il\ I.'

\hl·lt\ \1 , ... 11\

\ bl'll\

f, uk

<)heil'm.\

71

" " \1

1

1 0

5 11 0 o 0 1 0 (I (I , o 1 0 (I fI

II (I II

.1 o 11 7 () {I

(J {I

" Ii

(I (I --4 -10 ~ , 11 I 0

" 15

'I

11

" " (I [I

1)

o U

1

o

"

Ii

f1

Ii 11

f1

fI

o n 6 0 u 5 II n ; ,

~:;;t-~ 11 1)

11

,I

o 1)

II

o o

" o o

" " II

II

11

Ii

II (I

II (I

II

11

Ii

11

11

o 1)

11

II

II

f1

II

(I

o II

o o 11

11

o 11

+" II

10 II

11

II

II >

II

" II

f1

II

II +

(I

II 11

(I

(I,_~O_ ;

o

o 0 11 11

~

fI

11

1

PC\

21 ?" --> ---14 29

" . ,

20 ,I 2t)

,

'1

21

,

401(jcbrL'r..tohJ.lllcd I Ahdl\ I~ ok~

4-1 Bedlu Danye - '-

A_be 11>_ J Ihunlcr _

42 lJedlu Danye Abel!>. M it iku

43 Zcnu Kedir A bell\' Dima -44 Mustcfa A/Sa nbi Abel" 1 )1111:1

45 Dilbi AlGona Abel !\ --,'-f' ,-.amlse

46 Dilbi A/Go\\1l Abelt\ Buree -47 Shiferaw Oebal[...e Abel!\ Bob

48 A/Go ;am A/ Oloa Abel!> Marege I I 49 AfMecha A/Glan Ahelt\ _ Megal -

50lA/Mecha A/G lan

i ~bch) Bcki bc j 5 1 Mustcfa A/Sllnbi Ahelt\ (j ure

-" -52 Deharu AlGidl ! Abc!!\ S lIlidc\\ 1 - - <

53 lc![...e Yilllenu Abeln S indc\\

54 Bekle Danye Abclt~ _ klllber

55 Taju AlSa nbl ~bclty_ Boka -56 Sherif AfOuJg~ I_Abel" _ ~JlOrkc ,

57!KcmaJ A/l\loga 1 Abelty Dimll

61 ~~"sl:c' "A"IS,,'o,nbi 62:l<cl11al AIM(l~.1

f §jDc["'1e lbJI)c '"

~ r aju A/Sanbl 6511<cbcdc Nlga!_l~

+-

66'\\'cndimu ASCf.1

671Shcrif A 'Bul(!u

r- 6SITa;u A/S3nbi .,

69 A/Gojam AlDlga ,

70 i\l enr,istu Gc(ach~\\ l

71 Sherif AHlIl ~lI '.

n.Te"cllla Bedlu 73./\ Dula A '(;1L1i

74 Abcbt: SJllfcl.I\\

751"nu\''):mhl -r:~ - -

76,Suli.1n A'S<H1bl -- ---

I 77~A \1 cca :\IGeLm

t-- 7SIi\lustcfa AiSiln}lI 79\11I~ICra ;\/SOlnlli

1-1.0 \tuqcf" A'S:\nhl

S 11])!ltJl ,\ fot!.! --- - - '" S2i:\ufI A 'Bul£!L!

,~ -

S3,\t(l~ICra ,\ 'S;mh.

'~

SS:,\I[)uJa NCr,).

~(),'UII \ Bultcu

Abcl!\ ,

----Abel,\ I t::m~g1\l'

l\ ~lL'_~\ -frenelll Ahel!\ Dim<l

Ahl'I!~ I£.eno Abcli\ .-J~~;o [... c Abeln ',",-ulce - ----·\lld_t: ..J.!i-eno .\ bl,I[\ DIIIl:!. ---

.. \h'-'h\ Das:>c ---~--

Abel!\ ,KlilII SJ

Abcll\ -lli ab!a mu

Abeln --1~~ [...l: Alk'!h 'C~!k Abel;\ J!:;_~~e Ai> I" lIadcf:m, .\1 ,:'. ..... dell .-\ I r,l..'llt:

\111 '~\ " enlist: ---/\"t:I!\ '~Icl!.al ,--Ahel!\ AcblllC -----j\hl'll\ ']o{e

;\hl'!1\ JIJll::J!LO

l\b~I!\ jQ.lS~L /\ht:lt\ iSJllcu tc ---_ .... -Abell\ ·<;!lclcm.l

, I\b :1\ !\ rblllc Ahl'li\ IA.rblllt:

72

,

,

,

I 2 0

I - -

I 5 0 M 5 I ~I 4 I M 4 I ~I ~ 0 M .2 J~ M 7 I 0 M 4 I 0 -M I 3 I 0

,\1 -i 10 1-.2. ,

, i\ I 3 I I ,\1 16;-0-'

" I i 8 1 0 1 ~ 5 0 ~I ~ 0 __ O--,~

I I 6 I \1 \1

\1

\1 \1 \1

\1

\1 .. . .. "

\1

\1

1

.. "

\1

I

'oj

,1

\1

\1

) 5 J~ , " 0 i--, 0

,

,

; 0 i-,'Tj i 3 1_0 _ 5 0 , -

6 0 6 0 -- -6 0

II ,

" . -- ~ +-j ; 0 ---,

1 0 - ,-) I 0 -, 0 , ---, 0 -t, 0

(t

{I

5 0 '-

5 0 , 0 -

()

() , U ,

, " " , U

U

{I I 0 0

0 0 0 - -

0 0 0 -0 0 0

,

0 0 0 - .-

0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0

0 0 0 -{I {I 0

, . ,

0 0 0 ,-

1 0 0 0

0 ,

0 0

oi 0 0 I 0 I 0 0 0 Jo 0 I 0 0 0 - . --{I ~ oJ~ o 0 I 0 o (I

o o o o o o (I

o o u (I

o o {I

U U 0 {I

0 (I

Il

" (J

0

•

{I {I

o 0 ()J-o-' 010 -, (I , {I

o J (I i

o (I

(I

u 0 - -0 (I ---0 0 I , 0 1 0

~ ()

0 0 J " J "

IJ II

U " , (I " n Il

(I 0

0 I) U

"

II U fj 0

, . ,

'6 , , :W ~9:

3h ::'CJ

24'

_.,

,0

"

s

"-uk' \1

~S Sultan ,,"SanbL Abdt\ "r~' aLlc I 89 I3edlu Darl',c Abdl) Biru\... ~ I

90 JNuri A/Buhw Abclt\ Dassc F 91 Sultan A/Sanbi Abo.:lt~ _ ~~:L1d:L \I

92 Tel.de K idanc Abclt~lItc F

93 Able\\ Gcbc't elm Abell\ \Vubc F 94 1Tsedale Zc\\die Abel!\ LCIllIclll r 9S!Abte\\ Gcbc~chu I Abel!\ Kule \1 - , 96,klllal A 'Golam ____ A""b"c",l" 97 Zc\\die Chain: Abell\ ,Aro ;--"1 9S'Abeba\\ Shifera\\ Abch\ ,1\ lcsa\'i F

"

() () () I ()

0 0 0 , ° 0 ° I ° ° , _ <l_ 0 ° 0 , . , ,

1<t·1 _1_°- _~ -I 0

° 0 o I ,

° ' ° 0 0 0

, 0 ° ° ~t- --' ,

I 0 o

~~--

° 0 ()

o 0 1 0

0

u o

I 0

o ' 0

,

99;Abtc\\ Gebc\'chu Abcll\ Tesfa F l O 0 0 0

24 20 --26

~" 10 >' - )

25 19 -

19 15

1001Able" Gebe)ehu Abell' IC hago 1 "1 , 0 I 0 0 ° 20 101 ,Gebre Mohamed Abcll~ IA nbis i'-1 0 0 I 0 0 19

~S;-=-;::~""'----1-':";:;:-:;'-'--~' ~='- -,--'''-~, -. + - !_-"---J_ r' "I 0"2,,, Bo:e:::k:.:1 c:::c:'.h"A-'c'D"u"r"',----+----"A"b"c.::.h ~ i n ga I C F ~ _ 0 _ _0_ . _ .Qi_1 . ..-- II)

f-"JO"J:,:G"c:::b"r.:., ",\1",0"1""",11,,,1 c:'.d,---~---"A"b:'.c-;:II"-\ ----, L omf.! I 0 I 0 I 0 0 2 (, ~I ",I 0"4c.,\;:\-,:'0:crk"u,:,A~ba"""-'---,:-,_-,:A"b",c-cII:.~_.,1,:e"l1",lS,,",,,'"l1c"-l-l ---:""t'---_~ __ _'_I~O:___i j' ~ I 0 ;-o--j-_I S

,1-;:0-o5"G"'o;'b",.:.c-;-\c-IO":I",,".:.'.:.n.:.cdo:-__ .:.A,,b,,c,:-11o.c>_SJ:.:.'.:::"""k,,o'---_--'\;;I,.._. __ ,'. ---:0_'-,,0_,_,,0...,_,,0_----'2.:.':.., I06'Gcbre \lohamcd Abelt\ KClIlis \1 0 0 0 j 0 ~S

~I ,-10:,-7::i=A",b",e"ba::.'::.'=S:-:h:.:,,,fc,,r::,,:c' __ -,A'7b.:.c;:-h~udisc F 0 0 O,_+'-'O'-----L .,., ~.!E!. Zcwdie Chair.£_ _ Abclt~ ---,-f!_~\..~ __ , \1 -I () () 0 _0 _ _ 1_1'

109 Zc\\dic Chairc \b..:\1\ K urll \1 0 () ()! ..9__ ~)

r' -;-1:-1 O"',:"",b",c::ba::',-;'"S,;I"""k"";"":c' __ -,',,\ ,,b::c;:-h)_ ~l_"_'k_'_' __ \ I U 0 0 ._O __ ~l) >--,-1.:.1 "11"A"b",le,,,::., .oG"e"b"'.,:",,,hu"-_--',,,\,,b.:.c,,1I _:.' _"",pc ~u \ 1 0 0 0 0 .,., :,-;-1 :.-1 "",':;z",e-;,,,-=d,,i e;-C;,-,;h::a"i·r.:.< --.-__ -""\,,b::',,1t _,-' _ B u rc .\ 1 0 0 0 ~ 0-3 0

II3:Gcbrc '\lohamcd Abel!\ Dcrcsc ,\1 __ -__. 0 ~ (J ---:0"'+--:0'------'19 L 114,Ahmcd U:.LllaLl Abclt) Shan\..o:-'1 0 0 0 0 20

111SI\l ustcfa A :"Ioga Abelt\ Drlbc F 0 0 ,_-;:0-l,-,,0~--,31 ~Abte\\ Gebcychu Abelt) \~c!lor \1 -----1. __ --'---"0 0 0_----'0'- 2,

\ IcaLl PC\

:\ Il'\\dil..' Challl..' -.-6 h:\\dll: Ch,lIre

71Z('\\dic Chain!

glA \! ol.!a t\ (jar -C) t\ \Ioga \ ( ,nr ....... --

0

()

1(1. \ \ Io!!a \ (,arn . ' II \ \I oga \ (,ar\l

I~ \ \In!.!a \ (,arn . , 13 \ \In!.!;! \ ('<It"l)

~

l--l \ \ loga .\ (,am 15'\ \l o!.!n \ (,;lH\

-~

1(1 \ \I oga \ (,am

h:\\!.hl' Chillrl'

N \k\..a\ (,'";\ I\) \k\.. <1 \ (,I'-;!

~o ~lI1tan \ \<lllh,

~ I \UII:lI1 \ \<lllbi

~2 SUhilll \ \<lnbl

21 "lilIan \ Sanbl

~·l \ullilll \ \illlhl

~~ Il'llIl "l'd'r ~() 11'lHi " l'dll

_ ICI1\I "l'dll

:N II..'IHI ""xiiI' :9/cllu "l'tlir

_,0 \ llIlah \ l3ul.gu 11 \JlIlll..'d \ 011

1:- .klwd \ I..,<lllhi

11.khad \ \<lllh. ~ ! .khad \ 1.."l11hl

;" Jehnd \ \,lIIhl

16 lk·dlu Dall~t: ::; Ikdlll \)all\l,.·

1~Dll'lba A '9id1 19 \)Inba A -"( ,id,

Ahl'll\ r Ort.!ll\ - ; -Abell\ Sl.lrJh

I 1 ;\bd!~ K ulc

Abelt\ Mo"cs

- Abl..'ll~ Kulsa

l\hl'1t~~III~"~L~' __

\ belt\ \..uk

\bdl\ .. K1!.ela

_\heh~ ~nlaJc

\bel\\ DIIl!!ele . --- "-

\belt\ \ 1 ..... llrl'

\hell\ lIirpe

\ he It ~ .13"4l·1' \ bl'll~_B~

\h!'!ll\ Sha .... h l ) --\hl'll\ \\ a'l.hull

\ \11.'11\ \bl..'ll\

B Iil'l11\ I

\ rbllleh \bell\ K.allH ~1..' ~-

\bell\ ,K:ljl..'la

\bl'll\

\hl'll\

\hdl\

\ hdl\

\ bl'lt\

\-'~eI~ \hl'lt\

\hdl\

\ hdl\

\hdl\

\hdl\

\bdl\

D illl:!

(ltlllalLl

\llIlf..u

\kgid Bp\...1

Dall l(Duna

B.'\.. ...

" tlb,,, Jlll{'nl'I'" j);nba

\I 11 I\.. u

\ b..: 11\ \k .... :I\ . ~ -. . -+- Ahc~Da"lc'-c-_+

_ \11\:11) Ii<. k gal

7-1

o o o [) -1> 1 ~ 0 0 ~:\ 0 __ -"-,\I 1

0 0 r--o 0

M \I \I \I \I

1-

\I

\I \I \I \I I \I \I \I \I \I I \I 1

\I \j

\I \I I

_J

-I 4 0 0 4 0 0 , + 0 1 0

11

" IJ ~ () j

IJ

11 j

11

" U

, () \l

\l

1

, 1

"

)

" 7

t '

t "

" o o

" " ()

IJ () (I

IJ 0 --i o ~ 0

o t)

11 \l

" " " IJ

" \l

" \l

\l

I'

" II

IJ

" IJ II

" " " " tJ II

-+-

•

~

1>1 I , i\ I I :!----.l.

U U j

1I~ () .~

0 o 1

0 o _ :.-....

\l

o U

\l

" IJ \l

u \l ()

\l

o o

" " \l

o

" " " " o

() 0

IJ 0

o 0 IJ \) - -r-o ()

IJ fJ f) (t

IJ " () t () \l 0

" " " II

o

o o

II

IJ II

II

II

" U

o

,-

+

17 20 --2·1

; ,

"

20 IX :0

" - ,

10 "-cbell!,.· \, 1!!;lW , , Il jlllnha t\ (illl!

4::!(,chrl' \\1.:1d..:

t- -l~ I:' \ Dub .\ ('IJ O

1-1 ,\ IJ\lla \ ('lin , . -lSI" ])ul,. \ '(11.10

-t6 ,\ Dula .\ (iqo " - -:21!'lIri .. \ Bul~u 48 ""'UrI .\ Bul!!u --I ...

-!2l'uri A Bulgu 50 '\un \ Bul!.!.lI - , ' 51 Ihrahlill \ \kcha ~

5~ leI"c Y ltlK'lIll -I 51, lkk1cc il \ Dura 54,Ciebn.'\\oldl' , 55 (,cbn."\\ o ldc

-56\""'f \ \111", • ~.., \,;J 'iir \ \l ilki 58 Ddb, [ lIk~ ... a ~-

59 Dll b. [ uk ........ ;) 60 kl11al \ (J~~!dln

61.-kl11<11 \ (J~l.Flm

6~. \ ~~IIll;\ Dlga fl' Rl'"had \ B I)h." -()..J.\hcrcga t\ ('\).1.1111

65 "'hcn . .' la \ ~lnjall1 66 \ kn!!t .... \u (iL'lachl,.'\\ -- ~ --6-' Bedlnl \ Cil.l l1 M; lkdml \ ~IIJn

he) Ikdml \ (;1.11)

~O "'llIl~'ril (khan'I,.'

~

L

I I~

"hl'll) Abr.:h)

_~bdl) Abl'l!) \bdl\

t\h(,.'I!~ I\belt\ Ahell)

_/~\bell~ Abel!) \helt,

1 ~ \bclt~

Da,~,ohe 1 I)dllL , ~'\k"ak

f.... :In:llll j - -Ilada la ... ....

Kil le -"ule Shaiama Arhilleh I ,Dale f..;.illll l"l"

-+JII>\) I I ric

-

~

DIIH!.cltc -4- ___ ____

, ,

\1 5 1

1

\1 6 , , , ~I 5

"' .j 4 J- 4

\I ' \I ' \1 :'I

I .1 r )

1

II

G

II

II (I

(I

0 0 II II (I

(I

Il

, II

,

() ()

II I Il (I t II (I

II

II

0 0 0

-

--II II II

Il (I

(I

o~

0 II II

II II

I

II II

II II

II II ~

0 o I II 0 II (I

-I ~

() 1I 0

.:- 0-1-0 0:.

~o

30

--2..t

1

251 ~6

~'\

10

" cl

" -. .~~be~t' -t--::-"I:---l!' i

c"c--_..:J",Jrl'':I \'' ___ \\ 6 I ° (I 1 0...L!W- ",0-+----:2)1

1 0 () 0 3~1 I " Dilrhc \ I () (J + 0 ..: 0 1_ 0 ..... _ ~5 ~ ~

\ 11111o-l' Bllrl'

Duna I\. i IHlli

\kgak \ lan:uc +----;;---tcl - -" ( --i ,CIIi ~ / emlo I lrk \ 1I1 11o-l"

-~

.. '-;ildlll,Ulll'

'-;lndC'

~ha lama '-;hc kill<!

1

\I \I 1

\I

\I 1

(J 0 I 0 0 :!51 , , (I

II

o 1

1 II

II 41 (1

(I

'3 (J

J 4 ,-II

II f

, ,. •

(I

II

, 1 B 1

(I 0

fJ IJ ,-II II

\I

II

f

o 0 ~(l ' (I

(I

(I

Il

II

II

II

II

(I

(I

(I

II II

,.

" --', " - . " - .

, -., \11111:ra It (Jl llr~h ~

.>~ \hhh:l;1 \ \kg.a •

,-\lllllo- li

Ida I\.allll"II

\I \I

\I \I

\I \I \I \I 1

(I

II (I

II (I

(I

" (I " II

Il

II i ~\\ll1"'ldd ,\ \h:g:1

-,I \h'''!cl;! \ \h.:g<l ~5 ... \llI"ld;1 \ \1o:ga -6 \l u"lda \ \kga ..,..., \I U"I L:!;I A \1o:1.!a - - ~

-S.\ l U"ldil \ \1o:ga "'q \ Bore t\ \ k~<l - ~

SO \ Bo n,: \ \ k~a S! f..;.\.,(h, \ f..;. alhl

8~ I\.l'du· \ f..;.al bl ~

83 "l'(h,. \ Kalbl 8..t Kedl r A Kalbl

S5 Kemal \ \keha 86 I aju \ ('I'>a

,-

T J ~

"

"

"

hnalo-\.'

.I\.a.J \.'1<1 .... illHlu"hc I\.allll"(' , ~

(,udi"'l" Bolo-c

\ I ill'l'

(J:II \1

" ,lIlillil \\ ;] " Ihun

,Bani 1 _ \lllllo-c

Bur\.:

75

\I

\I

\I

\I 1

\I

1 ,I ,

f , , , ,

()

(j

" (I

II

° " 0

II

II

II ()

(I -,

II

'" II +

(I

'" (I

o :!I -t --, 01 ~(, --, o 25 ' ~ , 6 T O L o+

6 (J 0 (/ o 26 ;

t-(I

Il

II l-

II ~ (I 0

.1 O.i 0 o f)

j-(, 0 0

II (I

II (I

() -'-'

() 19 (I

II

I-

,-o (] o + O-t

,

N- l alll \ (ih.l '1 •

NN,All1m:d" Oil - .

N91,\llIlIl'd \ ()Il

90( \hllll'd \ (lll

91 \h1ll~d \ Olt t j ~_~i2!~1a \ \\ ·IJI

\_ 9J( Oll "~\ \\ ilJI

94" Uli " \\ 'aji 95i_\ o!t\ \\ all

-/ 4 •

96 \Iohaml'd SlId,tlr

· 98 \ /II1<1h \ Bulgll 99.\\1I"IC/:1 \ \;\nbl

JDillla Ii'. ia !.!ala . ,

~ I \ 1 J ·1 \ t.,anhall'

J 1I11all'

\ Ia!.!ak .- '

I

I

rDim<l \1 -, -

-fK:c' ","ICc" __ '11--"\,-:1_-1 Bokilc F

·1 j

4 I Daha!..' I·

\Ia~al" \1 -' ; <"h .. l"h~ BokL'l' hall\l~l' , -

I

i , 6 1

100, \11I~ldil \ "'al1h~ _~udc (a \1 ~-

5

:: p j o (I

o (I

f) (I

II II

j+r ~ i ()

II

II

,II

~II

o II ()

II

II ()

° ~-

11 o o 11 o

101 t..:cmal _,:..\~.~a_--i_.:.A::b",c"l"t~,--_.c.K"e")"o,,,o,---+\-,I __ --,13'--_cO_-"O'----C,O_ 1 02 Ra"had \ BOrl' ___ .!.A"b",c"l"t~,--;K",,,tI'.cc=-_.;!I(o.,,I'-_--'15 __ p 0 ,0

1(1.1 Da""h;t DIE'lltlla - ' 10-1 \hdMH I..ihlklil

10) \Iu ... tda \ \Ill!.!;} ~ ,

I ()6 "'h.rl'm\\ Ikbalkl'

IO-l\i!nrl' \ \I"gil

I O~, re'l'rna IliI~ Ill! 109 Ddbl \ (Iml -~ -

110 "'hen."", \ Bulg.u 111 /l'lll/l'!ll \lm;!.1 I ! ~ 1':1\ l' Dur;t

1,/l'1IH1 \ \1.,g.1

: 1 \Iu .. tda \ \ill1hl

115. ,)hl'rl'fa\ (1('Jil111

: 16 Dillll I uk ..... ! 11 - Ikkch: Dilll~ e

11 S 'a,," \ \1I1"r 119 Drrb.! \ (,arI1

I~O \ (Ird, \ ("Jrl)

Shl'rl'!-;!\\ ~I \\ (rIH)r!.!." -,- . ~

22 /ellll Kelhr · 2, '\ \1''.~!;1 \ l;Jrt

12·1 \kn~r..,(U t,Ciadh.'\\ · ,-12:' Ik"t.:k ... h \ J)tlrd

12() /elkl;' , 1I1l1:nu

12- lekk Killanl'

i2S \1l'\.,;J \ (11'.,1 r

129 \kka \ (",,<I

I.',() \h (h I tl'" IC 1:) t.: III

, \Iwh ~

\h ... lt\

. \ h ... ll~

'\ht'll\

\belt\ \bf",lt\

\bcl!\

\hell\

\bdt~

\bell\ \bdl\

\Ill'll\ \b ... lt\

\hl'll\ ,\bt.'lt~

\bd!\

\h ... h\

\hl'lh

\ hell\

\hl'll\

\bl'lt\

\hell\ \llLlt\

\hl' ll~

\bdl\

\hl'lt\

\hell\ \helt\

Ch~'l\\()Ill'"

a (iudr,f,,'

Dr! hl' le1ldl)

Dollar t..:anm,e Ku k'l' Dcprk ., Ka nillli Da I I.' Kemhl'

J-\.am .... \.'

Ka1l1l"l'

Gudl~~t.:

Bo~,a

( Il'lt!

Drllla \rhl)\l

'H)[I..'II

Dahak ( Jtldi,,~

BnJ...k

h t.:rrL!

,D11lilll'

Da!":l'

,

\I I

I \\

\I

I \I

I

\1 \

\I \I \I

\\1

\I

\

\I

\I \I

\I

hull'l,; \1

\ rh 1111.' I

..2!0Il)OO 1\1

I> , I

• (,

,-I , , , (,

I

, I>

1

, 0 11 o o o ~

11

" o

" 11 ()

,. ,0 o

" o

o

,

o \I

o o o o 11

II

o Il

Il

\I

o o

" o It

It

It

U

tJ

10

, II

Il ;

Il

o o It

I , {t

o , II

o It

It

" " It

{t ~

II

" Il

Il

" II

I

I (

" Il

Il

" II

II

()

o o

"

o '1 II o o

o (I

tJ ()

~I-ft o II

o "!,

o \I

\I , . ,0 +16

O ,--...;, :--,-;;:):--~

~O li S

, 0

II

1\

(I

o o o {t

o , o It ,. \I

II 1\

It

o o

" +

i-

o o ('

" 1\

1\

IS

20 -., --, ,< ,--1<

, -,-

-III

,8 ,;c, 1 S .-

II 25 I lO~

1_131 A Lillab A Uu1'lI , 132 Gebrc Wolde D33,AlnC\\ Gcbc)ehu , 134 Able\\ Gcbc\ehu

13 5iAbtc\\ Gcbc') r.:hu . 136 Abte\\ Gcbc)chu . 137 Bedlu Dan)e 138 Hedlu Danye lJC) Bcdlu Dall)c

l'j·W:Zc\\die Chairc 14 1jKebcdc NigalU

\ lean P('\"

i\bd!.~ .~ ~

Abl'l(\ Abclt)

~ Abch)

I Abdl~

A bclt~ , Abe ll)

I Cha.g._o_0.!.-- r~ • Ilub It I· 5

Ku lec M 6 Biruk M 6 ITihll ll zcr F 5

-IBoke ~t 7 ,Keno I ~t 6 -,-- -

10 )0 ---t----

I () '27 • • 10 '20 I~ ----t- -

I ~ • -. , {I " 0 (I 1()

'0 I' S • . " ,

0 II 0 0 '9 10 -'2':-0 ' 0 0

0 10 0 10 21 r -

0 0 0 0 29 0 [0 '0 ,~~ ,

'0 0 0 o ::!' , - , , (I ,'I tI 2 ; II :!g 0 24 0 ,-- , • I) " tI ' . _. " 29 II ,--

~:'-X

2.1 ~.

1\11111.:\ 5 Crosst.:l.:lltm.1I If)p'lIl1hOIlHhl" PII..'\aklll.:l' Vdbg,l' Sol-.oru dl ~ l nc SlltLth \\ 1..',,\ I.I lll~

Is ' , - J AnnnUb Age (yr) ~ 0\\ Hcr s Name Stu d) site !HUllt.: Sex

I~ \ /Illah A 011 I. Sh.hhall1.;1 { ' Ihl I ---t'_ , , -

LlIl3b A/Gojalll 'I . Sha~halllil Jibo M 6 ,

11\ Bore A/Fi ta T. Shashamtl GilU I' 9 ,> - 1 ~ iA f\ !oga A/lemal T, Shashama Arbine I' 8

5 iI\ Jc:had A/Jebel 'I. Shashall1il ShaJntlla M 6

6 Lenu A/Bore T. Shashama Bure M 6

7 !\ Zin.b AlMoga T. Shashama Kenttu M 9

R '\ \toga A Jemal T. Shashalll,I Gmilsl' I· 7 , 9 ,1\ Gisa A'Gibc T. Shashalll..l Gobanc r-IO A Jebel A 1\10 a T. Shashama Gudisc IF 9 , I II ,A Bore A/ Fila ,

11 2 rahir A l3i U "' ,6

I ~ I 8

T. S h a -ill a m~!...,cK".,,-i c"I"'_-+"---t"-_ r, Shu>h"m" Dimu

13 Jebel A Bulgu T. Simshama BoJ...ilc ,f\, I ,6 , ," ,6

I rpano~ol1lt.: Spp.

. r~' }v lr~! I) , ,0

I~ 0

10

0

'0

~

()

o

o {J

-

0

0

0

0 " 0

0

0

,0 , '0 , ,0

0 • II

'0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 ..

1 0

0 - ,

0

0

0

0 -0

0

0 ,

,

0

0

0

0

o o

'0 I", JJ ~:I\ Zillau A/Gojam

15 Ge/.all t\ ;"loga

IT. Shasl1am:l Kajcla

T. Sha ... h;llllil floJ...llc ---'

'I ll '~I"a(hll i\ 011 l-

, I>

" --I 6

I f--I' \ Jchad ,\ Jcblc _l_S_·has_h_._"_li~i,,,G,,'b,,,,c::,,,-_+

18 ,1\ Zinab AlDore T. Shashama Kamiso tv! 6

IF 13 tvt 4

:1 9 ;/\ ~lcl.!.a A/Oi a T . Shashama IJ-Iormale , ' 20 ,\ \lo~a r\ 'Gidi IT. Shashama 'Kajcla ~

F , ,--. -21 \ Zlllab A Goiam .[ Sha"hailla Kulanc , ,~-- .~--

.\ Jehad A ,\lilJ...i r. Shashama 1J'llla \1 7 .--. 2"\ /(.!Illl t\ 13ol"(.! \1 (.

(J

(J

(I , ,0

]0 iO

'0

o

"

(I

(j

0

0

io 0

'0 + 0

"

0

0 . 0 , 0

10

0

'0

0

Ii'. I IS 1 ~1

, FI 22"-1'1 :-"-",u r"a",d",I1", "A,-'"O"I',-' _-:'"1,,, "S"h"a:."I",a""""·o,:D",,,I,,c --.t:.:'--t'--- O"--~-::'---' (25 1'\ \lccha A Gisa 'T. Shashaillil l3oh.ilc 10

10 ,II

0 ,0

,I I~ • I 26 ,0cbelc A [3ulgu T Sh'l~hal1l;\ ,JlIlIall.: ()

")' i'\ Lmab S Abadir

2S pinba t\'G:~all! I r --. IAbdulsalam

, lJafi~

,3D ,\ 'Zillab A Go'am t--' l~i\ Bore A/Fita

J

r T.

,I

" S hashilill il llcK"""""",,-,, ~.L~_ Sll.l ... hama \\a i.!,al;l

5 o 6 " ~ . - -

:-.IW:.I\,udd ,t...U h .. ' o.. ,\1 s " ShiiShillllil l3oJ...lI(.! I J (I

---",-13 _ 10 I I': SII<lsllallla Dallbobe -- ---32 A Jehad AJfl. l ilJ... i

,\ Jchad A' t-. l ilki , .~ ~::~:~~~:~ I ~;~~:::~ 1~1 !~ !~ T. Shashalll<l Dalc __ -,i"~~' ~~cj8~~ __ t9_ 3·\ ,\1111<1 A ~ l oga

,L

78

I 0 (I , , 0 ~ ~

I)

" "

I)

I) , 10

0

io 0

'0

0

" .II -, ,0 ;0 , ,0

" "

, "kan

1% PC \ ' ; ~

1, 8 JJO

:!o

131

lis 29

'9 1-

~s , I (.

:;1

" ,-,

h.;, ,-' :X

"

I I

I I; v\ 1' 1ag{1 /\ i\ hlt!:t \ 1 "ilia"hailla Ii'. ldgak I ~ I " 0 10 ,0 0 t I <) I' , ,6 r' "'dam \ Dati" 1 \ha.,I1,III1<1 "-,h'1Ilkll \I ; 0 0 ,0 0 IX , , ,.

\hdlll~dalll ,- .\ [Jati" 1 1 'h'''h'''''''. \I''~'·£r j 1

0

~ j~ --{ , -, )~~ lIna A i\ loga _ r . ~hashall1 a I B9 r;J M ? 0 22

39 \ '-.elam \ Dafi ... I -;ha..,halll<l Dali ... ho I~ ,7 ~IO U 0 ,0 -+26 , ~

10 , IO~a.lU A (ildt , I Slla..,Il:llll<l Bun: I i\ I 6 0 0 U 10 , , ·11 '!llb .\ \l o!.!.:J I Sh,l',haillil Bun; \I 6 0 .0 0 0 2·' + - -i

, -12 1l1\:! \ Iltlah I . \ha"l\alll<l J)"bilk' I I 0 0 0 0 -'() - . -

r:

, , HI:' /lIlab A Ci~ilm -1 1. Shashalllil! K ulalll' 7 ,0 10 10 ;0 " ,-

Shaslwlll(! "

, 1,0 ,-, A Salillll Dali" J (illcil.,,, , 0 0 .0 0

15/ell1l t\ Bore I ~ha..,hall1<1 (IUdl"C , 11 0 ,0 0 2fl

" 16 \ <-ialnm I)afi .. I .... h,l',IMIlU "uke \1 ,0 0 0 0 ,25 , 10

,

17 \ Jl.'liJ.d \ \lil!..1 ""IJa"halna ( , lifO \I 5 (I 0 0 16 I .

-IS/t..'1ll1 \ Hlln.: ""hil~ham<l BlnlU ,

0 0 0 0 ,7 , - ~. , , ,

"C) \tilia \ \ \n!!a --" Sha ... halllil 1 )anbllkl' 1 1 0 0 0 0 " '-.~ -?.QI:" Jl'had \ \ 111\..1 -+'- .... ha..,ham;l nahal\.' I· -15 ,0 0 o --10 ,0 ,

10 o~S--:; I \ "ialam \ Dati ... I ...,ha..,halll<1 J Itll 1 5 0 0 -t-~ ~

. ~

:'2 ., h,had \ \ I ilkl ~ha~llallla \rhlll~ 1 (1 (1 0 11 'X , .,. 5:; \lllla \ \ \(1;;<1 ,,)ha..,harna I-.. i1111 hI.' 0 11 0 11 :'X

• :' I -\ "'<11;1111 \ Darl" I.)ha,halll<! BlIra \I , (1 IJ 11 11 :'fJ

.'5 \ .lchad \ \1111..1 ")ha,,hillll<l \rhllh.: ,

f1 f1 f1 11 'X , 56;\ ~alalll \ Dafi .. 1 I)!la"hillllil Bun: \I 5 () 11 () 0 -'0 -+ I 57 :\ h:had \ \lil)..1 1 "'lhasharna HO"l: , () () () () " ~- , ';;s \ldia \ \ lI'ga ~ha"hall1" Hun.' , (1 11 (1 11 ;()

'il) \ ')"Iam \ Dali, ,)ha"hillll<l ""lI11I"C 11 Il (1 11 11 r

60 \lll\a \ \ Juga '.;h(1' ... h'lI11a Junale , 0 II f1 11 77

61 \ " .. lalll \ Dati" \11;1 .... 11,\111(1 ~"ulal1l (, 11 11 11 " '(.

6~ (JI.'/<lh: \ \loga "iha"hallliJ \bdl 7 0 11 Il f1 '::9

(1) Sullan\ Oji \hasllillna \rbillc I· , ,0 U 0 () 29

, .---\-- J," 1 61 \ "ialam \ 'Dilth -1-1 <.;ha..,hilillil Bun: ,\I -Jl 0 (I --R /J [01.11 PC ,- 166:'

\kall PC\ :'6 I

\11IIt.!' 6. Cross sC':II\IIl;I1II~paIlO~~lIlH)<'IS dl:'Cil,C prC\ il h.'IlCC .. lUd~

1lHlsha :.ham<l Vll l a~c , Soh.oru I) I:.l rll; 1 --,-- -- ,- - -I -1

s Auimal<.;

,,, O" "orsNaono SI"d) " '0 Naone i\go ()r) SO,\ 1-"( \ % ',el 1\"I 'Il __ "",\ t'- c,+lzC"o-,,,.:cu- A---'B"o-r-e'-----1It:T", "S:-l ll--', sC"h-a-m a-j_--;-"G:';u;d~is;e=-1::~:;6~~~~::;:" =--o--__ "'21"'--0"--r- Q 0 1_ Y

~~A Zinab A Goja m 'T Shasham;t Arbinc 10 F 251

0 0 0 0 3 \I uhidi n Ai\ lcca T. Shashalll3 Dale J \1 :1 () fl f)

i-~I:',-:-, ''''J''''''':'''' '''''Ij-'-' -'-'=~-'--.,;,-'-7<;C'h;I" II ;1111 a I) i 1\1;1 :' \ 1 ., 2 ()

-o;",;,-\-!,u~,~,,;a:,-";;,;D::,,,"a,,-' __ -;',--;'.;:h"<lSo:;,,,l<1=I11<1 '\ rbllu: 8 I 2' () 6 lchad A Oli r Shashama ! h ule 5 F 18 0

" " o

" (I

o " " o

i I

~~'~IZ~i~"a~b~'~~:,S~U~I'~I~_:-T~':-,S~'~la~s~ha~'~II,,,-a~I --;-;-J~i b~o~_,--6~-t~'~' -L __ ~'~9~0_,c-U I~-8 .\ Tamam A Dura T Shashama Kamiso 8 \ 1 3:!' 0 0 ()

U Il . -"

9lmab A Sura T. Shasham..l Kc\u \1

lOA 'Tcmam A Dura T. Shasham.:t Sllre J F

_I ~lAnamalll A/ Dura l~~asham~: . ___ -',_:'-'0"--,'.='"'"It",IS:::o.;c":,A.:...,:Do::le:".::, ___ l,-,,,":ihashallhl __ _ _ ,_' _,

-\ Rashad 13 A ·1 cnmm

:-\ Rashad i 4 -\ Tcmam

A Rashad i5 Alcmam

-\ Rashad 16 r\ Tcmam

\ Rashad 1- A lemam

'\ Rashad IS A Tt:mam

IA Rashad

~hash<lllla KallllSO

T. Sha::;hamil Dlriba

Sha.,h<lm a Ku1c

-c'ec'l:cA..:."r"o"n"I':::"'ccll,-=-:-_ r ~ ha:-h J III a S ha I a lila :::0 \ Tam<llll ;\ '(j,\ialll '-;11:1 l;tm J)lbll

- - . ._-- -- , -. _~ \ 1;1111:.\;11 \ (j'~l 1.)11".,1,1111.1 ! (llclSII\,.

; \I

\ 1

8

6 \1

\I , , ~::::\ T<lmam AGo all1 I . Sha~hilillil DlIllil 6 \\ ~ J \ Ra::ihad A Garo l' Shashama,.-'\.:.I:::a",!4"a,,'e~_ ~_ 1-24 A Rashed A 'Garo T . Shasham:1 Kllie 5 ,\1

~/\ Rashed A/Garo !T Shashama File 6 ;""1 ~6.A Rashed A 'Gara .T. Shashama Dalotc ; F

so

19 0 (I II -' ,6 0 0 0 0 ,- --3- --,+-~ ::!_~ I_Q., 0 () 1_ ()

"'1'1 0 I) 0 0 - , . 23 0 ()

o I

26 U t U

:0 () \I

2U 0 1\

)0 0 U

,..., 0 U

29 {) ()

U 1\

~, 0 ()

20 0 t 0

20: 0 0 2;[ 0 0 ,R 0 0

(j

o

U

"

IJ

" " 1\

IJ

o o o

<I

o

\I

" IJ

II II

<I

U

o U

o o

~"lJA ~h l~ I S la ~ lall1 .1 l\ aray.! - - -.

28 A 011 /l aii T . Sh ii Shalll,) Qa lbi:.c 29 AI Oli Jlaj i T , S113 S11:1111 U Gudisc

- I, - i ,

1 - -'? A OIL Ilap , I. 511 :1 :.11:1111, \ dale 5 I, ,,-

30 I\ ' Oli Ila;i T SJla~llaI11 : 1 l3ol-.. i lc 1

, , , , I ,A O il Ilap Burt.:

33 I\ luh id ill N Mccha T. Shasham <l Sura 7 M 34 Muh idin A1t-.,tccha T. Shashama Gudala 3 M 15 :-'I uhidin A/Mcch:l T . <:';ha <;ham!l I Digiti 8 I F 1 , .. 1 " . , , , _,(, l\ \UhldIJl A / M\,:(,;h,1 , [ SIl.L !> hdll ld~ ~.tlt l s\)

i-'3'c-",U"I"' 1",0"A-",/~,,I-cil.;:''-' ___ ',,1',.., .;:S"h"as",'"m"n"l. ~ • D i ma -"3.;:8iU"I:.:' 1 ;:0-,-A:-::"-,-I ,;iI":"I:-_-t-.:-r.,-Sc-'I:"li'-"c-h,-""n,,li.~, Daiela ""7 ___ I \\

1 c.'",' 9~8"n,,' o,-,-,A,:/~::I"i,,' k,,' i ---t;' I.,.,-:oS has h it III a_I D i III i t II 5 I ~ l3ul 0 A/l\!itl.;j ~ Sha~ ha Llli,~' ,---,;D",a",I"a,,,i-l-r_-,6,-_;-.er f .j I ,l3l1 io A t-. l ill... i 'T . :,hll!ihama Kal1li~t.! 6 I

) 1\ 1

6 :-' 1

42 l3u 10 AMi lk i T. Sbash<lll la. CI .:.' ,,'0,,',,11,,""."'" _/--,9'::-_1 F 43 J\ 'Zillab A /Go'am ., Sha!ihama Ku lcc 10 \1 -j ~~~~~~~==4'~~-+-7.~

-i-J \ '7.nab:\ ("jo~:r. Sha"ham", Dimil ~ \1

2 1 ()

Hl ~ ", 0 -- I ,,10 ;1 -, U 11 0 18 0

" 0 --ISO ~4 0 2() (J

~O () 211 0

20. 0 2,1 0

,

, ,

tl ()

° 0 o II -I

II () (I II

()

0 0 0 II

o o II II

1

()

U

0 0 o II Il

II

° u u -,--

° II 27· 0 0 -j.-'

IS 0 II

'I II IJ ,-,

20 0 ° 0 4:' ,\ / Illab A G01:111l -I ~h .. !>hallw .-,-;'"),,,I.:.<.,-,_-:8'::--lI_ :-'1 + 46 AlZinab AIGo am :1. Sha.<.h allla \ K ulan i 7 I_f_' _,_

--, t J:3 j_0_ t _ 0 .\ ()

4- ,'\ Z inab A/Gojam T. Shas harna Danbobc 8 I 21 0 0 0

1 , , , , , , -,

.lq l~\ I :i llah A/Gop m 1 Sha"h;lI 11 a ! Bokih: 9 ~ I -I 211 () 1 , I 50:1\asi r A G idi ' I . Shashama Gudisc 10 F 24 ' 0

- ,

481t\ 'Zinab A ·Gojam iT Sh<l!iharna l3 urec 10~- "'5 0

) I ~ asJru A GJd. T. Shas ha l11a Gudala 8 ~t 30: 0 c5~'~~~"~'~i,~u~A~G~i~d"~i_-_-_-_-':=1~·_.~S~'~l a~'~h~a r~lI~a-~K~a~II~' i~sc~--75-~_~c.e-_ -'-R~-

-:-: --. I---- •

5; \i asinr !\. Gr d l 'T. Slwsl lil llla I IIIUbl' ''' 2-1 1 -+- -.- . _-,

I 54 ' a~lnl A Gidl T. Sha~_h_al_11" iJlI11<1 4- 8 \1 2·\ u

-,5"5t'i\~G"i,,d,-, A':'c:f:::i",,",-_-:T,,,,,S:,:',,,,lil::.haIH<l .-,:U"'o"b"ae;n,,a~_-:9.- \ I ~4 0 I iQ]A ·Gidi AIFita T. Shasha m<l \ \agalc 7 ),1 26' ()

57jA'Gid i r\ Fila I' SbilSI~illllil J_ "D.:.,,,I.:.c_.~-:,- _._ :-'1 ~5 0 58 i\ ·Giu. A Fila I Shas\1allla I\. <lmh\.' 5 I ;0 0 --, --- --. 59. \ (jidi A Fita I Sh;tsh:lI na (JlIdi~e 6 ~S" () -, ,-

.-:6"0,,,: i::,\ -;'G",i",de.i !..A,-,;F",i 'C'iI __ --:oI-::S~It"-iJs"',,ta'!.n~'a, _-,;D,,'."I b",a,-_-="o-__ \ ~ ., - 0 __ 6.!,.::\ l~i: .. g"a.cA"-,,D il-..o T Shil~h3mil l3ur!." .l 1 .,., 0 (1~.~Qi.g~ DII-..{\ <.;1I,,,,h.111I'1 " ,lllli'l" 6 ~.! II (13,1\ DI)..!,a 1\ DIl...o -] Shashalll"l 13o l...a -I \ 1 ", 0 , -. -, t- - - , 64 A Di!!a A Diko T, Shashama :--.taraie 8 I, 25, 0 65,AlZInab A Fogi T. Shashama Dore 8 , ~ I 21. 0

~jA 'Zi nab A Fogi T . Shasha ma Danbobc 6 1 F 1 lUi 0 1

67j \ I.in ab A Fog i ,1' Shashanlil Dllna 5 \I 15 0 , , .-l-'

II o ~ ----

() I H , 0

° 0 ~

II 0 -+ () ()

Il n U (I

Il Il o () II

tl

°

'J

tl

o -,

~-,

I) I)

" U ()

u ° ° II 0 0

-J U Il ~. ,

~5 0 0 1-

J.} 0 0 -,

Il • .,.., () !1 II

I • ~ \I 2· ' Il Il --, -, Il - ~ 1

,- II II -, II

73 1\{famam A/Garu T. Shashama K am isc 7 F 1- 2({jJ_ ° 1 0

81

o o o ()

" ()

U

0 ()

II

Il

Il

II

II

U

o II II

()

o o o () -0 o Il II

" " " II

II

" o II

" Il

0

° 0

II o II II

" II

0

1

, 74 Mohamed /\ /Jetlad T. Simshama Kulc 7 M 18 0 I 0 0 75 Mohamed A/Jehad T . Shashama Dale 6 M 25 0 0 0 0 76: Mohamcd A Jchad 'I Sha~h:lma Gudisc 7 F "71 0 0 , 0 0 77 Mohamed AJJchad 1'. Shashama ) Kamisc 6 F ~..!l..... 0 -1 0 I I) 78 Mohamed A Jehad T. Sha:.hama I 80\.;.ilc - F 29 0 II I 0 II - , - I I 79 Ir-. l ohamcd A J~ll<ld T. Shashallla j D;llati

I 3 I 21 ' ()

1 II Il " xu Mohamed A Jchad 1 Shil~hallla Jibo 3 I, "3 U , U 1...<1.- U I 81 Mohamed N Jehad T. ShaSham.l ! Kutee - ~1 : 25 , 0 I) 'ifr0

, 821r.,t ohamed A 'Gidi T. ShashamJ I Karnise 12 F _ 261-'!..... _0_

1 P . I) I I I 83}vlohalllcd A 'Gidi IT. ShashatllJ Gudise 9 F 27 : 0 0 f) U ,--,

13 0\..ile ! 1 3U~ 0 0 I II II 841Mohall1cd A Gid. T Sha!>h<lllw 1 I,

o : 0 I 85 , ~lohall1ed A "Gidi '1 . Shasham<l KajeJa 6 ~1

I ~9' 0 I)

86iMohamed A 'Gidi , T Shasharnll I Bure 5

1 \J 2- 0 0 II I () i . , S- \ Iohaillcd A 'Gidi T. Sh"., halllil Dale 4 ~I ~5 0 II 0 II - ,

' . -- -" r () () " 88 ~'I ohamcd A 'Gidi T, Sha'h~H11 i: I ~I- 3 -I ~"1, () I S9: /\ .\h,:, .. i\ Di\!il

- ,-' , t -i . Sllo.!>ll;!II!;1 Slli.atu 10 1 0 U 0 II

<)0 A ,\Icca" D, a I . Sha,hama: D,b il ' 8 F 23: I 0 I a 0 . , .. I

91 A J\.lcca A Diga 1. Shashalll 21 Kulani 19 0 0 I 0 92:A \leca A Di a iT. Shasharna. . Bure 27 ' 0 0 I 0 0

r-;9;.:4":A~~"I"e"ca'fA'-CD";ig"a'-'I"TC".;SC'h"a~sl",la,,Il""e_-:De;a"I1"''''''''''''-_-:": __ ~ ___ -:2,,,-6.~. _0---1_ .Q _ >- 0 95 Zinab Aba Jeble T. Shashallla Kam ise 25 0 0 0 0

3~.

,8 I' ,I , .~

"0 , 20

"8 301

'"

0

0 0 I)

0

0

0

° 0

o II

o II

o II o

II

1171Ahllled A Dilbl IT. Shashallla ' Gudala ~_O_j_O ~ ~_ 0 :I18IHusscn A -Dilbi T. Shashama ~ Kanan isa I ~._ L. 0 to_I 0

, 119'A'Bahir A Biva T. Shasililllla Knnw "0 U I 0 ~' « +...,-';==-I--C:---I .::.+-- -I -f-- ~ I l~O:f\ \I oga A LIIi.I T. Shashama ! Homate 0 I I 0 I 0

81

I

, j

I ~ I vVRajad A ~\ a

12~IDflha" I?ilib 123 Jchk' A h)~l - , 1~..I lIu""I.!I1;\ 1\,a~a

- ~- --126iA 131) a ;\ f\ lccha 12711\ Oli A Sura 128 ~Iifta A Sura 1~9 , \ l3i\ a A Olga I ,O! \lifla A linab ~ -

i 1 Shashal1" I Di '~1 I r. Sha<,ha m<l Bun.: . r. ·Sha-,hallla-, Dake I _ ~ ~ha"halllal K!.')(l

I Slm"hama 1)11l1a ,-r Sha-,hilma I l3 o~ de :r. Shashama I· It u

IT. Shasharna Arbine .T. Shashama Ka ir: lu

IT Shashama Glld~_ I,l loh.l1llt:d J<1llf S ~ ,

\ . . . , -I . ' ha:-.hama "-a 'clt: .I lJtJdi~e

Jllllalo

"ule

13~ \\tfla r\ Jchad r. '\hasha1lla ---- -~

I '2.:\luhidlll A TClIlalll l Shasha111<1 I I :\·llllI~~cn ,\ Godu T. Shashama 135 ,\ Il unda S Sadi" T. Shashama Kutec -, 136jA Jebei A 1110~ T.shashama G udise 1

Dima l3o~d

(, llbane

11' Tahir }\ biL!.<I T.shashama -. ... 1,8 Jebel \ l3 ulgu 1."ha')h<l111a ~ ~ -

119 \ Gl'oa \ Gibe Lsha-,hama

I-tO \ I CI1Hl111 A (i1'.Ii111l ._ "ha ... halna -, :"I,.''':l1U

dakl' 1·' !Jlllah \ (~am '1 "h:l"hamil 1.12~ khat! \ (j (1J.illll

113jllus,>clI ,\ Godu l-l-l /enu A 130re

,.". \ Jehel r\ Simet

, "ha..,halll<l "-altll..' -,-'I .sha-,hallla t Ido:.c

I r - I T.sh a~harna, Burl.' ,

- I ......

T .sila"hama B(l"1e - -- ,-,-~( \ )ehad~tI~I~~hashama :-palali ----. 1-''''' \luna \ Jebd [ .sha ... hama' J illi

'.18:\ Bl~ a \ ~hulw .. ;1

, 19 J aiu \ kbel --+-- - --15~dddbl S \btll) 151. \ i3,)r.\ Ilia

152\ ",egil A Diga ~-----'

151\ 11nab .'\ (Iil/O . -1:1~ \ ( l id. \ \I d".

15) \ { .I IlIl\ \ltl" . 1 56 \ \ It)!.!. ... \ !.!odll - -~ .... -157 \ \lct;a \ (ja1"l)

158 \ 111)<1 \ 'dlga

r ... hihhama -,IHlI1~

I .sha"ham <l "- ap::l<I

I.shu:.hama I GlId.-,e ~ -+---~

[ .~hashama I J)",:-",=a_~ T .shastwm<l "-utee

... ha"hama -I "hashama '

-,h<l~halna

-.;hil~Il<lll1a

.I.I_,bn Bn ~tle

Bllr~

11111"~lll'

"-l"Hl

"-il)ela

5

5 6

r \ 1 21

f\ 1 10 \I 21 \ I 2()

I 0 I II J 0

o I)

II II

"

I)

o

° II (I

o J ()

° o o

10 --l 1 2~ __ 0 I II o ~ --0' 0 7 1

" F

5 "I 5 1 -.-1 \1

6

6 1 1-H , \1

5 F ~

9

6

; , <)

6

; 5

\I

\I

1

\1

\1

-J- 1

, \1 \I

\ 1 \1

\1

1 \1

\1

24 24 16 24 21 IS

"

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

.0 I 0 0 -o II o II II

0 0

° o II o

IIIIII ~()

t---'"C':'-~, -,0"--, oj -1h- II 25 I 0 " 0 0

26 4;0 ITI ° 16 0 I) 0 II ,.., 0 0 0 0

"

"

~ +-° I) I OJ 0 o 0 I 0 I . -, () 0 ()

I)

II

,-I)

II II {I

(I

~

,

" II o II ()

II II

" II {I

(J fJ

o I)

II II , o II ~

I) "

II " o " o " o " () ()

" 0

i

I

151.) \ Ra ... lmd A 'garo . T.shashama JlIll"al",C,-,_-,-"_--, 160 .\llIhidm A I\kea ! l.sha"hama I SiIl1i"l' 4

1 _I "' \1 I 26 =}~ I"

JO o II

41) --+-- ---_. - -- ~- ---1 \ R,l-,hat!

161 \ rellHlITl

162. \ Bl~a \ B Ofl'

16\Jalllam A ~a 16·' \ B,II't: \ .:hah~a 1651\ R'J11 A l3i~a

-I .,ll<hl1<lll1a .shasllallla

1 ~hi .... hall1a . , ..J T .... hashama

DribI.'

J....lIlee \\ illlllI

h,l".k

" alllise

8 ' .'

5 6 ,I

6

\1

1 \I ,

~_ \I J 35

° II o 1

o

,0 fI

" " ()

o () o /) () Il

() (I

() (J

166 AlGid; A/Fita T.shasharna Dime 6 M 26 0 I 0 0 167 AlBore A/dure r.shashalna Dalcc 5 M 3S __ 0 0 0 0

- -

168 Nasir A/diga T.shashama Dlribc 4 ~I 3 I 0 0 0 0

169 AGaro A Simcl T.shashama Gudisc 6 ~ I 0--) I 0 0 0

170 A Jebel A/Fog. T.shashil!llu Bure 5 rvl 29 0 0 0 0

171 N.ii Ili,a. T.shashama Dale 4 M 3D 0 0 0 0 172 AlJchad A/Gidi T.shashama Burc 6 tv! 15 0 0 0 0 173 Nutadin A/di T.shashama Dalce 5 M 24 0 0 0 0 174 A Salim A/Dafis T.shashama KUla 4 ~I 21 _ 0 0 0 0 -175 A Rashad A Dilb T.shashama Jila 5 F 24 0 0 0 0

176 A Dilbi Nsura l .shasharna Dima 6 ~I 27 0 I 0 0 177 A Zinab S Adndur T.shasharna Kcnitu 5 F 15 I 0 0 0 178 A/Jelle l A/Fogi T.sha sh arna Kulce 4 M 24 0 0 0 0 179 A/Rashad A meca T.shashama Bure 5 M 26 I 0 0 0 -,

, 180 t\lifla s'\..cmal T.shashama Kulee , M 18 0 0 0 0 181 Jehel AfNaga I T.shasharna Bulc 4 ~I I 23 0 0 0 0 182 Zinctu Ai'Nega T.shashama Dima 6 ~I 30 0 0 0 0 I 83"Jehcl A Bivaa T.shasharna Bun:

, ~I 32 0 0 0 0 ,

-Ka,cic I IS4A'oli S'Abdo T.shashama 6 ,\1 I 30 0 0 0 0

19SA Dilbi A /chabsa T.shashama Jimalc 4 F 22 0 0 0 0 TOI.I PCI ' 4777

I .\lean PC\' ~G I , I I 24.2 I , ,

84

Annex 7 pev (%) Values oftrcatmcllI groups nrcatlk during longitud inal

:study days alter Isometamldllll11 tlJock Ircatlll\,;nl at Abclty v ll lagl..! :Sokoru Ulslnct. Study Auima!s pev valu..: 0'11 on day:, \'CV %

S.No OWllers Nal1le St udy s it e ~rou ) JD No !lallle SC\ A!,.\c (vr) 0 1·1 28 42 56 70 ':,1 31 1 Kcrnal AlMo~a Abchy Trem 01 K<.:o M 3 25 45 38 35 ~:-; 25 ~ <l 23 2 Rashad AlBore Abehy Treat 02 Kule..: M 5 18 19 28 29 29 26 c5 27

3 Daksis dU j!.urna Abelly Treat 03 Cha\\ ornsa M 6 27 30 31 30 27 24 _2 28 4 Abcb,l\\' Shireraw Abelty Treat 04 Gud i<;e F <I 27 25 30 29 31 29 ' 8 28 5 Mustera A/Mega Abeltv Treat 05 Dribe I' 5 30 35 36 J< 31 27 _6 31 6 Shireraw Dcbalkc Abelty Treat 06 I.cndo M 5 28 25 13 31 10 25 ' I 28 7 MBore AlMoga Abelly Treat 07 Dollar M 6 25 33 33 32 26 22 0 8 Teserna I-iayilu Abellv Treat 08 K:llnise I' 2 29 17 22 28 27 25 . 4 24 9 Diebi A/Garo Abelly Treat 09 KuJce M 4 17 27 28 29 ,--, 24 _3 24

10 Sherera Al13ulj.\u Abclty Treat 10 Degilc I' 3 18 17 24 28 ~g 26 5 2J

II Zellll.arn Murad Abc ltv Treat II Kanani F 6 25 35 33 30 28 25 , 28 12 Taye Dura Abelty Trcal 12 Dale M 4 20 27 28 28 27 25 5 26 13 Zeinu AlMo!!.a Abehy Treat 13 K..:misc I 5 35 29 30 29 29 27 I 30 14 Muste ra AlSanb i Abelty Treat 14 Kernis..: I 4 n 311 27 30 26 25 ~ 28 15 Sherelll A/Gojarn Abeltv Treat 15 Kemi<;e I 4 ' 0 36 34 -, ,- 29 28 7 30 !G Dilbi Lu1cs~aa .I-\bcltv Tf(~,!! !6 GudisL" I (, 25 19 IX 15 ,4 31 0 33 17 BeJ...cle Danye Abelly Treat 17 BoJ... a M 5 22 -, :13 30 29 25 " 28 ,-18 Nasir A/Mil ki Abelty Trcat IX GCIU M 7 25 37 28 26 22 24 5 27

19 Driba A/Garo Abellv Treat 19 I) im:l M 4 25 37 32 3 I 25 25 3 28 20 Gidi AlGaro AbcllY Treat 20 Arbivo M 5 25 15 24 28 27 26 __ 3 24 21 Shercfaw W/Giyor -is AbeilY Treat 21 Sorcll M 6 30 28 29 29 26 24 . I 26 22 Zellu KedirAlMo!-!,a A Abclty Treat 22 Daba!e I· 3 19 ,--, 27 -, ,- -, ,- .10 I 27 ,--, AlMoga AlGaro Abclty Treat 23 Glldi!>e I 4 35 26 30 28 27 27 -' 27 24 Mcngistu Gctachew Abe ltv TrC:l1 2·1 1)0J...:\ M 4 40 21 ,--, 24 ,--, 22 . I 24 25 Mengistu Getachew Abclty Treat 25 Kelill M 5 27 27 27 26 25 22 , 25

Total PCV 669 719 746 743 689 639 612

Mean PCV % 2556 2876 2984 29.7 2756 2556 23 t-6

S No Owners Name 26 27 Zelke ' 28 Tekle Kldane 29 Meka AlGisa 30 1-31 32 1Gebre

fSedlu 38 Bedlu

4 '

4:

441TSegaye Getnet 45 Gebre

47 4: 49 1Nuri

Study I Study site l arouD

Abelty Abelty Abelty Abelty Abelty Abelty Abelty

A~ beltv

Abelty Abelty Abelty

ID No 26 27

31 32

Animals name

Dale Kulee

Monyo

33 Kulee Menor ChaDD W ublt Kulee Siruk

Sex F M

F F

M F M M M

rv M

Age T PCV value % on dGlYs PCV %

(yr) ~ U 'U 2~ J 56 7 ' 84 31 25 2 20 20 29

2;

3 4

6 5 7 6 4

18 """"3OIJz ~

20

211 30 29 1 30

3

~ ---m---v 2

31 26

29 27

26 ~ ·i' 21 21 27 :' 22 22 292 2929 23 2 18 18 25 ;' 18 19 26 £ . 25 25 26 2 25 25 ' 1 :; 18 18

20 20 24 1 15 16

27 26 2 22 22 3~ 2U 30 , 29 , ~9 25 20 22 ; 24 L q

29 28 28 , 27 27 28 27 29 : 26 26 31 28 27 2 I 22 22 25 18 22 2, I 25 25

26 25 < 20 20 28 27 2· 28 28

31 29 29 2 , 27 27 31 33 28 2 22 22 29 31 27 : 25 25 29 26 24 2 T 20 20 27 23 26 2 26 26 r l TDtal PCV 1 1 1- -- 1--, 618 674 710 662 648 61 'I 574

6 5 4 6 5

Abelty Abelty Abelty Abeltv

...1Mean PCV % ...1 ...1 ...1 ...1 ...1 ...1 ...1 24 ~ 21 284 26 48 2592 24 5. 2296

study animals Age Dev value % no days S.No Owners Name study si te qroup ID NO name sex (yr) 0 14 28 4 2 56 70 84

51 AlJeble AlMoga T sllasllama Trealm 51 Gudtse F 9 24 26 28 3D 33 28 24 52 Tahir AJ81va T shashama Treatm 52 Olnla M 9 20 16 26 29 36 Tc24 14 53 Jebel Albul u T shashama Trealnl 53 Boklle M 6 24 27 29 3D 30 29 29 54 A/Gisa AlGlbe T shashama Trealrn 54 Gobaane F 8 25 28 28 25 33 25 19 55 NTemam AlGojam T shasharna Trealrn 55 Sekatu F 8 25 26 27 33 36 32 27 56 Z,nab NBore T.shashama Trealm 56 Dale M 6 22 24 26 38 40 35 29 57 A/Jehad AJGa am T.shashama Treatm 57 Kat ue F 8 25 27 28 29 34 25 18 58 Husen AlGodu T shashama Treatm 58 Idose M 8 23 25 26 27 26 24 20 59 Zenu AJBore T shashama Treatm 58 Sure M 6 17 18 27 29 28 25 21 60 A/Jebet AlSlmel T shashama Treatrn 60 Boklle M 6 18 19 26 28 30 25 28 61 AlJehad AlMIlki T shasharna Treatrn 61 dalah F 5 26 27 26 29 31 27 25 62 Mlfla a/Jebee T .shashama Treatm 62 Jltu F 8 18 20 25 27 28 24 20 63 Albllya AlShubesa T.shashama Trealm 63 shanko M 5 27 28 29 28 30 26 21 64 Ta u A/Jebee T shashama Treatm 64 Kaela M 5 24 25 18 18 19 20 15 65 AlDlIbl S/Abdo T.shashama Trealrn 65 Guddlse F 9 25 26 27 26 30 27 23 66 AlBore AlFita T.shashama Trealrn 66 duna M 6 22 24 26 3D 36 31 24 67 AlNe~a AlDI~a T T shashama Trealrn 67 Kule M 9 26 27 28 30 32 27 21 68 AlZlnab AJGOlam T.shashama Trealrn 68 Jlbo M 7 21 22 24 18 18 20 21 69 NBore AlGaro T shasharna Trealrn 69 Boklle M 6 20 21 26 26 27 29 31 70 AlGidl Almllkl T shashama Treatrn 70 Sure M 8 27 28 27 24 26 26 25 71 AlMoQa AlGodu T shasharna Trealrn 71 Hlnsene F 6 24 25 26 26 29 18 10 72 AJMechaa AJGaro T shashama Trcatrn 72 Kevo M 5 25 26 26 28 33 29 24 73 AlBI aa AlDl a T.shashama Trealm 73 Ka ela M 5 28 28 27 29 34 26 18 74 AlRashad AlGaro T shashama Treatm 74 Jlmate F 7 26 27 26 21 24 25 26 75 Muhldm AlMecha T shashama Treatm 75 Sanhke M 4 21 22 25 24 26 24 21

Herd lolal pc ... 583 612 657 681 748 651 554 Mean pcv(%) 2332 2448 26 27 3D 26 2216

~7

study to al1l111aIs Age pcv vatue % no day, S.No Owners Name study site group NO name sex (yr) 0 14 28 42 56 70 84

76 AlRashad Altemam T sllashama control 76 Dnbe F 5 26 26 27 29 34 0 24 77 AlBiya NBore T shashama control 77 Kule M 6 22 23 25 26 29 .8 26 78 Tamam AlBl ya T shashama control 78 Wantu F 4 25 T 27 26 28 30 7 23 79 NBare AlChabsa Tshashama control 79 Bokile M 5 24 25 27 25 28 .8 27 80 AlRI al AlBlva T shashama control 80 Kamlse M 6 18 19 27 26 27 c2 35 81 AlGid. AlFlta T shashama contrOl 81 Olma M 6 15 15 25 28 32 .9 26 82 AlBore AID uta T.shashama control 82 Oate M 5 27 29 26 27 29 . 3 35 83 Nasir AlDlga Tshashama control 83 Dmba M 4 25 26 27 24 29 9 31 84 AJGaro A/slmel T.shashama control 84 Gudlse M 6 23 25 27 25 27 .7 25 85 NJebee NFogl T.shashama control 85 Sure M 5 26 28 29 28 30 ' 0 29 86 Na I bloa T shashama control 86 Dale M 4 22 23 27 26 31 , 1 30 87 A/Jehad AlGldl T shashama control 87 Sure M 6 24 27 28 26 23 ,'3 15 88 Nutadln Aloh T.shashama control 88 Dale M 5 28 30 31 27 27 7 24 89 A/salam AlDatis T.shashama control 89 Kule M 4 25 26 24 17 19 :3 21 90 AiRashad A/mllki T.shashama control 90 Jltu M 5 23 25 27 26 29 : 7 24 91 AJOlebl Alsuta T shashama control 91 Duna M 6 28 31 28 28 30 9 27 92 AlZinab S/Adbadlr Tshashama control 92 Kenltu F 5 27 29 28 27 30 :4 15 93 NJedbe! .AJMecha T shashama control 93 Ku!e M 4 19 71 20 16 18 :2 24 94 NRaya NMecha T.shasharna control 94 Bule M 5 25 27 26 2; 28 ,8 26 95 Mifta S/kemal T shashama control 95 Kule M 3 23 24 26 26 26 ~3 18 96 Jebel N Neqa T.shasharna control 96 Bure M 4 26 28 27 27 31 ,6 23 97 Zinetu N Ne a T.shasharna conlrol 97 Olma M 6 25 26 26 29 33 : 2 30 98 Jebel AlBiya T. shasharna conlrol 98 Sure M 3 17 18 26 28 31 : 2 32 99 Noll S/Abdo T shashama conlrol 99 Kajela M 6 25 26 27 26 26 :.9 30 100 NDlebl Nchabsa T shashama conlrol 100 Jlmate F 4 26 28 28 22 23 ~4 22

Total pcv 594 632 665 642 706 6Q3 642 Mean pcv(%) 2376 2528 266 257 28 24 2772 2568

Owners Name

A Jebcj A,moga

Tahn Arblga

Je-bcl AlBulgu

A Gl~3 AlGIbe'

AlTc-mam A.Go)am

Zmab A,GoJ3m

A;Jehad A:GoJ3m

Hussen N'Godu

Zenu AUorc

AJcbel AtSllne1

A.Je-had t\'mJlIl..t

\Iuna A Jebel

,\. Ol\a A s.hubl\a

Talu ,\.J('bel

A Dthldbl "i'AbOO

\ Bor ,Iv f lIa

.\ ,"ega A{Dlga

AiZlOab AGtllo

A Gldl Ai\'111 1..1

A'Gldll\.'\III].,.1

.\ \lOI!a A/~odu

.\ \Ieca A..GaIO

A.Bl\lI A,h~a

A Rashad Alpro

\\uhldm A, \le~J

A,Rashad A'Temam

,\,111\30 \ Bore

Jamam NOI\3

.\ Bore ,\!I;hah.')

.\ Rita! A 81\.1

\ (lid, .\ f,'a

A BoJc .\ dUTe

\'lbU ,\.dl~a

AG:u-oA,Slmel

A lebel AFoga

'\aU BI}33

A'J.:had AiO,d,

~ul3dln ,vdl

A. ";311m NDafl'

A,Rashad AID'lh

AilJllbl Nsura

A.l,"ab 0;; 'Adndur

.\. kht1 -\. h''''

A, Ra:.had .\ meca

\!11I3 S hemal

Jchd Ali\lJ:il

',"Clu ~ef!a

Jchd ,\iBly33

Aloll ':! \bdl\

,U),lb, A~hJ"'l

Annex -8- List of cattle registered for cross sectional trypanosomas is prevalence study in late rainy season at

e ty I age a oru IS riC Ab It VII S k 0 t . t

000 PC SlUrl) study animals II) Age y V Date of site group name NI) se, (y') ,,' % RX

T sh;bl\ama TrcJlrn Gudlsc " F S 216 26 29'11'05

T shru.hama Trcatm Dlma -, ,- " 9 236 16 2911.'05

T shashama !"rcalm Bol el " " 6 2" 27 29/11 105

T shashama TrtJlm Gooane " F , 17' " 29 I] '05

T _hashama llnlm Sel atu 55 I , '" 26 29] ].105

T shashama Trt31m dalee " " 6 296 " 29 '11'05

T shashama TIc-aim "atut' 5] F , 202 27 29 11/05

T 'hashama Treatm Idose " " , 174 25 2911 1 ' IS

T ~h3shamll Trcmm Bure " " , 220 L8 29'1 1 'O~

T shru;hama frealm BOl-1e 60 M 6 240 19 29/1 1'05

T sh:uhama TrCJlnl Dalall 61 I , '" 21 29 11/05

T ,hashamJ Tre;l1m Jllu 62 F , 243 20 29 II'O~

T ~hashama Trealm ,h;101.. 63 \1 , '" 28 ~9'11 '0 ~

f shashama Tr':.11m t..aJcla " " ; '" lS 29'11 OS

T shashama hCJlm GudlS( " r 9 247 " 29 II 05

T ~hlbh3oma [realm Dlma 66 " 6 26' 24 29 11105

T shashama Tre~11lI Kulce " \ 1 , 290 2 ~ 29 11/05

T 5h~jham~ rle311ll 11100 68 " 6 "' " 29.'1 I lOS

T ,ha,h3oma [ realm 1301..1Ie 69 " , 2.;0 2L 29, 1110~

T ~hash3om3 TreJlm !Jure 10 \1 6 296 " 29 11/05

T ~ha:;hama TI(alm Ihn~l'ne 11 r S "' ~5 19 II i()~

f ,ha:;hama Ilcalm "-e~o ~2 " , 257 26 29 II 05

T ,ha,;hama frCJlm "-JJela ~J " - 247 27 29 II'O~

T shasham.1 Trca!m llmate 14 F , '" 12 29 II 'O~

T shashama Trcalm ~nt].,.e : 5 " , 296 26 19: 11,05

T shashama c,'nllol Dnbe ;6 F , 20S 24 Conlrol J!roup

r ,h:uhama {nnlflll "-u1ce , '1 6 212 " «(lnln,1 ~IOUp

r sh:uhama control Walilu ;'8 1 , 195 " (" ,'nllol j!!<\UP

T <ha;hama ':"1111,,1 bt'~lIc -, " , 210 ,- ({>!lIre'l \!/<lUp -

T ~hashama c,'flu.:>1 "-31111,(' ~:('\ '1 6 '00 .5 CunlrolltTlIup

T shl;ham ~\'nu Da'l' ,

" I 2~~ " C"nul'l )!rOUr

1 shashama .:"nlfol Da)ee " " S 205 35 Control group

T ~h;l;hlma ~'lfItrol D'flbc ~3 " , 198 3L C"ntro( group

T shashama conlrol Gud,sc ", '1 6 200 " Coolrol ,eroup

T sha.>hama wnlrol Bur~ "' " l 215 29 Control J!roup

T ,;ha.>hama conrrol Date 86 M , 205 30 Controll!roup

T shm;hama contlol Bure "' '1 6 210 " Contlol ~roup

T sha.>hama conllol Dalec R8 '1 S '04 " l.onll,,1 group

T ~hll>hama .:onllo1 hula .9 '1 , '00 " Corllm) group

T sha:.hama coo\Tol Jlla '>0 r s 205 " COOlrol ~our

T shashama control DI1I13 '" '1 6 20' 11 Conlrol group T $hashama ~'Ontrol Kemlu 0' F , '" " Control group

1 ,h,,'h:m a .x.>nU.'1 I\.ulec 113 , , '90 14 Conlrol group

r ;;h35h3oma conlrol Bure 'l4 " S 18~ 26 Comrol poup

I ,hibhama lOlllrol "-ulee 9; " J '" " Control,l!roup , .ha,hama cORHol Bule 96 " 4 19, lJ Conrrol J.!roup

r ~hibhJm3 control Dlma 9' '1 b 210 30 Control group

( ~ha""am3 conlrol Bure 9' '1 J '" 31 Conlrol !!.ruup , ~h3!.hama conuol ;':aJc1e '" M 6 220 30 ConllfOl group I )hlbhama .onuol llmate '00 I , '90 " Control )?IOUp

89

Dose Dose in rng/kg milk .•

I 11 , " , LJ , LO , L2

I 14 , " , LO , ,

, 11 , " , 9 , " I 9 , ,

, " 1 " , 9

, " , " , " I 9 , 13 , " , Ll

A nnex - C) "nimal:; lIsed fo r d ru g effi cacy test at A bel!) s ile .

, , , tso lllCl arnid iulll treated & no ne treated

I I I Parasi l I aemlc ,5. An imab A ge Bod) Be for

pev % !Oate of RX :-':0 '0 \\ ners Name Stud) site II) "0 nalll e Sex () r ) '" RX I Kemal A/Moga Abelt,

2 Rashad N Bo re Abelt)

3 Oa~sisa Duguma A be ll\

,4 Abeba\\ Shifera A be ll)

5 i\l ustefa A ~ Ioga Abclt)

6 Shi fera\\ Debal ke Ahe lt)

7 A 'Bo re A Mo ga Abel lL

8 Tesema I la\ ilu Abel l)

9 Di lb i A 'Go re Abclt)

10 Shcrefa A Buluu Abcltl

II :Ze lll zem Mu rad IAbell\

12 T a\ e Dura ,Abel l)

.13 !Zein u A/ Mo ga IAbel ll

,1 4 ,i--l ustefa A Sanbi I A bel t~ ,

16 Dlb ' L I Ab I 115 Sherda r\ G o!am I,\ bel!)

, , u c :;:;a , ell ,1- Bekele Dnll\ e IAbclll

li S INasir A Milki 'Abe h,

,1 9 20

21

" --

Driba AGaro

IA Gidi A'Garo Sherefa\\

G II 1\ o_r,£l~

Zenu Kcdir

Abel!\

Abe l!)

b IA eli\

!Abclt)

23 iA Mo ga A 'Garo IAbe\t,

:-' lc ngis tu 24 Getac hc\\ Abel t~ ,- 8e~eJec h A l)ura IA bc l t~ 1- )

26 ;Ze l ~e Yimcilu IAbelt) , 27 Te~le Kidane Abclt\

28 , Me~a A 'Gl sa IAbclt, '29 , Me~a A Gisa !Abeil,

130 Abte\\ Gebc\chu ,Abe ll \ . -,3 I ,A LUlab A Uul!w Abell\

32 IGebn: WoIJ\. lAbel l',

33 Abtc\\ Gebc\ehu :Abc1t, 34 IAble\\ Gebc\chu IAbell\ ., . ~ ,->, ,r. .. l., , , h '

" 36 Abte\\ Gebe ehu Abel t\

37 Bed lu Dan e Abelt \

01 02 03 04 :05 06 ,07 '08 09 10 II 12 13 14

•

15 16 I' 18 19 20

" " --" - >

24 , -, 126 ,-28 29 30 31 -->-

133 ,3 4

"

Ke, oo rvl , >

Kul cc M 5 C ha\\ o Ell sa M 6 Gudi se F 4 Oribe F 5 Zendo ~ I 5 Dollar M 6 Kami sc F 2 Kulee M 4

Dcg.i le F , >

Kanani F 6 Dale M 4

IKemi se F 5 IKami se F ,4

F 4 , IG d F 6 u Is,:,e

I Uo~a , ~ 1 ,)

Getll 1M 5 UO~a ~1 5 Getu 1 ~1 ,7 ,

s oren \ 1 6 Dabale F 3 (judi ~c I· 4

-~ ' I ~~(:!

h cnu Ii\ I , Dina lc , ~ 1 4 Datee ~ I 7 Kulcc 1M 5 Arbine F 4 Ma ll) 00 M :3 Allbl !)~ If I' > ,Dinblal r 14 Kulee " I '2 Meno r :VI 15 r ' " " --Ilu blt F 5 Ku lee f\1 6

90

155 0 230 0 264 0 268 0 264 0 14' 0 ::!7J 0 100 0 246 0 190 0 203 _10 2-D 0 290 0 IS::! 0 ,

o -- o ::! 50 0 220 0 J64 0 J90 ,0 , ,---, 0

'J02- 0 p, - >- 0

::!~O -.& -164 ,U

,1 90 0 '200 0 --- -

21 0 ,0 195 10 198 ,0

11 86 ;0 ::!O5 0

1105 0 130 0

0 -, -197 o 210 o

25 18 , --, 27 30 28 ' --, 29 17 18 ,--,

'20 ,35

" --

-, '24 26 IS

118

30

11 9

-T-21 25 28 '..,~

.1 8 ,-

i -)

I '

30 00

::W 118 , ( 29

" -,

3011112005 30111 '2005 30/ 11/2005 30 1112005 30 '11/2005 ,30 II J005 --:30 11 .. 2005 30 11/2005 30111 '2005 30 II 2005 30 112005 :30 I I 2005 130 11'2005 30 I I J005

30 II ::! 005 , 30 II '005 -30- 11 ""J005 30- 11 -2005 , 30- 11 -2005 ;30-11-05 ,

-j

30- 11 -05 30-11 -05

130--11-05 ----;

eO-II-O~

30-11-05 COIl !! rot~~

I

, ---J

I

, I

t j

J

38 13edlu Dame Abel!, 38 13iru~ M 6 196 0 21 39 Bcdlu Dan"rc Abel" 39 "I ihUllLcr F 5 188 0 29 40 Zc\\die Chairc A belt) '40 Bake M 7 230 0 26 41 Kebede Nia.atll Abelt, 41 Keno M 6 210 0 27 42 TSC1!a\C Gettlel Abelty 42 Megal M 4 195 0 19 43 lc\,die Chairc Abel" 43 Shasho F 5 204 0 23 44 'Tscga\c Getnet IAbel!\ 44 Shi.u-ut M 5 205 ,0 28 45 Gcbre ~ l ohamed IAbell) 45 D,ber \1 4 200 ,0 24 1-16 TalU A Sanbi ,Abell\ 46 Bol...c ~I 6 194 '0 ,--, 47 IA Gaiam A Diga Abelt' 47 Habtamu ~I 5 215 0 '" - )

48 Tsedale Zc\\die Abell, ,48 Sasho F 4 198 0 ?' -, , 49 ,l\'uri A Bule.u Abel" 49 Sh;ga.e , JI.I 6 1205 0 29 1 SO ilcieh.e Yimenu Abel.) 50 D<1le M ,5 1200 0 27

I I I 1

9 1

Annex -10- Descriptions of Questionnaire Results Conducted During Questionnaire Survey at

Abelty & Tiroshashama Villages of Sokoru District.

No of In terviweed farmers

Description IRe'Donders) Total Tiroshashama

Abelty village villaae Men % 1) Live stock Disease Trypanosomasls black lea 10 10 20 100% Black leg 7 7 14 70% Pasterullons 6 6 12 60% Internal pataslte 5 5 10 50% External pataslte 3 3 6 30% Anthrax 2 2 4 20% Pneumenla 1 1 2 10%

2) Dosage of Trypanocidals lsometamidium correct dose 7 5 12 60% under dose 3 3 8 40% No Idea 2 1 3 15% Diminazene aceturete correct dose 6 8 14 70% under dose 3 3 6 30% No Idea 1 1 2 10% Novidium n,' n,l n,l

3)The main syndoroms of try panosomosis emaciation 10 8 18 90% GeophaQla 8 8 16 80% CenstlpatlOn 6 8 14 70% Abortion 6 6 12 60% loss of appetfte 5 5 10 50% Decline of milk S 3 8 40% Weakness 3 3 6 30% Teanng 2 3 5 25% D,tarrhoea 2 2 4 20% 4) Freequency of treatment 3 times 4 2 6 30%

.t! times 7 5 12 60% SI,me 3 5 8 40% Slime 6 4

~ - ~ 10 50% 5) Treatment opportuntis Farmers them selves 5 5 10 50% smuQQaters 3 3 6 30%

92

I I CU RRI C LU~ I VITAE

I Perso nal data

\lame: Yeshit) ila Amcde Yemer

Date of birth:

\ larital status:

Children:

Rdigion:

Position:

\1cmbership:

Address:

2 Edu(':lIiol1:11 back g ro und

5CpL1956·Junc1960 1-(:

Sept. 1962·June1963 EC;

'epl. 1964-1969June ~C:

Jan.191l7·.luh 19118 rc-

i\larricd

One

Christian

Head. \\'oreda Agricultural de\clopment onicc and team leader

of Animal health sen ices

~Ihiopian Veterina0 A<;sociation.

P.o. bo\. 776 Jimma. Email ~ahoo.061!~ahoo. Com.

~ledihanl.' Alt'm pril1lar~ school .Gccha in the fonner

IIlubabor.

~lasha and \leau SI. Gebriel Junior secondar~ schools.

Gme Hailessilase 1 . high school and \1C1I1I high schools

Achic\cment: ESLCE ce rtificate

P:lrticipatC'd ill Edigel behibret (the so-called development

Though campaign

Achic\cmcnt: panicipa lion Diploma and \leda1.

93

S"p\.1970-Jul) 1971 EC:

ltd) 1974 -MCl~ 197-1 EC:

April 1974.EC

Sep\. 1975 - J nne 1981 EC

Jan.1985 -Ju1~ 1985 EC

April 1985

Jan I 5\·Jan. 30 tho 1994 EC

J imma inst itute of Agriculture

Achievement: Diploma in genera l Agriculture.

Bernevcld Collage o f Agriculture. The Netherlands.

Acbievements Diploma in pig husband!)' and feed

Pro(;cssing technology

I have participated an intcrnalional work shop on integralCd

Animal feed tcchnoJog) as a part of ani rna 1 feed course of

The l3arnc\cld co llage (The Nethe rlands). which \\as held

In United Kingdom.

Kishinove Institute of Agriculture. Moldavia the fonner

USSR. Achievement: Doctor of Veterinar) Medicine

Fries, land Dair~ Training CCllIer. The Nethe rlands.

Achi,e\cmcnt: Diploma in Dair~ husbandr) and Ex tension

Training.

I ha\ e fol lo\\ ed a one-\\ eek international \\ orkshop on

Practical training of dair~ as apan of dair~ trainim! course

Of Fries land dair) training center. \, hich was held in Great

Britain

International work shop on the roll of rural appraisal sma ll

Scale dair) ing and milk processing held at Chana

Achimota lJnivers it). Accra.

Achic,ement: Certificate

Computer training (Word. excel Access) cou rses.

Ministry Of Agriculture. Addis Ababa

Achievement: Certificate

94

Sept.l005 -June2006

2 Work ex pc ri e ll cc

JlIl) 19971 -AlIgcst 19973 EC

Juncl974 - August 1974 EC

Sept. I 982-1\ ltgc~t 1985 EC

Sept.1986-Janlla" 1989FC

Fcbruar) 1989 Jul) E 1994

SCpl.I 995-;\, larch 1995 EC

\priI1995-Atlge~t 1995 I::C

Addi s Ababa Univcristy factllity o f Vcterinary medic ine .

Achivemc nt Msc degree in Tropica l Veterinary Medici ne

Si te manager and field supervisor at Angcr GUlin

Settlcment project. Wellega prO\ ince.

Li\ estock o ffice r Ilararge pro\ ince in Rcl icf and

Rehabilitatio n commission

ream leade r of Animal and fi sher) de\clo pmcnt and

Veterinarian of Nadadedo A \\ raja

lc?alll leader o f Animal and fi sher~ resourCeS Kersa

\\' orceln.

T ~a1ll leader of Jilllllla Zone animal health serv ice.

I cam leader of Ani mal health sen ices ofSokoru \\'orcda.

Ilcad o f Sokoru \\ 'orcda Agricultural dc\ clopmcnt oflice

95

J Rescarc h p:q>crs

Prorh~ la'\i~ of rara~ilic disea~e~ in she-ep. DVt-..l thesis (1989) Kishino\ e institute of

\gricllhllre \l old~l\ia state USSR (unpublished)

T~ehC transmittt:d Tr) panosornosis in A frica current cont rol options in Ethiopia. A paper

presented for the course seminar on current tpopices FVr-. I. AAU. Debre Zeit (un published)

Pre, alcnee of bo' ine Ir~ panosomosis in Sokorll Worcda Jimma Zone. Oromia region South

\\ e~t Ethiopia \ls( thesis (~006). F\ \1. AAL.

~ Lan2Un!!C proficienc~

Amharic read ~po)..cn \\ rinen

Uromic read spo)..en \\ rmen

English read '>poken \\ ritten

Ru-.sian read ~poJ..en \\ rinen

96

12. SIGNE IJ DECLERATION SII EET

I the under s inged, declare th at thi s thes is is 111) ori ginal \\ ork and has not been presented for

a degree in an~ Li n i\cr~it~

'\ ame Yeshitila Amcde Yemcr

Signuillre

Dale of sllbmi~sion

Tlli .. thesi .... i .. subrn itted for c'\uminallon \\ ilh 111) appro\ al as uni\ ersit~ ad\ isor

DrAsokc Kmmlf 8a\ll

11 22/nS/ 2005 AUTH O R Yes:nitil a . ..mede TITLK: l'"l"'evalelJ.Ce Of .,..

~ 1Dosomosj S 70 • .glrgrlJ t?8¥~Ra: . Try DATE O U E I Fl r .... ." ,..... ' .. · - _ · _ · · -- -

1122 ns

2C06

Prevalence Of Bovine Trypano somosis In uokoru 'rioreda ,Jimma Zoo ne, Oromia "'''egione, ..... outh \oiest

Yeshi t ila dllede

0 -1

Dcbrc Zeit, Ethiopia - AAU Institutional Repository

Documents

Transcript of Dcbrc Zeit, Ethiopia - AAU Institutional Repository