CRC World Dictionary of Grasses Common Names, Scientific ...

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CRC World Dictionary of GrassesCommon Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, andEtymologyUmberto Quattrocchi

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Umberto QuattrocchiPublished online on: 26 Apr 2006

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397

C

Cabrera Lag.

=

Axonopus

P. Beauv.

Panicoideae, Paniceae, Paspalinae, type

Cabrera chrysoble-pharis

Lag., see

Species Plantarum

1: 55. 1753,

SystemaNaturae, Editio Decima

846, 855, 1359. 1759,

Essai d’uneNouvelle Agrostographie

12, 154. 1812,

Genera et speciesplantarum

5. 1816,

Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale desSciences de Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. SciencesMathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde Partie:Sciences Naturelles

3,1(2-3): 193, 195. 1834,

SynopsisPlantarum Glumacearum

1: 37. 1855 [1853],

Flora Brasil-iensis

2(2): 113. 1877 and

Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb.

12: 142.1908,

Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington

24: 132, 134. 1911,

Advancing Frontiers of Plant Sciences

5: 1-186. 1963,

Revista de la Academia Colombiana deCiencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales

26(98): 13-23. 2002,

Contributions from the United States National Herbarium

46: 116-134. 2003.

Cabralea

A. Juss., Meliaceae, named for the Portugueseexplorer Pedro Alvares (Alvarez) Cabral (Cabrera), ca.1467/68-ca. 1526, navigator, in 1500 sailed from Lisbonfor the East Indies, landed at Mozambique, claimed Brazilfor Portugal.

Calamagrostis Adanson

=

Achaeta

Fourn.,

Amagris

Raf.,

Ancistrochloa

Honda,

Anisachne

Keng,

Aniselytron

Merr.,

Athernotus

Dulac,

Aulacolepis

Ettingsh. (Pinaceae),

Aulacolepis

Hack.,

Chamaecalamus

Meyen,

Cinnagrostis

Griseb.,

Deyeuxia

Clarion ex P. Beauv.,

Lechlera

Steud.,

Neoaulacolepis

Rauschert,

Pteropodium

Steud.,

Sclerodeyeuxia

(Stapf) Pilg.,

Stilpnophleum

Nevski,

Stylagrostis

Mez

A reedy grass, from the Greek

kalamos

“reed” and

agrostis

,

agrostidos

“grass, weed, couch grass.”

About 230-270 species, temperate regions. Pooideae,Poodae, Aveneae, or Pooideae, Poodae, Agrostidinae,perennial, bunchgrass, leafy, unbranched, herbaceous, erector ascending, rhizomatous or stoloniferous or caespitose ordecumbent, tufted, flimsy to robust and glabrous, some-times reedlike, auricles absent, ligule an unfringed mem-brane, long and linear leaf blades, plants bisexual with

narrowly paniculate inflorescence, dense or lax panicle openor contracted, bisexual spikelets compressed, plumoserachilla extended beyond the single floret, spikelets 1-flow-ered and narrow-lanceolate, spikelets breaking up above thepersistent glumes, hermaphrodite florets, awned orunawned, awns straight or sharply bent or geniculate, 2glumes more or less equal or subequal, lemma membranousto coriaceous, palea present, 2 free and glabrous membra-nous lodicules, stamens 3, ovary glabrous without the apicalappendage, 2 plumose stigmas, cleistogamous or chasmog-amous, native pasture species, can be invasive, some speciesvaluable sand binder, marshland fen, wet woodland, coastalsand, in shade or in open habitats, páramos, punas, hybrid-ization, a difficult genus often included in

Deyeuxia

, speciespolymorphic, type

Calamagrostis lanceolata

Roth, see

Familles des plantes

. 31, 530. Paris 1763,

Tentamen FloraeGermanicae

1: 34. 1788,

Ess. Agrostogr.

43-44, 160. 1812,

Principes Fondamentaux de Somiologie

27. 1814,

Obser-vations sur les Graminées de la Flore Belgique

126. 1824,

Conspectus Regni Vegetabilis

50. 1828,

Reise um die Erde

1: 456. 1834,

Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda

2:414. 1841,

Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum

1: 101. 1854,

Flore de Département des Hautes-Pyrénées

74. 1867,

Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissen-schaften zu Göttingen

19: 256-257, t. 2, f. 7. 1874,

Mexi-canas Plantas

2: 109. 1886,

Sitzungsberichte derkaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien. Mathe-matisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Classe. Abteilung 1

102:135, 147. 1893 and

Repertorium Specierum Novarum RegniVegetabilis

3(42-43): 241-244. 1906 [1907],

PhilippineJournal of Science

5(4): 328-330. 1910,

Botanisches Archiv

1(1): 20. 1922,

Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb.

246: 169 1925,

Journal of Japanese Botany

12: 18. 1936,

Botanische Jahr-bücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzen-geographie

74: 19. 1947,

Journal of the WashingtonAcademy of Sciences

48(4): 117-118, f. 2. 1958,

Grassesof Burma

…395, 397. 1960,

Feddes Repertorium SpecierumNovarum Regni Vegetabilis

63(3): 229-251. 1960,

Darwin-iana

19(2-4): 404-412. 1975 [Z.E. Rúgolo de Agrasar,Novedades en el género

Deyeuxia

Clarion (Gramineae)],

Botanical Magazine

89: 99-114. 1976 [Chromosome num-bers of the genus

Calamagrostis

in Japan.],

Darwiniana

21(2-4): 417-453. 1978,

Taxon

31(3): 561. 1982,

Turunyliopiston julkaisuja

-

Annales Universitatis Turkuensis

,

Sarja A II, Biologia-Geographica

3: 1-12. 1982 [also

Ann.

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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398

Calamagrostis Adanson

Univ. Fenn. Abo., A

3: 1-12. 1982],

American Journal ofBotany

71: 285-293. 1984,

Parodiana

4(1): 73-95. 1986,

Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Come-nianae, Botanica

33: 51-55. 1986,

Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow &Leningrad)

73: 294-295. 1988,

Willdenowia

18: 243-252.1988,

Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad)

74: 1671-1673.1989,


76: 1331-1332.1991,

Cytologia

56: 437-452. 1991 [Cytogenetic studies onsome Kashmir grasses. VIII tribe Agrostideae, Festuceaeand Paniceae.],


78(4):36-47. 1993,

Flora Mesoamericana

6: 240-241. 1994,Xenia Villavicencio,

Revision der Gattung Deyeuxia inBolivien:

eine taxonomisch-anatomische studie… 1-304.Berlin 1995,

Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea

7: 51-52. 1995,


81(5): 98-101. 1996,

Flora Mediterranea

8: 251-262. 1998,

Opera Botanica

137:1-42. 1999,

Am. J. Bot.

86: 1-16, 17-31. 1999,

Am. J. Bot.

87: 591-596. 2000,

Am. J. Bot.

88: 1058-1064, 1065-1070,1863-1867. 2001,

Am. J. Bot.

89: 346-351, 642-654. 2002,

Am. J. Bot.

90: 85-92, 270-277, 364-369. 2003,

Contribu-tions from the United States National Herbarium

48: 191-227. 2003,

Am. J. Bot.

91: 1147-1153, 1333-1344, 2004-2012, 2013-2021. 2004,

Am. J. Bot.

92: 422-431. 2005,

Ecography

28(1): 37-48. Feb 2005,

Molecular PlantPathology

6(2): 99-111. Mar 2005,

Oikos

109(1): 187-195.Apr 2005,

Oikos

109(2): 239-254. Apr 2005, Erwin B.Adema, Johan Van de Koppel, Harro A. J Meijer and Ab P.Grootjans, “Enhanced nitrogen loss may explain alternativestable states in dune slack succession.”

Oikos

109(2): 374-386. Apr 2005,

Global Change Biology

11(4): 564-574. Apr2005, The Professional Geographer 57(2): 185-197. May2005, Global Change Biology 11(6): 869-880. June 2005,Conservation Biology 19(3): 955-962. June 2005.

SpeciesC. sp.

in English: reed grass

C. alba (J. Presl) Steud. (Calamagrostis alba subsp. tri-cholemma Roseng., B.R. Arrill. & Izag.; Calamagrostisarmata (Döll) Parodi; Calamagrostis armata var. subcon-tracta (Döll) Parodi; Calamagrostis montevidensis Neesvar. armata Döll; Calamagrostis montevidensis var. subcon-tracta Döll; Deyeuxia alba J. Presl; Deyeuxia alba subsp.alba; Deyeuxia armata (Döll) Parodi).

Southern America, Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil. Perennial,lemma glabrous, palatable, useful for erosion control, com-mon on sandy fields, see Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 248.1830, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 249. 1840,Flora Brasiliensis 2(3): 55. 1878, Revista Argentina deAgronomía 16(2): 68-70. 1949, Revista Argentina deAgronomía 20(1): 14. 1953, Gramíneas Uruguayas 26-27,f. 4. 1970.

C. alba (J. Presl) Steud. subsp. tricholemma Roseng., B.R.Arrill. & Izag.

Uruguay, Brazil. Perennial, silky lemma, see GramíneasUruguayas 26-27, f. 4. 1970.

C. amoena (Pilg.) Pilg. (Calamagrostis filifolia (Wedd.)Henrard, nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis filifolia Merr.;Calamagrostis filifolia (Wedd.) Pilg, nom. illeg., nonCalamagrostis filifolia Merr.; Calamagrostis trichophyllaPilg.; Deyeuxia amoena Pilg.; Deyeuxia filifolia Wedd.).

South America, Philippines. See Bulletin de la Société Bot-anique de France 22: 178. 1875, Botanische Jahrbücher fürSystematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie27(1-2): 28. 1899 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systema-tik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42: 60, 67.1908, Mededeelingen van’s Rijks-Herbarium 40: 61. 1921.

C. amoena (Pilg.) Pilg. var. amoena

Southern America.

C. amoena (Pilg.) Pilg. var. festucoides (Wedd.) Soreng(Deyeuxia festucoides Wedd.; Deyeuxia filifolia var. festu-coides (Wedd.) Rúgolo & X. Villavicencio)

Southern America. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique deFrance 22: 178, 179. 1875 and Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 48: 193. 2003.

C. ampliflora Tovar

Peru. See Memorias del Museo de Historia Natural “JavierPrado” 11: 16. 1960.

C. angustifolia Kom. (Calamagrostis purpurea subsp.angustifolia (Kom.) Vorosch.; Deyeuxia angustifolia(Kom.) Y.L. Chang, nom. illeg., non Deyeuxia angustifoliaVickery)

Russia. See Gram. Unifl. Sesquifl. 219. 1824.

C. arundinacea (L.) Roth (Agrostis arundinacea L.; Agros-tis arundinacea J. Presl, nom. illeg., non Agrostis arundi-nacea L.; Arundo montana Gaudin; Arundo sylvaticaSchrad.; Calamagrostis haenkeana Hitchc.; Calamagrostisparviflora Rupr.; Calamagrostis pyramidalis Host; Calama-grostis sylvatica (Schrad.) DC.; Cinna agrostoidea P.Beauv.; Deyeuxia arundinacea P. Beauv.; Deyeuxia arun-dinacea (L.) Jansen, nom. illeg., non Deyeuxia arundinaceaPhil.; Deyeuxia montana P. Beauv.; Deyeuxia pyramidalis(Host) Veldkamp; Deyeuxia sylvatica (Schrad.) Kunth; Dey-euxia sylvatica (Schrad.) Vasey, nom. illeg., non Deyeuxiasylvatica (Schrad.) Kunth).

Asia Minor; Europe. Perennial bunchgrass, vigorous,tufted, unbranched and glabrous, erect and slender to stout,creeping and short rhizomes, leaves linear and scabrous,inflorescence a contracted panicle, awn geniculate andstout, useful for erosion control, usually in open meadows,open habitats, rocky range, slopes, see Species Plantarum1: 61. 1753, Tentamen Florae Germanicae 2(1): 89. 1789,Flora Germanica 1: 218, t. 4, f. 7. 1806, Alpina 3: 19. 1808,Icones et Descriptiones Graminum Austriacorum 4: 28, t.49. 1809, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 44, 147,160, pl. 15, f. 11. 1812, Flore Française. Troisième Édition


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Calamagrostis Adanson 399

5(6): 253. 1815, Révision des Graminées 1: 77. 1829, Rel-iquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 238. 1830, Beiträge zur Pflan-zenkunde des Russischen Reiches 4: 36. 1845, The Grassesof the United States 28. 1883 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb.24: 185, 371. 1927, Acta Botanica Neerlandica 1(3): 470-471. 1952, Blumea 37(1): 230. 1992, Taxon 49(2): 243.2000.

C. arundinacea (L.) Roth var. sciuroides (Franch. & Sav.)Hack. (Calamagrostis sciuroides Franch. & Sav.)

Asia. See Enumeratio plantarum in Japonia sponte cres-centium. 2: 600. Paris [1873] 1875-1879, Bulletin de l’Her-bier Boissier 7(9): 652. 1899.

C. aurea (Munro ex Wedd.) Hack. ex Sodiro (Calamagros-tis ligulata (Kunth) Hitchc.; Calamagrostis longiglumaPilg.; Deyeuxia aurea Munro ex Wedd.; Stylagrostis longi-gluma (Pilg.) Mez)

Ecuador. Páramos, see Nova Genera et Species Plantarum1: 145. 1815 [1816], Bulletin de la Société Botanique deFrance 22: 176 (perhaps 156), 179. 1875, Anales de laUniversidad Central del Ecuador 3(25): 481. 1889 andBotanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichteund Pflanzengeographie 42: 71. 1908, Botanisches Archiv1(1): 20. 1922, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 24(8) 372. 1927.

C. avenoides (Hook.f.) Cockayne (Agrostis avenoidesHook.f.; Deyeuxia avenoides (Hook.f.) J. Buch.)

New Zealand. Useful for erosion control, see Handbook ofthe New Zealand Flora 330. 1864, Indigenous Grasses ofNew Zealand 11. 1880 and L. Cockayne (1855-1934), NewZealand Department of Lands Report Botanical Survey Ton-gariro National Park 35. Wellington 1908 (Survey of theTongariro National Park [Dept. of Lands N.Z., C.-11, 1908].Botanical reports to the New Zealand Department of Lands.1907-1929).

in English: mountain oat grass

C. bogotensis (Pilg.) Pilg. (Calamagrostis nuda (Pilg.)Pilg.; Deyeuxia bogotensis Pilg.; Deyeuxia nuda Pilg.)

Southern America. Páramos, see Botanische Jahrbücher fürSystematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 25:712. 1898, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflan-zengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 27(1-2): 29. 1899and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge-schichte und Pflanzengeographie 42: 60. 1908.

C. bolanderi Thurber (Calamagrostis varia Bol. ex Thurb.;Deyeuxia bolanderi (Thurb.) Vasey; Deyeuxia bolanderi(Thurb.) Scribn.)

U.S., California. Swamps, see Geological Survey of Cali-fornia, Botany 2: 280. 1880, Bulletin of the Torrey BotanicalClub 10: 8. 1883, The Grasses of the United States 28. 1883.

in English: Bolander’s reed grass

C. boliviensis Hack. (Calamagrostis heterophylla (Wedd.)Pilg.; Deyeuxia boliviensis (Hack.) X. Villavicencio; Dey-euxia heterophylla Wedd.)

Southern America. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique deFrance 22: 177. 1875 and Repertorium Specierum NovarumRegni Vegetabilis 6: 156. 1908, Botanische Jahrbücher fürSystematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42:64. 1908.

C. boyacensis Swallen & García-Barr. (Calamagrostisweberbaueri Tovar)

Colombia, Boyaca. See Caldasia 2(8): 302, f. D. 1943,Publicaciones del Museo de Historia Natural “JavierPrado.” Serie B. Botánica 32: 3. 1984.

C. brachytricha Steud. (Arundo sylvatica Schrad.; Calama-grostis arundinacea subsp. brachytricha (Steud.) Tzvelev;Calamagrostis arundinacea var. brachytricha (Steud.)Hack.; Calamagrostis brevipila Steud. ex Miq.; Deyeuxiaarundinacea var. brachytricha (Steud.) P.C. Kuo & S.L. Lu;Deyeuxia brachytricha (Steud.) Chang; Deyeuxiabrachytricha (Steud.) Veldkamp; Deyeuxia sylvatica(Schrad.) Kunth; Deyeuxia sylvatica (Schrad.) Vasey, nom.illeg., non Deyeuxia sylvatica (Schrad.) Kunth; Deyeuxiasylvatica var. brachytricha (Steud.) Rendle)

China, Japan, Russia. See Tentamen Florae Germanicae2(1): 89. 1789, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 189.1854, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 7(9): 652. 1899 and S.Liu (1897-1975), Claves plantarum Chinae Boreali-orien-talis 492. [Beijing] 1959 [Index of Latin plant names: pp.623-655], The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 27(2): 220.1984 [1985], Journal of Japanese Botany 76: 231-236, f.1a-d, f. 2, f. 3. 2001.

C. breviaristata (Wedd.) Pilg. (Calamagrostis variegata(Phil.) Kuntze; Deyeuxia breviaristata Wedd.; Deyeuxiamutica Wedd.; Deyeuxia variegata Phil.)

Southern America. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique deFrance 22: 177, 179-180. 1875, Verzeichniss der vonFriedrich Philippi auf der Hochebene der Provinzen Anto-fagasta und Tarapacá gesammelten Pflanzen 83. 1891,Revisio Generum Plantarum 3: 345. 1898 and BotanischeJahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflan-zengeographie 42: 66. 1908.

C. brevifolia (J. Presl) Steud. (Deyeuxia brevifolia J. Presl)

Southern America. See Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 248.1830, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 249. 1840.

C. brevifolia (J. Presl) Steud. var. brevifolia

Southern America.

C. brevifolia (J. Presl) Steud. var. expansa (Rúgolo & X.Villavicencio) Soreng (Deyeuxia brevifolia var. expansaRúgolo & X. Villavicencio)


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400 Calamagrostis Adanson

Southern America, Bolivia. See Boletín de la SociedadArgentina de Botánica 31(1-2): 125. 1995, Contributionsfrom the United States National Herbarium 48: 194. 2003.

C. breweri Thurb. (Calamagrostis lemmonii Kearney; Dey-euxia breweri (Thurb.) Vasey)

North America, U.S., California. See Geological Survey ofCalifornia, Botany 2: 280-281. 1880, The Grasses of theUnited States 28. 1883, Bulletin, Division of AgrostologyUnited States Department of Agriculture 11: 16-17. 1898.

C. cabrerae Parodi (Deyeuxia cabrerae (Parodi) Parodi)(named for the Argentine botanist Angel Lulio Cabrera,1908-1999)

Southern America, Argentina. See Revista Argentina deAgronomía 15(1): 59, f. 3. 1948, Revista Argentina deAgronomía 20(1): 14. 1953.

C. cabrerae Parodi var. aristulata (Rúgolo & X. Villavice-ncio) Soreng (Deyeuxia cabrerae var. aristulata Rúgolo &X. Villavicencio)

Southern America. See Boletín de la Sociedad Argentinade Botánica 31(1-2): 126, f. 1. 1995, Contributions fromthe United States National Herbarium 48: 195. 2003.

C. cabrerae Parodi var. cabrerae

Southern America.

C. cabrerae Parodi var. maxima (Rúgolo) Soreng (Dey-euxia cabrerae var. maxima Rúgolo)

Southern America. See Parodiana 4(1): 106, f. 3a-e. 1986,Contributions from the United States National Herbarium48: 195. 2003.

C. cabrerae Parodi var. trichopoda (Parodi ex Rúgolo)Soreng (Deyeuxia cabrerae var. trichopoda Parodi exRúgolo)

Southern America. See Parodiana 4(1): 107, f. 3f-k. 1986,Contributions from the United States National Herbarium48: 195. 2003.

C. cainii Hitchc. (for the American botanist Stanley AdairCain, 1902-1995, botanical collector (1920-1937 SouthernAppalachian Mts., Smokey Mts., Indiana, Tennessee),author of “Dale J. Hagenah (1908-1971): an outstandingMichigan botanist.” Michigan Bot. 11: 60-66. 1972, Foun-dations of Plant Geography. New York 1971. See J.H. Barn-hart, Biographical notes upon botanists. 1: 297. 1965; J.Ewan, editor, A Short History of Botany in the United States.119, 121, 122, 128, 130. 1969; Stanley A. Cain and G.M.de Oliveira Castro, Manual of Vegetation Analysis New York1959.

America. See Journal of the Washington Academy of Sci-ences 24(11): 480. 1934.

C. calderillensis Pilg. (Deyeuxia calderillensis (Pilg.)Rúgolo)

America, Bolivia. See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systema-tik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42: 72.

1908, Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 30(1-2): 112. 1994.

C. canadensis (Michx.) P. Beauv. (Arundo agrostoidesPursh; Arundo canadensis Michx.; Arundo cinnoidesMuhl.; Arundo conoides Eaton; Arundo fissa Willd. exSteud.; Calamagrostis agrostoides (Pursh) Pursh exSpreng.; Calamagrostis alaskana Kearney; Calamagrostisanomala Suksd.; Calamagrostis atropurpurea Nash;Calamagrostis blanda Beal; Calamagrostis canadensis var.campestris Kearney; Calamagrostis canadensis var. pallidaStebbins; Calamagrostis canadensis var. robusta Vasey exRothr.; Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) W.P.C. Barton;Calamagrostis columbiensis Nutt. ex A. Gray; Calamagros-tis hirtigluma Steud.; Calamagrostis langsdorfii var. acumi-nata (Vasey ex Shear & Rydb.) Litw.; Calamagrostismexicana Nutt.; Calamagrostis michauxii Trin. ex Steud.;Calamagrostis oregonensis Buckley; Calamagrostis pallidaC. Mueller; Calamagrostis pallida Vasey & Scribn. exVasey, nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis pallida C. Mueller;Calamagrostis scribneri Beal; Calamagrostis scribneriBeal var. imberbis Stebbins; Cinna purshii Kunth; Deyeuxiacanadensis (Michx.) Munro ex Hook.)

Northern America, Canada, U.S. Perennial bunchgrass, vig-orous, densely clumped, leafy stems, rhizomatous, inflores-cence erect, panicles of small spikelets, long hairs on florets,forage, fodder, usually on disturbed sites, harsh environ-ments, tundra locations, open prairies, wooded hillsides,borders of marshes, see Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 73.1803, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 15, 152, 157.1812, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 86. 1814,Descriptio uberior Graminum 187. 1817, The Genera ofNorth American Plants 1: 46. 1818, Manual of the Floraof the Northern States and Canada edition 2 147. 1818,W.P.C. Barton (1786-1856), Compendium Florae Philadel-phicae (containing a description of the indigenous and nat-uralized plants found within a circuit of 10 miles aroundPhiladelphia) 1: 45. 1818, Gram. Unifl. Sesquifl. 225, t. 4,f. 10. 1824, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1:252. 1825, Révision des Graminées 1: 67. 1829, Nomen-clator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 144. 1840, SynopsisPlantarum Glumacearum 1: 188. 1854, Annales BotanicaeSystematicae 6: 986. 1861, Transactions of the LinneanSociety of London 23: 345. 1861, Proceedings of the Acad-emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 14: 92, 334. 1862,Report Upon United States Geographical Surveys West ofthe One Hundredth Meridian, in Charge of First Lieut. Geo.M. Wheeler … vol. vi — Botany 6: 285. 1878 [1879], Con-tributions from the United States National Herbarium 3(1):79. 1892, Grasses of North America for Farmers and Stu-dents 2: 343, 349. 1896, Bulletin, Division of AgrostologyUnited States Department of Agriculture 5: 26. 1897, Bul-letin, Division of Agrostology United States Department ofAgriculture 11: 31-32. 1898 and Bulletin of the New YorkBotanical Garden 2(6): 153-154. 1901, Allgemeine


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Botanische Zeitschrift für Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzen-geographie 12(3): 43. 1906, Rhodora 32: 45-46. 1930, Mac-Donald S. E. V. J. Lieffers, “Population variation,outcrossing, and colonization of disturbed areas by Calama-grostis canadensis — evidence from allozyme analysis.”American Journal of Botany 78: 1123. 1991, Contr. U.S.Natl. Herb. 48: 192. 2003.

in English: bluejoint, bluejoint reedgrass, Canada reedgrass,Canada bluejoint

C. canadensis (Michx.) P. Beauv. var. canadensis (Calama-grostis anomala Suksdorf; Calamagrostis atropurpureaNash; Calamagrostis blanda Beal; Calamagrostis canaden-sis subsp. canadensis; Calamagrostis canadensis var.campestris Kearney; Calamagrostis canadensis var. dubia(Scribn. & Tweedy) Vasey; Calamagrostis canadensis var.pallida (Vasey & Scribn.) Stebbins; Calamagrostiscanadensis var. robusta Vasey; Calamagrostis canadensisvar. typica Stebbins; Calamagrostis dubia Bunge; Calama-grostis dubia (Scribn. & Tweedy) Scribn. ex Vasey, nom.illeg., non Calamagrostis dubia Bunge; Calamagrostisexpansa (Munro ex Hillebr.) A.S. Hitchc. var. robusta(Vasey) Stebbins; Calamagrostis inexpansa var. cupreaKearney; Calamagrostis inexpansa var. robusta (Vasey)Stebbins; Calamagrostis langsdorfii var. acuminata (Vaseyex Shear & Rydb.) Litw.; Calamagrostis langsdorfii var.scribneri (Beal) Jones; Calamagrostis pallida C. Mueller;Calamagrostis pallida Vasey & Scribn. ex Vasey, nom.illeg., non Calamagrostis pallida C. Mueller; Calamagros-tis scribneri Beal; Calamagrostis scribneri var. scribneri;Cinna purshii Kunth; Deyeuxia dubia Scribn. & Tweedy)

Northern America. Perennial, in shallow water, marshyplaces, open prairies, see Gram. Unifl. Sesquifl. 225, t. 4, f.10. 1824, Révision des Graminées 1: 67. 1829, North Amer-ican Gramineae and Cyperaceae 1: 20. 1834, A.A. vonBunge (1803-1890), Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Flora Rus-slands und der Steppen Central-Asiens … St. Petersburg1852, Annales Botanicae Systematicae 6: 986. 1861, ReportUpon United States Geographical Surveys West of the OneHundredth Meridian, in Charge of First Lieut. Geo. M.Wheeler … vol. vi Botany 6: 285. 1878 [1879], BotanicalGazette 11: 174. 1886, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 3(1): 79-80. 1892, Grasses of NorthAmerica for Farmers and Students 2: 343, 349. 1896, Bul-letin, Division of Agrostology United States Department ofAgriculture 5: 26. 1897, Bulletin, Division of AgrostologyUnited States Department of Agriculture 11: 31, 37. 1898and Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 2(6): 153-154. 1901, Contributii Botanice Universitatea “Babes-Bolyai” 14: 9. Cluj-Napoca 1912, Allgemeine BotanischeZeitschrift für Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie12(3): 43. 1906, Rhodora 32: 45. 1930.

in English: bluejoint, bluejoint reedgrass, Canada reedgrass,Canada bluejoint

C. canadensis (Michx.) P. Beauv. var. imberbis (Stebbins)C.L. Hitchc. (Calamagrostis anomala Suksd.; Calamagros-tis scribneri var. imberbis Stebbins)

Northern America. Perennial, see Allgemeine BotanischeZeitschrift für Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie12(3): 43. 1906, Rhodora 32: 46. 1930, Vascular Plants ofthe Pacific Northwest 1: 524. 1969.

in English: bluejoint, bluejoint reedgrass

C. canadensis (Michx.) P. Beauv. var. langsdorfii (Link)Inman (Agrostis groenlandica Steud.; Arundo langsdorfiiLink; Calamagrostis baicalensis Litv.; Calamagrostiscanadensis subsp. langsdorfii (Link) Hultén; Calamagrostiscanadensis var. lactea (Beal) C.L. Hitchc.; Calamagrostiscanadensis var. scabra (J. Presl) A.S. Hitchc.; Calamagros-tis columbiensis Nutt. ex A. Gray; Calamagrostis confusaV.N. Vassil.; Calamagrostis fusca Kom.; Calamagrostis hal-leriana var. langdorfii (Link) Hack.; Calamagrostis hirti-gluma Steud.; Calamagrostis x lactea Beal (pro sp.);Calamagrostis langsdorfii (Link) Trin.; Calamagrostisnubila Louis-Marie; Calamagrostis purpurea subsp. langs-dorffii (Link) Tzvelev; Calamagrostis scabra J. Presl;Calamagrostis sitkensis Trin. ex Ledeb.; Calamagrostis uni-lateralis Petrov; Calamagrostis yendoana Honda; Deyeuxiagroenlandica Munro ex Hook.f.; Deyeuxia langsdorfii(Link) Kunth; Deyeuxia preslii Kunth)

Northern America. Perennial, see Essai d’une NouvelleAgrostographie 15, 152, 157. 1812, Enumeratio PlantarumHorti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1: 74. 1821, Gram. Unifl.Sesquifl. 225, t. 4, f. 10. 1824, Révision des Graminées 1:77. 1829, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 234. 1830, Enu-meratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 1: 243-244. 1833, Flora Rossica 4(13): 433. 1852, Synopsis Plan-tarum Glumacearum 1: 175, 188. 1854, Transactions of theLinnean Society of London 23: 345. 1862, Nuovo GiornaleBotanico Italiano 25: 99. 1893 and Rhodora 24: 143. 1922,Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 41: 635. 1927, Flora Iakutiae1: 201. 1930, American Journal of Botany 21(3): 135. 1934,Acta Universitatis Lundensis, n.s. 38(1): 161-163. 1942,Rhodora 46: 296, pl. 836, f. 1-4. 1944, Novosti Sist. Vyss.Rast. 1965: 34. 1965.

in English: bluejoint, bluejoint reedgrass

C. canadensis (Michx.) P. Beauv. var. macouniana (Vasey)Stebbins (Calamagrostis macouniana (Vasey) Vasey; Dey-euxia macouniana Vasey)

Northern America. Perennial, see Botanical Gazette (Lon-don) 10: 297. 1885, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 3(1): 81. 1892 and Rhodora 32: 41.1930.

in English: bluejoint, Macoun’s reedgrass, bluejointreedgrass

C. canescens (Weber ex F.H. Wigg.) Roth (Arundo calama-grostis L.; Arundo canescens Weber ex F.H. Wigg.; Arundo


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canescens F.H. Wigg.; Calamagrostis canescens (Wigg.)Roth; Calamagrostis lanceolata Roth; Calamagrostis lan-ceolata Stokes, nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis lanceolataRoth; Calamagrostis lanceolata Aitch., nom. illeg., nonCalamagrostis lanceolata Roth; Calamagrostis lanceolataTrin. ex Steud., nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis lanceolataRoth; Calamagrostis lanceolata var. somalensis Chiov.;Calamagrostis lithuanica Besser)

Russia, Siberia; Europe. Perennial, loosely tufted, rhizoma-tous, leaves linear, loose and narrow panicle, spikelets pur-plish, glumes lanceolate, lemma hyaline and shortly awnedat the tip, ornamental, useful for erosion control, see SpeciesPlantarum 82. 1753, Primitiae florae holsaticae. Quas prae-side D. Ioh. Christiano Kerstens … publice defendet auctorFridericus Henricus Wiggers. Kiliae [Kiel], litteris M.F.Bartschii Acad. Typogr. 1780 [D. Ioh. Christianus Kerstens,praeses. Fridericus Henricus Wiggers, respondent.], Tenta-men Florae Germanicae 1: 34. 1788, Tentamen Florae Ger-manicae 2(1): 93. 1789, An Arrangement of British Plants,third edition 2: 122. 1796, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editiosecunda 1: 250. 1840, Journal of the Linnean Society, Bot-any 18: 107. 1880 and Watsonia 20: 51-60. 1994.

in English: purple smallreed

C. canescens (Weber ex F.H. Wigg.) Roth subsp. canescens

Russia, Siberia; Europe. Perennial.

C. canescens (Weber ex F.H. Wigg.) Roth subsp. vilnensis(Besser) H. Scholz (Calamagrostis vilnensis Besser exSchult. & Schult.f.; Calamagrostis x vilnensis Besser)

Germany and Baltic Region, Europe. Perennial.

C. capillaris Nees ex Steud. (Agrostis capillaris L.; Agrostislongiberbis Hack. ex L.B. Sm.)

Brazil. Panicle with flexuous branches, common in dampplaces, see Species Plantarum 1: 62. 1753, NomenclatorBotanicus. Editio secunda 1: 249. 1840, Synopsis Plan-tarum Glumacearum 1: 188. 1854 and Phytologia 22(2):88, f. 1-3. 1971.

C. carchiensis Laegaard

Ecuador. Páramos, see Novon 8(1): 23-25, f. 1A. 1988.

C. cephalantha Pilg. (Calamagrostis lagurus (Wedd.) Pilg.,nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis lagurus (L.) Koeler; Dey-euxia curta var. longearistata Türpe; Deyeuxia lagurusWedd.)

South America, Bolivia, Peru. Open fields, see Bulletin dela Société Botanique de France 22: 176 [or 156?] 179-180.1875 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflan-zengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42: 61. 1908, Con-tribuciones a la Flora de Bolivia 1: 74. 1910, Lilloa 31:115, f, 1. 1962.

C. chaseae Luces

Venezuela. See Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Cien-cias Naturales 15(80): 6-8, f. 4. 1953.

C. chrysantha (J. Presl) Steud. (Calamagrostis chrysos-tachya (E. Desv.) Kuntze; Calamagrostis chrysostachya (E.Desv.) V.N. Vassil., nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis chry-sostachya (E. Desv.) Kuntze; Calamagrostis mutica Steud.ex Lechler; Calamagrostis nitida Hack.; Deyeuxia chrysan-tha J. Presl; Deyeuxia chrysostachya E. Desv.; Deyeuxialeiopoda Wedd.; Deyeuxia phalaroides Wedd.; Stylagrostischrysantha (J. Presl) Mez; Stylagrostis chrysostachya (E.Desv.) Mez; Stylagrostis leiopoda (Wedd.) Mez; Stylagros-tis phalaroides (Wedd.) Mez)

America. See Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 247. 1830,Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 250. 1840, FloraChilena 6: 323, t. 78, f. 2. 1854, Berberides AmericaeAustralis 56. 1857, Bulletin de la Société Botanique deFrance 22: 177, 180. 1875, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3:344. 1898 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Veg-etabilis 10(243-247): 168. 1911, Botanisches Archiv 1(1):20. 1922, Feddes Repertorium Specierum Novarum RegniVegetabilis 63: 243. 1961.

C. chrysantha (J. Presl) Steud. var. chrysantha (Deyeuxiachrysantha var. chrysantha)

America. See Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 247. 1830.

C. chrysantha (J. Presl) Steud. var. phalaroides (Wedd.)Soreng (Deyeuxia chrysantha var. phalaroides (Wedd.) X.Villavicencio; Deyeuxia phalaroides Wedd.; Stylagrostisphalaroides (Wedd.) Mez)

America. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France22: 177, 180. 1875 and Botanisches Archiv 1(1): 20. 1922,Contributions from the United States National Herbarium48: 198. 2003.

C. chrysostachya (E. Desv.) Kuntze (Calamagrostis chry-santha (J. Presl) Steud.; Calamagrostis chrysostachya (E.Desv.) V.N. Vassil., nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis chry-sostachya (E. Desv.) Kuntze; Deyeuxia chrysostachya E.Desv.; Stylagrostis chrysostachya (E. Desv.) Mez)

South America. See Nomenclator Botanicus. Editiosecunda 1: 250. 1840, Flora Chilena 6: 323, t. 78, f. 2.1854, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3: 344. 1898 and Bota-nisches Archiv 1(1): 20. 1922, Feddes RepertoriumSpecierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 63: 243. 1961.

C. cleefii Escalona

South America, Colombia. Páramos, see Phytologia 31:324-325. 1975, Phytologia 32: 312-314, 417. 1975, Phyto-logia 38: 12. 1977, Brittonia 30: 43. 1978, Phytologia 47:122-123. 1980, A.M. Cleef, The Vegetation of the Páramosof the Colombian Cordillera Oriental. Vaduz 1981 [Disser-tationes botanicae, Band 61.], Caldasia 13: 691. 1983, Phy-tologia 65(5): 339, f. 1. 1988, Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 51:76. 1993, Revista Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 19: 253. 1994,Novon 5: 384. 1995, Revista Acad. Columb. Ci. Exact.23(88): 332. 1999.


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C. coahuilensis P.M. Peterson, Soreng & Valdés-Reyna

America, Mexico. See Sida 21(1): 312, 314, f. 1. 2004.

C. coarctata (Torr.) Eaton (Agrostis glauca Muhl.; Arundocanadensis Nutt. ex Steud.; Arundo cinnoides Muhl.;Arundo coarctata (Kunth) Poir.; Arundo coarctata Torr.,nom. illeg., non Arundo coarctata (Kunth) Poir.; Calama-grostis cinnoides W. Bart.; Calamagrostis cinnoides(Muhl.) W.P.C. Barton; Calamagrostis coarctata Torrey exEaton; Calamagrostis coarctata (Kunth) Steud., nom. illeg.,non Calamagrostis coarctata Torr. ex Eaton; Calamagrostisnuttalliana Steud.; Deyeuxia coarctata Kunth; Deyeuxianuttalliana (Steud.) Vasey)

Northern America, U.S., Canada. Perennial, see CatalogusPlantarum Americae Septentrionalis 13. 1813, Nova Gen-era et Species Plantarum 1: 143. 1815 [1816], EncyclopédieMéthodique, Botanique Suppl. 4: 704. 1816, Descriptiouberior Graminum 76. 1817, Compendium Florae Phila-delphicae 1: 45. 1818, A Flora of the Northern and MiddleSections of the United States 1: 94. 1823, A Manual ofBotany for the Northern States 144. 1829, NomenclatorBotanicus edition 2 1: 144, 250-251. 1840, The Grasses ofthe United States 28. 1883.

in English: Arctic reedgrass

C. compacta (Munro ex Hook.f.) Hack. ex Paulsen(Calamagrostis compacta (Munro) Hack.; Calamagrostisholciformis Jaub. & Spach; Deyeuxia compacta Munro exHook.f.; Deyeuxia holciformis (Jaub. & Spach) Bor)

Asia, Afghanistan, Iran, northwest Himalaya. Panicle com-pact, see Illustrationes Plantarum Orientalium 4: 61, t. 340.1851, The Flora of British India 7(22): 267. 1897 [1896],Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk NaturhistoriskForening i Kjøbenhavn 55: 167. 1903, Grasses of Burma,Ceylon, India and Pakistan … 397-398. 1960.

C. cordechii Govaerts (Calamagrostis ciliata Nees exSteud.; Deyeuxia ciliata Rúgolo & X. Villavicencio)

South America, Bolivia. See Synopsis Plantarum Glu-macearum 1: 193. 1855 [1854] and Boletín de la SociedadArgentina de Botánica 31(1-2): 126, f. 2. 1995.

C. cordechii Govaerts var. cordechii (Deyeuxia ciliata var.ciliata)

South America.

C. cordechii Govaerts var. glabrescens (Rúgolo & X. Vil-lavicencio) Soreng (Deyeuxia ciliata var. glabrescensRúgolo & X. Villavicencio)

Southern America, Bolivia. See Boletín de la SociedadArgentina de Botánica 31(1-2): 128, f. 3. 1995, Contribu-tions from the United States National Herbarium 48: 199.2003.

C. crispa (Rúgolo & X. Villavicencio) Govaerts (Deyeuxiacrispa Rúgolo & X. Villavicencio)

America, Argentina. See Boletín de la Sociedad Argentinade Botánica 31(1-2): 128, f. 4. 1995, World Checklist ofSeed Plants 3(1): 10. 1999.

C. cryptolopha (Wedd.) Hitchc. (Deyeuxia cryptolophaWedd.)

America. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France22: 176 (156?), 179. 1875 and Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 24(8): 374. 1927.

C. curta (Wedd.) Hitchc. (Deyeuxia curta Wedd.)

America. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France22: 176 (156?), 179. 1875 and Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 24(8): 376. 1927.

C. curtoides (Rúgolo & X. Villavicencio) Govaerts (Dey-euxia curtoides Rúgolo & X. Villavicencio)

America. See Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica31(1-2): 132, f. 5. 1995, World Checklist of Seed Plants3(1): 10. 1999.

C. curvula (Wedd.) Pilg. (Calamagrostis tenuifolia (Phil.)R.E. Fr.; Calamagrostis variegata (Phil.) Kuntze; Deyeuxiacurvula Wedd.; Deyeuxia tenuifolia Phil.; Deyeuxia varie-gata Phil.)

South America. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique deFrance 22: 178-179. 1875, Verzeichniss der von FriedrichPhilippi auf der Hochebene der Provinzen Antofagasta undTarapacá gesammelten Pflanzen 83. 1891, RevisioGenerum Plantarum 3: 345. 1898 and Nova Acta RegiaeSocietatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis IV. 1: 177. 1905, Bota-nische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte undPflanzengeographie 42: 60. 1908.

C. cuzcoensis Tovar

South America, Peru. See Publicaciones del Museo de His-toria Natural “Javier Prado.” Serie B. Botánica 33: 11.1985.

C. densiflora (J. Presl) Steud. (Calamagrostis densiflora(Blytt) Müll. Hal. ex Walp., nom. illeg., non Calamagrostisdensiflora (J. Presl) Steud.; Deyeuxia densiflora J. Presl)

America. See Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 247. 1830,Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 250. 1840, NorskFlora 140. 1847, Annales Botanicae Systematicae 6: 986.Leipzig 1861 [W.G. Walpers, editor].

C. deschampsioides Trin. (Calamagrostis bracteolata V.N.Vassil.; Calamagrostis deschampsiiformis C.E. Hubb.;Calamagrostis deschampsioides subsp. macrantha Piper exScribn. & Merr.; Calamagrostis deschampsioides var.churchilliana Polunin ex Scoggan; Calamagrostis des-champsioides var. macrantha (Piper ex Scribn. & Merr.)Tzvelev; Calamagrostis festuciformis V.N. Vassil.; Calama-grostis macrantha (Piper ex Scribn. & Merr.) V. Vassil.;Calamagrostis miyabei Honda; Deyeuxia deschampsioides(Trin.) Scribn.)


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Canada, Russia, Bering, Alaska. See Species Graminum 3:t. 354. 1836, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 10: 8.1883 and, Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 13(3): 59. 1910, Journal of the Faculty of Agri-culture of the Hokkaido University 26: 142. 1931, FeddesRepertorium 68: 233. 1963, Zlaki SSSR 306. 1976, TheFlora of Canada 2: 256. 1978, Bulletin of the BritishMuseum (Natural History), Botany 8: 386. 1981.

C. deserticola (Phil.) Phil. (Deyeuxia deserticola Phil.)

South America, Chile. See Florula Atacamensis seu Enu-meratio …55. 1860, Anales de la Universidad de Chile 94:21. 1896.

C. deserticola (Phil.) Phil. var. breviaristata (Rúgolo & X.Villavicencio) Soreng (Deyeuxia deserticola var. brevia-ristata Rúgolo & X. Villavicencio)

Southern America, Bolivia. See Boletín de la SociedadArgentina de Botánica 31(1-2): 134, f. 6. 1995, Contribu-tions from the United States National Herbarium 48: 200.2003.

C. deserticola (Phil.) Phil. var. deserticola (Deyeuxia deser-ticola var. deserticola)

South America.

C. diemii (Rúgolo) Soreng (Deyeuxia diemii Rúgolo) (forJosé Diem, 1899-1986, author of “Pteridófitas nuevas delParque Nacional de Nahuel-Huapi (Argentina).” Darwini-ana 12: 67-74. 1960, Flora del Parque Nacional de Nahuel-Huapí (tomo i). Helechos y las demás criptógamas vascu-lares. 1943; see J. Diem and Juana S. de Lichtenstein (1909-2000), “Las Himenofiláceas del área argentino-chilena delsud.” Darwiniana 11: 611-760. 1959; Darwiniana 39(3-4):354. 2001.

Argentina. See Darwiniana 19(2-4): 404, f. 1. 1975, Con-tributions from the United States National Herbarium 48:200. 2003.

C. divaricata P.M. Peterson & Soreng

Mexico. See Sida 21(1): 315, f. 3. 2004.

C. divergens Swallen

Colombia. See Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 29(6): 262-263. 1948 [1949].

C. ecuadoriensis Laegaard

Ecuador. Páramos, see Novon 8(1): 25-26, f. 1B. 1988.

C. effusa (Kunth) Steud. (Arundo effusa (Kunth) Poir., nom.illeg., non Arundo effusa C.C. Gmel.; Calamagrostis arean-tha (Pilg.) Pilg.; Calamagrostis funckii Steud.; Deyeuxiaaraeantha Pilg.; Deyeuxia areantha Pilg.; Deyeuxia effusaKunth; Deyeuxia funckii Steud. ex Wedd.)

Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador. See Nova Genera et SpeciesPlantarum 1: 146, t. 46. 1815 [1816], EncyclopédieMéthodique, Botanique Suppl. 4: 706. 1816, NomenclatorBotanicus. Editio secunda 1: 250. 1840, Synopsis Plan-tarum Glumacearum 1: 192. 1854, Bulletin de la Société

Botanique de France 22: 178. 1875, Botanische Jahrbücherfür Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie25(5): 711. 1898 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42: 60. 1908.

C. eminens (J. Presl) Steud. (Agrostis eminens (J. Presl)Griseb.; Calamagrostis elegans (Wedd.) Henrard; Calama-grostis eminens var. grisebachiana Kuntze; Calamagrostiseminens var. sordida Kuntze; Calamagrostis eminens var.tunariensis Kuntze; Calamagrostis robusta (Phil.) Phil.,nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis robusta (Blytt) Müll. Hal.;Deyeuxia arundina Phil. ex Durand & Hook.f.; Deyeuxiaarundinacea Philippi; Deyeuxia elegans Wedd.; Deyeuxiaeminens J. Presl; Deyeuxia polystachya Wedd.; Deyeuxiarobusta Phil.; Stylagrostis elegans (Wedd.) Mez; Stylagros-tis eminens (J. Presl) Mez; Stylagrostis polystachya (Wedd.)Mez; Stylagrostis robusta (Phil.) Mez)

Chile, Bolivia, Peru. See Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5):250. 1830, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 250.1840, Florula Atacamensis seu Enumeratio … 54. 1860,Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissen-schaften zu Göttingen 19: 254. 1874, Bulletin de la SociétéBotanique de France 22: 177, 179-180. 1875, Verzeichnissder von Friedrich Philippi auf der Hochebene der ProvinzenAntofagasta und Tarapacá gesammelten Pflanzen 84. 1891,Anales de la Universidad de Chile 94: 19. 1896, RevisioGenerum Plantarum 3: 344. 1898 and Index Kewensissuppl. 1: 132. 1906, Mededeelingen van’s Rijks-Herbarium40: 61. 1921, Botanisches Archiv 1(1): 20. 1922.

C. eminens (J. Presl) Steud. var. discreta (Rúgolo & X.Villavicencio) Soreng (Deyeuxia eminens var. discretaRúgolo & X. Villavicencio; Deyeuxia leiopoda var. discretaWedd.)

South America, Peru. See Bulletin de la Société Botaniquede France 22: 177, 180. 1875 and Boletín de la SociedadArgentina de Botánica 31(1-2): 135. 1995, Contributionsfrom the United States National Herbarium 48: 201. 2003.

C. eminens (J. Presl) Steud. var. eminens (Calamagrostiseminens f. eminens; Deyeuxia eminens f. eminens; Deyeuxiaeminens var. eminens)

America.

C. eminens (J. Presl) Steud. var. fulva (Griseb.) Soreng(Agrostis fulva Griseb.; Calamagrostis eminens f. brevipilaHack.; Calamagrostis fulva (Griseb.) Kuntze; Calamagros-tis grata Phil.; Calamagrostis robusta (Phil.) Phil., nom.illeg., non Calamagrostis robusta (Blytt) Müll. Hal.; Dey-euxia eminens f. brevipila (Hack.) Türpe; Deyeuxia eminensvar. fulva (Griseb.) Rúgolo; Deyeuxia fulva (Griseb.) Parodi;Deyeuxia robusta Phil.; Stylagrostis robusta (Phil.) Mez)

South America, Chile, Argentina. See Florula Atacamensisseu Enumeratio … 54. 1860, Abhandlungen der Königli-chen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 24: 294.1879, Anales de la Universidad de Chile 94: 19, 22. 1896,Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(3): 344. 1898 and Anales


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del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 21: 99. 1911, Bota-nisches Archiv 1(1): 20. 1922, Revista Argentina deAgronomía 20: 14. 1953, Lilloa 31: 118. 1962, Boletín dela Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 30(1-2): 112. 1994,Contributions from the United States National Herbarium48: 201. 2003.

C. emodensis Griseb.

India, Sikkim, Himalayas. Tall, sea-green foliage, leafblades broad and flat, stiff leaves, sheaths purplish, inflo-rescence silky and shining, broad panicle, spikelets closelyset, see Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissen-schaften zu Göttingen. Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse80. 1868 and Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra DanskNaturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 55: 167. 1903.

C. epigejos (L.) Roth (Agrostis epigeios (L.) Raspail;Arundo epigejos L.; Arundo stricta Gilib.; Calamagrostisarenicola Fernald; Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth;Calamagrostis epigeios var. epigeios; Calamagrostis epige-jos f. laevis Meinsh.; Calamagrostis epigejos subsp. macro-lepis (Litv.) Tzvelev; Calamagrostis epigejos var. georgica(K. Koch) Ledeb.; Calamagrostis georgica K. Koch;Calamagrostis glomerata Boiss. & Buhse; Calamagrostiskoibalensis Reverd.; Calamagrostis lenkoranensis Steud.;Calamagrostis macrolepis Litv.)

Eurasia, Africa. Perennial bunchgrass, robust, coarse, stout,tufted, more or less strongly rhizomatous with creepingrhizomes, sod-forming, leaf blade stiffly harsh and taperingto a fine tip, inflorescence dense flowered, erect panicleslanceolate to linear-oblong, branched inflorescence, glumessubulate, lemma with a ring of white callus hairs, awn mid-dorsal, ornamental, weedy, useful for erosion control andas cover for disturbed areas, usually in wet upland grass-lands, wet bottomlands, open grasslands, waste areas, dis-turbed areas, clearings, upland forests, along roadsides,shallow soils, grass steppe, mountain steppe, sandy placesalong river, see Species Plantarum 1: 81. 1753, TentamenFlorae Germanicae 1: 34. 1788, Exercitia Phytologica 2:542. 1792, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 5: 449.1825, Linnaea 21(4): 387. 1848, Flora Rossica 4(13): 433.1852, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 188. 1854,Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes deMoscou 12: 229. 1860 and Rhodora 30: 203. 1928, Cana-dian Journal of Botany 67: 3205-3218. 1989.

in English: bush grass, wood smallreed

C. epigejos (L.) Roth subsp. epigejos (Calamagrostisepigeios var. epigeios)

South Africa, Temperate Europe and Asia.

C. epigejos (L.) Roth subsp. glomerata (Boiss. & Buhse)Tzvelev (Calamagrostis arenicola Fernald; Calamagrostisepigejos var. georgica (K. Koch) Ledeb.; Calamagrostisgeorgica K. Koch; Calamagrostis glomerata Boiss. &Buhse)

South Africa. See Linnaea 21(4): 387. 1848, Flora Rossica4(13): 433. 1852, Mémoires de la Société Impériale desNaturalistes de Moscou 12: 229. 1860 and Rhodora 30:203. 1928, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 1965: 41. 1965.

C. epigejos (L.) Roth subsp. macrolepis (Litv.) Tzvelev(Calamagrostis gigantea (Roshev.) Roshev.; Calamagrostiskarataviensis P.A. Smirn.; Calamagrostis macrolepis Litv.)

Asia, China; Eurasia, Siberia. Perennial, wet areas, sandyalluvial soils, see Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Nat-uralistes de Moscou 49(1): 91. 1940.

C. epigejos (L.) Roth var. capensis Stapf

South Africa. Perennial, robust, erect, tufted, leaf bladestough, rhizomatous with creeping rhizomes, dense inflores-cence, narrow panicle linear-oblong, spikelets linear-oblongor slightly gaping, florets hairy, glumes rounded at the base,upland grasslands and upland forest, see Flora Capensis 7:551. 1899.

in English: reed grass, saltpangrass

in South Africa: soutpangras

C. erectifolia Hitchc. (Calamagrostis orizabae (Rupr. ex E.Fourn.) Beal; Deyeuxia orizabae Rupr. ex E. Fourn.)

Mexico. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 24:181. 1877, Grasses of North America for Farmers andStudents 2: 340. 1896 and North American Flora 17(7):507. 1937.

C. eriantha (Kunth) Steud. (Arundo eriantha (Kunth) Poir.;Calamagrostis schiedeana (Rupr. ex E. Fourn.) Hitchc.;Calamagrostis schiedeana Rupr. ex Steud.; Deyeuxia eri-antha Kunth; Deyeuxia schiedeana Rupr. ex E. Fourn.; Dey-euxia schiedeana Rupr.)

America. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 145.1815 [1816], Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique Suppl.4: 705. 1816, Bulletin de l’Académie Royale des Scienceset Belles-lettres de Bruxelles 9(2): 233. 1842, SynopsisPlantarum Glumacearum 1: 190, 193. 1854, Bulletin de laSociété Botanique de France 24: 181. 1877, MexicanasPlantas 2: 105. 1886 and Contributions from the UnitedStates National Herbarium 17(3): 321. 1913.

C. fibrovaginata Laegaard (Arundo coarctata (Kunth) Poir.;Calamagrostis coarctata Torr. ex Eaton; Calamagrostiscoarctata (Kunth) Steud., nom. illeg., non Calamagrostiscoarctata Torr. ex Eaton; Deyeuxia coarctata Kunth)

Southern America, Ecuador, Colombia. See Nova Generaet Species Plantarum 1: 143. 1815 [1816], EncyclopédieMéthodique, Botanique Suppl. 4: 704. 1816, A Manual ofBotany for the Northern States 144. 1829, NomenclatorBotanicus. Editio secunda 1: 250. 1840 and Novon 8(1):29. 1998.

C. fiebrigii Pilg. (Deyeuxia fiebrigii (Pilg.) Rúgolo; Dey-euxia nardifolia var. elatior Türpe)


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Bolivia, Argentina. See Anales del Museo Nacional deChile. Primera Sección — Zoolojía 8: 83. 1891 and Bota-nische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte undPflanzengeographie 42: 68. 1908, Lilloa 31: 128, f. 8. 1962,Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 30(1-2): 113.1994.

C. foliosa Kearney (Calamagrostis longifolia Hook.;Calamagrostis sylvatica var. longifolia Vasey)

U.S., California. See Icones et Descriptiones GraminumAustriacorum 4: t. 48. 1809, Flora Boreali-Americana 2:241. 1840, Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 3(1): 83. 1892, Bulletin, Division of AgrostologyUnited States Department of Agriculture 11: 17-18. 1898.

in English: leafy reed grass

C. fulgida Laegaard

Ecuador. See Novon 8(1): 26, f. 1C. 1988.

C. fuscata (J. Presl) Steud. (Deyeuxia fuscata J. Presl)

Peru. See Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 249. 1830, Nomen-clator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 250. 1840.

C. garhwalensis C.E. Hubb. & Bor (Calamagrostis gar-walensis C.E. Hubb. & Bor)

India, Uttar Pradesh. Alpine grass, on rocky places, seeIndian Forester 68: 355. 1942.

C. gayana (Steud.) Soreng (Aira gayana Steud.; Calama-grostis erythrostachya (E. Desv.) Hack.; Calamagrostisstipitata Hitchc.; Deyeuxia erythrostachya E. Desv.; Styla-grostis erythrostachya (E. Desv.) Mez)

Chile. Along riverbanks, see Synopsis Plantarum Glu-macearum 1: 220. 1854, Flora Chilena 6: 324, t. 78, f. 1.1854 and Botanisches Archiv 1(1): 20. 1922, Journal of theWashington Academy of Sciences 20(15): 382. 1930, Con-tributions from the United States National Herbarium 48:203. 2003.

C. gayana (Steud.) Soreng var. gayana (Deyeuxia eryth-rostachya var. erythrostachya)

South America.

C. gayana (Steud.) Soreng var. neuquenensis (Rúgolo)Soreng (Deyeuxia erythrostachya var. neuquenensisRúgolo)

South America. See Darwiniana 19(2-4): 410, f. 3. 1975,Contributions from the United States National Herbarium48: 203. 2003.

C. glacialis (Wedd.) Hitchc. (Deyeuxia glacialis Wedd.)

Bolivia. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 22:178, 179. 1875 and Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 24(8): 375. 1927.

C. guamanensis Escalona

Ecuador, Andes. Loosely tufted, páramos, see Phytologia65(5): 340, f. 2. 1988.

C. guatemalensis Hitchc.

Guatemala. See Proceedings of the Biological Society ofWashington 40: 82. 1927.

C. hackelii Lillo (Calamagrostis capitata Hack.; Deyeuxiahackelii (Lillo) Parodi)

Argentina. See Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires21: 100, t. 4, f. A. 1-5. 1911, Revista Argentina deAgronomía 20: 14. 1953.

C. haenkeana Hitchc. (Agrostis arundinacea J. Presl, nom.illeg., non Agrostis arundinacea L.; Arundo neglecta Ehrh.;Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth; Calamagrostisneglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn.; Calamagrostis stricta (Timm)Koeler; Deyeuxia poaeoides (Steud.) Rúgolo)

South America, Peru. See Species Plantarum 1: 61. 1753,Tentamen Florae Germanicae 2(1): 89. 1789, Beiträge zurNaturkunde 6: 137. 1791, Oekonomisch-Technische Florader Wetterau 1: 94. 1799, Saccardoa: Monographiae Myco-logicae 105. 1802, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 238.1830, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 423. 1854 andContributions from the United States National Herbarium24(8): 371. 1927, Flora Patagónica 3: 361. 1978.

C. heterophylla (Wedd.) Pilg. (Calamagrostis boliviensisHack.; Calamagrostis calvescens Pilg.; Calamagrostis het-erophylla var. pubescens Pilg.; Calamagrostis heterophyllavar. robustior Pilg.; Calamagrostis swallenii Tovar; Chae-totropis andina Ball; Deyeuxia boliviensis (Hack.) X. Vil-lavicencio; Deyeuxia heterophylla Wedd.; Deyeuxiaswallenii (Tovar) Rúgolo; Muhlenbergia rupestris Steud. exLechler)

South America, Peru. See Berberides Americae Australis56. 1857, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 22:177. 1875, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 22: 58.1885 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflan-zengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42: 64-65. 1908,Memorias del Museo de Historia Natural “JavierPrado”11: 66. 1960, Darwiniana 36(1-4): 168-169. 1998.

C. hieronymi Hack. (Deyeuxia hieronymi (Hack.) Türpe)

Argentina. See Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift52(3): 109. 1902, Lilloa 31: 122. 1962.

C. hirta (Sodiro) Laegaard (Calamagrostis brevipaleataSwallen; Deyeuxia brevipaleata Rúgolo; Deyeuxia hirtaSodiro)

Ecuador. See Revista del Colégio Nacional Vicente Roca-fuerte 12: 64, 75. 1930, Contributions from the UnitedStates National Herbarium 29(6): 259-260. 1948 [1949],Novon 8(1): 29-30. 1988.

C. howellii Vasey (Deyeuxia howellii (Vasey) Vasey)

North America, U.S. See Botanical Gazette 6: 271. 1881.

C. hyperborea Lange (Calamagrostis neglecta (Ehrh.)Gaertn.; Calamagrostis neglecta subsp. inexpansa (A.Gray) Tzvelev; Calamagrostis neglecta var. hyperborea(Lange) M.E. Jones; Calamagrostis stricta subsp.


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inexpansa (A. Gray) C.W. Greene; Calamagrostis strictasubsp. stricta; Deyeuxia hyperborea (Lange) Lunell)

Northern America, U.S., Alaska, Greenland. Perennial, rare,found in wet places, see Oekonomisch-Technische Flora derWetterau 1: 94. 1799, North American Gramineae andCyperaceae 1: 20. 1834, J.M.C. Lange (1818-1898), Con-spectus Florae Groenlandicae 160. Kjøbenhavn 1880-1887, Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United StatesDepartment of Agriculture 11: 39-41. 1898 and Contribu-tions to Western Botany 14: 9. 1912, American MidlandNaturalist 4: 218. 1915, Zlaki SSSR 310. 1976, AmericanJournal of Botany 71: 286. 1984.

C. insperata Swallen (Calamagrostis porteri Gray subsp.insperata (Swallen) C.W. Greene; Deyeuxia porteri (A.Gray) Vasey). Named for the American botanist ThomasConrad Porter, 1822-1901, clergyman, professor of botanyand zoology, his works include Die Verfasser des Heidel-berger Katechismus (1863) and Flora of Pennsylvaniaedited with the addition of analytical keys by John KunkelSmall (1869-1938). Boston 1903 (with John Merle Coulter,1851-1928) wrote Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado. Wash-ington 1874; see J.H. Barnhart, Biographical notes uponbotanists. 3: 101. 1965; T.W. Bossert, Biographical dictio-nary of botanists represented in the Hunt Institute portraitcollection. 315. 1972; S. Lenley et al., Catalog of the manu-script and archival collections and index to the correspon-dence of John Torrey. Library of the New York BotanicalGarden. 334. 1973; E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of the libraryof the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. 1917-1933;J. Ewan, editor, A Short History of Botany in the UnitedStates. 92. 1969; J.W. Harshberger, The Botanists of Phil-adelphia and Their Work. 236-243. 1899; J.W. von Goethe,Hermann and Dorothea. Translated by Thomas Conrad Por-ter. 1854; Johann Jacob Hottinger, The Life and Times ofU. Zwingli. Translated from the German by Thomas ConradPorter. Harrisburg 1856; Joseph William Blankinship, “Acentury of botanical exploration in Montana, 1805-1905:collectors, herbaria and bibliography.” in Montana Agric.Coll. Sci. Studies Bot. 1: 1-31. 1904; R. Zander, F. Encke,G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflan-zennamen. 14. Aufl. 1993; Ida Kaplan Langman, A SelectedGuide to the Literature on the Flowering Plants of Mexico.592. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 1964;Joseph Ewan, Rocky Mountain Naturalists. The Universityof Denver Press 1950.

Northern America, U.S. Perennial, found on wooded anddry hillsides, see Proceedings of the American Academy ofArts and Sciences 6: 79. 1862 and Journal of the WashingtonAcademy of Sciences 25(9): 413. 1935, American Journalof Botany 71: 285. 1984.

in English: Porter’s reedgrass

C. intermedia (J. Presl) Steud. (Arundo stricta (Kunth)Poir., nom. illeg., non Arundo stricta Timm; Calamagrostis

agapatea Steud. ex Lechler; Calamagrostis gracilis(Wedd.) Henrard, nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis gracilisSeenus; Calamagrostis gracilis (Wedd.) Pilg., nom. illeg.,non Calamagrostis gracilis Seenus; Calamagrostis hum-boldtiana Steud.; Calamagrostis imberbis (Wedd.) Pilg.;Calamagrostis scaberula Swallen; Calamagrostis secunda(Pilg.) Pilg.; Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler; Dey-euxia gracilis Wedd.; Deyeuxia imberbis Wedd.; Deyeuxiaintermedia J. Presl; Deyeuxia secunda Pilg.; Deyeuxiastricta Kunth)

South America, Ecuador. Páramos, see Saccardoa:Monographiae Mycologicae 105. 1802, Nova Genera etSpecies Plantarum 1: 146. 1815 [1816], EncyclopédieMéthodique, Botanique Suppl. 4: 706. 1816, ReliquiaeHaenkeanae 1(4-5): 249. 1830, Nomenclator Botanicus.Editio secunda 1: 250. 1840, Berberides Americae Australis56. 1857, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 22:179. 1875, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflan-zengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 25(5): 712. 1898and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge-schichte und Pflanzengeographie 42: 60, 65, 71. 1908, Med-edeelingen van’s Rijks-Herbarium 40: 61. 1921,Contributions from the United States National Herbarium29(6): 261. 1948 [1949].

C. involuta Swallen

Colombia. Páramos, see Contributions from the UnitedStates National Herbarium 29(6): 259. 1948 [1949].

C. jamesonii Steud. (Calamagrostis stuebelii (Pilg.) Pilg.;Deyeuxia jamesonii (Steud.) Munro ex Wedd.; Deyeuxiastuebelii Pilg.)

Ecuador. Páramos, see Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum1: 191. 1854, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France22: 176. 1875, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 25(5): 713.1898 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflan-zengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42: 60. 1908.

C. killipii Swallen

Colombia. Páramos, see Contributions from the UnitedStates National Herbarium 29(6): 257. 1948 [1949].

C. koelerioides Vasey (Calamagrostis densa Vasey;Calamagrostis koelerioides var. densa (Vasey) Beal;Calamagrostis vilfiformis Kearney)

America, U.S., California. See Botanical Gazette 16(5):147. 1891, Grasses of North America for Farmers andStudents 2: 345. 1896, Bulletin, Division of AgrostologyUnited States Department of Agriculture 11: 20. 1898.

C. langsdorffii (Link) Trin. (also spelled langsdorfii)(Arundo langsdorfii Link; Arundo confinis Willd.; Calama-grostis baicalensis Litv.; Calamagrostis canadensis subsp.langsdorffii (Link) Hultén; Calamagrostis canadensis var.langsdorfii (Link) Inman; Calamagrostis canadensis var.scabra (J. Presl) Hitchc.; Calamagrostis confinis (Willd.)


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P. Beauv.; Calamagrostis confusa V.N. Vassil.; Calamagros-tis fusca Kom.; Calamagrostis purpurea (Trin.) Trin. subsp.langsdorfii (Link) Tzvelev; Calamagrostis unilateralisPetrov; Calamagrostis yendoana Honda; Deyeuxia langs-dorfii (Link) Keng) (named for the German surgeon GeorgHeinrich von Langsdorff, 1774-1852, explorer, naturalist,1803-1806 Krusenstern Expedition (Adam Johann vonKrusenstern, 1770-1846) in Brazil, plant collector, withFriedrich Ernst Ludwig von Fischer (1782-1854) publishedPlantes recueillies pendant le voyage des Russes autour dumonde. Tubingue 1810, Bemerkungen auf einer Reise umdie Welt in den Jahren 1803 bis 1807 … Mit … Kupfern,etc. Frankfurt am Mayn 1812, Bemerkungen über Brasilien.Heidelberg 1821 and Phantasmatum sive machinarum adartis obstetriciae exercitia facientium vulgo Fantômedictarum brevis historia. Dissertatione inaugurali delineata,etc. Gottingae [1797]. See J.H. Barnhart, Biographicalnotes upon botanists. 2: 343. 1965; R. Zander, F. Encke, G.Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzen-namen. 14. Aufl. Stuttgart 1993; T.W. Bossert, Biographicaldictionary of botanists represented in the Hunt Instituteportrait collection. 227. 1972; H.N. Clokie, Account of theHerbaria of the Department of Botany in the University ofOxford. 197. Oxford 1964; A. Lasègue, Musée botaniquede Benjamin Delessert. Paris 1845; Emil Bretschneider(1833-1901), History of European Botanical Discoveries inChina. [Reprint of the original edition 1898] Leipzig 1981)

China, Siberia, Mongolia. Perennial, sandy and gravellysoils, alluvial gravel, see Essai d’une Nouvelle Agro-stographie 15, 152, 157. 1812, Enumeratio PlantarumHorti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1: 74. 1821, De Graminibusunifloris et sesquifloris 219, 225, t. 4, f. 10. Petropoli 1824and Rhodora 24: 143. 1922, Botanical Magazine (Tokyo)41: 635. 1927, Flora Iakutiae 1: 201. 1930, American Jour-nal of Botany 21(3): 135. 1934, Acta Universitatis Lunden-sis, n.s. 38(1): 161-163. 1942, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast.1965: 34. 1965.

C. lapponica (Wahlenb.) Hartman (Arundo confinis Willd.;Arundo lapponica Wahlenb.; Calamagrostis alaskana Kear-ney; Calamagrostis confinis (Willd.) P. Beauv.; Calama-grostis confinis (Willd.) Nutt.; Calamagrostis gorodkoviiV.N. Vassil.; Calamagrostis lancea Ohwi; Calamagrostislancea Ohwi; Calamagrostis lapponica subsp. sibirica(Petrov) Tzvelev; Calamagrostis lapponica var. groenland-ica Lange; Calamagrostis lapponica var. nearctica A.E.Porsild; Calamagrostis neglecta var. confinis (Willd.) Beal;Calamagrostis pseudolapponica V.N. Vassil.; Calamagros-tis sibirica Petrov; Deyeuxia confinis (Willd.) Kunth; Dey-euxia lapponica (Wahlenb.) Kunth)

Alaska, Russia, Siberia, Finland. See Oekonomisch-Tech-nische Flora der Wetterau 1: 94. 1799, Enumeratio Plan-tarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 127. 1809, Essaid’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 15, 152, 157. 1812, FloraLapponica 27. pl. 1. 1812, The Genera of North American

Plants 1: 47. 1818, Genera Graminum 5. 1819, Révisiondes Graminées 1: 76. 1829, Conspectus Florae Groenland-icae 296. 1887, Grasses of North America for Farmers andStudents 2: 353. 1896, Bulletin, Division of AgrostologyUnited States Department of Agriculture 11: 32. 1898 andFlora Iakutiae 1: 203, f 68. 1930, Acta Phytotaxonomicaet Geobotanica 2: 162. 1933, Sargentia: Continuation ofthe Contributions from the Arnold Arboretum of HarvardUniversity 4: 10-11. Jamaica Plain, MA 1943, Feddes Rep-ertorium 68: 226-227. 1963, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 1965:31. 1965, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 48: 192. 2003.

C. leiophylla (Wedd.) Hitchc. (Calamagrostis tolucensisvar. laxiflora Kuntze; Deyeuxia leiophylla Wedd.; Deyeuxiapicta Wedd.)

South America, Bolivia. See Nomenclator Botanicus. Editiosecunda 1: 251. 1840, Bulletin de la Société Botanique deFrance 22: 177, 180. 1875, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3:345. 1898 and Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 24(8): 367. 1927.

C. leonardii Chase

Southern America, West Indies. Red clay, open habitats, seeJournal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 17: 72, f.1. 1927.

C. ligulata (Kunth) Hitchc. (Arundo ligulata (Kunth) Poir.;Calamagrostis aurea (Munro ex Wedd.) Hack. ex Sodiro;Calamagrostis longigluma Pilg.; Calamagrostis podophoraPilg.; Deyeuxia aurea Munro ex Wedd.; Deyeuxia ligulataKunth; Deyeuxia podophora (Pilg.) Sodiro; Stylagrostislongigluma (Pilg.) Mez)

South America, Peru, Ecuador. See Nova Genera et SpeciesPlantarum 1: 145. 1815 [1816], Encyclopédie Méthodique,Botanique Suppl. 4: 706. 1816, Bulletin de la Société Bot-anique de France 22: 176, 179. 1875, Anales de la Univer-sidad Central del Ecuador 3(25): 481. 1889 and BotanischeJahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflan-zengeographie 42: 66, 71. 1908, Botanisches Archiv 1(1):20. 1922, Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 24(8) 372. 1927, Revista del Colégio NacionalVicente Rocafuerte 12: 79. 1930.

C. llanganatensis Laegaard

Ecuador, Cordillera de los Llanganates. See Novon 8(1):26-27, f. 1D. 1988.

C. longearistata (Wedd.) Hack. ex Sodiro (Calamagrostisbeyrichiana Nees ex Döll; Calamagrostis longearistata f.pilosa Kämpf; Calamagrostis longearistata var. minorKämpf; Calamagrostis longiaristata (Wedd.) Hack.;Calamagrostis montevidensis Nees; Calamagrostis monte-vidensis var. linearis Hack.; Calamagrostis rupestris Trin.;Deyeuxia beyrichiana (Nees ex Döll) Sodiro; Deyeuxialongearistata Wedd.; Deyeuxia rupestris (Trin.) Rúgolo)

Southern America, Colombia to Uruguay. Perennial, withstraight awns, found in damp places, sandy soils, see


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De Graminibus Paniceis 28. 1826, Bulletin de la SociétéBotanique de France 22: 176. 1875, Flora Brasiliensis 2(3):53, t. 16. 1878, Anales de la Universidad Central del Ecua-dor 3(25): 481. 1889 and Repertorium Specierum NovarumRegni Vegetabilis 6: 156. 1908, Anuário Técnico do Institutode Pesquisas Zootécnicas “Francisco Osorio” 2: 610, 613.1974 [1975].

C. macbridei Tovar


C. macilenta (Griseb.) Litv. (Calamagrostis varia var. mac-ilenta Griseb.; Deyeuxia macilenta (Griseb.) Keng)

Europe. See Flora Rossica 4(13): 427. 1852 and ClavesGenerum et Specierum Graminearum Primarum SinicarumAppendice Nomenclatione Systematica 204. 1957.

C. macrophylla (Pilg.) Pilg. (Deyeuxia macrophylla Pilg.)

South America, Ecuador. See Botanische Jahrbücher fürSystematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie25(5): 711-712. 1898 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Sys-tematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42:60. 1908.

C. malamalensis Hack. (Deyeuxia malamalensis (Hack.)Parodi)

Argentina. See Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires13: 478. 1906, Revista Argentina de Agronomía 20: 14.1953.

C. mandoniana (Wedd.) Wedd. (Calamagrostis mandoni-ana (Wedd.) Pilg.; Deyeuxia mandoniana Wedd.)

South America, Bolivia. See Bulletin de la Société Bota-nique de France 22: 179, 180. 1875 and Botanische Jahr-bücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte undPflanzengeographie 42: 71. 1908, Botanische Jahrbücherfür Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie49: 183. 1913.

C. menhoferi Govaerts (Calamagrostis hirsuta V.N. Vassil.;Calamagrostis manshurica (V. Vassil.) Baranov & Skvort-zov; Deyeuxia hirsuta Rúgolo & X. Villavicencio)

South America, Bolivia. See Quarterly Journal of the Tai-wan Museum 18: 221. 1965, Masao Kitagawa (b. 1909),Neo-Lineamenta Florae Manshuricae: or enumeration ofthe spontaneous vascular plants hitherto known from Man-churia (northeastern China) together with their synonymyand distribution. 75. 1979 [Flora et vegetatio mundi heraus-gegeben von Reinhold Tüxen; Band IV.], Boletín de laSociedad Argentina de Botánica 31(1-2): 136, f. 7. 1995,World Checklist of Seed Plants 3(1): 11. 1999.

C. minima (Pilg.) Tovar (Calamagrostis vicunarum var.minima Pilg.; Deyeuxia minima (Pilg.) Rúgolo)

South America, Peru. Open areas, see Botanische Jahrbücherfür Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie

42: 62-63. 1908, Memorias del Museo de Historia Natural“Javier Prado” 11: 53. 1960.

C. mollis Pilg. (Deyeuxia mollis (Pilg.) Sodiro)

South America, Ecuador. See Botanische Jahrbücher fürSystematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42:61. 1908, Revista del Colégio Nacional Vicente Rocafuerte12: 80. 1930.

C. montanensis (Scribn.) Scribn. (Calamagrostis montan-ensis (Scribn.) Beal, nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis mon-tanensis (Scribn.) Scribn.; Calamagrostis montanensisScribn. ex Vasey; Calamagrostis neglecta var. candidulaKearney; Deyeuxia montanensis Scribn.)

North America, U.S., Canada. Open prairies, moist places,see Oekonomisch-Technische Flora der Wetterau 1: 94.1799, Proceedings of the Society for the Promotion of Agri-cultural Science 6. 1883, Contributions from the UnitedStates National Herbarium 3(1): 82. 1892, Grasses of NorthAmerica, second edition, 2: 342. 1896, Bulletin, Divisionof Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 11:35-36. 1898.

C. muiriana B.L. Wilson & Sami Gray

North America, U.S., California. See Madroño 49(3): 174-175, f. 3, f. 4. 2002.

C. mulleri Luces

South America, Venezuela. See Abhandlungen der Königli-chen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 252-253. 1874 and Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Cien-cias Naturales 15(80): 9-11, f. 5. 1953.

C. nagarum (Bor) G. Singh (Deyeuxia nagarum Bor)

India, Naga Hills. Straggling, see Indian Forest Records:Botany 1: 69. 1938, Taxon 33(1): 94. 1984.

C. nardifolia (Griseb.) Hack. (Agrostis canescens Griseb.,nom. illeg., non Agrostis canescens (L.) Salisb.; Agrostisnardifolia Griseb.; Deyeuxia nardifolia (Griseb.) Phil.; Dey-euxia trisetoides Phil.)

Argentina. See Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaftder Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 252-253. 1874, Ver-zeichniss der von Friedrich Philippi auf der Hochebene derProvinzen Antofagasta und Tarapacá gesammelten Pflanzen83. Leipzig 1891 [also in Anales del Museo Nacional deChile. Primera Sección — Zoolojía 8: 83. 1891, with thetitle Catalogus praevius plantarum in itinere ad Tarapaca aFriderico Philippi lectarum.] and Anales del Museo Nacio-nal de Buenos Aires 13: 480. 1906.

C. neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn. (Agrostis arundinacea J. Presl,nom. illeg., non Agrostis arundinacea L.; Arundo neglectaEhrh.; Arundo stricta Timm; Calamagrostis ameghinoi(Speg.) Macloskie; Calamagrostis ameghinoi (Speg.) Hau-man, nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis ameghinoi (Speg.)Macloskie; Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth; Calama-grostis freticola (Speg.) Macloskie; Calamagrostis fuegianaSpeg.; Calamagrostis haenkeana Hitchc.; Calamagrostis


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hookeri (Syme) Druce; Calamagrostis hyperborea Lange;Calamagrostis kolgujewensis Gand.; Calamagrostis laxi-flora Kearney, nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis laxifloraPhil.; Calamagrostis lucida Scribn.; Calamagrostis magel-lanica Phil.; Calamagrostis micrantha Kearney; Calama-grostis neglecta var. gracilis Scribn. ex Kearney;Calamagrostis neglecta var. micrantha (Kearney) Stebbins;Calamagrostis ochotensis V. Vassil.; Calamagrostis poae-oides Steud.; Calamagrostis robertii A.E. Porsild; Calama-grostis stricta (Timm) Koeler; Calamagrostis stricta var.hookeri Syme; Deyeuxia ameghinoi Speg.; Deyeuxia bore-alis Macoun; Deyeuxia freticola Speg.; Deyeuxia hookeri(Syme) Druce; Deyeuxia neglecta (Ehrh.) Kunth; Deyeuxianeglecta var. brevifolia Vasey; Deyeuxia neglecta var. gra-cilis Scribn.; Deyeuxia poaeoides (Steud.) Rúgolo; Dey-euxia vancouverensis Vasey)

South America. See Tentamen Florae Germanicae 2(1): 89.1789, Beiträge zur Naturkunde 6: 137. 1791, Oekonomisch-Technische Flora der Wetterau 1: 94. 1799, Saccardoa:Monographiae Mycologicae 105. 1802, Révision desGraminées 1: 76. 1829, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 238.1830, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 423. 1854,English Botany, the third edition 11: 56. 1873, BotanicalGazette 11: 175. 1886, Catalogue of Canadian Plants 2(4):206-207. 1888, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 15(2):48. 1888, Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 5:85, 87. 1896, Anales de la Universidad de Chile 94: 18, 20.1896, Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United StatesDepartment of Agriculture 11: 34-36. 1898 and Bulletin,Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agri-culture 30: 8. 1901, Anales Museo Nacional de HistoriaNatural de Buenos Aires 7: 190. 1902, Reports of thePrinceton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899,Volume viii, 1 [2], Botany 8(1,5,1): 193-194. 1904, Bulletinde la Société Botanique de France 56: 533. 1909, AnalesMuseo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires 29:57. 1917, Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 24(8): 371. 1927, Botanical Exchange Club ofthe British Isles. Report 8: 140. 1926-1927, Rhodora 32:55. 1930, George Claridge Druce (1850-1932), The ComitalFlora of the British Isles 352. Arbroath, Scot. 1932 [FloraComitalis Britannicae], Nature Canada 4: 5. 1974 [1975],Darwiniana 21: 443. 1978, Flora Patagónica 3: 361. 1978.

C. neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn. subsp. inexpansa (A. Gray)Tzvelev (Calamagrostis aculeolata (Hack.) Ohwi; Calama-grostis americana (Vasey) Scribn.; Calamagrostis brevisetavar. lacustris Kearney; Calamagrostis californica Kearney;Calamagrostis canadensis var. arcta Stebbins; Calamagros-tis chordorrhiza A.E. Porsild; Calamagrostis crassiglumisThurb.; Calamagrostis elongata (Kearney) Rydb.; Calama-grostis expansa Rickett & Gilly; Calamagrostis fernaldiiLouis-Marie; Calamagrostis hyperborea Lange; Calama-grostis hyperborea var. americana (Vasey) Kearney;Calamagrostis hyperborea var. elongata Kearney; Calama-grostis hyperborea var. hyperborea; Calamagrostis

hyperborea var. stenodes Kearney; Calamagrostis inex-pansa A. Gray; Calamagrostis inexpansa var. barbulataKearney; Calamagrostis inexpansa var. brevior (Vasey)Stebbins; Calamagrostis inexpansa var. inexpansa;Calamagrostis inexpansa var. novae-angliae Stebbins;Calamagrostis inexpansa var. robusta (Vasey) Stebbins;Calamagrostis labradorica Kearney; Calamagrostis lacus-tris (Kearney) Nash; Calamagrostis lapponica var. brevip-ilis Stebbins; Calamagrostis neglecta var. crassiglumis(Thurb.) Beal; Calamagrostis neglecta var. hyperborea(Lange) M.E. Jones; Calamagrostis neglecta var. inexpansa(A. Gray) M.E. Jones; Calamagrostis pickeringii var. debilis(Kearney) Fernald & Wiegand; Calamagrostis pickeringiivar. lacustris (Kearney) Hitchc.; Calamagrostis robusta(Vasey) Vasey; Calamagrostis stricta subsp. inexpansa (A.Gray) C.W. Greene; Calamagrostis stricta var. aculeolataHack.; Calamagrostis stricta var. brevior Vasey; Calama-grostis stricta var. robusta Vasey; Calamagrostis wyomin-gensis Gand.; Deyeuxia americana (Vasey) Lunell;Deyeuxia crassiglumis (Thurb.) Vasey; Deyeuxia elongata(Kearney) Lunell; Deyeuxia glomerata Vasey ex Macoun;Deyeuxia hyperborea (Lange) Lunell; Deyeuxia hyperboreavar. elongata (Kearney) Lunell; Deyeuxia hyperborea var.stenodes (Kearney) Lunell; Deyeuxia neglecta var. ameri-cana Vasey; Deyeuxia neglecta var. robusta Vasey)

America. Swamps, woods, meadows, boggy places, seeGenera Graminum 5. 1819, North American Gramineaeand Cyperaceae 1: 20. 1834, Report Upon United StatesGeographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian,in Charge of First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler… vol. vi —Botany 6: 285. 1878 [1879], Geological Survey of Califor-nia, Botany 2: 281. 1880, The Grasses of the United States28. 1883, Catalogue of Canadian Plants 2(4): 206. 1888,Botanical Gazette 16: 288. 1891, Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 3(1): 82. 1892, Memoirsof the Torrey Botanical Club 5: 41. 1894, Grasses of NorthAmerica for Farmers and Students 2: 353. 1896, Bulletin,Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agri-culture 5: 27. 1897, Bulletin, Division of Agrostology UnitedStates Department of Agriculture 11: 25-26, 37-41. 1898,Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 7(9): 652. 1899 and Rhodora8(95): 210. 1906, Contributions to Western Botany 14: 9.1912, An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States 1:208. 1913, Rhodora 15(175): 135. 1913, American MidlandNaturalist 4: 218. 1915, Flora of the Rocky Mountains1060. 1917, American Midland Naturalist 5: 233. 1918,Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 66(7): 299. 1919[1920], Rhodora 32: 45, 48, 50-51, 56. 1930, Acta Phyto-taxonomica et Geobotanica 2: 278. 1933, Bulletin of theTorrey Botanical Club 69: 464. 1942, Sargentia: Continu-ation of the Contributions from the Arnold Arboretum ofHarvard University 4: 9-10. 1943, Rhodora 46: 290, pl.836, f. 4. 1944, Zlaki SSSR 310. 1976, American Journalof Botany 71: 286. 1984.


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C. neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn. subsp. neglecta (Arundoneglecta Ehrh.; Arundo stricta Timm; Calamagrostisjacutensis Petrov; Calamagrostis kolgujewensis Gand.;Calamagrostis laxiflora Kearney, nom. illeg., non Calama-grostis laxiflora Phil.; Calamagrostis lucida Scribn.;Calamagrostis micrantha Kearney; Calamagrostis micran-tha var. micrantha; Calamagrostis micrantha var. sierraeM.E. Jones; Calamagrostis neglecta subsp. aculeolata(Hack.) T. Koyama; Calamagrostis neglecta subsp. micran-tha (Kearney) Tzvelev; Calamagrostis neglecta subsp.stricta (Timm) Tzvelev; Calamagrostis neglecta var. graci-lis Scribn. ex Kearney; Calamagrostis neglecta var. micran-tha (Kearney) Stebbins; Calamagrostis neglecta var.neglecta; Calamagrostis neglecta var. poaeoides (Steud.)Hack.; Calamagrostis neglecta var. stricta (Timm) Griseb.;Calamagrostis neglecta var. wrightii Kearney; Calamagros-tis ochotensis V. Vassil.; Calamagrostis poaeoides Steud.;Calamagrostis praerupta V. Vassil.; Calamagrostis rever-dattoi Golub; Calamagrostis stricta var. aculeolata Hack.;Calamagrostis stricta var. stricta; Deyeuxia micrantha(Kearney) L. Liou; Deyeuxia neglecta var. brevifolia Vasey;Deyeuxia neglecta var. gracilis Scribn.; Deyeuxia poaeoides(Steud.) Rúgolo)

Europe, America. Meadows, under trees, see Beiträge zurNaturkunde 6: 137. 1791, Saccardoa: Monographiae Myco-logicae 105. 1802, Flora Rossica 4(13): 429. 1852, Synop-sis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 423. 1854, BotanicalGazette 11: 175. 1886, Catalogue of Canadian Plants 2(4):206. 1888, Anales de la Universidad de Chile 94: 18. 1896,Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States Departmentof Agriculture 11: 34-36. 1898, Bulletin de l’Herbier Bois-sier 7(9): 652. 1899 and Bulletin, Division of AgrostologyUnited States Department of Agriculture 30: 8. 1901, Bul-letin de la Société Botanique de France 56: 533. 1909,Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 21: 103. 1911,Contributions to Western Botany 14: 9. 1912, Flora Iakutiae1: 214, f 23. 1930, Rhodora 32: 55. 1930, Feddes Reperto-rium 68: 236. 1963, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 1965: 29-30.1965, Flora Patagónica 3: 361. 1978, Grasses of Japan andits Neighboring Regions 496. 1987, Vascular Plants of theHengduan Mountains 2: 2239. 1994.

C. neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn. var. borealis (Laest.) Kearney(Arundo groenlandica Schrank; Calamagrostis borealisLaest.; Calamagrostis stricta subsp. groenlandica(Schrank) Á. Löve)

Europe. See Denkschriften der Bayer[ischen]. BotanischenGesellschaft in Regensburg 1: 8. 1818, C.P. Laestadius(1835-1920), Bidrag till kännedomen om växtligheten iTorneå Lappmark. Diss. Uppsala 1860, Bulletin, Divisionof Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 11:35. 1898 and Taxon 19: 299. 1970.

C. nepalensis Nees ex Steud. (Calamagrostis pseudophrag-mites (Haller f.) Koeler)

Asia. See Archiv für die Botanik 1: 11. 1797, Descriptiouberior Graminum 106. 1803, Synopsis Plantarum Glu-macearum 1: 193. 1854.

C. nitidula Pilg. (Calamagrostis nitidula var. elata Pilg.;Calamagrostis nitidula var. macrantha Pilg.; Calamagrostisrigida (Kunth) Trin. ex Steud.; Deyeuxia nitidula (Pilg.)Rúgolo; Deyeuxia rigida Kunth)

Peru, Bolivia. Stony sites, see Nova Genera et Species Plan-tarum 1: 144. 1815 [1816], Nomenclator Botanicus. Editiosecunda 1: 251. 1840 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Sys-tematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42:69-70. 1908.

C. nutkaensis (J. Presl & C. Presl) Steud. (Calamagrostisalbescens Buckley ex A. Gray; Calamagrostis albicansBuckley; Calamagrostis aleutica Trin.; Calamagrostis aleu-tica var. patens Kearney; Calamagrostis nutkaensis (J.Presl) J. Presl ex Steud.; Calamagrostis pallida Nutt. ex A.Gray, nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis pallida C. Mueller;Deyeuxia aleutica (Trin.) Munro ex Hook.; Deyeuxia bre-viaristata Vasey, nom. illeg., non Deyeuxia breviaristataWedd.; Deyeuxia columbiana Macoun; Deyeuxia nutkaen-sis J. Presl)

Northern America, Alaska, U.S. Perennial, see ReliquiaeHaenkeanae 1(4-5): 250. 1830, Synopsis Plantarum Glu-macearum 1: 190. 1854, Transactions of the Linnean Soci-ety of London 23: 345. 1862, Proceedings of the Academyof Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 14: 92, 334. 1862,Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 15(2): 48. 1888, Cat-alogue of Canadian Plants 2(4): 207. 1888, Bulletin, Divi-sion of Agrostology United States Department ofAgriculture 11: 20. 1898.

C. ophitidis (J. Howell) Nygren (Calamagrostis purpuras-cens var. ophitidis J.T. Howell) (from the Latin ophitis, idisand ophites, ae “snake-stone, a kind of marble spotted likea snake, serpentine-stone”; Plinius: “…ophites serpentinummaculis similis unde et nomen accepit…”)

U.S., California. See Botanical Appendix to Captain Frank-lin’s Narrative 731. 1823 and Leaflets of Western Botany4(10): 246-247. 1946, Hereditas; genetiskt arkiv. 40: 388.1954.

in English: serpentine reed grass

C. orbignyana (Wedd.) Wedd. ex Pilg. (Calamagrostis nem-atophylla (Wedd.) Pilg.; Calamagrostis orbignyana(Wedd.) Hitchc., nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis orbig-nyana (Wedd.) Wedd. ex Pilg.; Deyeuxia nematophyllaWedd.; Deyeuxia orbignyana Wedd.) (named for the French(b. Loire-Atlantique) naturalist Alcide Dessalinesd’Orbigny, 1802-1857 (d. near Sant-Denis), traveler, zool-ogist, palaeontologist, explorer, 1826-1834 in South Amer-ica, palm collector, studied in Paris under Pierre-Louis-Antoine Cordier (1777-1861), professor of paleontology atthe Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, among hisnumerous writings are Voyage dans l’Amerique méridionale.


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Paris, Strasbourg 1834[-1847], Tableau méthodique de laclasse des Céphalopodes. Paris 1826 and Paléontologiefrançaise. Description zoologique et géologique de tous lesanimaux mollusques et rayonnés fossiles de France. Paris1840-1856. See P. Fischer, “Notice sur la vie et sur lestravaux d’Alcide d’Orbigny.” Bulletin de la Sociétégéologique de France. sér. 3. 6: 434-453. Paris 1878; A.Gaudry, “Alcide d’Orbigny, ses voyages et ses travaux.”Revue des Deux Mondes. Paris 1859; A. Lasègue, Muséebotanique de Benjamin Delessert. Paris 1845; B. Glass etal., editors, Forerunners of Darwin: 1745-1859. Baltimore1959; August Weberbauer (1871-1948), Die Pflanzenweltder peruanischen Andes in ihren Grundzügen dargestellt.8-9. Leipzig 1911; Claudio Urbano B. Pinheiro and MichaelJ. Balick, Brazilian Palms. Notes on Their Uses and Ver-nacular Names, compiled and translated from Pio Corrêa’s“Dicionário das Plantas Úteis do Brasil e das Exóticas Cul-tivadas, with updated nomenclature and added illustrations”in Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. vol.17: 39-40. 1987; Heinz Tobien, in D.S.B. 10: 221-222. 1981;F. Boerner and G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der botani-schen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 143. Berlin & Hamburg1989; H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botani-schen Pflanzennamen. 440. 1996; R. Zander, F. Encke, G.Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzen-namen. 14. Aufl. 407, 785f. Stuttgart 1993; G. ChristianWittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 636.Ansbach 1852; Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic literature.3: 842-844. 1981)

America. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France22: 178-180. 1875 and Botanische Jahrbücher für System-atik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42: 70.1908, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge-schichte und Pflanzengeographie 49: 184. 1912, Contribu-tions from the United States National Herbarium 24(8):378. 1927.

C. orizabae (Rupr. ex E. Fourn.) Beal (Achaeta plumosa E.Fourn.; Achaeta plumosa E. Fourn. ex Hemsl.; Calamagros-tis erecta Beal; Calamagrostis erectifolia Hitchc.; Calama-grostis orizabae Steud.; Calamagrostis plumosa Spreng.;Calamagrostis plumosa (E. Fourn.) Scribn. ex Beal, nom.illeg., non Calamagrostis plumosa Spreng.; Deyeuxia oriz-abae Rupr. ex E. Fourn.; Deyeuxia orizabae Rupr.)

North America, Mexico. See Systema Vegetabilium, editiodecima sexta 1: 253. 1825 [1824], Bulletin de l’AcadémieRoyale des Sciences et Belles-lettres de Bruxelles 9(2): 233.1842, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 193. 1854, Bul-letin de la Société Botanique de France 24: 181. 1877,Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany … 3: 553. 1885,Mexicanas Plantas 2: 105, 109. 1886, Grasses of NorthAmerica for Farmers and Students 2: 340. 1896 and NorthAmerican Flora 17(7): 507. 1937.

C. ovata (J. Presl) Steud. (Calamagrostis pflanzii Pilg.;Calamagrostis pflanzii var. major Pilg.; Deyeuxia

anthoxanthum Wedd.; Deyeuxia capitata Wedd.; Deyeuxianivalis Wedd.; Deyeuxia ovata J. Presl; Stylagrostis nivalis(Wedd.) Mez; Stylagrostis ovata (J. Presl) Mez)

America, Bolivia, Peru. See Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5):246. 1830, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 251.1840, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 22: 176,179-180. 1875 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 49: 184. 1912,Botanisches Archiv 1(1): 20. 1922.

C. ovata (J. Presl) Steud. var. nivalis (Wedd.) Soreng(Calamagrostis nivalis (Wedd.) Hack. ex Buchtien; Dey-euxia nivalis Wedd.; Deyeuxia ovata var. nivalis (Wedd.)X. Villavicencio; Stylagrostis nivalis (Wedd.) Mez)

America. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France22: 176, 180. 1875 and Contribuciones a la Flora de Bolivia1: 75. 1910, Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 48: 213. 2003.

C. ovata (J. Presl) Steud. var. ovata (Calamagrostis pflanziivar. major Pilg.; Calamagrostis pflanzii var. pflanzii; Dey-euxia ovata J. Presl; Deyeuxia ovata var. ovata; Stylagrostisovata (J. Presl) Mez)

America. See Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 246. 1830 andBotanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichteund Pflanzengeographie 49: 184. 1912, Botanisches Archiv1(1): 20. 1922.

C. parsana (Bor) Dogan (Agrostis parsana (Bor) Beetle;Deyeuxia parsana Bor)

Iran. Rhizomatous, leaves mainly basal, usually in wetareas, see Kew Bulletin 1948: 42. 1948, Bulletin of theTorrey Botanical Club 76: 290. 1949, Notes from the RoyalBotanic Garden, Edinburgh 40(1): 86. 1982.

C. patagonica (Speg.) Macloskie (Deyeuxia patagonicaSpeg.)

South America, Argentina. See Anales Museo Nacional deHistoria Natural de Buenos Aires 7: 191. 1902, Reports ofthe Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899, Volume viii, 1 [2], Botany 8(1,5,1): 195-196. 1904.

C. perplexa Scribn. (Calamagrostis nemoralis Phil.;Calamagrostis nemoralis Kearney, nom. illeg., nonCalamagrostis nemoralis Phil.; Calamagrostis porteri var.perplexa (Scribn.) R.T. Clausen)

America. See Proceedings of the American Academy of Artsand Sciences 6: 79. 1862, Anales de la Universidad de Chile94: 18. 1896, Bulletin, Division of Agrostology UnitedStates Department of Agriculture 11: 26. 1898 and Circular,Division of Agrostology, United States Department of Agri-culture 30: 7. 1901, Cornell University Agricultural Exper-iment Station Memoir 291: 11. Ithaca, New York 1949 [alsoMemoir, Cornell University Agricultural ExperimentStation].

C. pickeringii A. Gray (Calamagrostis breviseta (A. Gray)Scribn.; Calamagrostis breviseta var. debilis Kearney;


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Calamagrostis pickeringii f. vivipara Louis-Marie;Calamagrostis pickeringii var. debilis (Kearney) Fernaldand Wiegand; Calamagrostis sylvatica var. breviseta A.Gray; Deyeuxia pickeringii (A. Gray) Vasey)

North America, Savannah, wet sites. See A Manual of theBotany of the Northern United States 582. 1848, A Manualof the Botany of the Northern United States. second edition547. 1856, The Grasses of the United States 28. 1883,Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 5: 41. 1894, Bulletin,Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agri-culture 11: 25. 1898 and Rhodora 15(175): 135. 1913,Rhodora 46: 296. 1944.

C. pickeringii A. Gray f. pickeringii (Calamagrostis pick-eringii var. pickeringii)

America.

C. pickeringii A. Gray f. vivipara Louis-Marie

Canada. See Rhodora 46: 296. 1944.

C. pinetorum Swallen

Guatemala. Slopes, dry areas, see Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 29(9): 406. 1950.

C. pisinna Swallen

Venezuela. Páramos, see Contributions from the UnitedStates National Herbarium 29(6): 257-258. 1948 [1949].

C. pittieri Hack.

South America. See Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift52(3): 108. 1902.

C. planifolia (Kunth) Trin. ex Steud. (Arundo planifolia(Kunth) Poir.; Deyeuxia planifolia Kunth)

America. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 145.1815 [1816], Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique Suppl.4: 707. 1816, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1:251. 1840.

C. podophora Pilg. (Calamagrostis ligulata (Kunth)Hitchc.; Deyeuxia ligulata Kunth; Deyeuxia podophora(Pilg.) Sodiro)

Peru. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 145. 1815[1816] and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflan-zengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42: 66. 1908, Con-tributions from the United States National Herbarium 24(8)372. 1927, Revista del Colégio Nacional Vicente Rocafuerte12: 79. 1930.

C. polygama (Griseb.) Parodi (Calamagrostis lilloi Hack.;Calamagrostis lilloi f. grandiflora Hack.; Calamagrostislilloi f. lilloi; Cinnagrostis polygama Griseb.; Deyeuxiapolygama (Griseb.) Parodi)

South America, Argentina. See Abhandlungen der Königli-chen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 257,t. 2, f. 7. 1874, A.H.R. Grisebach (1814-1879), Plantaelorentzianae. Göttingen 1874 and Anales del Museo Nacio-nal de Buenos Aires 13: 477. 1906, Anales del Museo

Nacional de Buenos Aires 21: 102. 1911, Physis. Revistade la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales 9: 13, 41.1928, Revista Argentina de Agronomía 20: 14. 1953.

C. polygama (Griseb.) Parodi subsp. filifolia (Rúgolo & X.Villavicencio) Soreng (Deyeuxia polygama subsp. filifoliaRúgolo & X. Villavicencio)

South America, Bolivia. See Boletín de la Sociedad Argen-tina de Botánica 31(1-2): 139, f. 8. 1995, Contributionsfrom the United States National Herbarium 48: 215. 2003.

C. polygama (Griseb.) Parodi subsp. polygama (Deyeuxiapolygama subsp. polygama)

America.

C. porteri A. Gray (Deyeuxia porteri (A. Gray) Vasey)

America, U.S. See Proceedings of the American Academyof Arts and Sciences 6: 79. 1862, The Grasses of the UnitedStates 28. 1883 and Cornell University Agricultural Exper-iment Station Memoir 291: 11. 1949.

C. porteri A. Gray subsp. insperata (Swallen) C.W. Greene(Calamagrostis insperata Swallen)

U.S. See Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences25(9): 413. 1935, American Journal of Botany 71: 285.1984, Esselman E.J., L. Jianqiang, D.J. Crawford, J.L. Win-dus, A.D. Wolfe, “Clonal diversity in the rare Calamgrostisporteri subsp. insperata (Poaceae): comparative results forallozymes and random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) and intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers.”Molecular Ecology 8: 443. 1999.

C. porteri A. Gray subsp. porteri

U.S.

C. preslii (Kunth) Hitchc. (Agrostis caespitosa J. Presl,nom. illeg., non Agrostis caespitosa (L.) Salisb.; Agrostispreslii Kunth; Bromidium caespitosum Nees & Meyen; Bro-midium hygrometricum var. caespitosum (Nees & Meyen)Kuntze; Calamagrostis caespitosa Scribn., nom. illeg., nonCalamagrostis caespitosa (Hochst. ex Seub.) Steud.)

America, Peru. See Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 25. 1796,Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 237. 1830, Enumeratio Plan-tarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 1: 225. 1833,Gramineae 23-24. 1841, Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes.Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1): 155-156. 1843, RevisioGenerum Plantarum 3(3): 343. 1898, Annual Report of theMissouri Botanical Garden 10: 37. 1899 and Contributionsfrom the United States National Herbarium 24(8) 370.1927.

C. pringlei Scribner ex Beal (Calamagrostis guatemalensisHitchc.; Deyeuxia pringlei Soreng; Deyeuxia pringleiScribn. ex Beal)

Mexico. See Grasses of North America for Farmers andStudents 2: 345. 1896.

C. pseudophragmites (Haller f.) Koeler (Arundo laxa(Host) Wahlenb.; Arundo littorea Schrad.; Arundo


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pseudophragmites Haller f.; Calamagrostis glauca(M.Bieb.) Trin.; Calamagrostis glauca Trin. ex Hohen.;Calamagrostis lanceolata Aitch., nom. illeg., non Calama-grostis lanceolata Roth; Calamagrostis laxa Host; Calama-grostis littorea DC.; Calamagrostis littorea (Schrad.) DC.;Calamagrostis littorea (Schrad.) P. Beauv.; Calamagrostisnepalensis Nees ex Steud.; Calamagrostis onoei Franch. &Sav.; Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Haller f.) Koelersubsp. dubia (Bunge) Tzvelev)

Asia, China, Japan. Perennial, rhizomatous, coarse foliage,useful for erosion control, common in disturbed sites, wetareas along rivers, pine woods, along roadsides, see Archivfür die Botanik 1: 11. 1797, Descriptio uberior Graminum106. 1803, Flora Germanica 1: 212, pl. 4, f. 2. 1806, Essaid’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 15. 1812, Bulletin de laSociété Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 14. 1837,Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 193. 1854, Enumer-atio Plantarum in Japonia Sponte Crescentium … 2: 598.1879, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 18: 107. 1880.

C. pseudophragmites (Haller f.) Koeler subsp. pseudo-phragmites

Europe, Asia. Perennial, rhizomatous, useful for erosioncontrol.

C. pubescens (Pilg.) Pilg. (Deyeuxia pubescens Pilg.)

South America, Colombia. See Botanische Jahrbücher fürSystematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie25(5): 712. 1898 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42: 60. 1908.

C. pungens Tovar


C. purpurascens R. Br. (Arundo purpurascens (R. Br.)Schult.; Avena sesquiflora (Trin.) Griseb.; Calamagrostisarctica Vasey; Calamagrostis arundinacea f. purpurascens(R. Br.) Gelert; Calamagrostis arundinacea var. purpuras-cens (R. Br.) Porsild; Calamagrostis caespitosa V. Vassil.,nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis caespitosa (Hochst. ex Seub.)Steud.; Calamagrostis lepageana Louis-Marie; Calamagros-tis purpurascens subsp. arctica (Vasey) Hultén; Calamagros-tis purpurascens var. arctica (Vasey) Kearney; Calamagrostispurpurascens var. ophitidis J.T. Howell; Calamagrostis pur-purascens var. vaseyi (Beal) M.E. Jones; Calamagrostis ses-quiflora (Trin.) Kawano; Calamagrostis sesquiflora (Trin.)Tzvelev; Calamagrostis sylvatica var. americana Vasey;Calamagrostis sylvatica var. purpurascens Thurb. ex Vasey;Calamagrostis vaseyi Beal; Calamagrostis wiluica Litv. exV. Petrov; Calamagrostis yukonensis Nash; Deschampsiacongestiformis W.E. Booth; Deyeuxia purpurascens (R. Br.)Kunth; Deyeuxia robusta Phil.; Trisetum sesquiflorum Trin.)

North America, U.S., Canada. Open habitats, dry soils, seeTentamen Florae Germanicae 2(1): 89. 1789, Icones etDescriptiones Graminum Austriacorum 4: t. 48. 1809,

Botanical Appendix to Captain Franklin’s Narrative 731.1823, Mantissa 3: 603. 1827, Révision des Graminées 1:77. 1829, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciencesde Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathéma-tiques, Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde Partie: SciencesNaturelles 4,2(1): 14. 1836, Flora Rossica 4(13): 419. 1852,Florula Atacamensis seu Enumeratio … 54. 1860, Contri-butions from the United States National Herbarium 3(1):83. 1892, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Division of Bot-any. Bulletin 13(2): t. 55. 1893, Grasses of North Americafor Farmers and Students 2: 344. 1896, Bulletin, Divisionof Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 11:19. 1898 and Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden2(6): 154-155. 1901, Carl E. Hansen Ostenfeld (1873-1931), Flora arctica containing descriptions of the flower-ing plants and ferns, found in the Arctic regions, with theirdistribution in these countries … Edited by C.H. Ostenfeld… Pt. I. Copenhagen, Det Nordiske Forlag, 1902. [Pterido-phyta, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledones, by O. Gelertand C.H. Ostenfeld.], Meddelelser om Grønland 47: 261.1910, Contributions to Western Botany 14: 9. 1912, FloraIakutiae 1: 193, f 63. 1930, Acta Universitatis Lundensis,n.s. 38(1): 170-171. 1942, Rhodora 45(538): 414. 1943,Rhodora 46: 303. 1944, Leaflets of Western Botany 4(10):246-247. 1946, Flora Arctica URSS 2: 74. 1964, ActaPhytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 21: 80. 1965.

C. purpurascens R. Br. var. laricina Louis-Marie (Calama-grostis laricina (Louis-Marie) Louis-Marie; Calamagrostispoluninii T.J. Sørensen; Calamagrostis purpurascens f.compacta Louis-Marie; Calamagrostis purpurascens f.laricina Louis-Marie)

North America, Canada. See Revue d’Oka, agronomie,médicine, vétérinaire de l’institut agricole 20: 153. 1946,Nature Canada 85: 70. 1958, Fl. Canada 2: 258. 1978.

C. purpurascens R. Br. var. purpurascens (Calamagrostiscaespitosa V. Vassil., nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis cae-spitosa (Hochst. ex Seub.) Steud.; Calamagrostis maltei(Polunin) Á. Löve and D. Löve; Calamagrostis purpuras-cens subsp. maltei (Polunin) A.E. Porsild; Calamagrostispurpurascens subsp. purpurascens; Calamagrostis pur-purascens var. maltei Polunin; Calamagrostis yukonensisNash)

North America, Canada. Dry soils, see Bulletin of the NewYork Botanical Garden 2(6): 154-155. 1901, Bulletin of theNational Museum of Canada 92: 51. 1940, Nature Canada4: 5. 1974 [1975], Botaniska Notiser 128(4): 503. 1975[1976].

C. purpurea (Trin.) Trin. (Arundo purpurea Trin.; Calama-grostis gracilis (Litv.) V. Vassil., nom. illeg., non Calama-grostis gracilis Seenus; Calamagrostis neglecta var.poaeoides (Steud.) Hack.; Calamagrostis notabilis Litv.;Calamagrostis poaeoides Steud.; Calamagrostis poaeoides


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V.N. Vassil., nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis poaeoidesSteud.; Calamagrostis poplawskae Roshev.; Deyeuxiapoaeoides (Steud.) Rúgolo)

Siberia, Russia, Finland. Perennial, on sandy soil, meadows,mountain steppe, margin of abandoned fields, see NeueEntdeckungen im ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 2: 52.1821, Gram. Unifl. Sesquifl. 219. 1824 and Feddes Reper-torium 68: 212, 219. 1963.

C. purpurea (Trin.) Trin. subsp. phragmitoides (Hartm.)Tzvelev (Calamagrostis elata Blytt; Calamagrostis flexuosaRupr.; Calamagrostis phragmitoides Hartm.)

Russia, Siberia, Finland. Useful for erosion control.

C. purpurea (Trin.) Trin. subsp. pseudopurpurea (Gerstl.ex O.R. Heine) G.C.S. Clarke (Calamagrostis pseudopur-purea Gerstl. ex O.R. Heine; Calamagrostis pseudopur-purea Gerstl. ex Rauschert; Calamagrostis purpurea subsp.pseudopurpurea (Gerstl. ex Rauschert) G.C.S. Clarke;Calamagrostis rivalis (Torges) H. Scholz)

Europe, Germany. See Feddes Repertorium 83(4): 282.1972, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 76: 361.1978.

C. purpurea (Trin.) Trin. subsp. purpurea

Siberia, Russia.

C. ramonae Escalona

Venezuela. Páramos, see Phytologia 65(5): 342, f. 3. 1988.

C. rauhii Tovar (for the German botanist Werner Rauh,1913-2000 (Heidelberg), explorer, collector, botanicalwriter, bryologist, and specialist on succulent plants andBromeliaceae, traveler (Africa and South America, Mada-gascar), professor and former director of the Institute forSystematic Botany at the University of Heidelberg (Inst. fürSystematische Botanik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität,Heidelberg, Germany) and the associated botanical garden,author of numerous books and articles pertaining to succu-lent plants, he is commemorated in numerous specific andgeneric names, contributed to The Euphorbia Journal,among his writings are “The Didiereaceae.” Cact. Succ. J.Amer. 48: 75. 1976, “Uber einige interessante Sukkulentenaus Kenia.” Sukkulentenkunde. 7/8: 108-127. 1963, Kak-teen an ihren Standorten. Berlin & Hamburg 1979 andSucculent and Xerophytic Plants of Madagascar. Two vol-umes. Strawberry Press 1995-1998. See T.W. Bossert, Bio-graphical dictionary of botanists represented in the HuntInstitute portrait collection. 325. 1972; The EuphorbiaJournal. vol. 10: 225-226. 1996; Andrew Cowin, “The Hor-tus Palatinus: Heidelberg’s Eight Wonder of the World.” inHortus. 24: 44-54. 1992; Gordon Douglas Rowley, A His-tory of Succulent Plants. Strawberry Press, Mill Valley,California 1997; R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S.Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl.Stuttgart 1993; Mary Gunn and Leslie E. Codd, BotanicalExploration of Southern Africa. 290. Cape Town 1981;

Irving William Knobloch, compilation, “A preliminary ver-ified list of plant collectors in Mexico.” Phytologia Mem-oirs. VI. 1983; Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt no. 10: 15, f. 8.1974; Brittonia 34: 480. 1982; Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt50: 19. 1984; J. Bromel. Soc. 35: 116(-117). 1985; Trop.Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 60: 69. 1987; Trop. Subtrop. Pflan-zenwelt 65: 19. 1988; Icon. Orchid. fasc. 3(2): t. 373. 1999;Kakteen Sukk. 51(Heft 11): 294. 2000; J. Bromel. Soc.50(3): 122-124. 2000)

Peru. See Memorias del Museo de Historia Natural “JavierPrado”11: 78. 1960.

C. recta (Kunth) Trin. ex Steud. (Arundo recta (Kunth)Poir.; Arundo stricta (Kunth) Poir., nom. illeg., non Arundostricta Timm; Calamagrostis humboldtiana Steud.;Calamagrostis naiguatensis Swallen; Calamagrostis pal-lens (J. Presl) Steud.; Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler;Deyeuxia pallens J. Presl; Deyeuxia recta Kunth; Deyeuxiastricta Kunth; Deyeuxia sulcata Wedd.)

South America, Ecuador, Venezuela. See Saccardoa:Monographiae Mycologicae 105. 1802, Nova Genera etSpecies Plantarum 1: 144-146. 1815 [1816], EncyclopédieMéthodique, Botanique Suppl. 4: 706. 1816, ReliquiaeHaenkeanae 1(4-5): 249. 1830, Nomenclator Botanicus.Editio secunda 1: 250-251. 1840, Bulletin de la SociétéBotanique de France 22: 178, 180. 1875 and Contributionsfrom the United States National Herbarium 29(6): 262.1948 [1949].

C. reitzii Swallen (named for Padre Raulino Reitz, 1919-1990, Jesuit)

Brazil. See Sellowia 7: 11. 1956.

C. rigescens (J. Presl) Scribn. (Agrostis bromidioidesGriseb.; Agrostis chamaecalamus Trin.; Agrostis rigescensJ. Presl; Agrostis jamesoniana Steud.; Bromidium brevifo-lium Nees & Meyen; Bromidium hygrometricum var. rige-scens (J. Presl) Kuntze; Bromidium hygrometricum var.spectabilis (Nees & Meyen) Kuntze; Bromidium rigescens(J. Presl) Nees & Meyen; Bromidium rigescens var. brevi-folium Nees; Bromidium rigescens var. rigescens; Bromid-ium spectabile Nees & Meyen; Bromidium spectabile var.nubigenum Nees; Bromidium spectabile var. spectabile;Calamagrostis bromidioides (Griseb.) Pilg.; Calamagrostiscajatambensis Pilg.; Calamagrostis imberbis (Wedd.) Pilg.;Chamaecalamus spectabilis Meyen ex Nees; Chamaecala-mus spectabilis Meyen; Deyeuxia cajatambensis Pilg. exZuloaga & al.; Deyeuxia imberbis Wedd.; Deyeuxiaphalaroides Wedd.; Deyeuxia rigescens (J. Presl) Türpe;Stylagrostis phalaroides (Wedd.) Mez)

Southern America, Argentina, Peru. See Revisio GenerumPlantarum 3: 342. 1808, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5):237. 1830, Reise um die Erde 1: 456. 1834, Gramineae 23-25. 1841, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciencesde Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathéma-tiques, Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde Partie: Sciences


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Naturelles 6,4(3-4): 365. 1841, Nova Acta Phys.-Med.Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1): 23, 155,156-157. 1843, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 163.1854, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 22: 177,180. 1875, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft derWissenschaften zu Göttingen 24: 293. 1879, RevisioGenerum Plantarum 3(3): 343. 1898, Annual Report of theMissouri Botanical Garden 10: 37. 1899 and BotanischeJahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflan-zengeographie 42(1): 64-65. 1908, Botanisches Archiv 1(1):20. 1922, Feddes Repertorium 45: 4. 1938, Lilloa 31: 134.1962, Monographs in Systematic Botany from the MissouriBotanical Garden 47: 49. 1994.

C. rigida (Kunth) Trin. ex Steud. (Agrostis antonianaGriseb.; Arundo rigida (Kunth) Poir.; Calamagrostis anto-niana (Griseb.) Steud. ex Hitchc.; Calamagrostis antoniana(Griseb.) D.M. Moore, nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis anto-niana (Griseb.) Steud. ex Hitchc.; Calamagrostis antonianaSteud. ex Lechler; Calamagrostis crassifolia Hack. ex Sod-iro; Calamagrostis gracilis (Wedd.) Henrard, nom. illeg.,non Calamagrostis gracilis Seenus; Calamagrostis gracilis(Wedd.) Pilg., nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis gracilis See-nus; Calamagrostis gusindei Pilg. ex Skottsb.; Calamagros-tis gusindei Pilg.; Calamagrostis nitidula Pilg.;Calamagrostis nitidula var. elata Pilg.; Calamagrostisnitidula var. macrantha Pilg.; Calamagrostis sandiensisPilg.; Deyeuxia antoniana (Griseb.) Parodi; Deyeuxia cras-sifolia Sodiro; Deyeuxia gracilis Wedd.; Deyeuxia gusindei(Pilg.) Parodi; Deyeuxia nitidula (Pilg.) Rúgolo; Deyeuxiarigida Kunth) (for Martin Gusinde, 1886-1969, botanist andbotanical collector in Chile, author of Der Peyote Kult,Entstehung und Verbreitung, in Festschrift zum 50 jahrigenBestandsjubilaum des Missionhauses St. Gabriel Wien-Modling, no.8, St. Gabriel Studien, pp. 401-499. 1939,“Descripción de una nueva especie chilena del género Myr-ceugenia.” Anales Univ. Chile 140: 307-312. 1917 and“Plantas medicinales que los indios araucanos recomien-dan.” Anthropos 31: 55-873. 1936; see American Anthro-pologist, XLII, 667-669. 1940)

Ecuador, Peru, Chile. Páramos, stony places, see Nova Gen-era et Species Plantarum 1: 144. 1815 [1816], EncyclopédieMéthodique, Botanique Suppl. 4: 705. 1816, NomenclatorBotanicus. Editio secunda 1: 251. 1840, Berberides Amer-icae Australis 56. 1857, Bulletin de la Société Botaniquede France 22: 179. 1875, Symbolae ad Floram Argentinam293. 1879, Anales de la Universidad Central del Ecuador3(25): 481. 1889 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42: 68-71.1908, Mededeelingen van’s Rijks-Herbarium 40: 61. 1921,Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 2: 29, 36. 1926, Contributionsfrom the United States National Herbarium 24(8): 378.1927, Revista del Colégio Nacional Vicente Rocafuerte 12:64, 73. 1930, Revista Argentina de Agronomía 20: 14. 1953,Flora of Tierra del Fuego 310. 1983.

C. rosea (Griseb.) Hack. (Agrostis rosea Griseb.; Calama-grostis rosea f. typica Hack.; Calamagrostis rosea var.viridula Hack.; Deyeuxia colorata Beetle; Deyeuxia roseaBor; Deyeuxia rosea (Griseb.) Türpe, nom. illeg., non Dey-euxia rosea Bor)

South America. See Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesell-schaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 253-254. 1874and Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 11: 109.1904, Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 13: 480.1906, Arkiv för Botanik utgivet av K. Svenska Vetenskap-sakademien 8: 40. 1908, Kew Bulletin 9(3): 498. 1954,Lilloa 31: 122. 1962, Rhodora 66: 277. 1964.

C. rubescens Buckley (Calamagrostis aleutica Trin.;Calamagrostis aleutica var. angusta Vasey; Calamagrostisangusta (Vasey) Kearney; Calamagrostis cusickii (Vasey)Vasey; Calamagrostis fasciculata Kearney; Calamagrostisluxurians (Kearney) Rydb.; Calamagrostis subflexuosaKearney; Calamagrostis suksdorfii (Scribn.) Scribn.;Calamagrostis suksdorfii var. luxurians Kearney; Calama-grostis suksdorfii var. suksdorfii; Deyeuxia aleutica (Trin.)Munro ex Hook.; Deyeuxia cusickii Vasey; Deyeuxia rube-scens (Buckley) Vasey; Deyeuxia suksdorfii Scribn.) (forthe American botanist William Conklin Cusick, 1842-1922,Oregon plant collector; see John Hendley Barnhart, Bio-graphical notes upon botanists. 1: 407. Boston 1965; E.M.Tucker, Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arboretumof Harvard University. 1917-1933)

Northern America, U.S., Canada (British Columbia), PacificNorthwest. Perennial, slender, tufted, usually reddish at thebase, leaves erect, leaf sheaths smooth but slightly hairy,spikelets 1-floreted, flowers borne in a narrow cluster, withcreeping rhizomes, native pasture species, leaves used toweave socks and mocassin insoles, in British Columbia theleaves used in the preparation of “Indian icecream,” moistmontane forests, plains, open areas, dry sagebrush flats, seeProceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-delphia 14: 92. 1862, Transactions of the Linnean Societyof London 23: 345. 1862, The Grasses of the United States28. 1883, Botanical Gazette 10: 244. 1885, Bulletin of theTorrey Botanical Club 15(1): 9, pl. C, f. 1-9. 1888, Contri-butions from the United States National Herbarium 3(1):80-82. 1892, Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United StatesDepartment of Agriculture 11: 21-25, f. 1. 1898 and Floraof the Rocky Mountains 1060. 1917.

in English: pine grass, timbergrass

C. rupestris Trin. (Calamagrostis beyrichiana Nees ex Döll;Calamagrostis longearistata (Wedd.) Hack. ex Sodiro;Calamagrostis longearistata f. pilosa Kämpf; Calamagros-tis longearistata var. longearistata; Calamagrostislongearistata var. minor Kämpf; Calamagrostis monte-vidensis var. linearis Hack.; Deyeuxia beyrichiana (Nees exDöll) Sodiro; Deyeuxia heterophylla var. elatior Wedd.;


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Deyeuxia longearistata Wedd.; Deyeuxia rupestris (Trin.)Rúgolo)

Brazil, Bolivia. See De Graminibus Paniceis 28. 1826,Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 401. 1829,Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 22: 176, 180.1875, Flora Brasiliensis 2(3): 53, t. 16. 1878, Anales de laUniversidad Central del Ecuador 3(25): 481. 1889 andRepertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 6: 156.1908, Revista del Colégio Nacional Vicente Rocafuerte 12:79. 1930, Anuário Técnico do Instituto de Pesquisas Zootéc-nicas “Francisco Osorio” 2: 610, 613. 1974 [1975].

C. scaberula Swallen (Calamagrostis intermedia (J. Presl)Steud.; Deyeuxia intermedia J. Presl)

Ecuador. Páramos, see Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 249.1830, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 250. 1840and Contributions from the United States National Herbar-ium 29(6): 261. 1948 [1949].

C. scabriflora Swallen

Venezuela. Swampy places, moist meadows, see Contribu-tions from the United States National Herbarium 29(6):260-261. 1948 [1949].

C. sclerantha Hack. (Calamagrostis spiciformis Hack.;Deyeuxia sclerantha (Hack.) Rúgolo; Deyeuxia spiciformis(Hack.) Türpe)

Argentina. See Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift52(3): 108. 1902, Anales del Museo Nacional de BuenosAires 13: 481. 1906, Lilloa 31: 138. 1962.

C. scopulorum M.E. Jones (Calamagrostis scopulorum var.bakeri Stebbins; Calamagrostis scopulorum var. lucidulaKearney; Calamagrostis scopulorum var. scopulorum)(Latin scopulus, i‚ “a rock, cliff, ” Greek skopelos “peak,promontory”)

North America, U.S. See Proceedings of the CaliforniaAcademy of Sciences, Series 2, 5: 722. 1895, Bulletin, Divi-sion of Agrostology United States Department of Agricul-ture 11: 33. 1898 and Rhodora 32: 47. 1930.

C. secunda (Pilg.) Pilg. (Calamagrostis humboldtianaSteud.; Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler; Deyeuxiasecunda Pilg.; Deyeuxia stricta Kunth)

South America, Ecuador. See Accardoa: MonographiaeMycologicae 105. 1802, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum1: 146. 1815 [1816], Nomenclator Botanicus. Editiosecunda 1: 250. 1840, Botanische Jahrbücher für System-atik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 25(5):712. 1898 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflan-zengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42: 60. 1908.

C. sesquiflora (Trin.) Tzvelev (Avena sesquiflora (Trin.)Griseb.; Calamagrostis arctica Vasey; Calamagrostis pur-purascens subsp. arctica (Vasey) Hultén; Calamagrostispurpurascens subsp. tasuensis Calder and Roy L. Taylor;Calamagrostis purpurascens var. arctica (Vasey) Kearney;Calamagrostis purpurascens var. tasuensis (Calder & Roy

L. Taylor) B. Boivin; Calamagrostis purpurascens var.vaseyi (Beal) M.E. Jones; Calamagrostis sesquiflora (Trin.)Kawano; Calamagrostis sesquiflora subsp. urelytra (Hack.)Prob.; Calamagrostis urelytra Hack.; Calamagrostis vaseyiBeal; Trisetum bongardii Louis-Marie; Trisetum sesquiflo-rum Trin.) (after the German botanist August (Gustav)Heinrich von Bongard, 1786-1839, physician, traveler,explorer, botanical collector in Alaska, China, Russia,author of Observations sur la végétation de l’île de Sitcha.[Saint Pétersbourg, 1833. Mém. Acad. Pétersb. Sér. VI., ii.],Esquisse historique des travaux sur la botanique entreprisen Russie, etc. [Saint Pétersbourg, 1834.], Descriptionesplantarum novarum

Publisher Petropoli, 1839 [Mém. Acad. Pétersb. Sér. VI.,v.]; see Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences deSaint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. 4: 157-246. 1845; J.H.Barnhart, Biographical notes upon botanists. 1: 217. 1965;E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arbo-retum of Harvard University. 1917-1933).

North America. See Botanical Appendix to Captain Frank-lin’s Narrative 731. 1823, Mémoires de l’Académie Impéri-ale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série.Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles. SecondePartie: Sciences Naturelles 4,2(1): 14. 1836, Flora Rossica4(13): 419. 1852, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Divisionof Botany. Bulletin 13(2): t. 55. 1893, Grasses of NorthAmerica for Farmers and Students 2: 344. 1896, Bulletin,Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agri-culture 11: 19. 1898, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 7(9):653. 1899 and Contributions to Western Botany 14: 9. 1912,Rhodora 30(359): 220. 1928 [1929], Acta UniversitatisLundensis, n.s. 38(1): 170-171. 1942, Flora Arctica URSS2: 74. 1964, Canadian Journal of Botany 43(11): 1388-1389. 1965, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 21: 80.1965, Le Naturaliste Canadien 94(4): 521. 1967, NovostiSist. Vyss. Rast. 15: 68. 1979.

C. setiflora (Wedd.) Pilg. (Calamagrostis coronalis Tovar;Deyeuxia setiflora Wedd.)

Bolivia, Peru. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique deFrance 22: 176, 180. 1875 and Botanische Jahrbücher fürSystematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42:61. 1908, Publicaciones del Museo de Historia Natural“Javier Prado.” Serie B. Botánica 32: 6. 1984.

C. spicigera (J. Presl) Steud. (Deyeuxia obtusata Wedd.;Deyeuxia spicigera J. Presl; Deyeuxia subsimilis Wedd.)

South America, Bolivia. See Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5):247. 1830, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 251.1840, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 22: 177-178, 180. 1875.

C. spicigera (J. Presl) Steud. var. cephalotes (Wedd.)Soreng (Deyeuxia cephalotes Wedd.; Deyeuxia spicigeravar. cephalotes (Wedd.) Rúgolo)


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Bolivia. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 22:178, 179. 1875 and Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 48: 220. 2003.

C. spicigera (J. Presl) Steud. var. spicigera (Deyeuxia spici-gera var. spicigera)

Bolivia. See Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 247. 1830.

C. spruceana (Wedd.) Hack. ex Sodiro (Deyeuxiaspruceana Wedd.; Deyeuxia toluccensis Munro ex Wedd.)

Ecuador. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France22: 178, 180. 1875.

C. srilankensis Davidse (Deyeuxia srilankensis (Davidse)Veldkamp)

Asia, Sri Lanka. Perennial, caespitose, geniculate at thebase, erect, sheaths acuminate, ligule toothed, spreadingpanicles, lanceolate spikelets, stamens 3, related to Calama-grostis zenkeri (Trin.) Davidse, growing in montane grass-land, see Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciencesde Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathéma-tiques, Physiques et Naturelles 2: 363. 1841, Fl. Br. India7: 265. 1896 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 265. 1900, KewBulletin 9: 441, 456. 1954, Fl. Ceylon 8: 107-108. 1994,Blumea 41(2): 410. 1996.

C. staintonii (Bor) G. Singh (Deyeuxia nepalensis Bor) (forAdam Stainton, author of Forests of Nepal, London 1972,with Oleg Polunin wrote Flowers of the Himalaya, Delhi1988)

India, Uttar Pradesh; Nepal. Grows on sandy soil, nearwater, at high altitudes, see Kew Bulletin 12(3): 411. 1958,Taxon 33(1): 94. 1984, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 53(1): 4.2002.

C. steyermarkii Swallen

Ecuador. Páramos, see Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 29(6): 258-259. 1948 [1949].

C. stoliczkai Hook.f. (Calamagrostis tibetica (Bor) G.Singh; Calamagrostis tibetica (Bor) Keng f., nom. illeg.,non Calamagrostis tibetica (Bor) G. Singh; Deyeuxia tibet-ica Bor)

India, Sikkim; Tibet. Alpine grass, see The Flora of BritishIndia 7(22): 262. 1897 [1896] and Kew Bulletin 4(1): 66.1949, Bulletin of Botanical Research 4(3): 196. 1984, Taxon33(1): 95. 1984, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 21: 155.1986, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 164-166. 1989,Cytologia 56: 437-452. 1991.

C. stricta (Timm) Koeler (Agrostis arundinacea J. Presl,nom. illeg., non Agrostis arundinacea L.; Arundo lapponicaWahl.; Arundo neglecta Ehrh.; Arundo stricta Timm;Calamagrostis ameghinoi (Speg.) Macloskie; Calamagros-tis ameghinoi (Speg.) Hauman, nom. illeg., non Calama-grostis ameghinoi (Speg.) Macloskie; Calamagrostisarundinacea (L.) Roth; Calamagrostis freticola (Speg.)Macloskie; Calamagrostis fuegiana Speg.; Calamagrostis

haenkeana Hitchc.; Calamagrostis hookeri (Syme) Druce;Calamagrostis magellanica Phil.; Calamagrostis neglecta(Ehrh.) Gaertn.; Calamagrostis neglecta auct.; Calamagros-tis neglecta subsp. neglecta; Calamagrostis neglecta subsp.stricta (Timm) Tzvelev; Calamagrostis neglecta var. poae-oides (Steud.) Hack.; Calamagrostis neglecta var. stricta(Timm) Griseb.; Calamagrostis poaeoides Steud.; Calama-grostis robertii A.E. Porsild; Calamagrostis stricta var.hookeri Syme; Deyeuxia ameghinoi Speg.; Deyeuxia freti-cola Speg.; Deyeuxia hookeri (Syme) Druce; Deyeuxianeglecta (Ehrh.) Kunth; Deyeuxia poaeoides (Steud.)Rúgolo)

Europe; South America, Chile. Perennial, see TentamenFlorae Germanicae 2(1): 89. 1789, Beiträge zurNaturkunde 6: 137. 1791, Oekonomisch-Technische Florader Wetterau 1: 94. 1799, Saccardoa: Monographiae Myco-logicae 105. 1802, Révision des Graminées 1: 76. 1829,Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 238. 1830, Flora Rossica4(13): 429. 1852, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1:423. 1854, English Botany, the third edition 11: 56. 1873,Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 5: 85, 87. 1896,Anales de la Universidad de Chile 94: 20. 1896 and AnalesMuseo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires 7:190. 1902, Reports of the Princeton University Expeditionsto Patagonia, 1896-1899, Volume viii, 1 [2], Botany8(1,5,1): 193-194. 1904, Anales del Museo Nacional deBuenos Aires 21: 103. 1911, Anales Museo Nacional deHistoria Natural de Buenos Aires 29: 57. 1917, Contribu-tions from the United States National Herbarium 24(8):371. 1927, The Comital Flora of the British Isles 352. 1932,Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 1965: 30. 1965, Nature Canada 4:5. 1974 [1975], Darwiniana 21(2-4): 439. 1978, Flora Pat-agónica 3: 361. 1978, Watsonia 20: 51-60. 1994, Ulf Molau,Urban Nordenhäll and Bente Eriksen, “Onset of floweringand climate variability in an alpine landscape: a 10-yearstudy from Swedish Lapland.” Am. J. Bot. 92: 422-431.2005.

in English: slimstem reedgrass

C. stricta (Timm) Koeler subsp. inexpansa (A. Gray) C.W.Greene (Calamagrostis aculeolata (Hack.) Ohwi; Calama-grostis americana (Vasey) Scribn.; Calamagrostis brevisetavar. lacustris Kearney; Calamagrostis californica Kearney;Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. var. arcta Steb-bins; Calamagrostis canadensis var. acuminata Vasey exShear & Rydb.; Calamagrostis chordorrhiza Porsild;Calamagrostis crassiglumis Thurb.; Calamagrostis elon-gata (Kearney) Rydb.; Calamagrostis expansa Rickett &Gilly, non (Munro ex Hillebr.) A.S. Hitchc.; Calamagrostisfernaldii Louis-Marie; Calamagrostis hyperborea Lange;Calamagrostis hyperborea Lange var. americana (Vasey)Kearney; Calamagrostis hyperborea var. elongata Kearney;Calamagrostis hyperborea var. hyperborea; Calamagrostishyperborea var. stenodes Kearney; Calamagrostis inex-pansa A. Gray; Calamagrostis inexpansa var. barbulata


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Kearney; Calamagrostis inexpansa var. brevior (Vasey)Stebbins; Calamagrostis inexpansa var. inexpansa;Calamagrostis inexpansa var. novae-angliae Stebbins;Calamagrostis inexpansa var. robusta (Vasey) Stebbins;Calamagrostis labradorica Kearney; Calamagrostis lacus-tris (Kearney) Nash; Calamagrostis lapponica var. brevip-ilis Stebbins; Calamagrostis neglecta subsp. inexpansa (A.Gray) Tzvelev; Calamagrostis neglecta var. crassiglumis(Thurb.) Beal; Calamagrostis neglecta var. hyperborea(Lange) M.E. Jones; Calamagrostis neglecta var. inexpansa(A. Gray) M.E. Jones; Calamagrostis pickeringii var. debilis(Kearney) Fernald & Wiegand; Calamagrostis pickeringiivar. lacustris (Kearney) A.S. Hitchc.; Calamagrostis rob-ertii Porsild; Calamagrostis robusta (Vasey) Vasey;Calamagrostis stricta var. aculeolata Hack.; Calamagrostisstricta var. brevior Vasey; Calamagrostis stricta var. lacus-tris (Kearney) C.W. Greene; Calamagrostis stricta var.robusta Vasey; Calamagrostis wyomingensis Gand.; Dey-euxia americana (Vasey) Lunell; Deyeuxia crassiglumis(Thurb.) Vasey; Deyeuxia elongata (Kearney) Lunell; Dey-euxia glomerata Vasey ex Macoun; Deyeuxia hyperborea(Lange) Lunell; Deyeuxia hyperborea var. elongata (Kear-ney) Lunell; Deyeuxia hyperborea var. stenodes (Kearney)Lunell; Deyeuxia neglecta var. americana Vasey; Deyeuxianeglecta var. robusta Vasey)

Northern America, Canada, U.S. Perennial, swamps, seeEssai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 15, 152, 157. 1812,Genera Graminum 5. 1819, North American Gramineaeand Cyperaceae 1: 20. 1834, Report Upon United StatesGeographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian,in Charge of First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler … vol. vi—Botany6: 285. 1878 [1879], Geological Survey of California, Bot-any 2: 281. 1880, The Grasses of the United States 28. 1883,Catalogue of Canadian Plants 2(4): 206. 1888, BotanicalGazette 16: 288. 1891, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 3(1): 82. 1892, Memoirs of the TorreyBotanical Club 5: 41. 1894, Grasses of North America forFarmers and Students 2: 353. 1896, Bulletin, Division ofAgrostology United States Department of Agriculture 5: 27.1897, Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United StatesDepartment of Agriculture 11: 25-26, 37-41. 1898, Bulletinde l’Herbier Boissier 7(9): 652. 1899 and Rhodora 8(95):210. 1906, Contributions to Western Botany 14: 9. 1912,An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States 1: 208.1913, Rhodora 15(175): 135. 1913, American Midland Nat-uralist 4: 218. 1915, Flora of the Rocky Mountains 1060.1917, American Midland Naturalist 5: 233. 1918, Bulletinde la Société Botanique de France 66(7): 299. 1919 [1920],Rhodora 32: 45, 48, 50, 56. 1930, Acta Phytotaxonomicaet Geobotanica 2: 278. 1933, Bulletin of the Torrey Botan-ical Club 69: 464. 1942, Sargentia: Continuation of theContributions from the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard Uni-versity 4: 9-10. 1943, Rhodora 46: 290, pl. 836, f. 4. 1944,

Zlaki SSSR 310. 1976, American Journal of Botany 71: 286.1984.

in English: Northern reedgrass

C. stricta (Timm) Koeler subsp. stricta (Arundo neglectaEhrh.; Arundo stricta Timm; Calamagrostis hyperboreaauct.; Calamagrostis jacutensis Petrov; Calamagrostiskolgujewensis Gand.; Calamagrostis laxiflora Kearney,nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis laxiflora Phil.; Calamagros-tis lucida Scribn.; Calamagrostis micrantha Kearney;Calamagrostis micrantha var. micrantha; Calamagrostismicrantha var. sierrae M.E. Jones; Calamagrostis neglecta(Ehrh.) P.G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.; Calamagrostisneglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn.; Calamagrostis neglecta subsp.aculeolata (Hack.) T. Koyama; Calamagrostis neglectasubsp. micrantha (Kearney) Tzvelev; Calamagrostisneglecta subsp. neglecta; Calamagrostis neglecta subsp.stricta (Timm) Tzvelev; Calamagrostis neglecta var. graci-lis (Scribn.) Scribn.; Calamagrostis neglecta var. gracilisScribn. ex Kearney; Calamagrostis neglecta var. micrantha(Kearney) Stebbins; Calamagrostis neglecta var. neglecta;Calamagrostis neglecta var. poaeoides (Steud.) Hack.;Calamagrostis neglecta var. stricta (Timm) Griseb.;Calamagrostis neglecta var. wrightii Kearney; Calamagros-tis ochotensis V. Vassil.; Calamagrostis poaeoides Steud.;Calamagrostis praerupta V. Vassil.; Calamagrostis rever-dattoi Golub; Calamagrostis stricta var. aculeolata Hack.;Calamagrostis stricta var. stricta; Deyeuxia borealisMacoun; Deyeuxia micrantha (Kearney) L. Liou; Deyeuxianeglecta (Ehrh.) Kunth; Deyeuxia neglecta var. brevifoliaVasey; Deyeuxia neglecta var. gracilis Scribn.; Deyeuxiapoaeoides (Steud.) Rúgolo; Deyeuxia vancouverensisVasey)

Northern America, Canada, U.S., Europe. Perennial, inmeadows, under pines, see Beiträge zur Naturkunde 6: 137.1791, Oekonomisch-Technische Flora der Wetterau 1: 94.1799, Révision des Graminées 1: 76. 1829, Flora Rossica4(13): 429. 1852, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1:423. 1854, Botanical Gazette 11: 175. 1886, Bulletin, Divi-sion of Agrostology United States Department of Agricul-ture 11: 34, 36. 1898, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 7(9):652. 1899 and Bulletin, Division of Agrostology UnitedStates Department of Agriculture 30: 8. 1901, Bulletin dela Société Botanique de France 56: 533. 1909, Anales delMuseo Nacional de Buenos Aires 21: 103. 1911, Contribu-tions to Western Botany 14: 9. 1912, Flora Iakutiae 1: 214,f 23. 1930, Rhodora 32: 55. 1930, Feddes Repertorium 68:236. 1963, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 1965: 29-30. 1965,Flora Patagónica 3: 361. 1978, Grasses of Japan and itsNeighboring Regions 496. 1987, Vascular Plants of theHengduan Mountains 2: 2239. 1994.

in English: slimstem reedgrass

C. suka Speg. (Calamagrostis sukatschewii (Popl.) Roshev.;Deyeuxia suka (Speg.) Parodi)


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Chile. See Anales Museo Nacional de Historia Natural deBuenos Aires 5: 86, t. 4, f. 8. 1896 and Revista Argentinade Agronomía 20: 14. 1953, Darwiniana 21: 436. 1978.

C. tarmensis Pilg. (Calamagrostis rosea var. macrochaetaHack.; Calamagrostis tarijensis Pilg.; Deyeuxia tarmensis(Pilg.) Sodiro; Deyeuxia tarmensis var. tarijensis (Pilg.) X.Villavicencio)

Bolivia, Peru. See Anales del Museo Nacional de BuenosAires 11: 109. 1904, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42: 70-71.1908, Arkiv för Botanik utgivet av K. Svenska Vetenskap-sakademien 8: 40. 1908, Revista del Colégio NacionalVicente Rocafuerte 12: 81. 1930.

C. tarmensis Pilg. var. macrochaeta (Hack.) Soreng(Calamagrostis rosea var. macrochaeta Hack.; Calama-grostis tarijensis Pilg.; Deyeuxia tarmensis var. tarijensis(Pilg.) X. Villavicencio)

South America. See Anales del Museo Nacional de BuenosAires 11: 109. 1904, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42: 70-71.1908, Arkiv för Botanik utgivet av K. Svenska Vetenskap-sakademien 8: 40. 1908, Revista del Colégio Nacional Vice-nte Rocafuerte 12: 81. 1930, Contributions from the UnitedStates National Herbarium 48: 222. 2003.

C. tarmensis Pilg. var. tarmensis (Deyeuxia tarmensis var.tarmensis)

South America.

C. teretifolia Laegaard

Ecuador. See Novon 8(1): 27, f. 1E. 1988.

C. tolucensis (Kunth) Trin. ex Steud. (Agrostis cuspidataWilld. ex Steud.; Agrostis junciformis Willd. ex Steud.;Arundo cuspidata (Spreng.) Schult.; Arundo junciformis(Kunth) Poir.; Arundo tolucensis (Kunth) Poir.; Avena cus-pidata Willd. ex Spreng.; Calamagrostis cuspidata Spreng.;Calamagrostis junciformis (Kunth) Steud.; Calamagrostismcvaughei Sohns; Calamagrostis sesquitriflora Steud.;Deyeuxia junciformis Kunth; Deyeuxia tolucensis Kunth)(dedicated to the American botanist Rogers McVaugh, b.1909, traveler, plant collector, lichenologist, and professorof botany, Curator Emeritus of University of Michigan Her-barium, 1977 Merit Award Winner of the Botanical Societyof America, his writings include “Botanical exploration inNueva Galicia from 1790 to the present time.” Contr. Univ.Mich. Herb. 9(3): 205-357. 1972, “Galeotti’s BotanicalWork in Mexico: The Numbering of his Collections and aBrief Itinerary.” Contr. Univ. Mich. Herb. 11(5): 291-297.1972, Flora Novo-Galiciana: A Descriptive Account of theVascular Plants of Western Mexico. [vol. 5, 1987; vol. 12,1984; vol. 13, 1993; vol. 14, 1983; vol. 15, 1989; vol. 17,1992] general editor William R. Anderson, University ofMichigan Herbarium), Edward Palmer, Plant Explorer ofthe American West. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman

1956 and “Compositarum Mexicanarum Pugillus.” Contr.Univ. Mich. Herb. 9(4): 361-484. 1972, with Stanley AdairCain (1902-1955) and Dale J. Hagenah (1908-1971) wroteFarwelliana: an account of the life and botanical work ofOliver Atkins Farwell, 1867-1944. Cranbrook Institute ofScience Bulletin 34. 1953. See J.H. Barnhart, Biographicalnotes upon botanists. 2: 433. Boston 1965; T.W. Bossert,Biographical dictionary of botanists represented in theHunt Institute portrait collection. 261. 1972; S. Lenley etal., Catalog of the manuscript and archival collections andindex to the correspondence of John Torrey. Library of theNew York Botanical Garden. 278. 1973; Ida Kaplan Lang-man, A Selected Guide to the Literature on the FloweringPlants of Mexico. Philadelphia 1964; Irving William Kno-bloch, compilation, “A preliminary verified list of plantcollectors in Mexico.” Phytologia Memoirs. VI. 1983;George Bentham, Plantae Hartwegianae (Plantas Hartwe-gianas imprimis Mexicanas adjectis nonnullis Grahamianisenumerat novasque describit). London 1839-1857. (Reprint,with new introduction by Rogers McVaugh.) 1970; Phyto-logia 79: 35. 1996; Rogers McVaugh, Botanical Results ofthe Sesse & Mocino Expedition (1787-1803). VII, A Guideto Relevant Scientific Names of Plants. Hunt Institute forBotanical Documentation, Pittsburgh (U.S.) Spring 2000)

Bolivia, Mexico. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum1: 143-144. 1815 [1816], Encyclopédie Méthodique, Bota-nique Suppl. 4: 705. 1816, Systema Vegetabilium, editiodecima sexta 1: 252-253. 1825, Mantissa 3: 604. 1827,Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 40-41, 251.1840, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 190. 1854,Revisio Generum Plantarum 3: 345. 1898 and Journal ofthe Washington Academy of Sciences 46: 382. 1956.

C. trichodonta (Wedd.) Soreng (Deyeuxia trichodontaWedd.)

South America, Peru. See Bulletin de la Société Botaniquede France 22: 176, 180. 1875 and Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 48: 223. 2003.

C. tweedyi (Scribn.) Scribn. (Deyeuxia tweedyi Scribn.) (forFrank Tweedy, 1854-1937, botanical collector in WesternU.S. and Virginia, in the Yellowstone area, Montana, andin the Pacific Northwest, 1893-1896 Colorado and Wyo-ming, topographic engineer, 1884-1915 with the U.S. Geo-logical Service, 1886 wrote the first flora of Yellowstone;see J.H. Barnhart, Biographical notes upon botanists. 3:411. 1965; E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of the library of theArnold Arboretum of Harvard University. 1917-1933; N.L.Britton, “Contributions to Texas botany: Note on someplants collected by Mr. Frank Tweedy in Tom Greene Co.,Texas.” Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences9: 183-185. 1890; Richard Urquhart Goode (1858-1903)The Goode Diary: A Personal Journal of the NorthernTrans-Continental Survey, 1883. C.W. Tazewell, editor.1990)


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America, U.S. See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club10: 64. 1883, Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 3(1): 83. 1892.

C. valida Sohns (Calamagrostis mcvaughei Sohns)

North America, Mexico. See Journal of the WashingtonAcademy of Sciences 46(12): 382, 385, f. 39-46, 47-55.1956.

C. varia (Schrad.) Host (Arundo varia Schrad.; Calama-grostis montana Host; Calamagrostis sylvatica Host;Calamagrostis varia Bol. ex Thurb.; Calamagrostis variaHost; Deyeuxia varia (Schrad.) Kunth)

Europe. Useful for erosion control, see Flora Germanica2: 128. 1806, Révision des Graminées 1: 76. 1829, FloraRossica 4(13): 427. 1852, Geological Survey of California,Botany 2: 280. 1880 and International Organization ofPlant Biosystematists Newsletter 24: 15-19. 1995.

C. varia (Schrad.) Host subsp. corsica (Hack.) Rouy(Calamagrostis varia subsp. corsica (Hack. ex Briq.) Gami-sans; Calamagrostis varia var. corsica Hack. ex Briq.; Dey-euxia varia subsp. corsica (Hack. ex Briq.) Kerguélen)

Europe. See Candollea 29(1): 45. 1974, Lejeunia 75: 133.1975.

C. varia (Schrad.) Host subsp. varia

Europe.

C. velutina (Nees & Meyen) Steud. (Calamagrostis chilensis(E. Desv.) R.E. Fr., nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis chilensisPhil.; Calamagrostis velutina (Nees & Meyen) Hauman,nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis velutina (Nees & Meyen)Steud.; Calamagrostis velutina var. breviculmis Hauman;Calamagrostis velutina var. velutina; Deyeuxia chilensisE. Desv.; Deyeuxia velutina Nees & Meyen)

South America. See Nomenclator Botanicus. Editiosecunda 1: 251. 1840, Gramineae 15-16. 1841, Nova ActaPhys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl.1): 147-148. 1843, Flora Chilena 6: 322. 1854 and NovaActa Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis IV. 1(1):176. 1905.

C. vicunarum (Wedd.) Pilg. (Calamagrostis pentapogon-odes Kuntze; Calamagrostis pulvinata Hack.; Calamagros-tis spiciformis var. acutifolia Hack. ex Buchtien;Calamagrostis vicunarum var. abscondita Pilg.; Calama-grostis vicunarum var. elatior Pilg.; Calamagrostisvicunarum var. humilior Pilg.; Calamagrostis vicunarumvar. major Pilg.; Calamagrostis vicunarum var. minimaPilg.; Calamagrostis vicunarum var. setulosa Pilg.;Calamagrostis vicunarum var. tenuifolia Pilg.; Calamagros-tis vicunarum var. tenuior Pilg.; Calamagrostis vicunarumvar. vicunarum; Deyeuxia minima (Pilg.) Rúgolo; Deyeuxiapulvinata (Hack.) Türpe; Deyeuxia vicunarum Wedd.; Dey-euxia vicunarum var. major Wedd.; Deyeuxia vicunarumvar. tenuifolia Wedd.)

Argentina, Bolivia, Peru. See Bulletin de la Société Bota-nique de France 22: 177, 180. 1875, Revisio Generum Plan-tarum 3(2): 344. 1898 and Anales del Museo Nacional deBuenos Aires 13: 481. 1906, Botanische Jahrbücher fürSystematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42:62-63. 1908, Contribuciones a la Flora de Bolivia 1: 75.1910, Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 21: 104,t. 4, f. B. 1-4. 1911, Bot. Centralbl. 120: 548. 1912, Lilloa31: 132. 1962.

C. villosa (Chaix.) Gmelin

Europe. See Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universita-tis Comenianae, Botanica 34: 3-20. 1987, Adriana L. Car-nelli, Marco Madella, Jean-Paul Theurillat and BrigittaAmmann, “Aluminum in the opal silica reticule of phy-toliths: a new tool in palaeoecological studies.” Am. J. Bot.89: 346-351. 2002.

C. violacea (Wedd.) Hack. ex Buchtien (Calamagrostis vio-lacea (Wedd.) Hitchc.; Deyeuxia violacea Wedd.)

South America. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique deFrance 22: 179. 1875 and Contribuciones a la Flora deBolivia 1: 75. 1910, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 24(8): 377. 1927.

C. violacea (Wedd.) Hack. ex Buchtien var. puberula(Rúgolo & X. Villavicencio) Soreng

America.

C. violacea (Wedd.) Hack. ex Buchtien var. violacea

America.

C. viridiflavescens (Poir.) Steud. (Arundo viridiflavescensPoir.; Calamagrostis montevidensis Nees; Calamagrostismontevidensis var. ampliflora Döll; Calamagrostis splen-dens (Brongn. ex Duperrey) Steud.; Calamagrostis splen-dens (Brongn.) Steud.; Calamagrostis viridescens (Poir.)Steud.; Calamagrostis viridiflavescens var. montevidensis(Nees) Kämpf; Deyeuxia splendens Brongn. ex Duperrey;Deyeuxia splendens Brongn.; Deyeuxia viridiflavescens(Poir.) Kunth; Deyeuxia viridiflavescens var. montevidensis(Nees) Cabrera & Rúgolo; Donax viridiflavescens (Poir.)Roem. & Schult.)

South America, southern Brazil to Argentina. Perennialbunchgrass, erect, awns recurved and subapical, growing inmoist sandy sites, see Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique6: 271. 1804, Systema Vegetabilium 2: 601. 1817, Révisiondes Graminées 1: 77. 1829, Voyage Autour du Monde 2:23. 1829, Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2:401. 1829, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 251.1840, Flora Brasiliensis 2(3): 54. 1878 and Flora de laProvincia de Buenos Aires 4(2): 219. 1970, Anuário Téc-nico do Instituto de Pesquisas Zootécnicas “Francisco Oso-rio” 2: 625. 1974[1975].

C. viridiflavescens (Poir.) Steud. var. montevidensis (Nees)Kämpf (Calamagrostis montevidensis Nees; Calamagrostismontevidensis var. montevidensis; Calamagrostis splendens


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422 Calamina P. Beauv.

(Brongn.) Steud.; Deyeuxia flavescens Clarion ex Spreng.;Deyeuxia splendens Brongn. ex Duperrey; Deyeuxia splen-dens Brongn.; Deyeuxia viridiflavescens (Poir.) Kunth var.montevidensis (Nees) Cabrera & Rúgolo)

Southern America, Paraguay. Perennial, palatable, usefulfor erosion control, see Systema Vegetabilium, editio decimasexta 1: 254. 1825, Voyage Autour du Monde 2: 23. 1829,Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 401. 1829,Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 251. 1840 andFlora de la Provincia de Buenos Aires 4(2): 219. 1970,Anuário Técnico do Instituto de Pesquisas Zootécnicas“Francisco Osorio” 2: 625. 1974[1975].

C. viridiflavescens (Poir.) Steud. var. viridiflavescens(Calamagrostis montevidensis var. ampliflora Döll; Dey-euxia viridiflavescens (Poir.) Kunth var. viridiflavescens)

Southern America. See Révision des Graminées 1: 77. 1829,Flora Brasiliensis 2(3): 54. 1878.

C. viridis (Phil.) Soreng (Calamagrostis nemoralis Phil.;Calamagrostis nemoralis Kuntze, nom. illeg., non Calama-grostis nemoralis Phil.; Deyeuxia nemoralis Phil. exKuntze; Deyeuxia viridis Phil.)

South America. See Linnaea 33(3-4): 288. 1865, Anales dela Universidad de Chile 94: 18. 1896, Revisio GenerumPlantarum 3(3): 344. 1898 and Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 48: 225. 2003.

C. vulcanica Swallen

Guatemala, Quezaltenango, Volcán Santa Maria. See Phy-tologia 4(7): 424. 1953.

C. youngii (Hook.f.) Petrie (Agrostis youngii Hook.f.;Calamagrostis youngii (Hook.f.) Skeels; Calamagrostisyoungii var. petriei (Hack.) Petrie; Deyeuxia youngii(Hook.f.) J. Buchanan)

New Zealand. Found in dry hillsides, see Handbook of theNew Zealand Flora 330. 1864, Indigenous Grasses of NewZealand 11. 1880 and Transactions and Proceedings of theNew Zealand Institute 35: 380. 1903, Transactions andProceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 47: 57.1915.

C. zenkeri (Trin.) Davidse (Agrostis zenkeri Trinius; Dey-euxia zenkeri (Trin.) Veldkamp)

Asia, India. See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale desSciences de Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. SciencesMathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles 2: 363. 1841, Fl.Br. India 7: 265. 1896 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 265. 1900,Kew Bulletin 9: 441, 456. 1954, The Gardens’ BulletinSingapore 37(2): 219. 1984 [1985].

C. x acutiflora (Schrad.) Rchb. (Calamagrostis arundina-cea (L.) Roth x Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth) (Arundoacutiflora Schrad.; Calamagrostis acutiflora (Schrad.) DC.;Calamagrostis trinii Rupr.; Calamagrostis x acutiflora(Schrad.) DC.; Deyeuxia acutiflora (Schrad.) P. Beauv.)

Eurasia, Siberia, Europe. Ornamental, see Flora Germanica1: 217. 1806, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 44, 152,160. 1812, Flore Française. Troisième Édition 5: 255. 1815,Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde des Russischen Reiches 4: 36.1845.

in English: feather reed grass

C. x lactea Suskd. ex Beal (Calamagrostis canadensis xCalamagrostis nutkaensis) (Calamagrostis canadensis var.lactea (Suksd. ex Beal) C.L. Hitchc.; Calamagrostis lacteaSuksd. ex Beal; Calamagrostis langsdorfii var. lactea(Suksd. ex Beal) Kearney; Deyeuxia lactea (Suksd. ex Beal)Suksd. ex Beal; Deyeuxia lactea (Suksd. ex Beal) Suksd.)

America, U.S. See Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie15, 152, 157. 1812, Gram. Unifl. Sesquifl. 225, t. 4, f. 10.1824, Grasses of North America for Farmers and Students2: 346. 1896 [also Grasses of North America second edition2: 346. 1896], Bulletin, Division of Agrostology UnitedStates Department of Agriculture 11: 28. 1898 and DeutscheBotanische Monatsschrift 19(6): 92. 1901, Vascular Plantsof the Pacific Northwest 1: 524. 1969.

Calamina P. Beauv. = Apluda L.

Panicoideae, Andropogoneae, Ischaeminae, see SpeciesPlantarum 1: 82. 1753, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agro-stographie 128, 157. 1812 and Regnum Veg. 127: 20. 1993,Contributions from the United States National Herbarium46: 68-69, 144. 2003.

x Calammophila Brand

Ammophila x Calamagrostis.

See Synopsis der Deutschen und Schweizer Flora edition3, 3: 2715. 1907, Genera Graminum 374. 1986.

Calamochloa E. Fourn. = Calamochloe Rchb., Eufournia Reeder, Sohnsia Airy Shaw

Greek kalamos “reed” and chloe, chloa “grass, younggrass.”

Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, type Calamochloa filifolia E.Fourn., see Conspectus Regnum Vegetabilis … Pars I. 1828,Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 24: 177-178.1877 and The Families of Flowering Plants 2: 199-229.1934, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46:109-112. 1956, American Journal of Botany 51: 453-463.1964, Kew Bulletin 18(2): 272. 1965, Brittonia 19: 244.1967, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 94: 1-17. 1967,Contributions from the United States National Herbarium41: 35, 117, 195. 2001.


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Calamochloe Reichb. 423

Calamochloe Reichb. = Arundinella Raddi, Goldbachia DC. (Brassicaceae, alt. Cruciferae), Goldbachia Trin.

Greek kalamos “reed” and chloe, chloa “grass, younggrass.”

Panicoideae, Arundinelleae, see Neue Entdeckungen imganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 2: 42, 81. 1820, Mém-oires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 7: 242. 1821, RegniVegetabilis Systema Naturale 2: 577. 1821, AgrostografiaBrasiliensis 36-37, t. 1, f. 3. 1823, Conspectus Regni Veg-etabilis 52. 1828 and Flora Mesoamericana 6: 377-378.1994, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81(4): 768-774. 1994, J.F. Veldkamp, “Name changes in Agrostis,Arundinella, Deyeuxia, Helictotrichon, Tripogon(Gramineae).” Blumea 41: 407-411. 1996, Contributionsfrom the United States National Herbarium 46: 111-113.2003.

x Calamophila O. Schwarz

Ammophila x Calamagrostis.

See Mitteilung der Thüringischen Botanischen Gesellschaft1: 88. 1949, Genera Graminum 374. 1986.

Calamovilfa (A. Gray) Hack. = Calamovilfa (A. Gray) Hack. ex Scribn. & Southw.

From the Greek kalamos “reed” plus the genus Vilfa Adans.

About 4-5 species, North America, southwestern U.S. Chlo-ridoideae, Eragrostideae, or Chloridoideae, Zoysieae,Sporobolinae, perennial, erect or slightly ascending, thick,solitary, herbaceous, coarse, caespitose, solid internodes,shortly rhizomatous, auricles absent, ligule a line of hairs,leaf blades filiform to linear and pointed, plants bisexual,panicle open or contracted, spikelets pedicellate and lan-ceolate, solitary spikelets laterally compressed and keeled,1 floret per spikelet, 2 unequal glumes membranous andawnless, lemma 1-nerved and awnless, callus bearded, paleahairy, 2 free lodicules truncate, stamens 3, ovary glabrous,stigmas 2, used for reclamation and revegetation, found insandy areas, marshy sites, open habitats, inland dunes,sandy prairies, edge of swamps, type Calamovilfa brevipilis(Torr.) Hack. ex Scribn. & Southw., see A Manual of theBotany of the Northern United States 582. 1848, TrueGrasses 113. 1890 and U.S.D.A. Bull. 772: 126. 1920, Brit-tonia 12: 71-77. 1960, J.W. Thieret, “Synopsis of the genusCalamovilfa (Gramineae).” Castanea [The Journal of theSouthern Appalachian Botanical Society] 31(2): 145-152.1966, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 94: 199-200.1967, Contributions from the United States National Her-barium 41: 35-36. 2001, Restoration Ecology 9(1): 60-70.

Mar 2001, Jean-Michel Gagné and Gilles Houle, “Factorsresponsible for Honckenya peploides (Caryophyllaceae)and Leymus mollis (Poaceae) spatial segregation on subarc-tic coastal dunes.” Am. J. Bot. 89: 479-485. 2002, FeihaiYu, Ming Dong and Bertil Krüsi, “Clonal integration helpsPsammochloa villosa survive sand burial in an inland dune.”New Phytologist 162(3): 697-704. June 2004.

Species

C. arcuata K.E. Rogers

North America. Perennial, herbaceous, erect, glabrous,tufted, may root at the nodes, forming dense colonies, leafblades broad and tapering to a very fine tip, sheath marginsfree, ligule a short fringe of hairs, shortly rhizomatous,persistent bases of the foliage leaves, horizontal under-ground stems, open panicles, inflorescence branches erectand spreading, spikelets ventrally compressed, 2 glumesfirm and unequal, glumes usually arcuate and acute, 4 to 8fertile florets, lemmas arcuate and pubescent, paleas pubes-cent, 2 feathery stigmas, grows along streams and rivers,open rocky seasonally flowing streams, rocky stream bed,could be confused with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) orpurpletop (Tridens flavus), see Rhodora 72(789): 72-79, f.1-2. 1970.

in English: Cumberland sand reed

C. brevipilis (Torr.) Scribn. (Ammophila brevipilis (Torr.)Benth. ex Vasey; Arundo brevipilis Torr.; Calamagrostisbrevipilis (Torr.) L.C. Beck; Calamovilfa brevipilis var.brevipilis; Calamovilfa brevipilis var. calvipes Fernald;Calamovilfa brevipilis var. heterolepis Fernald; Calamo-vilfa brevipilis var. typica Fernald)

North America. Perennial, shortly rhizomatous, persistentbases of the foliage leaves, open panicles with ascendingto spreading branches, straight and acute glumes, lemmasacuminate and pubescent, paleas pubescent, grows in moistto dry pine barrens, savannah, sandy swamps, bogs, swampedges, see Icones et Descriptiones Graminum Austriacorum4: 24. 1809, A Flora of the Northern and Middle Sectionsof the United States 1: 95. 1823, Botany of the Northernand Middle States 401. 1833, The Grasses of the UnitedStates 29. 1883 and Rhodora 41: 501-502, pl. 573, f. 1-2,4. 1939.

in English: pine barren sand reed

C. curtissii (Vasey) Scribn. (Ammophila curtissii Vasey;Calamagrostis curtissii (Vasey) Vasey) (for the Americanbotanist Allen Hiram Curtiss, 1845-1907, traveler, botanicalcollector, associated with USDA, 1881-1886 Texas andArkansas, 1884-1899 Florida, Virginia and Georgia, 1902-1905 in West Indies, author of Catalogue of the phænoga-mous and vascular cryptogamous plants of Canada and theNortheastern portion of the United States, including Vir-ginia and Kentucky on the South, and Missouri, Iowa andMinnesota on the West. Liberty, Va., 1873. See J.H. Barn-


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424 Calanthera Hook.

hart, Biographical notes upon botanists. 1: 406. 1965;Ignatz Urban (1848-1931), editor, Symbolae Antillanae. 3:35. Berlin 1902; Ignatz Urban, Geschichte des KöniglichenBotanischen Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem (1815-1913).Nebst Aufzählung seiner Sammlungen. 1916; G. Murray,History of the collections contained in the Natural HistoryDepartments of the British Museum. 1: 142. London 1904;Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 20: 208-209.1874)

North America. Rare, perennial, shortly rhizomatous, pan-icles contracted with erect branches, glumes straight, lem-mas straight and pubescent, grows in moist flatwoods, ininterdune swales, see Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club11: 7. 1884, Botanical Gazette 15: 269. 1890, Bulletin,Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agri-culture 17: 199. 1899.

in English: Florida sand reed

C. gigantea (Nutt.) Scribn. & Merr. (Calamagrostisgigantea Nutt.; Toxeumia gigantea Nutt. ex Scribn. &Merr.)

Utah, Nebraska, Arizona, Texas. Perennial, tall, mostly sol-itary, ligule a ring of hairs, rhizomes elongate and scaly,panicle long exserted and open, panicle branches ascendingto strongly divergent, spikelets flattened and 1-flowered,glumes unequal and straight, lemmas straight and pubes-cent, excellent sand binding, grows on sand dunes, sandybanks, prairies, riverbanks, flood plains, see Transactionsof the American Philosophical Society, new series, 5: 143.1837 and Circular, Division of Agrostology, United StatesDepartment of Agriculture 35: 2. 1901.

in English: giant sand reed, big sand reed

C. longifolia (Hook.) Scribn. (Ammophila longifolia(Hook.) Benth. ex Vasey; Athernotus longifolius (Hook.)Lunell; Calamagrostis longifolia Hook.; Calamovilfa longi-folia (Hook.) Hack. ex Scribn. & Southw.; Vilfa rigidaBuckley)

North America. Perennial, stout, smooth, mostly solitary,stiff leaf blades, ligule a dense ring of hairs, leaf sheathscrowded and overlapping, scaly rhizomes elongate andsharp-pointed, narrow loosely spreading panicle withbranches ascending to strongly divergent, 1-flowered,crowded spikelets flattened and overlapping, glumes rigidand acuminate, lemmas and paleas glabrous, forage, foodfor horses, excellent sand binding, grows in sand or sandysoils, steppe, in clay soils, prairies, sand hills, see FloraBoreali-Americana 2: 241. 1840, Proceedings of the Acad-emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 14: 89. 1862 andAmerican Midland Naturalist 4: 218. 1915, Manual of theGrasses of the United States 844. 1950.

in English: prairie sand reed, sand reed grass

C. longifolia (Hook.) Scribn. var. longifolia

North America. Perennial, stout, glabrous, solitary, erect,ligule a fringe of hairs, leaf blades flat and involute, leafsheaths round and pilose, auricles absent, coarse rhizomesscaly and branched, long panicle with ascending branches,spikelets 1-flowered, lemma glabrous, more or less resistantto trampling, tolerant of moderately saline soils, low foragevalue, food for ungulates, provides cover for small mam-mals and birds, palatability decreases with plant maturity,high silica content, an early colonizer in sand dunes, usedfor reclamation and revegetation, grows on sandy rangesites, sand flats, slopes, dry valleys, deep sandy soils, sta-bilized blowouts, dry prairies, disturbed sand, dune depres-sions, stabilized dunes, sand hills, see Oecologia 49: 137-142. 1981.

in English: prairie sand reed, sand grass, sand reed grass

C. longifolia (Hook.) Scribn. var. magna Scribn. & Merr.

Eastern U.S., Great Lakes region. Perennial, leaf sheathsdensely pubescent, panicle branches widely divergent,grows on sandy shorelines, on dunes and lakeshores, seeCircular, Division of Agrostology, United States Depart-ment of Agriculture 35: 3. 1901.

Calanthera Hook. = Bouteloua Lag., Buchloe Engelm.

From the Greek kalos “beautiful” and anthera “anther.”

Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Boutelouinae, see Variedadesde Ciencias, Literatura y Artes 2(4,21): 134, 141. 1805,Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany8: 18. 1856, Plantas Hartwegianas Imprimis Mexicanas347. 1857, Transactions of the Academy of Science of St.Louis 1: 432. 1859, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 763.1891 and Phytologia 37(4): 317-407. 1977, FloraMesoamericana 6: 293-295. 1994, Las Gramíneas de Méx-ico 2: 1-344. 1987, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 41: 20-33. 2001.

Calderonella Soderstr. & H.F. Decker

Named for Cléofe E. Calderón (1940-1989), Panama bota-nist, botanical collector, bamboo taxonomist at the Smith-sonian Institution. See C.E. Calderón & Thomas R.Soderstrom, “Las gramineas tropicales afines a Olyra L.”Atas do Simpósio sôbre a Biota Amazônica. Conselho dePesquisas, Rio de Janeiro. 4 (Botânica): 67-76. 1967; C.E.Calderón & Thomas R. Soderstrom, “Morphological andanatomical considerations of the grass subfamily Bambu-soideae based on the new genus Maclurolyra.” SmithsonianContributions to Botany no.11. Washington 1973; Phytolo-gia 46: 290-291. 1980; C.E. Calderón & Thomas R. Sod-erstrom, The Genera of Bambusoideae (Poaceae) of theAmerican Continent: Keys and Comments. Washington,Smithsonian Institution Press 1980; Acta Amazonica 11:


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Callichloea Steud. 425

307. 1981; Kew Bulletin 39: 180, 182. 1984; J. Bromel. Soc.34: 213. 1984; Brittonia 37: 23-25. 1985; Amer. J. Bot. 74:35. 1986; Bol. Mus. Para. Emilio Goeldi, ser. Bot. 7: 305.1991; Novon 7: 302. 1997.

One species, Panama. Centothecoideae, Centotheceae, orPanicoideae, Centotheceae, perennial, very small, delicate,herbaceous, unarmed, almost stemless, caespitose, leafblades lanceolate, ligule an unfringed membrane, leavesfalse petiolate, stoloniferous, plants bisexual, inflorescencea single raceme, spikelets solitary and pedicellate, 3- to 5-flowered, lowest floret female, 2 glumes acute, femalelemma strongly gibbous, male florets lanceolate, paleapresent, 2 lodicules, 3 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas,shade species, forest, possible that Calderonella andZeugites may be congeneric, type Calderonella sylvaticaSoderstr. & H.F. Decker, see Mat. Fl. Malay Pen. 3: 122.1907, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60(2): 427-441. 1973, FloraMesoamericana 6: 249-250. 1994, G.H. Rua, “Centothe-coid grasses and the evolution of panicoid spikelets.” PlantSystematics and Evolution 240(1-4): 83-89. Sep 2003, Con-tributions from the United States National Herbarium 46:144. 2003.

Species

C. sylvatica Soderstr. & H.F. Decker

Panama. See Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden60(2): 427-432, f. 2-3, 5. 1973

Callichloea Steud. = Elionurus Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Elionurus Kunth

From the Greek kalli “beautiful” and chloe, chloa “grass,young grass.”

Panicoideae, Andropogoneae, Rottboelliinae, see SpeciesPlantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 941-942. 1806, Mémoiresdu Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 2: 69. 1815 [1816],Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 257. 1840 andTaxon 47: 737. 1998, Taxon 49: 273. 2000, Contributionsfrom the United States National Herbarium 46: 225-229.2003.

Calochloa Kunze = Elionurus Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.

From the Greek kalos “beautiful” and chloe, chloa “grass,young grass.” Panicoideae, Andropogoneae, Rottboelliinae,see Contributions from the United States National Herbar-ium 46: 225-229. 2003.

Calosteca Desv. = Briza L., Calotheca Desv.

From the Greek kalos “beautiful” and theke “a case.”

One species, South America. Pooideae, Poodae, Poeae, orPooideae, Poeae, Brizinae, perennial, tufted, herbaceous,auricles absent, narrow leaf blades linear, ligule anunfringed membrane, plants bisexual, cleistogamous orchasmogamous, inflorescence paniculate, spikelets pedicel-late and laterally flattened, 2 glumes subequal, paleapresent, 2 free and membranous lodicules, ovary glabrous,2 stigmas, often in Briza or in Calotheca, type Calostecabrizoides (Lam.) Desv., see Species Plantarum 1: 70-71.1753, Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique1: 193. 1791, Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, publié par laSociété Philomatique de Paris 2: 190. 1810 and Willde-nowia Beiheft 8, 168 pp. 1975, Darwiniana 23(1): 279-309.1981, Taxon 37: 434. 1988, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 229.1994, Contributions from the United States National Her-barium 48: 146-151, 227-228. 2003.

SpeciesC. brizoides (Lam.) Desv. (Briza brizoides (Lam.) Kuntze;Briza elegans (P. Beauv.) Döll; Briza patula Phil.; Brizatandilensis Parodi; Bromus brizoides Lam.; Calotheca bri-zoides (Lam.) Desv.; Calotheca elegans P. Beauv.; Chas-colytrum elegans E. Desv. ex P. Beauv.)

South America. See Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie86, 157, t. 17, f. 7. 1812, Flora Brasiliensis 2(3): 135. 1878,Anales de la Universidad de Chile 94: 163. 1896, RevisioGenerum Plantarum 3(3): 341. 1898 and Revista de laFacultad de Agronomia y Veterinaria 3: 132, f. 4(1b). 5.1920.

Calotheca Desv. = Briza L., Calosteca Desv.

Pooideae, Poodae, Poeae, or Pooideae, Poeae, Brizinae,often in Briza or in Calosteca, type Calotheca brizoides(Lam.) Desv., see Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, publiépar la Société Philomatique de Paris 2: 190. 1810, Anlei-tung zur Kenntniss der Gewächse 2(1): 167. 1817 and Dar-winiana 23(1): 279-309. 1981, Taxon 37: 434. 1988,Cladistics 14: 287-296. 1998, Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 48: 146-151, 227-228.2003.

Calotheca Desv. ex Spreng. = Aeluropus Trin.

Chloridoideae, Eragrostideae, see Species Plantarum 1: 66-71, 73-76. 1753, Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, publié parla Société Philomatique de Paris 2: 190. 1810, Anleitungzur Kenntniss der Gewächse 2(1): 167. 1817, FundamentaAgrostographiae. 143, t. 12. Viennae (Jan) 1820, GeneraPlantarum Florae Germanicae iconibus et descriptionibusillustrata … [1833-] 1835-1860, Traité des Graminées 134.1854 and Grasses of Burma … 379-381. 1960, Novosti Sist.Vyss. Rast. 1966: 25. 1966, Fitologija 39: 72-77. 1991, S.


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426 Calotheca P. Beauv.

Khatoon & S.I. Ali, Chromosome Atlas of the Angiospermsof Pakistan. Karachi 1993 [University of Karachi, Depart-ment of Botany], Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden81(4): 784-791. 1994.

Calotheca P. Beauv. = Briza L., Calotheca Desv.

From the Greek kalos “beautiful” and theke “a case.”

Pooideae, Poodae, Poeae, or Pooideae, Poeae, Brizinae, seeEssai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 85. 1812 and Contri-butions from the United States National Herbarium 48: 146-151, 227-228. 2003.

Calotheria Steud. = Enneapogon Desv. ex P. Beauv.

From the Greek kalos “beautiful” and ather “barb, spine,chaff, prickle, awn.”

Pappophoreae, or Chloridoideae, Eragrostideae, Cotteinae,see Genera Plantarum 2: 787. 1791, Symbolae Botanicae,… 3: 10, t. 51. 1794, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie81, 161. 1812, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sci-ences de Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathé-matiques, Physiques et Naturelles 1(1): 91. 1830, Émoiresde la Société d’Agriculture, Sciences et Arts d’Angers 1:202. 1831, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 199. 1854,Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2(2): 64. 1887 and U.S.Dept. Agric. Bull. 772: 83. 1920, Proc. Linn. Soc. 153: 52-91. 1941, Kew Bulletin 22: 393-401. 1968, E.K.Z. Kakudidi,M. Lazarides and J.A. Carnahan, “A revision of Ennea-pogon (Poaceae, Pappophoreae) in Australia.” Aust. Syst.Bot. 1(4): 325-353. 1989, Contributions from the UnitedStates National Herbarium 41: 78. 2001.

Calycodon Nutt. = Muhlenbergia Schreb.

From the Greek kalyx, kalykos “calyx” and odous, odontos“a tooth.”

Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Muhlenbergiinae, type Caly-codon montanum Nutt., see Genera Plantarum 44. 1789,Systema Naturae … editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata2: 171. 1791, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sci-ences of Philadelphia 4: 23. 1848, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil-adelphia ser. 2, 1: 186. 1848 and United States Departmentof Agriculture: Bulletin 772: 145, 147. 1920, Phytologia79(1): 25-27. 1995, Y. Herrera-Arrieta, “A revision of theMuhlenbergia montana (Nutt.) Hitchc. complex (Poaceae:Chloridoideae).” Brittonia 50(1): 23-50. 1998, P.M. Peter-son, “Systematics of the Muhlenbergiinae (Chloridoideae:Eragrostideae).” Grasses: Systematics and Evolution

195-212. 2000, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 41: 143-173. 2001.

Calyptochloa C.E. Hubb.

From the Greek kalypto “to hide, cover” and chloe, chloa“grass, young grass”; see Charles Edward Hubbard (1900-1980), Hooker’s Icones Plantarum. Ser. 5. 3: t. 3210. 1933.

One species, Australia. Panicoideae, Panicodae, Paniceae,perennial, herbaceous, creeping, decumbent, mat-forming,hollow, auricles absent, ligule a fringe of hairs, plants bisex-ual, cleistogamous or chasmogamous, cleistogenes in upperaxils, hidden cleistogenes in the leaf sheaths, inflorescenceloosely racemose, 5-8 spikelets singly on a slender rachis,spikelets adaxial, 2 glumes very unequal, lower glume ves-tigial, upper glume stiffly pilose, upper lemma shortlyawned, palea present, 2 free and fleshy lodicules, 3 stamens,ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas, suitable for mine site revegeta-tion, grows in woodland shade, forest, woodland understo-rey, related to Cleistochloa and Alloteropsis, typeCalyptochloa gracillima C.E. Hubbard, see Hook. Ic. Pl.33: t. 3210, 1-3. 1933, C.S. Campbell, J.A. Quinn, G.P.Cheplick and T.J. Bell, “Cleistogamy in Grasses.” AnnualReview of Ecology and Systematics 14: 411-441. 1983.

SpeciesC. gracillima C.E. Hubbard

Australia, Queensland.

Campeiostachys Drobow = Elymus L.

Pooideae, Triticodae, Triticeae, or Pooideae, Triticeae, Hor-deinae, type Campeiostachys schrenkiana (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Drobow, see Species Plantarum 1: 83-84. 1753, Bul-letin de la Classe Physico-Mathématique de l’AcadémieImpériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg 3: 305. 1845and Flora Uzbekistanica 1: 300, 540. 1941, Canad. J. Bot.42: 554. 1964, Taxon 41: 562-563. 1992, Taxon 44: 611-612. 1995, Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 48: 279-307. 2003.

Campelia Kunth = Campelia Rich. (Commelinaceae), Deschampsia P. Beauv.

Pooideae, Poodae, Aveneae, or Pooideae, Poeae, Airinae,see Species Plantarum 2: 1028. 1753, Démonstrations Bot-aniques 46. 1808, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 91,149, 160. 1812, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quartoed.) 1: 264. 1815 [1816], A Manual of the Botany of theNorthern United States 605. 1848 and Flora Mesoameri-cana 6: 235. 1994, Plant Systematics and Evolution 205:99-110. 1997, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society134: 495-512. 2000 [The Deschampsia cespitosa complex


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Campella Link 427

in central and northern Europe: a morphological analysis.],Contributions from the United States National Herbarium48: 245-256. 2003.

Campella Link = Deschampsia P. Beauv.

Pooideae, Poodae, Aveneae, or Pooideae, Poeae, Airinae,see Species Plantarum 1: 64-65. 1753, Species Plantarum2: 1028. 1753, Démonstrations Botaniques 46. 1808, Essaid’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 91. 1812, Nova Genera etSpecies Plantarum (quarto ed.) 1: 264. 1815 [1816], HortusRegius Botanicus Berolinensis 1: 122. 1827, A Manual ofthe Botany of the Northern United States 605. 1848, FloraRossica 4(13): 420. 1852 and Botaniska Notiser 1953(3):356. 1953, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 235. 1994, Plant Sys-tematics and Evolution 205: 99-110. 1997, Botanical Jour-nal of the Linnean Society 134: 495-512. 2000 [TheDeschampsia cespitosa complex in central and northernEurope: a morphological analysis.], Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 48: 245-256. 2003.

Campuloa Desv. = Ctenium Panz.

Perhaps from the Greek kampylos “curved” and chloa“grass, young grass.”

Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, see Mémoires de la Sociétéd’Agriculture, Sciences et Arts d’Angers 1: 167. 1813, Ideenzu einer künftigen Revision der Gattungen der Gräser. 38,61. 1813, Denkschriften der Bayer[ischen]. BotanischenGesellschaft in Regensburg 4: 311, t. 13, f. 1-2. 1813 [1814]and North American Flora 17(8): 579-638. 1939, FloraMesoamericana 6: 290-291. 1994, Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 41: 57-58. 2001.

Campulosus Desv. = Ctenium Panz.

Perhaps from the Greek kampylos “curved.”

Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, type Campulosus graciliorDesv., see Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, publié par laSociété Philomatique de Paris 2: 189. 1810, Ideen zu einerkünftigen Revision der Gattungen der Gräser. 38, 61. 1813,Denkschriften der Bayer[ischen]. Botanischen Gesellschaftin Regensburg 4: 311, t. 13, f. 1-2. 1813 [1814] and NorthAmerican Flora 17(8): 579-638. 1939, Flora Mesoameri-cana 6: 290-291. 1994, Contributions from the UnitedStates National Herbarium 41: 57-58. 2001.

Camusia Lorch = Acrachne Wight & Arn. ex Chiov.

For the French botanist Aimée Antoinette Camus, 1879-1965, among his works are Monographie des saules

d’Europe. Paris 1904-1905 and Les Chataigniers. Paris1929, with the French pharmacist and botanist EdmondGustave Camus (1852-1915) (her father) wrote Classifica-tion des saules d’Europe et monographie des Saules deFrance. Paris 1904-1905, with E.G. Camus and Paul Bergon(1863-1912) wrote Monographie des orchidées de l’Europe,de l’Afrique septentrionale, de l’Asie mineure et des prov-inces russes transcaspiennes. Paris [1908]; see J.H. Barn-hart, Biographical notes upon botanists. 1: 305. 1965; T.W.Bossert, Biographical dictionary of botanists representedin the Hunt Institute portrait collection. 64. 1972; IdaKaplan Langman, A Selected Guide to the Literature on theFlowering Plants of Mexico. 1964; Clyde F. Reed, Bibliog-raphy to Floras of Southeast Asia. 1969; F.N. Hepper andFiona Neate, Plant Collectors in West Africa. 16. 1971;Elmer Drew Merrill, in Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 144:58. 1937; Frans A. Stafleu and Erik A. Mennega, Taxonomicliterature. Supplement III. 337-350. 1995.

Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, or Chloridoideae, Eragros-tideae, Eleusininae, type Camusia perrieri (A. Camus)Lorch, see Annuario del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma8(3): 361-362. 1908, Bulletin de la Société Botanique deFrance 75: 913. 1928, Bulletin of the Research Council ofIsrael, Section D, Botany 9: 155. 1961.

Camusiella Bosser = Setaria P. Beauv.

For the French botanist Aimée Antoinette Camus, 1879-1965.

About 2 species, Madagascar. Panicoideae, Panicodae, Pan-iceae, or Panicoideae, Paniceae, Setariinae, annual, cae-spitose, unarmed, solid, auricles absent, leaf bladespseudopetiolate, ligule fringed, plants bisexual, inflores-cence a false spike, spikelets with involucres of bristles, 2glumes unequal, palea present, fleshy lodicules, 3 stamens,ovary glabrous, 2-3 stigmas, sometimes referred to Setaria,see Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 51, 178. 1812 andBulletin de la Société Botanique de France 108: 158-163.1961, Adansonia: recueil périodique d’observations bota-nique, n.s. 6: 105-112. 1966, Contributions from the UnitedStates National Herbarium 46: 569-593. 2003.

SpeciesC. fiherenensis Bosser

Madagascar.

C. vatkeana (K. Schum.) Bosser (Camusiella vatkeana sub-var. violaceus Bosser; Camusiella vatkeana var. meridion-alis Bosser; Camusiella vatkeana var. vatkeana; Setariavatkeana K. Schum.) (for the German botanist Georg CarlWilhelm Vatke, 1849-1889; see J.H. Barnhart, Biographicalnotes upon botanists. 3: 427. 1965; T.W. Bossert, Biograph-ical dictionary of botanists represented in the Hunt Instituteportrait collection. 415. 1972; W. Vatke, “Plantas in itinere


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428 Canastra Morrone, Zuloaga, Davidse & Filgueiras

africao ab J.M. Hildebrandt collectas determinare pergit.”Linnaea 43(7): 507-541. 1882)

Madagascar. See Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom Natur-wissenschaftlichen Vereine zu Bremen 9: 402. 1887.

Canastra Morrone, Zuloaga, Davidse & Filgueiras

Monotypic, Brazil, Minas Gerais. Panicoideae, Paniceae,Paspalinae, perennial, erect, caespitose, robust, tussocky,simple or branched, leaf sheaths overlapping, lower sheathsusually laciniate, ligules membranous ciliate, leaves rigidand involute, inflorescences terminal or axillary, spikeletsdorsiventrally compressed, spikelets 2-flowered, lower andupper glume awned, upper glume as long as the spikelet,lower glume reduced and 1-nerved, lower flower presentand staminate, upper flower bisexual, lodicules 2, stamens3, stigmas plumose, found among rocks, sandy soils, typeCanastra lanceolata (Filgueiras) Morrone, Zuloaga,Davidse & Filgueiras, related to Arthropogon, Altoparadis-ium, Homolepis and Achlaena, see Proc. Linn. Soc. NewSouth Wales, ser. 2, 39: 385-394. 1914, Bothalia 12: 65-109. 1976, Bothalia 12: 641-672. 1979, Bradea 3(36): 303-322. 1982, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79: 770-818. 1992,Novon 11(4): 429-436. 2001, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 88:351-372. 2001, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 46: 144. 2003.

SpeciesC. lanceolata (Filgueiras) Morrone, Zuloaga, Davidse &Filgueiras (Arthropogon lanceolatus Filgueiras)

Brazil, Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra.

Candollea Steud. = Agrostis L., Candollea Baumg. (Ericaceae), Candollea Labill. (Stylidiaceae), Candollea Labill. (Dilleniaceae), Candollea Mirb. (Polypodiaceae), Candollea Raddi (Bryophyta)

Named after the Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus de Can-dolle, 1778-1841, among his most valuable writings arePlantarum historia succulentarum. Paris 1798-1837, Cata-logus plantarum horti botanici monspeliensis. Montpellier,Paris, Strasbourg 1813 and Plantes rares du Jardin deGenève. Genève, Paris 1825 [-1827]; see J.H. Barnhart,Biographical notes upon botanists. 1: 306. 1965; JacquesJulien Houtton de Labillardière (1755-1834), NovaeHollandiae plantarum specimen. 2: 33, t. 176. 1806; T.W.Bossert, Biographical dictionary of botanists representedin the Hunt Institute portrait collection. 64. 1972; IdaKaplan Langman, A Selected Guide to the Literature on theFlowering Plants of Mexico. University of PennsylvaniaPress, Philadelphia 1964; P.E. Pilet, in D.S.B. 3: 43-45.

1981; Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic literature. 1: 438-452.Utrecht 1976; Gordon Douglas Rowley, A History of Suc-culent Plants. 1997.

Pooideae, Poeae, Agrostidinae, see Species Plantarum 1:61-63. 1753, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux, Classés parFamilles 3: 471 and 5: 89. 1803, Annales du muséumnational d’histoire naturelle 6: 453. 1805, Novae Hollan-diae Plantarum Specimen 2: 33. 1806, Giuseppe Raddi(1770-1829), Jungermannografia etrusca … Modena 1818[Mem. Soc. Mod. xviii.], Nomenclator Botanicus. Editiosecunda 1: 273. 1840 and J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 36: 168. 1946,Fl. Fenn. 5: 29. 1971, Taxon 41: 556. 1992, Taxon 44: 611-612. 1995, Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 48: 42-89. 2003.

Capillipedium Stapf = Filipedium Raizada & Jain

Latin capillus, i “the hair” and pes, pedis “foot,” referringto the spikelets, pedicels and base are ciliate, or alluding tothe spikelets borne on capillary panicle branches.

Some 14 species, warm Old World, eastern Africa, tropicalAsia, New Caledonia, Australia. Panicoideae, Andropogon-odae, Andropogoneae, Andropogoninae, annual or peren-nial, erect and slender, sometimes decumbent or caespitose,rambling, usually scented or sometimes aromatic, tufted,stout, herbaceous, nodes bearded or hairy, auricles absent,ligule membranous and more or less fringed, leaves flat,plants bisexual, elongate inflorescence, a panicle open withcapillary branchlets, racemes short on slender and glandularbranches, panicle branches bearing short racemes of 1-8sessile spikelets, terminal spikelets in triplets, sessile spike-lets with 1 fertile floret and 1 sterile lemma, pedicellatespikelets flattened, short racemes often reduced to triads,glumes 2 more or less equal, upper glume boat-shaped ornaviculate, lower glume 2-keeled, palea absent, free andfleshy lodicules present, stamens 3, ovary glabrous, stigmas2, ornamental, weed species, essential oil with antibacterialefficacy, related to and hybrids with Bothriochloa Kuntze,found in open grassy places, type Capillipedium parviflo-rum (R. Br.) Stapf, see Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 11, 169.1917, University of Queensland, Department of Biology,Papers 2(3): 1-62 (41-46). 1944, Journal of the BombayNatural History Society 49: 682-683. 1951, Phytomorphol-ogy 7: 93-102. 1957, Boissiera. Mémoires du Conservatoirede Botanique et de l’Institut de Botanique Systématique del’Université de Genève 9: 154. 1960, Grasses of Burma …110-113. 1960, Flora of New South Wales Gramineae 19(1):37-39. 1961, American Journal of Botany 53(1): 94-98.1966 [Morphology of the Compilospecies Bothriochloaintermedia.], Bot. Tidsskr. 67: 324-326. 1973, Journal ofCytology and Genetics 15: 51-57. 1980, Pharmazie 39(1):64. 1984, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 140-143.


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Capillipedium Stapf 429

1990, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81(4): 775-783. 1994.

Species

C. sp.

in Thailand: yaa dokkhaa

C. annamense A. Camus (Capillipedium parviflorum var.annamense (A. Camus) Roberty)

Annam. See Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 31:206. 1925.

in Thailand: yaa dokkhaa, ya dok kha

C. arachnoideum Henrard (Capillipedium arachnoideumsubsp. arachnoideum; Capillipedium arachnoideum subsp.luzoniense Henrard)

Asia, Indonesia, Java. See Blumea 3(3): 458-459. 1940.

C. assimile (Steudel) A. Camus (Andropogon assimilisSteudel; Andropogon assimilis Steud. ex Zoll.; Andropogonglaucopsis Steud., nom. illeg., non Andropogon glaucopsis(Elliott) Steud.; Andropogon montanus Hack., nom. illeg.,non Andropogon montanus Roxb.; Andropogon montanusvar. glaucopsis (W. Watson) Hack.; Andropogon subrepensSteud.; Bothriochloa assimilis (Steud. ex Zoll.) Ohwi; Both-riochloa picta Ohwi; Capillipedium assimile (Steud. exZoll.) A. Camus; Capillipedium assimile var. assimile;Capillipedium assimile var. glaucophyllum (Henrard) Jan-sen; Capillipedium glaucopsis (Steud.) Stapf; Capillipe-dium glaucopsis (W. Watson) Stapf; Capillipediumsubrepens (Steud.) Henrard; Chrysopogon glaucopsis W.Watson; Chrysopogon subrepens (Steud.) W. Watson;Dichanthium assimile (Steud. ex Zoll.) Deshp.)

Southeast Asia, India, Taiwan. Riverbanks, scrambling,branched, woody at base, leaves acuminate, fodder grass,see Systematisches Verzeichniss der im Indischen Archipel58. 1854, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 397. 1854,Himalayan Districts of the Northwestern Provinces of India10: 392. 1882, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 490-491. 1889 and Fl. Gén. Indo-Chine 7: 314. 1922, Hooker’sIcones Plantarum 31(4): t. 3085. 1922, Blumea 3(3): 463.1940, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 11(3): 165,167. 1942, Fascicles of Flora of India 15: 6. 1984.

in English: hard-stemmed golden beard

in Thailand: yaa yung, ya yung

C. filiculme (Hook.f.) Stapf (Andropogon filiculmisHook.f.; Dichanthium filiculmi (Hook.f.) S.K. Jain &Deshp.)

India. Decumbent, trailing, climbing over bushes, grows inshady places, slopes, rocky sites, see Flora British India7(21): 181. 1897 and Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 31(4): t.3085. 1922, Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 20(1-4): 134. 1978[1979].

C. huegelii (Hack.) Stapf (Andropogon foetidus Hack. exLisboa; Andropogon huegelii Hack.; Andropogon huegeliivar. foetidus Lisboa; Andropogon schmidii Hook.f.; Capil-lipedium foetidum (Lisboa) Raiz. & Jain; Capillipediumhuegelii (Hack.) Blatt. & McCann; Capillipedium hugelii(Hack.) Stapf; Capillipedium parviflorum f. huegelii(Hack.) Roberty; Capillipedium schmidii (Hook.f.) Stapf;Dichanthium huegelii (Hack.) S.K. Jain & Deshp.) (namedfor the German-born Austrian plant collector and travelerBaron Karl Alexander Anselm von Hügel, 1794/1796-1870,soldier, horticulturist, 1830-1837 in Australasia, 1837-1849in Vienna, 1849-1859 in Florence, 1860-1869 in Bruxelles,author of Der stille Ocean und die Spanischen Besitzungenim ostindischen Archipel. Wien 1860. See J.H. Barnhart,Biographical notes upon botanists. 2: 215. 1965; A.Lasègue, Musée botanique de Benjamin Delessert. Paris1845; Isaac Henry Burkill, Chapters on the History of Bot-any in India. Delhi 1965; S.L. Endlicher et al. [EduardFenzl, George Bentham and Heinrich Wilhelm Schott],Enumeratio plantarum quas in Novae Hollandiae … colle-git C. de Hügel. Wien 1837 and Stirpium Australasicarumherbarii Hügeliani decades tres. Vindobonae 1838; R.Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Hand-wörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. Stuttgart 1993;E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arbo-retum of Harvard University. 1917-1933)

India. Small value for grazing, nodes densely bearded, pan-icle contracted, see Fodder Grasses N. India 88. 1888,Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 492. 1889, Journal ofthe Bombay Natural History Society 6: 71. 1891, The Floraof British India 7(21): 180. 1897 [1896] and Hooker’sIcones Plantarum 31(4): t. 3085. 1922, J. Bomb. Nat. Hist.Soc. 32: 420. 1928, Indian Forester 77: 752. 1951, Boissi-era. 9: 154. 1960, Bulletin of the Botanical Department.20(1-4): 135. 1978[1979].

C. kwashotensis (Hayata) C. Hsu (Andropogon kwashoten-sis Hayata; Bothriochloa kwashotensis (Hayata) Ohwi)

China, Taiwan. See Icones plantarum formosanarum necnon et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 7: 80-81, f.47. 1918, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 11(3):168. 1942, Journal of Japanese Botany 37(9): 280. 1962.

C. longisetosum Bor

Asia, India. See Brittonia 16: 227. 1964.

in Thailand: yaa phom hom, ya phom hom

C. magdaleni Almeida (Dichanthium magdaleni (M.R.Almeida) S.K. Jain & Deshp.)

Karnataka, India. See J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 72(3): 813-814. 1975, Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 20(1-4): 135. 1978[1979].

C. nagense Almeida (Dichanthium nagense (Bor) Deshp.)

Naga Hills, India. See Brittonia 16: 228. 1964, Bulletin ofthe Botanical Survey of India 21(1-4): 198. 1979[1981].


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430 Capillipedium Stapf

C. parviflorum (R. Br.) Stapf (Anatherum parviflorum (R.Br.) Spreng.; Andropogon alternans J. Presl; Andropogoncaerulescens (Gaudich.) Kunth; Andropogon capilliflorusSteud.; Andropogon micranthus Kunth; Andropogonmicranthus var. quartinianus (A. Rich.) Hack.; Andropogonmicranthus var. violascens (Trin.) Honda; Andropogonparviflorus Roxb.; Andropogon parviflorus (R. Br.) Domin,nom. illeg., non Andropogon parviflorus Roxb.; Andro-pogon parvispica Steud.; Andropogon quartinianus A.Rich.; Andropogon serratus Miq.; Andropogon violascens(Trin.) Nees ex Steud.; Bothriochloa parviflora (R. Br.)Ohwi; Bothriochloa parviflora f. violascens (Trin.) Ohwi;Bothriochloa pauciflora (R. Br.) Quart.; Chrysopogon alter-nans (J. Presl) Trin. ex Steud.; Chrysopogon parviflorus (R.Br.) Benth.; Chrysopogon parviflorus var. violascens (Trin.)Kitag.; Chrysopogon parvispicus (Steud.) W. Watson;Chrysopogon violascens Trin.; Dichanthium parviflorum(R. Br.) de Wet & Harlan; Dichanthium parviflorum (R. Br.)de Wet; Holcus caerulescens Gaudich.; Holcus parviflorusR. Br.; Rhaphis caerulescens (Gaudich.) Desv.; Rhaphismicrostachya Nees ex Steud.; Rhaphis parviflora (R. Br.)Chase; Rhaphis villosula Nees ex Steud.; Sorghum parvi-florum (R. Br.) P. Beauv.; Sorghum quartinianum (A. Rich.)Schweinf.; Sorghum quartinianum (A. Rich.) Asch.)

Asia temperate and tropical to Australia, East Africa, Sudan,Tanzania, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, China, Japan, Philip-pines, Queensland, New South Wales, Northern Territory.Perennial, variable, densely tufted, slender to robust, erect,hairy or glabrous, ligule short and with fringed margin,nodes bearded, sheath more or less glabrous, hairy panicles,racemes with 1 sessile and 2 pedicellate spikelets, spikeletspurple and long awned, glumes more or less pubescent,pedicellate spikelets male, paleas absent, weed species, veryhard and adaptable, ornamental when in flower, decorativearomatic panicles, low forage value, grows in woodland andon roadsides, wastelands, grasslands, upland grassland,slopes, see Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 199. 1810,Essai d‘une Nouvelle Agrostographie 132, 165. 1812, FloraIndica; or Descriptions … 1: 277. 1820, Systema Vegeta-bilium, editio decima sexta 1: 290. 1825, Révision desGraminées 1: 165, 618. 1829-1830, Reliquiae Haenkeanae1(4-5): 342. 1830, Voyage autour de Monde éxécuté pen-dant les Années 1836 et 1837 sur la Corvette la Bonite …Botanique 411, t. 27. 1830, Mémoires de la Société d‘Agri-culture, Sciences et Arts d‘Angers 1: 173. 1831, Mémoiresde l‘Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg.Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques etNaturelles 2(4): 319. 1832, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editiosecunda 1: 359. 1840, London Journal of Botany 2: 411.1843, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 2: 469. 1850, Syn-opsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 396-397. 1854, AnnalesMuseum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 2: 290. 1866, Beitragzur Flora Aethiopiens … 306. Berlin 1867, Himalayan Dis-tricts of the North-western Provinces of India 392. 1882,

Monogr. Phan. 6: 490. 1889 and Bibliotheca Botanica85(2): 263. 1915, Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 169. 1917,Journal of the Faculty of Science: University of Tokyo,Botany 3: 345. 1930, Report of the Institute of ScientificResearch, Manchoukuo 3(App. 1): 68. 1939, Acta Phyto-taxonomica et Geobotanica 11(3): 166. 1942, Journal ofTaiwan Museum 10: 58. 1957, American Journal of Botany53: 97. 1966.

in English: scented-top grass, scented-top, scented golden-beard

in Thailand: yaa phom hom, ya yung

C. parviflorum (R. Br.) Stapf subsp. capilliflorum Henrard(Andropogon capilliflorus Steud.)

China, Australia. See Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1:397. 1854 and Blumea 3(3): 457. 1940.

C. parviflorum (R. Br.) Stapf var. parviflorum (Andropogonmicranthus Kunth; Andropogon parviflorus Roxb.; Bothri-ochloa parviflora (R. Br.) Ohwi; Holcus parviflorus R. Br.)

China. See Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 199. 1810,Flora Indica; or Descriptions … 1: 277. 1820, Révision desGraminées 1: 165. 1829 and Blumea 3(3): 457. 1940, ActaPhytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 11(3): 166. 1942.

C. parviflorum (R. Br.) Stapf var. spicigerum (Benth.) Rob-erty (Andropogon spicigerus (S.T. Blake) Reeder; Bothrio-chloa parviflora var. spicigera (Benth.) Ohwi;Capillipedium parviflorum var. spicigerum (Benth.) C.C.Hsu, nom. illeg., non Capillipedium parviflorum var.spicigerum (Benth.) Roberty; Capillipedium spicigerumS.T. Blake; Chrysopogon parviflorus var. spicigerus Benth.;Dichanthium parviflorum var. spicigerum (S.T. Blake) deWet)

Taiwan. See Flora Australiensis: A Description … 7: 538.1878 and Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 11(3): 166.1942, University of Queensland Papers: Department ofBiology 2(3): 43. 1944, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum29(4): 366. 1948, Boissiera 154, 155. 1960, Index to GrassSpecies 452. 1962, Taiwania 16(2): 309. 1971.

C. planipedicellatum Bor (Dichanthium planipedicellatum(Bor) S.K. Jain & Deshp.; Filipedium planipedicellatum(Bor) Raizada & Jain)

Asia, India. Awnless, see Kew Bulletin 1949: 222. 1949,Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 49: 683.1951, Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 20(1-4): 135.1978[1979].

C. pteropechys (Clarke) Stapf (Andropogon pteropechysClarke; Dichanthium pteropechys (C.B. Clarke) S.K. Jain& Deshp.)

Naga Hills, India. Nodes bearded, leaf sheaths stgriate, leafblades acuminate, ligule ciliate, panicle branched, see J.Linn. Soc. (Botany) 25: 88, t. 38. 1899 and Hooker‘s IconesPlantarum 31(4): t. 3085. 1922, Bulletin of the BotanicalSurvey of India 20(1-4): 135. 1978[1979].


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Capriola Adans. 431

C. spicigerum S.T. Blake (Andropogon micranthus var.muelleri Hack.; Andropogon parviflorus var. spicigerus(Benth.) Domin; Andropogon spicigerus (S.T. Blake)Reeder; Chrysopogon parviflorus var. spicigerus Benth.;Dichanthium parviflorum var. spicigerum (S.T. Blake) deWet) (Latin spica, ae “a point, spike, tuft” and gero, gessi,gestum “to bear, carry, to wear”)

Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Northern Terri-tory. Perennial, tufted, stout, smooth and green leaves, hairyand purple to yellowish panicle, purple spikelets longawned, pedicellate spikelets sterile or male, low foragevalue, ornamental when in flower, scented panicles, some-times weedy, woodland, similar to Capillipedium parviflo-rum (R. Br.) Stapf, see University of Queensland,Department of Biology, Papers 2(3): 43. 1944, Journal ofthe Arnold Arboretum 29(4): 366. 1948, Flora of New SouthWales 19(1): 37-39 (38-39). 1961.

in English: scented-top grass

C. sulcatum Bor

Asia, India. See Botanisk Tidsskrift 67(4): 324. 1973.

C. venustum (Thwaites) Bor (Bothriochloa venusta(Thwaites) A. Camus; Hemisorghum venustum (Thwaites)Clayton; Vetiveria venusta (Thwaites) Willis)

Southeast Asia, India. See Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae136. 1864 and Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon,sér. 2, 76: 165. 1931, Grasses of Burma … 113. 1960, KewBulletin 27(3): 448. 1972.

Capriola Adans. = Cynodon Rich.

Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Chloridinae, type Caprioladactylon (L.) Kuntze, see Flora Mesoamericana 6: 291-292. 1994, Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 41: 59-63. 2001.

Caryochloa Spreng. = Piptochaetium Presl

From the Greek karyon “a nut, any kind of nut” and chloe,chloa “grass.”

Pooideae, Stipeae, Stipinae, type Caryochloa montevidensisSpreng., see Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta4(2): 22, 30. 1827, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 222, t.37, f. 2. 1830 and Darwiniana 36(1-4): 107-157. 1998,Contributions from the United States National Herbarium48: 495-504. 2003.

Caryochloa Trin. = Luziola Juss.

From the Greek karyon “a nut, any kind of nut” and chloe,chloa “grass.”

Ehrhartoideae, Oryzeae, Luziolinae, type Caryochloa bra-siliensis Trin., see Genera Plantarum 33. 1789, SystemaNaturae … editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata 2: 637.1791, De Graminibus Paniceis 54, 248. 1826, Die Natürli-chen Pflanzenfamilien 2(2): 40. 1887 and Contributionsfrom the United States National Herbarium 39: 69-71.2000.

Caryophyllea Opiz = Aira L.

From the Greek karyon “nut” and phyllon “leaf.”

Pooideae, Poeae, Airinae, see Species Plantarum 1: 63-66.1753 and Boissiera. 13: 179-180. 1967, Taxon 41: 556.1992, Opera Botanica 121: 159-172. 1993, FloraMesoamericana 6: 235. 1994, Taxon 44: 611-612. 1995,Bothalia 26(1): 53-61. 1996, Thaiszia 9(1): 31-40. 1999,Contributions from the United States National Herbarium48: 89-96. 2003.

Casiostega Galeotti = Opizia C. Presl

Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Boutelouinae, see The Gen-era of North American Plants 1: 65. 1818, Reliquiae Haen-keanae 1(4-5): 293, t. 41, f. 1-11. 1830, Bulletin del‘Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-lettres de Brux-elles 9: 232. 1842, Bulletin de la Société Botanique deBelgique 15: 470-471. 1876.

Castellia Tineo

Dedicated to the Italian botanist Pietro Castelli, author ofExactissima descriptio rariorum quarundam plantarum,quae continentur Romae in horto Farnesiano: Tobia AldinoCesenate auctore… Romae, typis Jacobi Mascardi, 1625,and Petri Castelli … Hortus Messanensis. Messanae, typisviduae Ioannis Francisci Bianco, 1640; see Luigi Belloni,in D.S.B. 9: 62-66. 1981; Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, acura di, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell‘Orto Botanicodi Palermo. 65-66. Palermo 1988; Giuseppe M. Mira, Bib-liografia Siciliana. 1: 195. Palermo 1881.

One species, Mediterranean, western Asia, Canary Islands.Pooideae, Poodae, Poeae, annual, herbaceous, tufted, erector geniculately ascending, auricles absent or present, ligulean unfringed membrane, leaf blades linear, plants bisexual,inflorescence racemose or paniculate, racemes single orscattered, spikelets compressed laterally and more or lesssessile, several-flowered, 2 glumes unequal more or lesskeeled, thin lemmas awnless and densely tuberculate, paleapresent, 2 free and membranous lodicules, stamens 3, ovaryglabrous, 2 stigmas, open habitats, dry places, dry openplaces, confused with Lolium, type Castellia tuberculataTineo, see Vincenzo (Vincentius) Tineo, 1791-1856,


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432 Catabrosa P. Beauv.

Plantarum rariorum Siciliae minus cognitarum … 2: 17-18. Panormi 1846.

Species

C. tuberculosa (Moris) Bor (Castellia tuberculata Tineo;Catapodium tuberculosum Moris; Desmazeria tuberculosa(Moris) Batt. & Trab.; Desmazeria tuberculosa (Moris)Bonnet; Festuca tuberculata (Tineo) Benth.; Festuca tuber-culosa (Moris) Coss. & Dur.; Micropyrum tuberculosum(Moris) Pilg.; Nardurus tuberculosus (Moris) Hayek)

Asia, Europe, Greece, Italy. Annual, loosely tufted, stiffracemose inflorescence sparsely branched, a single raceme,spikelets distichous and many-flowered, glumes glabrous,scabrid-tuberculate lemmas thinly membranous, useful forerosion control, grows in bushland, rocky areas, crevices,see Exploration Scientifique de l‘Algérie 2: 189, t. 41. 1855,Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 19: 128. 1881, Flored‘Alger 100. 1884 and Feddes Repertorium, Beiheft 30(3):295. 1932, Indian Forester 74: 90. 1948, Engler‘s Bota-nische Jahrbucher 74: 576. 1949.

in French: catapodium tuberculé

in Morocco: mahadoun, ziouan

Catabrosa P. Beauv.

Greek katabibrosko, katabibroskein “eat up, devour,” kato,kata “below, downward, down from” and broskein, brosko,bibrosko “to eat, to devour,” katabrosis “eating up, devour-ing,” used as fodder for cattle and goats or referring to theglumes.

About 2-3 species, north temperate, Chile. Pooideae,Poodae, Meliceae, or Pooideae, Poeae, Puccinelliinae,perennial, often prostrate, with creeping stolons or decum-bent, soft and fleshy, herbaceous, hollow, loosely tufted orsprawling, branching and rooting at the nodes in water, leafsheaths glabrous, leaf blades linear and narrow, ligule anunfringed membrane, plants bisexual, inflorescence looselypaniculate, panicle open, spikelets 1- to 3-flowered, 2glumes unequal toothed or erose, lower glume obtuse totruncate, lemmas membranous and keeled, floret callus gla-brous, palea present, 2 free lodicules, 3 stamens, ovaryglabrous, 2 stigmas, growing in aquatic habitats, in marshes,in mud, from sea level, shallow water, streams and seepageareas, streamsides, drainage ditches, open habitats, springs,related to Colpodium Trin., containing HCN-glucoside,type Catabrosa aquatica (L.) P. Beauv., see Essai d‘unenouvelle Agrostographie, ou nouveaux genres desGraminées. 97. Paris 1812, Fundamenta Agrostographiae119, t. 7. 1820, Flora Orientalis 5: 578. 1884 and Darwin-iana 23(1): 179-188. 1981 [Catabrosa P. Beauv. y PhippsiaR. Brown (Gramineae) en America del Sur.], R.R. Mill,“Eremopoa, Nephelochloa, Catabrosella, Colpodium, Hya-lopoa, Catabrosa, Paracolpodium.” in P.H. Davis (editor),

Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 9: 486-501.1985, American Journal of Botany 81(1): 119-126. 1994,Contributions from the United States National Herbarium48: 228-230. 2003.

Species

C. aquatica (L.) P. Beauv. (Aira aquatica L.; Catabrosaaquatica subsp. pseudairoides (Herrm.) Tzvelev; Catabrosaaquatica var. uniflora S.F. Gray; Catapodium aquaticumTrin. ex Willk. & Lange; Colpodium aquaticum (L.) Trinius;Diarrhena aquatica (L.) Raspail; Festuca airoides (Koeler)Mutel, nom. illeg., non Festuca airoides Lam.; Festucaalbifolia Reverd.; Festuca lenensis Drob. subsp. albifolia(Reverd.) Tzvelev; Glyceria airoides (Koeler) Reichb.; Gly-ceria airoides (Nutt.) Fries, nom. illeg., non Glyceria airoi-des (Koeler) Reichb.; Glyceria aquatica (L.) J. Presl & C.Presl; Glyceria catabrosa Klett & Richt.; Glyceria dulcis(Salisb.) Holmb.; Hydrochloa airoides (Koeler) Hartm.;Melica aquatica (L.) Loisel.; Molinia aquatica (L.) Wibel;Poa airoides Koeler; Poa aquatica L.; Poa dulcis Salisb.;Poa pseudairoides Herrm.)

North temperate. Species variable, creeping, leaf sheathsopen, open inflorescence very lax, panicle pyramidal oroblong, glumes unequal to nearly equal, lemmas truncateand erose at the apex, palatable, weed species, grows inmoist meadows and along lakeshores or stream banks, seeSpecies Plantarum 1: 64, 66-70, 73-76. 1753, Prodromusstirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium. 20. 1796,Primitiae Florae Werthemensis 116. 1799, DescriptioGraminum in Gallia et Germania 194. 1802, ProdromusFlorae Novae Hollandiae 179. 1810, Mémoires de laSociété Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 3, t. 13. 1812,Essai d‘une Nouvelle Agrostographie 97, 135, 142, 149,157, 160, 162, 165, pl. 19. 1812, Genera Graminum 5.1819, Flora Cechica 25. 1819, A Natural Arrangement ofBritish Plants 2: 133. 1821, Annales des Sciences Naturel-les, Botanique 5: 447. 1825, Flora Gallica, edition 2, 1: 59.1828, Flora der Phanerogamischen Gewächse der Umge-gend von Leipzig 96. 1830, Mémoires de l‘AcadémieImpériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série.Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles 1(4): 395.1830, Flore Française 4: 115. 1837, Novitiae Florae Sueci-cae 3: Add. 176. 1843, Prodromus Florae Hispanicae 1:77. 1861 and Botaniska Notiser 97. 1919, Arch. Soc. Zool.-Bot. Fenn. Vanamo 2: 100-106. 1947, Bot. Zurn. (Kiev)56(9): 1254. 1971, Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 70(5): 698-700. 1985,Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 1986: 29. 1986, Bot. Zhurn. SSSR71: 1426-1427. 1986, Fl. Libya 145: 84. 1988, Acta Bio-logica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 33: 37-38. 1991,Flora Mediterranea 5: 340-345. 1995, Opera Botanica 137:1-42. 1999.

in English: waterhair, water hairgrass, brookgrass, whorl-grass, water whorlgrass, water whorl grass


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Catabrosella (Tzvelev) Tzvelev 433

C. aquatica (L.) P. Beauv. subsp. aquatica (Catabrosaaquatica var. aquatica; Catabrosa aquatica var. laurentianaFernald; Catabrosa aquatica var. uniflora S.F. Gray)

North temperate. See A Natural Arrangement of BritishPlants 2: 133. 1821 and Rhodora 35(412): 137-140, pl. 242,f. 3-4. 1933.

C. sikkimensis Stapf ex Hook.f.

North temperate, India, Sikkim. Alpine grass, spreading,rooting at nodes, dwarf, leafy, leaf sheaths glabrous, ligulesblunt, lax panicle, see The Flora of British India 7(22): 311.1897 [1896].

C. werdermannii (Pilg.) Nicora & Rúgolo (Catabrosa lat-ifolia Phil.; Panicularia latifolia (Phil.) Kuntze; Phippsiawerdermannii Pilg.; Phippsia werdermannii f. major Pilg.;Phippsia werdermannii f. minor Pilg.; Phippsia werder-mannii f. werdermannii)

South America. See Herbarium Pedemontanum 6: 235.1836, Anales Mus. Nac. Santiago de Chile 1891: 85. 1891,Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 783. 1891 and Notizblattdes Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem10(97): 759-760. 1929, Darwiniana 23(1): 182. 1981.

Catabrosella (Tzvelev) Tzvelev = Colpodium Trin.

The diminutive of Catabrosa.

About 9 species, Himalaya, China. Pooideae, Poodae,Poeae, perennial, herbaceous, caespitose, auricles absent,narrow linear leaf blades, ligule an unfringed membrane,plants bisexual, open inflorescence paniculate, lax panicle,spikelets pedicellate and laterally flattened, 2 glumesunequal to very unequal, lemmas awnless, palea present, 2membranous lodicules, 3 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stig-mas, often in Colpodium, type Catabrosella humilis (Bieb.)Griseb., see Fundamenta Agrostographiae 119, t. 7. 1820and Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 1: 12. 1964, Bot. Zhurn. (Mos-cow & Leningrad) 50: 1320. 1965, N.L. Bor (1893-1972),Flora Iranica: Gramineae. Graz 1970, Zlaki SSSR 481.1976, R.R. Mill, “Eremopoa, Nephelochloa, Catabrosella,Colpodium, Hyalopoa, Catabrosa, Paracolpodium.” in P.H.Davis (editor), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands9: 486-501. 1985, Nordic Journal of Botany 14(6): 601-607.1994.

Species

C. araratica (Lipsky) Tzvelev (Catabrosa araraticaLipsky; Colpodium araraticum (Lipsky) Woronow exGrossh.; Colpodium araraticum (Lipsky) Woronow; Colpo-dium fibrosum var. araraticum (Lipsky) Woronow ex B.Fedtsch.; Koeleria dominii Nábelek)

Eurasia, Turkey. See Flora Kavkaza 1: 112. 1928.

C. calvertii (Boiss.) Czerep. (Catabrosella humilis subsp.calvertii (Boiss.) Tzvelev; Catabrosella parviflora subsp.calvertii (Boiss.) E.B. Alexeev ex R.R. Mill; Catabrosellaparviflora subsp. calvertii (Boiss.) E.B. Alexeev, nom.illeg., non Catabrosella parviflora subsp. calvertii (Boiss.)E.B. Alexeev ex R.R. Mill; Colpodium parviflorum subsp.calvertii (Boiss.) D. Heller; Colpodium calvertii Boiss.)

Eurasia. See Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum,ser. 2, 4: 133. 1859 and Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 1966: 32.1966.

C. fibrosa (Trautv.) Tzvelev (Colpodium fibrosum Trautv.)

Eurasia. See Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 1966: 32. 1966.

C. gillettii (Bor) Tzvelev (Colpodium gillettii Bor)

Russia. See Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edin-burgh 25: 64. 1963, Grasses of the Soviet Union 481. 1976.

C. himalaica (Hook.f.) Tzvelev (Catabrosa himalaica(Hook.f.) Stapf; Colpodium himalaicum (Hook.f.) Bor;Phippsia himalaica Hook.f.)

Asia. See The Flora of British India 7(22): 240, 311. 1897[1896] and Grasses of Burma … 529. 1960, Novosti Sist.Vyss. Rast. 1966: 32. 1966.

C. humilis (M. Bieb.) Tzvelev (Aira humilis M. Bieb.; Cat-abrosa humilis (M. Bieb.) Trin.; Colpodium humile (M.Bieb.) Griseb.; Glyceria humilis (M. Bieb.) Heynh.)

Asia Minor. See Flora Taurico-Caucasica 1: 57. 1808, Fun-damenta Agrostographiae 136. 1820, Nomenclator Botan-icus Hortensis 1: 361. 1840, Flora Rossica 4(13): 384. 1852and Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 50: 1320. 1965.

C. leiantha (Hack.) Czerep. (Catabrosella variegata subsp.leiantha (Hack.) Tzvelev; Catabrosella variegata var. leian-tha (Hack.) E.B. Alexeev ex R.R. Mill; Catabrosella var-iegata var. leiantha (Hack.) E.B. Alexeev, nom. illeg., nonCatabrosella variegata var. leiantha (Hack.) E.B. Alexeevex R.R. Mill; Colpodium leianthum Hack.; Colpodium var-iegatum var. leianthum (Hack.) Grossh.)

Eurasia, Russia. See Flora Rossica 4(13): 384. 1852 andFlora Kavkaza (edition 2) 1: 270. 1939, Novosti Sist. Vyss.Rast. 1966: 32. 1966, Flora of Turkey and the East AegeanIslands 9: 496. 1985.

C. ornata (Nevski) Czopanov (Catabrosella humilis subsp.ornata (Nevski) Tzvelev; Colpodium ornatum Nevski)

Russia. See Flora URSS 2: 441, 757. 1934, Bot. Zhurn.(Moscow & Leningrad) 50: 1320. 1965.

C. parviflora (Boiss. & Buhse) E.B. Alexeev ex R.R. Mill(Catabrosa parviflora (Boiss. & Buhse) Boiss.; Catabrosellahumilis subsp. parviflora (Boiss. & Buhse) Tzvelev; Cat-abrosella parviflora (Boiss. & Buhse) Czopanov ex E.Aleks., nom. illeg., non Catabrosella parviflora (Boiss. &Buhse) E.B. Alexeev ex R.R. Mill; Colpodium parviflorumBoiss. & Buhse)


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434 Catalepis Stapf & Stent

Turkey, Eurasia. See Diagnoses plantarum orientaliumnovarum, ser. 2, 4: 133. 1859, Flora Orientalis 5: 578. 1884and Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 50: 1320. 1965,Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 1966: 32. 1966, Flora of Turkeyand the East Aegean Islands 9: 496. 1985.

C. songorica (Tzvelev) Czer. (Catabrosella humilis subsp.songorica Tzvelev)

Eurasia.

C. variegata (Boiss.) Tzvelev (Aira catabrosoides (K.Koch) Steud.; Catabrosa balansae Boiss.; Catabrosa var-iegata Boiss.; Catabrosella variegata var. chrysantha(Woronow) Tzvelev; Colpodium balansae (Boiss.)Woronow; Colpodium chrysanthum Woronow; Colpodiumvariegatum (Boiss.) Griseb.; Poa catabrosoides K. Koch,also catabrosodes)

Caucasus, Turkey. See Diagnoses plantarum orientaliumnovarum, ser. 1, 1(5): 1. 1844, Linnaea 21(4): 406. 1848,Flora Rossica 4(13): 384. 1852, Synopsis Plantarum Glu-macearum 1: 223. 1854, Flora Orientalis 5: 577. 1884 andFlora Kavkaza (edition 2) 1: 270. 1939, Novosti Sist. Vyss.Rast. 1966: 32. 1966, Grasses of the Soviet Union 482.1976, Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 9: 496.1985.

Catalepis Stapf & Stent

From the Greek kato, kata “below, downward, down from”and lepis, lepidos “flake, scale.”

One species, South Africa. Chloridoideae, Chlorideae, orChloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Zoysiinae, perennial, cae-spitose, creeping, herbaceous, unbranched, unarmed, leavesmostly basal, auricles absent, ligule a fringe of short hairs,plants bisexual, inflorescence spicate or paniculate, head ofnumerous racemes, spikelets solitary and shortly pedicel-late, floret 1 bisexual, 2 glumes very unequal, lower glumereduced to a small subulate scale, upper glume narrow andacuminate, lemma keeled and acute, palea present, 2 lodi-cules free and fleshy, stamens 3, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmasplumose, growing in mountain grassland, sandy veld nearvlei, disturbed places, black clay near vleis, open habitats,shallow sandy soil, along roadsides, stony hillsides, typeCatalepis gracilis Stapf & Stent, see Kew Bulletin 1929:11-12. 1929 [Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew1929(1): 11-12. 1929].

Species

C. gracilis Stapf & Stent

South Africa, Transvaal. Perennial, tufted, creeping, rhi-zomatous, leaf blade rolled and curly with age, contractedspike-like panicle, lower glume reduced to a small scale,lodicules cuneate, highly palatable and overgrazed, weed,pioneer grass, useful for erosion control.

in English: gause grass

in South Africa: gause gras

Catapodium Link = Cutandia Willk. Scleropoa Griseb., Synaphe Dulac

From the Greek kata “below, all along” and podion “littlefoot,” referring to the short branches clothed with spikelets,or from the Greek katapoda, katapodas “straightway,” allu-sion obscure; see the German botanist and physician JohannHeinrich Friedrich Link (1767-1851), in Hortus regiusbotanicus berolinensis. 1: 44, 145, 380. Berolini (Oct-Nov)1827 and 2: 193. 1833.

About 2 species, Europe, Mediterranean, North Africa toIran. Pooideae, Poodae, Poeae, or Pooideae, Poeae, Ammo-chloinae, annual, often coastal, tufted or solitary, erect orspreading, sometimes geniculate, smooth, slender, herba-ceous, unbranched, hollow internodes, auricles absent, leafblade flat, linear leaves, ligule an unfringed membrane,plants bisexual, stiff and 1-sided panicle, spikelets many-flowered, florets 3-10 bisexual or uppermost floret reducedand sterile, awnless glumes unequal and pointed, lemmasobtuse and glabrous, palea nerved and keeled with keelswingless, 2 ovate lodicules free and glabrous, stamens 3,ovary glabrous, stigmas plumose, small fruit ellipsoid,weed, found in maritime sand, disturbed areas, dry places,open habitats, sometimes referred to Desmazeria Dumort.,type Catapodium loliaceum (Huds.) Link, see Species Plan-tarum 1: 67-70. 1753, Flora Anglica 10. 1754, ProdromusFlorae Novae Hollandiae 179. 1810, Observations sur lesGraminées de la Flore Belgique 110, 113. 1823 [1824],Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 1: 44, 145, 280. 1827,Florula belgica, opera majoris prodromus, auctore … 157.1827, Spicilegium florae rumelicae et bithynicae … 2: 431.1846, Flore de Département des Hautes-Pyrénées 90. 1867,Edmond Bonnet (1848-1922) et J.F. Gustave Barratte(1857-1920), Catalogue Raisonné des Plantes Vasculairesde la Tunisie 483. Paris 1896 [Exploration Scientifique dela Tunisie] and Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society76: 350-352. 1978 [Notes on Cutandia and related genera.],Candollea 45: 65-74. 1990, Bothalia 27: 75-82. 1997, Both-alia 29(2): 335-341. 1999, J.M. Dixon, “Koeleria macran-tha (Ledeb.) Schultes (K. alpigena Domin, K. cristata (L.)Pers. pro parte, K. gracilis Pers., K. albescens auct. nonDC.).” Journal of Ecology 88(4): 709-726. Aug 2000, Con-tributions from the United States National Herbarium 48:230. 2003, Journal of Ecology 92(2): 297-309. Apr 2004.

Species

C. mamoraeum (Maire) Maire & M. Weiller (Micropyrummamoraeum (Maire) Stace; Nardurus mamoraeus Maire)

Morocco. See Bulletin de la Société d‘Histoire Naturellede l‘Afrique du Nord 28: 386. 1937, Bulletin de la Société


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Catatherophora Steud. 435

d‘Histoire Naturelle de l‘Afrique du Nord 33(4): 96. 1942,Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 76: 350. 1978.

C. marinum (L.) C.E. Hubb. (Catapodium loliaceum(Huds.) Link; Desmazeria loliacea Nyman; Demazeriamarina (L.) Rothm.; Desmazeria marina (L.) Druce; Des-mazeria marinum (L.) Druce; Festuca loliacea auct.; Fes-tuca marina L.; Festuca rottboelloides Kunth; Poa loliaceaHuds.; Sclerochloa loliacea Woods ex Bab.; Scleropoa loli-acea (Huds.) Woods)

Europe, Turkey, Mediterranean. Annual, tufted, tiny, erector decumbent, ligule membranous, auricles absent, shortleaves, plants bisexual, inflorescence a raceme or a panicle,dense raceme-like panicles, inflorescence racemose or pan-iculate, spikelets distichous and erect, 2 glumes, palea nar-rowly elliptic and strongly 2-keeled, 2 lodicules, 3 stamens,ovary glabrous, fruit compressed and grooved, useful forerosion control, seashore, stony places, walls, bare sandyground, open habitats, maritime habitat, coastal grassland,on sandy soils, see Amoenitates Academici … 4: 96. 1759,Hort. Berol. 1: 45. 1827 and Scottish Botanical Review 1:156. 1912, Feddes Repertorium 52: 177. 1943, Kew Bull.1954: 375. 1954, Willdenowia 6(2): 291. 1971, Bot. J. Linn.Soc. 91: 440. 1985.

in English: stiff sand grass, sea ferngrass, darnel poa

in French: fétuque marine, catapode maritime, ivraie mar-itime

in Italian: logliarello marino

C. rigidum (L.) C.E. Hubb. ex Dony (Catapodium rigidum(L.) C.E. Hubb.; Catapodium rigidum (L.) Dony; Demaze-ria rigida (L.) Tutin; Desmazeria rigida (L.) Tutin; Desma-zeria rigidum (L.) Tutin; Diplachne rigida (L.) Munro exChapm.; Festuca rigida (L.) Raspail; Glyceria rigida (L.)Sm.; Poa cristata Walter, nom. illeg., non Poa cristata (L.)L.; Poa rigida L.; Sclerochloa rigida (L.) Link; Scleropoarigida (L.) Griseb.; Synaphe rigida (L.) Dulac)

Europe, Mediterranean. Annual, much branched at the base,often coastal, small to tiny, glabrous, rigid, slender, tufted,erect or spreading and geniculate at the base, ligule acuteand membranous, leaf sheath glabrous ribbed, glabrousinrolled leaves, stiff inflorescence with oblong awnlessspikelets, erect and 1-sided panicle linear to narrowly ovatewith rigid and ascending branches, florets widely spaced,glumes pointed and subequal, lemmas obtuse, paleas withscabrid keels, low forage value, weed of disturbed areas,wasteland, dry open places, dry rocky outcrops, walls, seadune areas, depleted pasture, gardens, on sandy disturbedareas, dry habitats and substrates, along roadsides, railwayballast, in sand or sandy soil, on sandy and gravelly beaches,in damp situations, limestone, see Flora Anglica 10. 1754,Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 80. 1788, EnumeratioPlantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1: 90. 1821,English Flora 1: 119. 1824, Annales des Sciences Naturelles,

Botanique 5: 445. 1825, Spicilegium florae rumelicae etbithynicae … 2: 431. 1844, Flore de Département desHautes-Pyrénées 90. 1867, Flora of the Southern UnitedStates 609. 1897 and Flora of the British Isles 1434. 1952,Charles Abbot (1761-1817), Flora Bedfordiensis, compre-hending such plants as grow wild in the county of Bedford,arranged according to the system of Linnæus, with occa-sional remarks. 437. 1953, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 91: 439. 1985,Flora of South Africa 4: 1888. 1986, Grasses of New SouthWales 136. 1991, The Grasses of Tasmania 52. 1991, Taxon49(2): 256. 2000.

in English: fern grass, hard grass, rigid fescue, hard poa,hard meadow-grass

in French: catapode rigide, paturin rigide

in Morocco: mahadoun srhir

in Italian: logliarello ruderale

in South Africa: steifgras

C. rigidum (L.) C.E. Hubb. ex Dony subsp. rigidum (Cat-apodium rigidum var. rigidum)

Europe, Mediterranean.

Catatherophora Steud. = Pennisetum Rich.

Greek kato, kata “below, downward” plus ather “barb,spine, chaff, prickle, awn” and phoros “bearing.”

Panicoideae, Paniceae, Cenchrinae, or Panicoideae, Pani-codae, Paniceae, see Species Plantarum 1: 60. 1753, Syn.Pl. 1: 72. 1805, Flora 12: 465. 1829 and Contr. U.S. Natl.Herb. 22: 210. 1921, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 371-374.1994, Contributions from the United States National Her-barium 46: 527-536. 2003.

Cathariostachys S. Dransf.

Possibly from the Greek kathairo “to purge,” kathartes“purifier,” katharos “pure,” kathartikon “purgatives,” refer-ring to the cyanogenic parts of the bamboos.

Two species, Madagascar. Bambusoideae, type Catha-riostachys capitata (Kunth) S. Dransf., lowlands, mountainforests, see S. Dransfield, “Valiha and Cathariostachys, 2new bamboo genera (Gramineae-Bambusoideae) fromMadagascar.” Kew Bulletin 53(2): 375-397. 1998.

Species

C. capitata (Kunth) S. Dransf. (Beesha capitata (Kunth)Munro; Cephalostachyum peclardii A. Camus; Nastus cap-itatus Kunth; Ochlandra capitata (Kunth) E.G. Camus)

Madagascar. See Révision des Graminées 1: 325, t. 75.1830, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 26(1):145. 1868 and Les Bambusées 183. 1913, Bulletin de la


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436 Cathestecum J. Presl

Société Botanique de France 72: 87-88. 1925, Kew Bulletin53(2): 378, 391. 1998.

C. madagascariensis (A. Camus) S. Dransf. (Cepha-lostachyum madagascariense A. Camus; Cephalostachyumpeclardii A. Camus) (named for a mister Péclard, grasscollector in Madagascar, see Bulletin de la Société Bota-nique de France 72: 88. 1925)

Madagascar. Bamboo, stoloniferous, solitary stems, thefavourite food of the bamboo lemurs, Hapalemur spp. con-sume the cynogenic parts — young leaf bases, youngpseudopetioles and young shoots, see Bulletin de la SociétéBotanique de France 72: 87-88. 1925, Kew Bulletin 53(2):391, 394. 1998.

in English: giant bamboo

in French: bambou géant

in Madagascar: volosy, volohosy, volotsangana

Cathestecum J. Presl = Bouteloua Lag.

Possibly from the Greek kathestekotos, “fixedly, steadily,”katasketos, katasketon, “held back, kept back, held fast.”

About 5-6 species, Mexico, U.S., Guatemala. Chlori-doideae, Cynodonteae, Boutelouinae, annual or perennial,herbaceous, unarmed, glabrous, erect or ascending ordecumbent, stoloniferous, caespitose, leaves mostly basal,auricles absent, sheaths terete with open margins, ligule adense fringe of hairs, plants bisexual, inflorescence a falsespike, racemes cuneate, each raceme with dimorphousspikelets in triplets, male and female fertile spikelets mixedin the inflorescence, central spikelet fertile and 3-flowered,lateral spikelets sessile and 2-flowered, 2 lower spikeletsusually male or neuter, spikelets subtended by solitary bris-tles deciduous with the spikelets, 2 glumes very unequal,thin lemmas, awns 3, palea present, 2 free and fleshy lod-icules, stamens 0-3, ovary glabrous, 2 plumose stigmas,open habitats, dry areas, hillsides, open scrub, open gravellyground, under trees and shrubs, type Cathestecum pro-stratum J. Presl, see Variedades de Ciencias, Literatura yArtes 2(4,21): 134, 141. 1805, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 294-295, t. 42. 1830, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11: 37, t.45. 1884 and Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 14(3): 358-363. 1912,Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 27(12):495-501. 1937, Fieldiana, Botany 24(2): 38-331. 1955,Phytologia 37(4): 317-407. 1977, Bulletin of the TorreyBotanical Club 105: 134-138. 1978, Irving William Knob-loch, compiled by, “A preliminary verified list of plantcollectors in Mexico.” Phytologia Memoirs. VI. Plainfield,N.J. 1983, Taxon 33: 126-134. 1984, Las Gramíneas deMéxico 2: 1-344. 1987, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 296. 1994,Sida 17: 111-114. 1996, Aliso 17(2): 99-130. 1998, Aliso18: 61-65. 1999, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 41: 20-33. 2001.

Species

C. brevifolium Swallen (Bouteloua diversispicula Colum-bus; Cathestecum brevifolium var. brevifolium)

Mexico. Good forage, medicinal, mat-forming, found ongravelly soil, along roadsides, see Journal of the WashingtonAcademy of Sciences 27(12): 500. 1937, Aliso 18(1): 63.1999.

in Mexico: grama china, pasto

C. brevifolium Swallen var. sonorense Pacheco L. (Cathe-stecum brevifolium Swallen; Cathestecum erectum Vasey &Hack.)

Mexico. Inflorescence reddish to greenish, see Bulletin ofthe Torrey Botanical Club 11: 37, pl. 45. 1884.

C. multifidum Griffiths (Bouteloua multifidum (Griffiths)Columbus; Griffithsochloa multifida (Griffiths) G.J. Pierce)

Mexico. See Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 14(3): 360, f. 24. 1912, Bulletin of the TorreyBotanical Club 105(2): 134. 1978.

C. prostratum J. Presl (Bouteloua griffithsii Columbus;Cathestecum annuum Swallen)

Mexico. Forage, see Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 295, t.42. 1830 and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sci-ences 27(12): 497. 1937.

in Mexico: grama china, zacate

C. tamaulipense Pierce ex Beetle

Mexico. See A.A. Beetle, Las Gramíneas de México 2: 177.1987.

C. varium Swallen (Cathestecum brevifolium Swallen;Bouteloua varia (Swallen) Columbus)

Mexico. Fodder, see Journal of the Washington Academyof Sciences 27(12): 498. 1937, Phytologia 37(4): 317-407.1977.

in Mexico: pasto

Celtica F.M. Vázquez and Barkworth

One species, western Mediterranean. Pooideae, Stipeae,Stipinae, perennial, ligules membranous scabrous, lax pan-icle open, spikelets lanceolate, glumes 3-nerved or veined,lemma coriaceous, awn bigeniculate, paleas membranousbifid, 3 lodicules, 3 anthers, type Stipa gigantea Link (Celt-ica gigantea (Link) F.M. Vázquez and Barkworth), see Spe-cies Plantarum 1: 78-81. 1753, Révision des Graminées 1:58-59. 1829 and Preslia 48(2): 186. 1976, Acta Bot. Mal-acitana 21: 163-165. 1996, Contributions from the UnitedStates National Herbarium 48: 432. 2003, Francisco M.Vázquez and Mary E. Barkworth, “Resurrection and emen-dation of Macrochloa (Gramineae: Stipeae).” BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society 144(4): 483-495. Apr 2004.


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Cenchropsis Nash 437

Species

C. gigantea (Link) F.M. Vázquez and Barkworth (Avenacavanillesii Lag.; Avena sterilis L.; Celtica gigantea subsp.donyanae (F.M. Vázquez & Devesa) F.M. Vázquez & Bark-worth; Lasiagrostis gigantea (Link) Trin. & Rupr.; Macro-chloa arenaria (Brot.) Kunth; Macrochloa gigantea (Link)Hack.; Stipa arenaria Brot.; Stipa gigantea Link; Stipagigantea subsp. donyanae F.M. Vázquez & Devesa; Stipagigantea subsp. maroccana (Pau & Font Quer) F.M.Vázquez & Devesa; Stipa gigantea var. maroccana Pau &Font Quer; Stipa gigantea var. mesatlantica Andr.; Stipapellita (Trin. & Rupr.) Tzvelev)

Portugal, Spain, Morocco. See Species Plantarum, EditioSecunda 1: 118. 1762, Journal für die Botanik 2: 313. 1799,Flora Lusitanica 1: 86. 1804, Variedades de Ciencias, Lit-eratura y Artes 4(19): 39. 1805, Species Graminum Stipace-orum 96. 1842, Catalogue Raisonné des Graminées dePortugal 16. 1880 and Iter Maroccanum 1927: no. 23. 1928,Index Hort. Budapest 90. 1934, Grass. Saudi Arabia 123.1989, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 64: 35-74.1991, Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 52: 179-186. 1995, Botan-ical Journal of the Linnean Society 124: 202-203. 1997.

C. gigantea (Link) F.M. Vázquez and Barkworth subsp.donyanae (Vázquez and Barkworth) Vázquez and Bark-worth

Portugal, Spain, Morocco.

C. gigantea (Link) F.M. Vázquez and Barkworth subsp.maroccana Font Quer) Vázquez and Barkworth

Morocco.

C. gigantea (Link) F.M. Vázquez and Barkworth subsp.sterilis Vázquez and Barkworth

Southwest Portugal.

Cenchropsis Nash = Cenchrus L.

Resembling the genus Cenchrus L.

Panicoideae, Paniceae, Cenchrinae, type Cenchropsis myo-suroides (Kunth) Nash, see Species Plantarum 2: 1049-1050. 1753 and Flora of the Southeastern United States …109, 1327. 1903, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 46: 144-150. 2003.

Cenchrus L. = Cenchropsis Nash, Echinaria Fabr., Nastus Lunell, Raram Adans.

From the Greek kenchros “millet”; Latin cenchros, used byPlinius for an Arabian diamond or an unknown kind ofprecious stone big as a grain of millet; see Carl Linnaeus,Species Plantarum. 1049. 1753 and Genera Plantarum.edition 5. 470. 1754.

About 22-30 species, cosmopolitan, warm and dry regions,tropical and warm temperate. Panicoideae, Panicodae, Pan-iceae, or Panicoideae, Paniceae, Cenchrinae, annual orperennial, tufted, erect or procumbent, weak geniculateculms, herbaceous, slender, branched, stoloniferous or rhi-zomatous, auricles absent, ligule a short ciliate membranousrim, loose leaf sheaths keeled and compressed, narrow leafblades linear or linear-lanceolate, sometimes leaves pun-gent, plants bisexual with only a single spike-like axis,inflorescence a false simple cylindrical spike, inflorescencebristles fused and often united at base, spikelets solitary orclustered, sessile involucre of sterile spikelets hardened andspiny, deciduous involucre composed of 1 or more whorlsof bristles, spikelets unawned and falling with the glumes,florets 1 or 2, lower floret sterile or male, upper florethermaphrodite deciduous with the spiny involucre, 2glumes very unequal and shorter than the spikelet, lowerglume minute or sometimes suppressed, palea present, lod-icules absent, stamens 3, ovary glabrous, stigmas 2, spinesand bristles on the seeds, weed, cultivated fodder, halo-phytic, troublesome prickly spiny burrs contaminate wooland their spines damage skin, in damp or wet soils somespecies are prone to root rots, native pasture species,drought resistant and tolerant of hard grazing, soil stabilizer,shade species, ornamental, grows on open grasslands, ondisturbed land, woodland on poorer soils, coastal dunes,pampas, bush, rainforest, sandy and weedy places, somespecies overlapping and confused with Pennisetum Rich.,see Species Plantarum 2: 1049-1050. 1753, EnumeratioMethodica Plantarum 206. 1759, Familles des Plantes 2:35, 597. 1763, Flora Atlantica 2: 385. 1799 and Flora ofthe Southeastern United States … 109, 1327. 1903, Amer-ican Midland Naturalist 4: 214. 1915, Contributions fromthe United States National Herbarium 22: 45-77. 1929,Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 45(5): 135-143. 1955, Iowa State College Journal of Science 37(3):259-351. 1963 [Taxonomy and distribution of the genusCenchrus], Kurtziana 4: 95-129. 1967, Taxon 33: 126-134.1984, Acta Amazonica 14(1-2): 95-127. 1984, J. Fournetand John L. Hammerton, Weeds of the Lesser Antilles.INRA, Paris 1991, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 374-375. 1994,Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 275-279. 1995, Sida 19(3):523-530. 2001 [Nomenclatural changes in Pennisetum(Poaceae: Paniceae)], Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 46: 144-150. 2003.

Species

C. sp.

in Mexico: rosapillo

C. agrimonioides Trin. (Cenchrus agrimonioides var. lay-sanensis F. Br.; Cenchrus calyculatus var. uniflorus Hillebr.;Cenchrus fusiformis Nees; Cenchrus fusiformis Nees &Meyen; Cenchrus pedunculatus Degener & Whitney)


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438 Cenchrus L.

U.S., Hawaii. Perennial, endangered species, occurs in themountains, grows in well-drained soil, see De GraminibusPaniceis 72. 1826, Gramineae 38. 1841, Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1): 170.1843, Flora of the Hawaiian Islands 505. 1888 and BerniceP. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81: 20. 1931.

in English: agrimony sandbur

in Hawaii: kamanomano, kumanomano

C. agrimonioides Trin. var. agrimonioides

U.S., Hawaii. Perennial, endangered species

in English: agrimony sandbur

C. agrimonioides Trin. var. laysanensis F. Br. (Cenchruspedunculatus O. Deg. & Whitney) (Laysan Island in theNorthwestern Hawaiian Islands)

U.S., Hawaii. Perennial, endangered or extinct species, seeDe Graminibus Paniceis 72. 1826 and Bernice P. BishopMuseum Bulletin 81: 20. 1931.

in English: Laysan agrimony sandbur

in Hawaii: kamanomano, kumanomano

C. australis R. Br. (Cenchrus calyculatus Cav.)

Australia, Queensland. See Icones et Descriptiones Plan-tarum, quae aut sponte … 5: 40, t. 463. 1799, ProdromusFlorae Novae Hollandiae 1: 196. 1810, Systema Vegetabi-lium, editio decima sexta 1: 303. 1825.

in English: hillside burrgrass

C. biflorus Roxb. (Cenchrus annularis Andersson ex Peters;Cenchrus barbatus Schumacher; Cenchrus catharticusDelile; Cenchrus catharticus Schltdl., nom. illeg., non Cen-chrus catharticus Delile; Cenchrus leptacanthus A. Camus;Cenchrus niloticus Fig. & De Not.; Cenchrus perinvolucra-tus Stapf & C.E. Hubb.; Elymus caput-medusae Forssk.,nom. illeg., non Elymus caput-medusae L.)

Tropical Africa, Sahel, Sudan, Yemen, subtropical Africa.Annual, herbaceous, tufted, erect or geniculately ascending,sheaths keeled or compressed, ligule a densely ciliate rim,blades flat and rigid, lamina linear-lanceolate, inflorescencespike-like formed of clusters of spikelets, spikelets sur-rounded by a rigid involucre in 2 whorls, inner bristlesflattened, outer bristles short and spiny, ovoid disc at thebase of the burr, thorny grains may wound livestock andwildlife, exact native range obscure, paleotropical invasiveweed, adapted to hot and dry tropical areas, it does not haveany flood tolerance, used for hay and silage, native pasturespecies, grazed by most animals in its juvenile state, asource of fodder, food for the herds grazing throughout theSahel, in northwestern Sahel a food resource for thenomadic Tuareg and settled populations, seeds eaten (Nige-ria), seeds used for making bread, in India seeds eatenmixed with bajra (millet) for bread making, seeds also eatenraw, in Sudan seeds are pounded and eaten raw or madeinto porridge, a thin bread (kisra) is also made from the

seeds, a grass with hypotenisve activity, impressions ofCenchrus biflorus seeds in potsherds found in the archeo-logical site of Tichitt Chebka III (Mauritania, West Africa),grows on sand dunes and on sandy soils, clayey soils andlight sandy soils, coastal sand dune scrub woodland, decid-uous bushland, sand dune savannah and desert fringes, ondisturbed lands, orange sand, in sandy plains, in bush, inarid and semiarid regions, hot and dry tropical areas, in low-rainfall woodland savannah on sand, abandoned cultivation,bare sandy ground, see Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 25. 1775,Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 81. 1814, FloraIndica; or Descriptions … 1: 238. 1820, Beskrivelse afGuineeiske planter 43-44. 1827, Kongel. Danske Vidensk.Selsk. Naturvidensk. Math. Afh. 3: 63-64. 1828, Linnaea 4:78. 1829, Catalogus plantarum horti botanici monspelien-sis 1838: 4. 1839, Mémoires de l‘Académie des Sciences deTurin 14: 380, t. 33. 1854, Naturwissenschaftliche Reisenach Mossambique … 553. 1863 and Boll. Reale Orto Bot.Giardino Colon. Palermo 9: 51. 1910, Bulletin de la SociétéBotanique de France 80: 774. 1933, Bulletin of Miscella-neous Information Kew 1933: 299. 1933.

in English: burgrass, bur grass, India sandbur, Indian sand-bur, gallons curse, 2-flowered sandspur.

in Arabic: e’neti, el gasba, gasba, heskinit, höbb el adjais,initi, koreib, niti

in Botswana: kram-kram

in Burkina Faso: cram-cram

in Gambia: casso

in Ghana: karengia

in Guinea: anyalangò, dialango, djalangò, uyalankon

in Guinea-Bissau: quebè

in Mali: cram-cram, cramcram, dané, dani, gasba, heskinit,initi, khine, kolomon, konomon, koolumo ya, koreib, norna,norolan, uéjag, uzag, uzak, wadjak

in Mauritania: e’neti, el gasba, gasba, initi, niti

in Niger: daani, dané, dani (Djerma/Zarma), dâni, éneti,gasba, gerengyari, gobi, gôbi, hansaelik, hebbere, hébbo,hobbéré, karanguia, karanguya, k’arangya, kébbé, ngibbi,nögu, wadjâk, wajjag, wuajjag

in Nigeria: apiiwa, emimo, eemo, hebbere, ikon, ikpolikpo,K‘arangiya, karangiyàà, karangiyàà gumba, karangiyààkumba, karanguja, kebbe, kora-kondo, ngibbi, njimi, njiwi,nyakkabre

in Sahel: wezzeg, wezzag, cram-cram

in Sudan: haskaneet, haskanit, abu sha‘ar, haskanit kishin

in Sahara: ouezzeg (Tuareg)

in Senegal: gebi, haham, hamham, hébbe, hobbéré, kebbè,kebè, khakham, khamkham, ngoj, ngojin, ngotj, norma,norna, norolan, xam xam


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Cenchrus L. 439

in Upper Volta: dani, diubiguina, hebbere, kebbe, kinangu,rani

in Yemen: kurbays

in Yoruba: emimo, eemo

in Kanuri: Ngibbi

in India: argana, baront, basla, bharbhunt, bharont, bharut,bhurat, bhurt, bhurut, dhaman, kukar, lapta

C. brevisetus E. Fourn. (Cenchrus echinatus L.; Cenchrusechinatus var. brevisetus (E. Fourn.) Scribn.)

Mexico. See Species Plantarum 2: 1050. 1753, Bulletin dela Société Botanique de France sér. 2, 27: 294. 1880, Mex-icanas Plantas 2: 50. 1886 and Publications of the FieldColumbian Museum, Botanical Series 2(1): 26. 1900,Rheedea 10(2): 153-155. 2000.

C. brownii Roemer & J.A. Schultes (Cenchrus dactylolepisSteud.; Cenchrus echinatus Steud. ex Döll, nom. illeg., nonCenchrus echinatus L.; Cenchrus echinatus var. viridis(Spreng.) Spreng. ex Griseb.; Cenchrus inflexus R. Br., nom.illeg., non Cenchrus inflexus Poir.; Cenchrus inflexus Poir.;Cenchrus rigidus Willd. ex Döll; Cenchrus viridis Spreng.;Cenchrus viridis var. macrocephalus Döll; Pseudechino-laena inflexa (Poir.) Pittier)

Mexico, Southern America. Annual, herbaceous, tufted,erect to straggling, glabrous, culm bases sometimes decum-bent and rooting at the nodes, sheaths slightly compressed,leaves scattered along culms, inflorescence densely spicate,spikelet involucre in 2 whorls, burs imbricate or denselycrowded, inner bristles flattened, green fruits, weed species,pioneer grass, forage, invader, grows in sandy waste placesand forest borders, sandy soils, savannah, on beaches andnear the ocean, in disturbed places, see EncyclopédieMéthodique, Botanique 6: 50. 1804, Prodromus FloraeNovae Hollandiae 195. 1810, Systema Vegetabilium 2: 258.1817, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 301.1824, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 109. 1854,Flora of the British West Indian Islands 556. 1864, FloraBrasiliensis 2(2): 309-310. 1877 and Bol. Técn. Minist.Agric. 41. Caracas 1937.

in English: burgrass, burrgrass, fine-bristled burrgrass, slim-bristle sandbur, slim-bristle sandburr, fine-bristle sandbur,fine burgrass, fine bur grass, sandbur, green sandspur

in Costa Rica: mozote

in Ecuador: cadillo

in Honduras: mozote de caballo

in Mexico: cadillo, cadillo bobo, guachapure, huizapol,mosoto lanudo

in South Africa: fynklitsgras, knopklitsgras

in Japan: kuri-no-iga

C. caliculatus Cav. (Cenchrus anomoplexis Labill., nom.illeg., non Cenchrus anomoplexis Desf.; Cenchrus australisR. Br.; Cenchrus australis var. latifolius Drake; Cenchrus

calyculatus Cav.; Cenchrus taitensis Steud.; Pennisetumcalyculatum (Cav.) Spreng.) (Latin caliculus, i “a smallcup”)

Pacific Islands, New Zealand, Australia, New Guinea.Perennial or annual, forming clumps or dense mats, scram-bling, trailing, robust, short woody rhizome, culms rootingat lower nodes, tiny ligule densely ciliate, sheath com-pressed and keeled, blade flat, leaf blades narrowly lan-ceolate, panicle spike-like, spikelets glabrous in clusters,burrs purplish to black, spines soft, lower glume obtuse,upper glume acute, lower lemma sterile or male and sca-brous, upper lemma bisexual and scabrous, sharp-pointedfruits, straggling over vegetation, probably dispersed byadhering to seabird feathers, a fodder plant, weed, foundon poor soils, near coast, on rocky coasts, on old lava fields,open areas, open sunny places, coastal thickets, see Iconeset Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … 5: 40, t.463. 1799, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 1: 196.1810, Sertum Austro-Caledonicum 14, t. 19. 1824, SystemaVegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 303. 1825, SynopsisPlantarum Glumacearum 1: 419. 1854, Flora of the Hawai-ian Islands 505. 1888, Flore de la Polynésie française …252. Paris 1892.

in English: hillside burrgrass, large burr grass, Polynesianbur-grass

in Tonga: hefa

in Society Islands: piripiri

C. ciliaris L. (Cenchrus aequiglumis Chiov.; Cenchrusanjana Ham. ex Wallich; Cenchrus bulbosus Fresen.; Cen-chrus ciliaris Fig. & De Not.; Cenchrus ciliaris f. interme-dia (Chiov.) Chiov.; Cenchrus ciliaris var. anachoreticusChiov. ex Pirotta; Cenchrus ciliaris var. genuina Chiov.;Cenchrus ciliaris var. genuinus (Leeke) Maire & Weiler,nom. illeg., non Cenchrus ciliaris var. genuina Chiov.; Cen-chrus ciliaris var. leptostachys (Leeke) Maire & Weiler;Cenchrus ciliaris var. nubicus Fig. & De Not.; Cenchrusciliaris var. nubicus T. Durand & Schinz, nom. illeg., nonCenchrus ciliaris var. nubicus Fig. & De Not.; Cenchrusciliaris var. pallens (Fenzl ex Leeke) Maire & Weiler; Cen-chrus ciliaris var. pennisetiformis (Hochst. & Steud.) Chiov.ex Pirotta; Cenchrus ciliaris var. rigidifolius (Fig. & DeNot.) Chiov.; Cenchrus ciliaris var. villiferus Fig. & DeNot.; Cenchrus ciliaris var. villiferus T. Durand & Schinz,nom. illeg., non Cenchrus ciliaris var. villiferus Fig. & DeNot.; Cenchrus digynus Ehrenb. ex Boiss.; Cenchrus echi-noides Wight ex Steud.; Cenchrus glaucus C.R. Mudaliar& Sundararaj; Cenchrus lappaceus L.; Cenchrus lappaceusTausch, nom. illeg., non Cenchrus lappaceus L.; Cenchruslongifolius Hochst. ex Steud.; Cenchrus mutilatus Kuntze;Cenchrus mutabilis Wight ex Hook.f.; Cenchrus penniseti-formis Hochst. & Steud.; Cenchrus pennisetiformis var.intermedia Chiov.; Cenchrus pennisetiformis var. rigidifolia(Fig. & De Not.) Chiov.; Cenchrus pennisetiformis var.


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440 Cenchrus L.

typica Chiov.; Cenchrus pubescens L. ex B.D. Jacks.; Cen-chrus rigidifolius Fig. & De Not.; Cenchrus rufescensDesf.; Cenchrus setigerus Vahl; Panicum vulpinum L.; Pani-cum vulpinum Willd., nom. illeg., non Panicum vulpinumL.; Pennisetum cenchroides Rich., nom. illeg.; Pennisetumcenchroides Rich. ex Pers.; Pennisetum cenchroides var.echinoides (Hochst. & Steud.) Hook.f.; Pennisetum cen-chroides var. hamphilahense Terracc.; Pennisetum ciliare(L.) Link; Pennisetum ciliare f. brachystachys Peter; Pen-nisetum ciliare f. longifolium Peter; Pennisetum ciliare var.anachoreticum Chiov.; Pennisetum ciliare var. ciliare; Pen-nisetum ciliare var. genuina Leeke; Pennisetum ciliare var.hamphilahense (Terracc.) T. Durand & Schinz; Pennisetumciliare var. leptostachys Leeke; Pennisetum ciliare var. pal-lens Fenzl ex Leeke; Pennisetum ciliare var. robustiorPenz.; Pennisetum ciliare var. setigerum (Vahl) Leeke; Pen-nisetum distylum Guss.; Pennisetum incomptum Nees exSteud.; Pennisetum longifolium Fenzl ex Steud.; Pennisetummutilatum (Kuntze) Leeke; Pennisetum petraeum Steud.;Pennisetum polycladum Chiov.; Pennisetum prieurii Kunth;Pennisetum prieurii A. Chev., nom. illeg., non Pennisetumprieurii Kunth; Pennisetum rangei Mez; Pennisetum rufe-scens (Desf.) Spreng.; Pennisetum rufescens Hochst. exSteud., nom. illeg., non Pennisetum rufescens (Desf.)Spreng.; Pennisetum teneriffae Steud.; Setaria vulpina(Willd.) P. Beauv.)

Tropical Africa, Middle East, India, Pakistan, Syria. Peren-nial bunchgrass, rarely spreading, profusely branched,shrub-like, wiry to woody, often forming tussocks or mat,tufted, very variable in habit, ascending, base decumbentand geniculate, tough rootstock, ligule ciliate, sheaths gla-brous to sparingly pilose and compressed, leaves more orless glabrous and linear, inflorescence dense spike-like palegreen or purplish, involucre elongate, spikelets seated inbristly involucres, solitary or clustered spikelets surroundedby numerous bristles not spiny, prickly burs, inner bristlesunited only at the base to form a disc, outer bristles filiform,lower glume usually nerveless and acute, upper glumemucronate, lemmas subequal and minutely awned, lowerlemma male or sterile rarely bisexual, upper lemma bisex-ual, ornamental, weed species introduced into many tropicaland subtropical areas and widely naturalized, invasive andadaptable, palatable when young, cultivated fodder with amoderately high oxalate content, native pasture species,forage, nutritive value of new growth very good, can be fedgreen or turned into silage, tolerant of heavy grazing onceestablished, soil stabilizer, very drought resistant, sensitiveto waterlogging, in India (Rajasthan) seeds eaten mixedwith bajra (millet) for bread making, seeds also eaten raw,occurs mostly on sandy soils and alluvial flats, on shallowsoils of marginal fertility, on light sandy soils, in heavylimestone, creeklines, river edges, roadside table drains,silty and alluvial soils, shifting sand dunes, sandstone rockysites, along roadsides and water courses, dry river beds,

rocky hillsides, on sandy loam and clay loam soils, in openwoodlands and calcareous areas, hot dry areas, in dry sandyregions and denuded arid lands, often treated as Pennisetumciliare (L.) Link, many ecotypes and strains are known, seeMantissa Plantarum 302. 1771, Flora Atlantica 2: 388.1799, Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805, Enumeratio Plantarum … 2:395. 1805, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolin-ensis, …1031. 1809, Essai d‘une Nouvelle Agrostographie51. 1812, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 302.1825, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 1: 213. 1827,Ind. Sem. Hort. Bocc. 8. 1828, Museum Senckenbergianum2: 138. 1837, Flora 20(1): 57. 1837, Nomenclator Botani-cus. Editio secunda 1: 317. 1840, Flora Orientalis 5: 449.1844, Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze diTorino, ser. 2, 14: 383, 386, 392. 1854, Synopsis PlantarumGlumacearum 1: 105-106, 109. 1854, Atti del CongressoBotanico Internazionale de Genova 1892 1892: 366. 1892,Annuario del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma 5: 93. 1894,Conspectus Florae Africae 5: 776, 778. 1894, Annuario delReale Istituto Botanico di Roma 6: 167. 1896, The Floraof British India 7: 88. 1896, Annuario del Reale IstitutoBotanico di Roma 7: 66. 1897, Revisio Generum Plantarum3: 347. 1898 and Annuario del Reale Istituto Botanico diRoma 8(1): 43-44. 1903, Zeitschrift für Naturwissen-schaften 79: 21-22, 33. 1907, Annuario del Reale IstitutoBotanico di Roma 8(3): 325-326. 1908, Index to the Linneanherbarium, with indication of the type of species markedby Carl von Linné … 53. London 1912, Flore de l‘AfriqueCentrale Française, Énumeration des Plantes Récoltées 1:368. 1913, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflan-zengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 57: 190. 1921,Agronomie Coloniale 20: 108. 1926, RepertoriumSpecierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 40: 71. 1930, Florede l‘Afrique du Nord: 1: 342. 1952, Journal of the BombayNatural History Society 54: 926. 1957, Grasses of Burma… 287. 1960, Curtis C. Daehler and Erin M. Goergen,“Experimental restoration of an indigenous Hawaiian grass-land after invasion by Buffel Grass (Cenchrus ciliaris).”Restoration Ecology 13(2): 380-389. June 2005.

in English: blue buffalo grass, buffalo grass, buffel grass,U.S. buffel grass, Biloela buffel grass, black buffel grass,Gayndah buffel grass, South African kyasuwa, dhamangrass, foxtail grass, Rhodesian foxtail, African foxtail grass,African foxtail, anjan grass, malopo blue, poor man‘s pen-nisetum, pearl millet

in French: cenchrus cilié, pennisetum cilié, faux napier

in Spanish: pasto buffel, yerba buffel, yerba salina, zacatebuffel

in Mexico: buffel, cola de zorra africana, cola de zorrarhodesiana, zacate buffel

in Arabic: heskanit, aebaed

in India: anajan, andho, angan, anjan, anjana, baiba, bandri,bharbhunt, charwa, dhaman, dhamman, handri, jiral,


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Cenchrus L. 441

kollukattai, koluk katai, kolukkattai pul, kurkan, kusa, mar-war anjan, taura, vaghnoru

in the Philippines: kawit-kawitan, sagisi

in Thailand: ya bup fen

in Mali: ebanau, ebeno, habinni, heskanit, labdi, lahbdi

in Morocco: el-labd, kra’legrâb, bûrgîba, bu rgiba, bou-er-rgueba, tabat d-did, tâbat ed-dîb, sebet-ed-dib

in Niger: habini, massinguié, tabahot

in Nigeria: karangiyaa, karangiyar, nijibi

in Senegal: diam hamham, ngolo

in Somalia: anodug, garrow, harfo

in Southern Africa: bloubuffelsgras, blaubüffelgras, breëb-laargras, buffelgras, donkiegras, droëland(s)gras, katstert-buffel, katstertgras, katstertjie, lidjiesgras, pêrelmanne,pokogras, skaapgras; modula-tjava (Sotho); se-be-kxare-ya-weso (Zulu)

in Sudan: haskanit naim, heskanit

C. dactylolepis Steud. (Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.)

Suriname. See Systema Vegetabilium 2: 258. 1817, SynopsisPlantarum Glumacearum 1: 109. 1854.

C. distichophyllus Griseb.

West Indies, Cuba. See Catalogus plantarum cubensium …234. 1866.

C. echinatus L. (Cenchrus brevisetus E. Fourn.; Cenchruscavanillesii Tausch; Cenchrus crinitus Mez; Cenchrus ech-inatus Cav.; Cenchrus echinatus Steud. ex Döll, nom. illeg.,non Cenchrus echinatus L.; Cenchrus echinatus var.brevisetus (E. Fourn.) Scribn.; Cenchrus echinatus var. gla-bratus F. Br.; Cenchrus echinatus var. hillebrandianus (A.S.Hitchc.) F. Br.; Cenchrus echinatus var. morisonii Kuntze;Cenchrus echinatus var. pennisetoides F. Br.; Cenchrus ech-inatus var. viridis (Spreng.) Spreng. ex Griseb.; Cenchrushexaflorus Blanco; Cenchrus hillebrandianus Hitchc.; Cen-chrus insularis Scribn. ex Millsp.; Cenchrus insularisScribn.; Cenchrus lechleri Steud. ex Lechler; Cenchrusmacrocarpus hort. ex Steud.; Cenchrus macrocarpusLedeb. ex Steud.; Cenchrus pungens Kunth; Cenchrus quin-quevalvis Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; Cenchrus spinifex Cav.;Cenchrus viridis Spreng.; Panicastrella muricata (L.)Moench)

Tropics and subtropics. Annual, herbaceous to subshrubby,stout, spiny and unpleasant, coarse, ascending from a gen-iculate base, spreading to erect, geniculate or trailing, grow-ing in clumps, loosely tufted, culms slightly flattened andbent at the nodes, purple-reddish leaf sheaths keeled andoverlapping at the base, ligule a densely ciliate rim, leafblades narrow and slightly hairy on the upper surface nearthe base, loose inflorescence spike-like and purplish, seedheads are composed of spiny burrs, burs imbricate, innerbristles flattened, outer bristles terete, spikelets acuminate,lower glume narrow, upper glume puberulous to membra-

nous, lower lemma sterile rarely male, upper lemma bisex-ual, bur purple tinged, good forage grass when young andbefore the burs harden, medicinal, anti-malarial use (withleaves of Persea americana or leaves of Lippia schom-burgkiana), tea for kidney problems, an infusion is drunkas a febrifuge in the West Indies, invasive in most tropicalcountries, a troublesome weed in cultivated land, spinesfrom this plant are very irritating, common on waste ground,near running fresh water, coastal, coastal dunes, near theocean, open areas, sandy or limestone soils, open groundand waste places, edge of cultivated fields, roadsides, rud-eral areas, in turf, on disturbed ground and road verges,road ditch, river sands, poor soils, in vine thickets, onbeaches and riverbanks, recently fallow land, see SpeciesPlantarum 2: 1050. 1753, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici… 206. 1794, Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae autsponte … 5: 38-39, t. 461-462. 1799, Nova Genera et Spe-cies Plantarum 1: 115. 1815 [1816], A Flora of the Northernand Middle Sections of the United States 1: 69. 1824, Sys-tema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 301. 1824, Flora20: 97. 1837, Flora de Filipinas 36. 1837, NomenclatorBotanicus. Editio secunda 2: 317. 1840, A Numerical Listof Dried Specimens 8854-B, C. 1849 [Wallich’s Catalogue],Berberides Americae Australis 56. 1857, Flora of the Brit-ish West Indian Islands 556. 1864, Flora Brasiliensis 2(2):309. 1877, Mexicanas Plantas 2: 50. 1886, RevisioGenerum Plantarum 2: 765. 1891 and Publications of theField Columbian Museum, Botanical Series 2(1): 26-27, t.58. 1900, Allgemeine Botanische Zeitschrift für Systematik,Floristik, Pflanzengeographie 9: 169. 1903, Contr. U.S.Natl. Herb. 12: 127. 1908, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gar-tens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 7: 48. 1917, Memoirsof the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum … 8(3): 211, f. 106.1922, Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 84: 65-66. 1931,Grasses of Burma … 289. 1960, Iowa St. J. Sci. 37: 298.1963, Regnum Veg. 127: 31. 1993, Economic Botany 51(3):212-237. 1997, Rheedea 10(2): 153-155. 2000.

in English: sand-bur, sandbur, sand burr, cram cram, com-mon sandbur, southern sandspur, southern sandbur, south-ern burgrass, southern sandbur grass, burr grass, bur grass,burgrass, Mossman River grass, Mossman burr grass,hedgehog grass, hedge-hog grass, hedgehog dogtail

in Spanish: cadillo, cadillo bravo, cadillo tigre, espolón,abrojo, guisaso

in Belize: muul, espina

in Brazil: carrapicho

in the Caribbean: herbe rude, herbe collante,zèb rid, zèbkolan, zèb pikan, herbe piquante

in Cuba: guizazo

in Ecuador: guagran espino, rabo de zorro, selemo, guagrancasha

in Mexico: abrojo, cadillo, cardo, ch’ohool, guechi nate,guechi-na-ta, huizapol, huizapul, k’iith, k’iith toom,


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mozote, muul, ojo de arriera, ojo de hormiga, pega ropa,pegarropa, perro, rosetilla, rosetilla grande, t’oyol, t’oyoltoom, t’oxol, zacahuitztli

in Peru: carricillo

in Pacific: cram-cram (New Caledonia), mosie vihilango

in Hawaii: ‘ume‘alu, mau‘u kuku

in New Guinea: hmalbru

in India: argana, dhaman

in Thailand: yaa khee khrok, yaa kheekhrok, ya khi khrok,yaa khikhrok, ya son krachap, yaa son krachap

C. geniculatus Thunb. (Panicum geniculatum (Thunb.)Thunb., nom. illeg., non Panicum geniculatum Poir.; Pen-nisetum geniculatum (Thunb.) E. Phillips, nom. illeg., nonPennisetum geniculatum (Poir.) Jacq.; Pennisetum genicu-latum (Thunb.) Leeke, nom. illeg., non Pennisetum genic-ulatum (Poir.) Jacq.; Pennisetum thunbergii Kunth)

Africa. See Prodromus Plantarum Capensium, … 24. 1794,Flora Capensis 1: 388. 1813, Flora Capensis, Edidit etPraefatus est J. A. Schultes 1: 103. 1823, Révision desGraminées 1: 50. 1829 and Zeitschrift für Naturwissen-schaften 79: 43. 1907, An Introduction to the Study of theSouth African Grasses … 219. 1931.

C. gracillimus Nash

U.S., Florida, Cuba. Perennial, wiry, sometimes formingdense clumps, sheaths keeled, blades stiff, burs not imbri-cate and ovoid, bristles somewhat flattened, weed speciesgrowing in sandy soils of open pinelands, wet prairies andriver flats, under the light shade of the trees, behind thesandy dunes, see Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club22(7): 300. 1895 and Iowa St. J. Sci. 37: 294. 1963.

in English: slender sandburr, slender sandbur, slender sand-spur

C. hillebrandianus Hitchc. (Cenchrus echinatus L.) (namedin honor of the German physician Wilhelm B. Hillebrand,1821-1886, botanist, traveler, from 1851 to 1871 lived inthe Hawaiian islands, wrote A Flora of the HawaiianIslands. Annotated and published after the author‘s deathby William Francis Hillebrand [1853-1925]. London, NewYork & Heidelberg 1888, “The relation of forestry to agri-culture.” in Hawaiian Pl. Rec. 22: 174-200. 1920 and “DieVegetationsformationen der Sandwich-Inseln.” Bot. Jahrb.Syst. 9: 305-314. 1888. See W.T. Pope, “Dr. William Hill-ebrand, M.D. (1821-1886).” Hawaiian Annual. 1919: 53-60; J.H. Barnhart, Biographical notes upon botanists. 2:177. 1965; J. Ewan, editor, A Short History of Botany inthe United States. New York and London 19695; T.W. Bos-sert, Biographical dictionary of botanists represented in theHunt Institute portrait collection. 175. 1972; S. Lenley etal., Catalog of the manuscript and archival collections andindex to the correspondence of John Torrey. Library of theNew York Botanical Garden. 1973; S. Lenley et al., Catalogof the manuscript and archival collections and index to the

correspondence of John Torrey. Library of the New YorkBotanical Garden. 223. Boston, Mass. 1973; Ethelyn MariaTucker, Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arboretumof Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass. 1917-1933)

Hawaii. Sandy soil, see Species Plantarum 2: 1050. 1753and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 127. 1908, Memoirs of theBernice Pauahi Bishop Museum … 8(3): 211, f. 106. 1922,Contributions from the United States National Herbarium24(8): 291-556. 1927, Field Museum of Natural History,Botanical Series 13(1/1): 96-261. 1936, Regnum Veg. 127:31. 1993, Ruizia; Monografías del Jardín Botánico 13: 1-480. 1993.

C. incertus M.A. Curtis (Cenchrus albertsonii Runyon;Cenchrus bambusoides Caro & E.A. Sánchez; Cenchruscarolinianus Walter; Cenchrus echinatus f. longispinaHack.; Cenchrus humilis Hitchc.; Cenchrus longispinus(Hack.) Fernald; Cenchrus microcephalus Nash ex Hitchc.& Chase; Cenchrus muricatus Phil., nom. illeg., non Cen-chrus muricatus L.; Cenchrus parviceps Shinners; Cen-chrus pauciflorus Benth.; Cenchrus pauciflorus var.longispinus (Hack.) Jansen & Wacht.; Cenchrus pauciflorusvar. muricatus Caro & E.A. Sánchez; Cenchrus pauciflorusvar. pauciflorus; Cenchrus roseus E. Fourn.; Cenchrus spin-ifex Cav.; Cenchrus strictus Chapm.; Cenchrus tribuloidessensu J. Black, non L.; Cenchrus tribuloides L.; Nastuscarolinianus (Walter) Lunell; Nastus strictus (Walter)Lunell; Pennisetum pauciflorus Benth.)

Northern America, U.S., Florida, Arizona, Texas, Mexico.Annual or sometimes a short-lived perennial, tufted, with ashallow root system, erect or bend at the lower nodes,branched, base decumbent and frequently reddish, prostratestems rooting at the lower nodes, leaf sheaths either hairyor glabrous, ligule ciliate, blade flat or folded, inflorescenceopen or compact, flowering spikes often partially enclosedby the upper leaf sheath, seed head a spike of spiny burs,spiny inflorescence not very dense, involucre pubescent,spines flat and more or less spreading and rigid, lowerlemma sterile, upper lemma bisexual, each yellowish burusually contains 2 seeds, seeds often a nuisance in hay andwool as well as skin, noxious weed species specialized forlife on sand dunes, invasive and unpalatable, often an indi-cator of poor fertility, found mostly in disturbed areas, drysites, dry sand, washes, in saline meadows, beaches, dunes,sand hills, in cultivated fields, sandy soils, road verges andpaddocks, lawns and pastures, see Species Plantarum 2:1050. 1753, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 79. 1788,Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … 5:38, t. 461. 1799, A Flora of the Northern and Middle Sec-tions of the United States 1: 69. 1824, Boston J. Nat. Hist.1: 135. 1835, The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur56. 1844, Anales de la Universidad de Chile 36: 202. 1870,Botanical Gazette 3(3): 20. 1878, Mexicanas Plantas 2: 50.1886 and American Midland Naturalist 4: 214. 1915, Con-tributions from the United States National Herbarium


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Cenchrus L. 443

18(7): 356. 1917, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 24(8): 488. 1927, American Journalof Botany 26: 485. 1939, Field & Laboratory 24: 73. 1956,Kurtziana 4: 44, 122, f. 8. 1967.

in English: burrgrass, spiny burrgrass, spiny burr grass,spiny bur grass, gentle Annie, grass burr, mat sandburr, fieldsandspur, field sandbur, sandbur grass, sand bur grass,coastal sandspur, coast sandbur grass, coast sandbur

in Argentina: roseta

in Mexico: pasto

in South Africa: dubbeltjiegras, klitsgras, sandklits, sandkl-itsgras

C. laniflorus Steud.

Pacific Islands. See Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1:110. 1854.

C. lappaceus L. (Cenchrus lappaceus Tausch, nom. illeg.,non Cenchrus lappaceus L.; Centosteca lappacea (L.)Desv.; Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv.; Melica lappacea(L.) Raspail; Uniola lappacea (L.) Trin.)

India. See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1488. 1763,Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 5: 443. 1825, Nou-veau Bulletin des Sciences, publié par la Société Philoma-tique de Paris 2: 189. 1810, Mémoires de l‘AcadémieImpériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série.Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles 1(4): 358.1830, Flora 20(1): 57. 1837 and Blumea 19: 59. 1971, KewBulletin 27(3): 447-450. 1972.

C. leptacanthus A. Camus (Cenchrus biflorus Roxb.)

Africa. See Flora Indica; or Descriptions … 1: 238. 1820and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 80: 774.1933, Iowa State College Journal of Science 37(3): 259-351. 1963.

C. linearis Lam.

Europe, France. See Flore Françoise 3: 631. 1778.

C. longifolius Hochst. ex Steud. (Cenchrus ciliaris L.)

Africa, Nubia. See Mantissa Plantarum 302. 1771, SynopsisPlantarum Glumacearum 1: 109. 1854.

C. longisetus M.C. Johnst. (Cenchrus villosus (R. Br. exFresen.) Kuntze, nom. illeg., non Cenchrus villosus(Spreng.) Spreng.; Pennisetum villosum R. Br. ex Fresen.)

Africa. See Museum Senckenbergianum 2: 134. 1837, Revi-sio Generum Plantarum 3(3): 347. 1898 and Sida 1(3): 182.1963.

C. longispinus (Hackel) Fernald (Cenchrus carolinianusWalter; Cenchrus echinatus L. forma longispina Hackel;Cenchrus echinatus sensu C. Gardner, non L.; Cenchruspauciflorus Benth.; Cenchrus pauciflorus var. longispinus(Hack.) Jansen & Wacht.; Nastus carolinianus (Walter)Lunell; Nastus strictus (Walter) Lunell)

Argentina, U.S. Annual or short-lived perennial, spiny,tufted, coarse, fibrous root system, ascending, sometimesdecumbent and geniculate, often with many branches aris-ing from the base, leaf sheaths strongly compressed andkeeled, ligule a fringe of hairs, scabrous to pilose leavesflat and linear, no auricles, compact cylindrical spike-likepanicles, conspicuous round and spiny burs along the seedhead, burs contain 30-60 spines, slender bristle, purplishinvolucre sessile, lower lemma sterile, upper lemma bisex-ual, weed species with low forage value, invasive and nat-uralized, found in cultivated and disturbed soils, sandy soilsand road verges, sandy alluvium, in dry roadside gravel,sandy fields and sandy woods, roadsides and railroads,coastal plains, fields and pastureland, on floodplains, inlawns and waste ground, confused with Cenchrus echinatusL., see Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 79. 1788, The Bot-any of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur 56. 1844 and Allge-meine Botanische Zeitschrift für Systematik, Floristik,Pflanzengeographie 9: 169. 1903, American Midland Nat-uralist 4: 214. 1915, Rhodora 45: 388. 1943, NederlandschKruidkundig Archief. Verslangen en Mededelingen der Ned-erlandsche Botanische Vereeniging 56: 246. 1949, IowaState College Journal of Science 37(3): 298. 1963, Taxon44: 607. 1995.

in English: mat sandbur, burrgrass, burgrass, grassbur, sand-spur, spiny burrgrass, long-spine sandbur, longspine sand-bur, longspine sandspur, field sandbur, gentle Annie, beargrass, hedgehog grass, innocent weed

C. macrocephalus (Döll) Scribn. (Cenchrus echinatus var.tribuloides (L.) Torr.; Cenchrus tribuloides L.; Cenchrustribuloides var. macrocephalus Döll)

U.S. See Species Plantarum 2: 1050. 1753, A Flora of theNorthern and Middle Sections of the United States 1: 69.1824, Flora Brasiliensis 2(2): 312. 1877, Bulletin, Divisionof Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 17:110, f. 406. 1899 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 127. 1908.

C. melanostachyus A. Camus

Madagascar. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France81: 594. 1934.

C. microcephalus Nash ex Hitchc. & Chase (Cenchrusincertus M.A. Curtis)

Bahamas. Saline flats, saline meadows, cultivated fields, seeBoston J. Nat. Hist. 1: 135. 1835 and Contributions fromthe United States National Herbarium 18(7): 356. 1917.

C. mitis Anderss. (Cenchrus aequiglumis Chiov.)

Africa, Tanzania, Mozambique, Kenya. Annual, leaves flat,involucres ovoid, body of the involucre pubescent, innerspines flattened, outer bristles numerous and filiform, grow-ing in bushland, coastal bushland, sandy soils, heavy grazedsoils, abandoned ground, abandoned cultivation, see Natur-wissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique … 2: 554. 1864and Agronomie Coloniale 20: 108. 1926.


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444 Cenchrus L.

C. montanus Steud. (Cenchrus montanus Nees ex Royle).

India. Annual, variable, ascending from a procumbent base,leaves linear acuminate, involucres shortly stalked enclos-ing 1-2 spikelets, outer spines of involucre subulate, innerspines lanceolate pungent connate, glumes subequal, nutri-tious, good grazing grass, makes excellent hay, in sandyplaces, see Illustrations of the Botany … of the HimalayanMountains … 416. 1839, Synopsis Plantarum Glu-macearum 1: 111. 1854.

in India: anjan, dhaman, dhamman

C. multiflorus J. Presl (Pennisetum karwinskyi Schrad.;Pennisetum multiflorum E. Fourn.; Pennisetum vulcanicumChase)

Mexico. Tufted, forage, along roadsides, see ReliquiaeHaenkeanae 1(4-5): 318. 1830, Linnaea 12(4): 431. 1838,Mexicanas Plantas 2: 49. 1886 and Journal of the Wash-ington Academy of Sciences 13(16): 363. 1923, Phytologia37(4): 317-407. 1977, Fl. Novo-Galic. 14: 113. 1983, Cus-catlania 1(6): 1-29. 1991, Las Gramíneas de México 5: 1-466. 1999.

C. myosuroides Kunth (Cenchropsis myosuroides (Kunth)Nash; Cenchrus alopecuroides J. Presl, nom. illeg., nonCenchrus alopecuroides Thunb.; Cenchrus ekmanianusHitchc.; Cenchrus elliotii Kunth; Cenchrus myosuroidesvar. myosuroides; Cenchrus scabridus Arechav.; Cenchrussetoides Buckley; Panicum cenchroides Elliott, nom. illeg.,non Panicum cenchroides Lam.; Pennisetum myosuroides(Kunth) Spreng.; Pennisetum pungens Nutt.; Setaria elliot-tiana Roem. & Schult.)

Mexico, U.S., Southern America. Tall perennial bunchgrass,caespitose, tough, stout, erect with a decumbent base,branched, glaucous, burs composed of several whorls ofbristles, bristle united at the base, inner bristles as long asthe spikelet, weed species browsed by cattle, very palatable,grows mostly along roadsides and in other waste places, insandy open soil, dense to open grassland, moist sandy open-ings near coast, old fields and denuded rangelands, fromsands to clays, see Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1:115-116, t. 35. 1815 [1816], A Sketch of the Botany ofSouth-Carolina and Georgia 1: 111. 1816, The Genera ofNorth American Plants 54. 1818, Mantissa 2: 279. 1824,Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 303. 1825,Révision des Graminées 1: 51. 1829, Reliquiae Haenkeanae1(4-5): 317. 1830, A Preliminary Report on the Geologicaland Agricultural Survey of Texas App. 2. 1866, Anales delMuseo Nacional de Montevideo 1: 556, t. 12. 1897 andFlora of the Southeastern United States … 109, 1327. 1903,Manual of the Grasses of the West Indies 361. 1936, Kurt-ziana 4: 112. 1967, Fl. Novo-Galic. 14: 113. 1983, Annalsof the Missouri Botanical Garden 77(1): 125-201. 1990.

in English: big sandbur, big sandburr, sandbur, big sandspur,grassbur, giant cenchrus, big cenchrus

in Mexico: pasto

C. myosuroides Kunth var. longisetus Caro & E.A. Sánchez

Argentina. See Kurtziana 4: 112. 1967.

C. myosuroides Kunth var. myosuroides (Cenchropsis myo-suroides (Kunth) Nash; Cenchrus alopecuroides J. Presl,nom. illeg., non Cenchrus alopecuroides Thunb.; Cenchrusekmanianus Hitchc.; Cenchrus elliotii Kunth; Cenchrusmyosuroides var. myosuroides; Cenchrus scabridusArechav.; Cenchrus setoides Buckley; Panicum cenchroidesElliott, nom. illeg., non Panicum cenchroides Lam.; Pen-nisetum myosuroides (Kunth) Spreng.; Pennisetum pungensNutt.; Setaria elliottiana Roem. & Schult.)

Mexico, U.S., Southern America.

C. pallidus E. Fourn. (Cenchrus pallidus E. Fourn. exHemsl.; Cenchrus pilosus Kunth)

Mexico. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 116, t.36. 1815 [1816], Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany… 3: 507. 1885, Mexicanas Plantas 2: 50. 1886.

C. palmeri Vasey

America, Mexico. See Proceedings of the California Acad-emy of Sciences, Series 2, 2: 211. 1889.

C. parviceps Shinners (Cenchrus incertus M.A. Curtis)

U.S. Cultivated fields, see Boston J. Nat. Hist. 1: 135. 1835and Field & Laboratory 24: 73. 1956.

C. parviflorus Poir. (Chaetochloa corrugata var. parviflora(Poir.) Scribn. & Merr.; Chaetochloa parviflora (Poir.)Scribn.; Pennisetum indicum subvar. parviflora (Poir.)Leeke; Pennisetum parviflorum (Poir.) Trin.; Setaria genic-ulata P. Beauv.; Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen;Setaria parviflora var. parviflora)

Mesoamerica. See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 6:52. 1804, Essai d‘une Nouvelle Agrostographie 51, 169,178. 1812, De Graminibus Paniceis 65. 1826, U.S. Depart-ment of Agriculture. Division of Botany. Bulletin 4: 39. 1897and Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States Depart-ment of Agriculture 21: 24, t. 12. 1900, Field ColumbianMuseum, Publ. 2(1): 26. 1900, Zeitschrift für Naturwissen-schaften 79: 19. 1907, Lejeunia; Revue de Botanique. Nou-velle série 120: 161. 1987.

in English: bristly foxtail

in Argentina: paitén

C. pauciflorus Benth. (Cenchrus albertsonii Runyon; Cen-chrus echinatus f. longispina Hack.; Cenchrus humilisHitchc.; Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fernald; Cenchrusmuricatus Phil., nom. illeg., non Cenchrus muricatus L.;Cenchrus pauciflorus var. longispinus (Hack.) Jansen &Wacht.; Cenchrus roseus E. Fourn.; Cenchrus tribuloidesauct.)

South America, Mexico. Annual, on dry sand, see The Bot-any of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur 56. 1844, Anales dela Universidad de Chile 36: 202. 1870, Mexicanas Plantas2: 50. 1886 and Allgemeine Botanische Zeitschrift für


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Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie 9: 169. 1903,Contributions from the United States National Herbarium24(8): 488. 1927, American Journal of Botany 26: 485.1939, Rhodora 45: 388. 1943, Nederlandsch KruidkundigArchief. Verslangen en Mededelingen der NederlandscheBotanische Vereeniging 56: 246. 1949, Iowa St. J. Sci. 37:298. 1963, Kurtziana 4: 122, f. 8. 1967, Acta BotanicaAcademiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 17(1-3): 123.1971[1972], Memoir San Diego Society of Natural History12: 1-140. 1981, Cuscatlania 1(6): 1-29. 1991.

in Mexico: abrojo roseta, cadillo, chancaquilla, huitzapol,huizapole, ladilla, rosetilla

C. pedunculatus O. Deg. & Whitney (Cenchrus agrimoni-oides Trin.)

Hawaii. See De Graminibus Paniceis 72. 1826 and FloraHawaiensis Fam. 47. 1936.

C. pennisetiformis Hochst. & Steud. (Cenchrus aequiglu-mis Chiov.; Cenchrus ciliaris var. pennisetiformis (Hochst.& Steud.) Chiov. ex Pirotta; Cenchrus echinoides Wight exSteud.; Cenchrus lappaceus Tausch, nom. illeg., non Cen-chrus lappaceus L.; Pennisetum cenchroides var. echinoides(Hochst. & Steud.) Hook.f.; Pennisetum pennisetiforme(Hochst. & Steud.) Wipff)

Mediterranean region, east and northeast tropical Africa,India, Arabia, Yemen, Pakistan. Annual or short-lived peren-nial, tufted, variable, usually branched, soft stems, erect orascending, leaf sheaths keeled and compressed, ligule aciliate rim, blade flat to convolute, panicle spike-like andcylindrical, involucre elongate, bristles numerous, innerbristles glabrous and connate from the base, outer bristlesfiliform, spikelets lanceolate and acute, cluster of spikeletssurrounded by hairy bristles, lower glume present or sup-pressed, lower lemma male or sterile, upper lemma bisex-ual, planted, pasture, fodder grass, well-grazed, adapted toarid conditions and slightly alkaline soils, excellent droughttolerance, withstands heavy grazing, survives seasonalfloodings, useful for stabilisation of the sand dunes, growsas a monospecific sward, common on deep sandy soils, drywaste places, dry semidesert habitats, on sand hills and poorsoils, salt marshes, along the banks of water courses, gravelplains, hot and dry regions, loams and alluvial silts, streambeds, along roadsides, well-drained sand dunes, see Man-tissa Plantarum 302. 1771, Flora 20(1): 57. 1837, Nomen-clator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 317. 1840, SynopsisPlantarum Glumacearum 1: 109. 1854, Memorie dellaReale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino ser. 2, 14: 386.1854, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 418: 139. 1862, The Flora of British India 7: 88. 1896 andAnnuario del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma 8(1): 43-44.1903, Annuario del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma 8(3):326. 1908, Agronomie Coloniale 20: 108. 1926, Sida 19:527, f. 1. 2001.

in English: buffel grass, slender buffel grass, white buffelgrass, white buffel, cloncurry buffel, cloncurry buffel grass

C. pilosus Kunth (Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.) Kuntze;Cenchrus pallidus E. Fourn.; Tripsacum hermaphroditumL.)

Guatemala, Venezuela. Annual, caespitose, erect or decum-bent, branched, glabrous, forage, grows on beach sand,grassy roadside, open areas, disturbed grounds, tropical dryforest, bare gravelly soils, see Systema Naturae, Editio Dec-ima 2: 1261. 1759, Elenchus Plantarum Horti RegniBotanici Matritensis 9. 1803, Nova Genera et Species Plan-tarum 1: 116, t. 36. 1815 [1816], Mexicanas Plantas 2: 50.1886, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 759. 1891 and Taxon49(2): 257. 2000.

in Mexico: muul-suuk, pasto

in Venezuela: cadillo bobo

C. platyacanthus Andersson (Cenchrus granularis Anders-son, nom. illeg., non Cenchrus granularis L.)

America, Galápagos Islands. Annual, glabrous, erect orascending, weak, geniculate at the base, rooting at thenodes, ligule stiffly hairy, leaf blades elongate, inflorescencevery compact and spiciform, flattened spines, in sandy soil,shore, see Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar 1853:139-140. 1854 and Ira L. Wiggins and Duncan M. Porter,Flora of the Galápagos Islands 835-836. 1971.

C. prieurii (Kunth) Maire (Cenchrus hystrix Fig. & De Not.;Cenchrus macrostachyus Hochst. ex Steud.; Pennisetumbreviflorum Steud.; Pennisetum prieurii Kunth) (after theFrench botanist F.M.R. Leprieur, 1799-1869, a dispenser inthe French navy, between 1824-29 in Senegambia, in 1829returned to France and began his Flora, continued by [JeanBaptiste] Antoine Guillemin (1796-1842), George SamuelPerrottet (1793-1870) and Achille Richard (1794-1852) asFlorae Senegambiae tentamen. Paris (Treuttel et Wurtz),London 1830-1833; see Joseph Vallot (1854-1925), “Étudessur la flore du Sénégal.” in Bull. Soc. Bot. de France. 29:168-238. Paris 1882; R.W.J. Keay, “Botanical Collectors inWest Africa prior to 1860.” in Comptes Rendus A.E.T.F.A.T.55-68. Lisbon 1962; F.N. Hepper and Fiona Neate, PlantCollectors in West Africa. 49. 1971; G. Murray, History ofthe collections contained in the Natural History Depart-ments of the British Museum. London 1904; J.H. Barnhart,Biographical notes upon botanists. Boston 1965)

India, Africa. Annual, sometimes perennial, decumbent ortufted, erect to ascending, famine food, grains eaten byhumans, good grazing for camels, seeds eaten raw, palatablefodder before anthesis, grows on sand dunes and sandysoils, sandy waste places, desert habitats, see Révision desGraminées 2: 411. 1831, Memorie della Reale Accademiadelle Scienze di Torino, ser. 2, 14: 382. 1854, SynopsisPlantarum Glumacearum 1: 107, 109. 1854 and Bulletindu Muséum d‘Histoire Naturelle, sér. 2 3: 523. 1931.


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446 Cenchrus L.

in French: cram cram

in Arabic: gasba, heskanit, initi, tilimit

in Mali: heskanit, koolumo ana, tawajjaq, uazedj, wadjak,wajjag, wesedj

in Mauritania: gasba, initi, tilimit

in Niger: dani, âni, diger, k’arangya hanfoka, k’arangyakûra, kébbé buru, mali alyia (for the seeds), ngibbi bulduyè,tawajaq, tawajjag, wadjâk, wajjag

in Nigeria: karangiyar, karangiyar hanfoka, karangiyar kura

in Senegal: kébbé buru

in India: dhamnio, lambio-bhurut

C. prieurii (Kunth) Maire var. scabra Bhandari

India, Rajasthan. Indeterminate species, see Fl. IndianDesert 395. 1978.

C. pungens Kunth (Cenchrus echinatus L.)

Peru. See Species Plantarum 2: 1050. 1753 and Contr. U.S.Natl. Herb. 12: 127. 1908, Regnum Veg. 127: 31. 1993,Rheedea 10(2): 153-155. 2000.

C. purpurascens Thunb. (Pennisetum alopecuroides f. pur-purascens (Thunb.) Ohwi; Pennisetum purpurascens(Thunb.) Kuntze, nom. illeg., non Pennisetum purpurascensKunth; Pennisetum purpurascens (Thunb.) Makino, nom.illeg., non Pennisetum purpurascens Kunth)

Warm regions, Asia, Japan. See Transactions of the LinneanSociety of London 2: 329. 1794, Systema Vegetabilium, edi-tio decima sexta 1: 303. 1825, Revisio Generum Plantarum2: 787. 1891 and Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 26: 294.1912, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 10(4): 274.1941.

C. racemosus L. (Lappago racemosa (L.) Honck.; Naziaracemosa (L.) Kuntze; Tragus echinatus (L.) Cav.; Tragusmuricatus Moench; Tragus racemosus (L.) All.)

Europe. See Species Plantarum 2: 1049. 1753, Flora Pede-montana 2: 241. 1785, Synopsis Plantarum Germaniae 1:440. 1792, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 53. 1794,Elenchus Plantarum Horti Botanici 38. 1803, RevisioGenerum Plantarum 2: 780. 1891 and Feddes Repertorium49: 53. 1940, Flora de la Provincia de Buenos Aires 4(2):35. 1970, Acta Botanica Cubana 4: 1-11. 1980, Fl. Libya145: 336. 1988, Taxon 49(2): 149, 249. 2000.

C. rajasthanensis K.C. Kanodia & P.C. Nanda

India, Rajasthan. Indeterminate species, see Geobios 5(4):157. 1978.

C. retusus Sw. (Panicum polystachion L.; Pennisetum poly-stachion (L.) Schult.)

Pacific. See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 870. 1759,Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 26.1788, Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805, Mantissa 2: 146. 1824 andMicronesica; journal of the college of Guam. 18(2): 45-102.

Agana, Guam 1982, Cytologia 54: 641-652. 1989, Journalof the Indian Botanical Society 68: 295-299. 1989.

C. rigidifolius Fig. & De Not. (Cenchrus ciliaris L.; Cen-chrus ciliaris var. rigidifolius (Fig. & De Not.) Chiov.;Cenchrus pennisetiformis var. rigidifolia (Fig. & De Not.)Chiov.)

Africa. See Mantissa Plantarum 302. 1771, Memorie dellaReale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, ser. 2, 14: 386.1854 and Annuario del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma8(1): 43-44. 1903, Annuario del Reale Istituto Botanico diRoma 8(3): 326. 1908.

C. robustus R.D. Webster

Australia. See The Australian Paniceae (Poaceae) 27. 1987.

C. rufescens Desf. (Cenchrus ciliaris L.; Pennisetum rufe-scens (Desf.) Spreng.)

Atlantic. See Mantissa Plantarum 302. 1771, Flora Atlan-tica 2: 388. 1799, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta1: 302. 1825.

C. scabridus Arechav. (Cenchrus myosuroides Kunth; Cen-chrus myosuroides var. myosuroides)

Uruguay. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 115-116, t. 35. 1815 [1816], Systema Vegetabilium, editio dec-ima sexta 1: 303. 1825, Anales del Museo Nacional deMontevideo 1: 556, t. 12. 1897 and Flora of the Southeast-ern United States … 109, 1327. 1903, Fl. Novo-Galic. 14:113. 1983, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 77(1):125-201. 1990.

C. setiger Vahl (also spelled setigerus) (Cenchrus barbatusSchumach.; Cenchrus bulbifer Hochst. ex Boiss.; Cenchrusciliaris var. setigerus (Vahl) Maire & Weiler; Cenchrusmontanus Nees ex Steud.; Cenchrus montanus Nees exRoyle; Cenchrus quinquevalvis Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; Cen-chrus schimperi Hochst. & Steud. ex Steud.; Cenchrus set-igerus Forssk. ex Steud.; Cenchrus triflorus Roxb. ex Aitch.;Cenchrus tripsacoides R. Br.; Cenchrus uniflorus Ehrenb.ex Boiss.; Pennisetum ciliare var. setigerum (Vahl) Leeke;Pennisetum setigerum (Vahl) Wipff; Pennisetum vahliiKunth)

East and northeast tropical Africa, northwest India, Arabia,Yemen. Perennial bunchgrass or annual, grows rapidly andvigorously, variable, leafy, more or less erect, tussocky,stoloniferous, forming clumps, more or less spiny, lowspreading, bulbous at base, stout rootstock, short rhizomes,leaf sheath scabrous upward, ligule short and ciliate, leafblades flat or folded, dense inflorescence spike-like erectand cylindrical, spikelets surrounded by a rigid involucrecup-shaped, body of the involucre glabrous, outer bristlesminute or absent, inner bristles flattened and grooved onthe back, lower lemma sterile rarely male, upper lemmabisexual, seeds purple and bristly, cultivated fodder, onceestablished withstands heavy stocking, forage, pasture spe-cies or potential pasture grass, high feed value during the


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Cenchrus L. 447

pre-flowering stage, tender leaves quite palatable, poor for-age value, in India seeds eaten mixed with bajra (millet)for bread making, seeds also eaten raw, adapted to arid andsemiarid climates with a long dry season, useful againstmoving sand, very tolerant of drought, naturalized else-where, can be a serious riverine weed, found in alluvial flatsand water courses, wet to upland soil, open dry bush andgrassland, arid deciduous grassland, desert areas, subdesertgrassland, hot arid zones, along roadsides, on sandy soils,margins of irrigated fields, sandy and silty soils, free-drain-ing soils, sand plains and sand dunes, alkaline soils, sand-stone rocky sites, stony hills, savannah, ravine areas,degraded lands, see Enumeratio Plantarum … 2: 395. 1805,Henry Salt (1780-1827), A Voyage to Abyssinia and travelsinto the interior of that country … in the years 1809 and1810, etc. 62. London 1814 [Botany. List of new and rareplants, etc. by Robert Brown], Flora 4(1), Beil. 2: 61-64.Jan-June 1821, Révision des Graminées 1: 49. 1829, Illus-trations of the Botany and other Branches of the NaturalHistory of the Himalayan Mountains and the Flora of Cash-mere. 416. London 1839-1840, Nomenclator Botanicus.Editio secunda 1: 317. 1840, A Numerical List of DriedSpecimens 8854-B,C. 1849, Catalogue of the Plants of thePunjab and Sindh 163. 1869, Flora Orientalis 5: 448. 1884and Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaften 79: 22. 1907, Florede l‘Afrique du Nord: 1: 342. 1952, Sida 19(3): 523-530.2001.

in English: Birdwood grass, Birdwoodgrass, Birdwood,Birdwood buffel, anjan grass, cow sandbur, South Africanpennisetum

in Arabic: aebaed

in India: anjan, dhaman, motha dhaman, moda dhamangrass, kata-dhaman, marwar dhaman, kala-dhaman

C. somalensis Clayton (Pennisetum somalense (Clayton)Wipff)

Somalia. Perennial, densely tufted, narrow leaves folded toinrolled, involucre cup-shaped, inner bristles flexuous, outerbristles filiform, shade species, under shade of trees andamong bushes, see Kew Bulletin 32(1): 3. 1977, Sida 19(3):527. 2001.

C. spicatus (L.) Cav. (Cenchrus spicatus (L.) Kuntze, nom.illeg., non Cenchrus spicatus (L.) Cav.; Holcus spicatus L.;Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.)

South America. See Species Plantarum 1: 56. 1753, Sys-tema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1305. 1759, Descripciónde las Plantas … 304. Madrid 1802, Prodromus FloraeNovae Hollandiae 1: 195. 1810, Revisio Generum Plan-tarum 3(3): 346. 1898.

C. spinifex Cav. (Cenchrus echinatus L.; Cenchrus incertusM.A. Curtis; Cenchrus parviceps Shinners; Cenchruspauciflorus Benth.)

U.S., Florida, South America. Tufted annual or short-livedperennial, culms geniculate, prostrate, decumbent, leafsheaths compressed, leaves entire and alternate, flowerspikes consist of burs with sharp spines, burs imbricate,bristles ciliate basally, outer bristles when present mostlyflattened, first floret sometimes staminate, first palea some-times reduced or absent, noxious weed, invasive, burs caninflict pain, growing on sandy areas and sandy soils in bothopen areas and thin woods, on sandy plains, beach sand, insandy woods, fields and waste places, in sandy soils alongrivers and streams, cultivated fields, along roadsides, seeSpecies Plantarum 2: 1050. 1753, Methodus Plantas HortiBotanici … 206. 1794, Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum,quae aut sponte … 5: 38, t. 461. 1799, Boston Journal ofNatural History 1: 135. Boston, Mass. 1835 [1834-1837],The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur 56. 1844, FloraBrasiliensis 2(2): 309. 1877 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12:127. 1908, Regnum Veg. 127: 31. 1993.

in English: common sandbur, common sandspur, coastsandbur, coast sandspur, southern sandbur, sandbur, coastalsandbur, field sandspur, field sandbur, spiny burrgrass.

C. strictus Chapm. (Cenchrus incertus M.A. Curtis)

U.S., Florida. Cultivated fields, see Boston Journal of Nat-ural History 1: 135. Boston, Mass. 1837 [The Boston Jour-nal of Natural History, containing papers andcommunications read to the Boston Society of Natural His-tory. Boston, MA. Vols. 1-7 (1834/37-1859/63, 1837-1863)], Botanical Gazette 3(3): 20. 1878.

C. taitensis Steud. (Cenchrus calyculatus Cav.)

French Polynesia. See Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum,quae aut sponte … 5: 40, t. 463. 1799, Synopsis PlantarumGlumacearum 1: 419. 1854.

C. tomentosus Poir.

Africa. See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 6: 51.1804.

C. tribuloides L. (Cenchrus carolinianus Walter; Cenchrusechinatus var. tribuloides (L.) Torr.; Cenchrus incertusM.A. Curtis; Cenchrus macrocephalus Scribn.; Cenchrusmacrocephalus (Döll) Scribn.; Cenchrus tribuloides var.macrocarpus Steud.; Cenchrus tribuloides var. macroceph-alus Döll; Cenchrus vaginatus Steud.; Nastus carolinianus(Walter) Lunell; Nastus strictus (Walter) Lunell) (Latintribulus, tribolos, i “a caltrop”; Greek tribolos, treis, tria“three” and bolos “a point”)

Eastern U.S., West Indies, Brazil. Perennial or annual, sharpand quite painful to touch, branched, sprawling, erect orascending, branching and rooting at the lower nodes, leafsheaths compressed, long narrow gray-green glabrousleaves, flowers scattered and infrequent, flower clustersspiny, spikelets hard and prickly, burrs densely pubescent,tiny and backward-pointing spines densely villous basally,outer bristles usually present, spines flattened and more or


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448 Centosteca Desv.

less spreading, fertile lemma and palea occasionally scab-erulous, weed species, unpleasant to walk on barefooted,naturalized elsewhere, useful stabilizer of dunes, youngburs used as fodder, seeds scorched to make herbal coffeeor bread, grows in moist sandy dunes, on coastal sands,beaches, on sandy shores, open dunes, active dunes, sandyfields and woods, cultivated fields, primary dunes zone, landside of barrier dunes, back dunes or secondary dunes, acrosssecondary dunes, tropical salt marshes, open grasslands todense shrub, groves of low broadleaf evergreen trees, seeSpecies Plantarum 2: 1050. 1753, Flora Caroliniana,secundum … 79. 1788, A Flora of the Northern and MiddleSections of the United States 1: 69. 1824, Boston Journalof Natural History 1: 135. Boston, Mass. 1837, SynopsisPlantarum Glumacearum 1: 110. 1854, Flora Brasiliensis2(2): 312. 1877, Bulletin, Division of Agrostology UnitedStates Department of Agriculture 17: 110, f. 406. 1899 andContr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 127. 1908, American MidlandNaturalist 4: 214. 1915, Acta Botanica Academiae Scien-tiarum Hungaricae 17(1-3): 123. 1971[1972], Flora ofPuerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: A Systematic Synopsis1-342. 1982, Taxon 44: 607. 1995.

in English: hedgehog grass, bur, American burrgrass, bur-grass, sandspur, dune sandspur, beach sand-spur, sandspurs,sand-dune sandburr, sand dune sandbur, sand bur, dunesandbur, long-spine sandbur

in Mexico: cadillo, huisapole, huitzapol, huizapole, pasto,rosetilla, zacapolin

C. vaginatus Steud. (Cenchrus tribuloides L.)

Europe. See Species Plantarum 2: 1050. 1753, SynopsisPlantarum Glumacearum 1: 110. 1854 and Contr. U.S. Natl.Herb. 12: 127. 1908.

C. villosus (Spreng.) Spreng. (Anthephora hermaphrodita(L.) Kuntze; Anthephora villosa Spreng.; Cenchrus villosus(R. Br. ex Fresen.) Kuntze, nom. illeg., non Cenchrus vil-losus (Spreng.) Spreng.; Pennisetum villosum R. Br. ex Fre-sen.; Tripsacum hermaphroditum L.)

See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1261. 1759, NeueEntdeckungen im ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 3: 14.1822, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 301.1825, Museum Senckenbergianum 2: 134. 1837, RevisioGenerum Plantarum 2: 759. 1891, Revisio Generum Plan-tarum 3(3): 347. 1898.

Centosteca Desv. = Centotheca Desv.

Presumably an orthographic variant of Centotheca Desv.,see Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, publié par la SociétéPhilomatique de Paris 2: 189. 1810, Journ. de Bot. 1: 70.1813.

Centotheca Desv. = Centosteca Desv., Centotheca P. Beauv., Ramosia Merr.

From the Greek kenteo “to prick, torture, torment, sting,spur, pierce” and theke “a case, sheath,” alluding to theprickly glumes, to the spines on the lemma, to prickly hairswithin the spikelet on the upper lemmas.

Some 1/4-5 species, Old World tropics, tropical West Africa,tropical Asia, Pacific, India, China, Sri Lanka. Bambuso-ideae, Oryzodae, Centothecoideae, Centotheceae, perennialor annual, unarmed, tufted, ascending to erect, knotty base,rhizomatous or caespitose, woody and persistent, floweringculms leafy, culm nodes glabrous, culm internodes solid,auricles present or absent, sheaths strongly nerved, ligule ashort rim or an unfringed membrane, leaf blades elliptic orlinear to lanceolate, plants bisexual and unarmed, inflores-cence an ascending panicle, the terminal floret rudimentary,upper floret often with reflexed bristles, spikelets withpedicels hispid, 2 glumes herbaceous and oblong-lan-ceolate, lemmas apiculate and awnless, palea present, lod-icules 2 or absent, stamens 2-3, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas,spikelets breaking up at maturity, forest shade, type Cen-totheca lappacea (L.) Desv., see Nouveau Bulletin des Sci-ences, publié par la Société Philomatique de Paris 2: 189.1810, Journ. de Bot. 1: 70. 1813, Flora Indica; or Descrip-tions of Indian Plants, by the Late William Roxburgh, …edited by William Carey, D.D. to which are added descrip-tions of plants more recently discovered by Nathaniel Wal-lich… 2 vols. Serampore 1820-1824, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19:31. 1881 and Mat. Fl. Malay Pen. 3: 122. 1907, PhilippineJournal of Science Bot. 11: 2. 1916, Amer. J. Bot. 56: 1054-1057. 1969, Blumea 19: 57-60. 1971, Kew Bulletin 27(3):447-450. 1972, Taxon 30: 615. 1981, Dominguezia 4: 41.1982, Taxon 33(4): 705. 1984, Taxon 37(2): 434-477. 1988.

Species

C. lappacea (L.) Desv. (Cenchrus lappaceus L.; Centothecalappacea Desv.; Centotheca latifolia Trin.; Centothecaparviflora Andersson; Festuca ciliaris Heyne; Festuca lat-ifolia Roth, nom. illeg., non Festuca latifolia DC.; Hiero-chloe latifolia (Osbeck) Kunth; Holcus latifolius Osbeck;Melica diandra Roxb.; Melica lappacea (L.) Raspail; Mel-ica refracta Roxb.; Panicum festuciforme Hochst. exHook.f.; Pentas schumanniana K. Krause (Rubiaceae); Poalatifolia G. Forst.; Torresia biflora Roem. & Schult.; Tor-resia latifolia (Osbeck) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.)

Southeast Asia, India, China, Africa. Perennial or annual,tufted, rather coarse, robust, rhizomatous, culms erect orascending and solitary, sometimes rooting at the lowernodes, woody roots, leaf sheath with hairy margins andstrongly nerved, leaf blade lanceolate to nearly elliptic,ligule membranous, leaves reticulate below, panicleexserted from the uppermost sheath, inflorescence a branch-ing terminal panicle, open panicle with the lower branches


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Centrochloa Swallen 449

drooping, spikelets ovate-elliptic, bristles on the upper flow-ering glume, 2 glumes, lower glume hairy, spines or stiffhairs on the lemma, palea narrow and slightly hairy, dis-persal by reflexed spines, moderately palatable, good fod-der, grazed by cattle, usually animals avoid eating the seedheads, medicinal value, weed species growing in shadydamp areas, forest shade, rather shady habitats, hills, dis-turbed areas, swamps, open places in rain forests and thick-ets, along trails, forest paths, lowlands, edge of woodlands,in secondary vegetation, old taro plantations, waste places,in forest clearings, among tall shrubs, see Dagbok ofwer enOstindisk Resa 247. 1757, Species Plantarum, EditioSecunda 1488. 1763, Florulae Insularum Australium Pro-dromus 8. 1786, Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, publié parla Société Philomatique de Paris 2: 189. 1810, SystemaVegetabilium 2: 515, 728. 1817, Fundamenta Agrostograph-iae 141. 1820, Nov. Fl. Ind. Orient. 75. 1821, Annales desSciences Naturelles (Paris) 5: 443. 1825, Révision desGraminées 1: 21. 1829, Mémoires de l‘Académie Impérialedes Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. SciencesMathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles 1(4): 358. 1830,Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 374. 1864, The Flora of British India 332.1896 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 304. 1900, Journal of theLinnean Society, Botany 36: 420. 1904, Botanische Jahr-bücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzen-geographie 39: 521. 1907, Bulletin of the Tokyo ScienceMuseum 18: 10. 1947, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique del‘État 23: 256, f. 31/F. 1953, Grasses of Ceylon 32. 1956,Grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan (excludingBambuseae) 457, 459. 1960, Smithsonian Contr. Botany 45:5. 1980, Grasses of Japan and its Neighboring Regions 497.1987.

in English: barbed grass

in Sierra Leone: kulagbi, nana, naragbadi, nolomingkodena,suisexe

in Indonesia: jobuk, jukut kidang, karetet lempad, suketlorodan

in Malaysia: rumput darah, rumput lilit kain, rumput temaga

in Papua New Guinea: kuang

in the Philippines: andu-dukot aridekdiket, baylu patong

in Thailand: khon moi mae mai, khon moi maemaai, lekphai, niao ma, nieo maa, ya enieo, yaa ee nieo, ya i niao,yaa i nieo, ya khon moi maemai

in Vietnam: co’ móc

C. philippinensis (Merr.) C. Monod (Ramosia philippinen-sis Merr.)

Philippines. See Philippine Journal of Science 11: 2. 1916,Blumea 19(1): 60. 1971.

C. uniflora Swallen

Vietnam. Open places, in shade, see Journal of the Wash-ington Academy of Sciences 26(12): 535-537, f. 1. 1936.

Centrochloa Swallen

Greek kentron “a spur, prickle” and chloe, chloa ”grass,young grass, vegetables, greens.”

One species, Brazil. Panicoideae, Panicodae, Paniceae, orPanicoideae, Paniceae, Paspalinae, annual, caespitose, her-baceous, auricles absent, ligule a fringed membrane, plantsbisexual, inflorescence of subdigitate racemes, spikeletssolitary, 1 glume per spikelet, lower glume absent, upperglume extending below the callus, upper lemma tip pubes-cent to puberulous, palea present, 2 free and fleshy lodi-cules, 3 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas, open habitats,savannah, type Centrochloa singularis Swallen, see J.R.Swallen, “Centrochloa, a new genus of grasses from Bra-zil.” Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 25:190-193. 1935, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 46: 151. 2003.

Species

C. singularis Swallen

Brazil. See Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences25(4): 192, f. A. 1935.

Centrophorum Trin. = Chrysopogon Trin.

From the Greek kentron “a spur, prickle” and phoros “bear-ing,” kentrophoros “with a sting.”

Panicoideae, Andropogoneae, Sorghinae, type Centropho-rum chinense Trin., see Fundamenta Agrostographiae 106,187-188, t. 5. 1820, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2(2):28. 1887 and Flora Mesoamericana 6: 383. 1994, Aus-trobaileya 5(3): 503-533. 1999, Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 46: 159-161. 2003.

Centropodia Reichenbach = Asthenatherum Nevski, Centropodia (R. Br.) Rchb.

From the Greek kentron “a spur, prickle” and pous, podos“foot,” referring to the stem.

About 4 species, North Africa, southern Africa, MiddleEast, northern India. Arundinoideae, Arundineae, annual orperennial, herbaceous, unbranched, unarmed, glaucous,tufted or decumbent, woody rootstock, auricles absent,ligule a fringe of hairs, leaf blades stiff and pungent, plantsbisexual, inflorescence a contracted panicle, paniclesenclosed by spathe-like upper leaf sheaths, 2 glumes equalor subequal, rachilla internode between the glumes, awns1 or 3 straight or geniculate, floret callus pungent, glumes2 more or less equal strongly 7-11 nerved, lemmas coria-ceous with a terminal long tuft, awn straight or geniculate,2 lodicules free and fleshy, 3 stamens, ovary glabrous,2 stigmas, open habitats, deserts, an earlier name for


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450 Cephalochloa Cosson & Durieu

Asthenatherum Nevski, see Narrative of Travels and Dis-coveries in Northern and Central Africa 244. 1826, Con-spectus Regni Vegetabilis 212a. 1828 and Senck. Biol. 43(4):239-266. 1962, Kew Bulletin 37(4): 657-659. 1982, T.A.Cope, “Centropodia: an earlier name for Asthenatherum(Gramineae).” Kew Bulletin 37(4): 657-659. 1983, Bothalia15(1/2): 153-159. 1984, Bothalia 18: 119-122. 1988, Annalsof the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: 866-873. 1988, Floraof Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 73. 1995.

Species

C. forskalii (Vahl) Cope (Asthenatherum forskahlei (Vahl)Nevski; Asthenatherum forskalii (Vahl) Nevski; Avena for-skalei Vahl; Avena forskalii Vahl; Avena pensylvanicaForssk., nom. illeg., non Avena pensylvanica L.; Danthoniaforskalei (Vahl) Trin.; Danthonia forskalii (Vahl) R. Br.;Danthonia forskalii (Vahl) Trin.; Trisetum forskalii (Vahl)P. Beauv.)

Sudan, Egypt, Iran, Israel. Perennial, tufted to looselytufted, erect, robust, linear leaves pubescent, sheaths pubes-cent, ligule a ring of hairs, dense panicle contracted andlinear, glumes equal glabrous, lemma shorter than theglumes and pilose, lemma 2-lobed, awned, good fodder forstock and camels, on sandy plain, sand dunes, arid deserthabitats, see Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 23. 1775, SymbolaeBotanicae, … 2: 25. 1791, Essai d‘une Nouvelle Agro-stographie 88. 1812, Species Graminum 1: t. 49. 1826,Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Cen-tral Africa 244. 1826, Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-königlichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien48: 647. 1898 and Kew Bulletin 37(4): 658. 1982, Willde-nowia 19: 446. 1990.

in Arabic: legsaibo

in Mauritania: burekkebah, legsaibo, zeihife

in Morocco: rabya

in Niger: adawu, alamfazo, tetemt, aelambazo

in Sahara (Tassili): takamayt

C. glauca (Nees) T.A. Cope (Asthenatherum forskahleiauctt.; Asthenatherum glaucum (Nees) Nevski; Danthoniaforskalii subsp. glauca (Nees) Maire & Weiller; Danthoniaglauca Nees)

South Africa. Annual or short-lived perennial, tufted, erect,variable with habitat, brittle, fragile, weak, branched fromthe base, shortly rhizomatous, rhizomes covered withpapery bracts, leaf blades scabrid with a fine sharp tip, basalsheaths densely hairy and loose, ligule a ring of short hairs,dense contracted panicle, lower 2 spikelets bisexual, glumeswith bent awns, very palatable, very high grazing value,useful for erosion control, found in sandveld, on sand dunes,in gravel flats between dunes, in deep sandy soils, openhabitats, on red sand, on gravelly soils, see Florae AfricaeAustralioris Illustrationes Monographicae 327. 1841 and

Flore de l‘Afrique du Nord: 2: 363. 1953, Kew Bulletin37(4): 658. 1982.

in English: gha grass

in South Africa: ghagras, dünenhafer

C. glauca (Nees) T.A. Cope var. glauca

South Africa, Southern Kalahari. Perennial, tufted, gla-brous, sandy dunes.

C. glauca (Nees) T.A. Cope var. lasiophylla (Pilger) Conert

South Africa. Perennial, tufted, rhizomes covered with hairypapery bracts, leaf sheaths densely hairy.

C. mossamedensis (Rendle) Cope (Asthenatherum mossa-medense (Rendle) Conert; Danthonia mossamedensis Ren-dle) (Angola, Mossamedes)

South Africa. Perennial, tufted, rhizomatous, woody bul-bous rhizomes, basal sheaths present or absent, in coarsesandy places, riverbeds, desert, drainage lines, see Cata-logue of the African Plants Collected by Dr. F. Welwitschin 1853-61 2(1): 211. 1899 and Senckenbergiana Biologica43: 254. 1962, Kew Bulletin 37(4): 658. 1982.

Cephalochloa Cosson & Durieu = Ammochloa Boiss.

From the Greek kephale “head” and chloe, chloa “grass,young grass.”

Pooideae, Poodae, Aveneae, see Diagnoses plantarum ori-entalium novarum ser. 1. 2(13): 51-52. 1854, Annales desSciences Naturelles, Botanique, sér. 4 1: 229. 1854 and ActaUniversitatis Lundensis 36(4): 12. 1900, RepertoriumSpecierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 63: 1. 45.1931, Kew Bulletin, Additional Series 13: 109. 1986 [Gen-era Graminum].

Cephalostachyum Munro = Schizostachium Griff., Schizostachyum Nees

From the Greek kephale “head” and stachys “a spike.”

About 1/12-16 species, tropics and subtropics, Bhutan,Indomalaya, Burma (Myanmar), Madagascar, from north-eastern Himalayas to Thailand. Bambusoideae, Bambuso-dae, Bambuseae, Melocanninae, sympodial, perennial,unarmed, thin-walled, dense clumps, rhizomes pachy-morph, manifold branching, woody, flexible, persistent,climbing, straggling, pendulous or scandent or not scandent,flowering culms leafy, culm internodes hollow, culm nodesglabrous or hairy, internodes long, culm sheath coriaceousshedding late, auricles lacking or not, sheath blade erect orextending outward, plants bisexual, flowering iterauctant,spikelets with basal buds, pseudospikelet aggregating intocephalanthium, 2-several glumes, palea present, 3 free lod-icules, 6 stamens, hollow ovary appendage, 2-3 stigmas,


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Cephalostachyum Munro 451

useful for weaving into mats, found in deciduous forest,mixed forests, high rainfall forests, thickets, near streams,humid and shady conditions, broad-leaved forests, moistsites, mountain to forests at low altitudes, riverbanks, ever-green forest, type Cephalostachyum capitatum Munro, seeFlora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 535. 1829,Deutsch. Fl. 6: 6. 1846, Notulae ad Plantas Asiaticas 3: 64.1851, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 26(1):138-139, 143, t. 3. 1868, Forest Flora of British Burma 2:566. 1877, Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta.7(26): 107, t. 94. 1896 and A. Camus, “Le genre Cepha-lostachyum a Madagascar.” Bulletin de la Société Botaniquede France 72: 84-88. 1925, Taxon 6(7): 201. 1957, R.A.Young & J.R. Haun, “Bamboo in the United States:Descripton, culture, and utilization.” Agriculture Handbook193: i-iii, 1-74. 1961, F.A. McClure, “Genera of bamboosnative to the New World (Gramineae: Bambusoideae).”Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 9: 1-148. 1973, Flo-rae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae, BambusoideaeBotanical Survey of India, Flora of India, Series 4, 281-282. Calcutta 1989, Edin. J. Bot. 51: 29. 1994, PlantResources of South-East Asia 7: 1-191. 1995, Flora Rei-publicae Popularis Sinicae 9(1): i-xxvi, 1-761. 1996, D.-Z.Li & J.-R. Xue, “The diversity and conservation of bamboosin Yunnan, China.” The Bamboos 6: 83-94. 1997, C.M.A.Stapleton, D.Z. Li & N. Jia-Ron, “A new combination inCephalostachyum with notes on names in Neomicrocala-mus (Gramineae-Bambusoideae).” Kew Bulletin 52(3): 699-702. 1997, S. Dransfield, “Valiha and Cathariostachys, 2new bamboo genera (Gramineae-Bambusoideae) fromMadagascar.” Kew Bulletin 53(2): 375-397. 1998, Contri-butions from the United States National Herbarium 39: 36.2000.

Species

C. burmanicum R.N. Parker & C.E. Parkinson(Schizostachyum burmanicum (R. Parker & C.E. Parkinson)H.B. Naithani & Bennet)

Burma. See Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vege-tabilis 31: 127. 1932, Indian Forester 117(1): 68. 1991.

C. capitatum Munro (Bambusa capitata Wall. & Griff., notBambusa capitata Trinius, not Bambusa capitata Willd. exRuprecht; Schizostachyum capitatum (Munro) R.B. Majum-dar ; Schizos tachyum capi ta tum (Tr in . ) Rupr. ;Schizostachyum capitatum Rupr.; Schizostachyum munroiS. Kumar & P. Singh)

Bhutan, Sikkim, India. Internodes smooth, culms nodesglabrous, culm sheaths smooth, leaves used as fodder, stemsused for building purposes and arrows, used for weavinginto mats, seeds used as food in time of scarcity, see Mém-oires de l‘Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Péters-bourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiqueset Naturelles. Seconde Partie: Sciences Naturelles 3(1):626-627. 1835, Bambuseae 46-47, t. 17, f. 46. 1839, A

Numerical List of Dried Specimens 8913. 1849, Transac-tions of the Linnean Society of London 26(1): 139. 1868and Fl. Ind. Enumerat.-Monocot. 281. 1989, J. Indian Bot.Soc. 70(1-4): 423. 1991.

Local names: jhi, pishima, dulloo bans, payong

in Bhutan: payong, dullu bans, dulloo bans, pishima

in India: gobia, gopi, payang, silli

C. capitatum Munro var. decompositum Gamble(Schizostachyum capitatum var. decompositum (Gamble)R.B. Majumdar & Karth.; Schizostachyum munroi var.decompositum (Gamble) S. Kumar & P. Singh)

India, Sikkim. See Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden,Calcutta. 7(26): 105. 1896 and Florae Indicae Enumeratio:Monocotyledonae, Bambusoideae Botanical Survey ofIndia, Flora of India, 281. 1989, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 70(1-4): 423. 1991.

C. chapelieri Munro (for Louis Armand Chapelier, 1779-1802, see H. Poisson, Etude des manuscrits de LouisArmand Chapelier. Voyageur-Naturaliste (1778-1806).Imprimerie Moderne. Tananarive 1940; “Lettres de Chape-lier, copiées sur les originaux existant aux archives de Port-Louis. Annotées par G. Fontoynont.” Bulletin de l‘AcadémieMalgache 10: 297-371. 1912)

Madagascar. See Transactions of the Linnean Society ofLondon 26(1): 140. 1868, Journal of the Linnean Society,Botany 21: 317-353, 407-455. 1884-1885 and Bulletin dela Société Botanique de France 72: 86. 1925, W.C. Lin,“The species and distribution of bamboos in the Republicof Malagasy (Madagascar), East Africa.” Special Bulletinof Taiwan Forestry Research Institute no. 4: 33. 1967.

C. chevalieri A. Camus (after the French botanist AugusteJean Baptiste Chevalier, 1873-1956, author of L’AfriqueCentrale Française. Mission Chari-Lac Tchad, 1902-1904.Paris 1907; see J.H. Barnhart, Biographical notes uponbotanists. 1: 340. 1965)

Vietnam. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France90: 74. 1943.

C. flavescens Kurz (Melocanna lutescens Kurz;Schizostachyum flavescens (Kurz) R.B. Majumdar)

India, Burma. Cultivated, ornamental, see J. Asiat. Soc.Bengal n.s. 42(2): 252. 1873, Forest Flora of British Burma2: 564. 1877 and Florae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyle-donae, Bambusoideae 281. 1989.

C. fuchsianum Gamble (Cephalostachyum latifoliumMunro; Schizostachyum fuchsianum (Gamble) R.B.Majumdar; Schizostachyum latifolium (Munro) R.B.Majumdar, nom. illeg., non Schizostachyum latifoliumGamble; Schizostachyum latifolium (Gamble) Majumdar;Schizostachyum sharmae S. Kumar & P. Sing)

China, Yunnan. Culms pruinose, culm wall thin, pruinosering below joint, sheath shedding late, no sheath auricles,


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452 Cephalostachyum Munro

sheath ligule very low, sheath blade narrow-lanceolate, 7-11 leaves on each twig, leaf blades ovate-lanceolate sparselyshortly tomentose beneath, strips used in weaving, seeTransactions of the Linnean Society of London 26(1): 140.1868, Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. 7(26):107, t. 94. 1896 and Fl. Ind. Enumerat.-Monocot. 281. 1989,J. Indian Bot. Soc. 70(1-4): 423. 1991, Edin. J. Bot. 51(1):29. 1994.

C. langbianense A. Chevalier & A. Camus

Vietnam. See Bull. Mus. Nation. Hist. Nat. Paris 27: 452.1921.

C. latifolium Munro (Cephalostachyum fuchsianum Gam-ble; Schizostachyum fuchsianum (Gamble) R.B. Majumdar;Schizostachyum latifolium (Munro) R.B. Majumdar, nom.i l leg. , non Schizostachyum lat i fol ium Gamble;Schizostachyum latifolium (Gamble) Majumdar;Schizostachyum sharmae S. Kumar & P. Sing)

Bhutan, India, Burma. Internodes rough, culm nodes hairy,culm sheaths ridges, inflorescence compound and unilat-eral, used for weaving, see Transactions of the LinneanSociety of London 26(1): 140. 1868, Annals of the RoyalBotanic Garden, Calcutta. 7(26): 107, t. 94. 1896 and Fl.Ind. Enumerat.-Monocot. 281. 1989, J. Indian Bot. Soc.70(1-4): 423. 1991, Edin. J. Bot. 51(1): 29. 1994.

in Bhutan: jhi, ghopi bans, pishima, palom

C. madagascariense A. Camus (Cathariostachys madagas-cariensis (A. Camus) S. Dransf.)

Madagascar. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France72: 88. 1925, Special Bulletin of Taiwan Forestry ResearchInstitute no. 4: 33. 1967, S. Dransfield, “Valiha and Catha-riostachys, 2 new bamboo genera (Gramineae-Bambuso-ideae) from Madagascar.” Kew Bulletin 53(2): 375-397.1998.

C. mannii (Gamble) Stapleton & D.Z. Li (Arundinariamannii Gamble; Neomicrocalamus mannii (Gamble) R.B.Majumdar; Racemobambos mannii (Gamble) Campbell)

India. See Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta.7(26): t. 26. 1896, Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 38. 1896 and Notes Sino-Himal. Bamboo Spec. 23. 1988, Fl. Ind. Enumerat.-Mono-cot. 279. 1989, Kew Bulletin 52(3): 700. 1997.

C. mindorense Gamble (Cephalostachyum mindorensisGamble)

Philippines. Scrambling, thin-walled, many slender pseu-dospikelets clustered at each node, used for fencing andhandicrafts, household articles, some taxonomic problemfor this plant, see Plant Resources of South-East Asia 7:148-149. 1995.

in Philippines: bagto

C. pallidum Munro (Schizostachyum pallidum (Munro)R.B. Majumdar)

India, Burma, Bhutan, China. Upper part of the culm scan-dent, culm wall thin, branching extending upward with nomain branch, sheath narrow long, no sheath auricles, sheathligule very low, sheath blade narrow-lanceolate to long-lanceolate, leaves ovate-lanceolate its underside scabrousto tomentose, used in weaving and making flutes, see Trans-actions of the Linnean Society of London 26(1): 139. 1868and Florae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae, Bam-busoideae Botanical Survey of India, Flora of India, Series4, 282. Calcutta 1989 [also Fl. Ind. Enumerat.-Monocot.282. 1989].

C. peclardii A. Camus (Cathariostachys capitata (Kunth)S. Dransf.; Nastus capitatus Kunth)

Madagascar. See Révision des Graminées 1: 325, t. 75. 1830and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 72: 87-88.1925, Special Bulletin of Taiwan Forestry Research Instituteno. 4: 19, 33. 1967, Kew Bulletin 53(2): 391. 1998.

C. pergracile Munro (Oxytenanthera aliena McClure;Schizostachyum pergracile (Munro) R.B. Majumdar)

Myanmar (Burma). Tufted, sympodial, deciduous, growingin large stands, young culms densely covered with smalladnate pubescence, very thin walled, erect with nodding topendulous tips, branches from the upper nodes, culm sheaththick and leathery, sheath blade erect or extending outward,sheath auricles long ovate, leaf blades linear-lanceolate andrough, inflorescence drooping, pseudospikelets, spikeletswith 1-2 sterile florets at base, often flowers sporadically,can be propagated by seed and rhizome cuttings, widelycultivated, ornamental, stems used for fishing rods and inbuilding, fences, wind-breaks, crate weaving, basketry,handicrafts, binding materials, raw material for paper pulp,young shoots bitter and edible, in Burma internode of a 1-year-old culm used for cooking glutinous rice, found inmixed deciduous forests, hills, see Transactions of the Lin-nean Society of London 26(1): 141. 1868 and Lingnan Uni-versity Science Bulletin 9: 39. 1940, Economic Botany 11:235-243. 1957, The Indian Forester 102: 579-595. 1976,Fl. Ind. Enumerat.-Monocot. 282. 1989.

in English: tinwa bamboo

in Burma: tinwa

in India: latang, madang

in Laos: khauz hla:m

in Thailand: khaao laam, khao lam, khui pang, khui paang,mai-pang, paang, pang, phai-khaolam, phai-khaolarm, wablo, waa blo, wa phlong, waa phlong

C. perrieri A. Camus

Madagascar. Climbing, scandent, see Bulletin de la SociétéBotanique de France 72: 85. 1925, Special Bulletin of Tai-wan Forestry Research Institute no. 4: 18, 33. 1967.

C. scandens Bor (Cephalostachyum scandens Jia Rong Xue& C.M. Hui, nom. illeg., non Cephalostachyum scandensBor; Cephalostachyum scandens Hsueh & C.M. Hui, nom.


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Ceratochaete Lunell 453

illeg., non Cephalostachyum scandens Bor; Schizostachyumscandens (Bor) H.B. Naithani & Bennet)

Burma, China. Scandent, straggling, see Kew Bulletin12(3): 419. 1958, Indian Forester 117(1): 68. 1991,Research of Bamboos from Nujiang (Salween), Yunnan,China 22. 1996, Kew Bulletin 52(3): 699-702. 1997, ActaPhytotaxonomica Sinica 35(6): 562-565. 1997.

C. viguieri A. Camus

Madagascar. Solid, climbing, lining, erect or suberect, eatenby Hapalemur aureus, see Bulletin de la Société Botaniquede France 72: 85-86. 1925, Special Bulletin of Taiwan For-estry Research Institute no. 4: 19, 33. 1967.

in Madagascar: tsiergolovolo

C. virgatum (Munro) Kurz (Melocanna virgata Munro;Schizostachyum virgatum (Munro) H.B. Naithani & Ben-net)

Myanmar. Culm top slightly drooping, thin-walled, mani-fold branching at lower portion of culm, branches spreadinghorizontally, young culm pruinose, sheath auricles like nar-row stripe, sheath blade narrow-lanceolate erect or turnedoutside down, leaves lanceolate, inflorescence borne onleafless branch, several to many groups of slender pseu-dospikelets at each node, culms used for matting, handles,household utensils, in ware weaving used as rafters or strips,found growing in evergreen forests, some taxonomic prob-lem for this plant, see Transactions of the Linnean Societyof London 26(1): 133. 1868, Forest Flora of British Burma2: 564. 1877 and Indian Forester 117(1): 68. 1991.

in Myanmar: waba

in Thailand: pai hia, phai hia, phai hiae

Ceratochaete Lunell = Zizania L.

From the Greek keras, keratos “a horn” and chaite “bristle,mane, loose flowing hair, long hair.”

Ehrhartoideae, Oryzeae, Zizaniinae, type Ceratochaeteaquatica (L.) Lunell, see Species Plantarum 2: 991. 1753and American Midland Naturalist 4: 214. 1915, Phytologia72: 6. 1992, Sida 17(3): 533-549. 1997, Newslett. Int.Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 30: 10-15. 1999, Contributionsfrom the United States National Herbarium 39: 116-118.2000.

Ceratochloa DC. & P. Beauv. = Bromus L., Ceratochloa P. Beauv.

Greek keras, keratos “a horn” and chloe, chloa “grass,”referring to the seeds.

Pooideae, Bromeae, type Ceratochloa cathartica (Vahl)Herter, see Species Plantarum 1: 76-78. 1753, A.M.F.J.Palisot de Beauvois, Essai d‘une nouvelle Agrostographie.

75, 158. 1812, Flora Rossica 4(13): 360. 1852 and U.S.D.A.Div. Agrostol. Bull. 23: 1-66. 1900, Revista Sudamericanade Botánica 6(5-6): 144. 1940, Blumea 4(3): 498. 1941,Brittonia 7: 421. 1952, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 102: 447. 1981,Taxon 41: 559. 1992, Taxon 44: 611-612. 1995, Contribu-tions from the United States National Herbarium 48: 154-191. 2003.

Cerea Schltdl. = Cerea Thou. (Elaeocarpaceae), Ceresia Pers., Paspalum L.

Panicoideae, Paniceae, Paspalinae, see Systema Naturae,Editio Decima 846, 855, 1359. 1759, Louis-Marie AubertAubert du Petit-Thouars (1758-1831), Histoire des Végé-taux Recueillis dans les Isles Australes d‘Afrique (edition2) t. 28. Paris 1805, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 12: 820. 1854and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 116. 1908, Contributionsfrom the United States National Herbarium 46: 443-527.2003.

Ceresia Pers. = Paspalum L.

Ceres, the daughter of Saturn and Ops.

Panicoideae, Paniceae, Paspalinae, type Ceresia elegansPers., see Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 846, 855, 1359.1759, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 75. 1788, TableauEncyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1: 177. 1791,Synopsis Plantarum 1: 85. 1805, Essai d‘une NouvelleAgrostographie 9: 171, t. 5, f. 4. 1812, A Sketch of theBotany of South-Carolina and Georgia 1(2): 109, pl. 6. f.4. 1816, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 290.1817, Conspectus Regni Vegetabilis 49. 1828, Flora Brasil-iensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 76. 1829, NomenclatorBotanicus. Editio secunda 1: 333. 1840, NomenclatorBotanicus. Editio secunda 2: 256. 1841, Botanische Zei-tung. Berlin 19(44): 326. 1861, Genera Plantarum 3: 1098.1883, Index Kewensis 1: 489. 1893, Revisio Generum Plan-tarum 3(2): 360. 1898 and Contributions from the UnitedStates National Herbarium 24: 153. 1925, RepertoriumSpecierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 26(15): 230. 1929,Linnaea 26: 133. 1953, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 335-352.1994, Las Gramíneas de México 5: 1-446. 1999, Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden 89(3): 337-399. 2002 [Sys-tematic revision and phylogeny of Paspalum subgenus Cer-esia (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae)], Contributions fromthe United States National Herbarium 46: 443-527. 2003.

Ceytosis Munro = Crypsis Aiton

Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Sporobolinae, or Chlori-doideae, Zoysieae, Sporobolinae, see Hortus Kewensis; or,a catalogue … 1: 48. 1789, Collectanea ad omnem rembotanicam spectantia partim e propriis, partim ex amicorum


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454 Chaboissaea E. Fourn.

schedis manuscriptis concinnavit et edidit J.J. Roemer.Turici [Zürich], apud H. Gessnerum, [1806-]1809, J. Linn.Society Botany 6: 54. 1862 and Mittheilungen der Thüring-ischen Botanischen Vereins, ser. 2, 30: 83. 1913, Reperto-rium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 17(19-30): 293.1921, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage14d: 62. 1956, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 41: 38, 56-57. 2001.

Chaboissaea E. Fourn. = Muhlenbergia Schreb.

About 4 species, North and South America, north-centralMexico, Argentina, Bolivia, the Caribbean. Chloridoideae,Cynodonteae, Muhlenbergiinae, annual or perennial, erector decumbent, caespitose, often rooting at lower nodes,auricles absent, ligule a membrane, leaf blades linear, plantsbisexual, inflorescence a panicle exserted or partiallyincluded in upper sheath, disarticulation above glumes, sol-itary spikelets laterally compressed, florets 1-3 per spikelet,lower floret perfect, upper floret staminate or sterile, sterileflorets absent or present, 2 glumes more or less equal,lemma entire and awned or awnless or mucronate, paleaglabrous, lodicules fleshy and glabrous, stamens 3, ovaryglabrous, stigmas 2, widespread in marshy areas, open hab-itats, ephemeral pools, seasonally wet marshes, drainageditches, closely related to Muhlenbergia Schreb., typeChaboissaea ligulata E. Fourn., see Genera Plantarum 44.1789, Systema Naturae … editio decima tertia, aucta, refor-mata 2: 171. 1791, Mexicanas Plantas 2: 112. 1886 andContributions from the United States National Herbarium17: 181-189. 1913, Flora Taxonomica Mexicana, vol. 1.1946, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 43:405-407. 1953, Phytologia 37(4): 317-407. 1977, Austra-lian Journal of Botany 33: 433-484. 1985, Phytologia 65:155-157. 1988, P.M. Peterson and C.R. Annable, “A revi-sion of Chaboissaea (Poaceae: Eragrostideae).,” Madroño39(1): 8-30. 1992, American Journal of Botany 81: 622-629. 1994, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 276-286. 1994,Madroño 42(4): 427-449. 1995, Sida 17: 349-365. 1996,Brittonia 50(1): 23-50. 1998, P.M. Peterson, “Systematicsof the Muhlenbergiinae (Chloridoideae: Eragrostideae).”Grasses: Systematics and Evolution 195-212. 2000, Con-tributions from the United States National Herbarium 41:143-173. 2001.

Species

C. atacamensis (Parodi) P.M. Peterson & Annable (Muhlen-bergia atacamensis Parodi; Muhlenbergia atacamensis var.atacamensis; Muhlenbergia atacamensis var. brachyan-thera Parodi)

South America. Annual, see Revista Argentina deAgronomía 15: 248, 250. 1948, Madroño 39(1): 19. 1992.

C. decumbens (Swallen) Reeder & C. Reeder (Muhlenber-gia decumbens Swallen)

Mexico. Annual, see Boletín de la Sociedad Botánica deMéxico 23: 30-32, f. 4. 1958 [1959], Phytologia 65(2): 156.1988.

C. ligulata E. Fourn. (Muhlenbergia ligulata (E. Fourn.)Scribn. & Merr.)

Mexico. Good forage, see Mexicanas Plantas 2: 112, t. 1.1886 and Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United StatesDepartment of Agriculture 24: 19. 1901.

in Mexico: pelillo

C. subbiflora (Hitchc.) Reeder & C. Reeder (Muhlenbergiasubbiflora Hitchc.)

Mexico. Annual, moist soil, see North American Flora17(6): 437. 1935, Phytologia 65(2): 156. 1988.

Chaetaria P. Beauv. = Aristida L.

Greek chaite “bristle, loose flowing hair.”

Arundinoideae, Aristideae, or Aristidoideae, Aristideae,type Chaetaria stricta (Michx.) P. Beauv., see Species Plan-tarum 1: 82. 1753, Essai d‘une nouvelle Agrostographie,ou nouveaux genres des Graminées. 30, 152, 158. 1812,Mémoires de l‘Académie Impériale des Sciences de SaintPétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Phy-siques et Naturelles 1(1): 83. 1830 and Contr. U.S. Natl.Herb. 22(7): 529. 1924, Meded. Rijks.-Herb. 54: 9. 1926,Kurtziana 1: 123-206. 1961, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 253-257. 1994, Flora del Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán 3: 1-35.1994, Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 76-85. 1995, Grass-land of China 1995(1): 16-20. 1995, Annals of the MissouriBotanical Garden 82: 593-595. 1995, Candollea 53(2):466-470. 1998, Bot. Rev. 64: 1-85. 1998, Boletim do Insti-tuto de Botânica (São Paulo) 12: 113-179. 1999, ActaBotánica Mexicana 63: 1-45. 2003, Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 46: 69-104, 151-152.2003.

Chaetium Nees = Berchtoldia J. Presl

From the Greek chaite “bristle, loose flowing hair, foliage.”

About 3 species, tropical South America, Brazil, Mexico,West Indies. Panicoideae, Panicodae, Paniceae, or Pani-coideae, Paniceae, Melinidinae, perennial, herbaceous,unbranched, caespitose, erect, solid internodes, auriclesabsent, plants bisexual, inflorescence racemose or panicu-late, loose single raceme along a central axis, spikeletslanceolate solitary or paired, 2 glumes subequal and awned,lower glume sometimes reduced to an awn, lower lemmaacuminate or awned, upper lemma shortly awned, paleapresent, 2 free and fleshy lodicules, 3 stamens, ovary gla-brous, 2 stigmas, open areas, along roadsides, grasslands,


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Chaetobromus Nees 455

trails, moist forest, type Chaetium festucoides Nees, seeSpecies Plantarum 1: 55. 1753, Flora Brasiliensis seu Enu-meratio Plantarum 2(1): 269-271. 1829, Reliquiae Haen-keanae 1(4-5): 323-324, t. 43. 1830, Flora Brasiliensis 2(2):149. 1877 and Brittonia 23(3): 293-324. 1971, FloraMesoamericana 6: 330-331. 1994, Annals of the MissouriBotanical Garden 85(3): 404-424. 1998 [Revisiónsistemática y análisis cladístico del género Chaetium(Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae).], Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 46: 152-153. 2003.

SpeciesC. bromoides (J. Presl) Benth. ex Hemsl. (Berchtoldia bro-moides J. Presl; Panicum berchtholdiae Döll)

Mexico. Perennial, erect, forming colonies, forage, foundalong roadsides, see Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1: 324, t. 43.1830, Flora Brasiliensis 2(2): 150. 1877, Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany … 3: 503. 1885.

C. cubanum (C. Wright) Hitchc. (Bouteloua litigiosa Lag.;Perotis cubana C. Wright)

West Indies, Cuba. Awnless, see Hortus Kewensis 1: 85.1789, Variedades de Ciencias, Literatura y Artes 2(4,21):134. 1805, Genera et species plantarum 5. 1816, Anales dela Academia de Ciencias Medicas … 8: 288. 1871 andContributions from the United States National Herbarium12(6): 232. 1909.

C. festucoides Nees (Oplismenus festucoides (Nees) Kunth;Panicum chaetium Steud.; Panicum festucoides Poir.)

South America, Brazil. See Flore d‘Oware 2: 14. 1807[1810], Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplé-ment 4: 283. 1816, Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plan-tarum 2(1): 270-271. 1829, Enumeratio PlantarumOmnium Hucusque Cognitarum 1: 146. 1830, NomenclatorBotanicus. Editio secunda 2: 254. 1841.

Chaetobromus Nees = Danthonia DC.

From the Greek chaite “bristle” plus Bromus L., bromos“oats,” referring to the shape of the spikelets.

About 1-3 species, South Africa. Arundinoideae, Dantho-nieae, perennial, tufted, herbaceous, erect, unarmed,branched, sometimes long-rhizomatous or stoloniferous,sometimes decumbent, rooting also occurs at the lowernodes, black nodes, network of roots and runners, auriclesabsent, ligule a fringe of hairs, plants bisexual, inflorescencepaniculate open or contracted, spikelets solitary 2- to 4-flowered, linear pungent bearded callus, 2 glumes paperyequal or subequal, lemmas membranous with long awnsand bristles, female-fertile lemmas with a bent awn, paleapresent, lodicules glabrous, 3 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2stigmas, coastal species, on sandy soil, dry stony soils, adifficult genus, serious taxonomic problems, type Chaeto-bromus involucratus (Schrad.) Nees, see Flore Française.

Troisième Édition 3: 32. 1805, Essai d‘une Nouvelle Agro-stographie 92, t. 18, f. 8. 1812, Systema Vegetabilium 2:690. 1817, A Natural System of Botany 449. 1836, FloraeAfricae Australioris Illustrationes Monographicae 1: 344-345. 1841 and Bothalia 18: 111-114, 119-122. 1988, SouthAfrican Journal of Botany 61: 60-65. 1995, Genome 33:646-658. 1990, Nordic Journal of Botany 18: 57-77. 1998[A re-evaluation of species limits in Chaetobromus (Dan-thonieae: Poaceae)], P.C. Beukes and R.M. Cowling, “Eval-uation of restoration techniques for the Succulent Karoo,South Africa.” Restoration Ecology 11(3): 308-316. Sep2003.

Species

C. dregeanus Nees (Chaetobromus involucratus subsp.dregeanus (Nees) Verboom; Danthonia dregeana (Nees)Steud.)

South Africa. See Florae Africae Australioris IllustrationesMonographicae 1: 343-345. 1841, Synopsis PlantarumGlumacearum 1: 244. 1854 and Nordic Journal of Botany18(1): 74. 1998.

C. involucratus (Schrad.) Nees (Avena involucrata Schrad.;Danthonia involucrata (Schrad.) Schrad.; Pentamerisinvolucrata (Schrad.) Nees)

South Africa. Perennial, stoloniferous or tufted, rhizoma-tous, erect, basal leaves and sheaths hairy, basal florets withcentral awn usually not geniculate, rocky places, see Göt-tingische gelehrte Anzeigen (unter der Aufsicht der Königl.Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften) 3: 2075. 1821, Mantissa2: 383. 1824, Linnaea 7(3): 310. 1832, Florae Africae Aus-tralioris Illustrationes Monographicae 344-345. 1841[Agrostographia Capensis … denuo impressa. Halae 1853],Conspectus Florae Africae 5: 851. 1894 and Nordic Journalof Botany 18(1): 70, 72. 1998.

C. schraderi Stapf

South Africa. Perennial, erect, rooting at the lower nodes,subterranean runners, leaves with sharp points, inflores-cence paniculate, spikelets on the side branches, valuablegrazing crop, used to protect sandy soil against wind ero-sion, among shrubs, rocky areas, sandy soil, see Flora Cap-ensis 7: 538. 1899 and Bothalia 18: 119-122. 1988, Genome33: 646-658. 1990.

in South Africa: wortelgras

Chaetochloa Scribner = Setaria P. Beauv.

Greek chaite “bristle, mane, crest, foliage” and chloe, chloa“grass.”

Panicoideae, Paniceae, Setariinae, type Chaetochloa viridis(L.) Scribn., see Essai d‘une Nouvelle Agrostographie 51,178. 1812, Index Seminum [Berlin] 18. 1855, Frank LamsonScribner (1851-1938), in Bulletin, Division of Agrostology


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456 Chaetopoa C.E. Hubb.

United States Department of Agriculture 4: 38-39. 1897 andContr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22(3): 156, 158. 1920, FloraMesoamericana 6: 359-363. 1994, J.F. Veldkamp, “Miscel-laneous notes on southeast Asian Gramineae: 9. Setaria andPaspalidium.” Blumea 39: 373-384. 1994, R.D. Webster,“Nomenclatural changes in Setaria and Paspalidium(Poaceae: Paniceae).” Sida 16: 439-446. 1995, Darwiniana37(1-2): 37-151. 1999, Sida 18(4): 1037-1047. 1999, Con-tributions from the United States National Herbarium 46:569-593. 2003.

Chaetopoa C.E. Hubb. = Anthephora Schreb.

Greek chaite “bristle, mane, crest, foliage” and poa “grass,pasture grass.”

About 2 species, Tanzania. Panicoideae, Panicodae, Pan-iceae, annual, herbaceous, slender, loosely tufted, erect,geniculately-ascending, auricles absent, ligule membra-nous, leaf sheaths hairy, narrow leaf blades, plants bisexual,cylindrical spiciform inflorescence bearing deciduous clus-ters of shortly pedicelled sterile spikelets embracing 1sessile bisexual spikelet, 2 glumes subequal, bisexual spike-let lower glume suppressed or subulate, upper glume moreor less lanceolate, upper lemma acuminate awned, sterilespikelets glumes long and awnlike, palea present, 2 glabrouslodicules, 3 stamens, ovary hairy, 2 stigmas, rocky places,open habitats, see Beschreibung der Gräser 2: 105, t. 44.Leipzig 1769-1810 and Hooker‘s Icones Plantarum 37: t.3646. 1967, Kew Bulletin 32(4): 579-581. 1977, Flora ofTropical East Africa 451-898. 1982.

Species

C. pilosa W.D. Clayton

Tanzania. See Kew Bulletin 32(3): 579. 1978.

C. taylori C.E. Hubbard

Tanzania.

Chaetopogon Janchen = Chaeturus Link

From the Greek chaite “bristle, mane, crest, foliage” andpogon “a beard.”

About 1-2 species, Mediterranean. Pooideae, Poodae, Ave-neae, annual, herbaceous, auricles absent, narrow linear leafblades, ligule an unfringed membrane, plants bisexual, con-tracted inflorescence paniculate, spikelets without rachillaextension and shortly pedicellate, 2 membranous glumesunequal and longer than floret, lower glume awned, lemmarounded and acute, palea nerveless, 2 lodicules membra-nous, 3 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas, sandy places,see Flora Berolinensis Prodromus 200. 1787, Journal fürdie Botanik 1799(2): 313. 1800 and Erwin Janchen (1882-

1970), Die europäischen Gattungen der Farn-und Blüten-pflanzen … (edition 2) 33. Leipzig und Wien 1913, M.Gandoger (1850-1926), Flora cretica. Parisiis 1916, Laga-scalia 15: 119-124. 1988, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana,ser. 2 63: 153-205. 1990.

Species

C. creticus (Coustur. & Gand.) Hayek (Chaeturus creticusCoustur. & Gand.)

Creta. See Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Veget-abilis, Beihefte 30(3): 335. 1932.

C. fasciculatus Link (Hayek) (Chaeturus fasciculatus Link;Polypogon fasciculatus (Link) Pers.)

Mediterranean, Spain. See Flora Atlantica 1: 66. 1798[1800], Syn. Pl. 1: 80. 1805 and Repertorium SpecierumNovarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 30(3): 335. 1932.

Chaetostichium C.E. Hubb. = Oropetium Trin.

Greek chaite “bristle, mane, crest, foliage” and stichos“rank.”

One species, Africa. Chloridoideae, Eragrostideae, typeChaetostichium minimum (Hochst.) C.E. Hubbard, peren-nial, herbaceous, densely tufted, narrow and rigid leafblades, ligules fringed, plants bisexual, slender and recurvedinflorescence spicate, spikes usually flexuous or coiled,spikelets solitary, 1 or 2 glumes per spikelet, lower glumeobscure or absent, upper glume acuminate to awned, paleaand lodicules present, 3 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas,depressions and bushland, shallow soil, among rocks, drysandy soil, grassy plains, type Chaetostichium minimum(Hochst.) C.E. Hubb., see Fundamenta Agrostographiae 98,t. 3. 1820, Flora 38: 332. 1855 and Bulletin de la SociétéBotanique de France: Mémoires 8(d): 222. 1912, Hooker‘sIcones Plantarum 34: t. 3341. 1937, Botanische Jahrbücherfür Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie74: 14. 1947, Webbia 8: 107-108. 1951, Kew Bulletin 1957:60. 1957, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Bel-gique 38: 1285. 1968, Kew Bulletin 30: 467-470. 1975, KewBulletin 50: 601-604. 1995.

Species

C. minimum (Hochst.) C.E. Hubbard (Chaetostichiummajusculum C.E. Hubb.; Chaetostichium minimum var.macrochaetum Chiov.; Chaetostichium minimum var.microchaetum Chiov.; Lepturus minimus Hochst.; Orope-tium majusculum (C.E. Hubb.) Cufod.; Oropetium minimum(Hochst.) Pilg.)

Northeast Africa. Perennial, densely tufted, small, spikescurved.


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Chaetotropis Kunth 457

Chaetotropis Kunth = Polypogon Desf.

From the Greek chaite “bristle, crest, foliage” and tropis,tropidos “keel, the keel of a vessel.”

Pooideae, Poeae, Agrostidinae, see Flora Atlantica 1: 66-67. 1798 [1800], Révision des Graminées 1: 72. 1829 andFlora Mesoamericana 6: 241-242. 1994, Las Gramíneas deMéxico 5: 1-466. 1999, Contributions from the UnitedStates National Herbarium 48: 583-588. 2003.

Chaeturus Link = Chaetopogon Janchen, Chaeturus Host ex Saint-Lager (Lamiaceae, Labiatae), Chaeturus Rchb. (Lamiaceae), Chaiturus Willd. (Lamiaceae)

Greek chaite “bristle, crest, foliage” and oura “a tail.”

Pooideae, Poodae, Aveneae, see Flora Berolinensis Prodro-mus 200. 1787, Journal für die Botanik 1799(2): 313. 1800,Conspectus Regni Vegetabilis 116. 1828, Étude des Fleurs,éd. 8 2: 681. 1889 and Die europäischen Gattungen derFarn-und Blütenpflanzen (edition 2) 33. 1913.

Chalcoelytrum Lunell = Chrysopogon Trin.

Greek chalkeios “of copper, of bronze” and elytron “asheath, a cover.”

Panicoideae, Andropogoneae, Sorghinae, see Species Plan-tarum 2: 1045. 1753, Fundamenta Agrostographiae 187-188. 1820, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2(2): 28. 1887and American Midland Naturalist 4: 212. 1915, Aus-trobaileya 5(3): 503-533. 1999, Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 46: 159-161. 2003.

Chalynochlamys Franch. = Arundinella Raddi

Panicoideae, Arundinelleae, see Journal of Cytology andGenetics 20: 205-206. 1985, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Len-ingrad) 75: 1783-1786. 1990, Journal of Cytology andGenetics 25: 140-143. 1990, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 377-378. 1994, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81(4):768-774. 1994, J.F. Veldkamp, “Name changes in Agrostis,Arundinella, Deyeuxia, Helictotrichon, Tripogon(Gramineae).” Blumea 41: 407-411. 1996, Contributionsfrom the United States National Herbarium 46: 111-113.2003.

Chamaecalamus Meyen = Calamagrostis Adans.

Greek chamai “on the ground, low, dwarf” and kalamos “areed, cane.”

Pooideae, Poeae, Agrostidinae, see Familles des Plantes 2:31, 530. 1763, Tentamen Florae Germanicae 1: 34. 1788,Reise um die Erde 1: 456. 1834, Gramineae 24. 1841,Mémoires de l‘Académie Impériale des Sciences de SaintPétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Phy-siques et Naturelles. Seconde Partie: Sciences Naturelles6,4(3-4): 365. 1841, Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes.Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1): 156. 1843 and Con-tributions from the United States National Herbarium 48:191-227. 2003.

Chamaedactylis T.F.L. Nees = Aeluropus Trin.

Greek chamai “on the ground, low, dwarf” with daktylos“a finger.”

Chloridoideae, see Fundamenta Agrostographiae 143, t. 12.1820, Genera Plantarum Florae Germanicae iconibus etdescriptionibus illustrata … Bonnae [1833-] 1835-1860 andGrasses of Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan 379-381.1960, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 1966: 25. 1966, Fitologija39: 72-77. 1991, S. Khatoon and S.I. Ali, Chromosome Atlasof the Angiosperms of Pakistan. Karachi 1993 [Universityof Karachi, Department of Botany], Annals of the MissouriBotanical Garden 81(4): 784-791. 1994.

Chamaeraphis R. Br. = Setosa Ewart

Greek chamai “on the ground, dwarf” and rhaphis, rhaphi-dos “a needle.”

One species, Australia. Panicoideae, Panicodae, Paniceae,perennial, herbaceous, tufted, solid internodes, auriclesabsent, narrow leaf blades, ligule an unfringed membrane,plants bisexual, inflorescence densely spicate, imbricatereduced racemes in 2 opposite rows, each raceme composedof a single spikelet with pungent callus and subtended bya stout bristle, 2 glumes unequal, open sandy places, openareas, coastal grassland, type Chamaeraphis hordeacea R.Br., see Robert Brown, Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae193-194. 1810, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 5:299. 1825 and Lexicon Generum Phanerogamarum 115.1903, Alfred James Ewart (1872-1937) and Olive BlancheDavies (fl. 1917), The flora of the Northern territory 33, pl.2. Melbourne 1917, Icones Plantarum [Hooker‘s] Edn. Ser.5 2: t. 3140. 1930, The Australian Paniceae (Poaceae) 1-322 (28-29). 1987, Vascular Plant Families and Genera395. 1992.

Species

C. hordeacea R. Br. (Panicum hordeaceum (R. Br.) Raspail;Setosa erecta Ewart & Cookson)

Australia.


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458 Chamaerhaphis Sprengel

Chamaerhaphis Sprengel

Orthographic variant Chamaeraphis R. Br., see Generaplantarum 1: 76. 1830.

Chamagrostis Borkh. = Mibora Adans.

Greek chamai “dwarf” plus Agrostis.

Pooideae, Poeae, Miliinae, or Aveneae, see Familles desPlantes 2: 495. 1763, Moriz Balthasar Borkhausen (1760-1806), Tentamen dispositionis plantarum Germaniae sem-iniferarum … 43. Darmstadt 1792, August Wilhelm Eber-hard Christoph Wibel (1775-1813), Primitiae FloraeWerthemensis 126. Ienae [Jena] 1799, English Botany 16:1127. 1803, Essai d‘une Nouvelle Agrostographie 167, pl.8, f. 4. 1812, Observations sur les Plantes des Environsd‘Angers 45. 1818, Fundamenta Agrostographiae 135.1820, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles. second edition31: 17. 1824 and Boll. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1925: 151. 1925,Bulletin de la Société d‘Histoire Naturelle de l‘Afrique duNord 32: 220. 1941, Preslia 46(2): 168. 1974, Taxon 49(2):243. 2000, Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 48: 450. 2003.

Chandrasekharania V.J. Nair, V.S. Ramach. & Sreek.

One species, India. Panicoideae, Panicodae, or Arun-dinelleae, annual, ligule membranous, plants bisexual, con-tracted panicle capitate, papery spikelets, both floretsbisexual, 2 glumes unequal and shortly awned, lemmasmembranous with a short straight awn, palea wingless andbilobed, 2 lodicules fleshy and glabrous, 3 stamens, ovaryglabrous, 2 stigmas, type Chandrasekharania keralensis V.J. Nair, Ramachandran, Sreekumar, see V.J. Nair, V.S. Ram-achandran and P.V. Sreekumar, “Chandrasekharania. Anew genus of Poaceae from Kerala, India.” Proc. IndianAcad. Sci. (Plant Sci.) 91: 79-82. 1982, Uniyal, B.P. & D.C.& Pal., “Additional locality for Chandrasekharaniakeralensis.” J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 4(3): 950. 1983.

Species

C. keralensis Nair, Ramachandran & Sreekumar

Southern India. Lemma bidentate and short awned.

Chascolytrum Desv. = Briza L., Chondrachyrum Nees

From the Greek chasko “to gape” and elytron “a sheath, acover.”

About 6 species, South America. Pooideae, Poeae, Brizinae,perennial or annual, caespitose or clump forming, glabrous,

leaves nonauriculate, basal sheaths persistent, ligule hyalineand smooth, sheath loose and smooth, rough and greenleaves, cleistogamous spikelets, purplish or green compactinflorescence linear to ovate, small curled spikelets in smallairy heads on stems, glumes green or purplish, lower glumenarrowly obovate, upper glume elliptic, lemmas imbricateand mucronate or shortly awned, upper lemmas with a mid-nerve shortly aristate, palea winged with glabrous wings,ovary glabrous and without a conspicuous apical append-age, fruit ventrally compressed, type Chascolytrum sub-aristatum (Lam.) Desv., often in Briza L., see SpeciesPlantarum 1: 66-67, 70-71. 1753, Nouveau Bulletin desSciences, publié par la Société Philomatique de Paris 2:190. 1810, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 164. 1815[1816], A Natural System of Botany 449. 1836, SynopsisPlantarum Glumacearum 1: 288. 1854, Genera Plantarum3(2): 1194-1195. 1883 and Revista de la Facultad de Agro-nomia y Veterinaria 3: 120. 1920, Feddes Repertorium84(7-8): 541. 1973, O. Matthei, “Der Briza-Komplex inSüdamerika: Briza, Calotheca, Chascolytrum, Poidium(Gramineae)” Willdenowia. Beihefte 8: 1-168. 1975, Hick-enia 1: 73-78. 1977, Darwiniana 23(1): 279-309. 1981 [Losgéneros sudamericos afines a Briza L. (Gramineae).],Boletim do Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federaldo Rio Grande do Sul 41: 1-191. 1987, Flora Mesoameri-cana 6: 229. 1994, Flora Mediterranea 5: 340-345. 1995,Bothalia 27: 75-82. 1997, Cladistics 14: 287-296. 1998[N.D. Bayón, Cladistic analysis of the Briza Complex(Poaceae, Poeae)], Opera Botanica 137: 1-42. 1999,Lagascalia 21(1): 235-240. 1999, Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 48: 146-151, 233-234.2003.

Species

C. erectum (Lam.) Desv. (Briza erecta Lam.; Briza macro-stachya (J. Presl) Steud.; Briza montevidensis Trin. exSteud.; Calotheca brizoidea P. Beauv.; Calotheca brizoides(Lam.) Desv.; Calotheca dilatata Link; Calotheca macro-stachya J. Presl; Calotheca montevidensis Spreng. exSteud.; Festuca brizoides Spreng.; Festuca erecta (Lam.)Spreng. ex Kunth, nom. illeg., non Festuca erecta (Huds.)Wallr.)

South America. Perennial, good forage, see Tableau Ency-clopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1: 187. 1791, Essaid‘une Nouvelle Agrostographie 86, 155, t. 17, f. 6. 1812,Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 1: 157. 1827, Reli-quiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 268, 351. 1830, EnumeratioPlantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 1: 373. 1833,Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 225, 261. 1840,Flora Brasiliensis 2(3): 132. 1878 and Contr. U.S. Natl.Herb. 24(8): 334. 1927.

C. lamarckianum (Nees) Matthei (Briza fusca (Parodi) Par-odi; Briza lamarckiana Nees; Briza lindmanii Ekman; Brizasubaristata var. fusca Parodi)


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Chasea Nieuwl. 459

Southern America, southern Brazil to Argentina, Uruguay.Panicle spreading with long and flexuous branches, occursin sandy fields near small streams, often considered to bea synonim of Chascolytrum lamarckianum (Nees) Matthei,see Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 481.1829 and Arkiv för Botanik utgivet av K. Svenska Veten-skapsakademien 13(10): 54, t. 4, f. 2. 1913, Revista de laFacultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria 3: 127, f. 2(1). 1920,Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria 4: 93.1922, Willdenowia, Beih. 8: 74. 1975.

C. paleapiliferum (Parodi) Matthei (Briza paleapiliferaParodi)

America, Argentina. See Revista de la Facultad de Agro-nomia y Veterinaria 3: 124, f. 2(5). 1920, Willdenowia,Beih. 8: 88. 1975.

C. parodianum (Roseng., B.R. Arrill. & Izag.) Matthei(Briza parodiana Roseng., B.R. Arrill. & Izag.)

America, Uruguay. See Boletin de la Facultad de Agrono-mia de Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo 105: 26.1968, Willdenowia, Beih. 8: 68. 1975.

C. scabrum (Nees ex Steud.) Matthei (Briza scabra (Neesex Steud.) Ekman; Chondrachyrum scabrum Nees exSteud.; Panicum scabrum Trin. ex Steud.)

America. See Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1:254. 1841, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 276, 288.1854 and Arkiv för Botanik utgivet av K. Svenska Veten-skapsakademien 13(10): 53. 1913, Willdenowia, Beih. 8:77, 88. 1975.

C. subaristatum (Lam.) Desv. (Briza microstachya (J.Presl) Steud.; Briza poiformis (Spreng.) Kuntze; Briza reni-formis (J. Presl) Steud.; Briza rotundata (Kunth) Steud.;Briza stricta (Hook. & Arn.) Steud.; Briza subaristataLam.; Briza subaristata var. interrupta (Hack. ex Stuck.)Roseng. B.R. Arrill. & Izag.; Briza triloba Nees; Brizatriloba f. pumila Hack. ex Kneuck.; Briza triloba f. viola-scens Hack.; Briza triloba var. alpha Nees; Briza trilobavar. beta Nees; Briza triloba var. grandiflora Döll; Brizatriloba var. interrupta Hack.; Briza triloba var. typica Par-odi; Briza violascens Steud.; Bromus rotundatus Kunth;Calotheca microstachya J. Presl; Calotheca poiformisSpreng.; Calotheca reniformis J. Presl; Calotheca rotundata(Kunth) Roem. & Schult.; Calotheca rotundata (Kunth)Steud.; Calotheca stricta Hook. & Arn.; Calotheca triloba(Nees) Kunth; Chascolytrum rotundatum (Kunth) Kunth;Chascolytrum trilobum (Nees) Desv.; Festuca commersoniiSpreng.)

Mexico, Chile, southern Brazil to Argentina, Uruguay, Par-aguay. Perennial or annual, caespitose or clump forming,good forage, useful for erosion control, usually in moistcultivated areas, along roadsides, see Tableau Encyclo-pédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1: 187. 1791, NouveauBulletin des Sciences, publié par la Société Philomatiquede Paris 2: 190. 1810, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum

1: 152-153. 1815 [1816], Systema Vegetabilium 2: 632.1817, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 348,353. 1825, Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum2: 482. 1829, Révision des Graminées 1: 121. 1829, Reli-quiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 268. 1830, The Botany of Cap-tain Beechey‘s Voyage 50. 1832, Enumeratio PlantarumOmnium Hucusque Cognitarum 1: 374. 1833, NomenclatorBotanicus. Editio secunda 1: 225. 1840, Synopsis Plan-tarum Glumacearum 1: 283-284. 1854, Flora Chilena 6:383. 1854, Flora Brasiliensis 2(3): 134. 1878, RevisioGenerum Plantarum 3(3): 342. 1898 and Allgemeine Bot-anische Zeitschrift für Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeog-raphie 8: 97. 1902, Anales del Museo Nacional de BuenosAires 21: 146. 1911, Revista de la Facultad de Agronomiay Veterinaria 3: 127, 128, f. 2(1). 1920, Bol. Fac. Agron.Univ. Montevideo 105: 22. 1968, Willdenowia Beih. 8: 79.1975.

in Mexico: lanternita, linternita

Chasea Nieuwl. = Panicum L.

Dedicated to the American botanist Mary Agnes Chase (néeMerrill), 1869-1963, agrostologist, plant collector, traveler,among her writings are First Book of Grasses. New York1922 and “Poaceae (pars).” North Amer. Fl. 17(8): 568-579.1939, with the American botanist Albert Spear Hitchcock(né Jennings) (1865-1935) wrote Grasses of the West Indies.Washington [D.C.] 1917, Tropical North American Speciesof Panicum. Washington [D.C.] 1915 and The North Amer-ican Species of Panicum. Washington [D.C.] 1910, in 1950revised the Manual of the Grasses of the United States (byA.S. Hitchcock), with Cornelia D. Niles edited Index toGrass Species. Boston 1962. See J.H. Barnhart, Biograph-ical notes upon botanists. 1: 335. 1965; T.W. Bossert, Bio-graphical dictionary of botanists represented in the HuntInstitute portrait collection. 71. 1972; J. Ewan, editor, AShort History of Botany in the United States. New York andLondon 1969; Ida Kaplan Langman, A Selected Guide tothe Literature on the Flowering Plants of Mexico. 1964;Frans A. Stafleu and Erik A. Mennega, Taxonomic litera-ture. Suppl. IV. 57-60. 1997.

Panicoideae, Paniceae, Panicinae, see Species Plantarum 1:55, 58. 1753 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 13-15. 1910,American Midland Naturalist 2: 64. 1911, Boletim doMuseu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Série Botânica 17(2): 297-314. 2001, Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 46: 306-441. 2003.

Chasechloa A. Camus = Echinolaena Desv.

For the American botanist Mary Agnes Chase (née Merrill),1869-1963.


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460 Chasechloa A. Camus

About 3 species Madagascar. Panicoideae, Panicodae, Pan-iceae, or Panicoideae, Paniceae, Paspalinae, annual orperennial, herbaceous, auricles absent, plants bisexual,inflorescence spicate, spikelets solitary, 2 glumes subequaland winged, lower glume acute to shortly awned, lemmaskeeled, palea present, 2 lodicules glabrous and fleshy, 3stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas, savannah, often in Echi-nolaena, type Chasechloa madagascariensis (Baker) A.Camus, see Species Plantarum 1: 55. 1753, Journal deBotanique, Appliquée à l‘Agriculture, à la Pharmacie, à laMédecine et aux Arts 1: 75. 1813, Flora Brasiliensis seuEnumeratio Plantarum 2: 127. 1829 and Bulletin de laSociété Botanique de France 95: 330-331. 1949, FloraMesoamericana 6: 302. 1994, Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 46: 224-225. 2003.

Species

C. egregia (Mez) A. Camus (Echinolaena boiviniana A.Camus; Panicum egregium Mez)

Madagascar. See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56(Beibl. 125):5. 1921, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 75:912. 1928, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 95:331. 1948[1949].

C. humbertiana A. Camus

Madagascar. See Mémoires de l‘Institut Scientifique deMadagascar, Série B, Biologie Végétal 5: 203-204. 1955.

C. madagascariensis (Baker) A. Camus (Echinolaenamadagascariensis Baker)

Madagascar. See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany21: 452. 1885.

Chasmanthium Link = Gouldochloa Valdés-Reyna,Morden & S.L. Hatch

Greek chasma, chasmatos “open, any wide opening” andanthos “flower.”

About 6 species, eastern U.S., Mexico. Centothecoideae,Centotheceae, or Panicoideae, Centotheceae, perennial,erect or ascending, herbaceous, hollow, rhizomatous, leafblades linear to narrowly lanceolate, auricles absent, ligulevariable, plants bisexual, inflorescence a panicle or araceme, spikelets cuneate and pedicellate, 2- to 20-flowered,rachilla extension bearing a rudimentary floret, reduced flo-rets both above and below fertile florets, 2 glumes equal orunequal, lemmas acute and papery, palea gibbous, 2 gla-brous lodicules, stamen 1-3, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas,exposed-cleistogamous or chasmogamous, semiarid shrub-land, woodland, moist areas, traditionally referred to Uni-ola, type Chasmanthium gracile (Michaux) Link, seeSpecies Plantarum 1: 71. 1753, Hortus Regius BotanicusBerolinensis 1: 159. 1827 and Southw. Nat. 11(2): 145-189.1966, Southw. Nat. 11(4): 415-455. 1966 [Revision ofgrasses traditionally referred to Uniola, II. Chasmanthium],

Systematic Botany 11(1): 112-118, f. 1-5. 1986, Contribu-tions from the United States National Herbarium 46: 158-159. 2003.

Species

C. curvifolium (Valdés-Reyna, Morden & S.L. Hatch)Wipff & S.D. Jones (Gouldochloa curvifolia Valdés-Reyna,Morden & S.L. Hatch)

America, Mexico. See Systematic Botany 11(1): 112-118,f. 1-5. 1986, Phytologia 69(6): 469. 1990 [1991].

C. latifolium (Michx.) Yates (Uniola latifolia Michx.)

U.S. Perennial, clump forming, arching or drooping, ligulesa ciliate membrane, panicles open or contracted, spikeletsovate and laterally compressed, nodding clusters of oatlikeseed heads, subequal florets, seeds a food source for wild-life, decorative foliage, ornamental and attractive, forage,sometimes used in gardens and landscapes, once establishedtolerant of drought and salt, found in wet woods, bottom-lands, pondside, see Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 70-71.1803 and The Southwestern Naturalist 11(4): 416. 1966.

in English: Indian woodoats, broadleaf uniola, wild oats,northern sea oats, spangle grass, sea oats, river oats

in Mexico: canastilla de hoja ancha

C. laxum (L.) Yates (Chasmanthium gracile (Michx.) Link;Holcus laxus L.; Uniola gracilis Michx.; Uniola laxa (L.)Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.; Uniola sessiliflora Poir.; Uniolauniflora Benke; Uniola virgata Bartram ex Pursh)

North America, U.S. Perennial, see Species Plantarum 2:1047-1048. 1753, Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 71. 1803,Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 8: 185. 1808, FloraAmericae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 82. 1814, PreliminaryCatalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta Reported asGrowing Spontaneously within One Hundred Miles of NewYork 69. 1888 and Rhodora 31(368): 148-149. 1929, TheSouthwestern Naturalist 11(4): 433, 440, f. 6. 1966, Ann.Missouri Bot. Gard. 77: 601. 1990.

in English: slender woodoats, spike uniola, slender spikeg-rass, small river oats

C. nitidum (Baldwin) Yates (Uniola intermedia Bosc ex P.Beauv.; Uniola nitida Baldw.)

U.S. Perennial, see Essai d‘une Nouvelle Agrostographie75, 181. 1812, A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolinaand Georgia 1(2): 167. 1816 and Southw. Naturalist 11(4):448, 453-454. 1966.

in English: shiny woodoats, shiny spikegrass, spanglegrass.

C. ornithorhynchum (Steud.) Yates (Chasmanthium orni-thorhynchum Nees; Chasmanthium ornithorhynchum Neesex Steud.; Chasmanthium ornithorhynchum (Nees) H.O.Yates; Uniola ornithorhyncha (Nees) Steud.; Uniola orni-thorhyncha Steud.; Uniola ornithoryncha (Nees) Steud.)


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Chasmopodium Stapf 461

U.S. Perennial, see Annals of Natural History 1: 284. 1838,Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 280, 473. 1854 andThe Southwestern Naturalist 11(4): 443, f. 8. 1966.

in English: birdbill woodoats

C. sessiliflorum (Poir.) Yates (Chasmanthium laxum subsp.sessiliflorum (Poir.) L.G. Clark; Chasmanthium laxum var.sessiliflorum (Poir.) J. Wipff & S.D. Jones; Poa sessiliflora(Poir.) Kunth; Uniola longifolia Scribn.; Uniola sessilifloraPoir.)

U.S. Perennial, see Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique8: 185. 1808, Révision des Graminées 1: 111. 1829, Bulletinof the Torrey Botanical Club 21(5): 229-230. 1894 and TheSouthwestern Naturalist 11(4): 426, 433. 1966, Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden 77(3): 601. 1990, Phytolo-gia 77(6): 456. 1994[1995].

in English: longleaf woodoats, longleaf uniola, slenderwoodoats

Chasmopodium Stapf

From the Greek chasme “gaping, yawning” and podion “asmall foot.”

About 2 species, west tropical Africa, Zaire. Panicoideae,Andropogonodae, Andropogoneae, Rottboelliinae, peren-nial or annual, herbaceous, canelike, pithy stems, robust,coarse, branched, auricles absent, ligule a fringe of hairs,broad leaf blades, plants bisexual, inflorescence axillary,single racemes subcylindrical, spikelets paired sessile andpedicellate, lower floret male, 2 glumes more or less equal,lower glume oblong-ovate and 2-keeled, palea present, 2free and fleshy lodicules, 3 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stig-mas, good fodder, used for fencing, sometimes toxic, savan-nah, rainforest, type Chasmopodium caudatum (Hack.)Stapf, see Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 76. 1917, Flore Agros-tologique du Congo Belge 1: 66. 1929, Kew Bulletin 28(1):51. 1973, Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 48: 373-381. 1978.

Species

C. afzelii (Hack.) Stapf (the name commemorates the Swed-ish doctor and botanist Adam Afzelius, 1750-1837, botan-ical collector, pupil of Linnaeus, correspondent of Banks,Smith, and Thunberg, in 1812 professor of materia medicaat Uppsala, traveler, he lived in Sierra Leone in 1792-93and 1794-96 and collected plants there, in 1792 Agric.Adviser, Freetown, Sierra Leone Company, in 1797 medicaldegree; among other works Afzelius was the author of Gen-era plantarum Guineensium revisa et aucta. Uppsala[1804]. See J.H. Barnhart, Biographical notes upon bota-nists. 1: 18. 1965; Joseph Vallot, “Études sur la flore duSénégal.” in Bull. Soc. Bot. de France. 29: 172. Paris 1882;G. Murray, History of the collections contained in the Nat-ural History Departments of the British Museum. London

1904; Warren R. Dawson, The Banks Letters. London 1958;Jonas C. Dryander, Catalogus bibliothecae historico-natu-ralis Josephi Banks. London 1796-1800; Antoine Lasègue,Musée botanique de M. Benjamin Delessert. 1845; H.N.Clokie, Account of the Herbaria of the Department of Bot-any in the University of Oxford. 121. Oxford 1964; J. Lan-jouw and F.A. Stafleu, Index Herbariorum. Part II,Collectors A-D. Regnum Vegetabile vol. 2. 1954; E.M.Tucker, Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arboretumof Harvard University. 1917-1933; E.G. Cox, A ReferenceGuide to the Literature of Travel. Washington 1935; A.P.Kup, editor, “Adam Afzelius Sierra Leone Journal 1795-1796.” Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensae. 27. 1967; Trans-actions of the Linnean Society of London. 4: 221. 1798;F.N. Hepper and Fiona Neate, Plant Collectors in WestAfrica. 2, 10. 75. 1971; Anthonius Josephus Maria Leeu-wenberg, “Isotypes of which holotypes were destroyed inBerlin.” Webbia. 19(2): 862. 1965; R.W.J. Keay, “BotanicalCollectors in West Africa prior to 1860.” in Comptes RendusA.E.T.F.A.T. 55-68. Lisbon 1962; Sir James Edward Smith(1759-1828), Tracts Relating to Natural History. 288, t. 4,5, 6, 7. [Octavo, first edition; a collection of 12 essaysincluding “Description of a New Genus of Plants calledBoronia.” (the genus Boronia named after the Italian natu-ralist Francesco Borone, 1769-1794, plant collector, com-panion of Afzelius in Sierra Leone)] London 1798; CarlFrederik Albert Christensen, Den danske Botaniks Historiemed tilhørende Bibliografi. Copenhagen 1924-1926; PierreFatumbi Verger, Ewé: The Use of Plants in Yoruba Society.São Paulo 1995; Celia Blanco, Santeria Yoruba. Caracas1995; C. Bolt, The Anti-Slavery Movement. Oxford 1969;Johnson U.I. Asiegbu, Slavery and the Politics of Liberation1787-1861. London 1969; Reginald Coupland, The Exploi-tation of East Africa, 1856-1890: The Slave Trade and theScramble. London 1939; Robert Clarke, Sierra Leone. Lon-don 1843; Nicholas Owen, Journal of a Slave-Dealer.Edited, with an introduction by Eveline Martin. London1930)

Tropical Africa. See Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 77. 1917.

in English: cane grass, wild rice of the bush, wild rice ofthe bird

in Guinea: kali

in Nigeria: kamsuvan doki, marorehe, sansari, shinkaafardaajii, shinkaafar tsuntsuu

in Senegal: esisitè

in Sierra Leone: aboboruni, awop, bomie, ethanke, fa,famese, fanebaba, gala, gbande, kala, kale, kali, kalla, kengras, kesiowuli, ngala, ngalei, ngara, waga

in Upper Volta: ngeloori

West Africa, Sierra Leone. Annual, coarse, robust, canelike


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462 Chauvinia Steudel

C. caudatum (Hack.) Stapf (Rottboellia caudata Hack.)

Central Africa, Sudan. See Supplementum Plantarum 13,114. 1781 [1782], Monographiae Phanerogamarum 9: 298.1889 and Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 76. 1917.

in English: cane grass

in Nigeria: kamsuvan doki, marorehe, sansari

Chauvinia Steudel = Spartina Schreb.

After the French botanist François Joseph Chauvin, 1797-1859, algologist, see J.H. Barnhart, Biographical notesupon botanists. 1: 337. 1965.

Chloridoideae, Zoysieae, Sporobolinae, type Chauviniachilensis Steud., see Genera Plantarum 43. 1789, CatalectaBotanica 3: 10. 1806, Voyage Autour du Monde 2(2): 14.1829, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 362. 1854[1855] and Iowa State College Journal of Science 30(4):471-574. 1956 [Taxonomy and distribution of the genusSpartina], Flora Mesoamericana 6: 292. 1994, Memoirs ofthe New York Botanical Garden 78: 509-540. 1996, M.J.Balick, M.H. Nee & D.E. Atha, Memoirs of the New YorkBotanical Garden 85: i-ix, 1-246. 2000, Contributions fromthe United States National Herbarium 41: 195-200. 2001.

Chennapyrum Á. Löve = Aegilops L.

Presumably from the Greek chenna “a quail” and pyros“grain, wheat.”

Pooideae, Triticeae, Triticinae, see J.C. Buxbaum (1693-1730), Plantarum minus cognitarum centuriae, complect-ens plantas circa Byzantium et in Oriente observatas Cen-turia I. Petropoli 1728-1740, Species Plantarum 1: 85.1753, Species Plantarum 2: 1050-1051. 1753, Familles desPlantes 2: 36, 513. 1763, Enumeratio Methodica Plantarum371. 1763, Systema Vegetabilium 2: 769. 1817, Notes surQuelques Plantes Critiques, Rares, ou Nouvelles, … 2: 69.1849, Illustrationes Plantarum Orientalium 4: 12, 21, 23.1851, Flora Dalmatica 3: 345. 1852, Synopsis PlantarumGlumacearum 1: 354. 1854, Flore de France 3: 601. 1856,Plantae Europeae 1: 128. 1890 and Repertorium SpecierumNovarum Regni Vegetabilis Beih. 55: 84, 90, 117. 1929,Blumea, Supplement 3: 15, 17. 1946, Grasses of Burma,Ceylon, India and Pakistan (excluding Bambuseae) 653-655. 1960, Feddes Repert. 91: 225-228, 233-234, 236. 1980,Biologisches Zentralblatt 101(2): 206-208. 1982, FeddesRepert. 95: 493, 495. 1984, Taxon 41: 552-583. 1992, Agric.Univ. Wageningen Pap. 94-7: 1-512. 1994, Taxon 44: 611-612. 1995, Flora de Veracruz 114: 1-16. 2000, Contribu-tions from the United States National Herbarium 48: 20-23. 2003.

Chevalierella A. Camus Dedicated to the Frenchbotanist Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier, 1873-1956 (b.Orne, d. Paris), explorer, plant collector (in French WestAfrica, Belgian. Congo, Cape Verde Islands., Dahomey,French Guinea, Ivory Coast), father of applied tropical bot-any, 1905 established Botanical Garden at Dalaba (Guinea),traveler, president of Acad. Science of France, his worksinclude Michel Adanson, voyageur, naturaliste et philos-ophe. Paris 1934, Travaux bryologiques dédiés à la mémoirede Pierre-Tranquille Husnot. Paris 1942, Nos connais-sances actuelles sur la géographie botanique et la floreéconomique du Sénégal et du Soudan. [Exposition Uni-verselle Internationale de 1900. Colonies françaises.] Paris1900, Flore vivante de l’Afrique Occidentale Française …Paris 1938, L‘Afrique Centrale Française. Mission Chari-Lac Tchad, 1902-1904. Paris 1907 and Monographie desMyricacées. Cherbourg 1901, with François (or Francis)Fleury (1882-1919) in Indochina; see J.H. Barnhart, Bio-graphical notes upon botanists. 1: 340. Boston 1965; R.Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Hand-wörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. Stuttgart 1993;François Gagnepain (1866-1952), in Paul Henri Lecomte‘sFlore générale de l‘Indo-Chine. Paris 1944; Henri Jacques-Félix, in Taxon 5(6): 120-125. 1956; Clyde F. Reed, Bibli-ography to Floras of Southeast Asia. Baltimore, Maryland1969; F.N. Hepper and Fiona Neate, Plant Collectors inWest Africa. 18. Utrecht 1971; J. Lanjouw and F.A. Stafleu,Index Herbariorum. Part II, Collectors A-D. Regnum Veg-etabile vol. 2. 1954; Frans A. Stafleu and Erik A. Mennega,Taxonomic literature. Supplement IV. 89-97. 1997; E.M.Tucker, Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arboretumof Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass. 1917-1933; AlainCampbell White and Boyd Lincoln Sloane, The Stapelieae.Pasadena 1937.

About 1-2 species, Zaire. Centothecoideae, Centotheceae,perennial, small herbaceous habit, unarmed, leaf bladeselliptic and pseudopetiolate, tufted, leafy, plants bisexual,inflorescence spiciform of numerous loose racemes, 1-flow-ered, spikelets solitary and pedicellate, rachilla extensionbearing a small sterile floret, 2 glumes unequal, lemmasawned, palea present, 2 glabrous lodicules, 2 stamens, ovaryglabrous, 2 stigmas, forest, shady places, type Chevalierellacongoensis A. Camus, see Revue internationale de bota-nique appliquée et d‘agriculture tropicale 13: 421-422.1933, Bull. Jard. Bot. Bruxelles 29: 400. 1954, Bull. Sci.Inst. des Recherches Agronomiques tropicales 8. 1962.

Species

C. congoensis A. Camus

Zaire.

C. dewildemanii (Vand.) Van der Veken ex Compère (Ich-nanthus dewildemanii Vanderyst) (for the Belgian botanistÉmile Auguste Joseph De Wildeman, 1866-1947, a specialist


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Chikusichloa Koidzumi 463

of the Congolese flora; see J.H. Barnhart, Biographicalnotes upon botanists. 1: 450. 1965; Ida Kaplan Langman,A Selected Guide to the Literature on the Flowering Plantsof Mexico. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia1964; Frans A. Stafleu and Richard S. Cowan, Taxonomicliterature. 1: 639-643. Utrecht 1976; É.A.J. De Wildeman,“Études de systématique et de géographie botaniques sur laflore du Bas- et du Moyen-Congo.” in Annales du Muséedu Congo (Belge). Botanique. Sér. 5 Congo-Kasai. 152, t.40 (1). 1910; É.A.J. De Wildeman, Reliquiae Dewevreanaeou Énumération des Plantes récoltées par Alfr. Dewèvre en1895-96 dans l’État Indépendant du Congo. Fasc. 1-2.Bruxelles 1901)

Zaire. See Essai d‘une Nouvelle Agrostographie 56. 1812and Bulletin agricole du Congo Belge 10: 249. 1919, Bul-letin du Jardin Botanique de l‘État 33: 393. 1963.

Chikusichloa Koidzumi

From Japanese chiku “bamboo” and Greek chloe, chloa“grass, young grass.”

Three species, Japan, Sumatra, China. Bambusoideae,Oryzodae, Oryzeae, perennial, aquatic or terrestrial, tufted,erect, herbaceous, ligule membranous, leaf blades linear,plants bisexual, open inflorescence paniculate, panicles ter-minal and lax, spikelets 1-flowered, long slender stipederived from floret callus, glumes usually absent or vesti-gial, lemma membranous strongly 5- to 7-veined, awned orawnless, palea present, 2 lodicules, 1 stamen, ovary gla-brous, 2 stigmas, shade species, found in moist places inforest, resembles Leersia Sw., type Chikusichloa aquaticaKoidz., see Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 39: 23-24. 1925,J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 3: 303. 1930, Yi-Li Keng (1897-1975), “The genus Chikusichloa of Yapan and China.” J.Wash. Acad. Sci. 21: 526-530. 1931.

SpeciesC. aquatica Koidz.

China, Japan. Type species, leaf sheaths smooth and keeled,panicle lax and purplish, spikelets awned, glumes absent,lemma lanceolate to narrowly ovate, awn scabrous, grainsyellowish brown, growing in wet valleys, along streamsides,see Botanical Magazine 39: 23. 1925.

C. brachyathera Ohwi

Japan, Ryûkyû Islands. Awned, see Acta Phytotaxonomicaet Geobotanica 11: 255. 1942.

in English: Iriomote grass

in Japan: Iriomote-gaya

C. mutica Keng

China. Leaf sheaths smooth, panicle lax, spikelets awnless,callus stipe slightly curved, glumes vestigial, lemma lan-ceolate, stipe with 2 tiny lemma vestiges, grains dark brown,

found in damp streamsides in forest, see Journal of theWashington Academy of Sciences 21(21): 527-530, f. 2.1931.

Chilochloa P. Beauv. = Phleum L.

From the Greek cheilos “a lip” and chloe, chloa “grass.”

Pooideae, Poeae, Alopecurinae, type Chilochloa boehmeri(Wibel) P. Beauv., see Species Plantarum 1: 59-60. 1753,Primitiae Florae Werthemensis 125. 1799, Essai d‘uneNouvelle Agrostographie 37, 158. 1812, Observations surles Graminées de la Flore Belgique 131. 1823 [1824], Wil-helm Ludwig Petermann (1806-1855), Deutschlands flora619. Leipzig 1849 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24: 167.1925, Contributions from the United States National Her-barium 48: 234, 491-494. 2003.

Chimonobambusa Makino = Oreocalamus Keng, Qiongzhuea (T.H. Wen & D. Ohrnberger) J.R. Xue [Pinyin spelling Hsueh] & T.P. Yi, Qiongzhuea J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi, Qiongzhuea Hsueh & Yi, Quiongzhuea Hsueh & Yi

Winter bamboo, bamboo shooting out in cold winter, fromthe Greek cheimon “winter” plus Bambusa.

About (2-6-)10/20-38 species, south and eastern Asia,Indochina, India, southwest China, Japan. Bambusoideae,Bambusodae, Bambuseae, Arundinariinae or Shibataeinae,monopodial or amphipodial, perennial, woody, tall orshrub-like, sometimes arborescent, erect, diffuse habit, sin-gle-stemmed or clump forming, conspicuously thorny,branched above, 3 or more branches at each node, rhizoma-tous or stoloniferous, rhizomes leptomorph, running rhi-zomes, flowering culms leafy, multiple twigs, culm sheathssomewhat leathery or chartaceous and deciduous or persis-tent, sheath blades very small, no sheath auricles, leavesglabrous, culm internodes hollow, internodes smooth orscabrous, the 2-ridged culm nodes usually thorny and veryswollen, lower nodes often with rootlets thorns, tubercularaerial roots present, plants bisexual, inflorescence diffuseand compound, a terminal or axillary racemose leafy pan-icle, racemes fascicled, spikelets terminal on the branchletsand many-flowered, usually 2 glumes frequently 1 or none,lemmas membranous, palea present, 3 stamens, ovary gla-brous without the apical appendage, short style, 2 plumosestigmas, forest, type Chimonobambusa marmorea (Mitford)Makino, see Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta.7: 130, t. 119. 1896 and Botanical Magazine (Tokyo)28(329): 153-154. 1914, Plantae Wilsonianae 2(1): 64.1914, Journal of Japanese Botany 11(1): 1. 1935, Sunyat-senia 4(3-4): 146-151, t. 37. Canton 1940, Technical


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Bulletin of the National Forestry Research Bureau 8: 15.1948, Taxon 6(7): 201-202. 1957, Acta Botanica Yunnanica1(2): 75-76. 1979, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 2(1): 91-92,96-99, pl. 3, 4. 1980, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 21(1):96-99, pl. 2. 1983, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 5(1): 42-44,45-46, pl. 3, 4. 1983, Kew Bulletin, Additional Series 13:48. 1986 [Genera Graminum], Journal of Bamboo Research5(2): 22. 1986, Journal Nanjing University. Natural Sci-ences Edition 22(3): 416. 1986, Bamboo Res. 1988(3): 8.1988, Kew Bulletin 44(2): 349-367. 1989 [A revision of thespecies described under Arundinaria (Gramineae) in south-east Asia and Africa.], D. Ohrnberger, Genus Chimonobam-busa. Augsberg 1990, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 29(5):452-455. 1991, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 39: 36. 2000, Anwaruddin Choudhury,“An overview of the status and conservation of the redpanda Ailurus fulgens in India, with reference to its globalstatus.” Oryx 35(3): 250-259. July 2001, Johan Gielis, “Ageneric geometric transformation that unifies a wide rangeof natural and abstract shapes.” Am. J. Bot. 90: 333-338.2003, Taxon 53(2): 527. 2004.

Species

C. angustifolia C.D. Chu & C.S. Chao (Chimonobambusalinearifolia W.D. Li & Q.X. Wu)

China, Guangxi, Sichuan. Glabrous, culm and branch frag-ile, culm sheath papyraceous shorter than internode, tinytubercles caducous, shoots bitter, found near ditches, wetspots, hills, in hardwood forests, see Journal of NanjingAgricultural College 1981(3): 36, t. 5. 1981, Journal ofBamboo Research 4(1): 47-48, f. 3. 1985.

C. armata (Gamble) Hsueh & Yi (Arundinaria armataGamble; Chimonobambusa metuoensis Hsueh & Yi; Chi-monocalamus armatus (Gamble) R.B. Majumdar; Oreoca-lamus armatus (Gamble) T.H. Wen)

China. Culm cylindrical, internodes of branches ridged andgrooved, nodes thorny, sheath annulus convex, sheathshorter than internode and shedding late, sheath blade tinyand erect, no sheath auricles, sheath ligule truncate, leaveslanceolate, edible shoots, see Annals of the Royal BotanicGarden. Calcutta. 7: 130, t. 119. 1896 and Journal of Bam-boo Research 2(1): 38. 1983, Journal of Bamboo Research5(2): 22. 1986, Journal of Bamboo Research 6(2): 11-13,f. 2. 1987, Fl. Ind. Enumerat.-Monocot. 275. 1989.

in Thailand: tut

C. brevinoda Hsueh & W.P. Zhang

China, southeast Yunnan. Internodes cylindrical or square,leaves 3-5 per twig, culm annulus convex, lower nodes oftenwith rootlets thorns, culm sheath persistent and longer thaninternode, sheath auricles absent, sheath ligule indistinct,leaf blades lanceolate, braod-leaved forest, see Journal ofBamboo Research 7(1): 14-16, f. 1. 1988.

C. callosa (Munro) Nakai (Arundinaria callosa Munro;Chimonobambusa callosa (Munro) Makino; Chimonocala-mus callosus (Munro) Hsueh & Yi; Sinobambusa callosa(Munro) T.H. Wen)

Asia, Bhutan, India. Shrubby, erect, single, smooth, striatewhen young, nodes pubescent and thorny, internodessmooth, nodes swollen subtended by a ring, culm sheathspubescent, leaf sheaths glabrous, auricles small, leavesoblong-lanceolate, branched panicle, nodes of the paniclesubtended by sheathing bracts, 2 glumes nerved, lemmasmucronate and ciliate, paleas acute, 3 lodicules fimbriate,ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas shortly plumose, culms used forthatching and tying, young shoots edible, growing in openclumps, in forests, deep shade, see Transactions of the Lin-nean Society of London 26(1): 30. 1868 and Journal of theArnold Arboretum 6(3): 151. 1925, Acta Botanica Yunnan-ica 1(2): 84. 1979, Journal of Bamboo Research 1(1): 35.1982, Kew Bulletin 44: 366. 1989, Edinb. J. Bot. 51: 327.1994.

in India: kaure maling, khare bans, spar, sypar, u-spar,uskong, uspar

Vernacular names: khare bans, rawa, u

C. communis (Keng f.) Wen & Ohrnb. (Chimonobambusacommunis (J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi) K.M. Lan; Chimonobam-busa communis (J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi) Wen & D. Ohrnberger;Oreocalamus communis (J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi) Keng f.;Qiongzhuea communis J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi)

China. See Acta Botanica Yunnanica 2(1): 96-98, pl. 3.1980, Journal Nanjing University. Natural Sciences Edition22(3): 416. 1986, Flora Guizhouensis 5: 308. 1988.

C. convoluta Q.H. Dai & X.L. Tao

China, Guangxi. Internodes with yellowish brown longitu-dinal tomentum, sheath shorter than internode and decidu-ous, see Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 20(2): 212-213, pl.2. 1982.

C. damingshanensis Hsueh & W.P. Zhang

China, Guangxi, Nanning. Sheath densely tomentose, a ringof dark brown tomentose below nodes, basal nodes withroot-thorns, inflorescence paniculate or racemose, lemmaspapery awned, slopes, see Bamboo Res. 7(3): 5, t. 1. 1988.

C. densifolia (Munro) Nakai (Arundinaria densifoliaMunro; Sinarundinaria densifolia (Munro) C.S. Chao &Renvoize; Yushania densifolia (Munro) R.B. Majumdar)

Sri Lanka; Kerala, India. Rare, small, shrubby, gregarious,thick or thin walls, nodes prominent with 2 or 3 branches,culm sheath hirsute, leaves subsessile and rounded at thebase, scaly thick rhizome, inflorescence on leafy branches,2 glumes attenuate, lemmas and glumes with an awned tip,paleas 2-keeled, 3 lodicules, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas plu-mose, leaves used as a fodder for cattle, see Transactionsof the Linnean Society of London 26(1): 32. 1868 and


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Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 6: 151. 1925, Kew Bulletin44(2): 354. 1989.

C. fansipanensis Nguyen & Vucan

Vietnam. See Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 76(7):994. 1991

C. grandifolia Hsueh & W.P. Zhang

China. Culm wall thick, 3 branches at each node, internodecylindrical, sheath papyraceous and shedding late, sheathblade triangular, sheath annulus with a ring of dense brownhair, lower internodes often with rootlets thorns or spiny airroots, leaves oblong-lanceolate, edible shoots, ornamental,see Journal of Bamboo Research 7(1): 17-19, f. 2. 1988.

C. hejiangensis C.D. Chu & C.S. Chao

China, Hejiang, Sichuan. Sheath deciduous, internodetubercular, see Journal of Nanjing Agricultural College1981(3): 36, t. 6. 1981.

C. hirtinoda C.S. Chao & K.M. Lan

China. Culm square, young culm densely hairy, sheathblade tiny, 3 branches at each node, nodes with tubercles,spiny aerial roots, sheath papyraceous longer than inter-node, leaves membranous oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate,see Bamboo Research in Asia 1982(1): 2, f. 2. 1982.

C. lactistriata W.D. Li & Q.X. Wu

China. Short and sparse tubercular setae, 3 branches at eachnode, sheath papyraceous usually longer than internode,sheath blade narrow triangular or absent, sheath auriclesundeveloped, sheath ligule tiny or absent, leaves lanceolatefinely pubescent beneath, see Journal of Bamboo Research4(1): 46-47, f. 2. 1985.

C. leishanensis Yi

China. See Acta Botanica Yunnanica 13(2): 144-145, pl. 1.1991.

C. linearifolia W.D. Li & Q.X. Wu

China. See Journal of Bamboo Research 4(1): 47-48, f. 3.1985.

C. luzhiensis (Keng f.) Wen & Ohrnb. (Chimonobambusaluzhiensis (J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi) T. H. Wen & D. Ohrnberger;Chimonobambusa luzhiensis (J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi) K.M. Lan;Oreocalamus luzhiensis (J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi) Keng f.;Qiongzhuea luzhiensis J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi)

China. See Acta Botanica Yunnanica 5(1): 45-46, pl. 4.1983, Journal Nanjing University. Natural Sciences Edition22(3): 416. 1986, Flora Guizhouensis 5: 309. 1988.

C. macrophylla Wen & Ohrnb. (Chimonobambusa macro-phylla (J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi) T. H. Wen & D. Ohrnberger;Qiongzhuea macrophylla J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi; Qiongzhueamacrophylla f. macrophylla)

China. See Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 23(5): 398-399,pl. 1. 1985, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 10(1): 51, 53, f. 1, 2.1988.

C. macrophylla Wen & Ohrnb. f. intermedia Wen & Ohrnb.(Chimonobambusa macrophylla f. intermedia (J.R. Xue &D.Z. Li) T. H. Wen & D. Ohrnberger; Qiongzhuea interme-dia J.R. Xue & D.Z. Li)

China.

C. macrophylla Wen & Ohrnb. f. leiboensis Wen & Ohrnb.(Chimonobambusa macrophylla f. leiboensis (J.R. Xue &T.P. Yi) T. H. Wen & D. Ohrnberger; Qiongzhuea macro-phylla f. leiboensis J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi)

China.

C. maculata Wen (Chimonobambusa maculata (T.H. Wen)Wen; Qiongzhuea maculata T.H. Wen)

China. See Journal of Bamboo Research 5(2): 22, f. 5. 1986,Journal of Bamboo Research 7(1): 31. 1988.

C. marmorea (Mitford) Makino (Arundinaria marmorea(Mitford) Makino; Arundinaria matsumurae Hack., alsospelled matsumarae; Arundinaria nana Makino; Bambusamarmorea Mitf.; Chimonobambusa marmorea Makino;Chimonobambusa marmorea (Mitford) Nakai; Chi-monobambusa purpurea J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi; Phyllostachysmarmorea (Mitford) Asch. & Graebn.)

Asia temperate, Japan. Origin unknown. Small, slender,round culm, smooth, purple-lined, 3 branches at each node,nodes prominent, internodes glabrous, nodes of lower partwith spiny air roots, sheath persistent or shedding late, culmsheaths softly membranous and marbled brown and white,running rhizomes, leaf blades narrowly lanceolate or band-like lanceolate, leaves glabrous, spikelets linear with 4-7florets, terminal floret usually male, 0-3 glumes frequently1 or none, lemmas ovate-lanceolate, palea 2-mucronate atthe tip, 3 ovate lodicules, 3 stamens exserted, ovary nar-rowly ovoid, 2 feathery stigmas, may be invasive, edibleshoots tasty, ornamental, cultivated, used for furniture, han-dles, see The Bamboo Garden 46: 547. 1894, BotanicalMagazine (Tokyo) 11: 160. 1897 and Synopsis der mitteleu-ropäischen Flora 2(1): 778. 1902, Botanical Magazine(Tokyo) 28(329): 154. 1914, Bulletin de l‘Herbier Boissier7(9): 716. 1929, Report Fuji Bamboo Garden 17: 8. 1972,Journ. Yunnan For. Coll. 1982(1): 36, f. 2. 1982.

in English: winter bamboo, marble bamboo

in Japan: kan-chiku

C. marmorea (Mitford) Makino var. marmorea (Arundi-naria marmorea (Mitford) Makino; Bambusa marmoreaMitford; Chimonobambusa setiformis T.H. Wen; Phyllo-stachys marmorea (Mitford) Ascherson & Graebner)

Asia temperate. A ring of root-thorns on basal nodes, seeThe Bamboo Garden 46: 547. 1894 and J. Bamboo Res.3(2): 29. 1984.

C. marmorea (Mitford) Makino var. purpurea (Hsueh &T.P. Yi) D.Z. Li (Chimonobambusa neopurpurea T.P. Yi;Chimonobambusa purpurea Hsueh & T.P. Yi)


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Asia temperate. Robust, a ring of root-thorns on nonbranch-ing nodes, see J. Yunnan Forest. Coll. 1982 (1): 36. 1982,J. Bamboo Res. 8(3): 23. 1989.

C. metuoensis Hsueh & Yi

China, Tibet. See Journal of Bamboo Research 2(1): 34, t.4. 1983.

C. microfloscula McClure

China, Yunnan. Internode cylindrical, 3 branches at eachnode, some basal nodes with spiny aerial roots, sheath cadu-cous and shorter than internode, sheath ligule with a ciliatetip, leaves oblong-lanceolate, edible shoots, cultivated,planted as hedge and fence, growing in hardwood forests,see Lingnan University Science Bulletin 9: 17. 1940.

C. montigena Ohrnb. (Chimonobambusa montigena (Yi)Ohrnberger; Qiongzhuea montigena Yi)

China, Yunnan. See Journal of Bamboo Research 9(3): 28-30, f. 2. 1990.

C. neopurpurea Yi (Chimonobambusa purpurea Hsueh &Yi)

China, Sichuan. Aerial roots under branch, sheath thinlypapyraceous and longer than internode, edible shoots, culmused for papermaking, shelter, fence, screen, see J. BambooRes. 8(3): 22, pl. 2. 1989, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 14(2):137-138. 1992.

C. ningnanica Hsueh & L.Z. Gao (Chimonobambusatuberculata J.R. Xue & L.Z. Gao)

China, Tibet. See Journal of Bamboo Research 2(1): 38.1983, Journal of Bamboo Research 6(2): 11-15, f. 2, 3.1987.

C. opienensis (Keng f.) Wen & Ohrnb. (Chimonobambusaopienensis (J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi) T.H. Wenb & D. Ohrn-berger; Oreocalamus opienensis (J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi) Kengf.)

China. See Acta Botanica Yunnanica 2(1): 98-99, pl. 4.1980, Journal Nanjing University. Natural Sciences Edition22(3): 416. 1986.

C. pachystachys Hsueh & Yi

China, Yunnan. Square or cylindrical internodes, yellowishbrown, tubercular air roots, sheath deciduous or persistent,sheath auricles absent, sheath ligule truncate, bamboo forgiant panda, see Journ. Yunnan. For. Coll. 1982(1): 33, f.1. 1982.

C. paucispinosa Yi

China, Yunnan. See Journal of Bamboo Research 9(3): 24-26, f. 1. 1990.

C. puberula (Keng f.) Wen & Ohrnb. (Chimonobambusapuberula (J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi) T. H. Wen & D. Ohrnberger;Chimonobambusa puberula (J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi) K.M. Lan;Oreocalamus puberulus (J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi) Keng f.;Qiongzhuea puberula J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi)

China. See Acta Botanica Yunnanica 5(1): 42-44, f. 3. 1983,Journal Nanjing University. Natural Sciences Edition22(3): 416. 1986, Flora Guizhouensis 5: 308. 1988.

C. pubescens Wen

China. See Journal of Bamboo Research 5(2): 20. 1986.

C. quadrangularis (Franceschi) Makino (Arundinariaangulata (Munro) Porterf.; Arundinaria quadrangularis(Franceschi) Makino; Bambusa quadrangularis Franceschi;Chimonobambusa angulata K.M. Nakai; Chimonobambusaquadrangularis (Fenzi) Makino; Phyllostachys quadrangu-laris (Franceschi) Rendle; Tetragonocalamus angulatus(Munro) Nakai; Tetragonocalamus quadrangularis(Franceschi) Nakai)

Asia temperate, China, Sichuan, Guangxi, Taiwan. Diffusebamboo, solitary culms, well-spaced, dark green, thick-walled but fragil, internodes quadrangular, extensively run-ning rhizomes, branch nodes swollen, lowest nodes withspiny rootlets, culm sheath triangular, leaf sheath bristly atthe apex, leaves lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, branchesspreading and drooping, culm surface rough, shoot deli-cious, cultivated, naturalized, ornamental, used as walkingstick, see Arboretum Amazonicum 5: 401. 1880, BotanicalMagazine (Tokyo) 9: 71. 1895 and Journal of the LinneanSociety, Botany 36(254): 443. 1904, Botanical Magazine(Tokyo) 28(329): 153-154. 1914, Science Education [RikaKyô-iku] 15(16): 67. Tokyo 1932, Journal of Japanese Bot-any 9(2): 86, 88-90. 1933, Report Fuji Bamboo Garden 17:10. 1972, Cuscatlania 1(6): 1-29. 1991, Journal of BambooResearch 10(1): 17-18. 1991.

in English: square bamboo, square-stem bamboo, square-stemmed bamboo

in Japan: shiho-chiku, shi-hou-chiku, shihou-chiku zoku,shikaku-dake, kimmei-hou-chiku (with green oblong stripeson the bud canal), tatejima-hou-chiku, suow-shikaku dake

C. quadrangularis (Franceschi) Makino f. purpureiculmaWen

China. See Journal of Bamboo Research 8(1): 24. 1989.

C. rigidula (Keng f.) Wen & Ohrnb. (Chimonobambusarigidula (J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi) T. H. Wen & D. Ohrnberger;Oreocalamus rigidulus (J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi) Keng f.;Qiongzhuea rigidula J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi)

China. See Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 21(1): 96-99, pl.2. 1983, Journal Nanjing University. Natural Sciences Edi-tion 22(3): 416. 1986.

C. rivularis Yi


C. setiformis Wen

China. Greenish purplish, sheath persistent and papyra-ceous, no sheath auricles and cilia, sheath ligule arcuate,


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Chimonocalamus Hsueh & Yi 467

leaves narrowly lanceolate glabrous, see Journal of BambooResearch 3(2): 29, t. 5. 1984.

C. szechuanensis (Rendle) Keng f. (Arundinaria szechua-nensis Rendle; Oreocalamus szechuanensis (Rendle) Kengf.)

China, Sichuan. Glabrous, middle and lower portion ofculm square, several nodes with spiny aerial roots, culmsheath caducous and shorter than internode, forming thick-ets, shoot edible, culm used for papermaking, a plant forgiant panda, see Plantae Wilsonianae 2(1): 64. 1914, Sun-yatsenia 4(3-4): 147-148. 1940, Technical Bulletin of theNational Forestry Research Bureau 8: 15. 1948.

C. szechuanensis (Rendle) Keng f. var. flexuosa Hsueh &C. Li (Chimonobambusa szechuanensis f. flexuosa (J. R.Xue & C. Li) T.H. Wen & D. Ohrnberger)

China, Sichuan. Culm zigzag and abnormally swollen, usedfor making smoking pipes, see Journ. Yunn. For. Coll.1982(1): 40, f. 3. 1982.

C. tuberculata Hsueh & L.Z. Gao (Chimonobambusaarmata f. tuberculata (J.R. Xue & L.Z. Gao) T.H. Wen;Chimonobambusa ningnanica J.R. Xue & L.Z. Gao)

China, Yunnan. Culm cylindrical, young culm denselypubescent, 3 or more branches at each node, at nodes 4-12spiny tubercular aerial roots, caducous sheath long triangu-lar and longer than internode, leaves lanceolate, see Journalof Bamboo Research 2(1): 38. 1983, Journal of BambooResearch 6(2): 11-15, f. 2, 3. 1987.

C. tumidissinoda Hsueh & Yi ex Ohrnb. (Chimonobambusatumidinoda (J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi) T.H. Wen; Qiongzhueatumidinoda Hsueh & Yi)

China. See Acta Botanica Yunnanica 2(1): 93, pl. 1-2. 1980,Journal of Bamboo Research 10(1): 17. 1991, Taxon 53(2):527. 2004.

C. unifolia Wen (Chimonobambusa unifolia (Yi) T.H. Wen;Qiongzhuea unifolia Yi)


C. utilis (Keng) Keng f. (Oreocalamus utilis Keng)

China, Sichuan, Guizhou. Internode cylindrical or square,culm smooth and glabrous, sheath papery, sheath ligulegreen, 3 branches on each nodes, edible shoot, timber bam-boo, see Sunyatsenia 4(3-4): 148-151, t. 37. 1940, TechnicalBulletin of the National Forestry Research Bureau 8: 15.1948.

C. verruculosa Wen & Ohrnb. (Chimonobambusa verrucu-losa (T.P. Yi) T. H. Wen & D. Ohrnberger; Qiongzhueaverruculosa T.P. Yi)

China. See Bulletin of Botanical Research (Harbin) 8(4):65-67, pl. 2. 1988.

C. yunnanensis Hsueh & W.P. Zhang

China, Yunnan. Internode square, sometimes cylindrical,culm annulus flat, sheath blade triangular, nodes belowmiddle culm with spiny aerial roots, no sheath auricles, inevergreen hardwood forests, see Journal of BambooResearch 7(1): 19-21, f. 3. 1988.

Chimonocalamus Hsueh & Yi = Chimonocalamus J.R. Xue & T.P. Yi, Sinarundinaria Nakai

From the Greek cheimon, cheimonos “winter” and kalamos“a reed, cane.”

About 16 species, China, India, Bhutan, Myanmar. Bambu-seae, Thamnocalaminae, erect, shrubby or arborescent,sympodial, rhizomes short-necked, thorny, clump-forming,3 or more branches, joint of branches swollen, culm sheathscaducous longer than internodes, sheath ligule developed,inflorescence semelauctant shortly paniculate on leafy flow-ering branches, 2 glumes, lemmas slightly awned, paleas2-keeled, 3 lodicules, 3 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmasplumose, mountains, subtropical regions, used for houseconstruction and weaving, edible shoots, cavity of culmsoften containing a fragrant oil, see Journal of JapaneseBotany 11(1): 1. 1935, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 1(2): 74-92. 1979, Kew Bulletin 44(2): 349-367. 1989, Journal ofSouth China Agricultural University 10(2): 45. 1989, Edin-burgh Journal of Botany 51(2): 284, 290. 1994, Journal ofBamboo Research 13(4): 1-3, f. 1. 1994, Contributions fromthe United States National Herbarium 39: 112-113. 2000.

SpeciesC. bicorniculatus S.F. Li & Z.P. Wang (Semiarundinariabicorniculata (S.F. Li & Z.P. Wang) Govaerts)

China. See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33(6): 614-615, f. 1. 1995,World Checklist of Seed Plants 3(1): 21. 1999.

C. burmaensis (C.S. Chao & Renvoize) D.Z. Li (Chimono-calamus burmaensis (C.S. Chao & Renvoize) Ohrnb.; Sina-rundinaria burmaensis C.S. Chao; Sinarundinariaburmaensis C.S. Chao & Renvoize)

Burma. See Kew Bulletin 43(3): 409, f. 1. 1988, Acta Botan-ica Yunnanica 16(1): 40. 1994.

C. callosus (Munro) Hsueh & Yi (Arundinaria callosaMunro; Arundinaria far Brandis ex Camus; Chimonobam-busa callosa (Munro) Nakai; Sinobambusa callosa (Munro)Wen)

Bhutan, India. See Transactions of the Linnean Society ofLondon 26(1): 30. 1868 and Indian Trees 721. 1906, J.Arnold Arboretum 6: 151. 1925, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 1(2): 84.1979, J. Bamb. Res. 1(1): 35. 1982, Edinb. J. Bot. 51(3):327. 1994.

Local names: khare bans, khare maling, u, rawa

C. delicatus Hsueh & Yi


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468 Chionachne R. Br.

China. Sheath coriaceous but fragile and easy to break, culmannulus convex, sheath blade lanceolate or linear-lan-ceolate, no sheath auricles, sheath ligule denticulate, edibleshoots, see Acta Bot. Yunnan. 1(2): 77-78, f. 1. 1979.

in China: xiangzhu

C. dumosus Hsueh & Yi

China, Yunnan. Young culm gray pruinose, sheath annulussmooth, culm auricles convex, manifold branching, sheathpapery, sheath blade erect, sheath auricles absent, sheathligule rusty hairy, 3-7 leaves on each twig, edible shoots,bushy, see Acta Bot. Yunnan. 1(2): 81-82, f. 7. 1979.

in China: xiao xiangzhu

C. dumosus Hsueh & Yi var. pygmaeus Hsueh & Yi

China. Aerial roots densely clustered, sheath blades cadu-cous, green branches, see Acta Bot. Yunnan. 1(2): 82. 1979.

C. fimbriatus Hsueh & Yi

China, Yunnan, Kengma. Young culm sparsely tomentose,aerial spiny roots densely clustered, sheath coriaceous, culmsheath ligule fimbriate, edible shoot, see Acta Bot. Yunnan.1(2): 78-79, f. 3. 1979.

in China: liusu xiangzhu

C. gallatlyi (Gamble) Hsueh & Yi (Arundinaria gallatlyiGamble; Chimonobambusa gallatlyi (Gamble) Rhind; Sina-rundinaria gallatlyi (Gamble) C.S. Chao & Renvoize)

Burma. See Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 7: 23, pl. 21.1896 and Bull. Misc. Inf., Kew 47. 1928, The Grasses ofBurma 2: 10. Calcutta 1945, J. Bamb. Res. 2(1): 38. 1983,Kew Bulletin 44(2): 354. 1989.

C. griffithianus (Munro) Hsueh & Yi (Arundinaria grif-fithiana Munro; Chimonobambusa griffithiana (Munro)Nakai; Sinarundinaria griffithiana (Munro) C.S. Chao &Renvoize)

Burma, India, China. See Trans. Linn. Soc. 26(1): 20. 1868and J. Arnold Arboretum 6: 151. 1925, Acta Botanica Yun-nanica 1(2): 83-84. 1979, Kew Bulletin 44(2): 353. 1989.

in China: geshi xiangzhu

C. longiligulatus Hsueh & Yi

China, Yunnan, Luchun. Culm annulus and sheath annulusconvex, aerial spiny roots closely arranged, sheath coria-ceous and caducous, sheath blade erect, 2-6 leaves on eachtwig, edible shoots, see Acta Phytotax. Sin. 23(3): 236, f.1. 1985.

C. longispiculatus R.B. Majumdar (Chimonocalamus long-ispiculatus (C.S. Chao & Renvoize) D.Z. Li; Sinarundi-naria longispiculata C.S. Chao & Renvoize)

India. See Kew Bulletin 43(3): 411. 1988, Florae IndicaeEnumeratio: Monocotyledonae, Bambusoideae BotanicalSurvey of India, Flora of India, Series 4, 276. Calcutta 1989,Acta Botanica Yunnanica 16(1): 41. 1994.

C. longiusculus Hsueh & Yi

China, Yunnan. Thick-walled, internodes solid, thick andspiny air roots, 4-5 branches at each node, sheath coriaceousshedding late, sheath blade linear and erect, sheath auriclessmall or absent, leaves linear, shoots edible, hard and toughwood used in rural construction, bushy, see Acta Bot. Yun-nan. 1(2): 80-81, f. 6. 1979.

in China: changje xiangzhu

C. lushaiensis Ohrnb. (Chimonocalamus longispiculatus(C.S. Chao & Renvoize) D.Z. Li; Chimonocalamus long-ispiculatus (C.S. Chao & Renvoize) Ohrnb.; Sinarundinarialongispiculata C.S. Chao & Renvoize)

India. See Acta Bot. Yunnan. 16(1): 41. 1994, Kew Bulletin43(3): 411, f. 2. 1988.

C. makuanensis Hsueh & Yi

China, Yunnan, Maguan. Young culms densely silky pubes-cent, air roots at each node of branches, 3-4 branches ateach node, yellow-striped culm sheath caducous, sheathblade erect, edible shoot, see Acta Bot. Yunnan. 1(2): 80, f.5. 1979.

in China: maguan xiangzhu

C. montanus Hsueh & Yi

China, Yunnan, Tengchong. Smooth, glabrous, spiny airroots expanding above branches, sheath blade slender lan-ceolate with wavy base, 2-4 leaves on each twig, see ActaBot. Yunnan. 1(2): 79, f. 4. 1979.

in China: shan xiangzhu

C. pallens Hsueh & Yi

China, Yunnan, Yuanyang. Young culm with grayish to gray-ish green powder, aerial roots present, sheath coriaceous,sheath blade ribbon-like lanceolate, sheath ligule denticu-late, see Acta Bot. Yunnan. 1(2): 79, f. 2. 1979.

in China: huizhu

C. tortuosus Hsueh & Yi

China, Tibet. Aromatic bamboo, 2-9 branches on each node,young culm silky pubescent, sheath persistent, sheath bladebroadly lanceolate, culm sheath blade twisted when dry,sheath auricles convex and purplish, sheath ligule purplishand triangular, 3-7 leaves on each twig, found growing inbroad-leaved forests, see Acta Botanica Yunnanica 1(2): 82,f. 8. 1979.

in China: xizang xiangzhu

Chionachne R. Br. = Sclerachne R. Br.

Greek chion “snow” and achne “chaff, glume,” alluding tothe fruits or to the nature of the spikelet.

About 7 species, Southeast Asia, Polynesia, Indomalayanregion, Indochina, eastern Australia. Panicoideae, Andro-pogonodae, Maydeae, or Andropogoneae, Chionachninae,perennial, rarely annual, woody and persistent or herbaceous,


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Chionachne R. Br. 469

reedlike, rhizomatous or caespitose, bulbous base, culmscylindrical, branched, culm nodes hairy or glabrous, culminternodes solid or hollow, ligule tomentose, leaf blades flat,plants monoecious, inflorescence axillary, spiciform spa-theate racemes bearing paired spikelets with female seg-ments below and male segments above, all the fertilespikelets unisexual, basal female spikelet and several males,pedicelled spikelet suppressed or vestigial, male spikelets2-flowered and solitary or 2-nate, 2 glumes dissimilar andmembranous, caryopsis enveloped in the hard lower glume,palea present, lodicules absent, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas,some species prone to grazing and trampling, on moistgrassy slopes, forest margins, riverbanks, type Chionachnebarbata (Roxb.) R. Br., see Transactions of the AmericanPhilosophical Society, new series, 5: 142. 1835, JohnJoseph Bennett (1801-1876) and Robert Brown, PlantaeJavanicae rariores. 15, 18, 20. London 1838, Mémoires del’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg.Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques etNaturelles. Seconde Partie: Sciences Naturelles 6,4(3-4):273. 1841, Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae 8: 116.1873, Flora Australiensis 7: 515. 1878, Contributions fromthe United States National Herbarium 2(3): 518. 1894 andMeded. Rijks-Herb. 67: 1-17. 1931, R.P. Celarier, “Cyto-taxonomy of the Andropogoneae 2. Subtribes Ischaeminae,Rottboellinae, and the Maydeae.” Cytologia 22: 160-183.1957, Kew Bulletin 35: 813. 1981, Blumea 47(3): 545-580.2002 [Revision of Chionachninae (Gramineae: Andropogo-neae), by T.A. Jannink & J.F. Veldkamp].

Species

C. biaurita Hack.

Australia, Philippines. See Philippine Journal of Science1(Suppl.): 263. 1906, Blumea 47(3): 556-557, f. 1. 2002.

C. cyathopoda (F. Muell.) Benth. (Chionachne cyathopoda(F. Muell.) F. Muell. ex Benth.; Polytoca cyathopoda (F.Muell.) Bailey; Sclerachne cyathopoda F. Muell.)

Western Australia. Perennial, tufted, reedlike, rhizomatous,produces coarse fodder, palatable when young, eaten byhorses, a weed of irrigation canals, along the banks of river,clay, sand, see Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae 8: 116.1873, Fl. Austral. 7: 516. 1878 and The Queensland Flora6: 1849. 1902, Mededeelingen Van‘s Rijks-Herbarium 67:11. 1931, Blumea 47(3): 557-559, f. 2. 2002.

in English: cane grass, river grass

C. gigantea (J. König) Veldkamp (Chionachne barbata(Roxb.) Aitch.; Chionachne barbata (Roxb.) Benth., nom.illeg., non Chionachne barbata (Roxb.) Aitch.; Chionachnebarbata (Roxb.) Duthie, nom. illeg., non Chionachne bar-bata (Roxb.) Aitch.; Chionachne barbata (Roxb.) R. Br.;Chionachne koenigii (Spreng.) Thwaites; Coix arundinaceaLam.; Coix arundinacea J. König ex Willd., nom. illeg.,non Coix arundinacea Lam.; Coix barbata Roxb.; Coix

crypsoides Müll. Hal.; Coix gigantea J. König; Coixkoenigii Spreng.; Polytoca barbata (Roxb.) Stapf)

Australia, India. Coarse, male spikes erect, pedicels jointed,used as fodder when young, growing in rice fields, moistrich soil, banks of water courses, see Der Naturforscher(Halle) 23: 211. 1788, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Bota-nique 3: 422. 1791, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4:203. 1805, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1:239. 1824, Flora Indica; or, Descriptions of Indian Plants3: 569. 1832, Plantae Javanicae Rariores 18. 1838, Bota-nische Zeitung. Berlin 19(45): 334. 1861, Enumeratio Plan-tarum Zeylaniae 357. 1864, Catalogue of the Plants of thePunjab and Sindh 157. 1869, Flora Australiensis: ADescription … 7: 515. 1878, A List of the Grasses of N.W.India, Indigenous and Cultivated 11. 1883, The Flora ofBritish India 7(21): 102. 1897 [1896] and Blumea 47(3):559-560, f. 3. 2002.

in India: bhus, ghella gadee, gurgur, kadpi, kirma-gilaramgadi, varival

C. hubbardiana Henrard

Western Australia, Queensland. Annual or perennial, aridhabitats, black sand, black clay, see Blumea 3(3): 162-163.1938, Blumea 47(3): 560-562, f. 4. 2002.

in English: hairy ribbon grass, river grass

C. koenigii (Sprengel) Thwaites & Hook.f. (Chionachnebarbata (Roxb.) Aitch.; Chionachne barbata (Roxb.)Benth., nom. illeg., non Chionachne barbata (Roxb.)Aitch.; Chionachne barbata (Roxb.) Duthie, nom. illeg.,non Chionachne barbata (Roxb.) Aitch.; Chionachne bar-bata (Roxb.) R. Br.; Chionachne gigantea (J. König) Veld-kamp; Chionachne koenigii (Spreng.) Thwaites; Coixarundinacea Lam.; Coix arundinacea J. König ex Willd.,nom. illeg., non Coix arundinacea Lam.; Coix barbataRoxb.; Coix crypsoides Müll. Hal.; Coix koenigii Sprengel;Polytoca barbata (Roxb.) Stapf; Polytoca barbata Stapf)

Eastern India, Sri Lanka. Perennial, coarse, monoecious,robust, stout, erect, branched, nodes softly bearded or hairy,leaf sheaths loose, ligule tomentose, stiff hairs on sheathsand leaves, irritating hairs, bracts subtending racemes, pis-tillate spikelets solitary, female spikelets sessile, the lowerglume of the female spikelet embraces the spikelet, upperfloret male or barren, 3 stamens, fruit case solitary, poorfodder, stony fruits used as rosary beads, medicinal value,useful in treating burns, grows in damp situations, river-banks, along roadsides, in hot and damp regions, woodlandborders, see Der Naturforscher (Halle) 23: 211. 1788, Ency-clopédie Méthodique, Botanique 3: 422. 1791, SpeciesPlantarum. Editio quarta 4: 203. 1805, Systema Vegetabi-lium, editio decima sexta 1: 239. 1824, Flora Indica; or,Descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 569. 1832, Plantae Javan-icae Rariores 18. 1838, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 19(45):334. 1861, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae 357. 1864,Catalogue of the Plants of the Punjab and Sindh 157. 1869,


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470 Chionacne Bal.

Flora Australiensis: A Description … 7: 515. 1878, A Listof the Grasses of N.W. India, Indigenous and Cultivated 11.1883, The Flora of British India 7(21): 102. 1897 [1896]and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 194. 1900, Grasses of Ceylon204. 1956, Grasses of Burma 262. 1960, Blumea 47(3):559-560, f. 3. 2002.

in India: amarapushpaka, ashvabala, chamarapushpa, dar-bhapathraka, gela gaddi, ghellagadi, gurgur, ikshugandha,ikshura, ishika, kaasi gaddi, kachalu, kadpi, kalivaeru gaddi,kanda, kansa, kanta-karvel, karmamoola, kasai, kasekshu,kasha, luchra, nadeya, niraja, potagala, sharada, shiri,sukanda, sukku debbe hullu, suku dabha, tauri, thendeba-lada hullu, vanahasaka, varival

in Thailand: dueai na, duei naa, duei na

C. macrophylla (Benth.) Clayton (Polytoca macrophyllaBenth.)

Australia. See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 19:52. 1881 and Kew Bulletin 35(4): 814. 1981, Blumea 47(3):563-564, f. 6. 2002.

C. semiteres (Benth. ex Stapf) Henr. (Chionachne semiteres(Benth.) Henrard; Chionachne semiteres (Benth. ex Stapf)C.E.C. Fisch., nom. illeg., non Chionachne semiteres(Benth. ex Stapf) Henrard; Chionachne wightii Munro exBenth. & Hook.f.; Polytoca semiteres Benth.; Polytocasemiteres Benth. ex Stapf; Tripsacum semiteres Wall.)

India, Tamil Nadu, Burma. Fruit cases several and winged,grows along roadsides, on dry hill slopes, see SystemaNaturae, Editio Decima 1253, 1261, 1379. 1759, GeneraPlantarum 3: 113. 1883, The Flora of British India 7(21):101. 1897 [1896] and Mededeelingen van’s Rijks-Herbar-ium 67: 16. 1931, Flora of the Presidency of Madras 3:1706. 1934, Blumea 47(3): 567. 2002.

Chionacne Bal.

Orthographic variant of Chionachne R. Br., see Journal Bot.4: 78. 1890.

Chionanche Endl.

Orthographic variant of Chionachne R. Br., see I.L. Endli-cher, Enchiridion botanicum, exhibens classes et ordinesplantarum accedit nomenclator generum et officinalium velusualium indicatio. Lipsiae 1841.

Chionochloa Zotov

From the Greek chion “snow” and chloe, chloa “grass,young grass,” referring to the habitat; see Victor Dmi-trievech Zotov (1908-1977), New Zealand Journal of Bot-any 1: 87. 1963.

About 21-24 species, New Zealand, southeast Australia.Arundinoideae, Danthonieae, Danthoniinae, or Danthonio-ideae, Danthonieae, perennial, caespitose, solitary, forminglarge and dense tussocks, erect, coarse, herbaceous, harshfoliage, glabrous nodes, hollow internodes, auricles absent,old leaf sheaths persistent, leaf blades flat or folded andpersistent or falling or disarticulating, ligule a fringe ofhairs, leaves often pungent, plants nearly always bisexual,all species chasmogamous, inflorescence loose or con-tracted, erect and open or compact panicle of few to manyspikelets of few to several bisexual florets, spikelets flat-tened, 2 unequal glumes acute or rarely awned, lemmas 2-lobed with the lobes often short-awned, lemma lobes con-spicuous, long awns present with flattened and more or lesstwisted column, palea pubescent or glabrous, hairy callus,2 ciliate lodicules free and toothed to lobed, stamens 3,ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas, anthers and stigmas simulta-neously exserted at anthesis, reproduction by seeds, tussockgrasses, alpine and subalpine grasslands, sea level, valuablesummer grazing, useful for slope protection, ornamentalwhen in flower, graceful flower heads, sometimes referredto as Danthonia sensu lato and Rytidosperma Steudel, inter-grading with Cortaderia Stapf and Danthonia DC., typeChionochloa rigida (Raoul) Zotov, see Transactions andProceedings of the New Zealand Institute 45: 274. 1913,Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 51: 1-9. 1937, NewZealand Journal Agric. Res. 3: 728-733. 1960, New ZealandJournal of Botany 1: 78-136. 1963, Heredity 18: 538-540.1963, New Zealand Journal of Botany 3: 180-193, 300-319.1965, New Zealand Journal of Botany 4: 392-397. 1966,New Zealand Journal of Botany 5: 3-16. 1967, Vegetatio18: 289-306. 1969, New Zealand Journal of Botany 8: 132-152. 1970, New Zealand Journal Agric. Res. 13: 534-554.1970, New Zealand Journal of Botany 10: 205-224, 515-544. 1972, New Zealand Journal of Botany 14: 315-326.1976, Phytochem. 15: 1933-1935. 1976, New Zealand Jour-nal of Botany 15: 399-442, 761-765. 1977, New ZealandJournal of Botany 16: 255-260, 435-460, 479-498. 1978,New Zealand Journal of Botany 17: 43-54. 1979, NewZealand Journal of Botany 19: 161-170. 1981, Williams,G.R. & Given, D.R. The Red Data Book of New Zealand:Rare and Endangered Species of Endemic Terrestrial Ver-tebrates and Vascular Plants. Wellington, N.Z.: NatureConservation Council 1981, New Zealand Journal of Bot-any 21: 13-20. 1983, Phytochem. 22: 119-124. 1983, Bio-chem. Syst. Evol. 11: 247-259. 1983, Aust. J. Chem. 37:1341-1347. 1984, New Zealand Journal of Botany 24: 529-537. 1986, Briggs, J.D. & Leigh, J.H. Rare or ThreatenedAustralian Plants. revised edition. Australian NationalParks and Wildlife Service 1988, Phytochem. 27: 3499-3507. 1988, New Zealand Journal of Botany 27: 163-165.1989, J. Ecol. 77: 704-716. 1989, New Zealand Journal ofBotany 28: 59-65. 1990, New Phytologist 116: 555-562.1990, H.E. Connor, “Chionochloa Zotov (Gramineae) inNew Zealand.” New Zealand Journal of Botany 29:


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Chionochloa Zotov 471

219-283. 1991, Phytochem. 31: 702-703. 1992, NewZealand Journal of Botany 30: 125-133. 1992, Trends inEcology and Evolution 9: 465-470. 1994, New ZealandJournal of Botany 35: 259-262. 1997, Global Change Biol-ogy 4: 591-596. 1998, Am. J. Bot. 86: 1136-1145. 1999,Flora of New Zealand 5: 423-459. 2000, Austral. Ecology25(4): 402-408. Aug 2000, Freshwater Biology 46(2): 213-226. Feb 2001, Journal of Ecology 89(1): 31-39. Feb 2001,Journal of Applied Ecology 38(2): 233-237. Apr 2001, Glo-bal Change Biology vol. 8, issue 4: 345-360. Apr 2002,Austral. Ecology 27(4): 369-384. June 2002, Kelvin M.Lloyd, William G. Lee and J. Bastow Wilson, “Competitiveabilities of rare and common plants: comparisons usingAcaena (Rosaceae) and Chionochloa (Poaceae) from NewZealand.” Conservation Biology 16(4): 975-985. Aug 2002,Freshwater Biology 48(8): 1363-1378. Aug 2003, KelvinM. Lloyd, J. Bastow Wilson and William G. Lee, “Corre-lates of geographic range size in New Zealand Chionochloa(Poaceae) species.” Journal of Biogeography 30(11): 1751-1761. Nov 2003, Oikos 104(3): 540-550. Feb 2004, Journalof Biogeography 31(3): 401-413. Mar 2004, William J.Bond, Katharine J. M. Dickinson and Alan F. Mark, “Whatlimits the spread of fire-dependent vegetation? Evidencefrom geographic variation of serotiny in a New Zealandshrub.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 13(2): 115-127.Mar 2004, Freshwater Biology 49(4): 448-462. Apr 2004,Oikos 107(3): 505-518. Dec 2004, Flora of Australia vol.44B, Poaceae 3: 26. 2005, Freshwater Biology vol. 50, issue5: 839-853. May 2005.

Species

C. acicularis Zotov

New Zealand. Erect, slender, leaf sheath persistent, leafblade disarticulating at ligule, pointed and deciduous leaves,see New Zealand Journal of Botany 1: 101. 1963.

C. antarctica (Hook.f.) Zotov (Bromus antarcticus Hook.f.;Danthonia antarctica (Hook.f.) Hook.f., nom. illeg., nonDanthonia antarctica (G. Forst.) Spreng.; Danthonia flave-scens var. hookeri Zotov)

New Zealand. Slender, leaf blade disarticulating at ligule,leaves pungent and deciduous, glumes acute or shortlyawned, see Flora Antarctica 1: 97, t. 54. 1845[1844], FloraNovae-Zelandiae 1: 302. 1853 and Transactions and Pro-ceedings of the New Zealand Institute 73(3): 234. 1943,New Zealand Journal of Botany 1: 99. 1963.

C. australis (Buchanan) Zotov (Danthonia australis(Buchanan) Buchanan; Danthonia raoulii subsp. australisBuchanan)

New Zealand. Low growing, mat-forming, alpine, deepgreen, leaf sheath glabrous and hairy, leaf blade persistent,leaves tightly rolled and pungent tipped, lemma scabrid,occurs in steep alpine slopes, see Synopsis Plantarum Glu-macearum 1: 246. 1854, Transactions and Proceedings of

the New Zealand Institute 4: 224. 1872, Manual of theIndigenous Grasses of New Zealand 77, t. 31. 1880 andNew Zealand Journal of Botany 1: 103. 1963.

in English: alpine carpet grass, carpet grass

C. beddiei Zotov

New Zealand. Caespitose, leaf blade persistent, glumesshortly awned and prickly, on coastal cliffs, see NewZealand Journal of Botany 1: 90. 1963.

C. bromoides (Hook.f.) Zotov (Danthonia bromoidesHook.f.)

New Zealand. Caespitose, gynodioecious, sheath hairy, leafblade persistent, prickly glumes acute or shortly awned, oncoastal cliffs, see Flora Novae-Zelandiae 1: 303. 1853 andNew Zealand Journal of Botany 1: 90. 1963.

C. cheesemanii (Hack. ex Cheeseman) Zotov (Danthoniaflavescens var. cheesemanii (Hack. ex Cheeseman) Zotov;Danthonia raoulii var. cheesemanii Hack. ex Cheeseman)(for the New Zealand (born at Hull, Yorks) botanist ThomasFrederic (Frederick) Cheeseman, 1846-1923, explorer,botanical collector, from 1854 to New Zealand, 1873 Fellowof the Linnean Society, he is best known for his Manual ofthe New Zealand Flora. Wellington 1906, with WilliamBotting Hemsley (1843-1924) wrote Illustrations of theNew Zealand Flora. [The plates drawn by Miss MatildaSmith, 1854-1926] Wellington 1914. See J.H. Barnhart,Biographical notes upon botanists. 1: 338. 1965; J. Lan-jouw and F.A. Stafleu, Index Herbariorum. Part II, Collec-tors A.-D. Regnum Vegetabile vol. 2. 1954; O.E. Schulz,Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Ber-lin-Dahlem. 10: 551. 1929)

New Zealand. Tussocky, leaf blade persistent, sheathdensely hairy, scabrid leaves, distant florets, glumes hyaline,lemma scabrid, in forest, grasslands, see Synopsis Plan-tarum Glumacearum 1: 246. 1854, Handbook of the NewZealand Flora 332. 1864 and Manual of the New ZealandFlora 887. 1906, Transactions and Proceedings of the NewZealand Institute 73(3): 234. 1943, New Zealand Journalof Botany 1: 95. 1963.

C. conspicua (G. Forst.) Zotov (Agrostis conspicua (G.Forst.) Roem. & Schult.; Agrostis conspicua (G. Forst.)Willd. ex A. Rich., nom. illeg., non Agrostis conspicua (G.Forst.) Roem. & Schult.; Arundo conspicua G. Forst.;Calamagrostis conspicua (G. Forst.) Gmelin; Chionochloaconspicua (G. Forst.) Zotov subsp. cunninghamii (Hook.f.)Zotov; Cortaderia conspicua (G. Forst.) Stapf; Deyeuxiaconspicua (G. Forst.) Zotov)

New Zealand. Tall, densely tufted, robust, basal leaves darkgreen to olive, leaf sheath persistent and fibrous, leaf blademargin hairy below, leaves rigid and flat to concave, droop-ing leaves tardily deciduous, loose seed heads, erect topendent and hairy open inflorescence, drooping panicles,spikelets 3- to 7-flowered, glumes apex acute or shortly


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472 Chionochloa Zotov

awned, lemma pilose at the base, awn straight, ornamental,rare species, pioneer, used by Maoris for thatching, highwind tolerance, alpine and subalpine habitats, see FlorulaeInsularum Australium Prodromus 9. 1786, Systema Naturae… editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata 2: 172. 1791, Essaid‘une Nouvelle Agrostographie 20, 142, 146, 152. 1812,Systema Vegetabilium 2: 364. 1817, Voyage de découvertesde l’Astrolabe … Part [1]: Essai d’une flore de la Nouvelle-Zélande 127. Paris 1832 and Hand-list Herbaceous PlantsCultivated Royal Bot. Gard. Kew, edition 2, 137, 333. 1902,Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute73(3): 234. 1943, New Zealand Journal of Botany 1: 92.1963.

in English: Hunangamoho grass, broad-leaved bush tus-sock, plume tussock grass, plumed tussock grass, bush tus-sock, brown tussock, snow grass, snow tussock

in New Zealand: toetoe, toitoi

C. conspicua (G. Forst.) Zotov subsp. conspicua

New Zealand. Leaf sheath and leaf blade hairy.

C. conspicua (G. Forst.) Zotov subsp. cunninghamii(Hook.f.) Zotov (Danthonia antarctica var. laxifloraHook.f.; Danthonia antarctica var. parviflora Hook.f.; Dan-thonia cunninghamii Hook.f.; Danthonia pentafloraColenso)

New Zealand. Leaf sheath and leaf blade glabrous, seeFlora Novae-Zelandiae 1: 302. 1853, Handbook of the NewZealand Flora 332. 1864, Transactions and Proceedings ofthe New Zealand Institute 16: 343. 1884 and New ZealandJournal of Botany 1: 92, 94. 1963.

C. crassiuscula (Kirk) Zotov (Chionochloa pungens(Cheeseman) Zotov; Danthonia crassiuscula Kirk; Dantho-nia pungens Cheeseman)

New Zealand. Small tawny green tussock, sheath stout andstiff, leaf blade hairy, leaves pungent with thick tips, leavescurl spirally when dry or dead, inflorescence hairy, occursin the higher rainfall mountains, leached or boggy soils,deep wet hollows, see Transactions and Proceedings of theNew Zealand Institute 17: 224. 1885 and Manual of theNew Zealand Flora 887. 1906, New Zealand Journal ofBotany 1: 103. 1963.

in English: curly-leaved snow tussock, curly snow tussock

C. crassiuscula (Kirk) Zotov subsp. crassiuscula (Chion-ochloa pungens (Cheeseman) Zotov; Danthonia pungensCheeseman)

New Zealand. Stout, robust, tussocky, pungent leaf bladescurved and coriaceous, in meadows, boggy meadows, seeManual of the New Zealand Flora 887. 1906, New ZealandJournal of Botany 1: 103. 1963.

C. crassiuscula (Kirk) Zotov subsp. directa Connor

New Zealand. Prostrate, slender, wet grassland, boggygrassland, inundated and poorly drained areas, see

New Zealand Journal of Botany 1: 103. 1963, New ZealandJournal of Botany 29(3): 236, f. 5. 1991.

C. crassiuscula (Kirk) Zotov subsp. torta Connor

New Zealand. Stout, robust, tussocky, alpine, leaf sheathsglabrous or hairy, leaf blades curled or twisting, see NewZealand Journal of Botany 1: 103. 1963, New ZealandJournal of Botany 29(3): 237, f. 6. 1991.

C. defracta Connor

New Zealand. Tussocky, hairy to scabrid, variable, leafblades hairy, leaves narrow or long, inflorescence hairy,glumes acute or shortly awned, open slopes, see NewZealand Journal of Botany 25(1): 164. 1987.

C. flavescens Zotov (Danthonia flavescens Hook.f.)

New Zealand. Densely tufted, alpine plant, tough, stoutshoots, leaf sheaths glabrous or hairy, leaf blades tapering,glossy leaves drooping and deciduous, dead sheaths breakcrosswise, glumes acute or shortly awned, growing on rockycoarse textured slopes, on shady slopes, sometimesdescribed under Chionochloa rigida (Raoul) Zotov, seeHandbook of the New Zealand Flora 332. 1864 and Trans-actions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of NewZealand 68: 295. 1938, New Zealand Journal of Botany 1:97. 1963, New Zealand J. Bot. 29: 253. 1991.

in English: broad leaved snow tussock grass, broad leavedsnow tussock

C. flavescens Zotov subsp. brevis Connor

New Zealand. Inflorescence glabrous, grassland, see NewZealand Journal of Botany 1: 97. 1963, New Zealand Jour-nal of Botany 29(3): 240, f. 9. 1991.

C. flavescens Zotov subsp. flavescens

New Zealand. Inflorescence glabrous, grassland, see NewZealand Journal of Botany 1: 97. 1963.

C. flavescens Zotov subsp. hirta Connor

New Zealand. Leaf sheath glabrous, inflorescence veryhairy, glumes awned, see New Zealand Journal of Botany1: 97. 1963, New Zealand Journal of Botany 29(3): 241, f.10. 1991.

C. flavescens Zotov subsp. lupeola Connor

New Zealand. Leaf sheath glabrous, inflorescence veryhairy, see New Zealand Journal of Botany 1: 97. 1963, NewZealand Journal of Botany 29(3): 242, f. 11. 1991.

C. flavicans Zotov (Danthonia antarctica var. elataHook.f.)

New Zealand. Stout, sprawling, persistent foliage, sheathglabrous, leaf blade margin scabrid, inflorescence dense andcompact, distant florets, light-green seed heads, glumesbifid, lemma scabrid, weeping flowers, slow growing, orna-mental, occurs in dry areas, see Flora Novae-Zelandiae 1:302. 1853 and New Zealand Journal of Botany 1: 91. 1963.

in New Zealand: dwarf weeping toi toi, snow tussock


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Chionochloa Zotov 473

C. flavicans Zotov f. flavicans

New Zealand.

C. flavicans Zotov f. temata Connor

New Zealand. See New Zealand Journal of Botany 29(3):245, f. 13. 1991.

C. frigida (Vickery) Conert (Danthonia frigida Vickery)

New Zealand, Australia, New South Wales, Kosciuszko dis-trict. Perennial, robust, densely caespitose, forming densestout tussocks, culms smooth and shining, grayish leavesflat or folded, panicles nodding and many-flowered, spike-lets 4- to 8-flowered, glumes subequal, central awn genic-ulate and coarse, anthers yellow-orange, rare species, alpineand subalpine meadows, rocky slopes.

in English: robust wallaby grass, ribbony grass

C. howensis S.W.L. Jacob

Australia, Lord Howe Island. Rare, see Telopea 3(2): 281.1988.

C. juncea Zotov (Danthonia raoulii var. teretifolia Patrie;Danthonia rigida var. teretifolia (Petrie) Zotov)

New Zealand. Tussocky, swollen bases, leaf sheath entire,leaf blades junceous, old leaf sheaths fibrous and persistent,leaves persistent, glumes glabrous, lemma hairy and gla-brous, swampy places, see Annales des Sciences Naturelles;Botanique, sér. 3 2: 116. 1844, Synopsis Plantarum Glu-macearum 1: 246. 1854 and Transactions and Proceedingsof the New Zealand Institute 54: 571. 1923, Transactionsand Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 73(3): 234.1943, New Zealand Journal of Botany 1: 101. 1963.

C. lanea Zotov

New Zealand. Slender, tussocky, hairy persistent sheaths,leaf blade tip blunt and leaf blade margin glabrous, decid-uous leaves, glumes glabrous, lemma more or less hairy toglabrous, wet ground, boggy sites, grassland, see NewZealand Journal of Botany 25(1): 165. 1987.

C. macra Zotov

New Zealand. Tussock, persistent sheath, leaves narrow flator loosely rolled, basal sheaths dull purplish brown, inflo-rescence open and glabrous, glumes subequal, long awncolumn, alpine areas, harsh climates, see New ZealandJournal of Botany 8: 91. 1970.

in English: slim snow-tussock, slim-leaved snow tussock

C. oreophila (Petrie) Zotov (Chionochloa oreophila var.elata (Petrie) Zotov; Danthonia flavescens var. elata (Pet-rie) Zotov; Danthonia oreophila Patrie; Danthonia oreo-phila var. elata Patrie; Danthonia pallida Patrie, nom. illeg.,non Danthonia pallida R. Br.)

New Zealand. Small, short and mat-forming, tussock, slen-der flowering culms, persistent sheaths, inflorescence onflexuous branches, small solitary spikelets, glumes more orless equal, common in snowbanks, grasslands.

in English: snow patch grass, see Handbook of the NewZealand Flora 332. 1864, Transactions and Proceedings ofthe New Zealand Institute 27: 406. 1895 and Transactionsand Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 45: 274.1913, Transactions and Proceedings of the New ZealandInstitute 73(3): 234. 1943, New Zealand Journal of Botany1: 104. 1963.

C. ovata (Buchanan) Zotov (Danthonia ovata Buchanan;Danthonia planifolia Petrie)

New Zealand. Tussock, old sheaths fibrous, leaf blade tippungent and leaf blade margin glabrous, leaf sheaths per-sistent, inflorescence shortly branched, lemma hairy andglabrous, wet places, grassland, see Manual of the Indige-nous Grasses of New Zealand t. 29 (2). 1880 [1879, in Floraof New Zealand 5: 447. 2000]and Transactions and Pro-ceedings of the New Zealand Institute 33: 328. 1901, NewZealand Journal of Botany 1: 104. 1963.

C. pallens Zotov

New Zealand. Green or tawny green tussock, leaf sheathskeeled and glabrous, soft leaves, basal sheaths pale brownto purple, inflorescence glabrous, glumes acute and gla-brous, found in the penalpine zone, on rocky well-drainedsoils, see New Zealand Journal of Botany 1: 99. 1963, W.GLee, M Fenner, A Loughnan and K.M Lloyd, “Long-termeffects of defoliation: incomplete recovery of a NewZealand alpine tussock grass, Chionochloa pallens, after 20years.” Journal of Applied Ecology 37(2): 348-355. Apr2000.

in English: mid-ribbed snow tussock

C. pallens Zotov subsp. cadens Connor

New Zealand. Stout, old sheaths hairy and persistent, leafblade twisting and disarticulating at ligule, see New ZealandJournal of Botany 29(3): 251, f. 17. 1991.

C. pallens Zotov subsp. pallens

New Zealand. Stout, persistent leaf blades, in grassland.

C. pallens Zotov subsp. pilosa Connor

New Zealand. Leaf blade persistent and pilose, in grassland,see New Zealand Journal of Botany 29(3): 252, f. 18. 1991.

C. pallida (R. Br.) S.W.L. Jacobs (Danthonia pallida R.Br.; Notodanthonia pallida (R. Br.) Veldkamp)

New South Wales, Victoria. Perennial, densely caespitose,robust, culms stout and erect, forming erect tussocks, leavesrather rigid and greenish, panicles exserted and spreading,spikelets loosely arranged, glumes subequal and rather nar-row, lemma membranous, central awn geniculate andtwisted, anthers red-orange, ornamental, grows on poor andacid soils, on upland soils of low fertility.

in English: silvertop wallaby grass, red anther wallabygrass, white-topped wallaby-grass

C. rigida (Raoul) Zotov (Danthonia flavescens Hook.f.;Danthonia raoulii Steud.; Danthonia raoulii var. flavescens


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474 Chloachne Stapf

(Hook.f.) Hack. ex Cheeseman; Danthonia rigida Raoul;Danthonia rigida Steud., nom. illeg., non Danthonia rigidaRaoul)

New Zealand. Erect and spreading, stout, shoots slender,leaf blade deciduous, leaf sheaths pale green to light brownto orange, dead sheaths break crosswise, tough and glossyleaves, inflorescence open, panicle branched and loose,glumes acute or shortly awned, lemma hairy, harsh climate,on poorly drained areas, see Annales des Sciences Naturel-les; Botanique, sér. 3 2: 116. 1844, Synopsis PlantarumGlumacearum 1: 243, 246. 1854, Handbook of the NewZealand Flora 332. 1864 and Manual of the New ZealandFlora 886. 1906, New Zealand Journal of Botany 1: 96.1963, New Zealand J. Bot. 29: 253. 1991.

in English: snow tussock, narrow-leaved snow tussock

C. rigida (Raoul) Zotov subsp. amara Connor

New Zealand. Scabrid or hairy inflorescence, in boggyplaces, see New Zealand Journal of Botany 29(3): 254, f.19. 1991.

C. rigida (Raoul) Zotov subsp. rigida

New Zealand. Glabrous inflorescence.

C. rubra Zotov (Danthonia antarctica var. minor Hook.f.;Danthonia raoulii Steudel)

New Zealand. Very tough, slender, upright, dense tussockforming, leaves needle-like red to purple, inflorescenceopen, glumes acute rarely awned, ornamental, pioneer, highwaterlogging tolerance, tolerant of dry or wet conditions,high wind tolerance, seepages and swamps, tussock grass-land, bogs, stream banks, see Flora Novae-Zelandiae 1:302. 1853 and New Zealand Journal of Botany 1: 96. 1963.

in English: red tussock grass, copper tussock, red tussock

C. rubra Zotov subsp. cuprea Connor

New Zealand. Leaf sheath entire, see New Zealand Journalof Botany 29(3): 256, f. 23. 1991.

C. rubra Zotov subsp. occulta Connor


C. rubra Zotov subsp. rubra

New Zealand. See New Zealand Journal of Botany 1: 96.1963.

C. rubra Zotov var. inermis Connor


C. rubra Zotov var. rubra

New Zealand. See New Zealand Journal of Botany 1: 96.1963.

C. spiralis Zotov

New Zealand, South Island. Vulnerable species, perennial,slender, tussock-forming, leaf sheath glabrous and coiling

up, leaves narrow and sharply pointed, narrow inflores-cence, branched panicles, spikelets 4- to 6-flowered, glumesacute or shortly awned, lemma hairy and long-awned, inlimestone areas, see New Zealand Journal of Botany 1: 100.1963.

C. teretifolia (Petrie) Zotov (Danthonia teretifolia Petrie)

New Zealand. Tussock, small, leaf blade junceous and dis-articulating at ligule, persistent sheaths, hairy leaves twist-ing and deciduous, inflorescence open, few solitaryspikelets, in grasslands, see Transactions and Proceedingsof the New Zealand Institute 46: 36. 1914 and New ZealandJournal of Botany 1: 100. 1963.

C. vireta Connor

New Zealand. Slender, tussock, hairy sheaths entire, leafblade twisting and disarticulating at ligule, inflorescenceglabrous, see New Zealand Journal of Botany 29(3): 261,f. 25. 1991.

Chloachne Stapf = Poecilostachys Hack.

From the Greek chloe, chloa “grass, young grass” and achne“chaff, glume.”

Two species, tropical Africa. Panicoideae, Panicodae, Pan-iceae, perennial, decumbent, branched, tufted, herbaceous,rhizomatous, rambling, stoloniferous, scrambling, running,trailing, auricles absent, leaf blades lanceolate, ligule afringed membrane, plants bisexual, inflorescence spicate orpaniculate, racemes unilateral, spikelets in pairs or in trip-lets, 2 glumes unequal or subequal, palea present, 2 freelodicules, 3 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas, forestshade, sometimes in Poecilostachys, see Flore d’Oware 2:14. 1807 [1810], Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akade-mie der Wissenschaften. Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissen-schaftlichen Classe. Abteilung 1 89: 131. 1884, Journal ofthe Linnean Society, Botany 21: 317-353, 407-455. 1884-1885, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana 6: 141. 1888 andJournal of the Linnean Society, Botany 40: 231. 1911, Bul-letin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 9(3): 173. 1932, Mém-oires de l’Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, Série B,Biologie Végétale 6: 1-272. 1955, W.D. Clayton and S.A.Renvoize, Flora of Tropical East Africa Gramineae 451-898. 1982.

Species

C. oplismenoides (Hack.) Robyns (Chloachne secundaStapf; Oplismenus anomalus Peter; Panicum oplismenoidesHack.; Poecilostachys flaccidula Stapf ex Rendle; Poecil-ostachys oplismenoides (Hack.) Clayton)

Africa. See Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana 6: 141. 1888and Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 40: 231. 1911,Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 31: t. 3072. 1916, RepertoriumSpecierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 1: 220.


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Chloammia Raf. 475

1930 [1931], Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 9(3):173. 1932, Kew Bulletin 42: 403. 1987.

C. secunda Stapf (Chloachne oplismenoides (Hack.)Robyns; Panicum oplismenoides Hack.; Poecilostachysoplismenoides (Hack.) Clayton)

Africa. See Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana 6: 141. 1888and Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 31: t. 3072. 1916, Bulletindu Jardin Botanique de l’État 9(3): 173. 1932, Kew Bulletin42: 403. 1987.

Chloammia Raf. = Vulpia Gmelin

Perhaps from the Greek chloe, chloa “grass, young grass”and ammos “sand.” Pooideae, Poeae, Loliinae, type Festucatenella Willd., see Species Plantarum 1: 73-76. 1753, Spe-cies Plantarum. Editio quarta 1(1): 419. 1797, FloraBadensis Alsatica 1: 8. 1805, C.S. Rafinesque, Neogenyton4. 1825, Genera Plantarum 101. 1836, Prodromus FloraeHispanicae 1: 91. 1861, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien2(2): 75. 1887 and E.D. Merrill, Index rafinesquianus 75.1949, Botaniska Notiser 130: 173-187. 1977 [Morpholog-ical and anatomical variation of Vulpia (Gramineae)], Nor-dic Journal of Botany 1(1): 17-26. 1981, Contributions fromthe United States National Herbarium 48: 234, 690-694.2003.

Chloamnia Raf. ex Schlecht.

Perhaps from the Greek chloe, chloa “grass” and ammos“sand,” see E.D. Merrill, Index rafinesquianus. 75. 1949.

Chloothamnus Büse = Nastus Juss.

From the Greek chloe, chloa “grass” and thamnos “bush,shrub.”

Bambusoideae, Bambusodae, Bambuseae, Bambusinae,Hickeliinae, type Chloothamnus chilianthus Büse, see Gen-era Plantarum 34. 1789, Systema Naturae … editio decimatertia, aucta, reformata 2: 580. 1791, Plantae JavanicaeRariores 42. 1848, Plantae Junghuhnianae 386. 1854 andBotanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichteund Pflanzengeographie 52: 174. 1914, Blumea 2: 70-71.1936, Mémoires de l’Institut Scientifique de Madagascar,Série B, Biologie Végétale 6: 1-272. 1955, R.E. Holttum,“The bamboo-genera Nastus and Chloothamnus.” Kew Bul-letin 10: 591-594. 1956 [1955], Taxon 6(7): 202, 205. 1957,R.E. Holttum, “The bamboos of New Guinea.” Kew Bulletin21(2): 263-292. 1967, W.C. Lin, “The species and distribu-tion of bamboos in the Republic of Malagasy (Madagascar),East Africa.” Special Bulletin of Taiwan Forestry ResearchInstitute no. 4. 1967.

Chloridion Stapf = Stereochlaena Hack.

Referring to Chloris.

See Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 28: t. 2640. 1900, Proceed-ings of the Rhodesia Scientific Association 7(2): 65-66.1908, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage14e: 45. 1940, W.D. Clayton, “The genus Stereochlaena(Gramineae).” Kew Bulletin 33(2): 295-297. 1978, Flora ofTropical East Africa Gramineae 451-898. 1982, Kew Bul-letin, Additional Series 13: 298, 377. 1986.

Chloridopsis Hack. = Trichloris E. Fourn. ex Benth.

Referring to Chloris.

Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Chloridinae, see Nova Gen-era et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 1, 25. 1788, Var-iedades de Ciencias, Literatura y Artes 2(4): 143. 1805,Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 19: 102. 1881, Mex-icanas Plantas 2: 142. 1886, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfam-ilien 2(2): 59. 1887, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 771.1891 and Division of Botany, Circular (United StatesDepartment of Agriculture) 32: 7. 1901, U.S. Dept. Agric.Bull. 772: 190. 1920, Adolf Pascher (1881-1945), Die Süss-wasser-Flora Deutschlands, Österreichs und der Schweiz4: 88, 103. 1927, Brigham Young University Science Bul-letin: Biological Series 19(2): 1-133. 1974, FloraMesoamericana 6: 287-289. 1994, Flora of Ecuador 68:105-106. 2001 [by Laegaard, S. & P.M. Peterson], Contri-butions from the United States National Herbarium 41: 39-52, 222-223. 2001.

Chloris O. Swartz = Actinochloris Steud., Agrostomia Cerv., Apogon Steud., Chloridopsis Hack., Chloroides Fisch. ex Regel, Chloropsis Kuntze, Chlorostis Raf., Geopogon Steud., Heterolepis Boiss., Heterolepis Cass. (Asteraceae), Heterolepis Ehrenb. ex Boiss., Leptochloris Kuntze, Phacellaria Steud., Phacellaria Willd. ex Steud., Pterochloris (A. Camus) A. Camus, Schultesia Spreng., Trichloris Benth., Trichloris E. Fourn. ex Benth.

After the Greek goddess of flowers, Chloris, daughter ofAmphion; Flora was the equivalent Roman goddess; Latinchloris, chloridis “verdant,” Greek chloros “green”; seeOlof Peter Swartz, Nova genera et species plantarum seuProdromus. 25. 1788.

About 35-55 species, tropical and warm temperate regions.Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, perennial or annual, habitat


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476

Chloris O. Swartz

variable, 2- or 3-awned, herbaceous, slender, erect anddecumbent or prostrate, forming spreading tussocks, cae-spitose, rhizomatous or stoloniferous, long-rhizomatous orlong-stoloniferous, auricles absent, leaf sheaths keeled andchartaceous, ligule a fringed membrane, leaves linear andscabrous, plants bisexual, inflorescence spicate and digitateor subdigitate or very rarely single, spikelets laterally flat-tened and arranged on a short axis, rachilla nonarticulated,hidden cleistogenes absent or present, 1 perfect basal floret,1 to several sterile florets above, 2 glumes unequal andkeeled, upper glume acute or 2-toothed, fertile lemmaawned and keeled, palea present, 2 free and fleshy lodiculesin bisexual florets, stamens 3, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas,small fruit not compressed or trigonous in cross section,weed species aggressive, cultivated useful fodder, valuablefor forage, tussock grasses, native pasture species, decora-tive flower heads, reports of high contents of cyanogenicglycosides, ruderal species on disturbed ground, growingin poor soil, dry open habitats, grassland, pampas, rainfor-est, related to

Eustachys

Desv. and

Cynodon

Rich., oftenconfused with

Enteropogon

Nees, hybridization with

Cyn-odon

Rich., type

Chloris cruciata

(L.) Sw., see

Prod. Veg.Ind. Occ.

25. 1788 [also

Nova Genera et Species Plantarumseu Prodromus

25. 1788],

Principes Fondamentaux deSomiologie

26, 29. 1814 [1813],

Plantarum Minus Cogni-tarum Pugillus

2: 17. 1815,

Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris

1820: 26. 1820,

Conspectus Regni Vegetabilis

4. 1828,


1: 352-353. 1840,


2: 343. 1841,

IndexSeminum [St. Petersburg]

28. 1863,

Naturaleza [Sociedadméxicana de historia natural]

1: 345. 1870,

Flora Brasil-iensis

2(3): 63. 1878,

Flora Orientalis

5: 554. 1884 and

Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France

91: 63. 1944,

Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France

97: 227. 1950,

Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea

7: 166-171. 1995,

Bulletindu Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle

sér. 2, 29: 349. 1957,

FoliaPrimatologica

15: 1-35. 1971, D.E. Anderson, “Taxonomyof the genus

Chloris

(Gramineae).”

Brigham Young Univer-sity Science Bulletin: Biological Series

19(2): 1-133. 1974,

Taxon

25: 176-178. 1976,

Feddes Repert.

94: 625-630.1983,

Taxon

32(3): 472. 1983,

Feddes Repert.

96: 269-277.1985,

Flora Mesoamericana

6: 287-289. 1994,

Contribu-tions from the United States National Herbarium

41: 39-52, 222-223. 2001,

Flora of Australia

vol. 44B, Poaceae 3:269-282. 2005,

Journal of Biogeography

32(2): 311-327.Feb 2005,

Plant Pathology

vol. 54, issue 2: 253-253. Apr2005,

Ecological Management and Restoration

vol. 6, issue1: 43-50, 73-75. Apr 2005,

Botanical Journal of the LinneanSociety

vol. 147, issue 4: 399-416. Apr 2005, Qing Liu,Nan-Xian Zhao, Gang Hao, Xiao-Ying Hu and Yun-XiaoLiu, “Caryopsis morphology of the Chloridoideae(Gramineae) and its systematic implications.”

BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society

148(1): 57-72. May 2005.

Species

C.

sp.

in Mexico: escobetilla

C. acicularis

Lindl. (

Chloris acicularis

var.

queenslandiae

Domin;

Enteropogon acicularis

(Lindl.) Lazarides)

Australia. Erect or spreading, glaucous, tussock forming,erect flowering stems, radiating spikes, food for finches, see

Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Aus-tralia

33. 1848 and

Bibliotheca Botanica

85: 368. 1915,

Australian Journal of Botany, Supplementary Series

5: 31.1972.

in English: curly windmill grass

C.

affinis

Caro & E.A. Sánchez

Argentina. See

Kurtziana

6: 224, f. 2. 1971.

C.

amethystea

Hochst.

Ethiopia. Perennial, loosely tufted, stoloniferous, leafblades acute, spikelets 2-flowered and inconspicuouslyawned, confused with

Chloris gayana

Kunth, see

Flora

38:205. 1855.

C. andropogonoides

Fourn. (

Chloris andropogonoides

E.Fourn. ex Hemsl.;

Chloris tenuispica

Nash)

North America, U.S., Mexico. Good forage, see

BiologiaCentrali-Americana; … Botany …

3: 558. 1885,

MexicanasPlantas

2: 143. 1886,

Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club

25: 436. 1898.

in Mexico: verdillo esbelto

in English: slim-spike windmill grass, fingergrass, slim-spike windmillgrass

C. arenaria

Hitchc. & Ekman (

Chloris eleusinoides

var.

vestita

Greenm. ex Combs)

Cuba. Endangered species, found on white sand, grassyriverbanks, pinelands, see

Transactions of the Academy ofScience of St. Louis

7: 477, t. 39. 1897 and

Manual of theGrasses of the West Indies

131. 1936.

C. barbata

Swartz (

Andropogon barbatus

sensu L. 1771(also

barbata

and

barbatum

);

Andropogon polydactylon

L.;

Chloris barbata

(L.) Nash, nom. illeg., non

Chloris barbata

Sw.;

Chloris barbata

(L.) Swartz;

Chloris barbata

var.

divaricata

Kuntze;

Chloris barbata

var.

formosana

Honda;

Chloris dandyana

C.D. Adams;

Chloris inflata

Link;

Chlo-ris longifolia

Steud.;

Chloris paraguaiensis

Steud.;

Chlorisparaguayensis

Steud.;

Chloris polydactyla

(L.) Sw.;

Chlorisrufescens

Steud., nom. illeg., non

Chloris rufescens

Lag.;

Miscanthus polydactylos

(L.) Voss;

Saccharum polydacty-lum

(L.) Thunb.)

Tropics, origin uncertain. Annual or short-lived perennial,stout, glabrous, 3-awned, loosely tufted, simple or onlybranched at base, stems loosely clumped and ascending,erect or sometimes decumbent, often stoloniferous, baseprostrate, sometimes rooting at the lowermost nodes, leaf


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Chloris O. Swartz 477

sheaths compressed and keeled, leaves linear and flat, ligulea ring of hairs or shortly pilose, inflorescence spicate anddigitately arranged at the end of a flowering culm, spikeletssecund and 3-awned, spikelets purple-red on short stalks in2 rows alternately on each side of the spike, lowest fertilefloret with long-bearded callus, glumes unequal, lowerglume lanceolate, upper glume ovate, lemma oval with apurple awn, fertile lemmas bordered with long spreadinghairs, palea oblong with folded margins, 2 lodicules, 3stamens, a common weed species widespread in tropics andsubtropics, high food value, fodder and forage, best grazedin mixture with other grasses, unpalatable when old, goodfodder up to the time of flowering, young plants grazed bystock, suitable as hay when mixed with legumes, it standsdrought well, can thrive on alkaline soils, often growing onroad verges, wasteland, levee banks, along roadsides, aban-doned fields, pastures, grassy slopes in dry areas, disturbedsites and creek lines, sandy beaches, on lowlands andcoastal areas, in dry regions at lower elevations, in disturbeddry and mesic areas, see Voy. Jamaica 111, t. 65, f. 2. 1707,Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1305. 1759, SpeciesPlantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 1483. 1763, Mantissa Plan-tarum 302. 1771, Flora Japonica, … 42. 1784, Nova Generaet Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 26. 1788, Flora IndiaeOccidentalis 1: 200, 203. 1797, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agro-stographie 84, 158, 176. 1812, Enumeratio PlantarumHorti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1: 105. 1821, Synopsis Plan-tarum Glumacearum 1: 204-206. 1854, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 5:371. 1864, Flora Brasiliensis 2(3A): 1-160, t. 1-43. 1878,Flora Australiensis: A Description … 7: 613. 1878, RevisioGenerum Plantarum 2: 771. 1891, Vilmorin’s IllustrierteBlumengartnerei 1: 1191. 1895, Bulletin of the TorreyBotanical Club 25: 443. 1898 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5:275. 1900, Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 40: 437. 1926,Claves Generum et Specierum Graminearum PrimarumSinicarum Appendice Nomenclatione Systematica 197.1957, Grasses of Burma … 465. 1960, Journal of the RoyalSociety of Western Australia 44(3): 77-83. 1961, Phytologia21: 408. 1971, Australian Journal of Botany, SupplementarySeries 5: 1-51. 1972, Taxon 25(1): 176-178. 1976, FloraIlustrada Catarinense 1(Gram.): 1-435. 1981, Fl. Guianas,Ser. A, Phanerogams 8: 136. 1990, Rhodora 94(878): 135-140. 1992, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 78:509-540. 1996.

in English: swollen fingergrass, swollen chloris, swollenwindmillgrass, purpletop chloris, purple top, peacock-plume grass, airport grass

in Spanish: paraguita morada

in French: herbe cils

in Argentina: pasto borla

in Brazil: capim branco, capim guiamum, pé de galinha

in the Caribbean: ti pyé poul, zèb a bab, petit pied de poule,herbe à barbe

in Colombia: pasto blanco, siy, siyi

in Hawaii: mau’u lei

in Japan: murasaki-hige-shiba, shima-hige-shiba

in the Philippines Islands: banoko, korokorosan, koro-koro-san, banuko

in India: adavigodhumulu, aptia, bardiya, botya jhara,chanderyot, chhinkri, gandi, gandi gavung, ganni, gavung,gondvel, goshva, hennu ganjalu garike hullu, jargi, jharna,kodai pullu, konda jeri, konda pulla, konda pullu, manchadakaalu hullu, myel kondai pullu, navilu baalada hullu,paluah, palwat, phulkia, phundi, punji, sevarugu pullu, uppagaddi, uppugaddi, zende balada hullu

in Sri Lanka: kondai pul, mayuru tana

in Thailand: yaa rang nok, ya rang nok

in Ghana: kafar faraki, káfàr fàráki

C. berazainiae Catasus

America. See Acta Botanica Cubana 25: 5. 1985.

C. berroi Arechav. (Chloris accumbens Hack. ex Arechav.)(dedicated to M.B. Berro)

South America, Uruguay, Argentina. Perennial, clumped,cylindric inflorescence spicate and digitate, spikeletsdensely arranged, growing in dry arid places, see Analesdel Museo Nacional de Montevideo 1: 388, t. 44. 1896 and5: 391. 1896.

in English: giant fingergrass, Uruguay grass

in Spanish: pata de gallo

C. boliviensis Renvoize

Bolivia. Perennial, tufted, leaf blades acuminate, solitaryracemes, spikelets 3-flowered, glumes lanceolate andacuminate, lemma acute, dry or wet savannahs, seeGramíneas de Bolivia 347, f. 74. 1998.

C. bournei Rangachariar & Tadulingam

India. See Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 2: 189.1921, Current Science 57(11): 617-618. 1988.

C. breviaristata (Hack. ex Kütz.) Herter (Chloris polydac-tyla var. breviaristata Hack. ex Kütz.)

South America. See Boletín de Academia de Ciencias, Bel-las Letras y Nobles Artes. Córdoba, Spain 16: 257. 1899and Revista Sudamericana de Botánica 6: 146. 1940.

C. breviseta Benth. (Chloris virgata var. breviseta (Benth.)Pilger ex Peter)

Africa, Benin. See Niger Flora 566. 1849 and RepertoriumSpecierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 40: 262.1931.

C. canterae Arechav. (also canterai) (Chloris barbata Sw.;Chloris parodiana Rosengurtt & Izaguirre; Chloris poly-dactyla f. pauciradiata Kurtz; Chloris polydactyla f.stolonifera Parodi) (named for Mr. C.B. Cantera)


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478 Chloris O. Swartz

South America, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay. Perennial,tufted, erect, leafy, growing along roadsides, grasslands, seeNova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 26.1788, Anales del Museo Nacional de Montevideo 1: 385.1896 and Boletín de Academia de Ciencias, Bellas Letrasy Nobles Artes. Córdoba, Spain 16: 257. 1900, RevistaArgentina de Agronomía 20: 24. 1953, Boletín de laSociedad Argentina de Botánica 12: 124, 128, f. 4. 1968.

in English: Paraguayan windmill grass, windmill grass

in Spanish: pata de gallo

C. canterae Arechav. var. canterae (Chloris parodianaRosengurtt & Izaguirre)

South America. See Anales del Museo Nacional de Mon-tevideo 1: 385. 1896 and Boletín de la Sociedad Argentinade Botánica 12: 128, f. 4. 1968.

in English: windmill grass

C. canterae Arechav. var. grandiflora (Roseng. & Izag.)D.E. Anderson (Chloris grandiflora Roseng. & Izag.)

America. See Anales del Museo Nacional de Montevideo1: 385. 1896 and Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina deBotánica 12: 124, f. 3. 1968, Brigham Young UniversityScience Bulletin: Biological Series 19(2): 32. 1974.

C. castilloniana Lillo & Parodi (named for L. Castillon)

Bolivia, Argentina. Annual, bunchgrass, erect, caespitose,glabrous, flat leaves, forage, very palatable, useful for ero-sion control, see Physis. Revista de la Sociedad Argentinade Ciencias Naturales 4: 176, f. 1-2. 1918.

C. castilloniana Lillo & Parodi var. castilloniana

South America.

C. castilloniana Lillo & Parodi var. pubescens Caro & E.A.Sánchez

South America. See Kurtziana 6: 230. 1971.

C. cheesemani Hack. ex Cheesem.

Cook Island. Endangered species, see Fragmenta Phy-tographiae Australiae 7: 118. 1870 and Transactions of theLinnean Society of London, Botany, ser. 2, 6: 305. 1903,Kew Bulletin 21: 108. 1967.

C. ciliata Sw. (Andropogon pubescens Aiton; Andropogonpubescens Vis., nom. illeg., non Andropogon pubescensAiton; Andropogon pubescens Willd. ex Kunth, nom. illeg.,non Andropogon pubescens Aiton; Chloris brachyathera(Hack. ex Parodi) Herter; Chloris ciliata var. texana Vasey;Chloris nashii A. Heller; Chloris propinqua Steud.; Chloristexana (Vasey) Nash; Cynodon ciliatus (Sw.) Raspail)

North and South America, West Indies. Perennial, cae-spitose, erect, branched, leaf blades glabrous or scabrous,good forage, growing in disturbed areas, open habitats, seeNova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 25.1788. Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 3: 423. 1789,Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 5: 303. 1825, Flora

12(Erganz. 1): 3. 1829, Enumeratio Plantarum OmniumHucusque Cognitarum 1: 498. 1833, Synopsis PlantarumGlumacearum 1: 204. 1854, U.S. Department of Agricul-ture. Division of Botany. Bulletin 12(1): t. 30. 1890, Bulletinof the Torrey Botanical Club 25: 441. 1898 and Boletín deAcademia de Ciencias, Bellas Letras y Nobles Artes. Cór-doba, Spain 16: 257. 1900, Muhlenbergia: A Journal ofBotany 5: 120. 1909, Revista de la Facultad de Agronomiay Veterinaria 2: 271. 1919, Revista Sudamericana deBotánica 6: 146. 1940.

in English: fringed windmill grass, fringed chloris, falseRhodes grass

in Mexico: verdillo de fleco, yok-t’ut-suuk

C. ciliata Sw. f. breviseta Hack.

America.

C. ciliata Sw. f. ciliata

America.

C. ciliata Sw. var. ciliata (Chloris brachyathera (Hack. exParodi) Herter; Chloris ciliata var. brachyathera Hack. exParodi; Chloris ciliata var. brachyathera Hack.)

America. See Boletín de Academia de Ciencias, BellasLetras y Nobles Artes. Córdoba, Spain 16: 257. 1900,Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia y Veterinaria 2: 271.1919, Revista Sudamericana de Botánica 6: 146. 1940.

C. cruciata (L.) Sw. (Agrostis cruciata L.; Chloris brevi-glumis C. Wright; Chloris humboldtiana Steud.; Cynodoncruciatus (L.) Raspail; Rhabdochloa cruciata (L.) P.Beauv.; Vilfa cruciata (L.) P. Beauv.)

America. See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 873.1759, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus25. 1788, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 16, 84, 158,161, 176. 1812, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 5:303. 1825, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 205. 1854,Anales de la Academia de Ciencias Medicas … 8: 200. 1871and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 120. 1908.

C. cubensis A.S. Hitchc. & Ekman (Chloris cubensisHitchc. & Ekman ex A.S. Hitchc.; Chloris sagraeana subsp.cubensis (Hitchc. & Ekman) Cat. Guerra)

Cuba. See Manual of the Grasses of the West Indies 131.1936, Acta Botanica Cubana 25: 6. 1985, Fontqueria 44:145. 1996.

in English: Cuban windmill grass

C. cucullata Bisch.

North America, Mexico, U.S., Texas, New Mexico. Peren-nial, caespitose, tall, erect, simple, sometimes with shortstolons, flat bluish green stems and sheaths, leaves scabrousand acuminate, purplish terminal spikes, ornamental, fairforage value for both livestock and wildlife, growing inwaste ground, arid soils, deserts and xeric shrublands, inflat sandy soils, on upland sandy soils, see Annales desSciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 19: 357. 1853.


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in English: hooded windmill grass, hooded windmillgrass,windmill grass, hooded fingergrass

in Mexico: papalote, verdillo, verdillo papalote

C. dandyana C.D. Adams (Andropogon barbatus L.;Andropogon polydactylon L.; Chloris arundinacea Nees exSteud.; Chloris barbata Sw.; Chloris barbata (L.) Swartz;Chloris barbata (L.) Nash, nom. illeg., non Chloris barbataSw.; Chloris castilloniana Lillo & Parodi; Chloris consan-guinea Kunth; Chloris elata Desv.; Chloris polydactylaSw.; Chloris polydactyla (L.) Sw.; Chloris polydactyla f.stolonifera Parodi)

U.S., Florida, Cuba, Argentina. Annual or perennial, erectbunchgrass, stemmy, leaf blade acuminate, inflorescencebrown, lower lemma ciliate on the margins and keel, goodforage, drought-tolerant, rhizomes against uterine disorders,common in disturbed places, dry sites, see Systema Naturae,Editio Decima 2: 1305. 1759, Species Plantarum, EditioSecunda 2: 1483. 1763, Mantissa Plantarum 302. 1771,Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 26.1788, Flora Indiae Occidentalis 1: 200. 1797, Révision desGraminées 1: 89. 1829, Mémoires de la Société d’Agricul-ture, Sciences et Arts d’Angers 1: 177. 1831, Synopsis Plan-tarum Glumacearum 1: 207. 1854, Bulletin of the TorreyBotanical Club 25: 443. 1898 and Revista Argentina deAgronomía 20: 24. 1953, Phytologia 21: 408. 1971, Taxon25(1): 176-178. 1976, Fl. Guianas, Ser. A, 8: 136. 1990.

in Brazil: capim branco, capim guiamum, pé de galinha

C. dichanthioides Everist (Austrochloris dichanthioides(Everist) Lazarides)

Australia. See Queensland Agricultural Journal 49(5): 432,t. 155. 1938, Australian Journal of Botany, SupplementarySeries 5: 35. 1972.

C. diluta Renvoize

South Africa, Transvaal. Perennial, wiry, erect, ascending,branching above the base, rhizomatous and rarely stoloni-ferous, leaf blades acuminate, inflorescence digitate to sub-digitate, slender spikes, 2 florets, spikelets spaced, glumeslanceolate and membranous, awned, lemma elliptic, com-mon on riverbanks, scrub forest, very similar to Chlorispycnothrix Trin., see Kew Bulletin 31(4): 844. 1977.

C. divaricata R. Br. (Chloris cynodontoides Balansa; Chlo-ris divaricata var. cynodontoides (Balansa) Lazarides)

Queensland, New South Wales. Perennial, erect or decum-bent, slender, creeping, mostly glabrous, simple or freelybranching at lower joints, tufted to shortly stoloniferous,creeping runners, upright flower stalks, spikes digitate andspreading at maturity from a common center, spikeletsimbricate and crowded, 2 florets, glumes very narrow-lan-ceolate, fertile lemma toothed at the apex and scabrous,upper lemma glabrous and deeply 2-lobed, noxious weed,alluvial areas, floodplains and areas subject to periodicflooding, dry regions, see Prodromus Florae Novae

Hollandiae 186. 1810, Bulletin de la Société Botanique deFrance 19: 318. 1872, Flora Australiensis: A Description… 7: 612. 1878 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum RegniVegetabilis 9: 553. 1911, Transactions and Proceedings ofthe Royal Society of South Australia 37: 124, t. 5. 1913,Australian Journal of Botany, Supplementary Series 5: 18.1972, Brigham Young University Science Bulletin: Biolog-ical Series 19(2): 85. 1974.

in English: spreading windmill grass, star windmill grass,star grass, slender chloris

C. divaricata R. Br. var. cynodontoides (Balansa) Lazarides

Australia. Rigid inflorescence branches.

C. divaricata R. Br. var. divaricata

Australia. Flexible inflorescence branches.

C. ekmanii Hitchc.

West Indies, Cuba. Pastures, see Manual of the Grasses ofthe West Indies 129. 1936.

C. elata Desv. (Andropogon barbatus L.; Andropogon poly-dactylon L.; Chloris arundinacea Nees ex Steud.; Chlorisbarbata (L.) Nash, non Sw.; Chloris dandyana C.D. Adams;Chloris polydactyla (L.) Sw.)

Bolivia, Brazil. Annual, dark green, caespitose, erect, her-baceous, inflorescence flexuous, along roadsides, see Sys-tema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1305. 1759, SpeciesPlantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 1483. 1763, Mantissa Plan-tarum 302. 1771, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seuProdromus 26. 1788, Flora Indiae Occidentalis 1: 200.1797, Révision des Graminées 1: 89. 1829, Mémoires de laSociété d’Agriculture, Sciences et Arts d’Angers 1: 177.1831, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 207. 1854, Bul-letin of the Torrey Botanical Club 25: 443. 1898 and RevistaArgentina de Agronomía 20: 24. 1953, Phytologia 21: 408.1971, Taxon 25(1): 176-178. 1976, Fl. Guianas, Ser. A, 8:136. 1990.

in English: tall windmill grass, manyspiked chloris,manyspike fingergrass

C. exilis Renvoize

Brazil. Annual, slender, erect, decumbent, leaf blades linear,inflorescence subdigitate, spikelets oblong, glumes ovate,in cerrado or caatinga, on sandy soils, see Kew Bulletin37(2): 323, f. 2. 1982.

C. ferruginea Renvoize (Tetrapogon ferrugineus (Ren-voize) S.M. Phillips)

Africa, Kenya. Rare species, see Kew Bulletin 28(2): 195,f. 1. 1973, Kew Bulletin 42(2): 478. 1987.

C. filiformis Poiret (Bouteloua simplex Lag.; Chloris fili-formis (Vahl) Poir.; Chloris tenuis Poir.)

Mauritius. Vulnerable species, second floret occasionallyfertile, see also Cynosurus filiformis Vahl, see SymbolaeBotanicae, … 2: 20. 1790, Variedades de Ciencias, Liter-atura y Artes 2(4): 141. 1805, Encyclopédie Méthodique.


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Botanique … Supplément 2: 237-238. 1811, Systema Vege-tabilium 2: 579. 1817, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Bota-nique … Supplément 5: 614. 1817.

C. flabellata (Hack.) Launert (Chloris pubescens Peyr.,nom. illeg., non Chloris pubescens Lag.; Tetrapogon flabel-latus Hack.)

South Africa. Perennial, stoloniferous, woody and stout sto-lons, sward-forming, spikes stout and curved, upper glumewith silky edge, useful for erosion control, common onsaline marshes, flats, coastal regions, sandy places, muddysites, see Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Sitzungs-berichte, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse,Abteilung 1 38: 385. 1860, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier4: 810. 1896 and Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssamm-lung München 8: 147-163. 1970.

C. gabrielae Domin (Chloris virgata Sw.)

Australia. See Flora Indiae Occidentalis 1: 203. 1797 andBibliotheca Botanica 85: 368, f. 83. 1915.

C. gayana Kunth (Chloris abyssinica Hochst. ex A. Rich.;Chloris gayana f. genuina Maire & Weiller; Chloris gayanaf. oligostachys (Barratte & Murb.) Maire & Weiller; Chlorisgayana subsp. oligostachys Barratte & Murb.; Chloris gla-brata Andersson; Chloris multiradiata var. ragazzii Pirotta;Chloris repens Hochst.; Eustachys gayana Mundy)

Tropical and southern Africa. Short-lived perennial orannual, very variable, leafy, glabrous, erect or ascending,culms often decumbent at the base then erect, simple orusually branched, tall and robust, tough and wiry, vigorousroot system, sometimes forming tufts, usually stronglystoloniferous, rooting stolons, ligule membranous withhairy margins, leaf sheaths compressed and keeled, bladesflat or folded, leaves linear and tapering, spikes or racemessubdigitate and spreading to somewhat erect, spikeletscrowded or densely imbricate, spikelets rather coarse, 2awns, florets 3 or 4, lowest floret fertile, upper florets awn-less, glumes membranous and unequal, lemma tips truncate,fertile lemma lanceolate and ciliate on the margins and keel,2 lodicules, 3 stamens, weed species widely naturalized andgrown in tropical countries, escaped from cultivation, suit-able for silage and hay, thatching, pasture grass in subtrop-ical areas, cultivated fodder, relished by livestock, highgrazing value, a valuable forage species, young growth verypalatable, fairly drought resistant, usually will not surviveprolonged drought or flooding, it does not grow well inshade, withstands trampling and recovers quickly, salt-tol-erant, ground cover for erosion control, useful as a sandbinder and soil stabilizer, grows on road margins and pas-tures, irrigated terraces, open bushland, disturbed sites,along roadsides in dry areas, vleis, riverbanks, lake margins,waste places, seasonally waterlogged plains, fields, openwoodland and grassland, sown pastures, clay and clay-loamsoils, red clay soil, infertile sands, in coastal and subcoastalareas, red loams, alluvial loam, alluvial soils, allied to

Chloris inflata, see Révision des Graminées 1(6): 89. 1829,Révision des Graminées 2: 293, t. 58. 1830, Tentamen Flo-rae Abyssinicae … 2: 406. 1850, Flora 38: 204. 1855,Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique … 2: 557.1864, Annuario del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma 6: 157.1896 and Acta Universitatis Lundensis, Sect. 2, 36: 8, t. 13.1900, Rhodesian Agricultural Journal 14: 142. 1922, Florede l’Afrique du Nord: 2: 204. 1953, Grasses of Ceylon 89.1956, Ceylon J. Sci. Biol. Sci. 2(2): 126. 1959, Grasses ofBurma … 466, f. 51. 1960.

in English: Hunyani grass, Rhodes grass, Rhodesgrass,Rhodesian blue grass, Rhodes chloris

in French: chloris, herbe de Rhodes

in Portuguese: capim-de-Rhodes

in Spanish: grama de Rodas, pasto de Rodas, pasto Rhodes,grama Rhodes

in Colombia: pasto rhodes

in Costa Rica: zacate gordura

in Mexico: pasto rodes, pasto rhodes, zacate rhodes

in East Africa: apwoyo

in Nigeria: garaaji, kauarin dooki, kauarin duki, pagamri

in Southern Africa: bruinvingergras, Rhodes chloris,Rhodes-gras, Rhodesgras, rooiklossiesgras; nyankomo(Zulu)

in the Philippines Islands: banuko, koro-korosan, Rhodesgrass

in Thailand: ya rot

in Vietnam: tucgiéân

C. halophila Parodi (Gymnopogon beyrichianus (Kunth)Parodi)

Argentina. Racemes at maturity divergent to reflexed, fertilelemma awned, see Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 41,164. 1812, Révision des Graminées 1: 89, 289. 1829 andRevista del Centro de Estudiantes de Agronomía y Veteri-naría. Buenos Aires 18: 148, f. 55. 1925, Revista Argentinade Agronomía 12(1): 45. 1945.

C. halophila Parodi var. halophila

America.

C. halophila Parodi var. humilis Christa Müller

Argentina to Ecuador, Peru, high Andes. Perennial, stoloni-ferous or rhizomatous, rooting and branching from nodes,mat-forming, flowering culms erect, leaf sheaths keeled,leaf blades linear, inflorescence of digitate or subverticillateracemes, glumes unequal and lanceolate, fertile lemma lan-ceolate with a straight awn, sterile lemma with a subapicalawn, palea membranous, 2 lodicules, 3 stamens, open grass-land, in disturbed ground, along roads, see Feddes Repert.94(9-10): 627. 1983.


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C. inflata Link (Andropogon barbatus sensu L. 1771 (alsobarbata and barbatum); Chloris barbata Sw.; Chloris par-aguayensis Steud.)

Pantropical. Annual, stout, glabrous, tussocks, often pro-cumbent and rooting from basal nodes, auricles hairy, ligulea ciliate membrane, leaf blades linear long-attenuate, inflo-rescence of 8-16 digitate racemes erect, spikelets with 2-4rudimental florets, 3-4 weak and flexuous awns, glumeslanceolate, lemma of fertile floret ovate, sterile lemmasinflated, 2 lodicules, 3 stamens, dry grassland, roadsides,coastal lowland, see Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2:1305. 1759, Mantissa Plantarum 302. 1771, EnumeratioPlantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1: 105. 1821,Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 204-206. 1854.

C. jubaensis Cope

Somalia. Perennial, erect or ascending, tufted or stoloni-ferous, leaves obtuse and oblong, a head of digitate orsubdigitate racemes, spikelets 2-3 awned, fertile lemma gla-brous, see Kew Bulletin 50(1): 113, f. 2A-B. 1995.

C. lamproparia Stapf

Africa. Annual, tufted, erect or spreading, ascending, some-times rooting at the nodes, leaf blades flat and acuminate,spikes paired or closely digitate, spikelets 3- to 4-floweredand 2-awned, inflated uppermost leaf sheaths embracing thespikes, glumes acuminate, lower glume papery, upperglume membranous, fertile lemma bearded at the margins,edible grains, good grazing for stock, possibly a source ofminerals, found on dry soil, savannah, open places, rockyareas, dry bare soils, shallow sandy soil, see Mémoires dela Société Botanique de France, sér. 4, 8: 220. 1912.

in English: donkey’s grass

in Arabic: aba malih

in Mali: dugu kunsingui

in Nigeria: gergera

in Upper Volta: bunagau

C. lobata Lazarides

Australia. Annual, erect or prostrate, stolons absent, inflo-rescence branches erect or spreading, spikelets pedicellate2- to 3-flowered, deeply lobed second lemma, similar toChloris pumilio, see Australian Journal of Botany, Supple-mentary Series 5: 20. 1972.

C. mensensis (Schweinf.) Cufod. (Chloris somalensis Ren-dle; Gymnopogon mensensis Schweinf.)

Eastern Africa, Ethiopia, Somalia. Perennial, tufted, longstraggling stems, leaf blades linear and tapering to an acuteapex, basal leaf sheaths flattened, open inflorescence, dig-itate or subdigitate racemes, spikelets long-awned, 2 florets,rudimentary second floret, glumes linear-lanceolate, fertilelemma lanceolate and glabrous, rocky areas, hillsides, dryopen scrubland, grassland, see Journal of Botany, British

and Foreign 37: 66. 1899 and Bulletin du Jardin BotaniqueNational de Belgique 38. 1968.

C. montana Roxb. (Chloris decora Thw., non Nees; Chlorismontana var. glauca Hook.f.)

India, Sri Lanka. Perennial or sometimes annual, glabrous,strongly compressed, branched or simple, compact, ascend-ing and rooting at the lower nodes, leaf sheaths folded andkeeled, leaf blades pointed and acuminate, leaves foldedand imbricate, spicate inflorescence erect and appressed, 5-awned spikelets, 5 florets, lowest floret bisexual, glumesmucronate, found in overgrazed areas, coastal, savannah,grassland, woodland, sandy dunes, wasteland, see Fl. Ind.1: 331. 1820, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 5: 371. 1864 and Handb. Fl.Ceylon 5: 276. 1900, Grasses of Ceylon 89. 1956, CeylonJ. Sci. Biol. Sci. 2(2): 126. 1959, Grasses of Burma … 466.1960.

in India: gonde javara hullu

C. mossambicensis K. Schum. (Tetrapogon mossambicen-sis (K. Schum.) Chippind. ex B.S. Fisher)

Tropical Africa, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Mozam-bique. Perennial, erect or ascending, tufted, robust,stoloniferous and rhizomatous, shortly rhizomatous orstoloniferous, culms compressed, basal sheaths stronglycompressed or keeled, leaves oblong and obtuse, coarseinflorescence, digitate spikes or racemes straw to purplishcolored, spikelets 2-awned, fertile lemma ciliate on the mar-gins, fairly palatable, little grazing value, useful for erosioncontrol, extremely drought-tolerant, growing on sandy soil,on clay and waterlogged soil, heavy clay soils, loose sandysoils, consolidated dunes, shady places, seasonal pans,grassland and open bush, in wet areas, riverbanks, see Notiz-blatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 1: 104. 1895 and Grasses and Pastures of SouthAfrica 198. 1955.

in English: perennial spiderweb grass

in South Africa: meerjarige spinnerakgras

C. orthonoton Döll (Chloris guaranitica Parodi)

Brazil, Argentina. See Flora Brasiliensis 2(3): 64. 1878 andRevista Argentina de Agronomía 28: 106, f. 2. 1961 [1962].

C. paniculata Scribn.

Costa Rica. Bunchgrass, see Proceedings of the AmericanAcademy of Arts and Sciences 38: 262. 1902.

C. parvispicula Caro & E.A. Sánchez

Argentina. See Kurtziana 6: 227, f. 3. 1971.

C. pectinata Benth. (Chloris divaricata R. Br. var. minor J.Black; Chloris divaricata R. Br. var. muelleri Domin; Chlo-ris pectinata var. fallax Domin; Chloris pectinata var. typicaDomin)

Queensland, Northern Territory, South Australia, WesternAustralia, New South Wales. Annual, glabrous, erect orascending, geniculate at the base, usually simple, leaves


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flat, purplish spike-like racemes erect to slightly reflexed,spikelets packed and diverging, 2 florets, upper floret empty,glumes narrow-lanceolate membranous or hyaline, lemmascartilaginous, fertile lemma 2-lobed and usually smooth,moderately palatable, grows in temporarily wet places,clayey soils, floodplains, waterholes and depressions, seeFlora Australiensis: A Description … 7: 612. 1878 andRepertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 9: 553.1911, Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Societyof South Australia 37: 124, t. 5. 1913, Bibliotheca Botanica85: 366. 1915.

in English: comb windmill grass, comb chloris

C. pilosa Schumach. (Chloris breviseta Benth.; Chlorisnigra Hack.)

Tropical Africa. Annual, tufted, erect, ascending or genic-ulately ascending, slender to robust, often rooting at thelower nodes, spreading by lateral runners, sheaths rolled,hairy auricles, leaf blades finely pointed, inflorescence moreor less erect with few loosely digitate spikes, spikelets 3-flowered, 2 upper florets reduced to lemma, lowest floretbisexual, first lemma obovate and gibbous, 2nd lemmacuneate and inflated, glumes 2, awn length variable, graintranslucent, good forage, pasture, good quality hay, alongroadsides margins, disturbed places, related to Chloris vir-gata, see Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 55-56. 1827[also in Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturvidensk. Math.Afh. 3: 75-76. 1828], Niger Flora 566. 1849 and Boletimda Sociedade Broteriana 21: 179. 1906, RepertoriumSpecierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 40: 262.1931, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique57(3-4): 455. 1987.

in English: goat’s beard

in Gambia: kending na’kurto

in Liberia: duo su, duo suo

in Mali: babunsi, bakoron mbonsi, keenie geu, ngolontéguélé

in Niger: darambua, karam faryé, kata-kutey asadiora, kwaiengermaka

in Nigeria: eéran, eríran, kafan gauraka, kafan pakara, kafarfakaràà, kafar gauraka, kafar tsuntsuu, kerkole, kila silum,kilasilim, kwoyde kumare, sawun gauraka, tafin gauraka,taphin gauraka, tiksha digo

in Senegal: babunsi, bakoron mbonsi, guendjar, ngolontéguélé, sivandan ngoromdom, tiokol, tiokol peul

in Yoruba: eéran, eríran

C. polystachya Roxb. (Chloris polystachya Lag.)

America, Asia. See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue …82. 1814, Genera et species plantarum 4. 1816, Nova Gen-era et Species Plantarum 1: 167-168, pl. 50. 1815 [1816],Flora Indica; or Descriptions … 1: 332. 1820.

C. pumilio R. Br. (Chloris pallida Hack., nom. illeg., nonChloris pallida Willd.; Chloris ruderalis Domin; Chlorisruderalis f. biaristulata Domin; Chloris ruderalis f. robustaDomin; Chloris ruderalis var. ruderalis; Chloropsis pumilio(R. Br.) Kuntze)

Australia. Annual, erect or decumbent, see Prodromus Flo-rae Novae Hollandiae 186. 1810, Botanische Jahrbücherfür Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie6: 244. 1885, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 771. 1891 andBibliotheca Botanica 85: 365. 1915, Brigham Young Univ.Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(2): 82. 1974.

C. pycnothrix Trin. (Chloris beyrichiana Kunth; Chlorisbeyrichiana Steud.; Chloris crinita Salzm. ex Döll, nom.illeg., non Chloris crinita Lag.; Chloris humilis Kunth;Chloris intermedia A. Rich.; Chloris leptostachya Hochst.ex A. Rich.; Chloris leptostachya var. intermedia (A. Rich.)T. Durand & Schinz; Chloris obtusifolia Desv., nom. illeg.,non Chloris obtusifolia Trin.; Chloris radiata (L.) Swartz;Chloris radiata Ekm. non (L.) Swartz; Chloris radiata var.beyrichiana (Kunth) Hack. ex Stuck.; Chloris radiata var.beyrichiana (Kunth) Hack.; Chloris salzmannii Steud.;Gymnopogon beyrichianus (Kunth) Parodi; Gymnopogonhaumanii Parodi; Gymnopogon radiatus var. beyrichiana(Kunth) Parodi) (Chloris salzmannii Steud. Dedicated tothe German botanist Philipp Salzmann, 1781-1851, physi-cian, entomologist, plant collector and traveler (Brazil andNorth Africa), wrote Enumeratio plantarum rariorum, inGallia australi sponte nascentium. Monspelii 1818. SeeJohn Hendley Barnhart (1871-1949), Biographical notesupon botanists. Boston 1965; H.N. Clokie, Account of theHerbaria of the Department of Botany in the University ofOxford. 237. Oxford 1964; A. Lasègue, Musée botaniquede Benjamin Delessert. Paris 1845; E.M. Tucker, Catalogueof the library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard Univer-sity. Cambridge, Mass. 1917-1933) (Gymnopogon hauma-nii Parodi for the Belgian botanist Lucien Hauman, 1880-1965, studied under Leo (-Abram) Errera (1858-1905),from 1904 to 1926 Faculty of Agronomy in Buenos Aires(Argentina), 1928-1950 professor of botany at Bruxelles,author of La végétation des hautes Cordillères de Mendoza.Buenos Aires 1919, Buenos Aires 1917-1923 Catalogue desphanérogames de l’Argentine jointly written with G.Vanderveken and Luis H. Irigoyen; see J.H. Barnhart, Bio-graphical notes upon botanists. 2: 139. 1965; R. Zander, F.Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch derPflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. Stuttgart 1993; Ida Kaplan Lang-man, A Selected Guide to the Literature on the FloweringPlants of Mexico. Philadelphia 1964)

Tropical Africa, South America, Venezuela to Argentina.Annual or perennial, loosely tufted, erect or bent at thenodes and ascending, sometimes stoloniferous and spread-ing with short stolons, often rooting at the lower nodes,flattened leafy shoots, fibrous roots, ligule membranouswith hairy margin, leaf sheath strongly compressed, leaf


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blades flat and blunt to bluntly acute, inflorescence a star-shaped whorl of 2-8 narrow spikes or digitate racemes, 2-flowered, purplish awn, glumes linear-lanceolate andacuminate-mucronate, lemmas glabrous, lowest lemmaacuminate, 1 to 2 awns, a common weed species of annualand perennial crops, palatable, fodder, forage, good hay,very low grazing value, colonizer, useful for erosion control,found in wasteland on light and heavy soils, fields borders,high rainfall areas, weedy places, lawns, shallow stonysoils, red and stony soils, gardens and roadsides, woodlandmargins, in disturbed places, edge of sidewalk, riverbanks,cultivated lands, limestone hillsides, grasslands, fallows,margins of irrigation ditches, irrigated grassland, see Sys-tema Naturae, Editio Decima 873. 1759, Nova Genera etSpecies Plantarum seu Prodromus 26. 1788, De Gramini-bus unifloris et sesquifloris 234. Petropoli 1824, Révisiondes Graminées 1: 89, 289. 1829, Mémoires de la Sociétéd’Agriculture, Sciences et Arts d’Angers 1: 177. 1831,Nomenclator Botanicus (edition 2.) 1: 353. 1840, TentamenFlorae Abyssinicae … 2: 407. 1850, Synopsis PlantarumGlumacearum 1: 206. 1854, Flora Brasiliensis 2(3): 64.1878, Conspectus Florae Africae 5: 861. 1894 and Analesdel Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 13: 489. 1906, Physis.Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales 4:173, 180, 183. 1918, Revista del Centro de Estudiantes deAgronomía y Veterinaría. Buenos Aires 18: 148, f. 55. 1925.

in English: orchard grass, radiate fingergrass, spiderwebchloris, spider-web grass, spiderweb grass, false stargrass

in Spanish: zacate estrella

in East Africa: apama, ekode

in Nigeria: eéran, eríran, kerkole, kilasilim, kila silum, kirikiri, sawun gauraka, tafin gauraka, taphin gauraka, tikshadigo, tsawko, zankon gauraka, zanzon gauraka

in Somalia: harfo, domar

in South Africa: spinnerakchloris, spinnerakgras

C. radiata (L.) Swartz (Agrostis radiata L.; Chloris bifloraRegel; Chloris crinita Salzm. ex Döll, nom. illeg., nonChloris crinita Lag.; Chloris durandiana Schult.; Chlorisglaucescens Steud.; Chloris gracilis P. Durand; Chlorispallescens Regel; Chloris pycnothrix Trin.; Chloris radiataHeyne ex Roth, nom. illeg., non Chloris radiata (L.) Sw.;Chloris radiata var. longiaristata Christa Müller; Chlorisscoparius (Lam.) Desf.; Chloris scoparius Regel, nom.illeg., non Chloris scoparius (Lam.) Desf.; Chloris tacnen-sis Steud. ex Lechler; Cynosurus scoparius Lam.; Gymno-pogon radiatus (L.) Parodi) (Chloris durandiana Schult.possibly dedicated to Philippe Durand, fl. 1798-1807,French clergyman and botanical collector in Morocco andSouth Spain; the Belgian botanist Théophile Alexis Durand(1855-1912), with the Swiss botanist Hans Schinz (1859-1941) wrote Conspectus florae Africae, ou, Enumérationdes plantes d’Afrique. Bruxelles (Jardin botanique del’État), Berlin (R. Friedlaender & Sohn), Paris (Paul

Klincksieck) 1895-1898 and Études sur la flore de l’Étatindépendant du Congo. Bruxelles (Hayez) 1896, with hisdaughter Hélène (1883-1934) wrote Sylloge florae congo-lanae [Phanerogamae]. Bruxelles (Albert De Boeck) 1909;see J.H. Barnhart, Biographical notes upon botanists. 1:485. 1965)

Tropical America, Mexico. Annual, very variable, looselytufted, erect, ascending, often with procumbent base, usu-ally spreading and much branched at the base, rooting atnodes and often purplish at the nodes, ligule a short mem-brane, leaves flat or folded with apex blunt, leaf sheathsflattened and glabrous or slightly inflated, inflorescence spi-cate and digitate, racemes erect to divergent, flexuous lateralbranches clustered near the tip of a straight central rachis,spikelets erect, slender rudimental floret linear, glumesunequal, lemma lanceolate, 2 lodicules, 3 stamens, weed,good forage, growing in disturbed sites, wetlands, drywastelands, reservoir banks, abandoned fields and road-sides, dry or muddy soil, cultivated areas, pastures, ditches,see Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 873. 1759, Encyclo-pédie Méthodique, Botanique 2: 188. 1786, Nova Generaet Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 26. 1788, Tableau del’École de Botanique 14. 1804, De Quibusdam ChloridisSpeciebus 10. 1808, Novae Plantarum Species 61. 1821,Mantissa 2: 341. 1824, De Graminibus unifloris et sesqui-floris 234. Petropoli 1824, Révision des Graminées 1: 89,289. 1829, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 206. 1854,Berberides Americae Australis 56. 1857, AnnotationesBotanic. Index Seminum 28. 1863, Flora Brasiliensis 2(3):64. 1878 and Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires13: 489. 1906, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 120. 1908, Physis.Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales 4:180. 1918, Feddes Repertorium 94(9-10): 625, f. 2. 1983.

in English: bearded lawn-grass, radiate fingergrass, plush-grass

in Spanish: grama de costa

in Japan: hige-shiba

C. robusta Stapf

Tropical Africa. Perennial, robust, woody, geniculate, root-ing at the nodes, a source of minerals, growing on sandyplaces, sandy banks, sandy riverbeds, see Mémoires de laSociété Botanique de France, sér. 4, 8: 221. 1912.

in Nigeria: eru luludo, kaasaraa

in Yoruba: eru luludo

C. roxburghiana Schult. (Chloris myriostachya Hochst.;Chloris myriostachya Hochst. var. minor Chiov.; Chlorispolystachya Roxb., nom. illeg., non Chloris polystachyaLag.) (for the Scottish (b. Ayrshire) botanist William Rox-burgh, 1751-1815 (d. Edinburgh), physician, M.D. Edin-burgh, traveler and plant collector, 1776-1780 with the EastIndia Company in the Madras Medical Service, from 1781Superintendent of the Samalkot Botanic Garden, 1793-1813


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Superintendent of the Calcutta Botanic Garden and ChiefBotanist of East India Company, from 1798 to 1799 at Cape,1799 Fellow of the Linnean Society, 1814 St. Helena,among his writings are Account of the Chermes Lacca …from the Philosophical Transactions. [London 1791], FloraIndica; or Descriptions of Indian Plants, etc. [Edited byWilliam Carey, 1761-1834] Serampore 1832, Plants of theCoast of Coromandel. London 1795-1820 and Hortus ben-galensis. Serampore 1814. See Joseph François Charpen-tier-Cossigny de Palma, Essai sur la fabrique de l’indigo.Isle de France 1779 and Memoir Containing an AbridgedTreatise, on the Cultivation and Manufacture of Indigo.[Process of Making Indigo on the Coast of Ingeram, byWilliam Roxburgh.] Calcutta 1789; D.G. Crawford, A His-tory of the Indian Medical Service, 1600-1913. London1914; M. Hadfield et al., British Gardeners: A BiographicalDictionary. London 1980; Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomicliterature. 4: 954-958. 1983; Leonard Huxley, Life and Let-ters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker. London 1918; G. Murray,History of the collections contained in the Natural HistoryDepartments of the British Museum. 1: 46, 178. 1904; RayDesmond, Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Hor-ticulturists. 597-598. 1994; R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buch-heim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen.14. Aufl. 1993; N. Hall, Botanists of the Eucalypts. 1978and Supplement 1980; J.H. Barnhart, Biographical notesupon botanists. 3: 187. 1965; K. Biswas, editor, The Orig-inal Correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks Relating to theFoundation of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta and TheSummary of the 150th Anniversary Volume of the RoyalBotanic Garden, Calcutta. Calcutta 1950; Alice MargaretCoats, The Quest for Plants: A History of the HorticulturalExplorers. London 1969; Mary Gunn and L.E. Codd,Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa. 303. A.A.Balkema Cape Town 1981; Mariella Azzarello Di Misa,editors, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanicodi Palermo. 237. Regione Siciliana, Palermo 1988; K. Lem-mon, Golden Age of Plant Hunters. London. 1968; A. Whiteand B.L. Sloane, The Stapelieae. Pasadena 1937; BlancheHenrey, British Botanical and Horticultural Literaturebefore 1800. 1975; M. Archer, Natural History Drawingsin the India Office Library. London 1962; R. Desmond, TheEuropean Discovery of the Indian Flora. Oxford 1992; T.W.Bossert, Biographical dictionary of botanists representedin the Hunt Institute portrait collection. 341. 1972; EthelynMaria Tucker, Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arbo-retum of Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass. 1917-1933;Jonas C. Dryander, Catalogus bibliothecae historico-natu-ralis Josephi Banks. London 1800; A. Lasègue, Musée bot-anique de Benjamin Delessert. Paris 1845; EmilBretschneider (1833-1901), History of European BotanicalDiscoveries in China. Leipzig 1981)

Tropical Africa, Arabia, eastern and southern Africa,Angola, India. Perennial bunchgrass, erect or procumbent,

tufted to densely tufted, coarse, tussocky, flat shoot bases,tough spreading stolons, rhizomatous, young growth verysucculent, basal sheaths strongly keeled, lowest leaf sheathsusually white or straw-colored, leaves linear tapering to anacute apex, dense feathery inflorescence, spikes or racemesnumerous and arranged on a long central axis, featherypanicles straw-colored or purple, spikelets long-awned, 3or 4 awns, fertile lemma elliptic and ciliate to sparselyciliate, grains and leaves eaten by baboons, ornamental,excellent for dry flower arrangements, a good fodder,readily grazed, drought-tolerant, useful for erosion control,often a pioneer grass, grows in arid and semiarid areas,amongst bushes, stony slopes, in shallow clay loam, loosesandy soils, abandoned cultivation, old termite nestinggrounds, red gravelly soil, savannah, open grassland, openscrub, desert woodland, shrubland, loams and alluvial silts,on sandy or alluvial soils, see Flora Indica; or Descriptions… 1: 332. 1820, Mantissa 2: 339. 1824, Flora 38: 204. 1855and Annuario del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma 8(1): 54.1903, Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 22(2):491-494. 1998.

in English: horsetail grass, plumed chloris

in India: bamna, hika gadi, mathaniya, salakodam gadi

in Somalia: anekuduk, anadug

C. rufescens Lag. (Agrostomia aristata Cerv.; Chlorisaristata (Cerv.) Swallen; Chloris peregrina P. Durand;Chloris rufescens Llanos, nom. illeg., non Chloris rufescensLag.; Chloris rufescens Steud., nom. illeg., non Chlorisrufescens Lag.)

Mexico. See Variedades de Ciencias, Literatura y Artes2(4): 143. 1805, Philippe Durand [l’abbé] (fl. 1795-1815),De Quibusdam Chloridis Speciebus 11, 22. Monspelii 1808,Fragmentos de Algunas Plantas Filipinas 31. 1851, Synop-sis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 206. 1854, Naturaleza[Sociedad méxicana de historia natural] 1: 345. 1870 andNorth American Flora 17(8): 596. 1939, Taxon 50: 846.2001.

C. sagraeana A. Rich. (Chloris eleusinoides Griseb.; Chlo-ris morales-coelloi León ex Britton) (named for Ramon dela Sagra, 1798-1871)

North America, the Caribbean, Cuba. Growing in wasteplaces, sandy areas, see Historia Fisica Politica y Naturalde la Isla de Cuba, Botánica 11: 315. 1850, Flora of theBritish West Indian Islands 539. 1864 and Bulletin of theTorrey Botanical Club 53: 458. 1926, Acta BotanicaCubana 25: 1-6. 1985, Fontqueria 46: [i-ii], 1-259. 1997.

in English: roadside windmill grass

C. sagraeana A. Rich. subsp. cubensis (Hitchc. & Ekman)Catasus (Chloris cubensis Hitchc. & Ekman)

America. See Manual of the Grasses of the West Indies 131.1936, Acta Botanica Cubana 25: 6. 1985, Fontqueria 44:145. 1996.


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C. sagraeana A. Rich. subsp. sagraeana

America.

C. scariosa F. Muell. (Chloris scariosa P. Beauv.; Oxychlo-ris scariosa (F. Muell.) Lazarides)

Australia. Annual or short-lived perennial, stiff, glabrous,erect, densely tufted, simple or branched, spikes erect, whit-ish spikelets, glumes hyaline, lemmas with broad scariouswings, this grass appears not to be grazed to any extent,often occurs in areas of high salinity, on red-earth soilsunder mulga, on low rocky hills, creek banks and on heavysoils under gidgee, water courses, see Essai d’une NouvelleAgrostographie 79, 158. 1812, Fragmenta PhytographiaeAustraliae 6: 85. 1867 and Nuytsia 5(2): 283. 1984[1985].

in English: winged windmill grass, winged chloris, wingchloris

C. sesquiflora Burkart

Argentina. See Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina deBotánica 12: 287, f. 2. 1968.

C. spathacea Hochst. ex Steud. (Chloris spathacea Baill.,nom. illeg., non Chloris spathacea Hochst. ex Steud.; Cryp-tochloris spathacea (Hochst. ex Steud.) Benth.; Tetrapogoncenchriformis (A. Rich.) Clayton; Tetrapogon macranthusvar. spathaceus (Hochst. ex Steud.) Chiov.; Tetrapogonspathaceus (Hochst. ex Steud.) Hack. ex T. Durand &Schinz; Tetrapogon spathaceus (Hochst. ex Steud.)Macloskie, nom. illeg., non Tetrapogon spathaceus(Hochst. ex Steud.) Hack. ex T. Durand & Schinz)

Africa. See Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 2: 422, t. 101.1850, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 204. 1854,Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 19: 106. 1881,Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 14: t. 1376. 1882, Bulletin Men-suel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 2: 1070. 1893, Con-spectus Florae Africae 5: 864. 1894 and Reports of thePrinceton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899,Volume viii, 1 [2], Botany 8(1,5,1): 211. 1904, Annuariodel Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma 8(3): 352. 1908, KewBulletin 16: 247-250. 1962.

C. subaequigluma Rendle (Bracteola subaequigluma (Ren-dle) C.E. Hubb.; Chrysochloa subaequigluma (Rendle)Swallen)

Africa. See Catalogue of the African Plants Collected byDr. F. Welwitsch in 1853-61 2(1): 222. 1899 and Bulletinof Miscellaneous Information Kew 1934: 117. 1934, Pro-ceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 54: 44.1941.

C. submutica Kunth (Agrostomia mutica Cerv.; Chlorisinermis Trin.; Chloris polystachya Lag.; Chloris pratensisLesible ex Steud.; Chloris subbiflora Steud.; Eustachyspolystachya (Lag.) Kunth; Eustachys submutica (Kunth)Roem. & Schult.; Phacellaria panicea Willd. ex Steud.)

North America, New Mexico, Mexico. Perennial, erect,simple, tussock, caespitose or shortly stoloniferous, lower

nodes geniculate and rooting, leaves glabrous, leaf sheathsslightly inflated and keeled, ligule a short membrane, leafblades linear, subverticillate racemes, glumes lanceolateand unequal, fertile lemma with mucro or awnlet, forage,found in cultivated areas, along roadsides, see Nova Generaet Species Plantarum 1: 167-168, pl. 50. 1815 [1816], Gen-era et species plantarum 4. 1816, Systema Vegetabilium 2:614. 1817, De Graminibus unifloris et sesquifloris 232.Petropoli 1824, Révision des Graminées 1: 88. 1829,Nomenclator Botanicus 1: 353. 1840, Nomenclator Botan-icus. Editio secunda 2: 313. 1841, Synopsis Plantarum Glu-macearum 1: 206-207. 1854, Naturaleza [Sociedadméxicana de historia natural] 1: 345. 1870.

in English: Mexican windmill grass

in Mexico: pata de gallo, pato de gallo mexicano, tupikua,zacate

C. suringarii Hitchc.

West Indies. See Symbolae Antillarum 7: 167. 1912.

C. tenella J. König ex Roxb. (Chloris tenella Roxb.; Chloristriangulata Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Ctenium indicum Spreng.;Lepidopironia triangulata (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Hochst. exSchumach.; Tetrapogon tenellus (J. König ex Roxb.) Chiov.;Tetrapogon triangularis (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Hochst.; Tet-rapogon triangulatus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Schweinf.; Tet-rapogon triangulatus var. agowensis Chiov.; Tetrapogontriangulatus var. sericatus Chiov.)

India. Erect, decumbent, smooth, leaves smooth and soft,spikes solitary or in pairs, 3- to 5-flowered, good foddergrass, see Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 82. 1814,Flora Indica: or Descriptions … 1: 330. 1820, SystemaVegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 274. 1825, TentamenFlorae Abyssinicae … 2: 409. 1850, Bulletin de l’HerbierBoissier 2: App. 2: 97. 1894, Annuario del Reale IstitutoBotanico di Roma 6: 171, t. 15. 1896, Fl. Br. Ind. 7: 291.1896 and Annuario del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma8(3): 352. 1908, Grass. Saudi Arabia 302. 1989.

in India: kagya, morbhaga ghas

C. texensis Nash (Chloris nealleyi Nash) (named for Green-leaf Cilley Nealley, 1846-1896)

U.S., Texas. Rare vulnerable endangered species, growingin sandy to sandy loam soils, coastal prairie grasslands, seeBulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 23: 151. 1896, Bulletinof the Torrey Botanical Club 25: 435. 1898.

in English: Texas windmill grass, Texas windmillgrass

C. transiens Pilg. (Schoenefeldia transiens (Pilg.) Chiov.)

Africa. See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflan-zengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 51(3-4): 418. 1914,Resultati Scientifici della Missione Stefanini-Paoli nellaSomalia Italiana 1: 186. 1916.

C. triangulata Hochst. ex A. Rich. (Lepidopironia triangu-lata (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Hochst. ex Schumach.; Tetra-


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pogon tenellus (J. König ex Roxb.) Chiov.; Tetrapogontriangularis (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Hochst.; Tetrapogon tri-angulatus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Schweinf.)

Africa. See Flora Indica; or Descriptions … 1: 330. 1820,Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 2: 409. 1850, Bulletin del’Herbier Boissier 2: App. 2: 97. 1894 and Annuario delReale Istituto Botanico di Roma 8(3): 352. 1908.

C. truncata R. Br. (Chloris elongata Poir.; Chlorismegastachya Schrad. ex Schult.; Chloris truncata f. abbre-viata Thell.)

Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, WesternAustralia. Annual or perennial, small, usually simple orunbranched, leafy, coarse, oblique or erect, slender, gla-brous, forming compact tufts, sometimes stoloniferous withshort and branched stolons, leaves flat or folded with apexobtuse, dull green basal leaves, inflorescence spicate andbranched, racemes widely spreading at maturity, spikes dig-itate and spreading horizontally when in flower, spikesarranged like the vanes of a windmill, spikelets rather dis-tant, florets often black to bright purple when mature, upperfloret empty, glumes unequal with or without a short point,lemmas cartilaginous, fertile lemma narrow-elliptic withapex truncate, long and roughened awns, moderate foddervalue, readily grazable when young, unpalatable with age,decorative when in flower, cultivated as an ornamentalplant, ingestion of this plant is said to produce photosensi-tisation in animals, a colonizer of some eroded soils andscalded areas, suitable for rehabilitation, useful for land-scaping, provides excellent habitat for the Common Fro-glett, grows on heavy clay soils, wasteland, in pastures,stony or sandy ground, disturbed places, in open fields andriver settings, on plains, gray clays, on red or black earths,see Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 186. 1810, Ency-clopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 2: 236.1811, Mantissa 2: 340. 1824 and Vierteljahrsschrift derNaturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich 64: 706. 1919.

in English: stargrass, umbrella grass, umberalla grass, wind-mill grass, creeping windmill grass, Australian fingergrass

C. ventricosa R. Br. (Chloris sclerantha Lindl.; Chlorisventricosa var. tenuis Benth.)

Queensland, Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia.Perennial, dull green, stoloniferous, forming spreadingtufts, stems variable but usually branched, prostrate orspreading to erect, leaves close to the ground, inflorescencespicate and spreading like a windmill, spikes flexible anddigitate, spikelets closely packed along the branches andshortly awned, 2 or 3 florets, glumes scarious, upper lemmablunt, awns glabrous, callus pubescent, pioneer grass, suit-able for revegetation and pasture, cultivated as an ornamen-tal, very hardy, attractive and decorative, grows in woodlandon good soil, see Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 186.1810, Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical

Australia 31. London 1848, Flora Australiensis: A Descrip-tion … 7: 613. 1878.

in English: Australian weeping grass, windmill grass, Aus-tralian windmill grass, tall windmill grass, tall chloris

C. verticillata Nutt.

North America, U.S., New Mexico, Texas. Perennial bunch-grass, low, in small tufts, blue-green, erect, strongly flat-tened stems usually branched at the base and rooting at thelower nodes, small fringed ligule, auricles absent, leafblades narrow and folded, leaf sheaths compressed and veryflat, inflorescence windmill-like and terminal, spikeletsalternate and awned, poor economic value, grows in heavysand and gravelly soils, old fields, waste places, on railroadtracks, on disturbed rocky sites, dry prairies and plains,disturbed ground, on roadsides, lawns, on the sandy river-banks, in developed land and successional field, see Trans-actions of the American Philosophical Society, new series,5: 150. 1835, Pacif. Railr. Rep. 2: 176. 1855, BotanischeZeitung. Berlin 19(46): 341. 1861, Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 2(3): 528. 1894, Bulletinof the Torrey Botanical Club 25: 439. 1898.

in English: tumble windmill grass, tumble windmillgrass,windmill grass

C. virgata Swartz (Agrostomia barbata Cerv.; Andropogoncurtipendulum (Michx.) Spreng. ex Steud.; Atheropogoncurtipendulus (Michx.) E. Fourn.; Bouteloua curtipendula(Michx.) Torr.; Chloris alba J. Presl; Chloris alba var. aris-tulata Torr.; Chloris albertii Regel; Chloris barbata var.decora (Nees ex Steudel) Benth.; Chloris brachystachysAndersson; Chloris caudata Trin. ex Bunge; Chloris com-pressa DC.; Chloris curtipendula Michx.; Chloris decoraNees ex Steudel; Chloris elegans Kunth; Chloris gabrielaeDomin; Chloris gracilis P. Durand; Chloris madagascar-iensis Steud.; Chloris meccana Hochst. ex Steud.; Chlorismultiradiata Hochst.; Chloris notocoma Hochst.; Chlorispenicillata Jan. ex Trin., nom. illeg., non Chloris penicillata(Vahl) Pers.; Chloris penicillata Willd. ex Steud., nom.illeg., non Chloris penicillata (Vahl) Pers.; Chloris poly-dactyla subsp. multiradiata (Hochst.) Chiov.; Chloris pube-scens Lag.; Chloris rogeoni A. Chev.; Chloris tetrastachysHack. ex Hook.f.; Chloris tibestica Quézel; Chloris virgataP. Durand, nom. illeg., non Chloris virgata Sw.; Chlorisvirgata var. elegans (Kunth) Stapf; Cynodon curtipendula(Michx.) Raspail; Dinebra curtipendula (Michx.) P. Beauv.;Eutriana curtipendula (Michx.) Trin.; Lepeocercis serrata(Retz.) Trin.; Rabdochloa virgata (Sw.) P. Beauv.; Rhab-dochloa virgata (Sw.) P. Beauv.) (Chloris albertii Regelpossibly named for the Swiss-born Russian physician[Johann] Albert von Regel, 1845-1908, botanist, traveler,oldest son of Edward August von Regel (1815-1892), in1875 appointed District Physician at Kuldja in Ili, explorerof Turkestan and Eastern Asia (1876-1888); see J.H. Barn-hart, Biographical notes upon botanists. 3: 138. 1965; Emil


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Bretschneider, History of European Botanical Discoveriesin China. Leipzig 1981; E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of thelibrary of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University.Cambridge, Mass. 1917-1933; I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lam-ond, Index of Collectors in the Edinburgh Herbarium. Edin-burgh 1970)

Tropics. Annual or short-lived perennial, variable, weak,ascending to erect or geniculate, spreading, clumped, tuftedor rarely slightly stoloniferous, open-tufted, often decum-bent, often or occasionally rooting from the lower nodes,much-branched and soft-stemmed, shallow root system,ligule an inconspicuous short membrane, sheaths inflatedand keeled, leaf blades very acute to acuminate and hispid,inflorescence digitate and erect, ripe spikelets black, softspikelets pubescent to feathery, spikelets densely crowdedand 2-flowered, lower floret fertile, upper floret imperfectand reduced to a lemma, 2 awns, glumes lanceolate, lemmascartilaginous, fertile lemma entire or notched or keelsslightly gibbous, second lemma truncate, tuft of hairs onthe lemma tips, 2 lodicules, 3 stamens, a cover plant rapidlygrowing, seeds easily transported by wind and water, lowpalatability, native pasture species, good fodder for horsesand cattle, valuable as forage, palatable grazing whenyoung, weed species, usually will not survive prolongedflooding, a decoction of the plant or of the roots used forcolds and rheumatisms, leaves applied on wound to preventbacterial infection, pioneer grass used for reseedingdenuded rangeland, found in areas where water lies afterrain, dry tidal mudflats, tropical lowland, tropical coasts,hind dunes, desert steppe, in gardens, grasslands, alongcoast, desert washes and swales, on bare compacted anddisturbed soil, sandy places, very dry areas, in pure sand,in saline areas, edges of the desert, disturbed sites alongroads, cultivated and disturbed areas, disturbed agriculturalarea, along field margins, grass steppe, waste places, openhabitats, black cracking clays, heavy soils, shallow gravellysoil, in ditch along highway, along roadsides and creeks,banks of water courses, see Observationes Botanicae 5: 21.1789, Flora Indiae Occidentalis 1: 203. 1797, Flora Bore-ali-Americana 1: 59. 1803, Variedades de Ciencias, Liter-atura y Artes 2(4): 143. 1805, De Quibusdam ChloridisSpeciebus 10. 1808, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie84, 98, 158, 160, 176. 1812, Catalogus plantarum hortibotanici monspeliensis 94. 1813, Nova Genera et SpeciesPlantarum 1: 166-167, t. 49. 1815 [1816], FundamentaAgrostographiae 161, 203, t. 18. 1820, De Graminibus uni-floris et sesquifloris 231. Petropoli 1824, Annales des Sci-ences Naturelles (Paris) 5: 303. 1825, ReliquiaeHaenkeanae 1(4-5): 289. 1830, Enumeratio Plantarum,quas in China Boreali 70. 1833, Nomenclator Botanicus.Editio secunda 1: 90, 353. 1840, Notes of a Military Recon-noissance 153. 1848, Niger Flora 566. 1849, Explorationof the Red River of Louisiana 300. 1853, Synopsis Plan-tarum Glumacearum 1: 205-206. 1854, Flora 38: 204.

1855, Pacif. Railr. Rep. 4: 155. 1857, Naturwissenschaftli-che Reise nach Mossambique … 556. 1864, Naturaleza[Sociedad méxicana de historia natural] 1: 346. 1870,Flora Australiensis: A Description … 7: 613. 1878, ActaHorti Petrop. 7: 650. 1881, Mexicanas Plantas 2: 138. 1886,The Flora of British India 7: 291. 1896 and Flora Capensis7: 642. 1900, Annuario del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma8(1): 54. 1903, Bibliotheca Botanica 85: 368, f. 83. 1915,Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis,Beihefte 40: 262. 1931, Revue internationale de botaniqueappliquée et d’agriculture tropicale 14(150): 127. 1934,Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Afrique duNord 48: 84. 1957.

in English: windmill grass, feather windmill grass, showywindmill grass, feathertop, feathertop chloris, feather-topchloris, showy chloris, feathered chloris, feathertop Rhodes,feathertop Rhodes grass, feathery Rhodes grass, featherfingergrass, feather finger grass, woolly-top, old land grass,old land’s grass, sweet grass, sweet hay grass, haygrass,blackseed, blackseed grass, blue grass, white grass

in India: bhothia jara, chota sailria, ganjali hullu, gharani-agas, gudi hullu, pandhad, phundna

in Spanish: verdillo plumerito, zacate pluma, zacate mota,zacate

in Mexico: barba de chivo, barba de indio, barbas de indio,cebadilla, cola de zorra, huak-top’suuk, meex-mascual,motita, paraguitas, pata de gallo, verdillo plumerito, zacatecola de zorra, zacate lagunero, zacate mota, zacate motilla

in Madagascar: antocazo, antokazo

in Niger: asghal, azghal, buta’n kurégé, gabarédilabé,garago, tasbat n-ejemar, toesbat najemâr

in Somalia: ausdug, agar

in S. Rhodesia: Wuwu

in Southern Africa: blougras, hooigras, katstertgras, vley-quirlgras, klossiesgras, klossiegras, kwasgras, oulandegras,paardgras, perdegras, witgras, soetgras, spinnekopgras, wit-pluimchloris, wollerigegras; amafusine (Zulu); sehabane,lehola-la-dipere (Sotho); umadolwana (Xhosa)

in Upper Volta: garbere

C. x subdolichostachya Müll. Hal. [cucullata x verticillata](Chloris brevispica Nash; Chloris latisquamea Nash; Chlo-ris verticillata var. aristulata Torr. & A. Gray; Chloris ver-ticillata var. intermedia Vasey)

North America, U.S., Texas. Perennial, good forage, grow-ing on sandy sites, on disturbed sandy sites in drier soilconditions, see Transactions of the American PhilosophicalSociety, new series, 5: 150. 1835, Pacif. Railr. Rep. 2: 176.1855, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 19(46): 341. 1861, Con-tributions from the United States National Herbarium 2(3):528. 1894, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 25: 438-439. 1898 and Phytologia 37(4): 317-407. 1977, Las


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488 Chlorocalymma W.D. Clayton

Gramíneas de México 2: 1-344. 1987, Phytologia 74(4):336-338. 1993.

in English: short-spike windmill grass, shortspike wind-millgrass, shortspiked windmillgrass, Nash windmill grass

in Mexico: verdillo norteño

Chlorocalymma W.D. Clayton

From the Greek chloros “green, pale green” and kalymma“a covering, hood.”

One species, Tanzania. Panicoideae, Panicodae, Paniceae,annual, herbaceous, auricles absent, ligule an unfringedmembrane, plants bisexual, inflorescence spicate, rhachistough, spikelets subtended by a spiny elongated involucre,2 glumes unequal to very unequal, lower lemma laterallywinged, palea present, 3 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas,open habitats, dry areas, bushland, type Chlorocalymmacryptacanthum Clayton, see Kew Bulletin 24: 461. 1970.

Species

C. cryptacanthum Clayton

Africa.

Chloroides Regel = Chloris Sw., Chloroides Fisch. ex Regel, Eustachys Desv.

Greek chloroeides “of a greenish appearance,” resemblingChloris.

Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Chloridinae, see Nova Gen-era et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 1, 25. 1788, Nou-veau Bulletin des Sciences, publié par la SociétéPhilomatique de Paris 2: 188-189. 1810, Index Seminum[St. Petersburg] 28. 1863 and Flora Mesoamericana 6: 288-289. 1994, A.M. Molina, “Revisión taxonómica del géneroEustachys Desv. (Poaceae: Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae) deSudamérica.” Candollea 51(1): 225-272. 1996, Gramíneasde Bolivia 353-355. 1998, Contributions from the UnitedStates National Herbarium 41: 39-52, 117-118, 222-223.2001.

Chloropsis Kuntze = Chloropsis Hack. ex Kuntze, Trichloris E. Fourn. ex Benth.

From the Greek chloros “green, pale green, yellow-green”and opsis “aspect, appearance, resemblance,” resemblingChloris.

Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Chloridinae, see Nova Gen-era et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 1, 25. 1788, Var-iedades de Ciencias, Literatura y Artes 2(4): 143. 1805,Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 19: 102. 1881, Mex-

icanas Plantas 2: 142. 1886, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfam-ilien 2(2): 59. 1887, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 771.1891 and Division of Botany, Circular (United StatesDepartment of Agriculture) 32: 7. 1901, U.S. Dept. Agric.Bull. 772: 190. 1920, Adolf Pascher (1881-1945), Die Süss-wasser-Flora Deutschlands, Österreichs und der Schweiz4: 88, 103. 1927, Brigham Young University Science Bul-letin: Biological Series 19(2): 1-133. 1974, FloraMesoamericana 6: 287-289. 1994, Flora of Ecuador 68:105-106. 2001, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 41: 39-52, 222-223. 2001.

Chlorostis Raf. = Chloris Sw.

Referring to Chloris Sw.

Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Chloridinae, see C.S.Rafinesque (1783-1840), Princ. Fond. Somiol. 26, 29. 1813[1814], Flora Telluriana. 1: 84. 1836 [1837] and Contribu-tions from the United States National Herbarium 41: 39-52, 222-223. 2001.

Chondrachyrum Nees = Briza L., Chascolytrum Desv.

Greek chondros “cartilage, gristle” and achyron “chaff,husk.”

Pooideae, Poeae, Brizinae, type Chondrachyrum scabrumNees ex Steud., see Species Plantarum 1: 66-67, 70-71.1753, Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, publié par la SociétéPhilomatique de Paris 2: 190. 1810, Nova Genera et SpeciesPlantarum 1: 164. 1815 [1816], A Natural System of Botany449. 1836, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 276, 288.1854, Genera Plantarum 3(2): 1194-1195. 1883 and Arkivför Botanik utgivet av K. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien13(10): 53. 1913, Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia yVeterinaria 3: 120. 1920, Feddes Repertorium 84(7-8): 541.1973, Willdenowia, Beih. 8: 77. 1975, Boletim do Institutode Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande doSul 41: 1-191. 1987, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 229. 1994,Flora Mediterranea 5: 340-345. 1995, Bothalia 27: 75-82.1997, Cladistics 14: 287-296. 1998 [N.D. Bayón, Cladisticanalysis of the Briza Complex (Poaceae, Poeae).], OperaBotanica 137: 1-42. 1999, Lagascalia 21(1): 235-240.1999, Contributions from the United States National Her-barium 48: 146-151, 233-234. 2003.

Chondrochlaena Kuntze = Prionachne Nees ex Lindl., Prionanthium Desv.

From the Greek chondros “cartilage, lump, groats of wheat”and chlaena, chlaenion “cloak.”


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Chondrolaena Nees 489

Chondrolaena Nees = Prionachne Nees ex Lindl., Prionanthium Desv.

Greek chondros “cartilage, lump, groats of wheat” andchlaena, chlaenion, laina “cloak, blanket,” Latin laena, ae“a cloak, mantle.”

Arundinoideae, Danthonieae, see Mémoires de la Sociétéd’Agriculture, Sciences et Arts d’Angers 1: 168-169, t. 7, f.3. 1831, An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany447. 1836, Florae Africae Australioris Illustrationes Mono-graphicae 1: 133. 1841 and G. Davidse, “A revision of thegenus Prionanthium (Poaceae: Arundineae).” Bothalia 18:143-153. 1988, South African Journal of Botany 60: 285-292. 1994.

Chondrosum Desv. = Actinochloa Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., Antichloa Steud., Bouteloua Lag., Erucaria Cerv.

Greek chondros “cartilage, wheat, grain of wheat.”

About 14 species or 0, Canada to Argentina, U.S., Mexico.Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Boutelouinae, annual orperennial, caespitose, leaf blades linear, spikelets laterallycompressed with 1-2 sterile florets, glumes lanceolate,lemma keeled and 3-awned, lower lemma fertile, upperlemmas sterile, open habitats, plains, often included inBouteloua as a subgenus, type Chondrosum procumbens (P.Durand) Desv., see Variedades de Ciencias, Literatura yArtes 2(4,21): 134. 1805, Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences,publié par la Société Philomatique de Paris 2: 188. 1810,Systema Vegetabilium 2: 22, 417. 1817, Nomenclator Botan-icus. Editio secunda 1: 108. 1840, A Manual of the Botanyof the Northern United States. second edition 553. 1856,Naturaleza [Sociedad méxicana de historia natural] 1: 347.1870, Genera Plantarum 3(2): 1168. 1883 and Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden 66(3): 348-416. 1979[1980], Kew Bulletin 37(3): 417-420. 1982, FloraMesoamericana 6: 292-293, 296. 1994, Sida 17: 111-114.1996, Aliso 17(2): 99-130. 1998, Aliso 18: 61-65. 1999,Contributions from the United States National Herbarium41: 20-33. 2001.

Chretomeris Nutt. ex J.G. Sm. = Elymus L, Sitanion Raf.

Pooideae, Triticeae, Hordeinae, see Species Plantarum 1:83-84. 1753, C.S. Rafinesque, Journal de Physique, deChimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts 89: 103. 1819,Annals of Natural History 1: 284. 1838, Genera Plantarum3(2): 1207. 1883, Bulletin, Division of Agrostology UnitedStates Department of Agriculture 18: 10, 12-13, 15, 17, 19-20, t. 3. 1899 and E.D. Merrill, Index rafinesquianus 76.1949, Canad. J. Bot. 42: 554. 1964, M.E. Barkworth &

D.R. Dewey, “Genomically based genera in the perennialTriticeae of North America: identification and member-ship.” Amer. J. Bot. 72: 767-776. 1985, Taxon 41: 562-563.1992, Taxon 44: 611-612. 1995, Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 48: 279-307. 2003.

Chrysochloa Swallen = Bracteola Swallen

From the Greek chrysos “gold” and chloe, chloa “grass.”

About 4-5 species, tropical Africa. Chloridoideae, Cyn-odonteae, annual or perennial, unarmed, tufted, herbaceous,caespitose, stoloniferous, leafy, leaves mainly basal, auri-cles absent, ligule a fringed membrane, plants bisexual,inflorescence spicate digitate or subdigitate, racemes singleor digitate, spikelets imbricate compressed, 2 florets, upperfloret male or sterile, 2 glumes more or less equal, upperglume deciduous and keeled, fertile lemma mucronate orshortly awned, palea present, 2 free and fleshy lodicules, 3stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas, open habitats, season-ally flooded places, lowlands, damp sites, seasonally water-logged soils, see Catalogue of the African Plants Collectedby Dr. F. Welwitsch in 1853-61 2(1): 222. 1899 and Amer-ican Journal of Botany 20: 118, f. 1. 1933, Bulletin ofMiscellaneous Information Kew 1934: 117. 1934, Proceed-ings of the Biological Society of Washington 54: 44. 1941.

Species

C. hindsii C.E. Hubbard (Chrysochloa annua C.E. Hub-bard; Chrysochloa caespitosa Clayton)

Tropical Africa. Annual, stoloniferous, caespitose, variable,see Kew Bulletin 4: 349. 1949, Kew Bulletin 12: 59. 1957,Kew Bulletin 14: 239. 1960.

in Upper Volta: petrepin ragha

C. hubbardiana Germain & Risopoulos

Tropical Africa. See Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État22: 71. 1952.

C. lucida (Swallen) Swallen (Bracteola lucida Swallen)

Tropical Africa, Angola. See American Journal of Botany20: 118, f. 1. 1933, Proceedings of the Biological Societyof Washington 54: 44. 1941.

C. orientalis (C.E. Hubbard) Swallen (Bracteola orientalisC.E. Hubb.)

Tanzania. See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew1934: 117. 1934, Proceedings of the Biological Society ofWashington 54: 44. 1941.

C. subaequigluma (Rendle) Swallen (Chloris subaequi-gluma Rendle)

Tropical Africa. See Catalogue of the African Plants Col-lected by Dr. F. Welwitsch in 1853-61 2(1): 222. 1899 andBulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1934: 117.


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490 Chrysopogon Trin.

1934, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington54: 44. 1941.

Chrysopogon Trin. = Centrophorum Trin., Chalcoelytrum Lunell, Lenormandia Steud., Mandelorna Steud., Pollinia Spreng., Pollinia Trin., Rhaphis Lour., Trianthium Desv.

From the Greek chrysos “gold” and pogon “a beard,” refer-ring to the color of the awns or to the golden brown callushairs of some species; see Carl Bernhard von Trinius (1778-1844), Fundamenta Agrostographiae. 187. Viennae (Jan)1820.

About 25-45 species, tropical and subtropical, warmregions, mainly in Asia and Australia. Panicoideae, Andro-pogonodae, Andropogoneae, Andropogoninae, or Pani-coideae, Andropogoneae, Sorghinae, annual or perennial,herbaceous, usually unbranched, sometimes decumbent orslightly bent, mostly tufted, solid culm internodes, leavesoften harsh and glaucous in a basal tussock, leaf bladesnarrow, auricles absent, ligule a fringed membrane or aciliate rim, rhizomatous or stoloniferous, deep-rooting,plants bisexual, inflorescence loosely paniculate and fili-form usually with terminal triads of spikelets or spikeletsin pairs, spikelets at the ends of the branches of the panicle,1 sessile bisexual spikelet and 2 pedicellate male or sterilespikelets, 1 sessile awned spikelet and 2 pedicelled unawnedspikelets developed or rudimentary, fertile spikelets com-pressed laterally, male spikelets often purplish and com-pressed dorsally, tuft of long hairs on the branches belowthe spikelets, lower glume cartilaginous and rounded on theback, upper glume often awned, lower floret reduced, upperlemma hyaline often 2-toothed and awned, palea present orabsent, 2 glabrous lodicules free and fleshy, stamens 3,anthers yellow, ovary glabrous, fruit yellow and com-pressed, cultivated fodder, weed species resistant to droughtand heavy grazing, native pasture species, lawns, playingfields, common in disturbed ground, heavy soils, open hab-itats, poor soils or subdesert, rainforest, floodplains, desert,humid tropics, intergrades with Vetiveria, type Chrysopo-gon gryllus (L.) Trin., see Species Plantarum 1: 61-63, 82.1753, Species Plantarum 2: 1045, 1047. 1753, FloraCochinchinensis 538, 552. 1790, Pl. Pugill. 2: 10. 1815,Fundamenta Agrostographiae 187-188. 1820, Bull. Sci.Soc. Philom. Paris 1822: 43. 1822, Flora 33: 229. 1850,Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 359. 1854 [1855], DieNatürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2(2): 28. 1887 and AmericanMidland Naturalist 4: 212. 1915, Bulletin de l’InstitutFrançaise d’Afrique Noire 22: 106. 1960, Boissiera. Mém-oires du Conservatoire de Botanique et de l’Institut deBotanique Systématique de l’Université de Genève 9: 291.1960, Folia Primatologica 15: 1-35. 1971, Journal of Cytol-ogy and Genetics 20: 205-206. 1985, Journal of Cytology

and Genetics 25: 140-143, 322-323. 1990, FloraMesoamericana 6: 383. 1994, Annals of the MissouriBotanical Garden 81(4): 775-783. 1994, J.F. Veldkamp, “Arevision of Chrysopogon Trin. including Vetiveria Bory(Poaceae) in Thailand and Malesia with notes on some otherspecies from Africa and Australia.” Austrobaileya 5(3): 503-533. 1999, Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 46: 151, 156, 159-161, 283, 285, 541-542, 544-545. 2003, Federico Selvi and Massimo Bigazzi,“Revisionof genus Anchusa (Boraginaceae-Boragineae) in Greece.”Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 142(4): 431-454,Aug 2003.

Species

C. aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. (Andropogon acicularis Willd.;Andropogon acicularis Retz. ex Roem. & Schult.; Andro-pogon aciculatus Retzius; Andropogon aciculatus Willd.;Andropogon gryllus L.; Andropogon javanicus Steud.;Andropogon subulatus J. Presl; Apluda gryllus (L.) C. Presl;Centrophorum chinense Trin.; Chloris gryllus (L.) Honck.;Chrysopogon acicularis Duthie; Chrysopogon aciculatusvar. longifolius Büse; Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin.;Chrysopogon subulatus (J. Presl) Trin. ex Steud.; Chryso-pogon trivialis Arn. & Nees; Holcus aciculatus (Retz.) R.Br.; Holcus gryllus (L.) R. Br.; Pollinia gryllus (L.) Spreng.;Rhaphis acicularis (Retz. ex Roem. & Schult.) Desv.; Rha-phis aciculatus (Retz.) Desv., also spelled aciculata; Rha-phis aciculatus (Retz.) Honda; Rhaphis gryllus (L.) Desv.;Rhaphis gryllus (L.) Trin.; Rhaphis javanica Nees exSteud.; Rhaphis javanica Nees; Rhaphis trivialis Lour.;Rhaphis zizanioides var. aciculatus (Retz.) Roberty)

Tropics, Southeast Asia, China, India, Japan, Indonesia,Philippines, Nepal. Perennial, terrestrial, variable, vigorous,solid, glabrous, often branching, stoloniferous, extensivelycreeping, prostrate and mat-forming, spreading, ascendingor erect from a decumbent base, nodal rooting, forming ashort turf, woody creeping rhizome, leaves mostly basal,auricles present, sheaths striate, ligule a shallow rim orshortly membranous, erect flowering culm unpalatablewhen in fruit, inflorescence a rigid and erect panicle, smallpanicles reddish purple with several slender branches, triadof spikelets, pedicellate spikelets purple, erect naked pedun-cle, 1 sessile awned spikelet and 2 pedicelled awnless spike-lets, lower bisexual spikelet, upper male spikelets, 2 glumes,palea hyaline and oblong-acute, stamens 3, sharp-pointedseeds cause extensive ulceration, ripe fruits with sharp basalcallus, diaspores adhere to clothing and hair very readily,aggressive and noxious weed species, a serious persistentpest, a weed of tea in India, straw used for making hats andmats, culms woven into cigarette-cases and used to makebrushes, can stand heavy grazing, fairly drought-tolerant,useful fodder grass, cultivated, forage to worthless as forageflowering culms and spikelets have low palatability, leaveshighly palatable, naturalized, ornamental, lawns and playing


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Chrysopogon Trin. 491

fields, soil binder, erosion control, useful for stabilizingembankments, withstands trampling and poor soils,responds to burning, a vigorous coloniser of denudedground, prefers moist soils, open areas, rocky slopes, wasteareas, common on abandoned cultivations on poor sandysoils, pastures, overgrazed soil, humid tropics, sandy loams,neutral soils, heavy soil, rangelands, intergrades withVetiveria Bory, taxonomy of the genus remains confused,see Centuria II. Plantarum … 2: 33. 1756, Amoen. Acad.4: 332. 1759, Obs. Bot. 5: 22. 1789, Flora Cochinchinensis2: 553. 1790, Synopsis Plantarum Germaniae 1: 437. 1792,Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4: 906. 1806, ProdromusFlorae Novae Hollandiae 199. 1810, Plantarum MinusCognitarum Pugillus 2: 10. 1815, Cyperaceae etGramineae Siculae 55. 1820, Fund. Agrost. 106, 188, t. 5.1820, Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern andCentral Africa Appendix: 244. 1826, Reliquiae Haenkeanae1(4-5): 341. 1830, Mémoires de la Société d’Agriculture,Sciences et Arts d’Angers 1: 172-173. 1831, NomenclatorBotanicus. Editio secunda 1: 360. 1840, Gramineae 50.1841, Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat.Cur. 19 (Suppl. 1): 182. 1843, Hooker’s Journal of Botanyand Kew Garden Miscellany 2: 99. 1850, Plantae Jung-huhnianae 3: 361. 1854, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum1: 360, 396. 1854, Genera Plantarum 3(2): 1127. 1883, AList of the Grasses of N.W. India, Indigenous and Cultivated22. 1883 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 234. 1900, BotanicalMagazine (Tokyo) 40: 103. 1926, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 333.1931, Petite Flore de l’Ouest-Africain 403-404. 1954,Grasses of Ceylon 186. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 115.1960, Bot. Macaronesica 6: 64. 1980, Austrobaileya 5(3):510. 1999.

in English: golden beard grass, golden false beard grass,spear grass, love grass, love torn, grass seed, seed grass,seedy grass, Mackie’s pest, small needled goldbeard, PortHarcourt grass

in Spanish: amorseco

in French: herbe plate, herbe à piquant, chiendent grenille

in Hawaii: manienie ‘ula, pi’pi’i, pilipili ‘ula, pilipiliula

in Micronesia: rehtakai

in Pacific: mosie fisi

in New Guinea: knalbru

in Cambodia: smao kan troeng, smao kantreill, smau kân-traëy

in China: ji gu cao

in Japan: Okinawa-michishiba

in India: chora kanta, chorakanta, chorapushpee, chora-pushpi, chorkanta, ganji garike hullu, kaeshini, katle chettu,katle gaddi, kava, kawa, keshinee, kheti, kudira pullu,lampa, puttligaddi, sans, senra, shankapushpi chettu, shun-kini, shuntnee, sikola, surwala

in Indonesia: jukut domdoman, rumput kemuncup, salohot

in Malaysia: kemuchut, kemunchup, temuchut

in the Philippines Islands: amorseco, amorseko, dalekedek,dalukduk, lakut-lapas, marisekos, mariskos, pagippi, pan-grot, tinloi

in Sri Lanka: ottu pul, tuttiri

in Thailand: ya chaochu, yaa chaochuu, yaa ka troei, yaakhee khrok, ya khitroei, yaa khee troei, ya khikh rok, yaaklon, yaa kon, yaa nam luek, yaa nokkhum

in Vietnam: co may, co’ may, co’ bông, bong co

C. argutus (Steud.) Trin. ex Jackson (Andropogon argutusNees ex Steud.; Chrysopogon argutus (Nees ex Steud.) Trin.ex B.D. Jacks.; Vetiveria arguta (Nees ex Steud.) C.E.Hubb.)

Mauritius, Rodrigues. Pungent and hairy callus, 1-6 spikeletgroups per branch, see Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum1: 391. 1854, Index Kewensis 1: 124, 530. 1893 and Bulletinof Miscellaneous Information Kew 1939: 654. 1940.

C. aucheri (Boiss.) Stapf (Andropogon aucheri Boiss.;Chrysopogon ciliolatus var. aucheri (Boiss.) Boiss.;Chrysopogon fulvus var. migiurtinus (Chiov.) Chiov.;Chrysopogon montanus var. migiurtinus Chiov.; Chrysopo-gon serrulatus var. aucheri (Boiss.) Boiss. ex Parsa)

Eastern Arabia, Iran, Pakistan, India. Perennial, slender,densely tufted, basal sheaths often silky-villous, leavespubescent and glaucous, panicle ovate, a triplet spikelet,sessile spikelet elliptic to oblong, pedicelled spikelets usu-ally 1-awned, upper glume and upper lemma shortly awned,spikelet dispersal occurs primarily by wind, awn of pedi-celled spikelet glabrous, found in desert and semidesert,rocky hills, costal, grassland, very rare in East Africa,mainly in Somalia, see Mémoires de l’Académie Impérialedes Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. SciencesMathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles 2(3): 318. 1832,Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum 5: 77. 1844,Flora Orientalis 5: 458. 1884 and Bulletin of MiscellaneousInformation Kew 6: 211. 1907, Flora Somala 328. 1929,Flora of Iran [Parsa] 5: 538. 1950.

in Niger: akarasha, kébulu, kéwulu, taghatemt, toeghatimt

C. borneensis Henr.

East Borneo. Perennial, very similar to Chrysopogontenuiculmis Henr., see Blumea 4(3): 534. 1941.

C. celebicus Veldk.

Celebes. Perennial, obtuse and hairy callus, 4-7 spikeletgroups, on sandy soil, similar to Chrysopogon lawsonii(Hook.f.) Veldk. and Chrysopogon nemoralis (Balansa)Holtt., see Austrobaileya 5(3): 511-512. 1999.

C. elongatus (R. Br.) Benth. (Andropogon elongatus (R.Br.) Spreng.; Holcus elongatus R. Br.; Rhaphis elongatus(R. Br.) Chase; Sorghum elongatus (R. Br.) P. Beauv.;Vetiveria elongata (R. Br.) Stapf ex C.E. Hubb.)


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Australia. Pungent and hairy callus, see Prodromus FloraeNovae Hollandiae 1: 200. 1810, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agro-stographie 131, 164, 178. 1812, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom.Paris 1822: 43. 1822, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decimasexta 1: 287. 1825, Flora Australiensis: A Description …7: 538-539. 1878 and Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 24: 205. 1925, Bulletin of Miscella-neous Information Kew 1934: 444. 1934, Austrobaileya5(3): 513. 1999.

in English: long golden beard grass.

C. fallax S.T. Blake (Andropogon gryllus sensu J. Black,non L.; Chrysopogon gryllus sensu Benth., non (L.) Trin.)

South Australia, Western Australia, Queensland, NorthernTerritory, New South Wales. Perennial, tufted, stems erect,sheath not keeled, leaves smooth and hairy in a dense basaltussock, inflorescence a loose panicle with whorled simplebranches, tall flower heads, narrow spikelets on long andslender stalks, pedicellate spikelets sterile or male, a moreor less valuable pasture species and grass, eaten whenyoung, an indicator of good range condition, very hardyand drought resistant, a decreaser species, can be removedby overgrazing, found on heavy soils, floodplains, in opensandy places, see Flora South Australia (edition 2) 1: 60.1943, University of Queensland Papers: Department ofBiology 2(3): 9. 1944.

in English: golden beard grass

C. festucoides (J. Presl) Veldkamp (Andropogon aniasLlanos; Andropogon festucoides Presl; Andropogon muri-catus Retz.; Andropogon muricatus var. aristatus Büse;Andropogon squarrosus auct. non L.f.; Andropogon squar-rosus var. nigritanus auct. non Hack.; Andropogon zizanio-ides auct. non Urban; Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.)Roberty; Chrysopogon zizanioides var. nigritanus auct. nonRoberty; Phalaris zizanioides L.; Vetiveria festucoides(Presl) Ohwi; Vetiveria lawsonii auct. non Blatter &McCann; Vetiveria nigritana auct. non (Benth.) Stapf)

Asia tropical, India, Philippines. Perennial, unpalatable,grows on rice fields, swampy soils, inundated areas, flood-plains, see Mantissa Plantarum 2: 183. 1771, Observa-tiones Botanicae 3: 43. 1783, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 340. 1830, Fragmentos de Algunas Plantas Filipinas 29.1851, Plantae Indiae Batavae Orientalis 104. 1857 andBulletin of the Tokyo Science Museum 18: 4. 1947, Bulletinde l’Institut Française d’Afrique Noire 22: 106. 1960, Aus-trobaileya 5(3): 512-513. 1999.

C. fulvus (Spreng.) Chiov. (Andropogon fulvus Spreng.;Andropogon montanus Trin.; Andropogon montanus J.König ex Trin., nom. illeg., non Andropogon montanusRoxb.; Andropogon monticola Schult.; Andropogon monti-cola Roem. & Schult.; Andropogon sprengelii Kunth;Chrysopogon montanus Trin. ex Spreng.; Chrysopogonmontanus Trin.; Chrysopogon monticola (Schult.) Haines;

Chrysopogon monticola (Roem. & Schult.) Haines; Polliniafulva Spreng.)

Southeast Asia, southern India to Thailand. Perennial, tuftedto densely tufted, variable, slender, cylindrical, simple orbranched, forming short turf, erect or ascending from ashortly geniculate base, ligule a short ciliolate membrane,leaves mostly basal, panicle ovate, sessile spikelets oblong,lower glume compressed or keeled, shortly pungent callus,upper lemma bidentate, palatable, a useful pasture grass,used as fodder when young and tender, relished by thebullocks, on stony soils, along roadsides, dry sandy soils,open glades, similar to Chrysopogon serrulatus Trin., seePlantarum Minus Cognitarum Pugillus. 2: 8, 10. 1815,Neue Entdeckungen im ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde2: 93. 1821, Mantissa 3: 665. 1827, Revis. Gramin. 1: 166.1829 and Fl. Ceylon 5: 236. 1900, Indian For. 40: 495.1914, Flora Somala 1: 327. 1929, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6:333. 1931, Grasses of Ceylon 185. 1956, Grasses of Burma… 116. 1960.

in English: red false beard grass, Guria grass

in India: agiva, chalo sanna kannee hullu, chickua, dand,dhaulu, ganjigarike, ghatera, ghora, gogad, gogar, goria,gorka, gorkha, guria, gurla, kare hullu, karni, pandharikusal, phulkia, sani khidi, shili ghas, sunthia khad, thigori

in Sri Lanka: kuru vi

C. gryllus (L.) Trin. (Andropogon glabratus (Trin.) Steud.,nom. illeg., non Andropogon glabratus (Brongn.) Steud.;Andropogon gryllus L.; Andropogon gryllus subsp. glabra-tus (Trin.) Hack.; Andropogon royleanus Steud.; Apludagryllus (L.) C. Presl; Chloris gryllus (L.) Honck.; Chryso-pogon benthamianus Henrard; Chrysopogon glabratusTrin.; Chrysopogon gryllus Benth.; Chrysopogon gryllussubsp. glabratus (Trin.) Tzvelev; Chrysopogon royleanus(Steud.) W. Watson; Holcus gryllus (L.) R. Br.; Polliniagryllus (L.) Sprengel; Pollinia pallida (R. Br.) Roemer &Schultes; Rhaphis gryllus (L.) Desv.; Rhaphis gryllus (L.)Trin.)

Africa, Eurasia. Perennial, unbranched or simple, robust,cylindrical, forming large dense tufts, leaf sheaths keeledabove, inflorescence a large panicle with spreadingbranches, at the tip of the branches the spikelets are inthrees, sessile spikelet awned, peduncles with bearded api-ces, used for brushes, good fodder, thatching grass, erosioncontrol, usually on stony soils, dry areas, see Centuria II.Plantarum … 2: 33. 1756, Amoen. Acad. 4: 332. 1759, Obs.Bot. 5: 22. 1789, Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 553. 1790, Syn-opsis Plantarum Germaniae 1: 437. 1792, Species Plan-tarum. Editio quarta 4: 906. 1806, Prodromus Florae NovaeHollandiae 199. 1810, Plantarum Minus CognitarumPugillus 2: 10. 1815, Cyperaceae et Gramineae Siculae 55.1820, Fund. Agrost. 106, 188, t. 5. 1820, Narrative of Trav-els and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa Appen-dix: 244. 1826, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 341. 1830,


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Chrysopogon Trin. 493

Mémoires de la Société d’Agriculture, Sciences et Artsd’Angers 1: 172-173. 1831, Mémoires de l’AcadémieImpériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série.Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles 2(4): 318.1832, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 360. 1840,Gramineae 50. 1841, Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes.Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19 (Suppl. 1): 182. 1843, Hooker’sJournal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 2: 99. 1850,Plantae Junghuhnianae 3: 361. 1854, Synopsis PlantarumGlumacearum 1: 360, 395-397. 1854, Genera Plantarum3(2): 1127. 1883, A List of the Grasses of N.W. India,Indigenous and Cultivated 22. 1883 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon5: 234. 1900, Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 40: 103. 1926,Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 333. 1931, Blumea 4(3): 532. 1941,Petite Flore de l’Ouest-Africain 403-404. 1954, Grasses ofCeylon 186. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 115. 1960, Bot.Macaronesica 6: 64. 1980, Austrobaileya 5(3): 510. 1999.

in English: French whisk

in India: kus, sailma, salima, salum

C. gryllus (L.) Trin. subsp. echinulatus (Nees) Cope(Andropogon echinulatus Nees ex Steud.; Chrysopogonechinulatus (Boiss.) Stapf; Chrysopogon echinulatus var.filipes (Steud.) W. Watson; Chrysopogon gryllus subsp.echinulatus (Nees ex Steud.) Cope; Rhaphis echinulataNees)

India, Pakistan, Nepal, Asia temperate and tropical. SeeSynopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 397. 1854 and KewBulletin 35(3): 701. 1980.

C. lancearius (Hook.f.) Haines (Andropogon lanceariusHook.f.)

India, Sikkim. A good fodder grass, see The Flora of BritishIndia 7(21): 190. 1897 [1896] and The Botany of Bihar andOrissa Pt. 5: 1036. 1924.

in India: korpo bimbu, korpo dumbau

C. latifolius S.T. Blake

Australia, Western Australia. Useful for grazing of sheep inAustralia, see University of Queensland Papers: Depart-ment of Biology 2(3): 7. 1944.

C. macleishii Cope

Oman. Vulnerable species, see Kew Bulletin 49(3): 533, f.1. 1994.

C. nodulibarbis (Steud.) Henrard (Andropogon nodulibar-bis Steud.; Andropogon zeylanicus Steud.; Chrysopogonzeylanicus (Steud.) Thw.)

Southern India, Sri Lanka. Perennial, tussocky, basal leafsheaths strongly keeled, ligule a rim of hairs, leaf bladesstiff and acuminate, panicle ovate, racemes with 1-3 sessilespikelets oblong with an acute callus, upper glume mucro-nate with a geniculate awn, pedicelled spikelets acuminate,used for thatching, see Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum1: 396-397. 1854, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 366. 1864, Mon. Phan.

6: 553. 1889 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 235. 1900, Handb.Fl. Ceylon 6: 333. 1931, Blumea 4: 543. 1941, Grasses ofCeylon 185. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 119. 1960.

in Sri Lanka: gavara

C. orientalis (Desv.) A. Camus (Andropogon aristulatusHochst. ex Steud.; Andropogon breviaristatus Steud.;Andropogon orientalis (Desv.) Druce; Andropogon wight-ianus Nees ex Steud.; Andropogon wightianus Steud.;Chrysopogon verticillatus var. orientalis (Desv.) Roberty;Chrysopogon wightianus (Steud.) Thwaites; Chrysopogonwightianus (Nees ex Steud.) Thwaites; Microstegium bre-viaristatum (Steud.) Keng; Rhaphis orientalis Desv.)

Asia tropical, Southeast Asia, southern India, Thailand,Vietnam. Perennial, tufted to densely tufted, creeping,branching, shortly stoloniferous, foliage basal, ligule a shortciliolate membrane, leaves acute to linear-acuminate, looseinflorescence paniculate, terminal panicle with whorls ofslender branches, triad of spikelets, sessile spikelet bisexualand with an acute pungent callus, upper glume obtuse, upperlemma entire with a geniculate awn, green forage, palatable,can be cut and fed to animals, not suitable for silage making,useful for wind erosion, tolerates heavy grazing and fire,found in open grassland, infertile soils, open fields, sandysoils, old plantations, heavy soils, sandy coastal areas, seeMémoires de la Société d’Agriculture, Sciences et Artsd’Angers 1: 173. 1831, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum1: 395-397. 1854, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae 366.1864 and Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 7: 332. 1922,Sinensia 3: 92. 1932, Grasses of Burma … 118. 1960, Taxon34: 159-164. 1985, Austrobaileya 5(3): 518. 1999.

in India: karappa gaddi

in Indonesia: rukut dukut, salsapot, tinloy

in Laos: hnha:z khwa:k

in Thailand: yaa khaoo nok khao, yaa phungchuu, yaphungchu

in Vietnam: coì may dông

C. parviflorus (R. Br.) Benth. (Anatherum parviflorum (R.Br.) Spreng.; Andropogon micranthus Kunth; Andropogonparviflorus (R. Br.) Domin, nom. illeg., non Andropogonparviflorus Roxb.; Bothriochloa parviflora (R. Br.) Ohwi;Bothriochloa pauciflora (R. Br.) Quart.; Capillipediumparviflorum (R. Br.) Stapf; Chrysopogon parviflorus (R.Br.) Nees; Holcus parviflorus R. Br.)

Australia. See London Journal of Botany 2: 411. 1843 andBibliotheca Botanica 85(2): 263. 1915, Flora of TropicalAfrica 9: 169. 1917, Journal of Taiwan Museum 10: 58.1957.

in English: scented golden beard

C. pauciflorus (Chapman) Benth. ex Vasey (Andropogonpauciflorus (Chapm.) Hack.; Andropogon wrightii Munroex C. Wright; Chrysopogon pauciflorus (Chapm.) Roberty,nom. illeg., non Chrysopogon pauciflorus (Chapm.) Benth.


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ex Vasey; Chrysopogon wrightii Munro ex Vasey; Rhaphispauciflora (Chapman) Nash; Sorghum pauciflorumChapm.)

U.S., Florida. Annual, see Botanical Gazette 3(3): 20. 1878.

in English: Florida false beard grass

C. perlaxus Bor

Thailand. Indeterminate species, see Dansk Botanisk Arkiv23: 157. 1965.

C. plumulosus Hochst. (Andropogon aristidoides Steud.;Andropogon aucheri Boiss. var. quinqueplumis (Hochst. exA. Rich.) Hack.; Andropogon quinqueplumis (A. Rich.)Steud.; Andropogon quinqueplumis (Hochst. ex A. Rich.)Steud.; Andropogon quinqueplumis Hochst. ex A. Rich.;Aristida chrysopila Steud.; Chrysopogon aucheri (Boiss.)Stapf var. pulvinatus Stapf; Chrysopogon aucheri var. quin-queplumis (A. Rich.) Stapf; Chrysopogon aucheri var. quin-queplumis (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf; Chrysopogonquinqueplumis A. Rich.)

East Africa, Somalia, western Arabia. Perennial bunchgrass,slender and wiry culms, desert grass, glaucous, tufted, leafy,erect or ascending, low cushions forming, basal sheathsflattened or compressed, panicle ovate and spreading,orange spikelets in triads on slender peduncles, pedicelledspikelets green, sessile spikelets with a geniculate awn andfrom the upper glume a straight plumose bristle, a poorseeder, excellent drought tolerance, grass of high nutritivevalue and highly palatable, grains and leaves eaten bybaboons, arid and dry regions, areas of low rainfall, alkalinesoils, overgrazed areas, rocky ground and rocky hillsides,sandy and alluvial plains, wooded grassland, dry open stonyhills, Acacia bushland, see Nomenclator Botanicus edition2 1: 131. 1840, Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum5: 77. 1844, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 2: 450. 1850,Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 397-398. 1854,Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 561. 1889 and Bulletinof Miscellaneous Information Kew 6: 211. 1907 [also KewBulletin 1907: 211. 1907].

in English: Aucher’s grass

in Somalia: daremo, dareemo

C. serrulatus Trin. (Andropogon caeruleus Steud.; Andro-pogon ciliolatus Nees ex Steud.; Andropogon monticolaRoem. & Schult.; Andropogon monticola var. trinii (Steud.)Hook.f.; Andropogon serrulatus Link; Andropogon tremu-lus Hack.; Andropogon trinii Steud.; Andropogon trinii var.increscens Hack.; Chrysopogon caeruleus (Steud.) W. Wat-son; Chrysopogon ciliolatus (Nees ex Steud.) Boiss.;Chrysopogon fulvus var. serrulatus (Trin.) R.R. Stewart;Chrysopogon fulvus var. serrulatus (Trin.) Roberty;Chrysopogon montanus Trin.; Chrysopogon montanus var.serrulatus (Trin.) Stapf; Chrysopogon montanus var. trem-ulus (Hack.) Stapf; Chrysopogon trinii (Steud.) W. Watson;

Chrysopogon wightianus var. leucanthus Thw.; Rhaphismontana var. tremula (Trin.) E. Phillips)

East Africa, Asia. Perennial, tufted, generally unbranched,erect, robust, sometimes shortly rhizomatous, leaf sheathscompressed and keeled, ligule membranous with a hairymargin, leaves mostly cauline, open or contracted ovatepanicles, whorls of lax branches, spikelets in group of 3, 1spikelet sessile and narrowly oblong with a shortly pungentcallus, lower glume laterally compressed, upper glume gla-brous, upper lemma 2-dentate, pedicelled spikelets awned,a sand binder, palatable, good fodder grass, very high graz-ing value, cut before flowering, used as thatching grass,medicinal value, the seeds vermifuge, found on stonyslopes, shallow stony soil, on clay and loam soil, rockyhillsides, similar to Chrysopogon fulvus (Spreng.) Chiov.,see Neue Entdeckungen im ganzen Umfang der Pflanzen-kunde 2: 93. 1821, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis1: 241. 1827, Mantissa 2: 665. 1827, An Introduction to theStudy of the South African Grasses … 219, t. 14. 1831,Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de SaintPétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Phy-siques et Naturelles. Seconde Partie: Sciences Naturelles2(3): 318. 1832, Sp. Gram. 621, pl. 331. 1836, SynopsisPlantarum Glumacearum 1: 395-396. 1854, Enum. Pl. Zeyl.366. 1864, Himalayan Districts of the North-western Prov-inces of India 10: 392. 1882, Gaz. N. W. India 392. 1882,Flora Orientalis 5: 458. 1884, Monographiae Phanero-gamarum 6: 558. 1889, The Flora of British India 7(21):193. 1897 [1896] and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier II 1:764. 1901, Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 159, 160. 1917, FloraSomala 1: 327. 1929, Brittonia 5: 466. 1945, Grasses ofBurma … 118. 1960, Boissiera. Mémoires du Conservatoirede Botanique et de l’Institut de Botanique Systématique del’Université de Genève 9: 284. 1960.

in English: golden beard grass

in India: agiva, ballak, chellosankanni, chickua, dhaula,dhaulian, dholu, ghweia, gogada gaddi, goria, gurla, gurrabattokelu, jhingraka-jhara, karehullu, khar, khidi, kohi-gayab, palla paggar gadi, tigri

in South Africa: gouebaardgras, krulgras

C. sylvaticus C.E. Hubb.

Australia, Queensland, Northern Territory, New SouthWales. Perennial, densely tufted, sheath glabrous andkeeled, panicle loose and ovate with whorled branches,lower glume truncate, upper glume obtuse, lower lemmawith a geniculate awn, pedicellate spikelets sterile or maleand often rudimentary, in eucalypt woodland, see Hooker’sIcones Plantarum 4: pl. 3365. 1938.

C. velutinus (Hook.f.) Bor (Andropogon velutinus Hook.f.;Chrysopogon velutinus Arn. ex Hook.f.)

India, Andhra Pradesh. Indeterminate species, see The Floraof British India 7(21): 194. 1897 [1896] and Grasses of


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Chrysurus Pers. 495

Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan (excluding Bambuseae)119. 1960.

C. verticillatus (Roxb.) Trin. ex Steud. (Andropogon verti-cillatus Roxb.; Chrysopogon verticillatus St.-Lag.; nom.illeg., non Chrysopogon verticillatus (Roxb.) Trin. exSteud.)

India, Asia. See Flora Indica; or Descriptions … 1: 267.1820, Mémoires de la Société d’Agriculture, Sciences etArts d’Angers 1: 173. 1831, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editiosecunda 2(1): 360. 1840 and Boissiera. 9: 283, 285. 1960.

C. zeylanicus (Nees ex Steud.) Thwaites (Andropogon nod-ulibarbis Hochst. ex Steud.; Andropogon peninsulae Steud.;Andropogon zeylanicus Nees ex Steud.; Chrysopogon nod-ulibarbis (Hochst. ex Steud.) Henrard)

India, Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka. Useful for erosion control,in South India food for Nilgiri tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius),see Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 396-397. 1854,Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae 366. 1864 and Blumea4(3): 534. 1941.

C. zizanioides (L.) Roberty (Agrostis verticillata Lam.,nom. illeg., non Agrostis verticillata Vill.; Anatherum muri-catum (Retz.) P. Beauv.; Anatherum zizanioides (L.) Hitchc.& Chase; Andropogon festucoides J. Presl; Andropogonmuricatum Retz.; Andropogon muricatus Retz.; Andro-pogon zizanioides (L.) Urb.; Chamaeraphis muricata(Retz.) Merr.; Chrysopogon festucoides (J. Presl) Veld-kamp; Holcus zizanioides (L.) Kuntze ex Stuck.; Phalariszizanioides L.; Rhaphis zizanioides (L.) Roberty; Sorghumzizanioides (L.) Kuntze; Vetiveria arundinacea Griseb.;Vetiveria festucoides (J. Presl) Ohwi; Vetiveria muricata(Retz.) Griseb.; Vetiveria odorata Virey; Vetiveria odora-tissima Bory; Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash; Vetiveria ziza-nioides var. genuina A. Camus)

Asia, America. See Mantissa Plantarum 2: 183. 1771,Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 59. 1783, Obser-vationes Botanicae 3: 43 [31]. 1783, Prodromus FloraeNovae Hollandiae 193. 1810, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agro-stographie 128, 150, atlas 15, t. 22, f. 10. 1812, ReliquiaeHaenkeanae 1(4-5): 340. 1830, Flora of the British WestIndian Islands 559-560. 1864, Revisio Generum Plantarum2: 791. 1891 and Symbolae Antillarum 4: 79. 1903, Floraof the Southeastern United States … 67, 1326. 1903, Analesdel Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 11: 48. 1904, Contri-butions from the United States National Herbarium 18(7):285. 1917, Bulletin du Muséum National d’HistoireNaturelle 25: 673. 1919, An Enumeration of PhilippineFlowering Plants 1(1): 75. 1922, Bulletin of the Tokyo Sci-ence Museum 18: 4. 1947, Petite Flore de l’Ouest-Africain404. 1954, Bulletin de l’Institut Française d’Afrique Noire22: 106. 1960, Boissiera. 9: 291. 1960, Molecular Ecology

vol. 7, issue 7: 813-818. July 1998, Austrobaileya 5(3): 512-513. 1999.

Chrysurus Pers. = Lamarckia Moench

From the Greek chrysos “gold” and oura “a tail.”

Pooideae, Poeae, Dactylidinae, see Species Plantarum 1:73. 1753, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 201. 1794,Syn. Pl. 1: 80. 1805, Descr. Gram. 376. 1812, SystemaVegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 296. 1825, StirpiumSardoarum Elenchus 1: 50. 1827 and Flora Mesoamericana6: 229. 1994, Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 48: 420-421. 2003.

Chumsriella Bor = Germainia Balansa & Poitrasson

Named for Chai Anan [Chaianan] Chumsri, b. 1930, agros-tologist, botanist in Thailand.

One species, Thailand. Panicoideae, Andropogonodae,Andropogoneae, Andropogoninae, annual, herbaceous,ligule a fringe of hairs, plants monoecious, inflorescenceloosely racemose, bractiform involucres, all the fertilespikelets unisexual, male and female fertile spikelets mixedin the inflorescence, sessile spikelets chartaceous, 2 glumesmore or less equal or subequal, palea present, lodiculesabsent, no stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas, desert andarid places, often included in Germainia, type Chumsriellathailandica Bor, see Bulletin de la Société d’HistoireNaturelle de Toulouse 7: 344, f. 1-9. 1873, Flora Australien-sis: A Description … 7: 518. 1878, Journal de Botanique(Morot) 4: 83. 1890 and Lexikon Generum Phanero-gamarum 247. 1903 [1904], Bulletin du Muséum d’HistoireNaturelle 25: 285. 1919, O. Stapf and Charles Edward Hub-bard, Hooker’s Icones Plantarum. Ser. 5. 3, t. 3262. 1935,Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 14e: 124.1940, Australian Journal of Botany 2: 108. 1954, Journalof the Royal Society of Western Australia 44(3): 77-83.1961, Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 23(4): 467-471. 1968, ThaiForest Bulletin. Botany 6: 29-59. 1972, Blumea 45: 443-475. 2000.

Species

C. thailandica Bor (Germainia thailandica (Bor) Chai-Anan)

Thailand. Lower glume chartaceous, see Dansk BotaniskArkiv 23: 467. 1968, Thai Forest Bulletin. Botany 6: 37.1972.


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496 Chusquea Kunth

Chusquea Kunth = Coliquea Bibra, Coliquea Steud. ex Bibra, Dendragrostis Jackson, Dendragrostis Nees ex B.D. Jackson, Dendragrostis Nees, Mustelia Cav. ex Steud., Mustelia Steud., Rettbergia Raddi, Swallenochloa McClure

From a South American (Colombia) native name, chusque.

About 100-135-137 species, Central and South America.Bambusoideae, Bambuseae, Chusqueinae, solid, slender,mostly sympodial, sometimes monopodial, woody andbranching, shrubby or climber, mostly scandent or stronglyarching, at each node 1 large branch and several small leafybranches, dimorphic bud-branches, inflorescence an openor condensed capitate panicle, 1 fertile floret, 4 glumes, the2 lower glumes small or rudimentary, stamens 3, stigmas2, found in rain forest, understory, páramos and subpára-mos, forest, dense woods, pastures, wet montane forest,mountain slopes, edge of woods, cloud forest, montanewoodlands, moist shady banks, a difficult genus, typeChusquea scandens Kunth, see Species Plantarum 1: 81-82. 1753, Genera Plantarum 34. 1789, Flora Boreali-Amer-icana 1: 73. 1803, Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d’His-toire Naturelle et des Arts 95: 151. 1822, SynopsisPlantarum 1: 254. 1822, Agrostografia Brasiliensis 17, 18,t. 1, f. 1. 1823, Linnaea 9(4): 467, 487. 1835[1834], Nomen-clator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 168. 1841, Denk-schriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 5(2): 115.1853, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 31. 1881, Index Kewensis 727.1893 and Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Har-vard University 184: 1-223. 1958, Brittonia 23(3): 293-324.1971, Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 9: 1-48. 1973,Ceiba 19(1): 1-118. 1975 [Enumeración de las plantas deHonduras], Brittonia 30: 154-164, 297-312. 1978, Brittonia31: 433-445. 1979, J. Bamb. Res. 1: 15-18. 1982, Gayana,Bot. 42: 1-157. 1985, Annals of the Missouri BotanicalGarden 72(4): 864-873. 1985, Iowa State Journal ofResearch 61(1): 99-102. 1986, Annals of the MissouriBotanical Garden 74(2): 424-428. 1987, Grass Systematicsand Evolution 225-238. 1987, Systematic Botany Mono-graphs 27: 1-127. 1989, National Geographic Research 5:459-476. 1989, Systematic Botany 15(4): 617-634. 1990,Nordic Journal of Botany 11: 323-331. 1991 [Miscella-neous new taxa of bamboo (Poaceae: Bambuseae) fromColombia, Ecuador, and Mexico], Annals of the MissouriBotanical Garden 78(1): 164-171. 1991 [New species ofChusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from Costa Rica],Cuscatlania 1(6): 1-29. 1991, R.W. Pohl and L.G. Clark,“New chromosome counts for Chusquea and Aulonemia(Poaceae: Bambusoideae).” American Journal of Botany79(4): 478-480. 1992, L.G. Clark, “Chusquea sect. Swalle-nochloa (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and allies in Brazil.”Brittonia 44(4): 387-422. 1992, Novon 3(3): 228-238. 1993,

Ruizia 13: 1-480. 1993, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 202-210.1994, Brittonia 48(2): 250-262. 1996 [Four new species ofChusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from Brazil and Ecua-dor.], Veblen, T.T., C. Donoso, T. Kitzberger and A.J. Reber-tus, “Ecology of southern Chilean and ArgentinianNothofagus forests.” in T.T. Veblen, R.S. Hill and J. Read[editors], The Ecology and Biogeography of NothofagusForests, 293-353. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.1996, S.A. Kelchner and L.G. Clark, “Molecular evolutionand phylogenetic utility of the chloroplast rpl16 intron inChusquea and the Bambusoideae (Poaceae). MolecularPhylogenetics and Evolution 8: 385-397. 1997, SystematicBotany 22(2): 219-228. 1997, The Bamboos 33-44. 1997[Diversity, biogeography and evolution of Chusquea.], Ran-dall L. Small, Julie A. Ryburn, Richard C. Cronn, TosakSeelanan and Jonathan F. Wendel, “The tortoise and thehare: choosing between noncoding plastome and nuclearAdh sequences for phylogeny reconstruction in a recentlydiverged plant group.” Am. J. Bot. 85: 1301-1315. 1998,Emmet J. Judziewicz et al., American Bamboos 199-223.Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London1999, Susanne S. Renner, “Circumscription and phylogenyof the Laurales: evidence from molecular and morpholog-ical data.” Am. J. Bot. 86: 1301-1315. 1999, Am. J. Bot. 86:447-455, 554-562, 1597-1605. 1999, Contributions fromthe United States National Herbarium 39: 36-52. 2000, Am.J. Bot. 87: 259-272, 273-292. 2000, Am. J. Bot. 88: 1103-1117, 1675-1687. 2001, Scot A. Kelchner, “Group II intronsas phylogenetic tools: structure, function, and evolutionaryconstraints.” Am. J. Bot. 89: 1651-1669. 2002, Am. J. Bot.89: 1342-1359, 1967-1972. 2002, Am. J. Bot. 90: 445-460.2003, Am. J. Bot. 91: 274-284, 601-614, 1086-1098, 1709-1725. 2004, Joey Shaw et al., “The tortoise and the hare II:relative utility of 21 noncoding chloroplast DNA sequencesfor phylogenetic analysis.” Am. J. Bot. 92: 142-166. 2005.

Species

C. sp.

in Central America: crimichaca, rosetilla, vara de botoncillo

in Colombia: carrizo, chusque

in Ecuador: carrizo

in Peru: caña-brava

in Venezuela: puru-puru

C. abietifolia Griseb. (Arundinaria microclada Pilg.)

The Caribbean. See Fl. Brit. West Indies 529. 1864 andSymb. Antill. 5: 289. 1907.

C. acuminata Döll (Chusquea tenuis Glaz. ex E.G. Camus)

Brazil. See Flora Brasiliensis 2(3): 204. 1880 and Les Bam-busées 1: 90. 1913.

C. affinis Munro ex Camus (Chusquea ramosissimaLindm.)


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Chusquea Kunth 497

Brazil. See Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Hand-lingar 34(6): 24, t. 14. 1900, Les Bambusées 1: 80, t. 60,f. B. 1913, Revista Argent. Agron. 8: 338. 1941.

C. albilanata L.G. Clark & Londoño

Ecuador, Colombia. See Nordic Journal of Botany 11(3):323. 1991.

C. amistadensis L.G. Clark, Davidse & R.P. Ellis

Costa Rica, Panama. Páramos, see National GeographicResearch 5(4): 462, f. 1, 2Aa, 3-4, 5, 6C, 7C, 8C. 1989.

C. andina Phil. (Chusquea culeou E. Desv.)

Chile. See Flora Chilena 6: 450, t. 83, f. 2. 1854, Linnaea29(1): 103. 1858 and Rev. Argent. Agron. 8(4): 343. 1941,Economic Botany 55(2): 243-254. 2001.

C. anelythra Nees (Dendragrostis anelytra Nees ex Munro)

Brazil. See Linnaea 9(4): 491. 1835, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lon-don 26(1): 63. 1868, Flora Brasiliensis 2(3B): 161-242, t.44-58. 1880.

C. anelytroides Rupr. ex Döll

Brazil. See Flora Brasiliensis 2(3): 206. 1880.

C. angustifolia (Soderstr. & C.E. Calderón) L.G. Clark(Swallenochloa angustifolia Soderstr. & C.E. Calderón)

Venezuela, Colombia. Páramos, see Brittonia 30(3): 303.1978, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 74(2): 428.1987.

C. antioquensis L.G. Clark & Londoño

Colombia. See Novon 8(4): 423, f. 6. 1998.

C. aperta L.G. Clark

Mexico. See Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden74(2): 426-427, f. 1E-H. 1987.

C. arachniforme L.G. Clark & Londoño (Chusquea arach-niformis L.G. Clark & Londoño)

Colombia. See Novon 8(4): 425-428. 1998.

C. argentina Parodi (Chusquea culeou E. Desv.)

Chile, Argentina. See Flora Chilena 6: 450, t. 83, f. 2. 1854and Revista Argent. Agron. 8(4): 339, t. 24, f. 4. 1941, FloraPatag. 3: 1-583. 1978, Gayana, Bot. 42: 1-157. 1985.

C. aspera L.G. Clark

Peru. See Iowa State Journal of Research 61(1): 113, f. 4f-i. 1986.

C. attenuata (Döll) L.G. Clark (Arundinaria attenuataDöll)

Brazil. See Flora Brasiliensis 2(3): 170. 1880 and Novon3(3): 237. 1993.

C. baculifera Silveira

Brazil. See Arq. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro 22: 99, t. 1. 1919.

C. bahiana L.G. Clark (Chusquea bambusoides (Raddi)Hack.)

Brazil. See Ergebnisse der Botanischen Expedition nachSüdbrasilien 1: 20. 1906, Brittonia 48(2): 250-253, f. 1.1996.

C. bambusoides (Raddi) Hack. (Chusquea bahiana L.G.Clark; Chusquea gaudichaudii Kunth; Nastus brunneusDesv.; Rettbergia bambusoides Raddi) (named for theFrench naturalist Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré, 1789-1854,plant collector, circumnavigator, accompanied Freycinet inhis voyage round the world, wrote “Rapport sur la flore desiles Malouines.” Ann. Sci. Nat. 5: 89-110. Paris 1825; seeJ.H. Barnhart, Biographical notes upon botanists. 2: 33.1965; John Dunmore, Who’s Who in Pacific Navigation.University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1991; Paul HenriLecomte, Flore générale de l’Indo-Chine. Paris 1907-1950;Emil Bretschneider (1833-1901), History of EuropeanBotanical Discoveries in China. 809-811. [Reprint of theoriginal edition 1898] Leipzig 1981; Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré, [Botany of the Voyage.] Voyage autour du Monde… sur … l’Uranie et la Physicienne, pendant … 1817-1820.48. Paris 1826 [-1830]; Günther Schmid, Chamisso alsNaturforscher. Eine Bibliographie. Leipzig 1942)

Brazil. See Agrostografia Brasiliensis 18, t. 1, f. 1. 1823,Révision des Graminées 1: 331, t. 78. 1830, Mémoires dela Société d’Agriculture, Sciences et Arts d’Angers 1: 211.1831, Opusc. Sci. Phys. Nat. 211. [reprint] 1831-1833 andErgebn. Bot. Exp. Südbras. 1: 20. 1906, Denkschr. Kaiserl.Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 79: 81. 1908, Brittonia48(2): 250-253, f. 1. 1996.

C. bambusoides (Raddi) Hack. var. minor McClure & L.B.Sm.

Brazil. See Fl. Il. Catarin. Gram. Suppl. 25, t. 5, f. g-i. 1967.

C. barbata L.G. Clark

Peru. See Novon 3(3): 232-233, f. 2. 1993.

C. bilimekii E. Fourn. (Arundinaria flabellata (E. Fourn.)McClure; Guadua flabellata E. Fourn.) (for Dominik Bil-imek, 1812/1813-1884/1887, scientist, priest, botanical andzoological collector, naturalist, followed Archduke Ferdi-nand Maximilian (1832-1867) to Mexico, 1866 made thefirst biospeleological visit to the Grutas de Cacahuamilpa,collected and described for the first time numerous caveanimals. See Irving William Knobloch, compiled by, “Apreliminary verified list of plant collectors in Mexico.” Phy-tologia Memoirs. VI. Plainfield, N.J. 1983; P. Herman JosefRoth, “Dominik Bilimek: Leben und Werk eines österre-ichischen Naturforschers sur mexikanischen Expedition derÖsterreicher vor hundert Jahren.” Sudhoffs Arch. 49: 338-354. 1965; Paul Carpenter Standley, 1884-1963, Trees andShrubs of Mexico. 1920-1926)

Mexico. Used for making baskets, see Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany … 3(20): 588. 1885, Mexic. Pl. 2:132. 1886 and Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 10(5): 162. 1964,Phytologia 37(4): 317-407. 1977.


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498 Chusquea Kunth

in Mexico: otate

C. bradei L.G. Clark (for A.C. Brade, 1881-1971)

Brazil. See Brittonia 48(2): 254-256, f. 2. 1996.

C. breviglumis Phil.

Argentina. See Linnaea 29(1): 103. 1858.

C. caparaoensis L.G. Clark

Brazil, Parque Nacional do Caparao. See Brittonia 44(4):408, f. 9H, I. 1992.

C. capitata Rupr. (Rettbergia capitata Nees ex Döll)

Brazil. See Linnaea 9(4): 489. 1834, Fl. Bras. 2(3): 196.1880.

C. capituliflora Trin.

Brazil. See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciencesde Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathéma-tiques, Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde Partie: SciencesNaturelles 3,1(6): 613. 1835.

C. capituliflora Trin. var. capituliflora

Brazil.

C. capituliflora Trin. var. pubescens McClure & L.B. Sm.

Brazil. See Fl. Il. Catarin. Gram. Suppl. 28-29, t. 6, f. a-c.1967.

C. ciliata Phil. (Chusquea tenuiflora Phil.)

Chile. See Linnaea 30(2): 206. 1859, Linnaea 33(3-4): 299.1864.

C. circinata Soderstr. & C.E. Calderón

Mexico. Used for making baskets, see Brittonia 30(2): 156,f. 1. 1978.

in Mexico: otate, otate chino

C. coronalis Soderstr. & C.E. Calderón

Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica. See Brittonia 30(2): 158,f. 2. 1978, Am. J. Bot. 89: 1967-1972. 2002.

C. culeou E. Desv. (Chusquea andina Phil.; Chusqueaargentina Parodi; Chusquea breviglumis Phil.; Chusqueaculeou f. culeou; Chusquea culeou f. longiramea Parodi)

Chile, Argentina. Shoots eaten, moist woods, see FloraChilena 6: 450, t. 83, f. 2. 1854, Linnaea 29(1): 103. 1858and Revista Argentina de Agronomía 8(4): 339, 343, t. 24,f. 4. 1941, Economic Botany 55(2): 243-254. 2001.

in Argentina: quila, caña

C. culeou E. Desv. f. longiramea Parodi

Chile, Argentina. See Revista Argentina de Agronomía 8(4):339, 343, t. 24, f. 4. 1941.

C. cumingii Nees (Arundo canila Molina ex Steud.;Chusquea parvifolia Phil.) (after Hugh Cuming, 1791-1865(d. London), British traveler and plant collector in SouthAmerica and in the Philippines, Fellow of the LinneanSociety 1832, shell collector. See A. Lasègue, Musée bot-anique de Benjamin Delessert. Paris 1845; Ray Desmond,

Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists.183-184. London 1994; Gordon Douglas Rowley, A Historyof Succulent Plants. 1997; Sebastian Vidal y Soler (1842-1889), Phanerogamae Cumingianae Philippinarum; ó,Indice numèrico y catálogo sistemático de las plantas fan-erogamas coleccionadas en Filipinas por Hugh Cuming, concaracterísticas de algunas especies no descritas y del géneroCumingia (Malvaceas) por Sebastian Vidal y Soler. Publi-cada por superior decreto. Manila, Tipo-litográfico de M.Pérez Hijo, 1885)

Chile. See Linnaea 9(4): 487. 1834, Synopsis PlantarumGlumacearum 1: 336. 1854, Linnaea 33(3-4): 299. 1864.

C. decolorata Munro ex Parodi (Chusquea decolorata L.Parodi)

Peru. See Revista Univ. Santiago 30: 65. 1945.

C. deficiens Parodi

Argentina. See Revista Argent. Agron. 8(4): 335, t. 22, f. 2-3. 1941.

C. deflexa L.G. Clark

Guatemala, Honduras. See Iowa State J. Res. 61(1): 102, f.1d-f. 1986.

C. delicatula Hitchc.

Peru, Bolivia. See Contrib. U.S. National Herbarium 24(8):309. 1927.

C. depauperata Pilg. (Swallenochloa depauperata (Pilg.)McClure)

Peru. See Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 1(10): 149. 1905,Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 9: 106, 112, f. 43-45. 1973.

C. discolor Hack. (Chusquea oligophylla Rupr.; Chusqueawettsteinii Hack.)

Brazil. See Bambuseae 34, t. 7, f. 23. 1839 and Oesterr.Bot. Z. 53(4): 155. 1903, Ergebnisse der Botanischen Expe-dition nach Südbrasilien 1: 21. 1906, Denkschr. Kaiserl.Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 79: 82. 1908.

C. dombeyana Kunth (Chusquea pubispicula Pilg.;Chusquea scandens Kunth; Nastus chusque Kunth) (afterthe French botanist Joseph Dombey, 1742-1796 (he died inprison, Montserrat, West Indies) (there is still no certaintywith respect to the year of death, Pritzel accepts 1793,Brummitt and Powell 1796, D.S.B. 1794, etc.), plant col-lector, physician, naturalist, explorer and traveler, between1777-1788 in Chile and Peru with H. Ruíz López (1754-1815, Spanish scientist and traveler, author of a never pub-lished supplement to a dictionary of the Quechua languagespoken by the Indians of Peru) and José Antonio Pavón(1754-1844). See Joseph Dombey, médecin, naturaliste,archéologue, explorateur du Pérou, du Chili et du Brésil,1778-1785 … Paris 1905; J.H. Barnhart, Biographical notesupon botanists. 1: 463. 1965; Diego de Torres Rubio, Artede la lengua quichua. Lima 1619; J. Lanjouw and F.A.Stafleu, Index Herbariorum. Part II, Collectors A-D.


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Chusquea Kunth 499

Regnum Vegetabile vol. 2. 1954; James Lockhart, Men ofCajamarca: A Social and Biographical Study of the FirstConquerors of Peru. Austin 1972; R.B. Cunninghame Gra-ham, Pedro de Valdivia: Conqueror of Chile. London 1927;E. Alvarez López, “Dombey y la expedición al Perú yChile.” Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles. 14: 31-129. 1956;Francisco Guerra, in D.S.B. 4: 156-157. [d. 1794] 1981; F.Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der botanischenPflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 94. 1989; Frans A. Stafleu, Lin-naeus and the Linnaeans: The Spreading of Their Ideas inSystematic Botany, 1735-1789. Utrecht 1971)

Peru. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 201. 1815[1816], Synopsis Plantarum 1: 254. 1822, Révision desGraminées 2: 553, t. 191. 1832 and Repertorium SpecierumNovarum Regni Vegetabilis 1(10): 148. 1905.

C. effusa Renv. (Aulonemia lanciflora McClure & L.B. Sm.;Colanthelia lanciflora (McClure & L.B. Sm.) McClure

Brazil. Glumes absent, see Flora Ilustrada Catarinense1(GRAM-Supl.): 47-50, t. 9, f. d-l. 1967, Smithsonian Con-trib. Bot. 9: 77, 79, f. 32. 1973, Kew Bulletin 42(2): 924.1987.

C. elegans Renvoize (Chusquea mimosa McClure & L.B.Sm.)

Brazil. Glumes absent, see Flora Ilustrada Catarinense1(GRAM-Supl.): 37-40, t. 8, f. a-c. 1967, Kew Bulletin42(2): 924. 1987.

C. erecta L.G. Clark

Brazil. See Brittonia 44(4): 397, f. 1. 1992.

C. exasperata L.G. Clark

Ecuador, Peru. See Syst. Bot. 15(4): 627, f. 5-6, 11A-G.1990.

C. falcata L.G. Clark

Ecuador. See Novon 3(3): 228, f. 1A-D. 1993.

C. fasciculata Döll

Brazil. See Flora Brasiliensis 2(3): 202, t. 54. 1880.

C. fendleri Munro (named for the German-born explorerAugust Fendler, 1813-1883, plant collector in North andSouth America, with Asa Gray (1810-1888) wrote Plantaefendlerianae novi-mexicanae. [Philadelphia 1849]; see J.H.Barnhart, Biographical notes upon botanists. 1: 534. 1965)

Venezuela. See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 61. 1868.

C. fernandeziana Phil. (Chusquea ligulata Munro)

Chile, Juan Fernandez Islands. See R.A. Philippi, “Obser-vaciones sobre la flora de Juan Fernández.” in Anales Univ.Chile. 13: 157-169. (May) 1856, “Bemerkungen über dieFlora der Insel Juan Fernandez.” in Bot. Zeitung. 14: 625-636, 641-650. 1856, Transactions of the Linnean Society ofLondon 26(1): 62. 1868, Anales Univ. Chile 43: 577. 1873,Friedrich (Federico) Richard Adalbert (Adelbart) Johow,1859-1933, “Los helechos de Juan Fernández.” Anales

Univ. Chile. 82: 741-757. 1892 and 977-1004. 1893, “Lasplantas de cultivo en Juan Fernández.” Anales Univ. Chile.84: 939-970. 1893 and The Natural History of Juan Fernan-dez and Easter Island 1: 95-240. 1922, The Natural Historyof Juan Fernandez and Easter Island 2(28): 763-792. 1951,Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 19: 41. 2000, Brittonia 54(3): 154-163. 2002 [Notes on the Poaceae of the Robinson Crusoe(Juan Fernández) Islands, Chile].

C. foliosa L.G. Clark

Mexico, Costa Rica. See Iowa State Journal of Research61(1): 115, f. 4a-e. 1986.

C. galeottiana Rupr. ex Munro (Chusquea galeottianaRupr. ex Galeotti) (for the French-born Belgian botanistHenri-Guillaume Galeotti, 1814-1858, explorer in CentralAmerica, director of the botanic garden of Bruxelles; seeJ.H. Barnhart, Biographical notes upon botanists. 2: 24.1965; R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold,Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. 713. Stutt-gart 1993; Rogers McVaugh, “Galeotti’s Botanical Work inMexico: The Numbering of his Collections and a BriefItinerary.” Contr. Univ. Mich. Herb. 11(5): 291-297. 1972;Michael Joseph Scheidweiler (1799-1861), “Descriptiodiagnostica nonnullarum Cactearum quae a domino Gale-otti in provinciis Potosi et Guanaxato regni Mexicani inve-niuntur. Genus Ariocarpus.” in Bull. Acad. Sci. Brux. 5:491-492. 1838; Ida Kaplan Langman, A Selected Guide tothe Literature on the Flowering Plants of Mexico. Univer-sity of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 1964)

Mexico. See Bulletin de l’Académie Royale des Sciences etBelles-lettres de Bruxelles 9(2): 246. 1842, Trans. Linn. Soc.London 26(1): 59. 1868.

in Mexico: carrizo

C. glauca L.G. Clark

Mexico. See Syst. Bot. Monogr. 27: 95. 1989.

C. gracilis McClure & L.B. Sm.

Brazil. See Flora Ilustrada Catarinense 1(GRAM-Supl.):43-44, t. 8, f. i-k. 1967.

C. grandiflora L.G. Clark

Panama, Colombia. See Annals of the Missouri BotanicalGarden 74(2): 424-426, f. 1A-D. 1987.

C. heterophylla Nees (Chusquea heterophylla var. elongataDöll; Chusquea heterophylla var. heterophylla; Chusqueaheterophylla var. microphylla Döll; Chusquea heterophyllavar. squamosa Döll; Chusquea pinifolia (Nees) Nees;Chusquea pinifolia var. heterophylla (Nees) Hack.)

Brazil. See Linnaea 9: 488, 490. 1835, Symbolae ad FloramArgentinam 285. Göttingen 1879, Flora Brasiliensis 2(3):207. 1880 and Ergebn. Bot. Exp. Südbras. 1: 21. 1906,Brittonia 44: 417, 420. 1992, Willdenowia 22: 268. 1992.

C. huantensis Pilg.


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500 Chusquea Kunth

Peru, Huanta. See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56(Beibl. 123):29. 1920.

C. ibiramae McClure & L.B. Sm.

Brazil, Santa Catarina, Ibirama. See Flora Ilustrada Catar-inense 1(GRAM-Supl.): 40-42, t. 8, f. d-f. 1967.

C. inamoena Pilg. (Chusquea serrulata Pilg.)

Peru. See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflan-zengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 25(5): 719-720.1898 and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 1(10): 150. 1905.

C. juergensii Hack. (Chusquea swallenii McClure & L.B.Sm.)

Uruguay, Brazil. See Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7(149-151): 325. 1909, Flora Ilustrada Catarinense 1(GRAM-Supl.): 44-45, t. 9, f. a-c. 1967.

C. lanceolata Hitchc.

Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala. See Phytologia 1(4): 145-146. 1935.

C. latifolia L.G. Clark

Colombia. See Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden72(4): 868-870, f. 3. 1985.

C. lehmannii Pilg. (Chusquea pilgeri E.G. Camus)

Ecuador, Colombia. See Botanische Jahrbücher für System-atik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 27(1-2):35-36. 1899 and Les Bambusées 1: 83. 1913, LorenzoRaimundo Parodi, “Robert Pilger.” Revista Argent. Agron.20(2): 107-114. 1953, Nordic Journal of Botany 11: 325.1991.

C. lehmannii Pilg. subsp. farinosa L.G. Clark & Londoño

Ecuador, Colombia. See Nord. J. Bot. 11(3): 326. 1991.

C. lehmannii Pilg. subsp. lehmannii

Ecuador, Colombia.

C. leonardiorum L.G. Clark

Ecuador. See Brittonia 48(2): 256-260, f. 3. 1996.

C. leptophylla Nees (Arthrostylidium leptophyllum (Nees)Döll; Arundinaria leptophylla (Nees) Hack.)

Brazil. See Linnaea 9(4): 489. 1835, Flora Brasiliensis2(3): 175. 1880 and Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift53: 69, 516. 1903.

C. liebmannii E. Fourn. (Chusquea heydei Hitchc.;Chusquea liebmannii Fournier ex Hemsley)

Mexico, Guatemala. See Biologia Centrali-Americana; …Botany … 3(20): 587. 1885, Mexic. Pl. 2: 132. 1886 andProceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 40: 80.1927.

C. ligulata Munro (Chusquea fernandeziana Phil.)

Colombia. See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 62. 1868,Anales de la Universidad de Chile 43: 577. 1873 and TheNatural History of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island 1: 95-

240. 1922, The Natural History of Juan Fernandez andEaster Island 2(28): 763-792. 1951, Syst. Bot. 15: 628.1990, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 19: 41. 2000, Brittonia 54:156. 2002.

C. linearis N.E. Br.

Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana. See Trans. Linn. Soc. London,Bot. 6(1): 76. 1901.

C. londoniae L.G. Clark

Colombia. See Syst. Bot. 15(4): 628, f. 3-4, 12A-D. 1990.

C. longifolia Swallen

Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama. See J. Wash.Acad. Sci. 30(5): 210. 1940, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 27: 105.1989.

C. longiligulata (Soderstr. & C.E. Calderón) L.G. Clark(Swallenochloa longiligulata Soderstr. & C.E. Calderón)

Costa Rica. See Brittonia 30(3): 305, f. 3, 4. 1978, Annalsof the Missouri Botanical Garden 74(2): 428. 1987.

C. longipendula Kuntze (Chusquea uniflora Steud.)

Bolivia. See Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 337.1854, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 348. 1893.

C. longiprophylla L.G. Clark

Colombia. See Syst. Bot. 15(4): 626, 631, f. 1-2, 14F-I.1990.

C. lorentziana Griseb. (for the German botanist PaulGünther Lorentz, 1835-1881, bryologist, professor of bot-any in Argentina and Uruguay, explorer, plant collector,owner of a moss herbarium. See P.G. Lorentz and GustavoNiederlein, Enumeración sistemática de las plantascolectadas durante la expedición. Informe oficial de laComisión Científica agregada al Estado Mayor General dela expedición al Rio Negro (Patagonia), realizada en losmeses de abril, mayo y junio de 1879, bajo las órdenes delGral. Julio A. Roca. Buenos Aires. Entrega segunda.Botánica. 173-294. 1881; Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomicliterature. 3: 157-160. 1981; August Heinrich RudolphGrisebach (1814-1879), Plantae lorentzianae. Göttingen1874; J.H. Barnhart, Biographical notes upon botanists. 2:402. 1965)

Argentina. See Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaftder Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 249-250. 1874.

C. loxensis L.G. Clark

Ecuador, Loja. See Brittonia 48(2): 260-262, f. 4. 1996.

C. maclurei L.G. Clark (also spelled macclurei)

Ecuador. See Iowa State J. Res. 61(1): 109, f. 3. 1986.

C. macrostachya Phil.

Chile. See Anales Univ. Chile 94: 350. 1896.

C. maculata L.G. Clark

Colombia, Venezuela. See Syst. Bot. 15: 632, f. 7, 14A-E.1990.


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Chusquea Kunth 501

C. meyeriana Rupr. ex Döll (Chusquea meyeriana Döll;Chusquea meyeriana var. meyeriana)

Brazil. Glumes absent, see Fl. Bras. 2(3): 203. 1880.

C. microphylla (Döll) L.G. Clark (Chusquea heterophyllavar. microphylla Döll)

Brazil. See Flora Brasiliensis 2(3): 207. 1880 and Brittonia44(4): 420, f. 16G-K. 1992.

C. mimosa McClure & L.B. Sm. (Chusquea elegans Ren-voize)

Brazil. See Flora Ilustrada Catarinense 1(GRAM-Supl.):37-40, t. 8, f. a-c. 1967, Kew Bulletin 42(2): 924. 1987.

C. mimosa McClure & L.B. Sm. subsp. australis L.G. Clark

Brazil. See Brittonia 44(4): 414, f. 14G-I. 1992.

C. mimosa McClure & L.B. Sm. subsp. mimosa

Brazil.

C. montana Phil. (Chusquea nigricans Phil.)

Argentina, Chile. See Linnaea 33(3-4): 298. 1864, Analesde la Universidad de Chile 27: 323. 1865.

C. muelleri Munro (Chusquea carinata E. Fourn.;Chusquea mexicana Hack.; Chusquea mulleri Munro)

Mexico. See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 65. 1868,Mexic. Pl. 2: 132. 1886.

C. nelsonii Scribn. & J.G. Sm. (for the American naturalistEdward William Nelson, 1855-1934, explorer, in Mexicoand Guatemala, plant collector, from 1890 to 1929 with theUSDA, his writings include Descriptions of New Genera,Species and Subspecies of Birds from Panama, Colombiaand Ecuador. Washington 1912, The Eskimo about BeringStrait. Washington 1881, “Lower California and its naturalresources.” Mem. Natl. Acad. Sci. 16: 1-194. Washington1922, “A winter expedition in southwestern Mexico.” Natl.Geog. Mag. 15(9): 339-356. 1904 and Wild Animals ofNorth America. Washington 1930. See [edited by H.W.Henshaw] Report upon Natural History Collections madein Alaska between the years 1877 and 1881 by E.W. Nelson.1887; E.A. Goldman, “Edward William Nelson, naturalist,1855-1934.” Auk. 52: 135-148. 1935; J.H. Barnhart, Bio-graphical notes upon botanists. 2: 544. 1965; H. Robinson& R.D. Brettell, in Phytologia. 27(1): 54. 1973; IrvingWilliam Knobloch, compiled by, “A preliminary verifiedlist of plant collectors in Mexico.” Phytologia Memoirs. VI.Plainfield, N.J. 1983; Ida Kaplan Langman, A SelectedGuide to the Literature on the Flowering Plants of Mexico.1964; Joseph Ewan, Rocky Mountain Naturalists. The Uni-versity of Denver Press 1950)

Mexico, Guatemala. Used for making baskets, see U.S.D.A.Div. Agrostol. Bull. 4: 16. 1897 [also Bulletin, Division ofAgrostology United States Department of Agriculture 4: 16.1897].

in Mexico: ojotate

C. neurophylla L.G. Clark

Peru, Ecuador. See Iowa State J. Res. 61(1): 105, f. 2a-f.1986.

C. nigricans Phil.

Chile. See Anales Univ. Chile 27: 323. 1865.

C. nudiramea L.G. Clark


C. nutans L.G. Clark

Brazil. See Brittonia 44(4): 398, f. 3A-F, 4, 5. 1992.

C. oligophylla Rupr. (Chusquea discolor Hack.; Chusqueawettsteinii Hack.) (for the Austrian botanist Richard Wett-stein von Westersheim, 1863-1931, traveler, plant collector,phylogenist, father of the Austrian botanist and plant phys-iologist Fritz (Friedrich) Wettstein von Westersheim (1895-1945); see T.W. Bossert, Biographical dictionary of bota-nists represented in the Hunt Institute portrait collection.433. 1972; E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of the library of theArnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Cambridge,Mass. 1917-1933; R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim andS. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl.1993; Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic literature. 7: 219-235.1988)

Brazil. See Bambuseae 34, t. 7, f. 23. 1839 and Öster-reichische Botanische Zeitschrift 53(4): 155. 1903, Ergebn.Bot. Exp. Südbras. 1: 21. 1906.

C. oxylepis (Hack.) Ekm. (Chusquea bambusoides subsp.oxylepis Hack.)

Brazil. See Ergebn. Bot. Exp. Südbras. 1: 20. 1906, Ark.Bot. 13(10): 65. 1913.

C. oxyphylla Freng. & Parodi

Argentina. Fossil, see Notas Mus. La Plata, Paleontol. 6(Paleont. 32): 236. [t.] f. 1.2. 1941.

C. palenae Philippi (Chusquea valdiviensis E. Desv.)

Chile. See Flora Chilena 6: 446. 1854, Anales de la Uni-versidad de Chile 94: 350. 1896.

C. pallida Munro (Chusquea hispida McClure)

Venezuela. See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 65. 1868and J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 32(6): 179, f. 7. 1942.

C. paludicola L.G. Clark

Costa Rica. See Iowa State J. Res. 61(1): 101, f. 1a-c. 1986.

C. parviflora Philippi

Chile. See Anales de la Universidad de Chile 94: 349. 1896.

C. patens L.G. Clark

Panama, Costa Rica. See Iowa State J. Res. 61(1): 119, f.5. 1986.

C. perligulata (Pilg.) McClure (Guadua perligulata Pilg.)

Ecuador. See Biblioth. Bot. 29(116): 57. 1937, SmithsonianContr. Bot. 9: 69. 1973.


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502 Chusquea Kunth

C. perotensis L.G. Clark, G. Cortés & Chazaro

Mexico. See Syst. Bot. 22(2): 225, f. 1-4. 1997.

C. peruviana E.G. Camus (Chusquea ramosissima Pilger;Chusquea sandiensis Pilger) (Peru, Sandia)

Peru, Bolivia. See Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 1(10): 149.1905, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 56(Beibl. 123): 29. 1920.

C. picta Pilg.

Peru. See Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 1(10): 151. 1905.

C. pinifolia (Nees) Nees (Arundinaria pinifolia Nees;Chusquea heterophylla Nees; Chusquea heterophyllaGriseb., nom. illeg., non Chusquea heterophylla Nees;Chusquea heterophylla var. elongata Döll; Chusquea het-erophylla var. microphylla Döll; Chusquea heterophylla var.squamosa Döll; Chusquea microphylla (Döll) L.G. Clark;Chusquea pinifolia var. heterophylla (Nees) Hack.;Chusquea pinifolia var. pinifolia; Ludolfia pinifolia (Nees)A. Dietr.; Ludolphia pinifolia (Nees) A. Dietr.)

Brazil. See Familles des Plantes 2: 244. 1763, Flora Bra-siliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 525. 1829, SpeciesPlantarum. Editio sexta 2: 25. 1833, Linnaea 9(5): 488,490. 1834[1835], Symbolae ad Floram Argentinam 285.1879, Flora Brasiliensis 2(3): 207. 1880 and Ergebnisseder Botanischen Expedition nach Südbrasilien 1: 21. 1906,Syst. Bot. Monogr. 27: 51. 1989, Brittonia 44(4): 417, 420,f. 16G-K. 1992, Willdenowia 22: 268. 1992.

C. pittieri Hack. (Chusquea maurofernandeziana Hack. exE.G. Camus)

Mexico, Guatemala. See Oesterr. Bot. Z. 53(4): 153. 1903,Syst. Bot. Monogr. 27: 74. 1989.

C. pohlii L.G. Clark

Panama, Costa Rica. Climbing, hanging, see Annals of theMissouri Botanical Garden 72(4): 867-868, f. 2B-f. 1985.

C. polyclados Pilg.


C. pubescens Steud.

South America. See Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 337. 1854.

C. pubispicula Pilg.


C. pulchella L.G. Clark

Brazil. See Novon 3(3): 236, f. 3F-J. 1993.

C. purdieana Munro (for the Scottish botanist William Pur-die, 1817-1857 (Trinidad), plant collector in tropical SouthAmerica, gardener, 1846-1857 Botanical Garden Trinidad,wrote “Journal of Botanical Mission to West Indies in 1843-1844.” in London J. Bot. 3: 501-533. 1844 and 4: 14-27.1845. See J.H. Barnhart, Biographical notes upon botanists.3: 115. 1965; Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British & IrishBotanists and Horticulturists. 567. London 1994; MeaAllan, The Hookers of Kew. London 1967; Henri FrançoisPittier, Manual de las Plantas Usuales de Venezuela y su

Suplemento. Caracas 1971; F.N. Hepper and Fiona Neate,Plant Collectors in West Africa. 66. 1971; Joseph Vallot,“Études sur la flore du Sénégal.” in Bull. Soc. Bot. deFrance. 29: 191-192. Paris 1882; I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lam-ond, Index of Collectors in the Edinburgh Herbarium. Edin-burgh 1970)

Colombia. See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 56. 1868.

C. quila Kunth (Arundo quila Molina; Chusquea interme-dia Steud.; Chusquea parvifolia Phil.; Chusquea quila var.laxiflora E. Desv.; Chusquea quila var. longipila E.G.Camus; Chusquea quila var. quila; Chusquea valdiviensisE. Desv.; Coliquea quila (Molina) Steud. ex Bibra; Corta-deria quila (Molina) Stapf; Gynerium quila (Molina) Nees& Meyen; Moorea quila (Molina) Stapf; Nastus productus(Pilg.) Holttum; Nastus prolifer Desv.; Nastus quila (Kunth)Schult.f.; Oreiostachys producta Pilg.)

Chile. See Giovanni Ignazio Molina (1737-1829), Saggiosulla storia naturale del Chili. 154-155. Bologna 1782,Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 138, 153, t. 24. 1812,Systema Vegetabilium 7: 1361. 1830, Révision desGraminées 1: 329, t. 77. 1830, Mémoires de la Sociétéd’Agriculture, Sciences et Arts d’Angers 1: 211. 1831,Gramineae 153-154. 1841, Novorum Actorum AcademiaeCaesareae Leopoldinae-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum(Suppl. 1): 153. 1843, Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes.Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1): 21-22. 1843, Denk-schriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 5(2): 115.1853, Flora Chilena 6: 446-447. 1854, Berberides Ameri-cae Australis 52. 1857, Linnaea 33(3-4): 299. 1864, Gar-dener’s Chronicle, ser. 3 22(571): 396. 1897 and Gardener’sChronicle, ser. 3 34: 400. 1903, Les Bambusées 1: 198, f.61a. 1913, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflan-zengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 62: 460. 1929, KewBulletin 10: 594. 1956, Taxon 23: 599. 1974.

C. ramosissima Lindm. (Chusquea affinis Munro exCamus; Chusquea phacellophora Pilg.; Chusquea ramosis-sima Pilg., nom. illeg., non Chusquea ramosissima Lindm.)

Brazil, Argentina. Solid, leaning, scrub forming, grazed,medicinal and magical uses, primary forest, rocky soil, for-est margins, see Kongliga Svenska VetenskapsakademiensHandlingar 34(6): 24, t. 14. 1900, Repertorium SpecierumNovarum Regni Vegetabilis 1(10): 149. 1905, Notizblatt desBotanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem8(76): 456. 1923, Revista Argentina de Agronomía 8: 338.1941, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 77(1): 125-201. 1990, H.A. Keller, “Mythical origin of Chusquearamosissima (Poaceae), the ancient knife of the Guaranis.”Economic Botany 57(4): 461-471. 2003.

C. repens L.G. Clark & Londoño

Mexico. See Nordic Journal of Botany 11(3): 327. 1991.

C. repens L.G. Clark & Londoño subsp. oaxacacensis L.G.Clark & Londoño


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Chusquea Kunth 503

Mexico. See Nordic Journal of Botany 11(3): 328. 1991.

C. repens L.G. Clark & Londoño subsp. repens

Mexico.

C. riosaltensis L.G. Clark


C. scabra Soderstr. & C.E. Calderón

Costa Rica. See Brittonia 30(3): 300, f. 2. 1978.

C. scandens Kunth (Bambusa chusque Poir.; Chusqueajamesonii Steud.; Chusquea meyeriana var. patentissima(Hack.) E.G. Camus; Chusquea quitensis Hack.; Chusqueaquitensis var. patentissima Hack.; Nastus chusque Kunth)(after the Scottish botanist William (Guilielmo) Jameson,1796-1873 (d. Ecuador), physician, M.D. Edinburgh 1818,traveler, 1820 South America, from 1826 at Quito, plantcollector, 1827 professor of chemistry and botany, authorof Synopsis plantarum aequatoriensium, exhibens plantaspraecipue in regione temperata et frigida crescentes, etc.Quito 1865. See Companion to Curtis’s Botanical Maga-zine. 111-116. 1835; J.H. Barnhart, Biographical notesupon botanists. 2: 244. 1965; R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buch-heim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen.14. Aufl. Stuttgart 1993; T.W. Bossert, Biographical dictio-nary of botanists represented in the Hunt Institute portraitcollection. 194. 1972; H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbariaof the Department of Botany in the University of Oxford.189. Oxford 1964; A. Lasègue, Musée botanique de Ben-jamin Delessert. Paris 1845; Ignatz Urban, Geschichte desKöniglichen Botanischen Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem(1815-1913). Nebst Aufzählung seiner Sammlungen. 303,360. Dresden 1916)

Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia. Erect, solid and pliablestems, trailing over trees and shrubs, used for making bas-kets, mountain forest, see Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 201. 1816, Syn.Pl. Glumac. 1: 337. 1854 and Oesterr. Bot. Z. 53(4): 154.1903, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 6(113-118): 161. 1908,Fortunato L. Herrera, Estudios sobre la flora del departa-mento del Cuzco. Lima 1930, E. Yacovleff and F.L. Herrera,“El mundo vegetal de los antiguos peruanos.” Revista delMuseo Nacional 3: 241-322 and 4: 20-102. Lima 1934-1935, John Howland Rowe, “Inca Culture.” in Handbookof South American Indians. Bureau of American Ethnology,Bulletin 143, 2: 183-330. Washington 1946.

in Peru: kurcur

C. sclerophylla Döll

Brazil. See Fl. Bras. 2(3): 200. 1880 and Brittonia 44: 403.1992.

C. sellowii Rupr.

Brazil. See Bambuseae 35, t. 11, f. 26. 1839.

C. serpens L.G. Clark

Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador. See Annals of the MissouriBotanical Garden 72(4): 870, f. 4. 1985, Syst. Bot. Monogr.27: 91. 1989.

C. serrulata Pilg.

Colombia, Ecuador. See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 719. 1898.

C. simpliciflora Munro (Chusquea simplicifolia Munro exHemsl.)

Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Nicaragua. SeeTrans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 54, t. 2. 1868, Biol. Cent.Amer., Bot. 3: 587. 1885 and Syst. Bot. Monogr. 27: 89.1989.

C. smithii L.G. Clark (for David N. Smith)

Peru. See Iowa State J. Res. 61(1): 107, f. 2g-i. 1986.

C. sneidernii Aspl.

Colombia. See Bot. Not. 1939: 797. 1939.

C. spadicea Pilg.

Colombia. See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27: 35. 1899.

C. spathacea McClure ex L.G. Clark

Colombia. See Novon 3(3): 235, f. 3A-E. 1993.

C. spencei Ernst

Venezuela, Colombia. See J. Bot. 10: 262. 1872 and Syst.Bot. Monogr. 27: 54. 1989.

C. spicata Munro (Chusquea humilis Lechler ex Munro;Chusquea simplicissima Pilg.; Chusquea weberbaueriPilg.; Swallenochloa spicata (Munro) McClure; Swalle-nochloa weberbaueri (Pilg.) McClure)

Bolivia, Peru. See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 60. 1868and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 1(10): 145-146. 1905,Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 9: 112-113. 1973,Syst. Bot. Monogr. 27: 62-63. 1989.

C. straminea Pilg.


C. subtessellata Hitchc. (Swallenochloa subtessellata(Hitchc.) McClure)

Panama, Costa Rica. See Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 40: 81.1927, Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 9: 113. 1973.

C. subtilis Y. Widm. & L.G. Clark

Costa Rica. See Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden78(1): 167, f. 1F-H. 1991.

C. subulata McClure ex L.G. Clark (Chusquea subulataL.G. Clark)

Colombia. See Novon 3(3): 229, f. 1E-H. 1993.

C. sulcata Swallen

Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica. See J. Wash. Acad. Sci.30(5): 209. 1940.

C. talamancensis Y. Widm. & L.G. Clark

Costa Rica, Cordillera de Talamanca. See Annals of theMissouri Botanical Garden 78(1): 169, f. 2A-F. 1991.


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504 Chusquea Kunth

C. tarmensis Pilg.


C. tenella Nees (Chusquea uruguayensis Arechav.)

Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina. See Linnaea 9(4): 492. 1835,Anales Mus. Nac. Montevideo 1(6): 546. 1897.

C. tenella Nees var. latifolia Dutra

Brazil. See Revista Sudamer. Bot. 5(5-6): 146. 1938.

C. tenella Nees var. tenella

Brazil.

C. tenuiflora Philippi (Chusquea ciliata Phil.; Chusqueauliginosa Phil.)

Chile. See Linnaea 30(2): 206-207. 1859, Linnaea 33(3-4):299. 1864.

C. tenuiglumis Döll

Brazil. See Flora Brasiliensis 2(3): 199. 1880.

C. tenuiglumis Döll var. laxiuscula Döll

Brazil. See Fl. Bras. 2(3): 200. 1880.

C. tenuiglumis Döll var. subcylindrica Döll

Brazil. See Fl. Bras. 2(3): 199. 1880.

C. tenuiglumis Döll var. tenuiglumis

Brazil.

C. tenuis Glaz. ex E.G. Camus (Chusquea acuminata Döll;Chusquea tenuis E.G. Camus)

Brazil. See Flora Brasiliensis 2(3): 204. 1880 and Les Bam-busées 1: 90. 1913.

C. tessellata Munro (Chusquea humilis Lechler ex Munro;Chusquea simplicissima Pilg.; Chusquea spicata Munro;Chusquea weberbaueri Pilg.; Swallenochloa spicata(Munro) McClure; Swallenochloa tessellata (Munro)McClure; Swallenochloa weberbaueri (Pilg.) McClure)

Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. See Trans.Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 60. 1868 and RepertoriumSpecierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 1(10): 145-146.1905, Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 9: 112-113.1973, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 27: 62-63. 1989.

C. tomentosa Y. Widm. & L.G. Clark

Costa Rica, Cordillera de Talamanca. See Annals of theMissouri Botanical Garden 78(1): 165, f. 1A-E. 1991.

C. tonduzii Hack. (for the Swiss botanist Adolphe [Adolfo]Tonduz, 1862-1921, plant collector, traveler and botanicalexplorer (Costa Rica and Guatemala), author of Flora ofCosta Rica. San José de Costa Rica 1897 [Expos. Centroam.Guatemala.], La Fumagina del Cafeto. San José de CostaRica 1897 [An. Inst. Fís. Geogr. Nac. vii.]; see J.H. Barn-hart, Biographical notes upon botanists. 3: 390. 1965; E.M.Tucker, Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arboretumof Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass. 1917-1933)

Costa Rica. See Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift53(4): 155. 1903.

C. tuberculosa Swallen (Chusquea hispida McClure)

Colombia. See J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21(1): 14. 1931, Journalof the Washington Academy of Sciences 32(6): 179, f. 7.1942.

C. uliginosa Phil. (Chusquea tenuiflora Phil.)

Chile. See Linnaea 30(2): 206-207. 1859.

C. uniflora Steud.

Colombia, Ecuador. See Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 337. 1854.

C. urelytra Hack.

Brazil. See Oesterr. Bot. Z. 53(4): 158. 1903.

C. uruguayensis Arechavaleta (Chusquea tenella Nees)

Uruguay, Argentina. See Linnaea 9(4): 492. 1835, Analesdel Museo Nacional de Montevideo 1(6): 546. 1897.

C. valdiviensis E. Desv. (Chusquea intermedia Steud.;Chusquea palenae Pilg.)

Argentina, Chile. See Fl. Chil. 6: 446. 1853, BerberidesAmericae Australis 52. 1857, Anales Univ. Chile 94: 350.1896.

C. virgata Hack.

Costa Rica, Panama. See Oesterr. Bot. Z. 53(4): 156. 1903.

C. vulcanalis (Soderstr. & C.E. Calderón) L.G. Clark(Swallenochloa vulcanalis Soderstr. & C.E. Calderón)

Costa Rica, Panama. See Brittonia 30(3): 309, f. 5. 1978,Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 74(2): 428. 1987.

C. wettsteinii Hackel (Chusquea discolor Hack.)

Brazil. See Bambuseae 34, t. 7, f. 23. 1839 and Oesterr.Bot. Z. 53(4): 155. 1903, Ergebnisse der Botanischen Expe-dition nach Südbrasilien 1: 21. 1906, Denkschr. Kaiserl.Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 79: 82. 1908.

C. wilkesii Munro (for Charles Wilkes, 1798-1877, Amer-ican naval officer, traveler, in 1818 joined the U.S. Navy,studied hydrography, from 1838 to 1842 explorer in thePacific Ocean (explored the South Pacific islands and theAntarctic continent), in 1864 was court-martialed for dis-obedience, author of Narrative of the United States Explor-ing Expedition: During the Years … Philadelphia 1845; seeD.M. Henderson, The Hidden Coasts: A Biography of Admi-ral Charles Wilkes. New York 1953; G.A. Doumani, editor,Antarctic Bibliography. Washington, Library of Congress1965-1979; J.H. Barnhart, Biographical notes upon bota-nists. 3: 496. 1965; W. Bixby, The Forgotten Voyage ofCharles Wilkes. New York 1966; D.C. Haskell, The UnitedStates Exploring Expedition 1838-1842 and Its Publica-tions 1844-1874. New York 1942; W.J. Morgan et al., edi-tors, Autobiography of Rear Admiral Charles Wilkes U.S.Navy 1798-1877. Washington, D.C. 1978; D.B. Tyler, TheWilkes Expedition: The First United States Exploring Expe-dition (1838-1842). Philadelphia 1968; Edmund Fanning,


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Cinna L. 505

Voyages Round the World; with selected sketches of voyagesto the South Seas, North and South Pacific Oceans, China,etc., … 1792 and 1832, … N.Y. 1833; John Dunmore, Who’sWho in Pacific Navigation. 265-267. Honolulu 1991; T.W.Bossert, Biographical dictionary of botanists representedin the Hunt Institute portrait collection. 436. 1972; J. Ewan,editor, A Short History of Botany in the United States. NewYork and London 1969; E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of thelibrary of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University.Cambridge, Mass. 1917-1933; S. Lenley et al., Catalog ofthe manuscript and archival collections and index to thecorrespondence of John Torrey. Library of the New YorkBotanical Garden. 472. 1973; Stafleu and Cowan, Taxo-nomic literature. 7: 295-297. 1988)

Brazil. See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 63. 1868.

C. windischii L.G. Clark

Brazil. See Brittonia 44(4): 405, f. 9A-G. 1992.

Cinna L. = Abola Adans., Blyttia Arn. (Asclepiadaceae), Blyttia Fries, Cinnastrum E. Fourn.

Greek kinna for “way barley, wall barley,” applied byDioscorides to a species of Hordeum; Latin Cinna, ae wasthe family name of the gentes Cornelia and Helvia.

About 3-6 species, Northern America, U.S., Canada, Mex-ico to Peru. Pooideae, Poodae, Aveneae, or Pooideae, Poeae,Aveninae, perennial, herbaceous, solitary or tufted, more orless tuberous, internodes hollow, rhizomatous, auriclesabsent, leaf sheaths glabrous, ligule an unfringed mem-brane, plants bisexual, inflorescence paniculate, panicleopen, spikelets pedicellate and falling with the glumes, 2glumes subequal membranous, upper glume 1- to 3-nervedand acute, lemmas membranous and keeled, palea present,2 free and membranous lodicules, 1-2 stamens, ovary gla-brous, 2 stigmas, shade species useful for erosion control,moist areas, damp woods, open and semiopen areas, alluvialsoils, recent clearings, along roadsides, type Cinna arundi-nacea L., see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 5, 61,67, 81. 1753, Genera Plantarum. edition 5. 6. 1754,Familles des Plantes 2: 31, 511. 1763, Genera Plantarum44. 1789, Magazine of Zoology and Botany 2: 420. 1838,Novit. Fl. Suec. Mant. 2: 2. 1839, Mémoires de l’AcadémieImpériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série.Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles. SecondePartie: Sciences Naturelles 6,4(3-4): 280. 1841, A Manualof the Botany of the Northern United States edition 2. 545.1856, Pierre N.E. Fournier (1834-1884), Mexicanas Plantas2: 90. 1886 and Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, ZweiteAuflage 14d: 69. 1956, Brittonia 23(3): 293-324. 1971, Bot.Zhurn. SSSR 70(1): 126-128. 1985, Gayana, Botánica 42:1-157. 1985, Bot. Zhurn. SSSR vol. 75. 1990, D.M. Bran-denburg, W.H. Blackwell and J.W. Thieret, “Revision of the

genus Cinna (Poaceae).” Sida 14(4): 581-596. 1991, Trans-actions of the Kentucky Academy of Science 52: 94-96,1991, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 242-243. 1994, Sida 19(1):195-200. 2000 [Cinna and Limnodea (Poaceae): not con-generic], Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 48: 234-236. 2003.

Species

C. arundinacea L. (Agrostis cinna Retz.; Agrostis cinnaLam., nom. illeg., non Agrostis cinna Retz.; Agrostis cinnaPursh; Agrostis mexicana L.; Cinna agrostoides P. Beauv.ex Steud.; Cinna arundinacea Hook. ex B.D. Jacks.; Cinnaarundinacea Retz. ex Steud., nom. illeg., non Cinna arun-dinacea L.; Cinna arundinacea var. arundinacea; Cinnaarundinacea var. inexpansa Fern. & Griscom; Cinna mex-icana (L.) P. Beauv.; Muhlenbergia cinna (Lam.) Trin.)

Northern America, Canada. Perennial, swamps, wet woods,see Mantissa Plantarum 1: 31. 1767, Observationes Botan-icae 5: 18. 1789, Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique… Botanique 1: 162. 1791, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agro-stographie 32, 148, 158. 1812, Flora Americae Septentri-onalis; or, … 1: 64. 1814, Nomenclator Botanicus 1: 20,198. 1821, De Graminibus unifloris et sesquifloris 191, 296,t. 5, f. 12. Petropoli 1824, Index Kewensis 2: 238. 1840,Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 365. 1840 andContr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 115. 1908, Rhodora 37(436):135, t. 334, f. 1-2. 1935, Sida 14: 585. 1991.

in English: stout woodreed, sweet woodreed

C. bolanderi Scribner (Cinna pendula var. bolanderi(Scribn.) Vasey)

Northern America. Perennial, see Mémoires de l’AcadémieImpériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série.Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles. SecondePartie: Sciences Naturelles 6,4(3-4): 280. 1841, Flora Ros-sica 4(13): 435. 1852, Proceedings of the Academy of Nat-ural Sciences of Philadelphia 36: 290, pl. 7, f. 4-5. 1884,Contributions from the United States National Herbarium3(1): 57. 1892 and Sida 14: 590. 1991.

in English: Scribner woodreed, Bolander’s woodreed

C. latifolia (Trev. ex Goeppert) Griseb. (Agrostis latifoliaTrevir. ex Göpp.; Agrostis suaveolens Blytt ex Sommerf.;Blyttia suaveolens (Blytt ex Sommerf.) Fr.; Cinna arundi-nacea var. pendula (Trin.) A. Gray; Cinna bolanderiScribn.; Cinna expansa Link; Cinna latifolia (Goepp.)Griseb.; Cinna latifolia var. glomerata Scribn. ex Beal;Cinna pendula Trin.; Cinna pendula var. acutiflora Vaseyex Macoun; Cinna pendula var. bolanderi (Scribn.) Vasey;Cinna pendula var. glomerula Scribn.; Cinna pendula var.glomerulata Macoun; Cinna pendula var. mutica Vasey;Cinna suaveolens (Blytt ex Sommerf.) Fries; Cinna suave-olens (Blytt ex Sommerf.) Rupr.; Muhlenbergia pendulaTrin.)


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506 Cinnagrostis Griseb.

North America. Perennial, thickets, wet woods, seeBeschreibung Botanischer Garten Breslau 82. 1830, Mém-oires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Péters-bourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiqueset Naturelles 2(2): 172. 1832, Hortus Regius BotanicusBerolinensis 2: 236. 1833, Kongliga Svenska Vetenskap-sakademiens Handlingar 1837: 256. 1838, Novitiarum Flo-rae Suecicae Mantissa 2: 2. 1839, Mémoires de l’AcadémieImpériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série.Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles. SecondePartie: Sciences Naturelles 6,4(3-4): 280. 1841, Beiträgezur Pflanzenkunde des Russischen Reiches 4: 228. 1846,Joakim Frederik Schouw (1789-1852), Foreløbig Forteg-nelse over den kjøbenhavnske botaniske Haves Planter.Indeholdende dem, der ere blevne undersøgte i Aarene1842-1846 … Kjøbenhavn 1847, Flora Rossica 4(13): 435.1852, A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United Statesedition 2. 545. 1856, Proceedings of the Academy of NaturalSciences of Philadelphia 36: 290, pl. 7, f. 3-5. 1884, Cat-alogue of Canadian Plants 2(4): 202-203. 1888, Catalogueof Canadian Plants 2(5): 393. 1890, Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 3(1): 57. 1892, Grassesof North America for Farmers and Students 2: 319. 1896and Taxon 33(3): 439. 1984, Sida 14(4): 586, 590. 1991.

in English: drooping woodreed

in Danish: cinnagræs

C. poiformis (Kunth) Scribn. & Merr. (Agrostis poiformisWilld. ex Steud.; Arundo poaeoides Poir.; Arundo poiformisLabill.; Calamagrostis neglecta var. poaeoides (Steud.)Hack.; Calamagrostis poaeformis (Kunth) Beal; Calama-grostis poaeoides Steud.; Calamagrostis poaeoides Trin. exSteud.; Calamagrostis poiformis (Kunth) Beal; Calamovilfapoiformis (Kunth) M.E. Jones; Cinna miliacea Griseb. exE. Fourn.; Cinnastrum miliaceum Griseb. ex E. Fourn.;Cinnastrum poiforme (Kunth) E. Fourn.; Deyeuxia poae-oides (Steud.) Rúgolo; Deyeuxia poiformis Kunth; Poa aus-tralis var. billardieri (Labill.) Hook.f.; Poa poiformis(Labill.) Druce; Poa subnudiflora Kunth; Poa subunifloraKunth)

Mexico. Forage, see Familles des Plantes 2: 31, 530. 1763,Oekonomisch-Technische Flora der Wetterau 1: 94. 1799,Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen 1: 27. 1804, Essaid’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 43. 1812, Nova Genera etSpecies Plantarum 1: 146-147. 1815 [1816], EncyclopédieMéthodique, Botanique Suppl. 4: 705. 1816, Révision desGraminées 1: 115. 1829, Nomenclator Botanicus edition 2,1: 42. 1840, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 423.1854, Flora Tasmaniae 2: 125. 1858, Mexicanas Plantas 2:91. 1886, The True Grasses (ed. Scribn.) 113. 1890, Grassesof North America for Farmers and Students 2: 349. 1896and Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States Depart-ment of Agriculture 24: 21. 1901, Anales del Museo Nacio-nal de Buenos Aires 21: 103. 1911, Contributions to WesternBotany 14: 9. 1912, Report. Botanical Exchange Club.

London. Suppl. 2: 640. 1917, Flora Patagónica 3: 361.1978, Darwiniana 21(2-4): 439. 1978.

C. valdiviana Philippi

Chile. Indeterminate, see Anales de la Universidad de Chile43: 563. 1873.

Cinnagrostis Griseb. = Calamagrostis Adans.

Genera Cinna and Agrostis.

Pooideae, Poodae, Aveneae, or Pooideae, Poodae, Agros-tidinae, type Cinnagrostis polygama Griseb., see Famillesdes Plantes 2: 31, 530. 1763, Tentamen Florae Germanicae1: 34. 1788, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 43. 1812,Pl. Lorentz. 209, t. 2, f. 7. 1874, Abhandlungen der Königli-chen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 256-257, t. 2, f. 7. 1874 and Revista Argentina de Agronomía20: 14. 1953, Cytologia 56: 437-452. 1991 [Cytogeneticstudies on some Kashmir grasses. VIII Tribe Agrostideae,Festuceae and Paniceae], Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Lenin-grad) 78(4): 36-47. 1993, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 240-241. 1994, Xenia Villavicencio, Revision der Gattung Dey-euxia in Bolivien: eine taxonomisch-anatomische studie…1-304. Berlin 1995, Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 51-52. 1995, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 81(5): 98-101. 1996, Flora Mediterranea 8: 251-262. 1998, OperaBotanica 137: 1-42. 1999, Contributions from the UnitedStates National Herbarium 48: 191-227. 2003.

Cinnastrum Fourn.

Resembling Cinna L.

Pooideae, Poodae, Aveneae, or Pooideae, Poeae, Aveninae,see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 5. 1753, GeneraPlantarum. edition 5. 6. 1754, Familles des Plantes 2: 31,511. 1763, Genera Plantarum 44. 1789, Nova Genera etSpecies Plantarum 1: 146-147. 1815 [1816], Novit. Fl.Suec. Mant. 2: 2. 1839, Mexicanas Plantas 2: 90-91. 1886and Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 14d:69. 1956, Brittonia 23(3): 293-324. 1971, D.M. Branden-burg, W.H. Blackwell and J.W. Thieret, “Revision of thegenus Cinna (Poaceae).” Sida 14: 581-596. 1991, FloraMesoamericana 6: 242-243. 1994, Sida 19(1): 195-200.2000, Contributions from the United States National Her-barium 48: 234-236. 2003.

Cladoraphis Franchet

From Greek klados “branch, twig, young shoot” and rha-phis, rhaphidos “a needle.”

About 2 species, southern Africa, Namibia. Chloridoideae,Eragrostideae, Eragrostidinae, perennial, armed, woody,


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Claudia Opiz 507

stout, branched, long-rhizomatous or rhizomatous andstoloniferous, auricles absent, ligule a fringe of hairs, leafblades flat or rolled, hard and needle-like leaves, plantsbisexual, open panicle, spikelets solitary, lemmas roundedand entire, palea present, 2 free and fleshy lodicules, 3stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas, suitable for stabilizingdunes, open habitats, maritime-arenicolous, on beachdunes, in sandy beds, on desert dunes, windblown dunes,in sandy beds of dry water courses, sometimes referred toEragrostis N.M. Wolf, type Cladoraphis duparquetiiFranch., see Species Plantarum 1: 67-70, 73-76. 1753, Gen-era Plantarum 23. 1776, Bulletin Mensuel de la SociétéLinnéenne de Paris 1: 673. 1887 and Contributions fromthe United States National Herbarium 41: 55-56. 2001.

Species

C. cyperoides (Thunb.) S.M. Phillips (Brizopyrum cyperoi-des (Thunb.) Nees; Eragrostis cyperoides (Thunb.) P.Beauv.; Poa cyperoides Thunb.)

South Africa. Perennial, tufted, bushy, spiny, primarybranches not always spiny, spikelets clustered, sometimesoccasionally grazed, useful for erosion control, usually oncoastal dunes, deep sand, see Prodromus Plantarum Cap-ensium, … 22. 1794, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie71, 162, 174. 1812, Florae Africae Australioris Illustra-tiones Monographicae 374. 1841 and Kew Bulletin 37(1):159. 1982.

in English: sedge-stemmed lovegrass, bristly lovegrass

in South Africa: steekriet

C. spinosa (L.f.) S.M. Phillips (Eragrostis spinosa (L.f.)Trin.; Festuca spinosa L.f.)

South Africa. Perennial, tufted, spiny, bushy, primarybranches spiny, spreading spine-tipped racemes, useful forerosion control, common on loose sand, on dunes, weeldrained deep sand, overgrazed veld, see SupplementumPlantarum 111. 1781 [1782], Mémoires de l’AcadémieImpériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série.Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles 1(4): 416.1830 and Kew Bulletin 37(1): 159. 1982.

in English: ostrich grass, spiny lovegrass

in South Africa: volstruisgras, volstruisdoring

Claudia Opiz = Beckeria Bernh., Melica L.

Pooideae, Meliceae, type Claudia ciliata (L.) Opiz, seeSpecies Plantarum 1: 66-67. 1753, Systematisches Ver-zeichnis 20, 40. 1800, Lotos 3: 67. 1853, Flora der ProvinzBrandenburg 1: 838. 1864, Index Kewensis 1: 282. 1893and Bull. U.S.D.A. 772: 69. 1920, Taxon 41: 566. 1992,Taxon 44: 611-612. 1995, Contributions from the UnitedStates National Herbarium 48: 140, 236, 432-450. 2003.

Clausospicula Lazarides

Latin claudo “to close, to shut up,” clausus “closed” andspicula “spikelet,” spiculum “a little sharp point, sting, spi-cule.”

One species, Australia. Panicoideae, Andropogonodae,Andropogoneae, Andropogoninae, annual, herbaceous,ligule an unfringed membrane, plants bisexual, inflores-cence paniculate, reduced racemes, sterile spikelets awn-less, 2 glumes subequal, palea present, 2 free and fleshylodicules, 3 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2-3 stigmas, typeClausospicula extensa Lazarides, see Methodus PlantasHorti Botanici … 207. 1794 and Cytologia 55: 141-151.1990, M. Lazarides, J. Lenz & L. Watson, “Clausospicula,a new Australian genus of grasses (Poaceae, Andropogo-neae).” Australian Systematic Botany 4(2): 391-405. 1991,Australian Systematic Botany 4: 591-635. 1991 [Taxonomy,cytology and ecology of indigenous Australian sorghums(Sorghum Moench: Andropogoneae: Poaceae)], Russell E.Spangler, “Taxonomy of Sarga, Sorghum and Vacoparis(Poaceae: Andropogoneae).” Australian Systematic Botanyvol. 16 no. 3: 279-299. 2003, Annals of Botany 95: 219-227. 2005.

Species

C. extensa Lazarides

Northern Territory. See Australian Systematic Botany 4(2):399, f. 1-10. 1991.

Clavinodum T.H. Wen = Arundinaria Michx.

Latin clava “a club, a knotty branch” and nodus “node.”

Bambusoideae, Bambuseae, Arundinariinae, type Clavino-dum oedogonatum (Z.P. Wang & G.H. Ye) T.H. Wen, seeFlora Boreali-Americana 1: 73-74. 1803 and Journal Nan-jing University. Natural Sciences Edition 1981(1): 96, f. 3.1981, Journal Nanjing University. Natural Sciences Edition1982(3): 734, f. 2. 1982, Journal of Bamboo Research 3(2):24-26, t. 1. 1984, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 39: 18-24. 2000.

Cleachne Roland ex Rottb. = Cleachne Adns., Paspalum L.

Greek kleis “lock, key” and achne “chaff, glume.”

Panicoideae, Paniceae, Paspalinae, see Systema Naturae,Editio Decima 846, 855, 1359. 1759, Acta Literaria Uni-versitatis Hafniensis 1: 285. 1778 and Contr. U.S. Natl.Herb. 12: 116. 1908, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 18:26-33, 60-61. 1983, Blumea 30: 279-318. 1985, Journal ofCytology and Genetics 22: 161-162. 1987, Ernstia 1(4):


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508 Cleistachne Benth.

135. 1992, Ernstia 2(1-2): 22. 1992, Novon 4(1): 20. 1994,Flora Mesoamericana 6: 335-352. 1994, Annals of the Mis-souri Botanical Garden 81(4): 768-774. 1994, Ernstia 8(4):100. 1999, Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 46: 443-527. 2003.

Cleistachne Benth.

From the Greek kleistos, klistos “closed” and achne “chaff,glume,” alluding to the nature of the spikelets.

One species, tropical Africa. Panicoideae, Andropogon-odae, Andropogoneae, Andropogoninae, annual, unarmed,herbaceous, coarse, unbranched, leaf blades narrow andlinear, auricles absent, ligule an unfringed membrane, largeterminal inflorescence paniculate, contracted panicleoblong or linear-oblong, primary branches bearing racemes,single sessile spikelet, 2 glumes subequal, lower glumecoriaceous, upper lemma bidentate and awned, awn oftentwisted, palea minute, 2 free and fleshy lodicules ciliate, 3stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas, open habitats, moistgrassland, riverbanks, wastelands, along forest margins, oldcultivations, closely related to Sorghum, type Cleistachnesorghoides Benth., see Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 14: t.1379. 1882, The Flora of British India 7(21): 162. 1897[1896] and Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 51(5):153. 1901, Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 89-91, 155. 1917.

Species

C. sorghoides Benth.

Tropical Africa, India. Annual, robust, coarse, erect, stiltroots, leaf blades hispid, leaf sheaths hispid, dark inflores-cence, panicle narrowly oblong, spikelets pedicellate cov-ered with white hairs, useful for erosion control.

in English: false sorghum

Cleistochloa C.E. Hubb. = Dimorphochloa S.T. Blake

Greek kleistos, klistos “closed” and chloe, chloa “grass,”some spikelets are cleistogamous and the others chasmog-amous; see Charles Edward Hubbard, in Hooker’s IconesPlantarum. Ser. 5. 3: t. 3209. (Dec) 1933.

About 2-3 species, Australia and New Guinea, Queenslandand New South Wales. Panicoideae, Panicodae, Paniceae,perennial, caespitose, wiry, branched, hollow internodes,glabrous nodes, ligule hairy, plants bisexual, terminal andaxillary inflorescences few spikeleted, single loose raceme,spikelets dimorphic, hidden cleistogenes, axillary inflores-cence of a single cleistogamous spikelet, terminal inflores-cence spike-like and of chasmogamous spikelets, 2 florets,the lower floret sterile and reduced to the lemma, the upperfloret bisexual, 1 or 2 glumes, lower glume minute or absent,

upper glume and lower lemma acute to truncate, upperlemma coriaceous, palea 2-nerved, 2 free and fleshy lodi-cules, open habitats, dry sandstones ridges, cleistogamousand chasmogamous, type Cleistochloa subjuncea C.E.Hubb., see Species Plantarum 1: 55. 1753, Plantae Javan-icae Rariores 15, 18, 20. 1838 and Flora of Tropical Africa9: 739. 1920, Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 33: t. 3209. 1933,Blumea 3(3): 161. 1938, University of Queensland Papers:Department of Biology 1(19): 1. 1941, Jannink & Veld-kamp, “Revision of Chionachninae (Gramineae: Andro-pogoneae).” Blumea 47(3): 545-580. 2002.

Species

C. rigida (S.T. Blake) R.D. Webster (Cleistochloa rigida(S.T. Blake) Clayton, nom. illeg., non Cleistochloa rigida(S.T. Blake) R.D. Webster; Dimorphochloa rigida S.T.Blake)

Australia, Queensland and New South Wales. Perennial,shrubby, fertile floret mucronate, dry scrub, sandstone, seeUniversity of Queensland Papers: Department of Botany1(19): 2. 1941, Kew Bulletin 42(2): 401-403. 1987.

C. sclerachne (F.M. Bailey) C.E. Hubb. (Chionachne scler-achne F.M. Bailey; Polytoca sclerachne (F.M. Bailey) F.M.Bailey)

Australia. See Queensland Dept. Agric. Bull. 7(Bot. Bull.2): 21. 1891 and The Queensland Flora 6: 1849. 1902.

C. subjuncea C.E. Hubb. (Cleistochloa hubbardiana Hen-rard; Entolasia subjuncea (C.E. Hubb.) C.E. Hubb.; Pani-cum subjunceum Ekman; Panicum subjunceum Domin,nom. illeg., non Panicum subjunceum Ekman)

Australia, Queensland and New South Wales. Wiry, baseswith cataphylls, terminal inflorescence erect, chasmoga-mous spikelets almost glabrous, cleistogamous spikeletsobtuse, sandstone, scrubby areas, see Arkiv för Botanikutgivet av K. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien 10(17): 16, t.5, f. 2, t. 6, f. 8. 1911, Bibliotheca Botanica 85: 314, f. 70.1915, Journal of Ecology 21: 223. 1933.

Cleistogenes Keng = Diplachne P. Beauv., Jarrilla I.M. Johnst., Kengia Packer

From the Greek kleistos, klistos “closed” and gennao “togenerate.”

Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, see Essai d’une NouvelleAgrostographie 80-81, 160, pl. 16, f. 9. 1812, A Manual ofthe Botany of the Northern United States 588. 1848, FloraEuropae 25: 354. 1891 and Torreya 21: 47. 1921, Contri-butions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University70: 78. 1924, Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 39: 258. 1925,J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 136. 1933, Sinensia 5: 147. 1934,Journal of Japanese Botany 18(9): 540. 1942, BotanischeJahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und


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Cleomena Roem. & Schult. 509

Pflanzengeographie 78(2): 208-245. 1959 [Beiträge zurMonographie der Gattungen Cleistogenes und Neyraudia],Botaniska Notiser 113(3): 291. 1960, Taxon 43: 123. 1994,Chen Liang, D.L. Michalk & G.D. Millar, “The ecologyand growth patterns of Cleistogenes species in degradedgrasslands of eastern Inner Mongolia, China” Journal ofApplied Ecology 39(4): 584-594. Aug 2002.

Cleomena Roem. & Schult. = Muhlenbergia Schreb.

Derivation obscure, possibly from the Greek kleio, kleiein“to shut, close,” or from kleio, kleiein “to glorify, celebrate,”kleomai “to become famous.”

Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Muhlenbergiinae, see Sys-tema Vegetabilium 2: 18, 383. 1817 and P.M. Peterson,“Systematics of the Muhlenbergiinae (Chloridoideae: Era-grostideae).” Grasses: Systematics and Evolution 195-212.2000, Contributions from the United States National Her-barium 41: 143-173. 2001.

Cliffordiochloa B.K. Simon = Steinchisma Raf.

For Harold Trevor Clifford, Australian botanist, taxonomist,ecologist, author of Etymological Dictionary of Grasses.Amsterdam 1996; see Tropical Plant Communities: TheirResilience, Functioning and Management in Northern Aus-tralia / H.T. Clifford and R.L. Specht, editors St. Lucia,Australia: Dept. of Botany, University of Queensland 1986;Rolf Martin T. Dahlgren (1932-1987), The Families of theMonocotyledons: Structure, Evolution, and Taxonomy/R.M.T. Dahlgren, H.T. Clifford, P.F. Yeo in cooperationwith R.B. Faden … [et al.]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag 1985.

Panicoideae, Panicodae, Paniceae, Paspalinae, perennial,herbaceous, caespitose, ligule membranous, plants bisexual,inflorescence a panicle more or less contracted, spikeletsflattened, 2 glumes unequal to very unequal, lower glumeshort, lower lemma 3-nerved, palea thickened, 2 fleshy andglabrous lodicules, 2 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas,in damp grassland, sometimes referred to Panicum, typeCliffordiochloa parvispicula B.K. Simon, see Species Plan-tarum 1: 55, 58. 1753, Constantine S. Rafinesque, SeringeBull. Bot. 1: 220. 1830 [also Bulletin Botanique [Genève]1: 220. 1830] and Flora of the Southeastern United States… 105. 1903, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 13-15. 1910, E.D.Merrill, Index Rafinesquianus 76. 1949, Grass Systematicsand Evolution 300. 1987, Syst. Bot. 13: 598. 1988, Aus-trobaileya 3(4): 674, 676, f. 3. 1992, Flora Mesoamericana6: 302-318. 1994, Austrobaileya 4(3): 369-379. 1995,Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: 631-656.1998, Contributions from the United States National

Herbarium 46: 607-608. 2003, Austrobaileya 6(3): 561-562. 2003.

SpeciesC. parvispicula B.K. Simon (Panicum laxum Sw.;Steinchisma laxa (Sw.) Zuloaga)

South America, Australia. Perennial, erect, clumped,stoloniferous, rhizomatous, sprawling, tidal mudflats, wetsavannah, along roadsides and streams, marshy areas, seeNova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 23. 1788and Austrobaileya 3(4): 676, f. 3. 1992, American Journalof Botany 90(5): 817. 2003.

Clinelymus (Griseb.) Nevski = Elymus L.

From the Greek kline “a bed” and elymos “millet.”

Pooideae, Triticeae, Hordeinae, see Species Plantarum 1:83-84. 1753, Flora Rossica 4(13): 330. 1852 and Canad.J. Bot. 42: 554. 1964, Taxon 41: 562-563. 1992, Taxon 44:611-612. 1995, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 48: 279-307. 2003.

Clomena P. Beauv. = Muhlenbergia Schreb.

Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Muhlenbergiinae, typeClomena peruviana P. Beauv., see Genera Plantarum 44.1789, Systema Naturae … editio decima tertia, aucta, refor-mata 2: 171. 1791, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie28, t. 7, f. 10, t. 3, f. 20. 1812, Systema Vegetabilium, editiodecima sexta 1: 262. 1825, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editiosecunda 1: 41. 1840, Gramineae 12-13. 1841, Nova ActaPhys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl.1): 144-145. 1843, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2(2):97. 1887, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(3): 357. 1898 andContributions to Western Botany 14: 7. 1912, Ill. Fl. N. U.S.(edition 2) 1: 184. 1913, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien,Zweite Auflage 14d: 69-70. 1956, Flora Mesoamericana 6:276-286. 1994, American Journal of Botany 81: 622-629.1994, Madroño 42(4): 427-449. 1995, Sida 17: 349-365.1996, Brittonia 50(1): 23-50. 1998, P.M. Peterson, “Sys-tematics of the Muhlenbergiinae (Chloridoideae: Eragros-tideae).” Grasses: Systematics and Evolution 195-212.2000, Contributions from the United States National Her-barium 41: 143-173. 2001, Flora of Ecuador 68: 85. 2001.

Cockaynea Zotov = Hystrix Moench

Dedicated to the English-born New Zealand botanistLeonard Cockayne, 1855-1934, scientist, ecologist andtraveler, 1876 to Australia, ca. 1880 moved to New Zealand,botanical collector, naturalist, teacher, explorer, 1910F.L.S., 1912 F.R.S., Cockayne moved to Wellington in1914, he became President of the New Zealand Institute for


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510 Codonachne Steudel

2 years in 1918, Honorary Botanist to the New ZealandForest Service from 1923 and Honorary Botanist to theWellington City Council, 1927 responsible for the estab-lishment of the Otari Open Air Plant Museum at Wilton,Wellington, wrote The Vegetation of New Zealand, 1921,New Zealand Plants and Their Story. 4th edition edited byE.J. Godley. Wellington, Govt. Print., 1967, “Some NewZealand indigenous-induced weeds and indigenous-inducedmodified and mixed plant-communities.” J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.)49: 13-45. 1932. See J.H. Barnhart, Biographical notesupon botanists. 1: 362. 1965; R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buch-heim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen.14. Aufl. 700. Stuttgart 1993; R. Glenn, The BotanicalExplorers of New Zealand. 173. Wellington 1950; A.D.Thomson, The Life and Correspondence of LeonardCockayne. Christchurch, New Zealand: [s.n.], 1983(Christchurch: Caxton Press) [Paper presented at the His-tory of Science in New Zealand Conference, Wellington,12 to 14 Feb, 1983]; Sir Arthur William Hill (1875-1941),“Leonard Cockayne 1855-1934.” Obit. Not. Roy. Soc. Lond.pp. 443-457. 1935; Transactions and Proceedings of theRoyal Society of New Zealand 65: 457-467. 1935-1936; RayDesmond, Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Hor-ticulturists. 156. London 1994; I. Urban, Geschichte desKöniglichen Botanischen Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem(1815-1913). Nebst Aufzählung seiner Sammlungen. 1916;Dennis John Carr and S.G.M. Carr, editors, People andPlants in Australia. 167, 168, 176. London 1981; Frans A.Stafleu and Erik A. Mennega, Taxonomic literature. Sup-plement IV: Ce-Cz. 233-240. 1997; L.B. Moore, “The Cock-ayne memorial lecture, 1965: Leonard Cockayne, botanist.”Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, General2, No 1: 1-18. Mar 1967.

Two species, New Zealand. Pooideae, Triticodae, Triticeae,perennial, herbaceous, hollow, stoloniferous, ligule anunfringed membrane, plants bisexual, cleistogamous orchasmogamous, inflorescence spicate, spikelets solitary,glumes reduced to suppressed, palea present, 2 free andmembranous lodicules, 3 stamens, ovary hairy, 2 stigmas,sometimes referred to Elymus, type Cockaynea laevis (Pet-rie) Zotov, see Species Plantarum 1: 83-84, 560. 1753,Botanisches Magazin (Römer & Usteri) 7: 5. 1790, Meth-odus Plantas Horti Botanici et agri marburgensis, a stami-num situ describendi … 294-295. Marburgi Cattorum[Marburg] 1794, Beschreibung der Gräser Leipzig 1769-1810, A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States604. 1848, Flora of New Zealand 1: 312, t. 70. 1853, Geo-logical Survey of California, Botany 2: 327. 1880 and Amer-ican Midland Naturalist 4: 228. 1915, Transactions of theRoyal Society of New Zealand, Biological Sciences 73: 233-234. 1943, Canad. J. Bot. 42: 554. 1964, N.Z. J. Bot. 20:169-186. 1982, Feddes Repert. 95: 425-521. 1984 [Con-spectus of the Triticeae], Taxon 41: 562-563. 1992, NewZealand J. Bot. 32: 146. 1994, Taxon 44: 611-612. 1995,

C. Baden, S. Frederiksen and O. Seberg, “A taxonomicrevision of the genus Hystrix Moench (Triticeae, Poaceae).”Nord. J. Bot. 17: 449-467. 1997, Nordic Journal of Botany18(1): 89-94. 1998, Zhou Yong-Hong, Zheng You-Liang,Yang Jun-Liang and Yen Chi, “Relationships among speciesof Hystrix Moench and Elymus L. assessed by RAPDs.”Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 47(2): 191-196. Apr2000, Contributions from the United States National Her-barium 48: 279-307. 2003.

Species

C. gracilis (Hook.f.) Zotov (Gymnostichum gracileHook.f.)

New Zealand.

C. laevis (Petrie) Zotov (Asprella laevis Petrie)

New Zealand. Auricles absent, see Transactions and Pro-ceedings of the New Zealand Institute 27: 406. 1895.

Codonachne Steudel = Tetrapogon Desf.

From the Greek kodon “a bell” and achne “chaff, glume.”

Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, see Flora Atlantica 2: 388-389, t. 255. 1799 [1800], Nomenclator Botanicus. Editiosecunda 1: 393. 1840.

Coelachna Post & Kuntze

Orth. var. of Coelachne R. Br., see Tomas Erik von Postand C.E.O. Kuntze, Lexicon generum Phanerogamarum.134. 1903.

Coelachne R. Br.

Greek koilos “hollow” and achne “chaff, glume, scale,” theglumes are hollow, or referring to the saccate lemma.

About 10 species, Old World tropics and subtropics, India.Panicoideae, Panicodae, Isachneae, annual or perennial,slender, filiform, caespitose, ascending or decumbent, her-baceous, weak, low growing, densely matted, culm nodesbearded, auricles absent, leaf blades flat or folded, leafsheaths rounded, ligule absent or a minute fringe of hairs,leaves lanceolate or linear to ovate-lanceolate, creeping rhi-zomes, plants bisexual, inflorescence an open or contractedpanicle, small narrow panicle with short spreadingbranches, small to very minute spikelets gaping and decid-uous, 2 florets membranous and exserted, lower floret per-fect and large, upper floret female, 2 persistent broadglumes more or less unequal and shorter than the spikelet,lemmas awnless and rounded on back, palea present, 2 freeand fleshy lodicules, 2-3 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stig-mas, marshes and marshy places, waterfalls, streamsides,along streams, waterlogged soils, ponds, springs, wet


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Coelachyropsis Bor 511

places, type Coelachne pulchella R. Br., see Species Plan-tarum 1: 55. 1753, Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae 187,196. 1810, Gen. Pl. 3: 1156. 1883, Flora of British India7: 270. 1897 and Lexicon generum Phanerogamarum 134.1903, Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 3440. 1943, Grasses of Burma …576. 1960.

Species

C. africana Pilg.

Zambia. Perennial, low, mat-forming, slender, straggling,rooting at the nodes, leaf blades narrowly lanceolate, pan-icle lanceolate, spikelets oblong, florets obtuse, lower glumebroadly oblong, upper glume broadly ovate, lower lemmaovate, upper lemma narrowly ovate, see WissenschaftlicheErgebnisse der Schwedischen Rhodesia-Kongo-Expedition,1911-1912, unter Leitung von Eric Graf von Rosen 1: 208.1916.

C. minuta Bor (Coelachne ghatica Naik)

India, Western Ghats, Maharashtra. Rare, annual, erect,tufted, very slender, wiry, leaf blades lanceolate and acute,panicle effuse with spreading capillary branches, spikeletsglobose and minute, glumes glabrous or sparsely bristly,lower lemma folded, upper lemma lanceolate and 2-keeled,stamens usually 2, grows in open areas, rocky places, moistgrassland, see J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 58: 317-318. 1961,Reinwardtia 9: 393. 1980.

C. perpusilla (Arn. ex Steudel) Thw. (Coelachne perpusillavar. muscosa Hook.f.; Coelachne pulchella R. Br. var. per-pusilla (Steud.) Hook.f.; Panicum perpusillum Steud.; Pani-cum perpusillum Arn. ex Steud.)

Southeast Asia. Perennial, ascending, densely tufted, leafblades pointed and mostly filiform, panicle few-floweredand very lax, panicle branches spreading, spikelets spaced,florets densely bearded at base, lower lemma coriaceous, 3stamens, in marshy soils, along lakes, seeps, see ProdromusFlorae Novae Hollandiae 1: 187. 1810, Syn. Pl. Glumac.1: 96. 1854, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 373. 1864, The Flora of BritishIndia 7(22): 271. 1897 [1896] and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5:270. 1900, Grasses of Ceylon 111. 1956, Grasses of Burma… 576. 1960.

C. perpusilla (Arn. ex Steudel) Thw. var. nilagirica VedPrakash & Jain

India, Tamil Nadu. Slender, leaf blades linear-lanceolate,see Bull. Bot. Survey India 24: 187. 1983.

C. perpusilla (Arn. ex Steudel) Thw. var. perpusilla

India, Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka. Leaf blades involute andfiliform, in marshy places, see The Flora of British India7(22): 271. 1897 [1896] and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 270.1900.

C. simpliciuscula (Wight & Arn. ex Steudel) Munro exBentham (Coelachne pulchella R. Br. var. simpliciuscula(Steud.) Hook.f.; Coelachne simpliciuscula (Wight & Arn.)

Munro; Coelachne simpliciuscula (Steudel) Bentham;Isachne hispidula Steud.; Isachne hispidula Nees ex Steud.;Isachne simpliciuscula (Steud.) Thw.; Panicum simplicius-culum Steud.; Panicum simpliciusculum Wight & Arn. exSteud.)

Southeast Asia, China; Madagascar, Sri Lanka. Perennialor annual, variable, tufted, erect or decumbent, prostrate orascending, dense mat-forming, leaf blades lanceolate orlinear, panicles spiciform or open with spreading branches,spikelets appressed, florets glabrous at base, glumes gla-brous, 3 stamens, weed in paddy fields, in moist soils, indamp and marshy places, closely related to Coelachne pul-chella R. Br., see Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 96. 1854, Enum. Pl.Zeyl. 373. 1864, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany19(115-116): 93. 1881, Fl. Br. Ind. 7: 271. 1896 and Grassesof Ceylon 110. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 576. 1960,Canad. J. Bot. 52: 1075-1090. 1974, Taxon 24: 512. 1974,Taxon 25: 158. 1976.

in Thailand: yaa phai, yaa wong waen

Coelachyropsis Bor

Resembling Coelachyrum Hochst. & Nees.

One species, Sri Lanka, southern India. Chloridoideae,annual, herbaceous, unbranched, erect or geniculate,decumbent, stoloniferous, auricles absent, glandular, ligulea fringed membrane, plants bisexual, inflorescence digitate,2 glumes broadly elliptic more or less equal, lemma acuteto mucronate, palea present, 2 free and fleshy lodicules, 3stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas, type Coelachyropsislagopoides Bor, see Species Plantarum 1: 71. 1753, SystemaNaturae, edition 12 2: 95. 1767, Linnaea 16(2): 221. 1842and Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 75:23, 25. 1971[1972], Taxon 49(2): 250. 2000.

Species

C. lagopoides Bor (Dactylis lagopoides L.)

South India, Sri Lanka.

Coelachyrum Hochst. & Nees = Coelachyropsis Bor, Coeleochloa Steud., Cypholepis Chiov.

From the Greek koilos “hollow” and achyron “chaff, husk.”

About 6-8 species, Africa, Mauritania, Arabia, Somalia,Tanzania, Pakistan, southern India, Sri Lanka. Chlori-doideae, Eragrostideae, annual or perennial, variable, her-baceous, erect or geniculate, sometimes or usuallystoloniferous, auricles absent, ligule a ciliate fringed mem-brane, leaves flat almost subcordate at base, plants bisexual,contracted spike-like racemes open or dense, spikelets lat-erally compressed elliptic to ovate, 2 glumes unequal and


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512 Coelachyrum Hochst. & Nees

keeled, lemmas saccate and more or less papery to coria-ceous, palea entire and sometimes villous on the keels, 2lodicules free and fleshy, stamens 3, ovary glabrous, 2 stig-mas, free pericarp, species of open habitats or light shade,open shrubland, limestone, dry grassland, sand and redsandy soil, desert to semidesert, a link between Eragrostisand Eleusine, type Coelachyrum brevifolium Hochst. &Nees, see Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 394.1840, Linnaea 16(2): 221. 1842 and Annuario del RealeIstituto Botanico di Roma 8(3): 357-358. 1908, Kirkia 3:117, 131-134. 1963, Annalen des Naturhistorischen Muse-ums in Wien 75: 23. 1971[1972].

SpeciesC. brevifolium Hochst. & Nees (Coelachyrum brevifolium(Koenig ex Willd) Hochst. & Nees; Eleusine brevifolia(Hochst. & Nees) Steud.)

Sudan, Somalia, Arabia. Annual, loosely tufted, sprawling,stolons lacking or stoloniferous, subdigitate racemes clus-tered, 6-10 florets closely imbricate, spikelets subsessile andbroadly ovate, glumes ovate to elliptic and mucronate, lem-mas hairy and membranous, grain rugose, good grazing,coastal dunes, sand, desert, type species, see Linnaea 16(2):221. 1842, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 211. 1854.

in Nigeria: magaril kura

C. lagopoides (Burm.f.) Senaratna (Aeluropus laevis Trin.;Aeluropus lagopoides (L.) Trin. ex Thw.; Coelachyropsislagopoides (Burm.f.) Bor; Coelachyrum brevifolium(Koenig ex Willd.) Hochst. & Nees; Coelachyrum brevifo-lium Hochst. & Nees; Coelachyrum indicum Hack.; Cyno-surus lagopoides Burm.f.; Dactylis brevifolia Willd.;Dactylis brevifolia Koenig ex Willd.; Dactylis lagopoides(Burm.f.) L.; Distichlis sudanensis Beetle; Eleusine brevi-folia (Hochst. & Nees) Steud.; Eleusine brevifolia (Koenigex Willd.) R. Br. ex Hook.f., nom. illeg., non Eleusinebrevifolia (Hochst. & Nees) Steud.; Eleusine brevifolia(Willd.) R. Br. ex Hook.f.; Eleusine lagopoides (Burm.f.)Merr.; Eragrostis brevifolia (Willd.) Benth.; Eragrostisbrevifolia Benth.; Koeleria brevifolia (Willd.) Spreng.; Koe-leria brevifolia Spreng.; Poa brevifolia (Willd) Kunth; Poabrevifolia (J. König ex Willd.) Kunth, nom. illeg., non Poabrevifolia DC.)

Southern india, Asia, Sri Lanka. Annual, slender, smooth,branched, erect or geniculate, spreading or prostrate, inflo-rescence compact, glumes mucronate, pericarp wavy or rug-ulose, see Mant. 33. 1767, Flora Indica … nec nonProdromus Florae Capensis 29. 1768, Mant. 557. 1771,Genera Plantarum 23. 1776, De Fructibus et SeminibusPlantarum… . 1: 7. 1788, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta1: 410. 1797, Syn. Pl. 1: 97. 1805, Plantarum Minus Cog-nitarum Pugillus 2: 21. 1815, Journal de Physique, deChimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts 89: 104. 1819,Fundamenta Agrostographiae 143, t. 12. 1820, Révision desGraminées 1: 111. 1829, Linnaea 16(2): 221. 1842, Enum.

Pl. Zeyl. 374. 1864, Hooker’s Icones Plantarum pl. 1268 p.51. 1881, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2(2): 61. 1887,The Flora of British India 7(22): 294. 1897 [1896] andHandb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 278-279. 1900, Philippine Journal ofScience 19: 339. 1921, Revista Argentina de Agronomía22(2): 89, f. 1. 1955, Grasses of Ceylon 79. 1956, Grassesof Burma …488. 1960, Annalen des NaturhistorischenMuseums in Wien 75: 25. 1971[1972].

C. longiglume Napper (Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf)

Kenya. Annual, slender, geniculately ascending, soft leafblades linear, ovate open panicle with racemose branches,5- to 10-flowered, spikelets broadly elliptic, glumes unequaland 3-nerved, lemmas elliptic and densely hispid, rugulosegrains, saline plains, dry grassland, flats, see Flora Palaes-tina 12. 1756 and Flora Capensis 7: 632. 1900, Kirkia 3:113. 1963.

C. piercei (Benth.) Bor (Coelachyrum stoloniferum C.E.Hubb.; Eragrostis piercei Benth.; Leptochloa appletoniiStapf) (for E. Pierce)

Ethiopia, Asia, Pakistan, Arabia. Perennial, tufted, stoloni-ferous with woody stolons, knotty base, open panicle withracemose branches, spikelets on pedicels, glumes unequal,upper glume mucronate, lemma glabrous or shortly ciliate,grassland, sand, bushland, coastal dunes, limestone, desertscrub, semideserts, see Icones Plantarum 4: 1370. 1881 andBulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 6: 223. 1907,Kew Bulletin 1941: 198. 1941, Kew Bulletin 7(2): 226. 1952.

in Somalia: duyu, dooyo

C. poiflorum Chiov. (Coelachyrum induratum Pilger;Eleusine poiflora (Chiov.) Chiov.)

Sudan, Somalia, Arabia. Perennial, densely tufted, erect,spreading, with woody stolons, inflorescence racemose, 4-to 18-flowered, spikes clustered toward the top of the culm,spikelets subsessile and ovate, glumes 1-nerved, upperglume mucronate or shortly awned, lemmas shaggy andmucronate, grain strongly compressed, growing on rockyor sandy plain, gypsum, grassland, limestone, open shrub-land, see Annuario del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma 7:75, t. 3, f. 4. 1896 and Annali di Botanica 10(3): 409. 1912.

C. yemenicum (Schweinf.) S.M. Phillips (Cypholepisyemenica (Schweinf.) Chiov.; Eleusine yemensis(Schweinf.) Chiov.; Eragrostis yemenica Schweinf.; Lep-tochloa appletonii Stapf)

Tropical East Africa, South Africa, Ethiopia, Somalia,Yemen, Arabia. Annual or perennial, slender, densely tufted,erect or geniculate, ascending, without stolons, sheathskeeled, leaf blades narrowly linear, narrow inflorescenceracemose, erect racemes spaced, 7- to 12-flowered, spikeletselliptic to narrowly lanceolate-elliptic, florets closely imbri-cate, glumes lanceolate-oblong, lemmas coriaceous andobtuse, smooth grain, growing on red sandy soil, grassland,open areas, in Acacia scrub, open shrubland, rocky places,


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Coelarthron Hook.f. 513

sandstone, limestone, open stony ground, see Bulletin del’Herbier Boissier 2(App. 2): 41. 1894 and Bulletin of Mis-cellaneous Information Kew 6: 223. 1907, Annuario delReale Istituto Botanico di Roma 8(3): 357-358. 1908,Annali di Botanica 10: 410. 1912, Kew Bulletin 37(1): 159.1982, Grass. Saudi Arabia 274. 1989.

Coelarthron Hook.f. = Microstegium Nees

From the Greek koilos “hollow” and arthron “a joint.”

Panicoideae, Andropogoneae, Saccharinae, type Coelar-thron brandisii Hook.f., see Species Plantarum 2: 1045.1753, A Natural System of Botany 2nd edn. 447. 1836, TheFlora of British India 7(21): 163-164. 1897 [1896] and DieNatürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2(2): Nachtr. 2: 4. 1900, TheGrasses of Burma 2, 62. 1945, Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 46: 292. 2003.

Coelochloa Steud. = Coelachyrum Hochst. & Nees

From the Greek koilos “hollow” and chloe, chloa “grass,young grass.”

Chloridoideae, Eragrostideae, see Nomenclator Botanicus.Editio secunda 1: 394. 1840, Linnaea 16(2): 221. 1842 andAnnuario del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma 8(3): 357-358. 1908, Kirkia 3: 117, 131-134. 1963, Annalen desNaturhistorischen Museums in Wien 75: 23. 1971[1972].

Coelorachis Brongn. = Apogonia (Nutt.) E. Fourn., Coelorhachis Brongn., Cycloteria Stapf, Mnesithea Kunth

Greek koilos “hollow” and rhachis “rachis, axis, midrib ofa leaf,” the rachis is concave, swollen and hollow; see Louis-Isidor Duperrey, Voyage autour du Monde exécuté par ordredu Roi sur la corvette La Coquille pendant les années 1822-1825. 64, t. 14. 1831.

About 20-21 species, tropics. Panicoideae, Andropogon-odae, Andropogoneae, Rottboelliinae, perennial or annual,rather variable, herbaceous, branched, robust, clump form-ing, culm internodes solid, auricles absent, ligule fringed,broad leaf blades linear and flat, plants bisexual, inflores-cence axillary, single cylindrical or flattened raceme, pedun-cled racemes, partial inflorescences, racemes linear bearingpairs of sessile and pedicellate spikelets, sessile spikeletunawned, lower floret barren, 2 glumes more or less equal,lower glume smooth and 2-keeled, upper glume awnless,palea present, 2 free and fleshy lodicules, 3 stamens, ovaryglabrous, 2 stigmas reddish to red, pedicelled spikelet some-times vestigial, spikelets sometimes borne in triplets, damp

soils, grassland, open habitats, open woodland, savannah,closely related to Rhytachne, sometimes included in Mne-sithea Kunth, type Coelorachis muricata (Retz.) Brongn.,see Mantissa Plantarum 2: 164. 1767, Supplementum Plan-tarum 13, 114. 1781 [1782], Supplementum Carpologicae1(1): 3, pl. 181, f. 3. 1805, The Genera of North AmericanPlants 1: 83-84. 1818, Révision des Graminées 1: 153.1829, Voyage autour du Monde 64, t. 14. 1831, MexicanasPlantas 2: 63. 1886, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2(2):25. 1887 and Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, sér. 2, 68: 198. 1921[1922], Kew Bulletin 24: 309-314. 1970, Blumea 31: 291,293. 1986, Flora of the Guianas. Series A, Phanerogams8: 143-146. 1990, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25:140-143. 1990, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden81(4): 775-783. 1994, Journal of Cytology and Genetics29(2): 125-131. 1994, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 396-397.1994, Contributions from the United States National Her-barium 46: 295-296. 2003.

Species

C. afraurita (Stapf) Stapf (Mnesithea afraurita (Stapf) deKoning & Sosef; Rottboellia afraurita Stapf)

Tropical Africa. Perennial, tufted, erect, good fodder whenyoung, used for fencing and matting, marshy places, marshygrasslands, swamps, fresh water, see Bulletin de la SociétéBotanique de France 55: Mém. 8, 98. 1908, Flora of Trop-ical Africa 9: 80. 1917, Blumea 31(2): 290. 1986.

in Sierra Leone: fovo, tomo

C. aurita (Steud.) A. Camus (Coelorachis aurita (Steud.)Henrard, nom. illeg., non Coelorachis aurita (Steud.) A.Camus; Coelorhachis aurita (Steud.) A. Camus; Manisurisaurita (Steud.) Kuntze ex Hitchc. & Chase; Manisurisaurita (Steud.) Hitchc. & Chase, nom. illeg., non Manisurisaurita (Steud.) Kuntze; Manisuris aurita (Steud.) Kuhlm.,nom. illeg., non Manisuris aurita (Steud.) Kuntze; Mani-suris aurita (Steud.) Kuntze; Manisuris fasciculata (Lam.)Hitchc.; Mnesithea aurita (Steud.) de Koning & Sosef; Rott-boellia aurita Steudel)

Costa Rica to Argentina. Swamps and damp places, seeSynopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 361. 1854,Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 311. 1889, RevisioGenerum Plantarum 3(3): 356. 1898 and Contributionsfrom the United States National Herbarium 18(7): 276.1917, Annales de la société linnéenne de Lyon, sér. 2 68:197. 1921, Commissão de Linhas Telegraphicas Estratégi-cas de Matto-Grosso ao Amazonas, Botanica 67(Bot. 11):90. 1922, Blumea 4(3): 515. 1941, Blumea 31(2): 290. 1986.

C. capensis Stapf (Mnesithea capensis (Stapf) de Koning& Sosef)

South Africa. Perennial, tufted, pedicellate spikelets some-times reduced, see Bulletin of Miscellaneous InformationKew 1916: 234. 1916, Blumea 31(2): 290. 1986.


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514 Coelorhachis Endl.

C. clarkei (Hack.) Blatt. & McCann (Manisuris clarkei(Hack.) Bor ex Santapau; Mnesithea clarkei (Hack.) deKoning & Sosef; Rottboellia clarkei Hack.)

Tropics, India. Annual, see Österreichische BotanischeZeitschrift 41: 8. 1891 and Journal of the Bombay NaturalHistory Society 82: 33. 1927, Records of the BotanicalSurvey of India 16(1): 357. 1953, Blumea 31(2): 290. 1986.

C. cylindrica (Michx.) Nash (Manisuris campestris (Nutt.)A.S. Hitchc.; Manisuris cylindrica (Michx.) Kuntze; Mne-sithea cylindrica (Michx.) de Koning & Sosef; Rottboelliacylindrica (Michx.) Torr., nom. illeg., non Rottboellia cylin-drica Willd.; Tripsacum cylindricum Michx.)

Northern America, U.S. Perennial, useful for erosion con-trol, see Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 60. 1803, RevisioGenerum Plantarum 2: 779. 1891 and North AmericanFlora 17(1): 85. 1909, Blumea 31(2): 290. 1986.

in English: Carolina joint-tail grass, cylinder joint-tail grass

C. glandulosa (Trin.) Stapf ex Ridl. (Manisuris glandulosa(Trin.) Kuntze; Mnesithea glandulosa (Trin.) de Koning &Sosef; Ophiuros muriculatus Steud.; Rottboellia glandulosaTrin.)

Asia, Southeast Asia. See Mémoires de l’Académie Impéri-ale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sci-ences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles 2(4): 250.1832, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 360. 1854,Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 780. 1891 and The Flora ofthe Malay Peninsula 5: 204. 1925, Blumea 4(3): 517. 1941,Blumea 31(2): 290. 1986.

in the Philippines Islands: murabon

in Thailand: yaa khaao paa

C. khasiana (Hackel) Stapf ex Bor (Coelorachis khasiana(Hack.) Henrard, nom. illeg., non Coelorachis khasiana(Hack.) Stapf ex Bor; Mnesithea khasiana (Hack.) de Kon-ing & Sosef; Rottboellia striata Nees ex Steudel subsp.khasiana Hackel)

India, Darjeeling, Sikkim. Leafy, leaves lanceolate andacuminate, leaves margins not ciliate, lower glume of sessilespikelet contracted into winged apiculus, pedicellate spike-let well-developed, see Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6:302. 1889 and Indian Forest Records: Botany 1(3): 101.1939, Blumea 4(3): 519. 1941, Blumea 31(2): 291. 1986.

C. rottboellioides (R. Br.) A. Camus (Andropogon rottboel-lioides (R. Br.) Steud.; Coelorachis rottboellioides (R. Br.)Henrard, nom. illeg., non Coelorachis rottboellioides (R.Br.) A. Camus; Coelorachis rottboellioides (R. Br.) Ohwi,nom. illeg., non Coelorachis rottboellioides (R. Br.) A.Camus; Coelorachis rottboellioides (R. Br.) Stapf ex C.E.Hubb., nom. illeg., non Coelorachis rottboellioides (R. Br.)A. Camus; Ischaemum rottboellioides R. Br.; Manisurisrottboellioides (R. Br.) Kuntze; Rottboellia rottboellioides(R. Br.) Druce; Rottboellia rottboellioides (R. Br.) Reeder,nom. illeg., non Rottboellia rottboellioides (R. Br.) Druce)

Southeast Asia. Useful for erosion control, see ProdromusFlorae Novae Hollandiae 1: 205. 1810 and Annales de laSociété Linnéenne de Lyon, sér. 2, 68: 197. 1921 [1922],Blumea 4(3): 519. 1941, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Infor-mation Kew 1941: 25. 1941, Bulletin of the Tokyo ScienceMuseum 18: 2. 1947, Acta Botanica Neerlandica 2(2): 255.1953, Blumea 31(2): 291. 1986.

in English: cane grass

C. striata (Nees ex Steudel) A. Camus (Manisuris striata(Nees ex Steud.) Kuntze; Mnesithea striata (Nees ex Steud.)de Koning & Sosef; Rottboellia striata Nees ex Steudel)

Southeast Asia, India. Leaves margins ciliate, pedicellatespikelet reduced, see Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1:361. 1854, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1(2): 780. 1891 andAnnales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, sér. 2, 68: 197.1922, Blumea 4(3): 519. 1941, Grasses of Burma, Ceylon,India and Pakistan (excluding Bambuseae) 121. 1960,Blumea 31(2): 292. 1986.

in Thailand: yaa khon

Coelorhachis Endl.

Orthographic variant of Coelorachis Brongn.

Coix L. = Lachryma-jobi Ortega, Lachrymaria Heist. ex Fabr., Lacryma Medikus, Lacrymaria Heist. ex Fabr., Lithagrostis Gaertn., Sphaerium Kuntze

From the ancient Greek name used by Theophrastus for akind of Egyptian palm, Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Martius,Latin coix, coicis for a kind of Ethiopian palm (Plinius).

Some 5/6 species, Europe, tropical Asia. Panicoideae,Andropogonodae, Maydeae, or Panicoideae, Andropogo-neae, Coicinae, annual or perennial, herbaceous, leafy,coarse, thick, stout, often rhizomatous, erect, branched,culm internodes solid, auricles absent, ligule membranous,leaves flat and lanceolate, plants monoecious with all thefertile spikelets unisexual, inflorescences axillary and com-pound, racemes separated by a prophyll, inflorescences inhard globular utricles, male and female spikelets on thesame inflorescence and usually the male above, femaleinflorescence sessile, fertile female spikelet with 2 florets,all the fertile spikelets unisexual, without hermaphroditeflorets, male raceme pedunculated, male spikelets with 2florets both fertile, hard utricles are modified leaf baseenclosing the female inflorescence, lower glume papery andlaterally winged, palea present, lodicules absent, ovary gla-brous, stamens absent or 3 staminodes, stigmas 2, falsefruits variable, ornamental, weed, cultivated fodder crop,grain crop species, aquatic forms, swamps, shade species,wet habitats, forest margins, swamps, type Coix lacryma-jobi


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Coix L. 515

L., see Species Plantarum 2: 972. 1753, Genera Plantarum.edition 5. 419. 1754, Enumeratio Methodica Plantarum208. 1759, Syst. Nat. edition 10, 1261. May-June 1759,Casimiro Gomez [de] Ortega (1740-1818), Tabulae Botan-icae 30. Matriti [Madrid] 1773, De Fructibus et SeminibusPlantarum… . 1: 7. 1788, Philosophische Botanik 1: 177.1789, Consp. Reg. Veg. 51. 1828, Revisio Generum Plan-tarum 2: 793. 1891 and Bull. Agric. Congo Belge 39: 247-304. 1948, Rev. Bot. Appl. 31: 197-211. 1951, J. Agr. Trop.8: 44-56. 1961, Econ. Botany 28: 38-42. 1974, Cytologia50: 655-661. 1985, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 401-402.1994, Contributions from the United States National Her-barium 46: 162-163. 2003.

Species

C. aquatica Roxb. (Coix gigantea var. aquatica (Roxb.)Watt; Coix lacryma-jobi f. aquatica (Roxb.) Backer)

China, India, Thailand, Southeast Asia. Floating, creeping,succulent culms, sometimes decumbent and rooting fromnodes, floating roots, leaves densely hairy, male spikeletsmainly in triads, animal food, fodder, weed species, ponds,lakes, wet habitats, streams and marshes, see Der Natur-forscher 23: 211. 1788, Flora Indica; or, Descriptions ofIndian Plants 3: 571-572. 1832 and Journal of Cytologyand Genetics 1: 14-20. 1966, Current Science 55: 1200-1201. 1986, Genetica 74: 61-68. 1987, Cytologia 54: 169-172. 1989, Proceedings of the Indian Science CongressAssociation 77(3, vi): 135. 1990, Nucleus 37(1,2): 10-15.1994, The Grasses and Bamboos of India 1: 175. 1997.

in Thailand: chaai fuei, chaai phuei, chai fueai, dueai hin,duei hin, lam iak, o nam

C. gigantea Koenig ex Roxb. (Chionachne gigantea (J.König) Veldkamp; Coix gigantea J. König; Coix lacryma-jobi var. gigantea (J. König ex Roxb.) Stapf ex Hook.f.;Coix lingulata Hack.)

Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, India,Malaysia, Indonesia. Perennial, densely caespitose watergrass, stiff, erect, leaf blades linear not cordate at base,surface of leaves glabrous to scabrid, staminate inflores-cence drooping, spikelets mainly in threes, lower glumewinged, used for bead-curtains and baskets, sometimes col-lected for food, grains separated from the shell can be fedto poultry, cereal, a salt source, often used for ornamentalpurposes, weed species of rice fields, growing in marshyareas, moist or dry locations, wet situations, see Der Natur-forscher 23: 211. 1788, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue… 66. 1814, Fl. Ind. edition 2. 3: 570. 1832, Plantae Jav-anicae Rariores 15, 18. 1838, Österreichische BotanischeZeitschrift 41: 5. 1891, The Flora of British India 7(21):100. 1897 [1896] and Grasses of Ceylon 203. 1956, Grassesof Burma … 264. 1960, Genetica 74: 61-68. 1987, TheGrasses and Bamboos of India 1: 175. 1997, Blumea 47(3):559-560, f. 3. 2002.

in English: wild adlay

in India: danga gurgur, kesai

in Sri Lanka: hin kirindi

C. lacryma-jobi L. (also spelled lachryma-jobi) (Coixagrestis Lour.; Coix arundinacea Lam.; Coix exaltata Jacq.;Coix lacryma L.; Coix ovata Stokes; Coix pendula Salisb.;Lithagrostis lacryma-jobi (L.) Gaertn.; Sphaerium lacryma(L.) Kuntze)

Asia. Annual or perennial, monoecious, tall, large, smooth,sometimes woody, ornamental and variable species, robustand erect, prostrate and rooting at the nodes below, branchedor much-branched, leaf sheath short or long, ligule shortand membranous, leaves narrow-lanceolate and acute, inflo-rescences arching, male and female inflorescences on 1peduncle, male spikelets mainly in pairs, female inflores-cence surrounded by utricles ovoid-globose, lower glumenarrowly winged, tear-shaped seeds, hard seedcoat or largestony involucre, weed, naturalized, used as a fiber plant byAborigines of Australia, fodder or poor fodder for cattle,the green material is very palatable, the seed is enclosed ina hard shell that has to be broken by pounding or roughgrinding, utricles used as beads, grass widely cultivated andnaturalized in tropics, in India seeds eaten by the Bhilpeople, seeds either mixed with Panicum colonum L. or Zeamays L. and made into bread or prepared like rice, beveragebase, a coffee is made from the roasted seed, seeds used tomake tea in Japan, roots used in the treatment of menstrualdisorders, fruits are antipyretic, antiseptic and antispas-modic, usually growing along forest edge, hot and dampareas, moist conditions, lowlands, near streams, along watercourses, swampy places, ditches, on drier disturbed ground,hill forest, see Species Plantarum 2: 972. 1753, SystemaNaturae, Editio Decima 1261. 1759, De Fructibus et Sem-inibus Plantarum… . 1: 7. 1788, Flora Cochinchinensis 2:551. 1790, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 3: 422.1791, Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allertonvigentium. 28. Londini [London] (Nov-Dec) 1796, A Botan-ical Materia Medica 4: 343. 1812, Eclogae Graminum Rar-iorum 60, t. 40. 1820, Bull. Soc. Acclimat. 3(8): 442. 1881,Journal de Botanique (Morot) 4(4): 77. 1890, RevisioGenerum Plantarum 2: 793. 1891, The Flora of BritishIndia 7: 100. 1896 and Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine7(5): 220. 1922, Grasses of Ceylon 203. 1956, Grasses ofBurma … 264. 1960, Fl. Trop. E. Afr. Gramineae (3): 857.1982, J. Guangdong Bot. Soc. 2: 72-73. 1984, Journal ofWuhan Botanical Research 3(4): 345-349. 1985, Cytologia51: 527-547. 1986, Grasses of Japan and its NeighboringRegions 498. 1987, Current Science 58: 757-758. 1989,Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association76(3, vi): 177-178. 1989, Cytologia 55: 57-60. 1990, Jour-nal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 140-143. 1990, Cytologia58: 355-360. 1993, Nucleus 37(1,2): 10-15. 1994, Caryo-logia 50: 175-184. 1997, Grassland of China 2000(5): 1-5.2000.


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516 Coix L.

in English: Job’s tears, gromwell-read, pearl barley, cornbead, adlay

in French: larmes de Job, larmilles, herbe à chapelets

in Brazil: capim-de-nossa Senhora, capim-rosario

in Central America: zacate de perla

in Colombia: lágrimas de Job, lágrimas de san Pedro

in Ecuador: lagrima de Job

in Mexico: acayacotl, acayocoyoth, acayocoyotl, arrocillo,ishlacashtajad, ishlacashtajat, lágrimas de Job, lágrimas deSan Pedro, suuk-paen, zacate de cuentas

in Nicaragua: sagádi, agusa, am mak, am minik

in Angola: lágrimas de Nossa Senhora

in Ghana: agu, ahwinie, akrokosebia, n’ani nsuwa, owuamma manka m’asem

in Guinea: amberkesy, fondo, forono, wakometa

in Guinea-Bissau: bonco

in Ivory Coast: manquassem

in Liberia: za

in Morocco: habb al-barâka

in Nigeria: aka ila, ngkwa eto, nkwa ikot

in Senegal: balifo, boror, foror, makaramba kesè, namma-ket, porola

in Sierra Leone: ampolo, boboni volo, bohori, bongkori,epereka, folo, foro, foronde tasebia, forondo, forondo mese,gbegbena, gboe, gbolo, gbolokpo, gbolondo, gboye, jinaforondo, kali bagi, kpetehu volo, kpoklole, mapolo, matom-perega, puboe, sankala, sisig, tasabiana, yiri foronde

in Southern Africa: Jobskrale, Jobskraaltjies, Jobstrane,kraalgras, tandgras, tandkraalgras, traangras; ilozisi (Zulu)

in Yoruba: tésubiyu

in Bhutan: ghan rey mala, gar day mala

in Cambodia: neang vong, skouy, skuöy

in China: yi yi ren, i i jen, i yi jen, chieh li, chi shih, kanmi, hui hui mi, t’u i mi, chao i mi

in India: ashru beeja, baru, dabhir, galao, gandula, gangee,garru, garun, gavedhu, gavedu, gavendhu, gavendhuka,gharu ghas, gojivha, gorivindlu, gorivipusa, gulbi gadi,gulu, gundragutta, gurgur, gurlu, gurmur, jargadi, jogimani,kaage mani, kaash, kaasha, kaattukumdumani, kalmathubeeja, kalmuthu, kasaayi, kasad, kasaiya (Bhil group),kasei, kashige gida, kassaibija, kassee, kosar, kothi beeja,koti beeja, kshudragojihva, kunch, nellumany, nethpaava-lam, netpavalam, ran jondhala, ranjondhala, ran makkai,ranmaka, ranmakkai, ranzondlo, ranzonnalo, sanklee,sanklu, sankru, sohriu, tal-ka gandula

in Indonesia: jali, jali betul, jali watu

in Japan: juzu-dama (= rosary bead)

in Laos: düay

in Malaysia: jalai batu, jelai batu, jelai pulut, jilai batu, jilaipulut, menjelai, menjilai, malai tikus

in Papua New Guinea: noi

in the Philippines Islands: abukai, adlai, adlay, agagai, agda,aglai, alimudias, apagi, atakai, balantakan, barubaioko, bin-tikai, bitogan, dalai, damau, glias, kalabugau, kambot,katayan, katayn, katigbi, kaudlasan, kibaoung, koldasan,kudlasan, lamudias, lias, paias, paleas, palias, pintaka, tal-antakan, tidbi, tigbi, tigbikai, tiguas, tikaian

in Okinawa: shishi-dama

in Sri Lanka: kirindi

in Thailand: duai, duei, ma doei, maduai

in Vietnam: bo bo, c[uw] [owf]m g[aj]o, hat cuom, may pat,y di, [ys] d[ix]

in Hawaii: pu’ohe’ohe, kukaekolea, ‘oheohe, pupu kolea

in Samoa: sanasana, sanasana samoa

in Pacific: tangatanga

in Arabic: damu ayub

C. lacryma-jobi L. var. gigantea (J. König ex Roxb.) Stapfex Hook.f. (Coix gigantea J. König ex Roxb.; Coix giganteaJ. König)

India. See Der Naturforscher 23: 211. 1788, Flora Indica;or, Descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 570. 1832, The Floraof British India 7: 100. 1896.

C. lacryma-jobi L. var. lacryma-jobi (Coix agrestis Lour.;Coix arundinacea Lam.; Coix exaltata Jacq.; Coix lacrymaL.; Coix ovata Stokes; Lithagrostis lacryma-jobi (L.)Gaertn.)

Asia temperate and tropical, China, India. False fruit ovoidand not striate, ornamental, medicinal uses, cereal, some-times cultivated and naturalized, see Species Plantarum 2:972. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 1261. 1759,De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 7. 1788, FloraCochinchinensis 2: 551. 1790, Encyclopédie Méthodique,Botanique 3: 422. 1791, Prodromus stirpium in horto adChapel Allerton vigentium. 28. Londini [London] (Nov-Dec) 1796, A Botanical Materia Medica 4: 343. 1812,Eclogae Graminum Rariorum 60, t. 40. 1820, Bull. Soc.Acclimat. 3(8): 442. 1881, Journal de Botanique (Morot)4(4): 77. 1890, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 793. 1891,The Flora of British India 7: 100. 1896 and Flore Généralede l’Indo-Chine 7(5): 220. 1922, Fl. Trop. E. Afr. Gramineae(3): 857. 1982, Grasses of Japan and its NeighboringRegions 498. 1987.

in Thailand: ma doei, dueai

C. lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen (Rom. Caill.) Stapf exHook.f (Coix chinensis Tod.; Coix chinensis var. chinensis;Coix lacryma-jobi subsp. ma-yuen (Rom. Caill.) T.Koyama; Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen (Rom. Caill.)Stapf; Coix ma-yuen Rom. Caill.)


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Colanthelia McClure & E.W. Smith 517

Southeast Asia, China, India. False fruits ovoid to pyriform,involucre soft and striate, cultivated for its edible seeds andmedicinal virtues, cereal, animal food, fodder, handicrafts,used in macrobiotic diets and cuisine, the seeds are a tra-ditional Chinese medicine possessing antitumor activity, seeInd. Sem. Hort. Bot. Pan. Ann. 5. 1861, Bulletin de laSociété Nationale d’Acclimatation de France, sér. 2, 8: 442.1881, The Flora of British India 7(21): 100. 1897 [1896]and Grasses of Japan and its Neighboring Regions 498.1987, M. Numata, A. Yamamoto, A. Moribayashi, H.Yamada, “Antitumor components isolated from the Chineseherbal medicine Coix lachryma-jobi.” in Planta Med. 60(4):356-359. Aug 1994.

in China: yi yi

in Japan: hato-mugi

in Brazil: rosario

C. lacryma-jobi L. var. maxima Makino (Coix agrestis var.maxima (Makino) Nakai)

Asia temperate, Taiwan. See Botanical Magazine 20: 10.1906.

C. lacryma-jobi L. var. monilifer G. Watt

Tropical Asia, Eastern India, Malaysia, Myanmar. Hardfalse fruit globose and flattened, ornamental, see Dictionaryof the Economic Products of India 493. 1887 and Agricul-tural Ledger 214. 1904.

C. lacryma-jobi L. var. novoguineensis Pilg.

New Guinea. See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 52: 171. 1914.

C. lacryma-jobi L. var. stenocarpa (Balansa) Stapf exHook.f. (Coix lacryma-jobi var. stenocarpa (Oliv.) Stapf;Coix lacryma var. stenocarpa Oliv.; Coix lacryma-jobi var.stenocarpa Stapf; Coix stenocarpa Balansa; Coix steno-carpa (Oliv.) Balansa; Coix tubulosa Hack.)

Southeast Asia, China, India. Hard false fruit cylindricaland not striate, ornamental, used for beads, see Hooker’sIcones Plantarum 18(3): t. 1764. 1888, Journal de Bota-nique (Morot) 4(4): 77-78. 1890, Botanische Jahrbücherfür Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie13(2): 260. 1890, The Flora of British India 7: 100. 1896.

in Thailand: boe, ma dueai khi non, ma duei khee non,phong mue thee, phong mue thi

C. puellarum Balansa (Coix lacryma-jobi var. puellarum(Balansa) A. Camus)

Southeast Asia, China, India. Perennial, ornamental pur-poses, see Journal de Botanique (Morot) 4(4): 77. 1890 andFlore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 7(5): 220. 1922.

in India: sachipa

in Thailand: boe mue thee, boe mue thi, ma dueai hin, maduei hin

Colanthelia McClure & E.W. Smith

From the Greek kouleos, koleos, koleon, kouleon “a sheath”and anthele “a type of inflorescence, a little flower,” anthe-lion is a diminutive of anthos “flower, blossom,” referringto the small synflorescences.

About 7 species, eastern Brazil. Bambusoideae, Bambu-seae, Arthrostylidiinae, or Bambusoideae, Bambusodae,Bambuseae, perennial, very slender, sympodial, erect,weak, decumbent, scandent, woody, shrub, scrambler, hol-low, climbing, leaf blades pseudopetiolate, clump forming,branch complement several, nodes with 2 ridges, 1 branchdominant, narrow sheaths, short rhizomes pachymorph,plants bisexual, inflorescence simple and exserted, a weakpanicle or raceme, 1-2 spikelets slender, 1-3 glumesunequal, palea present, 3 free and membranous lodicules,3 stamens, ovary hairy, 2 stigmas, forest, type Colantheliacingulata (McClure & L.B. Sm.) McClure, see Flora Bore-ali-Americana 1: 73. 1803 and Smithsonian Contributionsto Botany 9: 1-148. 1973 [Genera of bamboos native to theNew World (Gramineae: Bambusoideae)], American Bam-boos 172-174. 1999, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 39: 53. 2000, Botanical Journal of theLinnean Society 138(1): 45-55. Jan 2002 [Cauline anatomyof native woody bamboos in Argentina and neighbouringareas: epidermis].

Species

C. burchellii (Munro) McClure (Artrhostylidium burchelliiMunro; Arundinaria burchellii (Munro) Hack.) (for theBritish naturalist William John Burchell, 1781-1863, inSouth Africa 1811-1815, Brazil 1825-1829, botanical col-lector, explorer, painter, writer, gardener, entomologist,1808 Fellow of the Linnean Society (1803, in Stafleu andMennega, Suppl. III), author of Travels in the Interior ofSouthern Africa. London 1822-1824; see Helen M. McKay,editor, The South African Drawings of William J. Burchell.Johannesburg 1952; John Lindley, The Genera and Speciesof Orchidaceous Plants. London 1830-1840; J.H. Barnhart,Biographical notes upon botanists. 1: 282. 1965; JohnHutchinson (1884-1972), A Botanist in Southern Africa.625-641. London 1946; M. Gunn and L.E. Codd, BotanicalExploration of Southern Africa. Cape Town 1981; T.W.Bossert, Biographical dictionary of botanists representedin the Hunt Institute portrait collection. 59. 1972; H.N.Clokie, Account of the Herbaria of the Department of Bot-any in the University of Oxford. 141-142. Oxford 1964; MiaC. Karsten, The Old Company’s Garden at the Cape andits Superintendents: Involving an Historical Account ofEarly Cape Botany. Cape Town 1951; Gordon DouglasRowley, A History of Succulent Plants. 1997)

Brazil. See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 43. 1868 andOesterr. Bot. Z. 53: 69. 1903.


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518 Coleanthus J. Seidel

C. cingulata (McClure & L.B. Sm.) McClure (Aulonemiacingulata McClure & L.B. Sm.)

Brazil. Scandent, lowland, secondary forests, coastal, seeFlora Ilustrada Catarinense 1(GRAM-Supl.): 50-52, t. 9,f. m-u. 1967.

C. distans (Trin.) McClure (Arundinaria distans Trin.)

Brazil. See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciencesde Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathéma-tiques, Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde Partie: SciencesNaturelles 3, 1(6): 621. 1835.

C. intermedia (McClure & L.B. Sm.) McClure (Aulonemiaintermedia McClure & L.B. Sm.)

Brazil. Forming dense and impenetrable thickets, moisthabitats.

C. lanciflora (McClure & L.B. Sm.) McClure (Aulonemialanciflora McClure & L.B. Sm.; Chusquea effusa Renv.)

Brazil. Spikelets few-flowered, montane plant, moist habi-tats, see Kew Bulletin 42(2): 924. 1987.

C. macrostachya (Nees) McClure (Arundinaria macro-stachya Nees)

Brazil. See Linnaea 9(4): 481. 1834.

C. rhizantha (Hack.) McClure (Arundinaria rhizanthaHack.)

Brazil. See Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7(149-151): 323.1909.

Coleanthus J. Seidel = Schmidtia Tratt., Schmiedtia Raf., Smidetia Raf., Wilibalda Sternb. ex Roth, Wilibalda Roth

From the Greek koleos “a sheath” and anthos “flower.”

One species, northern Asia, central Europe, North America.Pooideae, Poodae, Poeae, or Pooideae, Poeae, Agrostidinae,annual, dwarf, small, decumbent, herbaceous, auriclesabsent, upper leaf sheaths inflated embracing the inflores-cence, narrow leaf blades linear, ligule an unfringed mem-brane, plants bisexual, contracted inflorescence paniculate,spikelets in globular clusters, 1-flowered, glumes lacking,lemma keeled with a short subulate awn, palea present,lodicules absent, 2 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas, pondmargins, type Coleanthus subtilis (Tratt.) Seidel, see Florades Österreichischen Kaiserthumes 1: 12. 1816, SystemaVegetabilium 2: 11, 276. 1817, Enumeratio PlantarumPhaenogamarum in Germania 1(1): 92. 1827, ConstantineSamuel Rafinesque, Autikon botanikon. Icones plantarumselect. nov. vel rariorum, etc. 187. Philadelphia 1840,Beiträge zur Flora der Cap Verdischen Inseln 154. Heidel-berg 1852 and Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 48: 237, 608, 614, 694. 2003.

Species

C. subtilis (Tratt.) Seidel (Schmidtia subtilis Tratt.; Schmid-tia utricularia J. Presl & C. Presl; Smidetia humilis Raf.;Wilibalda subtilis (Tratt.) Roth; Zizania subtilis (Tratt.)Raspail)

Canada, U.S. Clusters of umbel-like spikelets, see SpeciesPlantarum 2: 991. 1753, Flora Cechica 12. 1819, Annalesdes Sciences Naturelles, Botanique 5: 452, 458. 1825.

Coleataenia Griseb. = Panicum L.

From the Greek koleos “a sheath” and tainia “fillet, a rib-bon.”

Panicoideae, Paniceae, Panicinae, type Coleataenia gyne-rioides Griseb., see Species Plantarum 1: 55, 58. 1753,Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2(1): 162-163. 1829, Symbolae ad Floram Argentinam 308. Göttingen1879 [also in Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaftder Wissenschaften zu Göttingen Phys. Cl. 24(1): 1-345.1879] and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 13-15. 1910, Notiz-blatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 11(104): 243. 1931, Gramíneas Uruguayas 341-342, f. 143. 1970, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 46: 163, 306-441. 2003.

Coliquea Steud. ex Bibra = Chusquea Kunth

Bambusoideae, Bambuseae, Chusqueinae, type Coliqueaquila (Molina) Steud. ex Bibra, see Saggio sulla StoriaNaturale del Chili … 154-155. 1782, Journal de Physique,de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts 95: 151. 1822,Synopsis Plantarum 1: 254. 1822, Denkschriften der Kai-serlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 5(2): 115. 1853 and FloraMesoamericana 6: 202-210. 1994, The Bamboos 33-44.1997 [Diversity, biogeography and evolution of Chusquea],Emmet J. Judziewicz et al., American Bamboos. 199-223.Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London1999, Contributions from the United States National Her-barium 39: 36-52, 53. 2000.

Colladoa Cav. = Ischaemum L.

Probably after the Swiss physician Louis Théodore FrédéricColladon, 1792-1862, botanist; see J.H. Barnhart, Bio-graphical notes upon botanists. 1: 366. Boston 1965; T.W.Bossert, Biographical dictionary of botanists representedin the Hunt Institute portrait collection. 80. 1972; IdaKaplan Langman, A Selected Guide to the Literature on theFlowering Plants of Mexico. 210. University of Pennsylva-nia Press, Philadelphia 1964.


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Colobachne P. Beauv. 519

Panicoideae, Andropogonodae, Andropogoneae, Andro-pogoninae, or Panicoideae, Andropogoneae, Ischaeminae,type Colladoa distachia Cav. [also distachya], see SpeciesPlantarum 2: 1049. 1753, Icones Stirpium Rariorum 1, t.1. 1791, Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae autsponte … 5: 37, t. 460. 1799, Systema Vegetabilium, editiodecima sexta 1: 298. 1825 and Philippine Journal of Science1(Suppl.): 330. 1906, North Amer. Fl. 17: 94. 1909, FloraMesoamericana 6: 386-387. 1994, Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 46: 275-276. 2003.

Colobachne P. Beauv. = Alopecurus L.

Greek kolobos “stunted, mutilated” and achne “chaff,glume.”

Pooideae, Poeae, Alopecurinae, type Colobachne vaginata(Willd.) P. Beauv., see Species Plantarum 1: 60-61. 1753,Flora Pedemontana 2: 232. 1785, Der Gesellsschaft Natur-forschender Freunde zu Berlin, neue Schriften 3: 44. 1801,Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 22, 158. 1812, Fun-damenta Agrostographiae 59. 1820, Enumeratio PlantarumHorti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1: 74. 1821, Linnaea 21(3):382. 1848, Botaniska Notiser 1851: 69. 1851, Flora Rossica4(14): 640. 1853 and Regnum Veg. 127: 17. 1993, FloraMesoamericana 6: 242. 1994, Annals of the MissouriBotanical Garden 81(4): 784-791. 1994, Bot. Zhurn. (Mos-cow & Leningrad) 81(5): 98-101. 1996, Flora Mediterra-nea 7: 204-213. 1997, Watsonia 21: 365-368. 1997, FloraMediterranea 8: 307-313. 1998, Turkish Journal of Botany23(4): 245-262. 1999, Opera Botanica 137: 1-42. 1999,Contributions from the United States National Herbarium48: 97-106, 237. 2003.

Colobanthium (Reichb.) G. Taylor = Sphenopholis Scribn.

From the Greek kolobanthes “bearing stunted flowers,”kolobos “stunted, mutilated” and anthos.

Pooideae, Poodae, Aveneae, or Pooideae, Poeae, Aveninae,see Der Deutsche Botaniker Herbarienbuch 1(2): 149. 1841and Rhodora 8(92): 142. 1906, Index Kewensis 13: 33.1966, Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories; A Man-ual of the Vascular Plants i-xxi, 1-1008. 1968, Anderson’sFlora of Alaska and Adjacent Parts of Canada i-xvi, 1-724.1974, Flora of the Yukon Territory i-xvii, 1-669. 1996, Con-tributions from the United States National Herbarium 48:614-617. 2003.

Colobanthus (Trin.) Spach = Colobanthus Bartl. (Caryophyllaceae), Sphenopholis Scribn.

Greek kolobos “stunted, mutilated” and anthos “flower.”

Pooideae, Poodae, Aveneae, or Pooideae, Poeae, Aveninae,see Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences deSaint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques,Physiques et Naturelles 1(1): 66. 1830, Ordines NaturalesPlantarum 305. 1830, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 2(1): 13, t.49, f. 2. 1831, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux 13: 163.1841 and Rhodora 8(92): 142, 144. 1906, Contributionsfrom the United States National Herbarium 48: 237, 614-617. 2003.

Colpodium Trinius = Catabrosella (Tzvelev) Tzvelev, Hyalopoa (Tzvelev) Tzvelev, Keniochloa Melderis, Paracolpodium (Tzvelev) Tzvelev

From the Greek kolpodes, kolpoeides “like a breast, wind-ing, loose, like a bay, turgid, embosomed.”

Some 3 (sensu stricto)/20 species, montane, high altitudeNorth temperate, Turkey, Nepal, eastern Siberia, Caucasus,Africa, Kenya, Lesotho. Pooideae, Poodae, Poeae, peren-nial, tufted, herbaceous, unbranched, shortly rhizomatousor stoloniferous, decumbent or erect, auricles absent, ligulean unfringed membrane, leaf blades flat or folded, plantsbisexual, open inflorescence paniculate, panicle open orsometimes contracted, spikelets 1- to 4-flowered, 2 obtuseto acute glumes unequal to subequal, lower glume 1-nerved,upper glume 1- to 3-nerved, lemmas toothed and membra-nous, palea keels smooth and non scabrid, 2 free and mem-branous lodicules, 3 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas,high mountains, a segregate from Poa, type Colpodiumstevenii Trin. (Colpodium versicolor (Steven) Schmalh.),see Species Plantarum 1: 61-63. 1753, Familles des Plantes2: 495. 1763, Essai d’une nouvelle Agrostographie, ou nou-veaux genres des Graminées. 97, 119. 1812, FundamentaAgrostographiae 119, t. 7. 1820, Neue Entdeckungen imganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 2: 37, 58. 1821, Beiträgezur Pflanzenkunde des Russischen Reiches 2: 64. 1845[1846], Flora Rossica 4(13): 385. 1852, Flora Orientalis5: 578. 1884 and Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 50(4): 538, 540.1956, Grasses of Burma … 529-530. 1960, Novosti Sist.Vyss. Rast. 1: 5-19. 1964, Arkticheskaia Flora SSSR [Floraof the Russian Arctic] 2: 172. Akademija nauk SSSR Len-ingrad 1964, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 50(9):1320. 1965, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 17: 4-10. 1980, NovostiSist. Vyss. Rast. 18: 86-95. 1981, Flora of Turkey and theEast Aegean Islands 9: 486-501. 1985, Bot. Zhurn. SSSR70(12): 1698-1699. 1985, Nordic Journal of Botany 14(6):601-607. 1994 [The genus Colpodium (Gramineae) inAfrica.], Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 48: 237-238. 2003, Elizabeth A. Kellogg andJeffrey L. Bennetzen, “The evolution of nuclear genomestructure in seed plants.” Am. J. Bot. 91: 1709-1725. 2004.


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520 Commelinidium Stapf

SpeciesC. chionogeiton (Pilg.) Tzvelev (Agrostis chionogeitonPilg.; Agrostis oreades Peter; Colpodium oreades (Peter)E.B. Alexeev; Keniochloa chionogeiton (Pilg.) Melderis;Keniochloa chionogeiton var. oreades (Peter) Melderis)

Africa, Kenya. Narrow and contracted panicle, see Notiz-blatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 9(87): 510. 1926, Repertorium SpecierumNovarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 40(Anhang 1): 87, f.2. 1930, Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 50(4): 540. 1956, NovostiSist. Vyss. Rast. 17: 8. 1980.

C. colchicum (Albov) Woronow ex Grossh. (Catabrosacolchica Albov; Paracolpodium colchicum (Albov)Tzvelev)

Eurasia, Russia. See Flora Kavkaza 1: 111. 1928, NovostiSist. Vyss. Rast. 1966: 33. 1966.

C. drakensbergense Hedberg & I.Hedberg

Lesotho, South Africa. See Nordic Journal of Botany 14(6):606, f. 3. 1994.

C. fibrosum Trautv. (Catabrosella fibrosa (Trautv.)Tzvelev)

Turkey. See Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 1966: 33. 1966.

C. hedbergii (Melderis) Tzvelev (Catabrosa aquaticaauctt.; Keniochloa hedbergii Melderis)

Africa, Russia, Europe. Perennial, rare, tufted to looselytufted, prostrate or ascending, stoloniferous, basal leafsheaths papery, leaves keeled and folded, ligule acute, pan-icle with spreading stiff branches, spikelets 1-flowered,glumes subequal or equal, on moist ground, wet places,temporary pools, along small streams, sedge meadows, seeSvensk Botanisk Tidskrift 50(4): 542, f. 1,1-2, 2. 1956.

C. humile (M. Bieb.) Griseb. (Aira humilis M. Bieb.; Cat-abrosa humilis (M. Bieb.) Trin.; Catabrosella humilis (M.Bieb.) Tzvelev; Colpodium humile Lange, nom. illeg., nonColpodium humile (M. Bieb.) Griseb.; Glyceria humilis (M.Bieb.) Heynh.)

China, Russia, Turkey. See Flora Taurico-Caucasica 1: 57.1808, Fundamenta Agrostographiae 136. 1820, GustavHeynhold (1800-ca. 1860), Nomenclator Botanicus Horten-sis 1: 361. Dresden, Leipzig 1840-1846, Flora Rossica4(13): 384. 1852 and Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad)50: 1320. 1965.

C. lanatiflorum (Roshevitz) Tzvelev (Hyalopoa lanatiflora(Roshev.) Tzvelev; Poa lanatiflora Roshev.)

Russia. See Flora Arctica URSS 2: 172. 1964, Novosti Sist.Vyss. Rast. 1966: 32. 1966.

C. oreades (Peter) E.B. Alexeev (Agrostis oreades Peter;Colpodium chionogeiton (Pilg.) Tzvelev; Keniochloa chion-ogeiton var. oreades (Peter) Melderis)

Russia. See Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vege-tabilis, Beihefte 40(Anhang 1): 87, f. 2. 1930, Svensk Bot-

anisk Tidskrift 50(4): 540. 1956, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast.17: 8. 1980.

C. tibeticum Bor (Paracolpodium tibeticum (Bor) E.B.Alexeev)

India, Tibet, Himalaya. Plant robust, see Kew Bulletin 8(2):270. 1953, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 18: 95. 1981.

C. vahlianum (Liebm.) Nevski (Atropis vahliana (Liebm.)K. Richt.; Glyceria vahliana (Liebm.) Th. Fr.; Phippsiavahliana (Liebm.) Á. Löve and D. Löve; Poa vahlianaLiebm.; Puccinellia vahliana (Liebm.) Scribn. and Merr.;Puccinellia vahliana (Liebm.) Tolm., nom. illeg., non Puc-cinellia vahliana (Liebm.) Scribn. & Merr.)

Canada, Russia. Caespitose, curly roots, see Chloris Melvil-liana 27. 1823, Fl. Danica 2401. 1845, Flora italiana, ossiadescrizione delle piante … 1: 366. 1848, Öfversigt afFörhandlingar: Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien 26:139-140. 1869, Plantae Europeae 1: 92. 1890 and Contri-butions from the United States National Herbarium 13: 78.1910, Fl. SSSR 2: 436, 470. 1934 [Flora URSS 2: 436.1934], Botaniska Notiser 128(4): 501. 1975 [1976], Con-tributions from the United States National Herbarium 48:591-601. 2003.

C. variegatum (Boiss.) Griseb. (Catabrosa variegataBoiss.; Catabrosella variegatum (Boiss.) Tzvelev, alsospelled variegata)

Russia, Turkey. In damp soil, alpine slopes, see Diagnosesplantarum orientalium novarum, ser. 1, 1(5): 1. 1844, FloraRossica 4(13): 384. 1852 and Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 1966:32. 1966.

C. versicolor (Steven) Schmalh. (Agrostis versicolorSteven; Catabrosa versicolor (Steven) Boiss.; Colpodiumschelkownikowii Grossh.; Colpodium versicolor (Steven)Woronow ex Grossh.; Colpodium stevenii Trin.)

Russia. See Fundamenta Agrostographiae 119, t. 7. 1820,Flora Orientalis 5: 579. 1884 and Flora Kavkaza 1: 111,127. 1928.

C. wallichii (Hook.f. ex Stapf) Bor (Catabrosa wallichiiHook.f. ex Stapf; Paracolpodium wallichii (Hook.f. exStapf) E.B. Alexeev)

India, Bhutan, Sikkim. Inflorescence a raceme, glumes darkpurple, see The Flora of British India 7(22): 312. 1897[1896] and Kew Bulletin 1953: 270. 1953, Novosti Sist.Vyss. Rast. 18: 94. 1981.

Commelinidium Stapf = Acroceras Stapf

Resembling Commelina.

Three species, tropical Africa. Panicodae, Paniceae, Setari-inae, or Panicoideae, Paniceae, Panicinae, perennial, herba-ceous, slender, nonwoody, branched, coarse, solid,rhizomatous or stoloniferous, usually with long prostrate


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Comopyrum (Jaub.) Á. Löve 521

base, trailing, creeping or decumbent-based culms, leaning,often rooting at the lower nodes, auricles absent, narrowmembranous ligule, leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolateto ovate-lanceolate, plants bisexual, inflorescence panicu-late or spicate, solitary or paired spikelets, florets 2, lowerfloret sterile or male, upper floret bisexual or perfect, 2 veryunequal glumes, lower glume 3- to 5-nerved, upper glume5-nerved, palea present, 2 fleshy and free lodicules, stamens3, ovary glabrous, stigmas 2, shade and open habitats, nearrunning fresh water, understory, damp places, shallowwater, marshy ground, forests, stream and lake margins,often referred to Acroceras, type Commelinidium gabun-ense (Hack.) Stapf, see North American Flora 3(2): 200,210. 1915, Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 621-622, 627. 1920,Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris)26(7): 664. 1921 [1920], Notizblatt des Botanischen Gar-tens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 11(104): 240. 1931,Heredity: An International Journal of Genetics 3: 369-374.1949, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 97: 84-85. 1950, Cytologia 19:97-103. 1954, Grasses of Burma … 275-276. 1960, Pro-dromus einer Flora von Südwestafrika 160: 1-228. 1970,Brittonia 23(3): 293-324. 1971, Canadian Journal of Bot-any 52(5): 1075-1090. 1974, Las Gramíneas de México 1:1-260. 1983, Darwiniana 28(1-4): 191-217. 1987[1988],Darwiniana 30(1-4): 87-94. 1990, Flora of the Guianas.Series A, Phanerogams 8: 42-45. 1990, Flora Mesoameri-cana 6: 329. 1994, Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 209-210. 1995, Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 46: 13-14. 2003.

Species

C. gabunense (Hack.) Stapf (Acroceras gabunense (Hack.)Clayton; Commelinidium mayumbense (Franchet) Stapf;Commelinidium nervosum Stapf; Echinochloa nervosa(Stapf) Roberty; Panicum gabunense Hack.; Panicum hensiiK. Schum.; Panicum mayumbense Franch.)

West tropical Africa, Gabon, Tanzania. Perennial, scram-bling, prostrate at the base, rooting at the lower nodes, leafblades ovate, fodder, found in forest shade, see Essai d’uneNouvelle Agrostographie 52, 53, t. 11, f. 1. 1812, Verhand-lungen des Botanischen Vereins für die Provinz Branden-burg und die angrenzenden Länder 31: 70. 1889, Bulletinde la Société d’Histoire Naturelle d’Autun 8: 343. 1895,Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichteund Pflanzengeographie 24(3): 332. 1897 and Flora ofTropical Africa 9: 627-629. 1920, Petite Flore de l’Ouest-Africain 398. 1954, Bull. Inst. Franç. Afrique Noire Sér. A,17: 64. 1955, Kew Bulletin 34(3): 557. 1979 [1980].

in Sierra Leone: ngale

Comopyrum (Jaub.) Á. Löve = Aegilops L., Comopyrum (Jaub. & Spach) Á. Löve, Comopyrum Á. Löve

From the Greek kome “hair of the head, tuft of hairs” andpyros “grain, wheat.”

Pooideae, Triticeae, Triticinae, see Species Plantarum 2:1050-1051. 1753, Flora Graeca 1: 75, t. 94. 1806, FloraOrientalis 5: 675. 1884 and Repertorium SpecierumNovarum Regni Vegetabilis Beih. 55: 84, 90, 117. 1929,Blumea, Supplement 3: 15, 17. 1946, Grasses of Burma,Ceylon, India and Pakistan (excluding Bambuseae) 653-655. 1960, Feddes Repert. 91: 225-228, 233-234, 236. 1980,Biologisches Zentralblatt 101(2): 206-208. 1982, FeddesRepert. 95(7-8): 493, 495. 1984, Taxon 41: 552-583. 1992,Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 94-7: 1-512. 1994, Taxon 44:611-612. 1995, Flora de Veracruz 114: 1-16. 2000, Contri-butions from the United States National Herbarium 48: 20-23, 238. 2003.

Corethrum Vahl

From the Greek korethron “broom.”

Name of uncertain application, type Corethrum bromoidesVahl, see Skrifter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet 6: 85. 1810and Genera Graminum 376. 1999.

Coridochloa Nees = Alloteropsis Presl

Greek koris, koridos “a species of Hypericum, a bug” andchloe, chloa “grass, young grass”; see Robert Wight and G.Arnott Walker Arnott, The Edinburgh New PhilosophicalSociety. 15: 381. 1833.

Panicoideae, Panicodae, Paniceae, Setariinae, or Pani-coideae, Paniceae, Paspalinae, type Coridochloa cimicina(L.) Nees ex B.D. Jacks., see Contributions from the UnitedStates National Herbarium 12(6): 210. 1909, F.M. Bailey,in Queensland Agricultural Journal. 27: 69, t. XIX. 1911,Annali di Botanica 13: 47. 1914, Willdenowia 4: 209, 21.1966, Flora of Tropical East Africa 451-898. 1982, Annalsof the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: 866-873. 1988,Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 97: 255-259.1988, ASBS Symposium 1990: Indo-Pacific Biogeography,14. 1990, Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 46: 16, 163. 2003.

Cornucopiae L.

Cornucopiae, the emblem of fruitfulness and abundance.

Two species, eastern Mediterranean, Iraq. Pooideae,Poodae, Aveneae, annual, branched, herbaceous, auriclesabsent, narrow leaf blades linear acuminate, upper sheaths


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522 Cortaderia Stapf

inflated subtending 1-several panicles, inflorescence capi-tate, panicle with dentate cupuliform involucre, 2 glumessubequal, lower glume 3-nerved, upper glume 2- to 3-nerved, palea and lodicules lacking, 3 stamens, ovary gla-brous, 2 stigmas, type Cornucopiae cucullatum L. (Alope-curus cornucopiae (L.) Trin.), see Species Plantarum 1: 54,60-61. 1753, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 73-74. 1788,Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math.,Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 6,4(1-2): 46. 1840, Journal of theLinnean Society, Botany 24: 440. 1888 and RepertoriumSpecierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 17(19-30): 293.1921, Regnum Veg. 127: 38. 1993.

Species

C. alopecuroides L.

Mediterranean. See Systema Naturae, edition 12 2: 85.1767, Mant. Pl. 29. 1767 and Taxon 49(2): 249. 2000.

C. cucullatum L. (Alopecurus cornucopiae (L.) Trin.)

Mediterranean. See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale desSciences de Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. SciencesMathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde Partie:Sciences Naturelles 6,4(1-2): 46. 1840, Flora 68(7): 126.1885 and Kew Bulletin 20: 446. 1966.

Cortaderia Stapf = Moorea Lemaire

From cortadera, the Argentine name; from the Spanishcortar “to cut, to harvest, pick,” from the Latin curto, avi,atum, are (curtus) “to shorten”; the plant has sharp-edgedleaves or leaf blades. “Que rodea una laguna/con su pajonaldorado/de filosa cortadera/coronada de penachos.” (HilarioAscasubi, Santos Vega).

About 15-27 species, mostly South America, New Zealand.Arundinoideae, Danthonieae, Cortaderiinae, or Danthonio-ideae, Danthonieae, perennial, large, erect, densely tus-socky, caespitose, robust and coarse, hollow, unbranched,ligule present, leaves mostly basal or crowded at the baseof flowering shoot, auricles absent, leaf blades linear andharsh, ligule a dense rim of hairs, plants bisexual, dioeciousor gynodioecious, inflorescence a small or large silverysilky plumose branched panicle, spikelets unisexual oroccasionally hermaphrodite, 2-5 developed florets and arudiment, florets hermaphrodite or female on separateplants (gynodioecious), with hermaphrodite florets or with-out hermaphrodite florets, glumes transparent and persistent1- to 3-nerved, several hairy white and papery lemmas,lemmas awned or slender-pointed, the median lemma awnnot strongly flattened, laterals lemmas present or absent,callus in female long silky-hairy and pointed, palea keeled,2 fleshy and ciliate lodicules, stamens 3, ovary glabrous,plumose stigmas, noxious weed species, in weedy places,pampas, cultivated, ornamental, lawn specimens, wetterareas, open habitats, a rather heterogeneous genus, inter-

grading with Chionochloa Zotov, type Cortaderia argentea(Nees) Stapf (Cortaderia selloana (Schultes & Schultes f.)Asch. & Graebner), see L’Illustration horticole 2: Misc. 14-15. 1855, The Gardeners’ Chronicle. Ser. 3, 22: 378, 396.1897 and Synopsis der mitteleuropäischen Flora 2(1): 325.1900, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge-schichte und Pflanzengeographie 37: 374. 1906, Contribu-tions from the United States National Herbarium 24(8):291-556. 1927, Field Museum of Natural History, BotanicalSeries 13(1/1): 96-261. 1936, Contributions from the GrayHerbarium of Harvard University 184: 1-223. 1958, Bol.Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. 27(4): 205-246. 1959, New ZealandJ. Agric. Res. 3: 725-727. 1960, Hans J. Conert, Die Sys-tematik und Anatomie der Arundineae 208 p. Weinheim1961, New Zealand Journal of Botany 1: 78-136, 258-264.1963, Tetrahedron Letters 34: 2323-2327. 1964, NewZealand Journal of Botany 3: 17-23, 233-242. 1965, Phy-tochem. 6: 559-572. 1967, New Zealand Journal of Botany9: 519-525. 1971, Phytochem. 10: 2167-2173. 1971, Phy-tochem. 12: 1196. 1973, H.E. Connor and E. Edgar, “Namesand types of Cortaderia Stapf (Gramineae).” Taxon 23(4):595-605. 1974, Evolution 27: 663-678. 1974, H.E. Connorand A.W. Purdie, “Inheritance of triterpene methyl ethersin Cortaderia (Gramineae).” Phytochemistry 15: 1937-1939. 1976, New Zealand Journal of Botany 16: 45-59.1978, Proceedings, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie vanWetenschappen. Series C, biological and medical sciences82: 165-170. 1979, Fieldiana: Botany, New Series 4: 1-608.1980, New Zealand Journal of Botany 19: 171-172. 1981,Taxon 32: 633-634. 1983, Heredity 51: 395-403. 1983,Botanical Gazette 145: 78-82. 1984, New Zealand Journalof Botany 26: 163-167. 1988, H.E. Connor and D. Charles-worth, “Genetics of male-sterility in gynodioecious Corta-deria (Gramineae).” Heredity 63: 373-382. 1989, FloraMesoamericana 6: 251-252. 1994, Darwiniana 33: 43-51.1995, S.A. Renvoize, Gramíneas de Bolivia 262-267. 1998,Syst. Bot. 23: 327-350. 1998, Lynda F. Delph, Maia F.Bailey and Deborah L. Marr, “Seed provisioning in gyno-dioecious Silene acaulis (Caryophyllaceae).” Am. J. Bot.86: 140-144. 1999, Journal of Biogeography 26(4): 693-712. July 1999 [Brazilian Páramos I. An introduction to thephysical environment and vegetation of the campos de alti-tude.], Hugh DeForest Safford, “Brazilian Páramos II.Macro- and mesoclimate of the campos de altitude andaffinities with high mountain climates of the tropical Andesand Costa Rica.” Journal of Biogeography 26(4): 713-737.July 1999, K.J.M. Dickinson and A.F. Mark, “Interpretingecological patterns in an intact estuary, Southwest NewZealand World Heritage Area.” Journal of Biogeography26(4): 913-932. July 1999, Colin M. Orians, “The effectsof hybridization in plants on secondary chemistry: implica-tions for the ecology and evolution of plant-herbivore inter-actions.” Am. J. Bot. 87: 1749-1756. 2000, RestorationEcology 9(1): 1-12. Mar 2001, Alan F. Mark et al. “Vege-tation patterns, plant distribution and life forms across the


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Cortaderia Stapf 523

alpine zone in southern Tierra del Fuego, Argentina.” Aus-tral. Ecology 26(4): 423-440. Aug 2001, Grass and ForageScience 56(4): 423-425. Dec 2001, Restoration Ecology10(1): 96-106. Mar 2002, David R. Towns, “KorapukiIsland as a case study for restoration of insular ecosystemsin New Zealand.” Journal of Biogeography 29(5-6): 593-607. May 2002, Eija Asikainen and Pia Mutikainen,“Female frequency and relative fitness of females and her-maphrodites in gynodioecious Geranium sylvaticum (Gera-niaceae).” Am. J. Bot. 90: 226-234. 2003, Contributionsfrom the United States National Herbarium 46: 163-166,297. 2003, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 90: 1-24. 2003, Con-servation Biology 17(1): 83-92. Feb 2003, Ethology 110(1):79-80. Jan 2004, Tropical Medicine and InternationalHealth 9(4): 508-519. Apr 2004, Peter A. Williams andSusan Wiser, “Determinants of regional and local patternsin the floras of braided riverbeds in New Zealand.” Journalof Biogeography 31(8): 1355-1372. Aug 2004, Diversity &Distributions 10(5-6): 367-369. Sep 2004, Flora of Austra-lia vol. 44B, Poaceae 3: 22-25. 2005, Sonia L. Fontana,“Coastal dune vegetation and pollen representation in southBuenos Aires Province, Argentina.” Journal of Biogeogra-phy 32(4): 719-735. Apr 2005, Biological Journal of theLinnean Society 85(1): 65-79. May 2005.

Species

C. araucana Stapf (Arundo dioeca Spreng. nom. illeg., nonArundo dioica Lour.; Arundo dioica Spreng. nom. illeg.,non Arundo dioica Lour.; Arundo kila Spreng. ex Steud.;Arundo selloana Schult. & Schult.f.; Cortaderia araucanavar. araucana; Cortaderia araucana var. fuenzalidae Ace-vedo; Cortaderia araucana var. skottsbergii Acevedo; Cor-taderia argentea (Nees) Stapf; Cortaderia dioica Speg.;Cortaderia longicauda Hack.; Cortaderia quila var. pata-gonica Speg.; Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult.f.)Asch. & Graebn.; Gynerium argenteum Nees; Gyneriumdioicum (Spreng.) Dallière; Gynerium purpureum Carrière;Moorea araucana (Stapf) Stapf; Moorea argentea (Nees)Lem.) (after the Swedish botanist Carl Johan Fredrik Skotts-berg, 1880-1963, traveler and botanical explorer (SouthAmerica, Chile, Patagonia), professor of botany, collectedcacti, his works include “The Swedish Magellanian expe-dition, 1907-1909: Preliminary reports.” Geogr. Jour. Lon-don 1908, The wilds of Patagonia: A narrative of theSwedish expedition to Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and theFalkland Islands in 1907-1909. London 1911 and “Obser-vations on the natives of the Patagonian Channel region.”Amer. anthr. 4: 578-616. 1913; see Stafleu and Cowan,Taxonomic literature. 5: 627-639. Utrecht 1985; R. Zander,F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuchder Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. Stuttgart 1993; John M. Coo-per, Analytical and Critical Bibliography of the Tribes ofTierra del Fuego and Adjacent Territory. [SmithsonianInstitution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 63.]Washington 1917; J.H. Barnhart, Biographical notes upon

botanists. 3: 285. 1965; T.W. Bossert, Biographical dictio-nary of botanists represented in the Hunt Institute portraitcollection. 370. 1972; E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of the libraryof the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Cambridge,Mass. 1917-1933; Clodomiro Marticorena, BibliografíaBotánica Taxonómica de Chile. 518-521. Missouri Botani-cal Garden 1992; Gordon Douglas Rowley, A History ofSucculent Plants. Strawberry Press, Mill Valley, California1997; J. Ewan, editor, A Short History of Botany in theUnited States. New York and London 1969; E.D. Merrill,in Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 144: 171-173. 1937 andContr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 30(1): 278-282. 1947; MargaretPatricia Henwood Laver, An Annotated Bibliography of theFalkland Islands and the Falkland Island Dependencies (asdelimited on 3rd Mar, 1962). Cape Town 1977)

Chile, Argentina. Ornamental, silvery creamy feather-likeplumes, see Anales Museo Nacional de Historia Natural deBuenos Aires 7: 194. 1902, Gardener’s Chronicle, ser. 3 34:400. 1903, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Veget-abilis 10(243-247): 169. 1911, Boletin del Museo Nacionalde Historia Natural 27(4): 239-240, f. 7. 1959, Taxon 23:596. 1974, Colin M. Orians, “The effects of hybridizationin plants on secondary chemistry: implications for the ecol-ogy and evolution of plant-herbivore interactions.” Am. J.Bot. 87: 1749-1756. 2000.

in English: pampas grass

in Colombia: carmín, pasto de trenza

C. archboldii (Hitchc.) Connor & Edgar (Chionochloaarchboldii (Hitchc.) Conert; Danthonia archboldii Hitchc.)

New Guinea, New Zealand. See Brittonia 2(2): 114. 1936,Taxon 23(4): 596. 1974, Senckenbergiana Biologica 56:156. 1975.

C. atacamensis (Phil.) Pilg. (Gynerium atacamense Phil.)

Chile, Argentina, Bolivia. See Linnaea 33(3-4): 289. 1864and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge-schichte und Pflanzengeographie 37: 374. 1906, Syst. Anat.Arundineae 90. 1961.

in English: pampas grass, Selloa pampas grass

C. bifida Pilger (Cortaderia aristata Pilg.; Cortaderiabifida var. bifida; Cortaderia bifida var. grandiflora Hen-rard; Cortaderia trianae Stapf ex Conert)

South America, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia. Perennial, cae-spitose, erect, large, tussocky, leaf blades flat or involute,old leaf sheaths curling at the base, ligule a rim of hairs,loose terminal panicle oblong with scabrous branches orshortly hispid, 2-4 flowered with a small rudiment, glumessubequal, lower lemma pilose, páramos, roadsides, scrubforests, subpáramos, see Botanische Jahrbücher für System-atik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 37: 374-375. 1906, Mededeelingen van’s Rijks-Herbarium 40: 67.1921, Die Systematik und Anatomie der Arundineae 100-101. 1961.


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C. boliviensis M. Lyle (Cortaderia bifida var. grandifloraHenrard)

Chile, Argentina, Bolivia. Leaves basal, leaf blades flat orinvolute, loose terminal panicle oblong, glumes subequal,lower lemma pilose, see Botanische Jahrbücher für System-atik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 37: 374.1906, Mededeelingen van’s Rijks-Herbarium 40: 67. 1921,Novon 6(1): 72, f. 1-2. 1996.

C. columbiana (Pilg.) Pilg. (Cortaderia parviflora Swallen;Gynerium columbianum Pilg.)

Colombia. See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 27: 31. 1900,Contributions from the United States National Herbarium29(6): 253. 1949.

C. fulvida (Buchanan) Zotov (Arundo conspicua var. ful-vida (Buchanan) Kirk; Arundo fulvida Buchanan)

New Zealand. Robust, coarse, stout, erect, tussock-forming,caespitose, green, glabrous, contra-ligule absent, leaves nar-row and curved to flexible, seed heads compact, tawny andpale panicles with pendent branches, spikelets 1- to 3-flow-ered, glumes more or less equal, pioneer grass, ornamental,attracts birds, fast growing, riparian, useful for erosion con-trol and slope stabilisation, provides wind shelter, high windand salt wind tolerance, occurs in swamps, in open stream-sides, margins of forests, stream banks, damp sites, openareas, wetland margins, clearings, roadsides, see Transac-tions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 6: 242.1874, T.N.Z.I. 10: app. xliii. 1879 and New Zealand Journalof Botany 1: 84. 1963.

in New Zealand: toetoe, kakaho

C. hapalotricha (Pilg.) Conert (Cortaderia scabrifloraSwallen; Danthonia hapalotricha Pilg.) (from the Greekhapalos “soft, tender, delicate, weak” and thrix, trichos“hair”)

Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Costa Rica.Perennial, erect, caespitose, leaf blades convolute or flat,foliage crowded at the base, leaves pungent and rigid, con-tracted terminal panicle oblong or ovate, panicle brancheslong-hairy, glumes equal or subequal, lower lemma pilose,central awn straight, palea loosely pilose, páramos, openhabitats, often in swamps, lakeshores, see Botanische Jahr-bücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzen-geographie 25: 715. 1898 and Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 29(6): 252. 1949, DieSystematik und Anatomie der Arundineae 102-103. 1961,Taxon 23(4): 595-605. 1974, Fieldiana: Botany, New Series4: 1-608. 1980, Taxon 32(4): 633-634. 1983, Volkmar Vare-schi (1906-1991), Flora de Los Páramos de Venezuela.Universidad de Los Andes. Merida - Venezuela 1970, Pub-licaciones del Museo de Historia Natural: UniversidadNacional Mayor de San Marcos: Serie B: Botánica 34: 1-37. 1990, Karl Weidmann, Páramos venezolanos. Caracas

1991, Ruizia 13: 1-480. 1993, AAU Reports 34: 1-443. 1994,Flora Mesoamericana 6: 251-252. 1994.

C. jubata (Lemoine) Stapf (Arundo quila Molina; Coliqueaquila (Molina) Steud. ex Bibra; Cortaderia atacamensis(Phil.) Pilger; Cortaderia jubata (Lemoine ex Carrière)Stapf; Cortaderia quila (Nees & Mey.) Stapf; Cortaderiaquila (Molina) Stapf; Gynerium jubatum Lemoine ex Car-rière; Gynerium pygmaeum Meyen; Gynerium quila(Molina) Nees & Meyen; Gynerium quila var. pygmaeumNees; Moorea quila (Molina) Stapf)

Southern America, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia,Andes. Perennial, deep dark green, large and robust tussockgrass, densely tufted, erect, sheaths of mature plants withlong hairs, ligule a dense rim of hairs, leaves mostly basalarching and scabrous, margins rough and cutting, loose andfeathery panicle, branches nodding or drooping, plants dio-ecious (staminate and pistillate flowers on different plants),male spikelets covered with long hairs, glumes unequal,lemma scabrid, lodicules lobed or simple, noxious weedspecies naturalized elsewhere, produces abundant seedsannually and establishes rapidly on bare soil, ornamental,useful for erosion control, grown to control erosion of minedumps, growing in disturbed areas, dry slopes, moist sites,landslides, waste places, roadsides, railway lines, coastaland lowland shrub, open rocky sites, in grazed areas, sanddunes, coastal dunes, grasslands, clearings, forest margins,scrub, see Reise um die Erde 1: 484. 1834, Gramineae 21-22, 153-154. 1841, Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes.Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1): 153-154. 1843, RevueHorticole 50: 449. 1878, Gardener’s Chronicle, ser. 322(571): 396. 1897, Botanical Magazine 124: t. 7607. 1898and Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of HarvardUniversity 184: 1-223. 1958, Taxon 23: 598-599. 1974,Revista de Ciencias (San Marcos) 74: 48-57. 1986, Field-iana: Botany, New Series 24: 1-126. 1990, Publicacionesdel Museo de Historia Natural: Universidad NacionalMayor de San Marcos: Serie B: Botánica 34: 1-37. 1990,New Zealand Journal of Botany 29: 117-129. 1991, Tim-mins, Susan M. and Ian W. Mackenzie. Weeds in NewZealand Protected Natural Areas Database. Wellington,New Zealand. Department of Conservation, TechnicalSeries no. 8: 67-70. 1995, Darwiniana 33(1-4): 43-51.1995, John G. Lambrinos, “The impact of the invasive aliengrass Cortaderia jubata (Lemoine) Stapf on an endangeredmediterranean-type shrubland in California.” Diversity &Distributions 6(5): 217-231. Sep 2000, Hickenia 3(28): 99-103. 2001, John G. Lambrinos, “The expansion history ofa sexual and asexual species of Cortaderia in California,U.S.” Journal of Ecology 89(1): 88-98. Feb 2001.

in English: pink pampas grass, purple pampas grass, Selloapampas grass, Andes grass, Andean pampas grass, Jubata-grass, jubata grass, pampas grass

in Peru: sacuara


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Cortaderia Stapf 525

in Ecuador: sixe, zicce, sigse, sigze, sig-zal

C. modesta (Döll) Hack. ex Dusén (Cortaderia modesta f.ramosa Hack.; Gynerium modestum Döll; Gynerium ramo-sum Hack.)

Brazil. See Flora Brasiliensis 2(3): 240. 1880 and Arquivosdo Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro 13: 73. 1903, Arkivför Botanik utgivet av K. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien9(5): 4. 1909, Taxon 23: 600. 1974

in Brazil: cabeça-de-negro, capim-de-anta

C. nitida (Kunth) Pilg. (Arundo calycina Willd. ex Steud.;Arundo nitida Kunth; Cortaderia columbiana (Pilg.) Pilg.;Cortaderia sodiroana Hack.; Danthonia hapalotricha Pilg.;Gynerium columbianum Pilg.; Gynerium nitidum (Kunth)Pilg.)

Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador. Perennial bunchgrass,erect, large, tussocky, ligule a rim of hairs, leaf sheaths notdensely hairy and gradually disintegrating, panicle branchesmore or less scabrous, palea 2-keeled, pioneer grass, naturalbush vegetation, on rocks, montane forest, along roads,riversides, moist and dry páramos, highlands, see NovaGenera et Species Plantarum 1: 149. 1815 [1816], Nomen-clator Botanicus edition 2 1: 144. 1840, Botanische Jahr-bücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte undPflanzengeographie 27: 31. 1899[1900] and Öster-reichische Botanische Zeitschrift 52: 238. 1902, BotanischeJahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflan-zengeographie 37: 65, 374-375. 1906, Taxon 23: 600. 1974,Volkmar Vareschi (1906-1991), Flora de Los Páramos deVenezuela. Universidad de Los Andes. Merida - Venezuela1970, Karl Weidmann, Páramos venezolanos. Caracas1991.

in Ecuador: sigse

C. pilosa (D’Urv.) Hackel (Ampelodesmos australisBrongn. ex Duperrey; Arundo pilosa D’Urv.; Calamagrostispatula Steud.; Calamagrostis scirpiformis Phil.; Cortaderiaminima Conert; Cortaderia pilosa var. minima (Conert)Nicora; Cortaderia pilosa (d’Urv.) Hack. var. pilosa; Gyne-rium nanum Phil.; Gynerium pilosum (d’Urv.) Macloskie;Phragmites pilosa (d’Urv.) Macloskie & Dusén; Phrag-mites pilosus (d’Urv.) Macloskie & Dusén; Poa phragmitesPhil.)

Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas, Chile, Argentina. Tussock,low nutritive value, growing point of the leaves generallybeneath a longer dead leaf mass, on poorly drained plains,see Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 4: 603. 1826,Voyage autour du Monde 22: 31. 1829, Synopsis PlantarumGlumacearum 1: 422. 1854, Anales de la Universidad deChile 43(46): 576. 1872 [1873], Anales de la Universidadde Chile 94: 20, 155. 1896 and Boletín de la AcademiaNacional de Ciencias, Córdoba, Argentina 16: 253. 1900,Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Exped. Magellandslandern 3, pt. 5:222. 1900, Die Systematik und Anatomie der Arundineae119-120. 1961, Darwiniana 18(1-2): 80. 1973, Taxon 23:

600. 1974, J.H. McAdam, Whitegrass Proceedings of 1stInternational Symposium. The Queens University of Belfast1992, F.E.A. Wilson, B.M.R. Harvey, J.H. McAdam andD.W.H. Walton, “The response of Whitegrass [Cortaderiapilosa (D’Urv.) Hack.] to nitrogen nutrition.” Grass andForage Science 56(1): 84-91. Mar 2001.

in English: whitegrass

in Spanish: hierba blanca

C. planifolia Swallen

Peru, Colombia. See Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 29(6): 253-254. 1949, Taxon 23(4):595-605. 1974.

C. pungens Swallen (Danthonia confusa L.B. Sm.)

South America, Colombia. Páramos, tufted, see Contribu-tions from the United States National Herbarium 29(6):251-252. 1949, Phytologia 22(2): 89, f. 9-11. 1971, Taxon23: 595-605. 1974.

C. quila (Molina) Stapf (Chusquea quila Kunth; Cortaderiajubata (Lemoine ex Carrière) Stapf; Cortaderia rudiusculaStapf; Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Asch. &Graebn.)

South America. See Mantissa 3(Add. 1): 605. 1827, Révi-sion des Graminées 1: 329, t. 77. 1830, Systema Vegetabi-lium 7: 1361. 1830, Revue Horticole 50: 449. 1878,Gardener’s Chronicle, ser. 3 22(571): 396. 1897, BotanicalMagazine 124: t. 7607. 1898 and Synopsis der mitteleu-ropäischen Flora 2(1): 325. 1900, Anales Museo Nacionalde Historia Natural de Buenos Aires 7: 194. 1902, Gar-dener’s Chronicle, ser. 3 34: 400. 1903, Anales del MuseoNacional de Buenos Aires 11: 125. 1904, Bol. Mus. Nac.Hist. Nat. Chile 27: 220. 1959, Taxon 23: 599. 1974.

C. richardii (Endl.) Zotov (Arundo australis A. Rich., nom.illeg., non Arundo australis Cav.; Arundo kakao Steud.;Arundo richardii Endl.; Gynerium zeelandicum Steud.)

New Zealand. Tall, large tussock-like grass, stout, fast grow-ing, leaf sheath glabrous and waxy to the touch, narrowleaves coriaceous and recurved, serrated edged leaves,plume-like flower heads, plants gynodioecious, male andfemale plants similar, pale golden yellow to white creamydrooping inflorescences, spikelets 1- to 3-flowered, flowerson long stalks, glumes equal, pioneer, riparian, sand dunerestoration, windbreaks, high waterlogging tolerance, highwind and salt wind tolerance, found in moist soils, alongsandy stream banks, scrub and on the coast, open areas,wetlands, alongside creeks and streams, lake margins, river-beds, see Voyage de Découvertes autour du Monde … surla corvette L’Astrolabe pendant les Années 1826-1829 …Botanique 121. Paris 1832-1848, Annalen des Wiener Muse-ums der Naturgeschichte 1: 158. 1836, Synopsis PlantarumGlumacearum 1(3): 194, 198. 1855 [1854] and NewZealand Journal of Botany 1: 84. 1963, Connor H. E.,“Breeding systems in New Zealand grasses. VI. Control of


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gynodioecism in Cortaderia richardii (Endl.) Zotov.” NewZealand Journal of Botany 3: 233. 1965, Student’s Fl. Tas-mania 4B p. 319. 1994.

in English: toe toe, toetoe grass, toitoi, plumed tussock,New Zealand pampas grass

C. roraimensis (N.E. Br.) Pilg. (Arundo roraimensis (N.E.Br.) (Mount Roraima)

Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Venezuela. Along streams, seeTransactions of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 6(1):74. 1901, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museumszu Berlin-Dahlem 6: 112. 1914, Memoirs of the New YorkBotanical Garden 18(2): 11-22. 1969.

C. rudiuscula Stapf (Cortaderia quila (Molina) Stapf; Cor-taderia selloana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Asch. & Graebn.;Gynerium argenteum var. parviflorum E. Desv.; Gyneriumquila (Molina) Nees & Meyen; Gynerium rudiusculum(Stapf) Kuntze ex Stuck.; Moorea rudiuscula (Stapf) Stapf)

Chile, Argentina, Peru. Leaves basal, leaf blades linear,oblong panicles, glumes subequal, lower lemma pilose andglabrous, see Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili … 154-155. Bologna 1782, Mantissa 3(Add. 1): 605. 1827, FloraBrasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 462. 1829,Gramineae 153-154. 1841, Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad.Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1): 21-22. 1843,Flora Chilena 6: 328. 1854, Gardener’s Chronicle, ser. 322(571): 396. 1897 and Synopsis der mitteleuropäischenFlora 2(1): 325. 1900, Gardener’s Chronicle, ser. 3 34: 400.1903, Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 11: 125.1904, Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series13(1/1): 96-261. 1936, Manual of the Grasses of the UnitedStates (edition 2, revised by A. Chase) 1951, Contributionsfrom the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 184: 1-223. 1958, Bol. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Chile 27: 220. 1959,Nómina de las plantas recolectadas en el Valle de Cocha-bamba 2: 17-86. 1966 Taxon 23: 599, 601. 1974, FloraPatagónica 3: 1-583. 1978, Gayana, Botánica 42: 1-157.1985, Monographs in Systematic Botany from the MissouriBotanical Garden 45: i-xl 1-1286. 1993, Ruizia 13: 1-480.1993, Darwiniana 33(1-4): 43-51. 1995, N.B. De La Barra,Reconstrucción y Evolución del Paisaje Vegetal Autóctonode la Zona Urbana y Peri-Urbana de la Ciudad de Coch-abamba i-v, 1-174. 1997.

C. scabriflora Swallen (Cortaderia hapalotricha (Pilg.)Conert)

South America, Ecuador. On páramos, along lakeshore, seeBotanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichteund Pflanzengeographie 25: 715. 1898 and Contributionsfrom the United States National Herbarium 29(6): 252.1949, Die Systematik und Anatomie der Arundineae 102-103. 1961, Taxon 32(4): 633-634. 1983.

C. selloana (Schultes & Schultes f.) Asch. & Graebner(Arundo dioeca Spreng., nom. illeg., non Arundo dioicaLour.; Arundo dioica Spreng., nom. illeg., non Arundo

dioica Lour.; Arundo kila Spreng. ex Steud.; Arundo sell-oana Schult. & Schult.f; Arundo selloana (Schultes &Schultes f.) Asch. & Graebner; Cortaderia araucana Stapf;Cortaderia argentea (Nees) Stapf; Cortaderia dioica(Spreng.) Speg.; Cortaderia dioica Speg.; Cortaderia quila(Molina) Stapf; Gynerium argenteum Nees; Gyneriumdioicum (Spreng.) Dallière; Gynerium purpureum Carrière;Moorea araucana (Stapf) Stapf; Moorea argentea (Nees)Lem.) (after the German gardener Friedrich Sellow (Sello),1789-1831 (d. by drowning), botanical explorer, naturalist,plant collector in Brazil and Uruguay, in Brazil with theGerman botanist Maximilian Alexander Philipp zu Wied-Neuwied (1782-1867); see M.A.P. zu Wied-Neuwied, Reisenach Brasilien in den Jahren 1815 bis 1817. Frankfurt a.M.1820-1821; R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Sey-bold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. 779.Stuttgart 1993; J.H. Barnhart, Biographical notes upon bot-anists. 3: 259. 1965; A. Lasègue, Musée botanique deBenjamin Delessert. Paris 1845; Günther Schmid,Chamisso als Naturforscher. Eine Bibliographie. Leipzig1942; Gordon Douglas Rowley, A History of SucculentPlants. Strawberry Press, Mill Valley, California 1997; W.G.Herter & S.J. Rambo, “Nas pegadas dos naturalistas Sellowe Saint-Hilaire.” Revista Sudamericana de Botánica. 10, 3:61-98. 1953)

Temperate central South America. Perennial, dioecious orgynodioecious, densely tufted, robust, erect and stout, largeand dense, leaf sheaths hairless or sparsely hairy, archingleaves narrow and glaucous to dull green, sharp leaf edges,white to pink-purplish panicle oblong to pyramidal, thefemale spikelets silky-hairy, the male spikelets glabrous,spikelets solitary, glumes more or less equal, lemmas soft,large amount of seeds, seeds formed on hermaphroditeplants, reproductive system mainly dioecious, noxious weedspecies naturalized elsewhere, ornamental, specimen lawngrass, often cultivated, many varieties of pampas grass areavailable for use in the landscape, tolerant of maritimeexposure, growing in fertile well-drained loamy soils,depressions, damp places, wetter places, wastelands anddisturbed areas, dry soils, roadsides, railway lines, sanddunes, disturbed forest, along stream banks, scrubland, onriverbanks and mountains, open rocky sites, moist sandysoils, see Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 361.1825, Mantissa 3(Add. 1): 605. 1827, Flora Brasiliensisseu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 462. 1829, NomenclatorBotanicus edition 2 1: 144. 1840, L’Illustration horticole2: Misc. 14-15. 1855, Revue Horticole 419. 1866, Gar-dener’s Chronicle, ser. 3 22(571): 396. 1897 and Synopsisder mitteleuropäischen Flora 2(1): 325. 1900, Anales delMuseo Nacional de Buenos Aires 7: 194. 1902, Gardener’sChronicle, ser. 3 34: 400. 1903, Bol. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat.Chile 27: 220. 1959, Taxon 23: 596, 599, 601. 1974, Proc.37th N.Z. Weed and Pest Control Conf. 187-190. 1984, N.Z.J. Forest. Sci. 20: 176-183. 1990, Timmins, Susan M. & Ian


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Corycarpus Spreng. 527

W. Mackenzie. Weeds in New Zealand Protected NaturalAreas Database. Wellington, New Zealand. Department ofConservation, Technical Series no. 8: 71-73. 1995, John G.Lambrinos, “The expansion history of a sexual and asexualspecies of Cortaderia in California, USA” Journal of Ecol-ogy 89(1): 88-98. Feb 2001.

in English: pampas grass, silver pampas grass, Uruguayanpampas grass

in South Africa: pampasgras, silwergras

in Mexico: plum de las pampas

C. sericantha (Steud.) Hitchc. (Danthonia jubata Sodiro;Danthonia sericantha Steud.)

Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. Perennial, tussocky, low, erect,caespitose, woody, robust, foliage spreading and stiff, leafsheaths densely hairy, ligule a dense rim of white hairs, leafbase waxy, leaf blades tapering to a sharp point at the apex,short dense panicle contracted, panicle branches denselylong hairy, 2-3 florets and a rudiment, dry areas, alongroads, slopes, swampy areas, wet soils, near lakes and onlakeshores, along streams, wet páramos, boggy plains, seeSynopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 246. 1854 and Con-tributions from the United States National Herbarium24(8): 348. 1927, Revista del Colégio Nacional VicenteRocafuerte 12: 91. 1930, Taxon 23: 602. 1974, Taxon 32(4):633-634. 1983.

C. speciosa (Nees & Meyen ex Nees) Stapf (Cortaderiaspeciosa (Nees & Meyen) Stapf; Gynerium argenteum var.strictum E. Desv.; Gynerium speciosum Nees & Meyen exNees; Gynerium speciosum Nees & Meyen; Moorea spe-ciosa (Nees & Meyen ex Nees) Stapf; Moorea speciosa(Nees & Meyen) Stapf)

Chile, Argentina, Bolivia. Caespitose, leaves mainly basal,ligules ciliate, leaf blades linear, panicle oblong, lemmasdensely pilose mucronate or shortly awned, see Flora Bra-siliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 462. 1829,Gramineae 21. 1841, Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes.Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1): 153. 1843, Flora Chi-lena 6: 328. 1854, Gardener’s Chronicle, ser. 3 22(571):396. 1897 and Gardener’s Chronicle, ser. 3 34: 400. 1903,Taxon 23: 603. 1974, Darwiniana 33: 51. 1995.

in Spanish: cortadera

C. splendens Connor

New Zealand. Robust tussock, green, coarse, tall, hairy,rhizomatous with long stout rhizomes, leaf sheath denselyhairy, contra-ligule present, leaf blade flexible, plumoseinflorescence erect or nodding, seed heads compact and palebrown, glumes equal, occurs in coastal sand dunes and clifffaces, sand hills, rocks, see New Zealand Journal of Botany9(3): 519. 1971, Taxon 23: 595-605. 1974, New ZealandJournal of Botany 29: 117-129. 1991.

in New Zealand: toetoe

C. toetoe Zotov

New Zealand. Robust tussock, green, coarse, tall, erect,hairy, waxy, ivory glabrous sheath, stiff leaf blades, sharpleaves, large plumose panicle, erect seed heads creamywhite, glumes equal, pioneer grass, attracts birds, weavingmaterial, anti-inflammatory uses, occurs in dry to boggyconditions, wetlands, damp and dry soils, coastal andinland, swamps, roadsides and clearings, poor soils, seeNew Zealand Journal of Botany 1: 85. 1963.

in New Zealand: toetoe, native toetoe, kakaho

C. trianae Stapf ex Conert (Cortaderia bifida Pilg.) (for theColombian (b. Zipaquirá) botanist José Jerónimo (or Gerón-imo) Triana, 1834-1890 (d. Paris), traveler, plant collector,botanical explorer, his writings include Nuevos jeneros iespecies de plantas para la flora Neo-Granadina. Bogotá1854 and Prodromus florae Novogranatensis. Paris 1862-1867; see Enrique Pérez Arbeláez, in D.S.B. 13: 463-464.1981; J.H. Barnhart, Biographical notes upon botanists. 3:400. 1965)

Colombia. Pistillate, see Botanische Jahrbücher für System-atik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 37: 374-375. 1906, Mededeelingen van’s Rijks-Herbarium 40: 67.1921, Die Systematik und Anatomie der Arundineae 100-101. 1961.

C. turbaria H.E. Connor

New Zealand, Chatham Islands. Vulnerable endangeredspecies, perennial, tall, stout, tussock-forming, leaf sheathdensely hairy, leaf blade pointed, leaves narrow and scabrid,dense plumose inflorescence, branched panicles, spikeletswith 2 hermaphrodite florets, all flowers hermaphrodite,glumes more or less equal, occurs in peaty swamps, streammargins, see New Zealand Journal of Botany 25(1): 167.1987.

in New Zealand: Chatham Island toetoe, Chatham Islandtoitoi

C. vaginata Swallen

South America, Colombia, Brazil. See Sellowia 7: 9. 1956.

Corycarpus Spreng. = Diarrhena P. Beauv., Korycarpus Lag., Korycarpus Zea ex Lag.

Orth. var. Korycarpus, from the Greek korys, korythos “ahelmet” and karpos “fruit.”

Pooideae, Diarrheneae, see Systema Vegetabilium, editiodecima sexta 1: 123. 1824 and Flora of the Prairies andPlains of Central North America 114. 1932, E.D. Merrill,Index rafinesquianus. The plant names published by C.S.Rafinesque, etc. 75. Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, U.S.1949, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 118: 128-136.1991 [A revision of Diarrhena (Poaceae) in the U.S.], Con-tributions from the United States National Herbarium 48:238, 269, 419. 2003.


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528 Corynephorus P. Beauv.

Corynephorus P. Beauv. = Anachortus Jirásek & Chrtek, Weingaertneria Bernh.

From the Greek koryne “a club” and phoros “bearing, car-rying,” phero, phoreo “to bear,” alluding to the extraordi-nary awns.

About 5 species, Iran, Europe, Mediterranean. Pooideae,Poodae, Aveneae, or Pooideae, Poeae, Airinae, annual orperennial, tufted, herbaceous, leaf blades narrow linear,auricles absent, ligule an unfringed membrane, plants bisex-ual, open or contracted panicle, spikelets 2-flowered, hairsat the base of the floret, 2 glumes subequal, lower glume1-nerved, upper glume 1- to 3-nerved, lemmas membranousand rounded, basal awns with twisted column, awns with aring of hairs, palea present, 2 free and membranous lodi-cules, 3 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas, open habitats,in sandy places, on dunes, often coastal, type Corynephoruscanescens (L.) P. Beauv., see Species Plantarum 61-63, 65,79-81. 1753, Johann Jacob Bernhardi (1774-1850), System-atisches Verzeichnis 23, 51. Erfurt 1800, Essai d’une Nou-velle Agrostographie 90, 149, 159. 1812 and Catalogo dela flora del Rif oriental … 128. 1933, Preslia 34: 383. 1962,Zlaki SSSR 291. 1976, Lagascalia 15: 119-124. 1988,Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 64: 35-74. 1991,Bothalia 26(1): 53-61. 1996 [Cytogenetic studies in somerepresentatives of the subfamily Pooideae (Poaceae) inSouth Africa. 1. The tribe Aveneae, subtribe Aveninae.],Journal of Ecology 87(2): 258-264. Mar 1999, Journal ofEcology 88(4): 709-726. Aug 2000, Journal of Ecology89(2): 300-303. Apr 2001, Plant, Cell and Environment25(5): 601-608. May 2002, Contributions from the UnitedStates National Herbarium 48: 109, 239, 694. 2003, Eliz-abeth A. Kellogg and Jeffrey L. Bennetzen, “The evolutionof nuclear genome structure in seed plants.” Am. J. Bot. 91:1709-1725. 2004, Weed Research 44(2): 117-128. Apr 2004,Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 147(4): 501-508.Apr 2005, Journal of Ecology 93(2): 441-470. Apr 2005.

SpeciesC. aetnensis C. Presl ex Schult. (Aira aetnensis (C. Preslex Schult.) Guss.)

Europe. See Mantissa 3: 641. 1827, Giovanni Gussone(1787-1866), [Floræ siculæ prodromus, etc.] Supplemen-tum. Neapoli 1832.

C. canescens (L.) P. Beauv. (Agrostis canescens (L.) Salisb.;Aira canescens L.; Aira variegata St.-Amans; Avena cane-scens (L.) Web. ex Wigg.; Corynephorus canescens var.andinus Hack. ex Sodiro; Corynephorus incanescensBubani; Weingaertneria canescens (L.) Bernh.)

Europe. See Primitiae Florae Holsaticae 9. 1780, Prodro-mus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium. 25.1796, Systematisches Verzeichnis 51. 1800, Flora Agenaise32. 1821, Anales de la Universidad Central del Ecuador3(25): 481. 1889 and Flora Pyrenaea … 4: 311. 1902, Anal.

Bot. Cavanilles 13: 173. 1955, Acta Botanica AcademiaeScientiarum Hungaricae 17(1-2): 121. 1971[1972], Rivas-godaya 6: 166. 1991, Taxon 49(2): 244. 2000.

in French: corynephorus en touffe

in Morocco: bousibouss, hamra

C. divaricatus (Pourret) Breistr. (Aira articulata Desf.; Airacaryophyllea var. divaricata (Pourret) Asch. & Graebn.,nom. illeg., non Aira caryophyllea var. divaricata Bréb.;Aira caryophyllea var. divaricata (Pourret) Druce, nom.illeg., non Aira caryophyllea var. divaricata Bréb.; Airadivaricata Pourret; Anachortus articulatus (Desf.) Jir. &Chrtek; Anachortus divaricatus (Pourret) M. Laínz; Ana-chortus divaricatus subsp. articulatus (Desf.) M. Laínz;Corynephorus articulatus (Desf.) P. Beauv.; Corynephorusdivaricatus subsp. articulatus (Desf.) Lainz)

Europe, Algeria. See Flora Atlantica 1: 70, t. 13. 1798,Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 159. 1812, Synopsisder mitteleuropäischen Flora 2: 282. 1899 and Bull. Soc.Bot. France 119: 237. 1952, Preslia 34: 383. 1962, M.Lainz, “Aportaciones al conocimiento de la flora gallega,viii.” Comun. I.N.I.A., no. 2, 26 p. 1974.

C. fasciculatus Boiss. & Reut. (Aira fascicularis (Boiss. &Reut.) Steud.; Anachortus fasciculatus (Boiss. & Reut.) V.Jirásek & Chrtek; Corynephorus gracilis (Desf.) K. Richt.;Weingaertneria gracilis (Desf.) Asch. & Graebn.)

Europe. Annual, solitary or tufted, useful for erosion con-trol, see Pugillus Plantarum Novarum Africae Borealis His-paniaeque Australis 123. 1852, Synopsis PlantarumGlumacearum 1: 219. 1854 and Preslia 34: 383. 1962.

Costia Willk. = Agropyron Gaertn.

For the Spanish (Catalan) botanist Antonio Cipriano Costay Cuxart, 1817-1886, see M. Colmeiro y Penido, LaBotánica y los Botánicos de la Peninsula Hispano-Lusitana.Madrid 1858 and J.H. Barnhart, Biographical notes uponbotanists. 1: 385. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical dictio-nary of botanists represented in the Hunt Institute portraitcollection. 85. 1972.

Pooideae, Triticodae, Triticeae, or Pooideae, Triticeae, Hor-deinae, see Species Plantarum 1: 78. 1753, Botanische Zei-tung. Berlin 16: 377. 1858, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 18:131. 1860 and Phytologia 83(5): 345-365. 1997, FloraMediterranea 8: 307-313. 1998, Opera Botanica 137: 1-42.1999, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 30: 10-15.1999, Contributions from the United States National Her-barium 48: 25-42, 239. 2003.

Cottea Kunth

For the German patron of science Johann Georg Cotta vonCottendorf, 1796-1863.


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Craepalia Schrank 529

One species, America, southern U.S., Argentina. Chlori-doideae, Pappophoreae, or Chloridoideae, Eragrostideae,Cotteinae, perennial, loosely caespitose, herbaceous, erector ascending or geniculate, unarmed, branched, internodessolid, tuberous, auricles absent, leaf sheaths villous topilose, hidden cleistogenes in the basal leaf sheaths, glan-dular leaves not pungent, ligule fringed, plants bisexual,cleistogamous or chasmogamous, inflorescence paniculate,panicles open or narrow or contracted, spikelets pubescentand pedicellate, 4-8 florets and a rudiment, female-fertilelemmas irregularly lobed, 2 glumes subequal, lemmasawned, 7-13 awns antrorsely barbed, palea keels ciliate, 2lodicules, 3 stamens, ovary glabrous, cleistogenes withinthe lower sheaths, rachilla disarticulating between florets,open habitats, steppes, plains, dry areas, hills, coastal low-land, type Cottea pappophoroides Kunth, see Révision desGraminées 1: 84. 1829 and Ecología en Bolivia 34: 45-70.2000, Contributions from the United States National Her-barium 41: 56. 2001.

SpeciesC. pappophoroides Kunth

Mexico, Peru. Perennial, more or less pubescent, wiry,knotty base with cleistogenes, leaf sheaths furrowed, leafblades linear, panicle ovate-lanceolate, spikelets ovate andawned, glumes lanceolate and awned, ornamental, forage.

in English: cotta grass, cottea

in Mexico: cotea, pelucilla

Craepalia Schrank = Lolium L.

Pooideae, Poeae, Loliinae, type Craepalia temulenta (L.)Schrank, see Species Plantarum 1: 83. 1753, Observationssur les Graminées de la Flore Belgique 97, 99. 1823 [1824],Baiersche Flora 1: 102, 382. 1789 and Grasses of Ceylon45. 1956, Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. (or U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech.Bull., or Technical Bulletin, Unites States Department ofAgriculture) 1392: 1-65. 1968, Dominguezia 1: 1-23. 1978,Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 108: 408. 1992, Novon 3(3): 239-243.1993, Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 41(2): 521-536.1996, Contributions from the United States National Her-barium 48: 239, 426-431. 2003.

Craspedorhachis Benth.

From the Greek kraspedon “a fringe, border” and rhachis“rachis, axis, midrib of a leaf.”

About 2-5/6 species, southern tropical Africa, North andSouth America. Chloridoideae, Chlorideae, perennial, her-baceous, unarmed, often stoloniferous or shortly rhizoma-tous, auricles absent, ligule fringed, plants bisexual,inflorescence with several racemes more or less digitate,spikelets dorsally compressed, 2 glumes subequal and

membranous, lower glume keeled, upper glume deciduousand rounded, lemma obtuse, palea present, lemma and paleahairy or glabrous, 2 fleshy lodicules, ovary glabrous, openhabitats, sandy savannah, on sand dunes, sandy soils, sandyloam, similar to Willkommia and Microchloa, type Craspe-dorhachis africana Benth., see Fragmenta Botanica 77.1809, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 2: 409. 1850,Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 14: 58, t. 1377. 1882, Verhand-lungen des Botanischen Vereins für die Provinz Branden-burg und die angrenzenden Länder 30: 145. 1888 andBulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 1: 770. 1901, Botan-ical Gazette 35: 283, f. 1-2. 1903, Physis. Revista de laSociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales 8: 78. 1925,Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichteund Pflanzengeographie 74: 27. 1947, Grasses and Pasturesof South Africa 205, f. 182. 1955, Notulae Systematicae.Herbier du Museum de Paris 15(2): 134. 1956, Adansonia,sér. 2, 8: 515. 1968.

Species

C. africana Benth.

Tropical Africa. Perennial, tufted, erect, rhizomatous,lemma and palea hairy, considered rare in South Africa, seeHooker’s Icones Plantarum 14: 58, t. 1377. 1882.

C. africana Benth. var. madecassa A. Camus

Madagascar. See Notulae Systematicae. Herbier duMuseum de Paris 15: 135. 1956.

C. digitata Kupicha & Cope

Zimbabwe. See Kew Bulletin 40(4): 89-90. 1985.

C. rhodesiana Rendle

Africa. Perennial, tufted, erect, lemma and palea glabrous,common on sand dunes, along dry river beds, see Journalof the Linnean Society, Botany 40: 233, t. 5, f. 5-13. 1911.

C. rhodesiana Rendle var. gracilior C.E. Hubb.

Africa. See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew1949: 36. 1949.

Crassipes Swallen = Sclerochloa P. Beauv.

From the Latin crassus, a, um “thick” and pes, pedis “foot,”thick-footed or thick-stemmed.

Pooideae, Poeae, Puccinelliinae, type Crassipes annuusSwallen, see Species Plantarum 1: 72. 1753, Essai d’uneNouvelle Agrostographie 97-98, 174, 177. 1812, AugPyrami de Candolle Botanicon Gallicum 1: 522. 1828 andContr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 2. 1906, American Journal ofBotany 18(8): 684-685, f. 1-4. 1931, Journal of Cytologyand Genetics 21: 155. 1986, D.M. Brandenburg, J.R. Estes& J.W. Thieret, “Hard Grass (Sclerochloa dura, Poaceae)in the United States.” Sida. 14(3): 369-376. 1991, Cytologia56: 437-452. 1991, Flora Mediterranea 8: 307-313. 1998,


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530 Cremopyrum Schur

Contributions from the United States National Herbarium48: 239, 608-609. 2003.

Cremopyrum Schur = Eremopyrum (Ledeb.) Jaub. & Spach

Greek kremao “to hang” and pyros “grain, wheat.”

Pooideae, Triticeae, Hordeinae, see Enumeratio PlantarumTranssilvaniae 807-808. 1866 and Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 48: 311-312. 2003.

Criciuma Soderstr. & Londoño = Bambusa Schreber, Eremocaulon Soderstr. & Londoño

A vernacular name, or perhaps from krikion, the diminutiveof the Greek krikos “ring, armlet.”

One species, Brazil. Bambusoideae, Bambuseae, Guadu-inae, woody, solid, vinelike, hard, erect, pendent, looselyclumped, shortly rhizomatous, foliage leaf with asymmet-rical central midnerve, inflorescence terminal, elongatepseudospikelets, florets linear-lanceolate, 3 lodicules, 6 sta-mens, ovary glabrous, 2 plumose stigmas, type Criciumaasymmetrica Soderstr. & Londoño, see American Journalof Botany 74(1): 27-39. 1987 [2 new genera of Brazilianbamboos related to Guadua (Poaceae: Bambusoideae:Bambuseae.], Emmet J. Judziewicz et al., American Bam-boos 234-238. 1999, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 39: 29-35, 54-55. 2000, SystematicBotany 27(4): 703-721. 2002.

SpeciesC. asymmetrica Soderstr. & Londoño (Eremocaulon asym-metricum (Soderstr. & Londoño) Londoño)

Brazil. Climbing, ascending, culm leaves with reflexedblades, pseudospikelets linear-lanceolate, sandy places, for-ests, see American Journal of Botany 74(1): 35, f. 1, 2, 5a,5b. 1987, Systematic Botany 27(4): 711-714, f. 4-5. 2002.

Crinipes Hochst.

Latin crinis “hair” and pes “foot,” referring to the awn.

Two species, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda. Arundineae, orArundinoideae, Danthonieae, perennial, herbaceous, cae-spitose, tussocky, auricles absent, leaves basal, ligulefringed or a ciliate rim, tough leaf blades narrowly linearto linear-lanceolate, plants bisexual, inflorescence panicu-late, panicle oblong to ovate to elliptic-oblong, spikeletsflattened and oblong, 2- to 3-flowered, 2 unequal glumesacuminate or shortly awned, floret callus bearded, lemmasmembranous entire or toothed, long awn straight or flexu-ous, palea glabrous, 2 free lodicules glabrous, 3 stamens,ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas, moist places, moist rock, type

Crinipes abyssinicus (Hochst. ex A. Braun) Hochst., seeFlore Française. Troisième Édition 3: 32. 1805, ProdromusFlorae Novae Hollandiae 185. 1810, Flora 24: 20. 1841,Flora 38: 279-280. 1855 and Kew Bulletin 1934: 200. 1934,Kew Bulletin 1935: 306. 1935, Kew Bulletin 12: 51-52, 54-58. 1957, Bothalia 9: 134. 1966.

Species

C. abyssinicus (Hochst. ex A. Braun) Hochst. (Danthoniaabyssinica Hochst. ex A. Braun; Danthonia tenuiglumisSteud.; Triraphis abyssinica (Hochst. ex A. Braun) Nees exEngl.)

Abyssinia. Perennial, tough, pendulous, forming largedense tussocks, panicle narrowly oblong, glumes linear-lanceolate, see Flora 24(45): 712. 1841, Synopsis Plan-tarum Glumacearum 1: 244. 1854, Abhandlungen derKöniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin 2(1):132. 1891 [1892].

C. longifolius C.E. Hubb.

Abyssinia. Perennial, coarse, pendulous, forming largedense tussocks, glumes lanceolate, lemmas lanceolate-oblong, see Kew Bulletin 1935(5): 306-307. 1935.

Critesion Raf. = Hordeum L.

Greek crithe, Akkadian qaritum, qiritu “granary, storeroom,” Hebrew qorah “beam, roof,” see Journal de Phy-sique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts 89: 103.1819.

About 35 species, temperate regions. Pooideae, Triticodae,Triticeae, or Pooideae, Triticeae, Hordeinae, annual orperennial, tufted, herbaceous, leaf sheath membranous,ligule membranous, auricles present or absent, plants bisex-ual, flowers in dense and narrow spike-like raceme, spike-lets in triads at each node, lateral spikelets usually smalleror incomplete or male, central spikelet usually hermaphro-dite, rachis fragile, glumes 2, lemma of central spikelet rigidand awned or unarmed, lemmas of lateral florets usuallyreduced, palea nerved, 2 lodicules, stamens 3, ovary withhairy corona, tolerant of saline soils, growing in dry soils,sandy places, rather moist habitats, salty sites, there is con-siderable taxonomic confusion concerning this genus, for-merly included in Hordeum L. as subgen., type Critesiongeniculatum Raf., see Species Plantarum 1: 84-85. 1753,Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et desArts 89: 103. 1819 and Canad. J. Bot. 37: 679. 1959, Nord.J. Bot. 9: 1-10. 1989, Plant Systematics and Evolution 189:217-231. 1994, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 247. 1994, NordicJournal of Botany 14(2): 117-136. 1994 [A taxonomic revi-sion of Hordeum sect. Critesion.], Annals of Botany 73:195-203. 1994, Nord. J. Bot. 15: 449-458. 1995, SystematicBotany 21(2): 3-15. 1996, Canadian Journal of Botany78(12): 1590-1602. 2000, Plant, Cell and Environment


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Critho E. Meyer 531

24(6): 585-596. June 2001, J.W. Morgan, “Seedling recruit-ment patterns over 4 years in an Australian perennial grass-land community with different fire histories.” Journal ofEcology 89(6): 908-919. Dec 2001, M.P. McDonald, N.W.Galwey and T.D. Colmer, “Similarity and diversity inadventitious root anatomy as related to root aeration amonga range of wetland and dryland grass species.” Plant, Celland Environment 25(3): 441-451. Mar 2002, Contributionsfrom the United States National Herbarium 48: 239-241,389-402. 2003, Ecological Management and Restoration4(1): 5-12. Apr 2003, Plant, Cell and Environment 26(1):17-36. Jan 2003, Am. J. Bot. 91: 1789-1801. 2004, Botan-ical Journal of the Linnean Society 147(4): 501-508. Apr2005, Ecological Management and Restoration 6(1): 61-67.Apr 2005.

Species

C. glaucum (Steud.) Á. Löve (Critesion murinum subsp.glaucum (Steud.) B.K. Simon, nom. illeg., non Critesionmurinum subsp. glaucum (Steud.) W.A. Weber; Hordeumglaucum Steud.; Hordeum murinum subsp. glaucum(Steud.) Tzvelev)

Mediterranean, southwestern Asia. Annual, loosely tufted,erect or geniculate, auricles glabrous, leaf sheath more orless inflated, ligule membranous and truncate, erectracemes, central spikelet hermaphrodite with glabrouspedicels, lateral spikelets male or sterile with shortly pubes-cent pedicels, erect and spreading awns, pasture species, awidespread weed of disturbed sites, waste ground, grazedwoodlands and shrublands, host to several cereal diseases,its sharp seeds can enter the eyes and skin of sheep, seeSpecies Plantarum 1: 85. 1753, Linnaea 9(1): 133. 1834,Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 352. 1854 andNovosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 8: 67. 1971, Botanical Journal ofthe Linnean Society 72(2): 150. 1976, Taxon 29(2/3): 350.1980, Phytologia 51(6): 374. 1982, Feddes Repertorium 95:440. 1984, Austrobaileya 2(3): 241. 1986.

in English: barley grass

C. hystrix (Roth) Á. Löve (Hordeum geniculatum All.; Hor-deum hystrix Roth)

Mediterranean, southwestern Asia. Annual, often decum-bent, closely tufted, auricles absent, ligule truncate, leafsheath pilose, raceme erect, lateral spikelets sterile, centralhermaphrodite spikelet sessile, glumes more or less equal,in saline flats, see Flora Pedemontana 2: 259, 3: t. 91, f. 3.1785, Catalecta Botanica 1: 23. 1797 and Feddes Reperto-rium 95(7-8): 440. 1984.

in English: Mediterranean barley grass, Mediterranean bar-ley

C. jubatum (L.) Nevski (Hordeum jubatum L.)

North America. Perennial, erect or geniculate below, looselytufted, auricles absent, ligule truncate, sheath of uppermostleaf inflated, plume-like nodding racemes dense-flowered,

central hermaphrodite spikelet sessile, lateral spikelets ster-ile, glumes subequal, lemma of lateral spikelets muchreduced, along roadsides, see Species Plantarum 1: 85.1753 and Flora URSS 2: 721. 1934, Canadian Journal ofBotany 40: 1690. 1962, Botaniska Notiser 128(4): 503.1975[1976].

in English: squirrel tail grass

C. marinum (Huds.) Á. Löve (Hordeum marinum Huds.)

Eurasia. Annual, loosely tufted, stiff, auricles absent, lodi-cules ciliate, see Flora Anglica, Editio Altera 1: 57. 1778,Flora Palermitana 1: 246. 1845 and Taxon 29(2/3): 350.1980, American Journal of Botany 72(5): 772. 1985, M.P.Mcdonald, N.W. Galwey and T.D. Colmer, “Waterloggingtolerance in the tribe Triticeae: the adventitious roots ofCritesion marinum have a relatively high porosity and abarrier to radial oxygen loss.” Plant, Cell and Environment24(6): 585-596. June 2001.

C. murinum (L.) Á. Löve (Hordeum murinum L.)

Europe. Annual, loosely tufted, clasping auricles, liguleciliate, oblong racemes dense-flowered. Central bisexualspikelet sessile or pedicelled, lateral spikelets male or ster-ile, in wasteland, along rodasides, see Species Plantarum1: 85. 1753, Linnaea 9(1): 133. 1834, Synopsis PlantarumGlumacearum 1: 352. 1854 and Taxon 29(2/3): 350. 1980,Phytologia 51(6): 374. 1982, Austrobaileya 2(3): 241. 1986.

C. murinum (L.) Á. Löve subsp. leporinum (Link) Á. Löve

Europe, Mediterranean, Asia. See Linnaea 9(1): 133. 1834,Comp. Fl. Ital. 805. 1882 and Taxon 29(2/3): 350. 1980.

in English: barley grass

C. murinum (L.) Á. Löve subsp. murinum

Europe. See Species Plantarum 1: 85. 1753 and Taxon29(2/3): 350. 1980.

C. secalinum (Schreb.) Á. Löve (Hordeum secalinumSchreb.)

Europe, Africa. Perennial, erect or geniculate, looselytufted, sheath of uppermost leaf appressed to culm, dense-flowered raceme, glumes subequal, see Spicilegium FloraeLipsicae 148. 1771 and Taxon 29(2/3): 350. 1980.

Critho E. Meyer = Hordeum L.

From the Greek krithe “barley-corn, barley.”

Pooideae, Triticodae, Triticeae, or Pooideae, Triticeae, Hor-deinae, see Species Plantarum 1: 84-85. 1753, Illustrationsof the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … 1(11): 418.1839 [1840], Index Sem. Hort. Regiomont. 5. 1848 andCanad. J. Bot. 37: 679. 1959, Plant Systematics and Evo-lution 189: 217-231. 1994, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 247.1994, Nordic Journal of Botany 14(2): 117-136. 1994 [Ataxonomic revision of Hordeum sect. Critesion.], Annals ofBotany 73: 195-203. 1994, Systematic Botany 21(2): 3-15.


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532 Crithodium Link

1996, Canadian Journal of Botany 78(12): 1590-1602.2000, Contributions from the United States National Her-barium 48: 241, 389-402. 2003.

Crithodium Link = Triticum L.

Greek krithe “barley-corn, barley,” krithidion “decoction ofbarley, a little barley.”

Pooideae, Triticeae, Triticinae, type Crithodiumaegilopoides Link, see Species Plantarum 1: 85-87. 1753,Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 127. 1762, Linnaea9(1): 132, pl. 3, f. 1-5. 1834, Oekonomisch-technische FloraBöhmens 1: 425. 1836, Annales des Sciences Physiques etNaturelles, d’Agriculture et de l’Industrie, Publiées par laSociété Royale d’Agriculture, etc., de Lyon. 5: 103-196, pl.2-10. 1842 [Descriptions et figures des céréaleseuropéennes], Landwirthschaftliche Flora 335-336. 1866,Botanisches Centralblatt 73: 339. 1898 and Flora URSS 2:677. 1934, A. Prati, Vocabolario etimologico italiano.Torino 1951, Feddes Repert. 95(7-8): 497. 1984, Taxon 35:144-149. 1986, Wageningen Agricultural University Papers94-7: 1-512. 1994, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 48: 241, 676-684. 2003.

Crithopsis Jaub. & Spach

Resembling Critho, Greek krithe “barley-corn, barley” andopsis “aspect, appearance, resemblance.”

One species, Libya, Iran, Crete. Pooideae, Triticodae, Tri-ticeae, annual, herbaceous, caespitose, auricles present, leafblades acuminate, ligule an unfringed membrane, plantsbisexual, inflorescence spiciform, raceme narrowly oblong,raceme rhachis fragile, 2-flowered, upper floret rudimen-tary, spikelets paired and flattened laterally, 2 linear glumessubequal, lemma rounded on back and awned, paleapresent, 2 free and membranous lodicules, 3 stamens, ovaryhairy, 2 stigmas, type Crithopsis rhachitricha Jaub., seeSpecies Plantarum 1: 83-85. 1753, Illustrationes PlantarumOrientalium 4: 30, t. 321. 1851, Die Natürlichen Pflanzen-familien 2(2): 88. 1887 and Nordic Journal of Botany 13:481-493. 1993 [Taxonomic studies in some annual generaof the Triticeae (Poaceae)].

Species

C. delileana (Schult.) Roshev. (Agropyron cretense Coustur.& Gand.; Crithopsis brachytricha Walp.; Crithopsis rha-chitricha Jaub.; Elymus arenarius subsp. geniculatus (Cur-tis) Husn.; Elymus delileanus Schult.; Elymus geniculatusDelile; Elymus geniculatus Curtis; Elymus rhachitrichusHochst. ex Kotschy; Eremopyrum cretense (Coustur. &Gand.) Nevski; Hordeum delileanum Hack.; Hordeum gen-iculatum (Delile) Thell., nom. illeg., non Hordeum genicu-latum All.)

North Africa. See Description de l’Égypte, … HistoireNaturelle, Tom. Second 174, t. 13, f. 1. 1812, Mantissa 2:424. 1824, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér.3 14: 360. 1851, Graminées. Descriptions … France, Bel-gique, Isles Britanniques, Suisse 76. 1899 and Flora Cretica107. 1916, Nord. J. Bot. 13: 484. 1993.

Crithopyrum Steud. = Elymus L.

From the Greek krithe “barley-corn, barley” and pyros“grain, wheat.”

Pooideae, Triticodae, Triticeae, or Pooideae, Triticeae, Hor-deinae, in syn. sub Triticum trachycaulum Link, see SpeciesPlantarum 1: 83-84. 1753, Novi Commentarii AcademiaeScientiarum Imperalis Petropolitanae 14(1): 539. 1770,Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 2: 189. 1833, Synop-sis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 344. 1854 and The Cana-dian Field-Naturalist 45: 201. 1931, Rhodora 56(662): 28.1954, Canad. J. Bot. 42: 554. 1964, Feddes Repert. 95: 425-521. 1984 [Conspectus of the Triticeae.], Taxon 41: 562-563. 1992, Taxon 44: 611-612. 1995, Contributions fromthe United States National Herbarium 48: 241, 279-307.2003.

Crossotropis Stapf = Trichoneura Andersson

From the Greek krossos “a fringe” and tropis “keel, the keelof a vessel.”

Chloridoideae, Eragrostideae, Eleusininae, or Chlori-doideae, Cynodonteae, type Crossotropis grandiglumis(Nees) Rendle, see Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae182. 1810, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 80. 1812,Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 1853:148. 1855, Flora Capensis 7: 317. 1898, Catalogue of theAfrican Plants Collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch in 1853-612(1): 226. 1899 and Ark. Bot. 11, 9: 1-19. 1912, Grassesand Pastures of South Africa 128. 1955, Boletin de laSociedad de Biologia de Concepcion 46: 37-39. 1973, LosGeneros de Gramineas de America Austral. 1987, Contri-butions from the United States National Herbarium 41: 56,224. 2001.

Crypsinna Fourn. = Muhlenbergia Schreb.

From the Greek krypto, kryptein “to hide,” krypsis “hiding,suppression.”

Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Muhlenbergiinae, typeCrypsinna macroura (Kunth) E. Fourn., see Genera Plan-tarum 44. 1789, Systema Naturae … editio decima tertia,aucta, reformata 2: 171. 1791, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agro-stographie 29, 176, 179, t. 8, f. 2, 3. 1812, Mémoires duMuséum d’Histoire Naturelle 2: 72. 1815, Mexicanas


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Crypsis Aiton 533

Plantas 2: 90. 1886 and P.M. Peterson, “Systematics of theMuhlenbergiinae (Chloridoideae: Eragrostideae).” Grasses:Systematics and Evolution 195-212. 2000, Contributionsfrom the United States National Herbarium 41: 56, 143-173. 2001.

Crypsis Aiton = Antitragus Gaertn., Ceytosis Munro, Heleochloa Host ex Roem., Pachea Steud., Pallasia Scop., Pallassia Houtt. (Rutaceae), Pechea Lepeyrouse, Raddia Mazziari, Torgesia Bornm.

Greek krypsis “hiding, suppression,” Greek kryptein “tohide,” perhaps referring to the seeds extruded from the fruitsor alluding to the partially hidden inflorescence.

About 7-8 species, Mediterranean, Middle East, China, cen-tral Africa. Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Sporobolinae, orChloridoideae, Zoysieae, Sporobolinae, annual, low grow-ing, prostrate or ascending, erect, decumbent, muchbranched near the base, auricles absent, ligule a line of hairs,leaf blades flat or involute, panicle spiciform cylindrical andmore or less exserted, ovoid to capitate inflorescence some-times partially enclosed by bract-like leaf sheaths, spikeletssolitary strongly laterally compressed and keeled some-times falling entire, floret 1 per spikelet, 2 glumes more orless equal and strongly keeled, glumes narrow acute orshortly awned, lemma membranous acute or shortly awned,palea rarely nerved, lodicules absent, stamens 2-3, ovaryglabrous, stigmas 2, often mat-forming, found on wet salinesoils, salty plains, seasonally flooded areas, mud, semiaridregions, related to Sporobolus, type Crypsis aculeata (L.)Aiton, see Species Plantarum 1: 42, 54-55, 59-63. 1753,Natuurlijke Historie 2(4): 382. 1775, Introductio ad Histo-riam Naturalem 72. 1777, William Townsend Aiton (1766-1849), Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 1: 48. 1789, DeFructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 7. 1790, Collecta-nea ad omnem rem botanicam spectantia partim e propriis,partim ex amicorum schedis manuscriptis concinnavit etedidit J.J. Roemer. Turici [Zürich], apud H. Gessnerum,[1806-]1809, Supplément à l’histoire des Plantes desPyrénées 8. Toulouse 1818, Opuscoli Scientifici 3: 410.1819, Ionios Anthologia 2: 448. 1834, Nom. Bot.edition 2,1: 449. 1840, J. Linn. Society Botany 6: 54. 1862 andMittheilungen der Thüringischen Botanischen Vereins, ser.2, 30: 83. 1913, Repertorium Specierum Novarum RegniVegetabilis 17(19-30): 293. 1921, Hooker’s Icones Plan-tarum 35(3): 1-11, plate 3457. 1947, Fl. Afrique Nord 2:89. 1953, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage14d: 62. 1956, Bull. Research Council of Israel 11D: 91-126. 1962, Systematic Botany 4(4): 267-280. 1979, Boletimda Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 64: 35-74. 1991, Preslia64: 193-206. 1992, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 41: 16, 38, 56-57, 127, 177, 181, 191,

220. 2001, Am. J. Bot. 91: 2022-2029. 2004, BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society 148(1): 57-72. May 2005[Caryopsis morphology of the Chloridoideae (Gramineae)and its systematic implications].

Species

C. aculeata (L.) Aiton (Agrostis aculeata (L.) Scop.; Schoe-nus aculeatus L.)

Europe. See Flora Carniolica, Editio Secunda 1: 62. 1771.

C. alopecuroides (Phill. & Mitterp.) Schrad. (Crypsis expli-cata (Link) F. Herm.; Crypsis phalaroides M. Bieb.; Hele-ochloa alopecuroides (Pill. & Mitt.) Roem.; Heleochloaalopecuroides (Piller & Mitterp.) Host; Phalaris explicataLink; Phalaris geniculata Sibth. & Sm.; Phleum alopecu-roides Piller & Mitterp.)

Europe. See A. Mathias Piller (1733-1788), Iter per Pose-ganam Sclavoniae [Slavoniae] provinciam … 147, t. 16.Budae [Budapest] 1783, Journal für die Botanik 1: 312.1799, Icones et Descriptiones Graminum Austriacorum 1:23, t. 29. 1801, Flora Germanica 1: 167. 1806, FloraeGraecae Prodromus 1: 38. 1806, Flora Taurico-Caucasica1: 45. 1808 and Hercynia 1: 121. 1937, Feddes Repert. 45:230. 1938.

C. schoenoides (L.) Lam. (Heleochloa schoenoides (L.)Host; Phleum schoenoides L.)

Arabia, Yemen. Annual, tufted, compressed, much branchedfrom the base, prostrate or ascending, spreading in a circlefrom the root, ligule a ring of hairs, leaves flat acuminate,upper sheaths swollen and open, inflorescence densely cap-itate, spikelets 1-flowered awnless, spikelets usually par-tially enclosed by the uppermost leaf sheaths, spikeletsdensely crowded into sessile ovoid or ellipsoid heads,glumes more or less equal shortly ciliate on the keels, foundon wet saline soils, salty plains, coastal, see Species Plan-tarum 1: 60. 1753, Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique… Botanique 1: 166, t. 42, f. 1. 1791, Icones et Descrip-tiones Graminum Austriacorum 1: 23, t. 30. 1801.

in English: swamp grass

in India: talaphetar

in Sudan: gogheib

C. vaginiflora (Forssk.) Opiz (Crypsis compacta Steud.;Crypsis niliacea Fig. & De Not.; Crypsis schoenoides (L.)Lam., in part; Heleochloa compacta (Steud.) T. Durand &Schinz; Phalaris vaginiflora Forssk.)

Tropical Africa, Europe. Annual, prostrate, ascending,branched, forming mats or low cushions, leaf blades linearand tough, leaf sheaths slightly inflated and enveloping,inflorescence axillary, glumes and lemma more or lessequal, lower glume linear, lemma narrowly lanceolate, palea2-nerved, grazed, found in damp sites, flooded areas, river-banks, lake margins, often confused with Crypsis schoe-noides (L.) Lam., see Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 18. 1775,


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534 Cryptochloa Swallen

Naturalientausch 8: 83. 1823, Mémoires de l’AcadémieRoyale des Sciences de Turin 14: 322. 1854, Synopsis Plan-tarum Glumacearum 1: 151. 1855 [1854], Conspectus Flo-rae Africae 5: 814. 1894.

Cryptochloa Swallen

From the Greek kryptos “hidden” and chloe, chloa “grass,young grass,” referring to the inflorescences.

About 5-8/15 species, Central and South America, Mexicoto Brazil. Bambusoideae, Oryzodae, Olyreae or Bambuso-ideae, Olyreae, Olyrinae, perennial, herbaceous, unarmed,robust, clumped, caespitose, decumbent floriferous culms,leaf blades pseudopetiolate, very short and narrowly oblong2-ranked leaves, shortly rhizomatous, plants monoecious,inconspicuous inflorescence few-flowered, a terminal andaxillary panicle, female spikelets above and male spikeletsbelow, female lemma dorsally compressed, 2 glumes 3- to5-nerved herbaceous and acute, lemma usually glabrous,palea present, 3 free and fleshy lodicules, stamens 0, ovaryglabrous, 2 stigmas, forest, upland primary forest, on slopealong rivers and streams, forest floor, related to Olyra L.,type Cryptochloa variana Swallen, see Systema Naturae,Editio Decima 1253, 1261, 1379. 1759, Opuscoli Scientifici3: 410. 1819, Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum2(1): 298. 1829 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gar-den 29(4): 317-318, 320-321. 1942, Ceiba 19(1): 1-118.1975 [Enumeración de las plantas de Honduras.], Brittonia34: 25-29, 199-209. 1982, American Journal of Botany70(5): 129-130. 1983, Novon 2(2): 81-110. 1992, FloraMesoamericana 6: 213-214. 1994, Emmet J. Judziewicz etal., American Bamboos. 267-269. Smithsonian InstitutionPress, Washington and London 1999, Contributions fromthe United States National Herbarium 39: 53-54. 2000,Ceiba 42(1): 1-71. 2001[2002].

Species

C. capillata (Trin.) Soderstr. (Olyra capillata Trin.; Olyracapillata var. capillata; Olyra capillata var. segregata Döll;Olyra podachne Mez; Raddia capillata (Trin.) Hitchc.)

Brazil. See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciencesde Saint Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathéma-tiques, Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde Partie: SciencesNaturelles 3,1(2-3): 114. 1834, Flora Brasiliensis 2(2): 318.1877 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 56(Beibl. 125): 6. 1921, Contr.U.S. Natl. Herb. 24(8): 491. 1927.

C. concinna (Hook.f.) Swallen (Olyra concinna Hook.f.;Raddia concinna (Hook.f.) Chase)

Nicaragua, Guatemala, Mexico, Honduras, Colombia. Fern-like, see Bot. Mag. 122: t. 7469. 1896 and Proceedings ofthe Biological Society of Washington 21: 185. 1908, Ann.Missouri Bot. Gard. 29(4): 320. 1942.

C. decumbens Soderstr. & Zuloaga

Panama. See Brittonia 37: 29, f. 5. 1985.

C. dressleri Soderstr. (named for the botanist and taxon-omist Robert Louis Dressler, born 1927, an orchid specialistat the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, hecollected plants throughout the American tropics, amonghis writings are “Terrestrial plants of Panama.” Bull. Biol.Soc. Washington 2: 179-186. 1972, Phylogeny and Classi-fication of the Orchid Family. Portland, Oregon 1993, FieldGuide to the Orchids of Costa Rica and Panama. Ithaca,New York 1993 and “Checklist of the orchids of Panama.”I-XXVI. in Orchids of Panama. Monographs in SystematicBotany from the Missouri Botanical Garden vol. 4: 1-26.See Genera Orchidacearum: vol.1, edited by: Alec M. Prid-geon, Phillip J. Cribb, Mark W. Chase, Finn Rasmussen.Oxford, Oxford University Press 1999)

Panama. See Brittonia 34(1): 25, f. 1. 1982.

C. soderstromii Davidse

Panama. Clumped, see Novon 2(2): 96, f. 7. 1992.

C. strictiflora (E. Fourn.) Swallen (Cryptochloa granuliferaSwallen; Olyra strictiflora (E. Fourn.) Hemsl.; Raddia stric-tiflora (E. Fourn.) Chase; Strephium strictiflorum E. Fourn.)

Mexico, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Panama. See Bulletin de laSociété Botanique de Belgique 15(3): 465. 1876, BiologiaCentrali-Americana; … Botany … 3(19): 510. 1885 andProceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 21:185. 1908, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 29(4):321. 1942.

C. unispiculata Soderstr.

Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia. See Brittonia34(2): 200-202, f. 1. 1982, AAU Reports 24: 1-241. 1990,Systematic Botany 18(1): 80-99. 1993, Ruizia 13: 1-480.1993.

C. variana Swallen

Panama, Colombia, the Caribbean. See Ann. Missouri Bot.Gard. 29(4): 318. 1942.

Cryptochloris Benth. = Tetrapogon Desf.

From the Greek kryptos “hidden” plus Chloris.

Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, type Cryptochloris spathacea(Hochst. ex Steud.) Benth., see Nova Genera et SpeciesPlantarum seu Prodromus 1, 25. 1788, Flora Atlantica 2:388-389, t. 255. 1799 [1800], Synopsis Plantarum Glu-macearum 1: 204. 1854, Journal of the Linnean Society,Botany 19: 106. 1881, Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 14: t.1376. 1882, Conspectus Florae Africae 5: 864. 1895 andReports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patago-nia, 1896-1899, Volume viii, 1 [2], Botany 8(1,5,1): 211.1904, Annuario del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma 8(3):352. 1908, Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 159-163. 1995.


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Cryptopyrum Heynh. 535

Cryptopyrum Heynh. = Elymus L.

From the Greek kryptos “hidden” and pyros “grain, wheat.”

Pooideae, Triticodae, Triticeae, or Pooideae, Triticeae, Hor-deinae, see Species Plantarum 1: 83-84. 1753, Novi Com-mentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperalis Petropolitanae14(1): 539. 1770, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 2:190. 1833, Gustav Heynhold (1800- ca. 1860), Nomencla-tor Botanicus Hortensis oder alphabetische und synony-mische … 2: 174. 1846 and American Journal of Botany21(3): 131. 1934, Rhodora 56(662): 28. 1954, Canad. J.Bot. 42: 554. 1964, Botaniska Notiser 128(4): 502. 1975[1976], Feddes Repert. 95: 425-521. 1984 [Conspectus ofthe Triticeae.], Taxon 41: 562-563. 1992, Taxon 44: 611-612. 1995, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 30: 10-15. 1999, Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 48: 241, 279-307. 2003.

Cryptostachys Steud. = Sporobolus R. Br.

From the Greek kryptos “hidden” and stachys “a spike.”

Chloridoideae, Eragrostideae, or Chloridoideae, Cynodon-teae, Sporobolinae, type Cryptostachys vaginata Steud., seeProdromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 169-170. 1810, Flora33: 229. 1850, Fragmentos de Algunas Plantas Filipinas25. 1851, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 181. 1854,Nom. Bot. 2: 1274. 1874, Botanical Gazette 21: 15. 1896and Flora of the Guianas, Series A: Phanerogams 606-615.1990, Blumea 35(2): 393-458. 1991, American Journal ofBotany 81: 622-629. 1994, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 273-276. 1994, Sida 16: 529-544. 1995, Memoirs of the NewYork Botanical Garden 78: 509-540. 1996, Australian Sys-tematic Botany 12(3): 375-448. 1999, Contributions fromthe United States National Herbarium 41: 57, 200-219.2001.

Crypturus Trin. = Lolium L.

From the Greek krypto “to hide” and oura “tail.”

Pooideae, Poeae, Loliinae, type Crypturus loliaceus Link,see Species Plantarum 1: 83. 1753, Linnaea 17(4): 386-387. 1844 and Grasses of Ceylon 45. 1956, Techn. Bull.U.S.D.A. (or U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull., or TechnicalBulletin, Unites States Department of Agriculture) 1392: 1-65. 1968, Dominguezia 1: 1-23. 1978, Novon 3(3): 239-243.1993, Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 41(2): 521-536.1996, Contributions from the United States National Her-barium 48: 241, 426-431. 2003.

Ctenium Panzer = Aplocera Raf., Campuloa Desv., Campulosus Desv., Kampochloa W.D. Clayton, Monathera Raf., Monocera Elliott, Triatherus Raf.

From ktenion, the diminutive of the Greek kteis, ktenos “acomb,” referring to the arrangement of the spikelets.

About 17-20 species, tropical and subtropical, America andAfrica, Madagascar. Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, peren-nial or annual, tufted or densely tufted, herbaceous,unarmed, aromatic or not aromatic, leaf sheath usuallyround, ligule a very short fringed membrane, hard leaveslinear or involute, plants bisexual, inflorescence a singleunilateral spike sickle-shaped when young and spirallytwisted when mature, racemes single or digitate, spikeletsstrongly compressed laterally, 2 lowermost florets sterile,third floret fertile, fourth floret male or sterile, straight awns,male florets with 2 stamens, 2 glumes very unequal, largeupper glume enclosing the florets, fertile lemma entire orbidentate, palea present, 2 lodicules free and fleshy, stamens3, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas, found on moist soils, openhabitats, savannah, open grassland, open bushveld, poor drysandy soils, type Ctenium carolinianum Panz., see SpeciesPlantarum 1: 53-54. 1753, Species Plantarum 2: 1050.1753, Supplementum Plantarum 13, 114. 1781 [1782],Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 1, 25.1788, Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805, Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences,publié par la Société Philomatique de Paris 2: 189. 1810,Ideen zu einer künftigen Revision der Gattungen der Gräser.38, 61. München 1813, Mémoires de la Société d’Agricul-ture, Sciences et Arts d’Angers 1: 167. 1813, Denkschriftender Bayer[ischen]. Botanischen Gesellschaft in Regensburg4: 311, t. 13, f. 1-2. 1813 [1814], A Sketch of the Botany ofSouth-Carolina and Georgia 1(2): 176. 1816, AmericanMonthly Magazine and Critical Review 3: 99. 1818, Amer-ican Monthly Magazine and Critical Review 4: 190. 1819,Medical Flora 2: 193. 1830 and North American Flora17(8): 579-638. 1939, Kew Bulletin 16: 471-475. 1963, KewBulletin 21: 103. 1967, Acta Botanica Brasilica 1: 53-62.1988, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 290-291. 1994, Journal ofBiogeography 26(6): 1307-1321. Nov 1999 [Floristic analy-sis of vascular plant genera of North America north ofMexico: characteristics of phytogeography.], Journal ofEcology 88(5): 790-800. Oct 2000, Contributions from theUnited States National Herbarium 41: 16, 37, 57-58, 142,222. 2001, African Journal of Ecology 40(3): 252-259, Sep2002, Diversity & Distributions 9(1): 73-87. Jan 2003, Jour-nal of Biogeography 31(9): 1445-1461. Sep 2004, Qing Liu,Nan-Xian Zhao, Gang Hao, Xiao-Ying Hu and Yun-XiaoLiu, “Caryopsis morphology of the Chloridoideae(Gramineae) and its systematic implications.” BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society 148(1): 57-72. May 2005.

Species

C. aromaticum (Walter) Alph. Wood (Aegilops aromaticaWalter; Aplocera maritima Raf.; Campuloa gracilis Desv.;Campuloa monostachya (Michx.) Roem. & Schult.; Cam-pulosus aromaticus (Walter) Scribn.; Campulosus aromat-icus Trin. ex Steud.; Campulosus gangitis (L.) Kuntze;


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536 Ctenium Panzer

Campulosus gracilior Desv.; Campulosus gracilis Bertol.;Campulosus monostachyus (Michx.) P. Beauv.; Chlorismonostachya Michx.; Chloris piperita Michx. ex Steud.;Ctenium americanum Spreng.; Ctenium aromaticum(Walter) Hitchc., nom. illeg., non Ctenium aromaticum(Walter) Alph. Wood; Ctenium carolinianum Panz.; Cte-nium gangitum (L.) Druce; Cynodon monostachyos (P.Beauv.) Raspail; Monerma gangitis (L.) Roem. & Schult.;Monocera aromatica (Walter) Elliott; Nardus gangitis L.;Nardus scorpioides Lam.; Rottboellia scorpioides Poir. exSteud.; Triatherus aromaticus Raf.)

Northern America, U.S., Virginia, Florida. Flowers afterfire, see Species Plantarum 53. 1753, Flora Caroliniana,secundum … 249. 1788, Tableau Encyclopédique etMéthodique … Botanique 1: 152. 1791, Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 59. 1803, Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences,publié par la Société Philomatique de Paris 2: 189. 1810,Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 64, 157, 158, f. 1.1812, Journal de Botanique, rédigé par une société debotanistes 69. 1813 [J. Bot. Appl. (Desvaux)], A Sketch ofthe Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 1(2): 176. 1816,Systema Vegetabilium 2: 516, 800. 1817, American MonthlyMagazine and Critical Review 3: 99. 1818, Systema Vege-tabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 274. 1825, Annales desSciences Naturelles, Botanique 5: 303. 1825, Medical Flora2: 193. 1830, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1:272, 353. 1840, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2:474. 1841, Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienzedell’Istituto di Bologna 2: 602, pl. 43, f. a-c. 1850, A Class-book of Botany 806. 1861, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2:764. 1891, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 5(4): 45.1894 and Rhodora 8(95): 210. 1906, Botanical ExchangeClub of the British Isles. Report 3: 416. 1914.

in English: toothache grass

C. brachystachyum (Nees) Kunth (Campulosus brachy-stachyus Nees)

Brazil, Paraguay. Solitary racemes, lemmas awnless orshortly awned, see Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plan-tarum 2: 417-418. 1829, Enumeratio Plantarum OmniumHucusque Cognitarum 1: 275. 1833.

C. brevispicatum J.G. Smith (Campulosus brachystachyusTrin.; Ctenium trinii Ekman)

Brazil. Lemmas awned and ciliate on the margins, see Spe-cies Graminum 1828-1836, Botanical Gazette 21: 363.1896 and Arkiv för Botanik utgivet av K. Svenska Veten-skapsakademien 13(10): 45. 1913.

C. chapadense (Trin.) Döll (Campuloa chapadensis Trin.ex Döll; Campulosus chapadensis Trin.)

Brazil, Bahia. Perennial, wiry, erect, often fibrous at base,leaf blades linear and acuminate, straight or flexuousracemes 1-sided and terminal, spikelets in 2 rows, glabrousglumes conspicuously glandular on the nerves, see Carl B.

Trinius (1778-1844), Species Graminum iconibus etdescriptionibus … Petropoli [St. Petersburg] 1828-1836,Flora Brasiliensis 2(3): 73-74. 1878.

C. cirrosum (Nees) Kunth (Campulosus cirrosus Nees)

America. See Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum2: 416-417. 1829, Révision des Graminées 2: 445, t. 136.1831.

C. concinnum Nees (Ctenium concinnum var. indutumPilg.; Ctenium minus (Pilg.) Clayton)

South Africa. Perennial, densely tufted, unbranched, wiry,leaves mostly basal, leaf sheath usually round, basal sheathsnonfibrous, ligule a short membrane, hard leaves, inflores-cence a single unilateral spike sickle-shaped when youngand spirally twisted when mature, spikelets compressedlaterally, upper glume tubercled, straight awns, low grazingvalue, species of open habitats, open grassland, open bush-veld, poor dry sandy soils, on moist soils, similar to Cteniumsomalense (Chiov.) Chiov., see Florae Africae AustraliorisIllustrationes Monographicae 1: 237. 1841 and Notizblattdes Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem9(82): 118. 1924, Kew Bulletin 16: 473. 1963.

in English: sickle grass

in South Africa: sekelgras

C. elegans Kunth (Chloris elegans (Kunth) Roberty, nom.illeg., non Chloris elegans Kunth; Ctenium serpentinumSteud.)

Tropical Africa. Strongly aromatic, densely tufted, annual,wiry, low to medium grazing value, used for thatching andfor making baskets, found on dry sandy soils, see Révisiondes Graminées 1: 93. 1829, Révision des Graminées 2: 295,t. 59. 1830, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 202. 1854and H.J.R. Vanderyst (1860-1934), Étude de l’agrostologieagricole tropicale. Bas et Moyen-Congo Belge … Bruxelles1921, Revue de Botanique Appliquée et d’Agriculture Trop-icale 14(150): 128. 1934, Petite Flore de l’Ouest-Africain387. 1954.

in Guinea: enokolomb

in Guinea-Bissau: undáte

in Mali: samu saana, wolo kaman

in Niger: alakad, alakaka, bat kaarey, bata kwaré, bataré,buhirdi, chinaka, ikardan’allagh, kinaka, niél, niniét, shi-naka

in Nigeria: abori woroko, shinaka, sinaka, sinakaho, weewe,wicco dombru, wicco pallandi, wicco wanduho, wixxowandulho, wutsiyar beeraa, wutsiyar biri, wutsiyar kadan-gare, wutsiyar kuusuu

in Senegal: dikandapali, lab a koy, rev, rov, uluku, yagon

C. floridanum (Hitchc.) Hitchc. (Campulosus floridanusHitchc.)


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Ctenopsis De Notaris 537

America. See American Journal of Botany 2: 306. 1915,Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 41:162. 1928.

C. newtonii Hack. (Ctenium camposum A. Chev.; Cteniumnewtonii var. majusculum Pilg.; Ctenium newtonii var. pro-ductum Pilg.; Ctenium schweinfurthii Pilg.) (in honor ofFrancis[co] Xavier Oakley de Aguiar Newton, 1864-1909,British-born Portuguese plant collector in West Africa)

Tropical Africa. Perennial, tufted, wiry, aromatic, colonizer,aggressive, pioneer, low grazing value, used as a thatchinggrass, open bushland, stony areas, overgrazed fields, poorsoils, see Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana 5: 229. 1887and Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zuBerlin-Dahlem 9(82): 116. 1924, Revue de BotaniqueAppliquée et d’Agriculture Tropicale 14(150): 128. 1934,Adansonia 15(3): 388. 1975 [1976].

in Guinea: d’yubali bowal, dyubali bowal

in Mali: wolo kaman

in Nigeria: abori woroko, shinaka, sinaka, sinakaho, weewe,wicco dombru, wicco pallandi, wicco wanduho, wixxowandulho, wutsiyar beeraa, wutsiyar biri, wutsiyar kadan-gare, wutsiyar kuusuu

in Sierra Leone: fiwa, foni gboli, kerinkeralal, puisale,wolen

in Upper Volta: laasi dawaadi, lamzudu

C. nubicum De Not.

Nubia. See Index Seminum [Geneva] 25. 1852, Annuariodel Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma 7: 72. 1897 and NuovoGiornale Botanico Italiano n.s. 26: 82. 1919, Fl. Trop. E.Africa, Gramineae (Part 2): 324. 1974.

C. planifolium (J. Presl) Kunth (Campulosus planifolius J.Presl; Ctenium glandulosum Scribn. & J.G. Sm.)

America. See Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 287. 1830,Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 1:275. 1833, Botanical Gazette 21(6): 362. 1896.

C. plumosum (Hitchc.) Swallen (Campulosus plumosusHitchc.)

America, Mexico. See Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 17(3): 330. 1913, North AmericanFlora 17(8): 602. 1939.

C. polystachyum Balansa

Brazil and Paraguay. Lemmas awned and ciliate on themargins, see Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 32:244. 1885.

C. sesquiflorum Clayton

Guinea. See Kew Bulletin 14: 239-240. 1960.

C. somalense (Chiov.) Chiov. (Ctenium nubicum var. soma-lense Chiov.)

Ethiopia. Perennial, erect, tufted, slender, old leaf sheathsfibrous, open places, bushland, deciduous bushland, see

Index Seminum [Geneva] 25. 1852, Annuario del RealeIstituto Botanico di Roma 7: 72. 1897 and Nuovo GiornaleBotanico Italiano n.s. 26: 82. 1919, Fl. Trop. E. Africa,Gramineae (Part 2): 324. 1974.

Ctenopsis De Notaris = Ctenopsis Naudin (Cucurbitaceae), Vulpia Gmelin

Greek ktenos “a comb” and opsis “resemblance,” a comb-like inflorescence; imitating Ctenium.

About 4 species, Mediterranean, Western Asia. Pooideae,Poodae, Poeae, or Pooideae, Poeae, Loliinae, annual, cae-spitose, herbaceous, auricles absent, ligule an unfringedmembrane, plants bisexual, inflorescence racemose or pan-iculate, spikelets pectinate compressed laterally, 2 unequalglumes, lower glume 0-nerved, upper glume 3-nerved, lem-mas papery, palea present, 2 lodicules free and membra-nous, 3 stamens, ovary glabrous, stigmas 2, species of openhabitats, often referred to Vulpia, type Ctenopsis pectinella(Delile) De Not., see Species Plantarum 1: 73-76. 1753,Flora Badensis Alsatica 1: 8. 1805, Index Sem. Hort. Genu-ensis 26. 1847, Prodromus Florae Hispanicae 1: 90. 1861,Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 5, 6: 12-13. 1866 and Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle del’Afrique du Nord 16: 100-102. 1925, Verhandlungen desBotanischen Vereins für die Provinz Brandenburg und dieangrenzenden Länder 76: 29. 1936, Anales del InstitutoBotánico A. J. Cavanilles 21: 365. 1963, Botaniska Notiser130(2): 186. 1977, Nordic Journal of Botany 1(1): 20, 24.1981, Watsonia 15: 38-39. 1984, Taxon 33: 351-354. 1984,Watsonia 16: 300. 1987, International Organization ofPlant Biosystematists Newsletter 13: 16. 1989, Boletim daSociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 64: 35-74. 1991, FloraMesoamericana 6: 228. 1994, Bothalia 27: 75-82. 1997,Flora Mediterranea 8: 307-313. 1998, Bothalia 29(2): 335-341. 1999, Systematic Botany 27(2): 241-251. 2002, Con-tributions from the United States National Herbarium 48:690-694. 2003.

Species

C. cynosuroides (Desf.) Paunero ex Romero Garcia (Fes-tuca cynosuroides Desf.; Narduretia cynosuroides (Desf.)Villar)

Mediterranean. See Flora Atlantica 1: 88, t. 12. 1798 andBulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Afrique duNord 16: 100-101. 1925, Lagascalia 18(2): 321. 1996.

C. gypsophila (Hack.) Paunero (Festuca gypsophila Hack.)

Mediterranean. See Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift27: 47. 1877 and Anales del Instituto Botánico A. J.Cavanilles 21: 368. 1963.

C. patens (Boiss.) Melderis (Vulpia patens Boiss.)

Europe. See Arkiv för Botanik, Andra Serien 2: 297. 1952.


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538 Curtopogon P. Beauv.

C. pectinella (Delile) De Not. (Festuca pectinella Delile;Vulpia pectinella (Delile) Boiss.)

Europe. See Flora Orientalis 5: 631. 1884.

Curtopogon P. Beauv. = Aristida L.

From the Greek kyrtos “curved, swelling, bent, hunch-backed” and pogon “beard.”

Arundinoideae, Aristideae, or Aristidoideae, Aristideae,type Curtopogon dichotomus (Michx.) P. Beauv., seeSpecies Plantarum 1: 82. 1753, Flora Boreali-Americana1: 41. 1803, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 32,159, t. 8, f. 7. 1812, Species Graminum Stipaceorum 101.1842 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22(7): 529. 1924, Meded.Rijks.-Herb. 54: 9. 1926, Kurtziana 1: 123-206. 1961, FloraMesoamericana 6: 253-257. 1994, Flora del Valle deTehuacán-Cuicatlán 3: 1-35. 1994, Flora of Ethiopia andEritrea 7: 76-85. 1995, Grassland of China 1995(1): 16-20. 1995, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82: 593-595. 1995, Candollea 53(2): 466-470. 1998, Bot. Rev. 64:1-85. 1998, Boletim do Instituto de Botânica (São Paulo)12: 113-179. 1999, Acta Botánica Mexicana 63: 1-45. 2003,Contributions from the United States National Herbarium46: 69-104, 166. 2003.

Cutandia Willk. = Catapodium Link, Desmazeria Dumort., Scleropoa Griseb.

For the Spanish botanist Vicente Cutanda, 1804-1866, pro-fessor of botany (Madrid); see J.H. Barnhart, Biographicalnotes upon botanists. 1: 407. 1965; M. Colmeiro y Penido,La Botánica y los Botánicos de la Peninsula Hispano-Lusi-tana. Madrid 1858.

About 6 species, Middle East, Mediterranean. Pooideae,Poeae, Ammochloinae, or Pooideae, Poodae, Poeae, annual,hollow, branched, nodes glabrous, auricles absent, narrowlinear leaf blades, ligule an unfringed membrane, plantsbisexual, open inflorescence paniculate with divergentbranches, panicle sparse, spikelets several-flowered, 2glumes very unequal or subequal, lower glume 1- to 3-nerved, upper glume 1-5 nerved, 3 nerved lemma, paleapresent, 2 free and ciliate lodicules, 3 stamens, ovary gla-brous, 2 stigmas, native pasture species, open habitats,coastal, maritime, stony hillsides, sandy places, type Cutan-dia scleropoides Willk., see Species Plantarum 1: 73-76,85-87. 1753, Novi Commentarii Academiae ScientiarumImperalis Petropolitanae 14(1): 539. 1770, Essai d’uneNouvelle Agrostographie 100, 15, pl. 19, f. 35. 1812, Com-mentationes Botanicae 26-27. 1822, Hortus Regius Botan-icus Berolinensis 1: 44, 145, 280. 1827, Spicilegium floraerumelicae et bithynicae … 2: 431. 1846, Botanische Zei-tung. Berlin 18: 130. 1860, Flore d’Alger 236-237. 1895,Catalogue Raisonnè des Plantes Vasculaires de la Tunisie482. 1896 and Flore de France 14: 290. 1913, Annales du

Service Botanique (et Agronomique) de la DirectionGénérale de l’Agriculture Tunisie. 4(2): 68. 1927, Ind. Hort.Budapest 1934: 95. 1935, Verhandlungen des BotanischenVereins für die Provinz Brandenburg und die angrenzendenLänder 76: 31. 1936, C.A. Stace, “Notes on Cutandia andrelated genera.” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society76: 350-352. 1978, Taxon 33: 351-354. 1984, Bot. J. Linn.Society 91: 441. 1985, Annali di Botanica 45: 75-102. 1987,Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 61: 281-304. 1988,International Organization of Plant Biosystematists News-letter 13: 16. 1989, Lagascalia 20(2): 265-275. 1998, A.R.Dyer, D.E. Goldberg, R. Turkington and C. Sayre, Contri-butions from the United States National Herbarium 48: 230,241, 256, 609. 2003, Magdy I. El-Bana, Ivan Nijs andAbdel-Hamid A. Khedr, “Effects of growing conditions andsource habitat on plant traits and functional group defini-tion.” Functional Ecology 15(1): 85-95. Feb 2001, “Theimportance of phytogenic mounds (Nebkhas) for restorationof arid degraded rangelands in Northern Sinai.” RestorationEcology 11(3): 317-324. Sep 2003, Hagit Shilo-Volin et al.,“Density regulation in annual plant communities under vari-able resource levels.” Oikos 108(2): 241-252. Feb 2005.

Species

C. maritima (L.) Barbey (Agropyron maritimum (L.) P.Beauv.; Brachypodium maritimum (L.) Roem. & Schult.;Cutandia maritima (L.) Richter; Festuca maritima (L.)Lam. ex DC., nom. illeg., non Festuca maritima L.; Scle-ropoa maritima (L.) Parl.; Triticum maritimum L.)

Europe. See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 128. 1762,Flore Françoise 3: 47. 1805, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agro-stographie 102, 146, 180. 1812, Systema Vegetabilium 2:743. 1817, Flora italiana, ossia descrizione delle piante …1: 468. 1848[1850], William Barbey (1842-1914), FloraeSardoae Compendium 190. Lausanne 1884 [1885], PlantaeEuropeae 1: 78. 1890.

C. memphitica (Spreng.) K. Richt. (Cutandia dichotomavar. memphitica (Spreng.) Maire & Weiller; Cutandia mem-phitica (Sprengel) Benth.; Cutandia scleropoides Willk.;Dactylis memphitica Spreng.; Festuca caspica (K. Koch)Steud.; Festuca divaricata var. memphitica (Spreng.) Coss.& Durieu; Festuca memphitica (Spreng.) Boiss. ex Coss.;Scleropoa caspica K. Koch; Scleropoa memphitica(Spreng.) Parl.)

Europe. Native pasture species, see Flora Atlantica 1: 89,t. 22. 1798, Der Botanische Garten der Universität zuHalle, Erster Nachtrag 1: 20. 1801, Linnaea 21: 409. 1848,Flora italiana, ossia descrizione delle piante … 1: 470.1848[1850], Notes sur Quelques Plantes Critiques, Rares,ou Nouvelles, … 183. 1851, Synopsis Plantarum Glu-macearum 1: 303. 1854, Exploration Scientifique de l’Algé-rie 2: 184. 1855, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 18: 130. 1860,Plantae Europeae 1: 77. 1890, Flore d’Alger 237. 1895 andFlore de l’Afrique du Nord: 3: 38. 1955, Publications fromthe Cairo University Herbarium 5: 51. 1972[1974].


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Cuviera Koeler 539

Cuviera Koeler = Cuviera DC. (Rubiaceae), Hordelymus (Jess.) Jess. ex Harz, Hordelymus (Jessen) Harz

After the French (born Württemberg, Montbéliard) natural-ist Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert baronCuvier, 1769-1832 (Paris, France), zoologist, palaeontolo-gist, comparative anatomist, studied under Karl FriedrichKielmeyer (1765-1844) at the Caroline University,(former/once) friend of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire(1772-1844) and Lamarck, from 1795 assistant professorof animal anatomy at the Muséum (Paris), in 1796 a mem-ber of the Institut de France, from 1800 professor at theCollège de France, in 1818 member of the AcadémieFrançaise, his works include Notice biographique sur Bru-guières, etc. [Rapport général des travaux de la SociétéPhilomatique de Paris] [1799], Voyages dans l’Amériqueméridionale, par F. de Azara … enrichis de notes par G.Cuvier. Paris 1809 and The Animal Kingdom. London 1827-1835, with Achille Valenciennes wrote Histoire naturelledes Poissons. Paris 1828-1849, with A. Brongniart wroteDescription Géologique des environs de Paris. Paris 1822,he was the brother of the French zoologist Frédéric Cuvier(1773-1838, d. Strasbourg, France). See Georges LouisDuvernoy (1777-1855), Notice historique sur les Ouvrageset la Vie de M. le Baron Cuvier. Paris 1833; G. Cuvier’sBriefe an C.H. Pfaff aus den Jahren 1788 bis 1792 …Herausgegeben von … W.F.G. Behn. Kiel 1845; FranckBourdier, in D.S.B. 3: 520-528. 1981; J.H. Barnhart, Bio-graphical notes upon botanists. 1: 408. 1965; Felix de Azara(1742-1821), Viaje por la America meridional. La descrip-cion geografica … del Paraguay … los pueblos salvajes …medios de los Jesuitas para someter … Pub. por C.A.Wal-ckenaer. Madrid 1941.

Pooideae, Triticodae, Triticeae, type Cuviera europaea (L.)Koeler, see Species Plantarum 1: 84-85. 1753, Annales dumuséum national d’histoire naturelle 9: 222. 1807, Descrip-tio Graminum in Gallia et Germania 1802, Observationssur les Graminées de la Flore Belgique 92. 1823 [1824],Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 233. 1841, Deut-schlands Gräser und Getreidearten … 202. 1863, Bulletinde la Société Botanique de Belgique 7: 66. 1868, GeneraPlantarum 3(2): 1206. 1883, Landwirthschatfliche Samen-kunde 2: 1147. 1885 and Archives de Biologie Végétale Pureet Appliquée 1: 18, 38. 1901, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Len-ingrad) 35: 191. 1950, New Publications of the U.S. Geo-logical Survey 17(1-2): 120. 1971 [1972], Flora RepubliciiSocialiste Romania 12: 583. 1973, Giornale Botanico Ital-iano 111(1-2): 58. 1977, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia,Series Botanica 27: 57-74. 1985, Taxon 49(2): 250. 2000.

Cyathopus Stapf

From the Greek kyathos “cup, ladle” and pous “foot,” refer-ring to the stoloniferous culm or to the cupular pedicel tips.

One species, Sikkim, eastern Himalayas. Aveneae, peren-nial, erect and leafy, ascending, tufted, herbaceous, slender,scabrid or glabrous, terete, branched, leaf blades narrowand scabrid, leaf sheaths glabrous, ligule elongate, plantsbisexual, inflorescence paniculate and lax, open panicle,spikelets borne on the slender branches of decompoundpanicle, floret 1, 2 glumes subequal and 3-nerved, lemmamembranous and awnless, palea 2-keeled, 2 free lodicules,3 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas, shade species, inwoods, valleys, type Cyathopus sikkimensis Stapf, seeHooker’s Icones Plantarum t. 2395. 1895, Fl. British India7: 240. 1897 and Grasses of Burma … 565. 1960.

Species

C. sikkimensis Stapf

North Sikkim. Stout culms, erect, creeping, stoloniferous,leaf blades oblong and acute to finely acuminate, panicleeffuse, spikelets glabrous at base, glumes beaked.

Cyathorhachis Nees ex Steud. = Cyathorhachis Steud., Polytoca R. Br.

From the Greek kyathos “cup, ladle” and rhachis “rachis,axis, midrib of a leaf.”

Andropogoneae, type Cyathorhachis wallichiana Nees exSteud., see John Joseph Bennett (1801-1876) and RobertBrown, Plantae Javanicae rariores. 15, 18, 20, f. 5. London(July) 1838, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 403.1854 [1855] and Meded. Rijks-Herb. 67: 9. 1931, Blumea47(3): 545-580. 2002 [Revision of Chionachninae(Gramineae: Andropogoneae)].

Cyclichnium Dulac = Gaudinia P. Beauv.

From kylichnion, the diminutive of the Greek kylichne “asmall cup.”

Pooideae, Poodae, Aveneae, or Pooideae, Poeae, Aveninae,see Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 95, 153, 164, t.19,5. 1812, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 1: 151.1827, Conspectus Regni Vegetabilis 54. 1828, Flore duDépartement des Hautes-Pyrénées 68. 1867 and Acta Uni-versitatis Lundensis 36(1): 27. 1900, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb.24: 192. 1925, Flora de la Provincia de Buenos Aires 4(2):39. 1970, Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 48: 241, 370. 2003.

Cyclostachya J.R. Reeder & C.G. Reeder = Bouteloua Lag.

From the Greek kyklos “circle, round” and stachys “a spike,”referring to the inflorescences, to the mature racemes.


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540 Cycloteria Stapf

One species, Mexico. Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Boute-louinae, perennial, herbaceous, stoloniferous, caespitose,solid, auricles absent, leaf blades narrow linear, ligule mem-branous, plants dioecious, inflorescence exserted fromsheath, hermaphrodite florets lacking, single pectinateraceme, 1 fertile floret, female spikelets dorsally com-pressed, male inflorescence deciduous, 2 narrow glumesunequal and dissimilar, lower glume 1-nerved. upper glume2- to 3-nerved, lemma 3-awned, palea present, 2 free andfleshy lodicules, no stamens, 3 staminodes, ovary glabrous,2 stigmas, open habitats, dry areas, type Cyclostachyastolonifera (Scribn.) Reeder & C. Reeder, see Variedadesde Ciencias, Literatura y Artes 2(4,21): 134, 141. 1805,Gen. Sp. Nov. 5. 1816 and Bulletin of the Torrey BotanicalClub 90: 195-196. 1963, Contributions from the UnitedStates National Herbarium 41: 20-33, 58-59. 2001.

SpeciesC. stolonifera (Scribn.) Reeder & Reeder (Atheropogonstolonifer E. Fourn.; Bouteloua reederorum Columbus;Bouteloua stolonifera Scribn.)

Mexico. Good forage, see Mexicanas Plantas 2: 140. 1886,Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-delphia 43(2): 302. 1891 and Aliso 18(1): 63. 1999.

in Mexico: zacate rueda

Cycloteria Stapf = Coelorachis Brongn.

From Greek kyklos “circle, round” and teres, retis (tero)“rounded off, smoothed, shapely,” kykloteres “made roundby turning,” or possibly from the Greek theros “summer,summer-fruits,” thero “heat, warm,” Greek teiro, teirein“distress, weaken,” or Latin tero, -is, trivi, tritum, terere “togrind, to wear away, to waste.”

Panicoideae, Andropogonodae, Andropogoneae, Rottboel-liinae, see Voyage Autour du Monde 2: 64, f. 14. 1829 [1831]and Otto Stapf (1857-1933), Index Londinensis to illustra-tions of flowering plants, ferns and fern allies … /preparedunder the auspices of the Royal Society of London at theRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Oxford: Clarendon Press1929-1931, Kew Bulletin 24: 309-314. 1970, Blumea 31:291, 293. 1986, Flora of the Guianas. Series A, Phanero-gams 8: 143-146. 1990, Journal of Cytology and Genetics25: 140-143. 1990, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gar-den 81(4): 775-783. 1994, Journal of Cytology and Genetics29(2): 125-131. 1994, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 396-397.1994, Contributions from the United States National Her-barium 46: 161-162, 295-296. 2003.

Cylindropyrum (Jaub. & Spach) Á. Löve = Aegilops L.

From the Greek kylindros “a cylinder” and pyros “grain,wheat.”

Pooideae, Triticeae, Triticinae, see Species Plantarum 2:1050-1051. 1753, Icones et Descriptiones Graminum Aus-triacorum 2: 6, t. 7. 1802, Illustrationes Plantarum Orien-talium 4: 12. 1851 and Repertorium Specierum NovarumRegni Vegetabilis Beih. 55: 84, 90, 103, 117. 1929, Blumea,Supplement 3: 15, 17. 1946, Grasses of Burma … 653-655.1960, Feddes Repert. 91: 225-228, 233-234, 236. 1980,Biologisches Zentralblatt 101(2): 206-208. 1982, FeddesRepert. 95(7-8): 493, 495, 500. 1984, Taxon 41: 552-583.1992, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 94-7: 1-512. 1994,Taxon 44: 611-612. 1995, Flora de Veracruz 114: 1-16.2000, Contributions from the United States National Her-barium 48: 20-23, 241. 2003.

Cymatochloa Schltdl. = Paspalum L.

From the Greek kyma, kymatos “anything swollen” andchloe, chloa “grass, young grass.”

Panicoideae, Paniceae, Paspalinae, type Cymatochloa flu-itans (Elliott) Schltdl., see Systema Naturae, Editio Decima846, 855, 1359. 1759, Acta Helvetica, Physico-Mathemat-ico-Anatomico-Botanico-Medica 7: 129, t. 7. 1762 [1772],A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 1(2):109, pl. 6. f. 4. 1816, Flora Brasiliensis seu EnumeratioPlantarum 2: 77. 1829, Species Graminum 3: t. 271. 1829-1830, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Mis-cellany 2: 103. 1850, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 12(47):817, 821-822. 1854, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 19(44):326. 1861, Flora Brasiliensis 2(2): 98. 1877, Genera Plan-tarum 3(2): 1097-1098. 1883 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb.12: 116. 1908, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 24(8): 435. 1927, RepertoriumSpecierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 26(7-15): 229. 1929,Contributions from the United States National Herbarium46: 166-167, 443-527. 2003.

Cymbachne Retz.

From the Greek kymbe “boat” and achne “chaff, glume,”an allusion to the shape of flowers and spikes, see Obser-vationes Botanicae 6: 36. Jul-Nov 1791 and Genera Grami-num 376. 1999, Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium 46: 167. 2003.

Cymbanthelia Andersson = Cymbopogon Sprengel

From the Greek kymbe “boat” and anthele “a type of inflo-rescence, a little flower.”

Panicoideae, Andropogonodae, Andropogoneae, Andro-pogoninae, see Plantarum Minus Cognitarum Pugillus 2:14-15. 1815, Nova Acta Regiae Societatis ScientiarumUpsaliensis ser. 3, 2: 254. 1856 and Bot. Porto Rico 1: 27.


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Cymbopogon Sprengel 541

1923, Contributions from the United States National Her-barium 46: 167-169. 2003.

Cymbopogon Sprengel = Cymbanthelia Andersson, Gymnanthelia Schweinf., Gymnanthelia Andersson

From the Greek kymbe “a boat” and pogon “a beard,” refer-ring to the many-awned spikelets and boat-shaped spathesor to the glumes; see Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel,Plantarum Minus Cognitarum Pugillus. 2: 14. 1815.

About 40/55(-60) species, Old World tropics and subtropics.Panicoideae, Andropogonodae, Andropogoneae, Andro-pogoninae, perennial or rarely annual, robust, tussocky, tall,aromatic, herbaceous, densely tufted, unbranched, inter-nodes solid, auricles absent, ligule membranous and fringedor not or scarious, leaves linear to lanceolate, plants bisex-ual, inflorescences spatheate and spatheolate, large paniclescompound and multibranched, racemes short and longpeduncled, at the tip of each branch 2 small racemes,racemes paired and enclosed in a reddish spatheole, spike-lets paired and dissimilar, sessile spikelet dorsally com-pressed and pedicelled spikelet never concave on the back,sessile spikelets awned and with 1 fertile floret above asterile floret, 2 glumes more or less equal, lower glume flator concave and laterally 2-keeled, upper lemma 2-lobed orbifid pedicellate spikelets awnless and sterile, palea absent,2 lodicules free and fleshy, 3 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2stigmas, usually grazed when young, several species pro-vide seed for small birds, ornamental for foliage and forthe inflorescences, under certain conditions several speciescould develop toxic properties, aromatic oils used in med-icine and as flavouring agents, highly flammable, diverseuses in food, in perfumery and pharmaceutical industry andas a natural precursor of semisynthetic vitamin A, essentialoils from different species of the genus Cymbopogon areknown for their antimicrobial activity, may be harmful ifingested in quantity, populations occurring in the wild har-bor considerable genetic variation, a difficult genus, resem-bles Andropogon L., drought-resistant, occurs frommountains and grasslands to arid zones, dry soils, savannah,rainforest, open habitats, type Cymbopogon schoenanthus(L.) Spreng., see Species Plantarum 2: 1045. 1753, Cata-logus plantarum horti botanici monspeliensis 78. 1813,Plantarum Minus Cognitarum Pugillus 2: 14-15. 1815,Allgemeine Gartenzeitung 3: 267. Berlin 1835, Florae Afri-cae Australioris Illustrationes Monographicae 109. 1841,Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 383. 1855 [1854],Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis ser.3, 2: 254. 1856, Beitr. Flora Aethiopiens 229. 1867 andBulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1906: 322, 350-351, 357. 1906, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 890-916.1953 and 52: 149-183. 1954, Cytologia 19: 97-103. 1954,Folia Primatologica 15: 1-35. 1971, S. Soenarko, “The

genus Cymbopogon Sprengel (Gramineae).” Reinwardtia9(3): 225-375. 1977, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 15:51-57. 1980, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 20: 205-206. 1985, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 21: 21-34.1986, Cytologia 53: 517-524. 1988, Annals of the MissouriBotanical Garden 75: 866-873. 1988, Journal of Cytologyand Genetics 25: 140-143. 1990, Flora Mesoamericana 6:390-391. 1994, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 241-246. 1994, Cymbopogon: The Aromatic Grass. Mono-graph/edited by Sushil Kumar, Samresh Dwivedi, A.K.Kukreja, J.R. Sharma and G.D. Bagchi. Lucknow, CentralInstitute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants 2000, Liliana M.Giussani, J. Hugo Cota-Sánchez, Fernando O. Zuloaga andElizabeth A. Kellogg, “A molecular phylogeny of the grasssubfamily Panicoideae (Poaceae) shows multiple origins ofC4 photosynthesis.” Am. J. Bot. 88: 1993-2012. 2001, Con-tributions from the United States National Herbarium 46:167-169, 243. 2003, Weed Biology and Management 4(1):19-23. Mar 2004, Journal of Applied Ecology 41(2): 224-237. Apr 2004, E.K. Kakudidi, “Cultural and social uses ofplants from and around Kibale National Park, WesternUganda.” African Journal of Ecology 42(s1): 114-118. Aug2004, Helicobacter 9(s1): 42-48, Aug 2004, African Journalof Ecology 42(3): 237-238. Sep 2004, Letters in AppliedMicrobiology 39(5): 395-400. Nov 2004, Weed Biology andManagement 4(4): 239-248. Dec 2004, Medical and Veter-inary Entomology 18(4): 449-452. Dec 2004, Journal ofApplied Microbiology 97(6): 1289-1296. Dec 2004, Eco-logical Management and Restoration 6(1): 43-50. Apr2005, International Journal of Food Science and Technol-ogy 40(1): 97-103. Jan 2005, Austral. Ecology 30(4): 445-464. June 2005.

Species

C. spp.

in English: lemon grasses

C. ambiguus A. Camus (Andropogon ambiguus Steudel,nom. illeg., non Andropogon ambiguus Michx.; Cymbo-pogon ambiguus (Steudel) A. Camus; Cymbopogon exalta-tus sensu J. Black, non (R. Br.) Domin; Cymbopogonexaltatus var. ambiguus (A. Camus) Domin)

South Australia, Western Australia, Queensland, New SouthWales, Northern Territory. Perennial, slender, tufted, lemon-scented, caespitose, forming erect and leafy tussocks, leavesbluish green or sometimes reddish, sheath glabrous, stemserect or arching, densely villous racemes paired and moreor less erect, very narrow panicles, sheathing bract, spikeletsblue-green and very hairy or densely silky-villous, awnslender, not usually grazed, rarely eaten by stock, moder-ately palatable to rabbits, handsome and very attractive,drought resistant, revegetation, used by the Australianaborigines for analgesic purposes, the fresh grass is crushedbetween the hands and the scent inhaled to relieve conges-tion, the whole plant dried used as a liniment for scabies,


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542 Cymbopogon Sprengel

sores, cramp and sore heads, growing on rocky hills, shal-low rocky soils, exposed granite and on roadsides whichhave shallow loam or clayey soils, also along creek banksin stony uplands, often near water courses, see Flora Bore-ali-Americana 1: 58. 1803, Synopsis Plantarum Glu-macearum 1: 385. 1854 and Bibliotheca Botanica 85: 273.1915, Revue de Botanique Appliquée & d’Agriculture Colo-niale 1: 290. 1921.

in English: scented grass, lemon scented grass, scentedoilgrass, scent grass, lemon grass

C. bombycinus (R. Br.) Domin (Andropogon bombycinusR. Br.; Andropogon exaltatus var. lanatus (R. Br.) Hack.;Andropogon lanatus R. Br.; Andropogon procerus var.schultzii Hack.; Cymbopogon bombycinus (R. Br.) A.Camus, nom. illeg., non Cymbopogon bombycinus (R. Br.)Domin; Sorghum bombycinum (R. Br.) Kuntze) (referringto the silky hairs of the spikelets, Greek bombyx, bombykos“silk, silk-worm, silk garment,” Latin bombyx, bycis “silk-worm, silk, any fine fiber”)

Western Australia, Queensland, Northern Territory. Peren-nial, erect, tufted, tough, forming erect and rigid tussocks,stems slender and rigid, leaves narrow and rigid, woollyspikelets with long silky hairs, ornamental and attractive,an increaser species, sandy or stony soils, along streambanks, alluvial flats, see Prodromus Florae Novae Hollan-diae 202. 1810, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 595-596. 1889, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 791. 1891 andBibliotheca Botanica 85: 274. 1915, Revue de BotaniqueAppliquée & d’Agriculture Coloniale 1: 290. 1921.

in English: citronella grass, silky oilgrass

C. caesius (Nees) Stapf (Andropogon caesius Nees exHook. & Arn.; Andropogon connatus Hochst. ex A. Rich.;Andropogon excavatus Hochst.; Andropogon schoenanthusL.; Andropogon schoenanthus subsp. schoenanthus var.caesius (Nees) Hackel; Andropogon schoenanthus var. cae-sius (Nees ex Hook. & Arn.) Hack.; Andropogon schoen-anthus var. caesius (Nees ex Hook. & Arn.) Rangachariar,nom. illeg., non Andropogon schoenanthus var. caesius(Nees ex Hook. & Arn.) Hack.; Andropogon schoenanthusvar. gracillimus Hook.f.; Cymbopogon caesius (Nees exHook. & Arn.) Stapf; Cymbopogon caesius (Hook. & Arn.)Stapf; Cymbopogon connatus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Chiov.;Cymbopogon connatus var. muticus Chiov.; Cymbopogonexcavatus (Hochst.) Stapf; Cymbopogon excavatus(Hochst.) Stapf ex Burtt Davy; Cymbopogon schoenanthus(L.) Spreng.; Trachypogon schoenanthus (L.) Nees) (Latincaesius “bluish gray”)

Eastern Africa, Somalia, southern India, Sri Lanka, SouthAfrica, Namibia, Swaziland. Perennial, straggling, tufted ordensely tufted or loosely tufted, tussocky, usuallyunbranched, wiry, erect, knotted woody rhizome, lower por-tions of the stem not covered with leaf sheaths, narrow leafblade widest at the base, leaf sheath rounded and smooth,

ligule a short and rounded membrane, basal leaf sheathsglabrous, linear leaves blue-green and waxy, thick inflores-cence, erect false panicle narrow to narrowly oblong, eachpair of spike-like racemes partially enclosed by a spathe,spikelets paired, 1 spikelet sessile and with a twisted awn,pedicelled spikelet narrowly lanceolate, sessile raceme withlowest pedicel swollen, panicle remains yellow-green atmaturity, a weed, low grazing value, poorly utilized, lowpalatable and hard, only eaten when very young, very unpal-atable because of its bitter leaves and peppery scent, strongturpentine smell, sour by nature, eaten by goats in Tanzania,used for thatching roofs, found in most veld types, dampground, open areas, fixed dunes, shrubby vegetation, allu-vial plains, on red loamy sand, near the coast, steep rockyhillsides, stony soil, open grassy plain, upland hillsides,overgrazed veld, field borders, cliffs, closely related to Cym-bopogon martinii (Roxb.) J.F. Watson and Cymbopogonpospischilii (K. Schum.) C.E. Hubbard, see Species Plan-tarum 2: 1046. 1753, The Botany of Captain Beechey’sVoyage 244. 1838, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 2: 464.1850, Gaz. N.W. Prov. Ind. 392. 1882, MonographiaePhanerogamarum 6: 610. 1889, The Flora of British India7(21): 205. 1897 [1896] and Bulletin of MiscellaneousInformation Kew 1906(8): 360-361. 1906, Grasses ofBurma … 125. 1960, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 19:15-20. 1984, Pakistan Journal of Botany 17: 309-310. 1985,Cell and Chromosome Research 15(3): 16. 1992.

in English: broad-leaved turpentine grass, kachi grass, inchigrass, buchu grass, turpentine grass, common turpentinegrass, eau-de-Cologne grass, ginger grass, lemon-scentedgrass, lemon grass

in Arabic: m’hâh

in India: adavi nimma gaddi, anji hullu, kaamaanchi hullu,kaasi gaddi, kaasi hullu, kharadaa kaasi hullu, mandappullu,muchival pullu, naati laamancha, kaamaakshi pullu

in Vietnam: co dit, co thui

in Namibia: Heng’ge (Vasekele)

in Somalia: sandul, sandool

in East Africa: ang’we

in Rodrigues Island: citronelle, citronelle marron

in Southern Africa: boegoegras, buchugras, lemoengras,stinkgras, suurgras, suurpol, gewone terpentyngras, terpen-tyngras, breëblaarterpentyngras, breitblättriges pfeffergras,koperdraadgras; imbubu (Zulu); mkakama, umqungu(Tswana); patiane (Sotho)

in southern Rhodesia: mWaa

C. calciphilus Bor

Thailand. Indeteminate species, see Dansk Botanisk Arkiv23: 157. 1965.

in Thailand: ya kho daeng


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C. cambogiensis (Balansa) E.G. Camus & A. Camus(Andropogon cambogiensis Balansa; Cymbopogon siamen-sis Bor)

Southeast Asia, Thailand. See Journal de Botanique, rédigépar une société de botanistes 4: 114. 1890 [Journal deBotanique (Morot)] and Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 7:351. 1922, Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 23: 158. 1965.

in Thailand: yaa frik fran, yaa phrik phraan, ya phrik phran

C. citratus (DC.) Stapf (Andropogon ceriferus Hack.;Andropogon citratus DC.; Andropogon citratus DC. exNees; Andropogon citriodorum hort. ex Desf.; Andropogonnardus subsp. ceriferus (Hack.) Hack.; Andropogon rox-burghii Nees ex Steud.; Andropogon schoenanthus L.; Cym-bopogon citratus (DC. ex Nees) Stapf; Cymbopogoncitratus (Nees) Stapf; Cymbopogon nardus subvar. citratus(DC.) Roberty)

Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, South India, Nepal. Perennialbunchgrass strongly lemon-scented, blue green, canelikestems slender to robust, densely clumped, bushy, tall, veryleafy, short oblique rhizome, leaves sheathing, ligule afringed membrane, sheaths slightly flattened and more orless waxy, leaves narrowed at the base or tapered to bothends, nodding inflorescence, rachis nodes and pedicels cil-iate, lax false panicles, spathe bracts linear-lanceolate,sessile spikelet bearing 2 florets, paired and dissimilarspikelets, sessile spikelet linear-lanceolate and awnless orwith a twisted awn, raceme with lowest pedicel not swollen,lower glume of sessile spikelet concave or flat, lower floretreduced to an empty lemma, upper floret hermaphrodite andawnless, pedicelled spikelet elliptic-oblong, palea mostlyabsent, 2 lodicules, 3 stamens, plumose stigmas, propaga-tion is by root or plant division, plants rarely flower or setseed, essential oils, culinary herb, stem and leaves are usedfor cooking, the lemon-scented foliage used as a flavouringand a masking fragrance, used in herbal teas and in thepreparation of a highly spiced sherbet, scent for soaps andcreams, reported to have antimicrobial activity, considereda carminative and insect repellent, used against coughing,muscular aches and pains, insufficient milk in breast feedingmothers, headaches, oil acts as a central nervous systemdepressant, lemongrass oil is obtained by steam distillationof partially wilted leaves, commonly cultivated and wild,grows well in sandy soils with adequate drainage, semi-deserts, savannah, in clearings, sunny warm and humidconditions, see Species Plantarum 2: 1046. 1753, Catalogusplantarum horti botanici monspeliensis 78. Montpellier,Paris, Strasbourg 1813, Tableau de l’École de Botanique15. 1815, Allgemeine Gartenzeitung 3: 267. 1835, SynopsisPlantarum Glumacearum 1: 395. 1854, Flora Brasiliensis2(4): 281. 1883, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 605.1889, Catalogue of the African Plants Collected by Dr. F.Welwitsch in 1853-61 2(1): 155. 1899 and Handb. Fl. Cey-lon 5: 243. 1900, Bulletin of Miscellaneous InformationKew 1906: 322, 357. 1906 [also Kew Bulletin], Handb. Fl.

Ceylon 6: 335. 1931, Grasses of Ceylon 193. 1956, Grassesof Burma … 126. 1960, Boissiera. Mémoires du Conserva-toire de Botanique et de l’Institut de Botanique Systéma-tique de l’Université de Genève 9: 174. 1960, Taxon 49(2):246. 2000.

in English: camel grass, lemon grass, true lemon grass,melissa grass, rosha grass, sweet rush, ginger grass, fevergrass, West Indian lemon grass, West Indian lemon, cit-ronella, citronella grass, mulch grass

in French: citronnelle, herbe citron, verveine des Indes,fausse citronelle

in Angola: belgata, chá de gabão, chá de príncipes, matitiiti

in Benin: tiwouroussou, oussofoussouhou

in Cameroon: bealibe ti, bejaba ti, beyebe ti, hundè, ti

in Gambia: kanyang yallo

in Guinea: idel tegag, walel waregag

in Guinea-Bissau: belgata

in Morocco: sitronil

in Nigeria: achara ehi, akwukwo, eti, ikon eti, isoko, kookooba, koriko oba, koriko oyinbo, myoyaka makara, oko oba,tsauri

in Sierra Leone: anwoapotho, bichineyo, bichinyeyo, lemongras, pei-poto, popana, pu-lumbe, pudumbi, pulumbi, ti

in Yoruba: koriko oba, koriko oyinbo, kooko oba, oko oba,tii, eti, isoko

in Pacific: moengalo

in Burma (Myanmar): sabalin

in Cambodia: sacrey, slek krey sabou

in China: iang mao, hsiang mao ts’ao

in India: abichhathraka, agia ghas, agin ghas, aginghas,agya-ghans-tail, akya-ghas-ka-aitr, athigandha, badhira,badhiradhvanibodhana, bhoostrhina, bhoothika, bhor, bhu-strina, bhuthina, bohr, chaa hullu, chae Kashmiri,chaathappu, chaayapuu, chayapul, chhathra, chippa-gaddi-nune, chippagaddi, choakappullu, devajagdhaka-tailam,gandha bela, gandha-bena, gandhabena, gandhatrana,gandhathrina, gandhatrina, gavathichahaa, gavatichaha,gochhalaka, guchhala, guhyabeeja, gundardha, haree chaha,hazar-masaleh-ka-aatar, hirua cha, hirvacha, jambukapriya,karenduka, karpoora pullu, karpoorpul, karpura-pullu-yen-ney, khawi, kutimbaka, lili cha, lilicha, lilli-chaya-tel,majjige hullu, malathrinaka, mikkotiu, mirchia gand, nimbehullu, nimma-gaddi-nune, nimmagaddi, olancha, olecha,patichachaha, pengrima-tel, penguin, poonsvavighraha,poothigandha, purhali hullu, purvali-hullu-yanne, roghane-chae-kashmiri, rohisha, rusa, rusa ka tel (grass oil ofNimar), sabalen-si, samalambi, sambaara hullu, sambhara-pulla-enna, shambharapull, shringarocha, sugandha,sugandhichaha, takratani, takratrani, thakkaathana,thakrathruna, tikari, vaasana gaddi, vaasana pullu, vasanap-


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pulla-enna, vasanappillu, vasanappulla, vasanapulla, vasan-apull, vasane-hullu-yanne, vashanap-pullu-yenney, vasha-nup pulla

in Indonesia: bubu, serai dapur, sereh

in Laos: ‘si khai, ‘sing khai

in Malaysia: serai, serai dapur, sereh

in the Philippines: balioko, baroni, belioko, paja de meca,salai, salay, tanglad

in South Laos: (people Nya Hön) bum sray

in Sri Lanka: sera, serai

in Thailand: cha khrai, ho wo ta po, howo tapo, hua singkhai, kha hom, khaa hom, khrai, loe kroei, soet kroei, takhrai

in Vietnam: huong mao, la sa, s[ar] chanh, sa, say ya

in Spanish: pasto limón, zacate limón

in Portuguese: citronela

in Brazil (Amazonas): makiyuma hanaki, makiyuma xik,patchuli, waihi hanaki

in Brazil: capim-catinga, capim-cheiroso, capim-cidreira,capim-cidrilho, capim-ciri, capim-de-cheiro, capim limão,capim-marinho, capim santo, erva cidreira, grama-cidreira,patchuli, patchuli-falso, vervena, yerba Luisa

in the Caribbean: citronnelle, sitwonnèl

in Central America: limonera, te de limón, zacate limón,zacate de limón

in Colombia: limoncillo

in Costa Rica: to kri, togli

in Ecuador: hierba de limón, hierba luisa, limoncillo

in Guatemala: llmon ch’iim, lmunch chim, tè de limón,zacate limón

in Mexico: lmoo toom, ocozacatl, pasto limón, tè limón,zacate limón, zacatlatlaunqui

in Nicaragua: sagádi, sagádi abiruau, ti

in Puerto Rico: caña limonaria

in South America: ajéj, arak, cedrón, hierba buena, hierbalouisa, hierba luisa, limoncillo, limonera, paja cedrón,piriprí, yerba juiza, yerba luisa, yerba luiza

in Venezuela: malojillo

in West Indies: fever grass, lemon grass, sitwonel, cit-ronelle, herbe lemon, herbe citronelle

C. coloratus (Hook.f) Stapf (Andropogon coloratus Neesex Wight; Andropogon nardus subsp. glomeratus Hack.;Andropogon nardus var. coloratus Hook.f)

Asia, Southeast Asia, India. Perennial, aggressive, nonpal-atable grass, used for perfuming soaps, see MonographiaePhanerogamarum 6: 604. 1889, The Flora of British India7(21): 206. 1897 [1896] and Bulletin of MiscellaneousInformation Kew 1906: 321. 1906.

in English: boda grass

in India: boda gaddi, manakru pillu, manjen pullu, sengamanu mala pillu, sengana pillu

C. commutatus (Steud.) Stapf (Andropogon commutatusSteud.; Cymbopogon divaricatus Stapf; Cymbopogon floc-cosus (Schweinf.) Stapf)

Tropical Africa, Asia, India. Perennial, variable, tufted todensely tufted, erect, sweetly scented, basal leaf sheathsglabrous or hairy, leaves flat or filiform, inflorescence linear,racemes ciliate, sessile and pedicelled spikelets lanceolateto narrowly lanceolate, lowermost pedicel of the sessileraceme swollen, lower glume of sessile spikelet withrounded keels, awn of upper lemma geniculate, low tomedium palatability, grazed, used for roofing, found indegraded areas, deciduous bushland, open sandstone hill-sides, grassy plains, limestone, hillsides, wadi, see SynopsisPlantarum Glumacearum 1: 387. 1854 and Flora of Trop-ical Africa 9: 276, 278. 1919, Bulletin of MiscellaneousInformation Kew 1907: 211. 1907.

in Somalia: hadaf

in Arabic: sakhbar, idhkhir, khasab, hamra

C. densiflorus (Steud.) Stapf (Andropogon densiflorusSteud.; Andropogon schoenanthus L.; Andropogon schoen-anthus subsp. densiflorus Hack.; Andropogon schoenanthusvar. densiflorus (Steud.) Hack.; Andropogon stypticusWelw.; Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng.; Cymbo-pogon schoenanthus var. densiflorus (Hack.) Rendle; Cym-bopogon schoenanthus var. typicus Rendle; Cymbopogonstypticus (Welw.) Fritsch)

Tropical Africa. Annual or perennial, tufted, aromatic, orna-mental, inflorescences used in rituals, growing in open hab-itats, along roadsides, grassland, see Species Plantarum 2:1046. 1753, Plantarum Minus Cognitarum Pugillus 2: 15.1815, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 386. 1854,Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana 3: 139. 1885, Monograph-iae Phanerogamarum 6: 609. 1889, Catalogue of the Afri-can Plants Collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch in 1853-61 2(1):154. 1899 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 1(11):1099. 1901, Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 289. 1919, Taxon49(2): 246. 2000.

in Angola: evulu, kaxinde, kiangu, musoso, onkotankota,saku-saku, saku

C. dependens B.K. Simon

Australia, Northern Territory. Rare species, see Aus-trobaileya 3(1): 79-99. 1989 [Studies in Australian grasses:4. Taxonomic and nomenclatural studies in AustralianAndropogoneae].

C. dieterlenii Stapf ex Schweick. (Andropogon dieterleniiStapf; Cymbopogon dieterlenii Stapf ex E. Phillips)

South Africa. Perennial, forming large clumps, tufted, ligulepointed, leaves basal, inflorescence paniculate with spatheateracemes, spikelets sessile and pedicellate, sessile spikelets


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with winged lower glume, palatable only when young, inSouth Africa traditional healers use it to remove bad luckafter the death, found in mountain slopes and veld, amongboulders, open areas, see Annals of the South AfricanMuseum 16: 336. 1919, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Informa-tion Kew 1936(5): 325. 1936 [or Kew Bulletin 1936: 325.1936].

in South Africa: lebate, lebata, lebatjana

C. distans (Nees) J.F. Watson (Andropogon distans Nees exSteud.; Andropogon nardus var. distans (Nees ex Steud.)Hack.; Cymbopogon distans (Nees ex Steud.) J.F. Watson)

Asia, India, Jammu and Kashmir State. Perennial, simple,aromatic and sweet smelling, smooth, glabrous, fibrousroots, basal sheaths very short, ligule membranous scarious,old leaf sheaths fibrous, leaf blades rounded at the base witha long filiform tip, leaves mostly basal, panicle with pairedracemes, lower floret empty, upper floret hermaphrodite,erosion control, subtropical or tropical savannah, dry hab-itats, see Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 387. 1854,Gaz. N.W. Prov. India 392. 1882, Monographiae Phanero-gamarum 6: 608. 1889 and Proceedings of the Indian Acad-emy of Sciences 71: 97. 1970, Reinwardtia 9: 356. 1977.

in India: sunni ghas

C. exaltatus (R. Br.) Domin (Andropogon exaltatus R. Br.;Cymbopogon procerus (R. Br.) Domin)

Australia. See Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 1: 202.1810 and Bibliotheca Botanica 85: 273. 1915, Revue deBotanique Appliquée & d’Agriculture Coloniale 1: 290.1921.

C. flexuosus (Nees ex Steudel) J.F. Watson (Andropogonampliflorus Steud.; Andropogon flexuosus Nees ex Steud.;Andropogon nardus var. flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) Hack.;Cymbopogon flexuosus (Steud.) J.F. Watson; Cymbopogonflexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) Stapf, nom. illeg., non Cymbo-pogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) J.F. Watson; Cymbopogontravancorensis Bor)

Indomalesia, Asia tropical, India. Perennial, rather variable,vigorous, tufted, aromatic, terete, erect, solid, smooth andglabrous, nodes sometimes short-bearded, leaf blade linear-acuminate tapering at both ends, tomentose patches at thebase of the leaf blade, sheath clasping the culm, ligulepapery, short thick rhizome, leaves sheathing, inflorescencepaniculate with crowded paired racemes, a spatheole sub-tending a pair of racemes, large and loose panicle with manydrooping branches, spikelets paired, pedicelled spikeletmale or sterile, lower floret reduced to an empty lemma,upper floret hermaphrodite, palea absent, 2 lodicules, 3stamens, plumose stigmas, commonly cultivated and some-times naturalized, waterlogging not tolerated, often culti-vated as a garden plant, rainfed crop, propagation is by rootor plant division, essential oils, flavouring, used in herbalteas, widely used as a fragrance in perfumes and cosmetics,considered a carminative and insect repellent, oil has

antifungal activity, useful for acne and excessive perspira-tion, muscular pain, grows well in sandy soils with adequatedrainage, fertile sandy loams, fields, along roadsides,slopes, ridges, forest, see Synopsis Plantarum Glu-macearum 1: 388. 1854, Gaz. N.W. Prov. India 10: 392.1882, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 603. 1889 andBulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1906(8): 319-321. 1906, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society51: 903. 1954, Genetica 72: 211-215. 1987, BangladeshJournal of Botany 16: 109-110. 1987, Journal of Cytologyand Genetics 34(2): 161-168. 1999.

in English: Malabar oil, Malabar grass, Malabar lemon-grass, Cochin grass, Cochin lemongrass, East Indian lemongrass, ginger grass, lemongrass

in French: herbe de Malabar, verveine des Indes

in Spanish: pasto de Malabar

in Brazil: capim-catinga, capim-cheiroso, capim-cidreira,capim-cidrilho, capim-ciri, capim-de-cheiro, capim limão,capim limão da Índia oriental, capim-marinho, capim santo,erva cidreira, grama-cidreira, patchuli, patchuli-falso, ver-vena

in India: anthibale hullu, kodi pullu, kodipullu, shunti hullu

in Vietnam: co sa, s[ar] d[ij]u

C. flexuosus (Nees ex Steudel) J.F. Watson var.microstachys (Hook.f.) Bor (Andropogon nardus var.microstachys Hook.f.)

India, Uttar Pradesh, Singapore. Rare species, see The Floraof British India 7: 207. 1896 and Journal of the BombayNatural History Society 52: 162. 1954.

C. gidarba (Ham. ex Hook.f.) Haines (Andropogon gidarbaHam. ex Hook.f.; Andropogon gidarba Buch.-Ham. exSteud.; Andropogon gidarba Buch.-Ham.; Cymbopogongidarba (Buch.-Ham. ex Steud.) A. Camus; Cymbopogongidarba (Buch.-Ham. ex Steud.) Haines)

India. A good fodder grass, see Synopsis Plantarum Glu-macearum 1: 387. 1854, The Flora of British India 7(21):208. 1897 [1896] and Bulletin du Muséum d’HistoireNaturelle 26: 562. 1920, The Botany of Bihar and Orissa1: 48. 1924.

in India: benne hanchi hullu

C. giganteus (Hochst.) Chiov. (Andropogon giganteusHochst., nom. illeg., non Andropogon giganteus Ten.;Andropogon giganteus (Chiov.) Eyles; Cymbopogon con-natus var. benearmatus Chiov.; Cymbopogon giganteusChiov.)

Tropical Africa. Perennial, herbaceous, pithy stems, robust,tufted to loosely tufted, rhizomatous, erect, thick, some-times stilt-rooted, ligule scarious, aromatic to stronglysmelling, pepper flavour, leaves more or less cordate, inflo-rescence cylindrical, false panicle linear, sessile spikeletelliptic, lower glume membranous and winged, upper


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lemma awned, pedicelled spikelet lanceolate, essential oilsin the inflorescences, vigorous, used for soil erosion,browsed when young, low nutritive value, unpalatable whenold, thatching material, fencing, occurs in wooded grass-lands, open habitats, deciduous savannah bushland, forest,silty soils, fallows, savannah, see Flora Napolitana 5: 285.1835-1836[-1838], Flora 27: 242. 1844 and Emilio Chio-venda (1871-1941), Intorno ad alcune graminacee daessenze ed a quelle della Colonia Eritrea. Roma 1909,Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 5: 296.1916, Kew Bulletin 19: 454. 1965.

in English: tsauri grass, scented reed, wolf’s grass, scentedgrass

in French: citronnelle de brousse

in Arabic: nal, seko

in Benin: meunououse, yakimooribou

in Gambia: benefalu, kala kasala, wa, wa serrela

in Ghana: gbetenga, mopele mogo, ngkabe

in Guinea: ediediyita, endediyita, endiediyita, osamban

in Ivory Coast: awendè, boborasien, fime, fimu, nukian,nuyapien, surugubi, wozomo

in Mali: dagè, gagèli, kièkala, kogniorè, tièkala, tièkala bilè

in Niger: abanazar, abanozar, ahanbarom, ahanibaerum,gadjiali, gajaali, goso faryé, sabré, wadjialo

in Nigeria: gamba, kyara, mobefa, nal, nugbwanu bmagna,oka eye, riyak, seko, sukkahoreho, tsabre, tsagre, tsaure,wajaalo, wajande

in Senegal: ara, begnfala, bègnfala, bègnfalo, beignfala,beignefala, benfala, benfalo, bengfala, dagé, dagué, ebuk,èbuk, ebukay, èbukay, éputa, gadé, gadié, gagèli, gapélé,gosofaryé, holl, inak, kala, kékala, kiékala, konorè, mbal,mbol, mbonfala, mbönfala, nak, ñak, nipéré, sabré, tékala,tiékala, tiékala bilé, trékala, wa, wa kasala, wakasala

in Upper Volta: boborasien, fasuure, fbopbo rasienasuure,gajaalo, kasseburu, kuèrè, kurukuru, mofogo, natamora,nata moza, surugubi, tièkala

in Yoruba: oka eye

C. goeringii (Steud.) A. Camus (Andropogon goeringiiSteud.; Andropogon nardus var. goeringii (Steud.) Hack.;Cymbopogon tortilis var. goeringii (Steud.) Hand.-Mazz.)(named for the German chemist Philip Friedrich WilhelmGoering, 1809-1876, botanical collector in Japan)

Southeast Asia. See Flora 24: 22. 1846, MonographiaePhanerogamarum 6: 607. 1889 and Revue de BotaniqueAppliquée & d’Agriculture Coloniale 1: 286. 1921, Revuede Botanique Appliquée & d’Agriculture Coloniale 5: 206.1925, Symbolae Sinicae 7(5): 1314-1315. 1936, Reinward-tia 9(3): 346. 1977.

C. jwarancusa (Jones) Schult. (also spelled iwarancusa)(Andropogon himalayensis Gand., nom. illeg., non Andro-pogon himalayensis Steud.; Andropogon jwarancusa Jones;Cymbopogon iwarancusa (Jones) Schult.; Cymbopogonjwarancusa Schultes) (the word Cusa is perhaps derivedfrom the Sanskrit word Kusha for grass)

Africa, Asia, Uttar Pradesh, India, Pakistan. Perennial,densely tufted, very aromatic, leaf sheaths more or lessinflated below, ligule membranous and ciliolate, leaf bladesflat with a long filiform tip, long and narrow panicles con-spicuously hairy to densely villous, racemes unequal, low-ermost pedicel of the sessile spikelet not swollen, lowerglume of the sessile spikelet with sharp keels, with 4 dif-ferent dispersal units: a paired spikelet, a partial raceme, anentire raceme and a partial inflorescence, effective barrieragainst soil erosion, useful species for conserving soil andwater in arid lands, medicinal grass used in Ayurvedic tra-ditional medicine, used to purify blood and in coughs,boiled in wine as a diuretic, occurs on sand dune, arid andsemiarid lands, arid stony plains, see Sir William Jones(1746-1794), “Botanical observations on select Indianplants.” Asiatic Researches 4: 237-312. 1795, Mantissa 2:458. 1824, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 46:421. 1899.

in English: Iwarancusa grass, oilgrass

in India: amrinala, avadahaka, avadataka, bur,deerghamoola, ghatyari, ghatzari, ibharankusha, ibha-rankussa, ishthaka pathika, izkhir, izkir, jalashaya, jarakhus, karankusa, karankusha, karankussa, karilaavanchahullu, khavi, khawi, khoi, laghu, lamajjaka, lamjak, lavaja,laya, nalada, panni, pivalavala, pilo valo, purale hullu, pur-vele hullu, san, sandula, sevya, shighra, solara, sunala,sunila

C. jwarancusa (Jones) Schult. subsp. olivieri (Boiss.) Soe-narko (Andropogon arriani Edgew. ex Hook.f.; Andropogonjwarancusa subsp. laniger Hook.f.; Andropogon olivieriBoiss.; Cymbopogon arriani (Edgew. ex Hook.f.) Aitch.;Cymbopogon ladakhensis B.K. Gupta; Cymbopogon oliv-ieri (Boiss.) Bor)

Asia temperate and tropical, Nepal, India, Iraq. Perennial,densely tufted, see Diagnoses plantarum orientaliumnovarum 5: 76. 1844, Catalogue of the Plants of the Punjaband Sindh 174. 1869, The Flora of British India 7(21): 203.1897 [1896] and Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden,Edinburgh 25(1): 62. 1963, Proceedings of the Indian Acad-emy of Sciences 71: 10. 1970, Reinwardtia 9(3): 307. 1977.

C. khasianus (Munro ex Hackel) Stapf ex Bor (Andropogonkhasianus Munro ex Duthie; Andropogon nardus subsp.khasianus Munro ex Hack.; Andropogon nardus var. kha-sianus Munro ex Hackel; Andropogon nardus var. kha-sianus Hack.) (Khasi Hills, India, Assam)

India. Aromatic, variable, dense and narrow inflorescence,see The Fodder Grasses of Northern India 88. 1888,


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Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 603. 1889 and IndianForest Records: Botany 1(3): 92. 1938, Journal of the Bom-bay Natural History Society 52: 169. 1954.

C. ladakhensis B.K. Gupta

India. Threatened species, see Proceedings of the IndianAcademy of Sciences 71: 10. 1970 and S.K. Jain & R.R.Rao, An Assessment of Threatened Plants of India. Proceed-ings of the seminar held at Dehra Dun, 14-17 Sept, 1981.Howrah, Botanical Survey of India 1983.

C. marginatus (Steud.) Stapf ex Burtt Davy (Andropogonmarginatus Steud.)

South Africa. Perennial, densely tufted, racemes hairy,lower glume of sessile spikelets winged, found in rockyplaces, see Flora 12(2): 472. 1829 and Annals of the Trans-vaal Museum 3: 121. 1912.

in English: dobo grass, khuskus, lemon grass, scented tur-pentine grass, Cape turpentine grass, tambootie grass

in Southern Africa: akkerwani, buffelsrooigras, koper-draadgras, kuskusgras, lemoegras, motwortel, mot-wortelterpentyngras, terpentyngras, muskusgras, platgras,rooigras, tamboekiegras, vrouehaargras; lebatha (Sotho);umqungu (Xhosa)

C. martinii (Roxb.) J.F. Watson (Andropogon martiniRoxb.; Andropogon pachnodes Trin.; Andropogon schoen-anthus var. martinii (Roxb.) Benth.; Andropogon schoen-anthus var. martinii Hook.f.; Cymbopogon martinianus(Roxb.) Schult.; Cymbopogon martinii var. martinii; Cym-bopogon martinii var. sofia Bruno; Cymbopogon pachnodes(Trin.) W. Watson; Gymnanthelia martinii (Roxb.) Anders-son) (dedicated to a General Martin, collector)

India, Asia tropical. Perennial, leafy, vigorous, terete,densely tufted, tussocky or forming clumps, simple or spar-ingly branched, smooth, glabrous, long slender stems, lowernodes often swollen, knotty base covered with dry sheaths,ligule membranous, leaf blade oblong-lanceolate with acordate base, stout woody rhizome, inflorescence a cylin-drical contracted panicle, boat-shaped bract, lower floretreduced to an empty lemma, upper floret hermaphrodite,lower glume channelled, palea absent, 3 stamens, plumosestigmas, pedicellate spikelet male with florets reduced to ascale, usually unpalatable to livestock, sometimes eaten bycattle, used to flavour tobacco and in perfumery and as asubstitute for oil of rose and oil of geranium, sweet-scentedaromatic essential oil has stimulating properties and is usedas a remedy for rheumatism, very popular with soap andcosmetic manufacturers, stomachic and tonic, antiseptic andbactericide, antimicrobial, antifungal, used for infections,helps in skin and lymphatic problems, a valuable aid againstdermatitis and skin infections, supportive to the nerves andcardiovascular system, restores intestinal flora, stimulatesand aids digestion, palmarosa oil is obtained from freshlycut whole flowering plant, possessing an odour resemblinggeranium and rose, both the herb and the essential oil are

used widely in traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicine, cul-tivated and wild, useful for erosion control, does not tolerateacid soils or waterlogging, prefers warm and sunny condi-tions, fertile well-drained soils, see Hortus Bengalensis, orA Catalogue … 7. 1814, Flora Indica; or Descriptions …1: 280-281. 1820, Systema Vegetabilium 459. 1824, Gaz.N.W. Prov. Ind. 392. 1882 and Boll. Stud. Inform. RealeGiardino Coloniale 10: 66. 1929, Grasses of Burma … 125,129. 1960, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 322-323.1990, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81(4): 775-783. 1994.

in English: ginger-grass, geranium oil, East Indian gera-nium oil, geranium grass, rosha grass, rosha oil grass, roosagrass, rusa grass, rusa oil, russa grass, palmarosa, palmarosagrass, palmarosa oil, motia, sofia, grass of Nemaur

in India: anche hullu, anchit hullu, babra, bhoosthrina, bhor,bhustrina, bili dodda kaashihullu, boosthram, bujina,chipara, coorai pul, dang rhauns, dhyamakah, gandh bel,gandhabena, ghandhabenaa, gandi, gundha-bena, ibha-rankusha, iwarankusha, kaachihullu, kaashi hullu, kanchigedde, kanchi kaddi, kamachi kassuvu, kamakshapullu,kannam pullu, kavatham pillu, kavathum pillu, kavattanpullu, kunthi hullu, kurankusha, maaravali hullu, makora,merchya, mircha, mirchia, mirchia gandh, mirchua, mool-athrina, moongil pul, motia, motiya, mulatrina, nanj hullu,panni, raos, rauns, rausagas, rhaunsa, rhausa, rhus sugandhi,rohisa, rohish, rohisha, rohishathruna, roinsa, rosa, rosha,roshegavat, roshsagavath, rousa-ka-aatar, rousa-ka-aitr,rousa-ka-tel, rusa ( = the fragrant oil obtained from thegrass), rusha, sofia, sofiya, tikadi-moti, thikari, tikhari,varukaraiaal pul

Local names: rosha, rusha, palma rosa, palmarosa

in Vietnam: s[ar] hoa h[oof]ng

C. microtheca (Hook.f.) A. Camus (Andropogon micro-theca Hook.f.)

India. Dense inflorescences, leaves not aromatic, see TheFlora of British India 7: 208. 1896.

C. munroi (C.B. Clarke) Noltie (Andropogon gyirongensisL. Liou; Andropogon hookeri (Munro ex Hackel) Stapf exBor; Andropogon munroi C.B. Clarke; Andropogon tristisNees ex Hack.; Cymbopogon hookeri Munro ex Hackel;Cymbopogon hookeri (Munro ex Hack.) Stapf ex Bor; Cym-bopogon tibeticus Bor) (named for Sir William Munro,1818-1880 (Somerset), British botanist, plant collector,agrostologist, 1834-1838 India, 1847 Kashmir, 1870-1875Barbados, in 1840 a Fellow of the Linnean Society; see E.Bretschneider, History of European Botanical Discoveriesin China. 1981; H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbaria ofthe Department of Botany in the University of Oxford. 216.Oxford 1964; Isaac Henry Burkill, Chapters on the Historyof Botany in India. Delhi 1965; Ralph Randles Stewart, AnAnnotated Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of West Paki-stan and Kashmir. Karachi 1972; I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lam-


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ond, Index of Collectors in the Edinburgh Herbarium.Edinburgh 1970)

Asia, China. Nonaromatic, lax inflorescence, racemespaired, see Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 439, 614.1889, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 25: 87-88, t.37. 1889 and Indian Forest Records: Botany 1: 92. 1939,Kew Bulletin 8(2): 275-276. 1953, Kew Bulletin 27(3): 447-450. 1972, Flora Xizangica 5: 329-331. 1987, EdinburghJournal of Botany 56(3): 400. 2000.

C. nardus (L.) Rendle (Andropogon ampliflorus Steud.;Andropogon confertiflorus Steud.; Andropogon nardus L.;Andropogon nardus subsp. nilagiricus Hack.; Andropogonnardus var. luridus Hook.f.; Andropogon nilagiricusHochst.; Andropogon thwaitesii Hook.f.; Cymbopogonafronardus Stapf; Cymbopogon confertiflorus (Steud.)Stapf; Cymbopogon nardus var. confertiflorus (Steud.) Bor;Cymbopogon thwaitesii (Hook.f.) Bor, nom. illeg., nonCymbopogon thwaitesii (Hook.f.) Willis; Cymbopogon vali-dus (Stapf) Burtt Davy; Sorghum nardus (L.) Kuntze)(Greek nardos “spikenard”)

Tropical Asia, Sri Lanka, South India. Perennial, harsh,tufted, tall, robust and erect, clump forming, persistent fora number of years, leaves glaucous and narrow, leaf sheathssmooth, inflorescence compact and narrow linear, a paniclewith the spikelets arranged in 2 terminal racemes, rachisciliate and spathes elliptic, spikelets occur in pairs, unawnedor awned, racemes at first erect and then deflexed, sessilespikelet flat or concave on the back with winged keels,lower glume of sessile spikelet flat and more or less winged,ornamental, cultivated, invasive and very competitive, veryresistant to fire, feeding value low, browsed the younggrowth, unpalatable to cattle, generally is avoided in graz-ing, essential oil lemon-scented, flavouring, used as tea, asource of insect repellent and disinfectants, may irritatesensitive skin, useful in perspiration and oily skin, tempo-rary relief of symptoms of cold and flu, good thatching andmulching material, growing on roadsides and waste ground,hills, grassland, deciduous bushland, poor soils, see SpeciesPlantarum 2: 1046. 1753, Synopsis Plantarum Glu-macearum 1: 385, 388. 1854, Flora 39: 86. 1856,Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 604. 1889, Fl. Br. Ind.7: 206. 1896, Catalogue of the African Plants Collected byDr. F. Welwitsch in 1853-61 2(1): 155. 1899 and Handb. Fl.Ceylon 5: 242-243. 1900, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Infor-mation Kew 1906: 355. 1906, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 335.1931, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 51:905. 1953, Grasses of Ceylon 193. 1956, Grasses of Burma… 130, 132. 1960, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 21:21-34. 1986, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 140-143. 1990, Restoration Ecology 5(1): 36-43. Mar 1997,Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 108(1): 43-51.July 2003, Medical and Veterinary Entomology 18(4): 449-452. Dec 2004, International Journal of Food Science andTechnology 40(1): 97-103, Jan 2005.

in English: Mana grass, nard grass, citronella, Ceylon cit-ronella, citronella grass, citronella oil grass, blue citronellagrass, false citronella, new citronella grass

in French: citronelle, citronnelle de Ceylan

in Spanish: zacate limón

in Mexico: tè limón, xuxutsakat, zacate citronela, zacatelimón

in Cambodia: sacrey

in Japan: kôsui-gaya (= perfume grass)

in India: allapu kommu vellavanti gadda, allupu, bhotri,chora-pulla-enna, chorapulla, citronella aenne hullu, gandbel, ganda-hanchi-khaddi, ganda-hanchi-khaddi-yanne,gandha hanchi kaddi hullu, gandhabael, ganjini, ganjni,ganjni-ka-aatar, ganjini-ka-aitr, ganjni-ka-aitr, ganjni-ka-ghas, guchcha, guchha, kaamaachipillu, kaamaakshi hullu,kaamaakshikasuvu, kaamaakshipull, kaamanchi gaddi, kaa-vattampullu, kama-kher-tail, kamachi pillu, kamachipillu,kamakher, kamakshi-kasuvu, kamakshi-kasuvu-nune,kamakshi-pillu, kamakshi-pulla, kamakshi-pulla-enna,kamakshi-pullu-yenney, kamakshikasuvu, kamakshipillu,kamanchi-gaddi-nune, kamkshi-kasuvu, kavattam-pullu-yenney, khavai, kommu, maana, mandap-pullu-yenney,mandapullu, ooshadhana, shunnarip-pullu-yenney, sinng-ou-mia-si, sugandhi gavah, sunnaripullu, usadhana,ushadhan, vasanepillu

in Sri Lanka: lenabatu, mana, hin pengiri, lena batu pengiri

in Thailand: cha khai ma khut, cha khai ma khuut, ta khraima khut, ta khrai ma khuut, ta khrai daeng, ta khrai hom

in Vietnam: la sa

in Pacific: kamapui

in Nigeria: tsaure

in Senegal: beignefala, tiberimt, tiékala ba, tsaura

C. nardus (L.) Rendle var. confertiflorus (Steud.) Stapf exBor (Andropogon confertiflorus Steud.; Andropogon nardussubsp. nilagiricus Hack.; Andropogon nardus var. luridusHook.f.; Andropogon nilagiricus Hochst.; Andropogonthwaitesii Hook.f.; Cymbopogon confertiflorus (Steud.)Stapf; Cymbopogon nardus var. confertiflorus (Steud.) Bor;Cymbopogon thwaitesii (Hook.f.) Bor, nom. illeg., nonCymbopogon thwaitesii (Hook.f.) Willis)

Southeast Asia, India. Jamrosa oil from the hybrid Cymbo-pogon nardus var. confertiflorus x Cymbopogon jwaran-cusa, see Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 385. 1854,Flora 39: 85-86. 1856, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6:604. 1889, The Flora of British India 7: 206. 1896 andBulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1906: 318.1906, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 52:172. 1954.

in Vietnam: la sa

C. nervatus (Hochst.) Chiov. (Andropogon nervatusHochst.; Andropogon schoenanthus subsp. nervatus


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(Hochst.) Hack.; Cymbopogon nervatus var. aerythraeumChiov.; Gymnanthelia nervata (Hochst.) Asch. ex Sch-weinf.)

Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa, Ethiopia, Sudan. Annual orshort-lived perennial, erect, fragrant, glaucous, simple,ligule membranous, leaves with rounded base, false paniclelinear to oblong, racemes in pairs, sessile spikelet elliptic,lower glume membranous, upper lemma awned, fodder,used for thatching huts and houses, on sandy soils, moistand cultivated habitats, savannah, semideserts, see Flora27: 243. 1844, Beitrag zur Flora Aethiopiens … 306. 1867,Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 611. 1889 and Intornoad alcune graminacee da essenze ed a quelle della ColoniaEritrea. Roma 1909.

in Sudan: naal

C. obtectus S.T. Blake (Cymbopogon bombycinus sensu J.Black, non (R. Br.) Domin) (Latin obtectus “hidden, con-cealed, protected”)

Western Australia, Northern Territory, Victoria, South Aus-tralia, Queensland, New South Wales. Perennial, slender,tall and leafy, forming erect tussocks, compact base withyellow roots, smooth and aromatic blue green leaves, sheathsilky and persistent, shortly branched and compact panicle,racemes paired and densely villous, sheathing bract, spike-lets reddish and silky, sessile spikelets awned, very hardy,not usually grazed, may be eaten when young, the plant isgenerally ignored when mature due to the lemon scent,handsome, ornamental when in flower, revegetation,Aborigines used for medicinal purposes, lemon scentedessential oil may be suitable for perfumes, generally foundas scattered plants on sandy red earths, dry areas or nearwater courses, red sands, stony soils, see University ofQueensland Papers: Department of Biology 2(3): 55. 1944.

in English: silky-heads

C. osmastonii R. Parker (named for Bertram BeresfordOsmaston, 1868-1961)

India, Uttar Pradesh; Bangladesh. Perennial vulnerable spe-cies, tufted, aromatic, slender, glabrous, culms slightly com-pressed, ligule ciliolate, leaf blades rounded at the base andacutely pointed, inflorescence a narrow panicle with pairedracemes, spikelets awnless, growing in dry habitats, seeFeddes Repertorium 31: 126. 1932, Journal of the BombayNatural History Society 60: 709-710. 1963.

C. parkeri Stapf (Andropogon laniger Desf.)

Qatar, Southeast Asia, India, Jammu and Kashmir, Africa.Perennial grass, erect, caespitose, slender, simple below theinflorescence, hairy sheaths, leaf blades folded and linearwith a filiform tip, basal leaves not twisted, panicle spa-theate and narrow, 1 sessile raceme, glumes subequal, plantpossess antispasmodic properties, useful for erosion con-trol, found in dry rocky areas, see Bulletin of Miscellaneous

Information Kew 1929(1): 10-11. 1929, Proceedings of theIndiana Academy of Sciences 71: 96. 1970.

in Arabic: askhabar, skhabar

in India: gundar, khawi, runa, san, solara

C. pendulus (Nees ex Steudel) J.F. Watson (Andropogonnardus L. var. grandis Hackel; Andropogon pendulus Neesex Steud.)

India, Jammu and Kashmir. Aromatic, lemon-scented,leaves glaucous, an oil obtained from this plant was foundto be rich in elemicin (53.7%, 5-allyl-1,2,3-trimethoxyben-zene), a starting material for a systemic antibacterial drug,see Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 388. 1854, Gaz.N.W. Prov. India 392. 1882.

in English: Jammu lemongrass

C. plurinodis (Stapf) Burtt Davy (Andropogon plurinodisStapf; Cymbopogon pospischilii (K. Schum.) C.E. Hubb.)

South Africa. Perennial, erect, tufted, leaves sometimes vil-lous, lower glume of sessile spikelets concave and wingless,growing on open grassland, stony places, see Flora Capen-sis 7: 353. 1898 and Annals of the Transvaal Museum 3:121. 1912.

in English: bitter turpentine grass

C. polyneuros (Steud.) Stapf (Andropogon polyneurosSteud.; Andropogon schoenanthus var. versicolor (Nees exSteud.) Hack.; Andropogon schoenanthus L. var. versicolorHook.f.; Andropogon schoenanthus var. versicolor (Steud.)Hack.; Andropogon versicolor Nees ex Steud.; Cymbo-pogon versicolor (Nees ex Steud.) J.F. Watson)

Asia, India. Perennial, tufted, knotted woody rootstock, leafblades subcordate at base, erect false panicle oblong,racemes ciliate, sessile raceme with lowest pedicel notswollen, sessile spikelet oblong-elliptic, fodder for horses,grassy hills, see Species Plantarum 2: 1046. 1753, SynopsisPlantarum Glumacearum 1: 385, 388. 1854, HimalayanDistricts of the North-western Provinces of India 392. 1882,Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 610. 1889 and Handb.Fl. Ceylon 5: 241. 1900, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Infor-mation Kew 1906: 345. 1906, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 335.1931, Grasses of Ceylon 192. 1956, Grasses of Burma …131. 1960.

C. pospischilii (K. Schum.) C.E. Hubbard (Andropogonnardus L. var. stracheyi Hook.f.; Andropogon plurinodisStapf; Andropogon pospischilii K. Schum.; Cymbopogonplurinodis (Stapf) Burtt Davy; Cymbopogon plurinodis(Stapf) Stapf ex Burtt Davy)

Eastern Africa, Nepal, Pakistan, Tanzania, Kenya. Peren-nial, tufted, erect, usually unbranched, leaves mostly basal,dense mass of leaves on the basal portions of the plant,lower portions of the stem covered with old leaf sheaths,ligule prominent and membrane-like, leaf sheath roundedand smooth, leaf folded or thread-like, leaf blade widest inthe middle, inflorescence a false panicle linear to oblong,


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paired racemes each with a leaflike spathe, spikelets paired,1 spikelet sessile and awned, lowermost pedicel not swol-len, lower glume papery, male pedicelled spikelet narrowlylanceolate, strong turpentine smell, fodder grass, poorlyutilized, more or less unpalatable, eaten by baboons, lowgrazing value, grows in dry areas, subdesert grassland,deciduous bushland, bushveld, semiarid and arid range-lands, degraded areas, hillsides, limestone, see BotanischeJahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflan-zengeographie 24(3): 328. 1897 [1898?] and Kew Bulletin4: 175. 1949.

in English: bitter turpentine grass, bushveld turpentinegrass, narrow-leaved turpentine grass

in South Africa: terpentyngras, smalblaarterpentyngras,bosveldterpentyngras, bitterterpentyngras, schmalblättrigespfeffergras, stinkwildebeesgras, suurgras, pepergras, bitter-gras, bitterpol, bitterrooigras, blousaadgras, breëaarrooi-gras, breësaadgras, heuninggras, koperdraadgras, rooi-angelgras, rooiberggras, rooigras

in Somalia: beili, baila, beli

C. procerus (R. Br.) Domin (Andropogon exaltatus R. Br.;Andropogon procerus R. Br.; Cymbopogon exaltatus (R.Br.) Domin; Cymbopogon nardus subvar. exaltatus (R. Br.)Roberty; Cymbopogon procerus (R. Br.) A. Camus, nom.illeg., non Cymbopogon procerus (R. Br.) Domin; Sorghumexaltatum (R. Br.) Kuntze; Sorghum procerum (R. Br.)Kuntze) (the specific name from the Latin procerus, a, um,“high, tall”)

Western Australia, Northern Territory. Perennial, tall, tufted,robust, forming erect and slender tussocks, aromatic leavesgray-green, hairy and branched panicles, woolly and glau-cous spikelets, ornamental and attractive, very hardy, anincreaser species, rocky soils, see Prodromus Florae NovaeHollandiae 1: 202. 1810, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2:791. 1891, Catalogue of the African Plants Collected byDr. F. Welwitsch in 1853-61 2(1): 155. 1899 and Revue deBotanique Appliquée & d’Agriculture Coloniale 1: 289.1921, Bibliotheca Botanica 85: 273. 1915, Boissiera. 9:174, 176. 1960.

C. prolixus (Stapf) E. Phillips (Andropogon nardus var.prolixus Stapf; Andropogon prolixus (Stapf) Stapf)

South Africa. Perennial, tufted, erect, ligule membranous,inflorescence paniculate, racemes more or less glabrous,lower glume of sessile spikelets winged, grass with lemonsmell, unknown grazing value, found in savannah, grass-land, along roadsides, rocky places, rocky hillsides, seeFlora Capensis 7: 352. 1898.

in English: Tambuki grass (Tambuki or Amathembu, a tribein South Africa)

in South Africa: Tamboekiegras

C. ramnagarensis B.K. Gupta

India, Jammu and Kashmir. Indeterminate species, see TheFlora of British India 7(21): 207. 1897 [1896] and IndianForester 80: 44. 1954, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 52: 159.1954, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences 71:86. 1970.

C. refractus (R. Br.) A. Camus (Anatherum refractum (R.Br.) P. Beauv.; Andropogon refractus R. Br.; Andropogontahitensis Hook. & Arn.; Cymbopogon nardus var. refractus(R. Br.) Roberty; Sorghum refractum (R. Br.) Kuntze)

Queensland, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Victoria.Perennial bunchgrass, coarse, tough, slender and stiff, cae-spitose, forming erect and slender tussocks, rough and aro-matic leaves, very narrowly-linear panicle with reflexedbranches and glabrous racemes, raceme segments with slen-der recurved pungently tipped pedicelled spikelets, narrowspathes often reddish, blue-green to reddish spikelets, theseeds clings to fur of animals, avoided by livestock becauseof its taste, waxy or soapy secretions, noxious weed, inva-sive, very prolific seeder, revegetation, very hardy, forage,Aborigines used for medicinal purposes, found on poorsoils, dry forests, coastal dunes, see Prodromus FloraeNovae Hollandiae 1: 202. 1810, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agro-stographie 128, 150. 1812, The Botany of CaptainBeechey’s Voyage 72. 1832, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2:792. 1891, Catalogue of the African Plants Collected byDr. F. Welwitsch in 1853-61 2(1): 155. 1899 and Revue deBotanique Appliquée & d’Agriculture Coloniale 1: 279.1921, Boissiera. 9: 176. 1960.

in English: barbwire grass, barbed wire grass, soap grass,turpentine grass, ginger grass

C. schoenanthus (L.) Sprengel (Andropogon circinnatusHochst. & Steud.; Andropogon iwarancusa subsp. laniger(Desf.) Hook.f., also spelled jwarancusa; Andropogon lan-iger Desf.; Andropogon lanigerum Desf.; Andropogonschoenanthus L.; Cymbopogon circinnatus Hochst.; Cym-bopogon densiflorus (Steud.) Stapf; Cymbopogon proximus(Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf; Trachypogon schoenanthus (L.)Nees)

Saudi Arabia, Chad, Egypt, Mali, Niger, Algeria. Perennial,compact, desert grass, erect and slender, densely tufted,aromatic to strongly smelling, leaves filiform and glaucous,narrow panicles composed of clustered racemes, lowermostpedicel of the sessile raceme hard and swollen, glumeschartaceous or papery, upper floret shortly bifid, awnslightly twisted, sessile spikelets acuminate to linear-lan-ceolate, pedicelled spikelet narrowly lanceolate, lowerglume of sessile spikelet concave and wingless, essentialoils extracted by steam distillation, significant insecticidalactivity and medicinal value, antimicrobial and analgesicproperties, relieving muscular aches and pains, treatment ofacne and oily skin, treatment of tinea by topical application,may irritate sensitive skin, leaf tea tonic and calmative, oilapplied in rheumatism and neuralgia, decoction of grass


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febrifuge, an extract from the leaves it has analgesic prop-erties and improves muscle and skin tone, forage, a commoncamel fodder, used for thatching, wild or cultivated, cata-plasm for wounds of camels, decoction of a mixture of thisgrass and Ambrosia maritima L. (Asteraceae, alt. Compos-itae) used for diabetes, grows in degraded areas, arid foot-hills, rocky and stony places, sand dunes, hillsides,subdesert plains and bushlands, arid stony plains, limestone,south Sahara, Acacia and Commiphora bushes, see SpeciesPlantarum 2: 987-988, 1046. 1753, Asiatic Researches 4:237-312. 1795, Flora Atlantica 2: 379. 1800, PlantarumMinus Cognitarum Pugillus 2: 15. 1815, Flora Brasiliensisseu Enumeratio Plantarum 341. 1829, Linnaea 7: 281.1832, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 386-387. 1854,The Flora of British India 7(21): 203. 1897 [1896] andFlora of Tropical Africa 9: 289. 1919, Fl. Libya 107: 120.1983, Taxon 49(2): 246. 2000.

in English: camel grass, camel’s hay, canal grass, lemongrass, hemplike grass, gingergrass, sweet rush, rusa grass,geranium grass

in French: herbe à chameau, chiendent pied de poule,cheveu de sable, paille de la Mecque, alfa de la Mecque,jonc aromatique, jonc odorant

in Spanish: pasto de camellos

in Arabic: adkhar, azkhar, afar, halfa bar, half barr, halfetMakkah, hashma, idkhir, lemmad, mahareib, mahareb, tibnMakkah, nal, seko, sha’ret et-trab

in Benin: moushinnourtou

in Ghana: ku ankasumpiga, sompigo, suompiga

in Mali: lemmad, taberimt, tiberimt, tiékala ni

in Mauritania: afar, iverd

in Morocco: îdhir, l-yedhêr, îdjikim, lemmad, l-med, teber-emt, tiberrimt, sa’rât et-trâb, chaaret-diel-trab, â’mudes-sgîr, amoued srhir, amwad sgir, tibn, tben Mekkâ, halfatMekkâ, cheveu de sable, bâtonnet, tadomst

in Niger: babamba, goso, gozow, hurdu dumboore, hurdu-dum boré, karsân, lubbo, muny, muymuy, nôbi, noobol,oshub, sughu, taeboaremt, têbêremt, toeboerimt, tsabre,tsaure

in Nigeria: jimwi, lubgol, lubodi, mahareib, nal, nobe, nug-bwanu bmagna, seko, sukkahoreho, tsabre, tsaure, wajalo,wajande

in Sahara (Tassili): tébarémt

in Senegal: nangulé, ñangulé

in Somalia: werahr

in Upper Volta: buluuje, buulorde, sompigo, suompiga,suompigo, wuulorde, wuluunde

in Brazil: capim cidreira, capim santo, capim-limão, capim-catinga, capim-cheiroso, capim-cidadreica, capim-cidrilha,capim-de-cheiro, capim-siri, erva cidreira, patchui

in China: mao hsiang, pai mao hsiang, hsiang ma, mao ju ma

in India: agya ghans tail, akya-ghas-ka-aitr, anche hullu,anchit hullu, azkhir, babhori, babra, bhoosthrina, bhoothi,bhoothika, bhor, bhustrina, bhutika, bili dodda kaashihullu,boosthram, bujina, bur, chipara, chippa gaddi nune, cooraipul, dabsulo, dang rhauns, devajagdha, devajagdhaka-tailam, dhoopagandhika, dhyama, dhyamaka, dhyamakah,gandel, gander, gandh bel, gandhabena, ghandhabenaa,gandhi, gandi, geranium hullu, gundha-bena, hazar masaleh-ka-aatar, ibharankusha, iwarankusha, jaramkush, kaachi-hullu, kaashi hullu, kanchi gedde, kanchi kaddi, kamachikassuvu, kamakshapullu, kannam pullu, karpura pullu yen-ney, kathrana, kavatham pillu, kavathum pillu, kavattanpullu, khair, khavi, khawi, khurankusha, kunthi hullu,kurankusha, lilli chaya tel, maaravali hullu, makora, mer-chya, mircha, mirchia, mirchia gandh, mirchiagand, mir-chua, moolathrina, moongil pul, motia, motiya, mulatrina,musel, nanj hullu, nimma gaddi nune, palakhari, panni,paura, pengrima tel, poothimugdala, purvali hullu yanne,raos, rauns, rausagas, rhaunsa, rhausa, rhus sugandhi,roghane-chae-kashmiri, rohisa, rohish, rohisha, rohishath-rina, rohishathruna, roinsa, rosa, rosegavath, rosha, roshe-gavat, roshisha, roshsagavath, rousa-ka-aatar, rousa-ka-aitr,rousa-ka-tel, rousaghas, runa, rusa (= the fragrant oilobtained from the grass), rusaghas, rusha, rushagavath,sabalen si, sambhara pulla enna, saugandhika, saundhiya,shakanarupillu, shyamaka, sir ghurai, sofia, sofiya, solara,sugandha vaasane hullu, sugandhathrinashitha sushithala,tikadi-moti, thikari, tikhari, varukaraiaal pul, vasanap pullaenna, vasane hullu yanne, vashanap pullu yenney

Malayan names: rumput serai

C. schoenanthus (L.) Sprengel subsp. proximus (Hochst.ex A. Rich.) Maire & Weiller (Andropogon iwarancusa var.proximus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Hack.; Andropogon proxi-mus Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Andropogon schoenanthus subsp.proximus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Maire; Cymbopogon prox-imus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf; Cymbopogon proximus(Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Chiov.; Cymbopogon sennarensis var.proximus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Chiov.)

Tropical Africa. Racemes clustered, aromatic, good forage,used for thatching, see Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 2:464. 1850, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 601. 1889and Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 271. 1919, Flore de l’Afriquedu Nord: 1: 287. 1952.

C. schoenanthus (L.) Sprengel subsp. schoenanthus

Africa, Somalia, India. Aromatic, traditional drug plant,young shoots grazed by stock, low grazing value, used forthatching.

C. siamensis Bor (Andropogon cambogiensis Balansa;Cymbopogon cambogiensis (Balansa) E.G. Camus & A.Camus)

Thailand. Indeterminate species, see Journal de Botanique,rédigé par une société de botanistes 4: 114. 1890 [Journal


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552 Cymbosetaria Schweick.

de Botanique (Morot)] and Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine7: 351. 1922, Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 23: 158. 1965.

in Thailand: yaa frik fran, yaa phrik phraan, ya phrik phran

C. tortilis (J. Presl) A. Camus (Anthistiria tortilis J. Presl;Cymbopogon tortilis (J. Presl) Hitchc.)

Southeast Asia, Korea, Japan. Useful for erosion control,found in open areas, open fields, see Reliquiae Haenkeanae1(4-5): 347. 1830, Flora 24: 22. 1846 and Revue de Bota-nique Appliquée & d’Agriculture Coloniale 5: 206. 1925,Lingnan Science Journal 7: 246. 1929, Symbolae Sinicae7(5): 1314-1315. 1936, Grasses of Japan and its Neighbor-ing Regions 498. 1987.

in Japan: o-karu-kaya, karu-kaya

C. traninhensis (A. Camus) S. Soenarko (Cymbopogonconfertiflorus var. traninhensis A. Camus; Cymbopogonkhasianus var. nagensis Bor)

Asia. See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1906:318. 1906, Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 26:565. 1920, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society52: 169. 1954, Reinwardtia 9(3): 347. 1977.

C. travancorensis Bor

Asia. Whitish culms, usually a synonym of Cymbopogonflexuosus (Nees ex Steudel) J.F. Watson, sometimes consid-ered as a separate species, see Synopsis Plantarum Glu-macearum 1: 388. 1854, Gaz. N.W. Prov. India 392. 1882and Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 52: 174-176, f. 24. 1954, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. 51: 903. 1954.

C. validus (Stapf) Burtt Davy (Andropogon nardus var.validus Stapf; Cymbopogon afronardus Stapf; Cymbopogonclassensii Robyns; Cymbopogon validus (Stapf) Stapf exBurtt Davy)

South Africa, Swaziland. Perennial, tufted, very robustthatching grass, leaf narrow at base, membranous liguleprominent, groups of paired racemes each partially enclosedby a leaflike spathe, spikelets paired, 1 spikelet sessile andawned, strong turpentine smell when crushed, unpalatable,low grazing value, antimicrobial activity, grows in moistveld types and forest margins, loamy soil, wet sites, inmountainous grassland, along roadsides, wetlands or dis-turbed grasslands, vleis, stony slopes, see Flora Capensis7: 352. 1898 and Annals of the Transvaal Museum 3: 129.1912, Flora of Tropical Africa 7: 279. 1919, Flore Agros-tologique du Congo Belge 1: 145. 1929.

in English: giant turpentine grass, turpentine grass, tam-bookie grass, tambuti

in Burundi: Ibikenkekenke

in Southern Africa: reuse terpentyngras, tamboekiegras; isi-gunga (Zulu); umqunga (Xhosa)

C. winterianus Jowitt ex Bor (Cymbopogon nardus var.mahapangiri auct.; Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) (tohonor A.W. Winter)

India, Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka. Perennial, large, tall, her-baceous, terete, smooth, glabrous, tufted, forming largeclumps, somewhat glaucous, flowering culms arching, leafblades smooth and gradually narrowed at the base, shortlyrhizomatous, leaves sheathing and drooping, loose inflores-cence, large false panicle much branched, spatheoles linear-lanceolate subtending a pair of racemes, racemes ciliate,lowest pedicel not swollen, sessile spikelet with 2 florets,lower floret reduced to an empty lemma, upper floret her-maphrodite, lower glume concave and winged, palea absent,2 lodicules, 3 stamens, plumose stigmas, pedicelled spikeletmale or sterile with florets reduced to a scale, ornamental,aromatic foliage, widely cultivated, scented essential oilsused in perfumery and for insect repellents, deodorant,medicinal, antibacterial, antidepressant, antispasmodic,rheumatism and arthritic pain, useful for erosion control,intolerant of salinity, tolerates only short periods of water-logging, best on neutral to slightly acid well-drained loamysoils, very similar to Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees exSteud.) J.F. Watson, see Annals of the Royal Botanic Gar-dens. Peradeniya 4: 188. 1908, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 335.1931, Grasses of Ceylon 193. 1956, Grasses of Burma …132. 1960, Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 112(1-2):185. 1965, B. R. Rajeswara Rao, “Biomass Yield and Essen-tial Oil Yield Variations in Java Citronella (Cymbopogonwinterianus Jowitt), Intercropped with Food Legumes andVegetables.” Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science185(2): 99-103. Sep 2000.

in English: Java citronella, Java citronella grass, Java cit-ronella oil, old citronella grass, maha pangiri grass, Winter’sgrass

in French: herbe citron de Java, citronnelle de Java

in Spanish: citronela

in Indonesia: serai wangi, sere wangi, sereh wangi

in Malaysia: serai wangi

in Sri Lanka: maha pangiri, maha pengiri

in Thailand: takhrai-daeng, takhrai-hom, takhrai ma-khuut

in Vietnam: s[ar] d[or], s[ar] Java

Cymbosetaria Schweick. = Setaria P. Beauv.

From the Greek kymbe “boat” plus Setaria.

One species, Africa. Panicoideae, Panicodae, Paniceae, orPanicoideae, Paniceae, Setariinae, annual, herbaceous,more or less branched, auricles absent, leaf blades sagittate,ligule a membrane-like more or less fringed, plants bisex-ual, spicate inflorescence nondigitate, each spikelet sub-tended by a bristle, compressed spikelets, 2 glumes veryunequal, lower glume 3-nerved, upper glume 5- to 7-nerved,lemmas cymbiform, palea present, free and fleshy lodicules,3 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas, often in Setaria, typeCymbosetaria sagittifolia (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Schweick.,


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x Cynochloris Clifford & Everist 553

see Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 51, 178. 1812 andContr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22(3): 156. 1920, Hooker’s IconesPlantarum 34: t. 3320. 1936, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 44: 116-122. 1954, Cytologia 19: 97-103. 1954, Illinois BiologicalMonographs 29: 1-132. 1962, Flora of the NetherlandsAntilles 1: 121-203. 1963, Adansonia sér. 2, 6: 105. 1966,Austral. J. Bot. 16: 539-544, 551-554. 1968, Novosti Sist.Vyss. Rast. 8: 71. 1971, Willdenowia 8: 67-79. 1977, Con-tributions from the United States National Herbarium 46:569-593. 2003.

Species

C. sagittifolia (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Schweick. (Cymbose-taria sagittifolia (A. Rich.) Schweick.; Panicum barbi-gerum Bertol.; Panicum sagittifolium (Hochst. ex A. Rich.)Steud.; Pennisetum sagittifolium Hochst. ex A. Rich.;Setaria barbigera (Bertol.) Stapf; Setaria sagittifolia(Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Walp.; Setaria sagittifolia (A. Rich.)Walp.)

Tropical Africa, Yemen. Annual, tufted, open, slender,weak, erect or geniculate, rounded spikelets and character-istic sagittate leaves pseudopetiolate, leaf sheaths roundedat the top, basal sheaths slightly compressed, ligule mem-branous and thin, inflorescence of several spike-likeracemes, open panicle oblong to ovate, unilateral branchesarranged horizontally in whorls, spikelets with a single bris-tle, lower floret male or barren, lower lemma rugose, upperlemma gibbous and keeled, a palatable pioneer grass, oflittle agricultural value, food for seed-eating birds, formsdense stands, grows in shaded places often near rivers,riverine forest, in open to dense bushveld and in forests,mostly in sandy soil, savannah woodland, stony and grav-elly banks by wadis, see Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae …2: 379-380. 1850, Memorie della Reale Accademia delleScienze dell’Istituto di Bologna 3: 250, t. 19, f. 1-2. 1851,Annales Botanicae Systematicae 3: 721. 1852, SynopsisPlantarum Glumacearum 1: 54. 1853 and Flora of TropicalAfrica 9: 862. 1930, Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 34: t. 3320.1936.

in English: arrow grass

in South Africa: pylblaargras, eenjarige pylblaargras, pfeil-blatthirse

x Cynochloris Clifford & Everist

Cynodon x Chloris.

Two hybrids species, Australia. Cynodonteae, perennial,type x Cynochloris macivorii Clifford & Everist, see HaroldTrevor Clifford (b. 1927) and Selwyn Lawrence Everist(1913-1981), in Proceedings of the Royal Society ofQueensland. 75: 46. 1964, Austrobaileya 1(5): 460. 1982[1983], Flora of Australia 44B: 300-301. 2005.

Speciesx C. macivorii Clifford & Everist (a Mr. McIvor)

Queensland. Erect or decumbent.

x C. reynoldensis B.K. Simon (Reynolds Creek, MoretonDistrict, Queensland)

Queensland. Decumbent or geniculate.

Cynodon L.C. Richard = Capriola Adans., Dactilon Vill., Fibichia Koeler

From the Latin cynodon and Greek kynodous “teeth of asaw, canine tooth, having pairs of projecting teeth,” kynosand odous, odontos “a tooth,” referring to the scaly rhi-zomes, to the basal buds on the rhizomes, or to the spikes;see Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, (1761/1762-1836), Synop-sis plantarum, seu enchiridium botanicum complectensenumerationem systematicam specierum hucusque cogni-torum. 1: 85. Paris 1805.

About 8-10 species, Old World tropics, subtropical, tropical,warm temperate regions. Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae,Chloridinae, perennial, terete or compressed, mostly rhi-zomatous and stoloniferous, creeping or spreading, herba-ceous, leafy and much-branched, erect or ascending,decumbent and rooting at nodes, nodes glabrous, hollowinternodes, no auricles, short leaf sheath smooth androunded, ligule membrane-like and fringed or ciliate, shortleaves linear to filiform more or less opposite on the stolons,plants bisexual, erect flowering shoots, terminal inflores-cence umbellate or spicate and digitate, rachis flat or semi-terete, sessile spikelets strongly laterally compressed anddisarticulating above or between the glumes, spikelets sol-itary and secund, erect flowering shoots produced at thenodes, 1 bisexual floret, 2 narrow glumes keeled and papery,lemmas with a ciliate keel and awnless, free and fleshyminute lodicules, stamens 3, ovary glabrous, 2 red stigmas,fruit small and trigonous, ornamental, occasionally causingcyanide poisoning or often HCN poisonous, attractive inflo-rescence, vigorous, often sward-forming, weed species,native pasture species, fodder grass, lawns, turf, playingfields, growing in sandy places, open habitats, grazed orweedy places, arable land, seashores, disturbed land, pam-pas, rainforest, roadsides, interspecific hybridization, devel-oped many improved varieties, intergeneric hybrids withChloris Sw. with which it is related, type Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers., see Familles des Plantes 2: 31, 532. 1763, His-toire des Plantes de Dauphiné 2: 69. 1787, DescriptioGraminum in Gallia et Germania 302, 308. 1802, Syn. Pl.1: 85. 1805, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 122, 146,150. 1812, Genera Plantarum 3(2): 1164. 1883 and Field-iana, Botany 24(2): 38-331. 1955, Proceedings of the Zoo-logical Society of London 139: 181-220. 1962, Amer. J. Bot.56: 944-950. 1969, Kurtziana 5: 191-252. 1969 [Las espe-cies de Cynodon (Gramineae) de la República Argentina.],


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554 Cynodon L.C. Richard

Taxon 19: 565-569. 1970, Oklahoma Agricultural Experi-ment Station: Bulletin 673: 1-37. 1970, S.A. Altmann andJ. Altmann, Baboon Ecology. University of Chicago Press,Chicago 1970, Zoologica Africana 13(2): 329-350. 1978,Flora Mesoamericana 6: 291-292. 1994, Flora of Ethiopiaand Eritrea 7: 174-177. 1995, Am. J. Bot. 84: 1565. 1997,Gail W.T. Wilson and David C. Hartnett, “Interspecific vari-ation in plant responses to mycorrhizal colonization intallgrass prairie.” Am. J. Bot. 85: 1732-1738. 1998, S.A.Renvoize, Gramíneas de Bolivia 362-363. 1998, HeikeVibrans, “Epianthropochory in Mexican weed communi-ties.” Am. J. Bot. 86: 476-481. 1999, Am. J. Bot. 87: 986-994. 2000, Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium 41: 37-38, 59-63, 64, 121. 2001, DushyanthaK. Wijesinghe and Dennis F. Whigham, “Nutrient foragingin woodland herbs: a comparison of 3 species of Uvularia(Liliaceae) with contrasting belowground morphologies.”Am. J. Bot. 88: 1071-1079. 2001, Am. J. Bot. 88: 1080-1087. 2001, Am. J. Bot. 89: 1439-1446. 2002, Am. J. Bot.90: 72-77. 2003, Hester L. Bell and James W. O’Leary,“Effects of salinity on growth and cation accumulation ofSporobolus virginicus (Poaceae).” Am. J. Bot. 90: 1416-1424. 2003, Flora of Australia vol. 44B, Poaceae 3: 301-309. 2005, Austral. Ecology 30(1): 49-57. Feb 2005, Plant,Cell and Environment 28(2): 157-166. Feb 2005, New Phy-tologist 165(2): 591-598. Feb 2005 [Mycorrhiza and roothairs in barley enhance acquisition of phosphorus and ura-nium from phosphate rock but mycorrhiza decreases rootto shoot uranium transfer.], Restoration Ecology 13(1): 49-60. Mar 2005, Y. Arocha, D. Horta, B. Piñol, I. Palenzuela,S. Picornell, R. Almeida and P. Jones, “First report of aphytoplasma associated with Bermuda-grass white leaf dis-ease in Cuba.” Plant Pathology 54(2): 233. Apr 2005, J.Huang, L. Zheng, T. Hsiang, “First report of leaf spot causedby Curvularia verruculosa on Cynodon sp. in Hubei,China.” Plant Pathology 54(2): 253. Apr 2005, EcologicalManagement and Restoration 6(1): 75-76. Apr 2005, WeedResearch 45(2): 121-129. Apr 2005, Plant Breeding 124(2):147-153. Apr 2005, New Phytologist 166(1): 73-82. Apr2005, Journal of the European Academy of Dermatologyand Venereology 19(3): 390-391. May 2005, BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society 148(1): 57-72. May 2005[Caryopsis morphology of the Chloridoideae (Gramineae)and its systematic implications.], Journal of Agronomy andCrop Science 191(3): 172-184. June 2005.

Species

C. aethiopicus W.D. Clayton & J.R. Harlan

Eastern coasts of Africa, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Tan-zania. Perennial, tall, coarse, woody, large, robust, stoloni-ferous, erect, not rhizomatous, stolon internodes flat, ligulea ciliate membrane, foliage stiff and harsh, inflorescencereddish or purple or dark red, stiff racemes, lemma keelusually glabrous, weed, native pasture species naturalized

elsewhere, medicinal use, palatable, good grazing, fodder,useful for erosion control, found in coastal plains, waste-lands, abandoned cultivations, crops and pastures, on road-sides, see Kew Bulletin 24: 187. 1970.

in English: cynodon couch, budgee grass, Bermudagrass,Ethiopian dog’s-tooth grass, Ethiopian dogstooth grass,giant quickgrass, Nakuru grass, giant star grass, star grass,African star grass

in Spanish: pasto estrella gigante

in South Africa: reusekweekgras, stergras

C. arcuatus J. Presl (Cynodon dactylon var. intermedius(Rang. & Tadulingham) C.E.C. Fischer; Cynodon interme-dius Rang. & Tadul.; Cynodon leptochloides Steud.; Digi-taria radiata (Roth) Spreng.)

Southeast Asia, India, Australia. Perennial, glabrous, com-pressed, decumbent or prostrate, branched, stoloniferousand rhizomatous, auricles glabrous, stiff leaf blades, flow-ering culms erect, spikes curved and spreading, glumesequal, grazed by cattle, open habitat, dry areas, disturbedplaces, seasonally flooded sites, along roadsides, opensandy sites, old cultivations, edge of forest, stony places,see Systema Vegetabilium 2: 411. 1817, Novae PlantarumSpecies 38. 1821, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta1: 272. 1825, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 290. 1830 andJournal of the Bombay Natural History Society 26: 304.1918, Flora of the Presidency of Madras 10: 1835. 1934,Grasses of Ceylon 90, pl. 13. 1956, Grasses of Burma …469. 1960.

C. aristiglumis Caro & E.A. Sánchez (Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.)

South and Central America. Waste places and areas, seeSpecies Plantarum 1: 58. 1753, Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805 andKurtziana 5: 236, f. 11. 1969.

C. barberi Rang. & Tadul. (named for the British CharlesAlfred Barber, 1860-1933, a sugarcane specialist, lecturerin tropical agriculture at Cambridge, 1860-1870 SouthAfrica, 1898 India as Director of the Botanical Survey ofSouthern India, author of Studies in Indian Sugarcanes…Calcutta 1915-1919; see Frans A. Stafleu and Erik A. Men-nega, Taxonomic literature. Supplement I: A-Ba. 37-314-315. Königstein 1992; J.H. Barnhart, Biographical notesupon botanists. 1: 119. 1965; E.M. Tucker, Catalogue ofthe library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University.1917-1933)

Southern India, Sri Lanka. Perennial, stoloniferous and rhi-zomatous, flowering culms erect, glabrous, loosely matted,leaf sheaths keeled, leaf blades lanceolate, spicate inflores-cence spreading and more or less curved, glumes unequaland scarious, lemma ciliate, grazed by cattle, found in wetplaces, open damp sites, sandy soils, roadsides, gravellysoils, often confused with Cynodon arcuatus J. Presl andCynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., see Journal of the Bombay


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Cynodon L.C. Richard 555

Natural History Society 24: 846. 1916, Grasses of Ceylon91. 1956, Ceylon J. Sci., Biol. Sci. 2(2): 125. 1959, Grassesof Burma … 469. 1960.

C. bradleyi Stent

South Africa. See Bothalia 2: 277. 1927.

C. dactylon (L.) Pers. (Agrostis bermudiana Tussac exKunth; Agrostis filiformis J. König ex Kunth, nom. illeg.,non Agrostis filiformis Vill.; Capriola dactylon (L.) Hitchc.,nom. illeg., non Capriola dactylon (L.) Kuntze; Caprioladactylon (L.) Kuntze; Capriola dactylon var. maritima(Kunth) Hitchc.; Chloris cynodon Trin.; Chloris paytensisSteud.; Cynodon aristiglumis Caro & E.A. Sánchez; Cyn-odon aristulatus Caro & E.A. Sánchez; Cynodon dactylonf. vivipara Beetle; Cynodon dactylon subsp. glabratus(Steud.) Chev.; Cynodon dactylon var. densus Hurcombe;Cynodon dactylon var. elegans Rendle; Cynodon dactylonvar. glabratus (Steud.) Chiov.; Cynodon dactylon var. mar-itimus (Kunth) Hack.; Cynodon erectus J. Presl; Cynodonglabratus Steud.; Cynodon maritimus Kunth; Cynodonoccidentalis Willd. ex Steud.; Cynodon pascuus Nees; Cyn-odon polevansii Stent; Cynodon portoricensis Willd. exSteud.; Cynodon tenuis Trin. ex Spreng.; Cynodon umbel-latus (Lam.) Caro; Cynosurus dactylon (L.) Pers.; Cynosu-rus uniflorus Walter; Dactilon officinale Vill.; Digitariadactylon (L.) Scop.; Digitaria glumaepatula (Steud.) Miq.;Digitaria littoralis Salisb.; Digitaria maritima (Kunth)Spreng.; Digitaria stolonifera Schrad., nom. illeg., non Dig-itaria dactylon (L.) Scop.; Fibichia dactylon (L.) Beck;Fibichia umbellata Koeler; Milium dactylon (L.) Moench;Panicum dactylon L.; Panicum glumaepatulum Steud.;Paspalum dactylon (L.) Lam.; Paspalum umbellatum Lam.;Phleum dactylon Pall. ex Georgi) (from the Greek daktylos“a finger”)

Cosmopolitan. Perennial, vigorous, highly to extremelyvariable, long-lived and hardy, tough, gray to gray-green orglaucous, slender, wiry, creeping or prostrate and forminga dense mat, often strongly rooting at the nodes, rhizoma-tous and/or strongly stoloniferous, both stolons and rhi-zomes, woody stolons and underground scaly rhizomes,culms erect or geniculate, internodes flattened, auriclesbearded, leaf sheaths keeled and shiny, ligule short andfringed with hairs, glabrous distichous leaves, green or pur-plish or reddish brown erect and slender digitate spikes,broad spikelets sessile and laterally compressed, glumesacuminate and more or less persistent, lemma boat-shapedand mucronate, palea with 2 longitudinal ridges, 2 lodicules,3 stamens, purple stigmas, grains turgid, ornamental whenin flower, sacred to Hindus, in India tender leaves and shootseaten, excellent fodder grass, forage, good pasture species,relished by all classes of livestock, roots edible, scaly rhi-zomes given to horses, a noxious weed of annual and peren-nial crops, highly invasive, difficult to eradicate withoutherbicides, a valuable herbal medicinal, tea from roots forkidneys, a good medicine for skin diseases, in folk medicine

used as a diuretic and emollient, the fresh juice used as asnuff in epistaxis, numerous cultivars have been developed,withstands long periods of drought, widely planted forlawns and/or playing fields, groundcover, turf, useful forerosion control, sand binder for coastal districts, usefulstabiliser of disturbed beach dunes, sometimes used to bindsoil embankments, usually found in wetlands and riveredges, in riparian areas and in grasslands adjacent tostreams and marshes, disturbed places, cultivated lands,bare damp ground, alluvium, floodplain margin, alongstream banks, in the understory of open woods, along sanddunes, coarse sand, on waste grounds, trampled areas, inlawns, along roadsides and railroads, on roadside gravel,silty outwash area, on beach sand, uncultivated areas, onsandy wastes, overgrazed areas, in very poor soils, desert,see Species Plantarum 1: 58. 1753, Flora Carniolica, EditioSecunda 1: 52. 1772, Histoire des Plantes de Dauphiné 2:69. 1787, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 82. 1788, Tab-leau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1: 176-177. 1791, Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allertonvigentium. 19. Londini [London] (Nov-Dec) 1796, JohannGottlieb Georgi (1729-1802), Geographisch-physikalischeund Naturhistorische Beschreibung des Russischen Reichs4 Th. 4: 684. Königsberg 1797-1800, Descriptio Graminumin Gallia et Germania 302. 1802, Methodus Plantas HortiBotanici … 67. 1802, Synopsis Plantarum 1: 85. 1805,Flora Germanica 1: 165, pl. 3, f. 9. 1806, Nova Genera etSpecies Plantarum 1: 170. 1815 [1816], Neue Entdeckun-gen im ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 2: 63. 1821, DeGraminibus unifloris et sesquifloris 229. Petropoli 1824,Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 272. 1825,Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 425. 1829,Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 290. 1830, Enumeratio Plan-tarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 1: 259, 261. 1833,Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 463. 1840, Syn-opsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 41, 207, 212. 1855[1853], Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 3: 439. 1857, RevisioGenerum Plantarum 2: 764. 1891, Annual Report of theMissouri Botanical Garden 1893: 147. 1893, Catalogue ofthe African Plants Collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch in 1853-61 2(1): 221. 1899 and Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen ausBosnien und der Herzegovina 9: 436. 1904, Arkiv för Bot-anik utgivet av K. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien 8(8): 40.1909, Flora Descriptiva é Illustrada de Galicia 3: 310.Santiago 1909, Journal of the Bombay Natural HistorySociety 26: 304. 1918, Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano,n.s., 26: 82. 1919, United States Department of Agriculture:Bulletin 772: 179. 1920, Mémoires de la Société des Sci-ences Naturelles du Maroc 4(1): 25. 1924, Bothalia 2: 283.1927, Flora of the Presidency of Madras 10: 1835. 1934,Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Afrique duNord 30: 368. 1939, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editiosecunda 1: 463. 1940, Botanical Magazine 55: 538. 1941,Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 55: 538. 1941, Revue interna-tionale de botanique appliquée et d’agriculture tropicale


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27(297-298): 282. 1947, Revista Argentina de Agronomía23: 185. 1956, Kurtziana 5: 210, 220, 223, 236, f. 2G, 7,11. 1969, Kew Bulletin 24: 185-189. 1970, Flora RepubliciiSocialiste Romania 12: 139. 1972, Darwiniana 17: 514,522, f. 2. 1972, Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hun-garicae 17(1-2): 123. 1971 [1972], Phytologia 48(2): 189-190. 1981, Dominguezia 6, f. 4: 16. 1983, Micronesica18(2): 45. Agana, Guam 1982[1984], Lagascalia 14(1):171. 1986, Grasses of Japan and its Neighboring Regions498. 1987, G. Garcia-Guzman and J.J. Burdon, “Impact ofthe flower smut Ustilago cynodontis (Ustilaginaceae) on theperformance of the clonal grass Cynodon dactylon(Gramineae).” Am. J. Bot. 84: 1565. 1997, Restoration Ecol-ogy vol. 13, issue 1: 49-60. Mar 2005, Plant Pathology vol.54, issue 2: 233-233. Apr 2005 [First report of a phyto-plasma associated with Bermuda-grass white leaf diseasein Cuba.], Plant Breeding vol. 124, issue 2: 147-153. Apr2005, Austral. Ecology 30(4): 445-464. June 2005.

in English: Bermuda grass, Bermudagrass, Bermuda, Euro-pean Bermuda grass, common Bermuda grass, Floridagrass, Scotch grass, Bahama grass, Bahamas grass, Hariyaligrass, Hurialle grass, Baramagrass, balama grass, croquetgrass, king’s grass, African couch, Australian couch, Fijicouch, couch, common couch, green couch, couch grass,Indian couch, hare’s string, running grass, star grass, com-mon stargrass, wire grass, devil’s grass, devilgrass, devilgrass, dog’s tooth, dog’s tooth grass, creeping dog’s toothgrass, creeping grass, doorwa, doab grass, dub, dhub, doobgrass, dhoub grass, doub grass, dub grass, dhub grass,Indian doab, dun grass, finegrass, fingergrass, fingers,cwice, twitch grass, quitch, quickgrass, white quickgrass,kweek grass, coarse kweek, common quickgrass

in French: gros chiendent, chiendent, petit chiendent, chien-dent pied-de-poule, chiendent officinal, chiendent des Ber-mudes, dactyle, gazon des Bermudes, gazon bleu à Dakar

in Spanish: pasto argentina, bermuda común, pasto ber-muda, grama bermuda, hierba de bermuda, zacate bermuda,Pepe Ortíz, hierba fina, gramilla blanca, grama dulce,gramón

in Portuguese: grama, grama de boticas

in Argentina: diente de perro, grama, grama de Bermuda,gramilla colorada, gramilla de tiempo, pata de perdiz

in Brazil: capim-de-burro, capim de cidade, capim seda,grama de botica, grama de Marajó

in the Caribbean: Bahama-grass, chyendan, ti chyendan,chiendent, petit chiendent

in Central America: zacate agujilla, zacate de conejo, gramade gallina

in Colombia: argentina, bermuda, pasto argentina, pastobermuda

in Costa Rica: zacate gallina

in Cuba: grama

in Guatemala: grama de bermudas, kox, pelo de macho,rixquiaktap, rixquiatap

in Mexico: acabacahuiztle, acabacahuitzili, acacahuiztli,agrarista, bermuda, bermuda de la costa, canzuuc, elozacatl,gallito, gallitos, grama, grama de bermuda, grama de lacosta, gramilla, guix-biguiñi, guixi-biguiñi, guixi-guitoo,kan-suuk, lan-suuk y canzuuc, pasto alambre, pasto de ber-muda, pasto del diablo, pasto diente de perro, pasto enre-dadera, pasto estrella, pata de gallo, pata de perdíz, pata depollo, quixi-piguiñe, tsakam toom, zacate agrarista, zacatebermuda, zacate borrego, zacate chino, zacate conejo,zacate del conejo, zacate inglés, zacate pilillo, zarzuue

in Puerto Rico: grama

in West Indies: petit chiendent

in Arabic: ‘akresh, endjil, iverd, kar’a leghrab, kezmir, loh,moddad, nadjir, ndjil, nedjam, nedjem, nedjil, negil, nigil,nisjil, raifa, rjel leghrab, sabak, sabaq, tsil, ubal, wubal,zabak, zil

in Angola: otyiwena, usila, escalrracho, capim de cavalos,grama

in Ghana: chiaavar sarki, chiaawar sarki

in Guinea: naragbada, naragbara, doubourou leïdi,kokidéggé

in Guinea-Bissau: bogobodje

in Mali: almès, kiki, nedjam, nghoghon, zozobu

in Mauritania: iverd

in Morocco: nnjem, njem, en-najam, anjil, en njîl, njil, njir,âfar, affer, almès, haffar, âgesmir, agouzinir, aoukeraz, tag-amait, tamusayt, taggamaît, tîl, toungane, tribatt, imelzi,tizimit

in Niger: aefir, aessem, aessembé, kirkishi, lallamé kéina,tsirkya’r zomo

in Nigeria: bogol boje, buntun kudaa, buntun shaamuwaa,damoo, jaajaa mazà, jiriyel, kargashi, karjigu, karya garma,kiri kiri, kiri kirii, kooko igba, loh, nkimenang, sirkiyambo,syesyè, taagol doneyel, tsambiya, tsarkiyar zoomoo, tsirki-yar damòò, tsirkiyar zoomoo

in Rodrigues Island: chiendent

in Senegal: gereded, harap, keref, sogosoko

in Sierra Leone: ka gbatha, kroke gras

in Somalia: harfo, sadeho, serdi, domar, darris

in Southern Africa: kweek, kweekgras, queckgras, anosterk-week, Bataviesekweek, buffelgras, buffelkweek, doobgras,elandskweek, fynkweek, garies, gemsbokkweek, growwek-week, gewone kweekgras, hardekweek, Indiese kweek,kruisgras, kwaggagras, kwaggakweek, lynkweek, oosin-diesekweek, renoster, rivierkweek, vingergras, witk-weekgras, ysterkweek; mohloa, mohlwa (Sotho); mothowa(Tswana); uqaqaqa (Xhosa); uqethu (Zulu)

in Sudan: nejeel


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Cynodon L.C. Richard 557

in Tunisia: njem

in Yoruba: kooko igba

in Bhutan: rampa, aram, dubo

in Burma: mye sa met, mye sa myet

in Cambodia: smao anchien, smao aucheou sor

in China: tie xian cao

in India: amari, ambate, amritha, anantha, anuvallika,arghum, arugam pilla, arugam pul, arugampullu, asitha-latha, bahuveerya, barawa, belikaraga, bhaaergavi, bhaar-gavi, bhoothahanthri, chibbar, chota pine nutti, dhobi ghas,dhoboghas, dhoortha, dhoorva, dhub, dhubkhabbal, dhupsa,dhurmara, dhurva, dob, doob, doob ghas, doob grass, doob-daa, doobdra, doobra, doorba, doorva, doorvaa, dub, duba,dubh, dubra, durba, durbà, durva, garika gaddi, garikaihallu,garike, garike hullu, garikoihallu, garke, gauri, gerichagaddi, ghericha, gherka, guna, haraili, harala, harasalika,hariaaly, hariali, harialil, harialy, haridoob, haryeli, haritali,haritha, harithali, harvali, haryali, jaya, kaade, kachharuhagarike, kabbal, kabbar, kali ghas, kalighas, karala, karikehullu, karkeri hullu, karuka, khabbal, khabbar, kudigarikai,mahaushadhi, mahavari, mangala, nanda, neelidhoorva,neladoorva, nila durva, nili dub, ourooha, paandaridhoorva,ram ghas, romghas, ruha, safed doob, sahasraveerya,saumya, shaambhavi, shadvala, shantha, shashpa,shathaparva, shathagranthi, shathavalli, shathmoola,sheetha, sheethakumbi, sheethala, shiva, shiveshtha, shy-ama, talla (Punjab), thadike, thella gariki, thikthaparva, tilla,ununtha, vamini, vijia

in Indonesia: gigirinling, jukut kakawatan, sukit grinting

in Japan: gyôgi-shiba

in Laos: hnha:z ph’è:d

in Malaysia: rumput minyak

in Okinawa: gagina

in the Philippine Islands: bakbaka, balbalut, galud-galud,grama, kapot-kapot, kawad-kawad, kawad-kawaran, kawit-kawitan, kolatai, palot galot

in Sri Lanka: ruha, aruham pul

in Tamil: aroogum pillo, arugampullu

in Telugu: garike, garikagoddi

in Thailand: no ke de, nokede, yaa phaet, ya phraek, yaaphraek

in Tibetan: rtsva-ram-pa, se’u, sor-ba

in Vietnam: co chi, cò’chi’, co’ông, co ong

in Hawaii: manienie, manienie haole

in Pacific: mosie molulu

C. dactylon (L.) Pers. subsp. nipponicus (Ohwi) T. Koyama(Cynodon dactylon var. nipponicus Ohwi)

Japan. See Grasses of Japan and its Neighboring Regions498. 1987.

C. dactylon (L.) Pers. var. afghanicus J.R. Harlan & de Wet

Afghanistan. See Crop Science vol. 9. Madison, Wisconsin1969.

C. dactylon (L.) Pers. var. aridus J.R. Harlan & de Wet

Israel, Tanzania, South Africa, Sri Lanka, India. Useful forerosion control, fodder, forage, noxious weed, invasive,ornamental, see Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805 and Crop Science vol.9: 774. Madison, Wisconsin 1969.

in English: giant Bermuda grass

C. dactylon (L.) Pers. var. coursii (A. Camus) J.R. Harlan& de Wet (Cynodon coursii A. Camus)

Madagascar. Found in dry sites, sandy areas, open habitats,see Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 16:323. 1961, Crop Science vol. 9. Madison 1969.

C. dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon (Capriola dactylon (L.)Kuntze; Cynodon pascuus Nees; Digitaria stoloniferaSchrad.; Panicum dactylon L.)

Cosmopolitan. Worldwide weed, forage, fodder, ornamen-tal, useful for erosion control, see Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805, FloraBrasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 425. 1829 andIheringia, Série Botânica 44: 85-102. 1994.

in English: Bermuda grass, quick grass, devil’s grass, Har-iali grass, Bahama grass

in French: grand chiendent

in Spanish: grama rastrera, zacate de Bermuda

in India: dhub, doob

in Southern Africa: kweekgras

C. dactylon (L.) Pers. var. elegans Rendle (Cynodon dac-tylon (L.) Pers.)

South Africa, Mozambique, Angola. Along roadsides,poorly drained roadside ditch, flat country, grayish blacksoil, see Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805, Catalogue of the AfricanPlants Collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch in 1853-61 2(1): 221.1899.

C. dactylon (L.) Pers. var. polevansii (Stent) J.R. Harlan &de Wet (Cynodon polevansii Stent)

South Africa. Perennial, rare, compact, dense, rhizomatous,low-growing, rigid to very rigid leaves, spikes not reflexed,along roadsides, sandy soils, sandy roadsides, moist areas,see Bothalia 2: 283. 1927, Crop Science vol. 9. Madison,Wisconsin 1969.

in S. Africa: kweek

C. dactylon (L.) Pers. var. pulchellus F. Muell. ex Benth.

Australia. See Fl. Austral. 7: 609. 1878.

C. hirsutissimus (Litard. & Maire) Caro & E.A. Sánchez(Cynodon dactylon f. glabrescens (Beck.) Soó; Cynodondactylon subvar. hirsutissima Litard. & Maire; Cynodondactylon var. hirsutissimus (Litard. & Maire) Maire)


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North Africa, Morocco. See Mémoires de la Société desSciences Naturelles du Maroc 4(1): 25. 1924, Bulletin dela Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Afrique du Nord 30:368. 1939, Kurtziana 5: 191-252. 1969, Flora de la Pro-vincia de Buenos Aires 4(2): 395-404. 1970, Acta BotanicaAcademiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 17(1-2): 123. 1971[1972].

C. hirsutus Stent (Cynodon incompletus Nees var. hirsutus(Stent) de Wet & J.R. Harlan)

South Africa. Perennial, herbaceous, erect or decumbent orgeniculate, stoloniferous, not rhizomatous, 3-nerved upperglume, in the upper half a wing on the lemma keel, verysimilar to Cynodon bradleyi Stent and Cynodon incomple-tus Nees, see Linnaea 7(3): 301. 1832 and Bothalia 2: 277,286. 1927, Revista Argentina de Agronomía 17(3): 216, f.14. 1950, Crop Science vol. 9: 291. Madison, Wisconsin1969.

in English: dog grass, hairy couch, hairy quickgrass, redquickgrass, Transvaal quickgrass

in Southern Africa: fynkweekgras, harige kweekgras, kwag-gakweek, mossiekweek, perdekweek, rooikweek, soet-kweek, Transvaalsekweekgras, Transvaalsekweek,wildekweek; mohlwa (Sotho)

C. hirsutus Stent var. sesquiflorus Parodi

Argentina. See Revista Argentina de Agronomía 17(3): 216,f. 14. 1950, Kurtziana 5: 191-252. 1969, Flora de la Pro-vincia de Buenos Aires 4(2): 395-404. 1970, Monographsin Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden47: i-xi, 1-178. 1994.

C. incompletus Nees (Cynodon hirsutus Stent)

South Africa. Perennial, erect, stoloniferous, herbaceous,usually without rhizomes, ligule membranous, leaf bladesflat, spikes usually pale green, spikelets narrowly ovate,glumes acute to acuminate, lemma blunt or shortly mucro-nate, lemma keel winged, weed species naturalized else-where, good feed relished by cattle, quick growing, usedfor controlling erosion, poisonous, grows on roadsides andheavily grazed pastures, very close to Cynodon hirsutusStent, see Linnaea 7(3): 301. 1832 and Bothalia 2: 277,286. 1927, Revista Argentina de Agronomía 17(3): 216, f.14. 1950, Crop Science vol. 9: 291. Madison, Wisconsin1969, Australian Journal of Botany, Supplementary Series5: 1-51. 1972.

in English: dog grass, blue couch, blue couch grass, finecouch, fine quick, hairy quickgrass, Karoo quickgrass, Kar-roo quick grass, red quickgrass

in South Africa: fynkweekgras, harige kweekgras, Karook-weekgras, kwaggakweek, regtekweek, rooikweek, soet-kweek, Transvaalsekweekgras

C. incompletus Nees var. hirsutus (Stent) de Wet & J.R.Harlan (Cynodon bradleyi Stent; Cynodon hirsutus Stent)

South Africa. Prostrate to low, dark green, rapid growing,stoloniferous, rhizomes absent, sod-forming, extremely vig-orous, leaves densely or sparsely hairy, lemma keel notwinged, ornamental, lawn grass, found on stony areas, drysites, dry sandy clay, rocky soil, along roadsides, fertilewell-drained soils, see Linnaea 7(3): 301. 1832 and Both-alia 2: 277, 286. 1927, Revista Argentina de Agronomía17(3): 216, f. 14. 1950, Crop Science vol. 9: 291. Madison,Wisconsin 1969.

in English: Bradley Bermuda grass, Bradley grass, Bradley,red quick grass

C. incompletus Nees var. incompletus

South Africa. Found along roadsides, dry rocky habitat,sandy-loam soil, on sandy soil and sandy alluvial stream-bank, see Linnaea 7(3): 301. 1832.

in English: Magennis Bermuda grass, Magennis’ dog’s-tooth grass, Magennis

C. nlemfuensis Vanderyst (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var.sarmentosus Parodi; Cynodon parodii Caro & E.A.Sánchez)

Tropical Africa. Perennial, extremely variable, stout, leafy,large, robust to slender, tough, deep rooted, creeping, vig-orous, sward-forming, no rhizomes, strongly stoloniferous,stout woody stolons flat on the ground, rooted runners,small inconspicuous membranous ligule, leaf sheath gla-brous and keeled, leaves flat, inflorescence of 4-13 digitate1-sided spikes whorled, spikes slender and flexuous, spike-lets 1-flowered and imbricate in 2 rows, glumes shorter thanthe florets, lemma silky with not winged keel, 2 lodicules,3 stamens, native pasture species, forage, grazed by rumi-nants, not particularly palatable, extremely palatable whenyoung, troublesome, aggressive, good ground cover, it doesnot tolerate long periods of flooding, used mainly for soilconservation works, useful for erosion control and forwaterways, a pioneer grass on wasteland, weed of arableland and perennial crops, found in disturbed areas, weedygrassy sandy places, along roadsides, in grassland, on moistalluvium, in moist areas near rivers and streams, in saturatedsoil, uncultivated lands, in open and dense bushveld, inorchards and fields, cattle kraals, sometimes confused withCynodon plectostachyus (K. Schum.) Pilg., see Bulletinagricole du Congo Belge 11: 121. 1921 [1920], Bulletinagricole du Congo Belge 13: 342. 1922, Revista Argentinade Agronomía 23: 185. 1956, Kurtziana 5: 193. 1970, KewBulletin 24: 185-189. 1970, Taxon 19: 565-569. 1970.

in English: African Bermuda grass, East African couch, EastAfrican star grass, African star grass, Rhodesian star grass,giant quickgrass, giant star grass, robust star grass, star grass

in Spanish: yerba estrella, pasto estrella, estrella

in East Africa: chemorut, emurwa, kakodongo, lugowi,ruchwamba, rugoli


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Cynosurus L. 559

in South Africa: gifgras, Oos-Afrikaanse kweek, Oos-Afri-kaanse stergras, reusekweekgras, robuustekweekgras, ster-gras, sterkgras, vreemdevingergras

in the Philippines: galud-galud, kolatay, rukut-dukut

in Thailand: ya sata

C. nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis (Cynodon dac-tylon (L.) Pers. var. sarmentosus Parodi)

Tropical East Africa, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania. Perennial,purplish, tufted, stoloniferous, erect, leaf sheath more orless glabrous or pubescent, ligule membranous and fringed,adapted to tropical and subtropical regions, open spaces,see Bulletin agricole du Congo Belge 13: 342. 1922, RevistaArgentina de Agronomía 23: 185. 1956, Kew Bulletin 24(1):185-189. 1970.

C. nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. robustus Clayton & J.R.Harlan

Tropical East Africa. Perennial, stout, green, open spaces,bush, forest, see Kew Bulletin 24: 189. 1970.

C. plectostachyus (K. Schum.) Pilg. (Cynodon plec-tostachyus var. ruspolianus (Chiov.) Chiov.; Cynodon rus-polianus Chiov.; Leptochloa plectostachyus K. Schum., alsospelled plectostachya) (Greek plektos “twisted, plaited” andstachys “spike”)

Tropical Africa, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda. Peren-nial weed species, large, robust, stout and woody, spreading,forming dense turf, stoloniferous, rhizomes absent, soft foli-age, small glumes, aggressive, naturalized elsewhere, undercertain conditions could develop toxic properties, usefulpasture grass and hay, not particularly palatable, good graz-ing for livestock, forage, fodder, whole plant eaten bybaboons, used mainly for soil conservation works and forerosion control, tolerates temporary flooding, can standheavy grazing, drought-tolerant, found in dry areas, semi-arid areas, deciduous bushland, along roadsides, disturbedsites, black cracking clay soils, weedy places, red clay soil,bare land, sandy loams, on dry lake beds, alluvial silts andclays, overgrazed land, see Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas112. 1895, Annuario del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma7: 70, t. 7. 1897 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 40: 82. 1907,Webbia 8: 111. 1951, Flora Ilustrada de Entre Ríos (Argen-tina) 6(2): 1-551. 1969, Kew Bulletin 24(1): 185-189. 1970,Ceiba 19(1): 1-118. 1975.

in English: feathery couch, giant quickgrass, Naivasha stargrass (= Kenya, Rift Valley, Lake Naivasha), giant star grass,star grass

in Spanish: estrella, estrella Africana, pasto estrella

in Mexico: pasto estrella

in South Africa: gifgras, reusekweekgras, stergras, vreem-devingergras

C. radiatus Roth (Cynodon arcuatus J. Presl; Cynodon dac-tylon var. intermedius (Rang. & Tadulingham) C.E.C.Fisch.; Cynodon intermedius Rang. & Tadul.; Cynodon lep-tochloides Steud.; Digitaria radiata (Roth) Spreng.)

Southeast Asia, Madagascar, Vietnam, Thailand, India,Indonesia, Philippines. Erect, wiry, coarse, not rhizomatous,vigorous, spreading, coloniser, open habitats, disturbedsites, dry areas, along roadsides, open sandy sites, edge offorest, stony places, see Systema Vegetabilium 2: 411. 1817,Novae Plantarum Species 38. 1821, Systema Vegetabilium,editio decima sexta 1: 272. 1825, Reliquiae Haenkeanae1(4-5): 290. 1830 and Journal of the Bombay Natural His-tory Society 26: 304. 1918, Flora of the Presidency ofMadras 10: 1835. 1934.

C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy

South Africa. Perennial, creeping, decumbent, herbaceous,slender, forming fine dense uniform turf, bright green toreddish purple, densely stoloniferous and/or rhizomatous,culms prostrate, ligule a short hairy membrane, leaf bladesbristle-like, very fine green leaves linear to linear-triangular,inflorescence of green or purplish digitate spikes, narrowspikelets laterally compressed, spikes reflexed at maturity,short acuminate glumes, lemma acute and keeled, ornamen-tal, readily grazed, a lawn grass and a troublesome weed,useful for turf purposes, growing in clay soil, roadsides,weedy places, similar and close to Cynodon dactylon (L.)Pers., see Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1921:281. 1921, Adansonia: recueil périodique d’observationsbotanique, n.s. 6: 248. 1966.

in English: African Bermuda grass, African bermudagrass,African Bermuda, African dog’s-tooth grass, Africandogstooth grass, Uganda grass, Florida grass, Transvaalquick, Transvaal quick grass, Transvaal dogtooth grass

Local name: masindi

C. x magennisii Hurcombe (= Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.x Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt Davy) (also spelled mage-nissii and magenisii)

South Africa. Ornamental, turf, cultivated, see Journal ofSouth African Botany 13: 19. 1947.

Cynosurus L. = Falona Adans., Phalona Dumort.

Hound’s tail, from the Greek kynos, kyon “a dog” and oura“a tail,” referring to the shape of the panicle; Latin cynosura,ae “a constellation near the north pole, Ursa Minor”; seeCarl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 72. 1753 and GeneraPlantarum. edition 5. 33. 1754.

About 5-8 species, Europe, North Africa, Middle East. Poo-ideae, Poodae, Poeae, or Pooideae, Poeae, Cynosurinae,annual or perennial, tufted, sometimes rhizomatous, stemsclumped, herbaceous, erect or spreading, slender, glabrous,


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560 Cynosurus L.

unbranched, culm nodes exposed and glabrous, culm inter-nodes hollow, leaves nonauriculate, ligule obtuse and mem-brane-like, sheaths not keeled and rounded on the back,leaves linear and flat, plants bisexual, inflorescence 1-sidedpanicle spicate and contracted, panicle spiciform or capi-tate, spikelets paired and sessile, inner spikelet fertile, outeror lower spikelet sterile, bisexual spikelets more or lessconcealed by persistent sterile spikelets, 2 subequal glumesnarrow, lower glume 1- to 2-nerved, upper glume 1-nerved,lemmas leathery or coriaceous with apex acute to awned,short or long awned, palea keels wingless, 2 free andtoothed or bilobed apically lodicules, 3 stamens, ovary gla-brous, 2 stigmas, pasture and hay grasses, weed speciesnaturalized elsewhere, cultivated fodder, grazed pastures,open habitats, weedy places, meadows, disturbed ground,waste areas, grasslands, open and grassy habitats, lawns andplaying fields, similar to Lamarckia Moench and LoliolumKrecz. & Bobrov, type Cynosurus cristatus L., see SpeciesPlantarum 1: 59-60, 72-73. 1753, Familles des Plantes 2:496. 1763, Observations sur les Graminées de la FloreBelgique 114. 1823 [1824], Genera Plantarum 3(2): 1183.1883, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2(2): 73. 1887 andNovitates Botanicae et Delectus Seminum Horti BotaniciUniversitatis Carolinae Pragensis 1964: 23-27. Prague1964, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 63: 153-205.1990, Berichte des Geobotanischen Instituts der Eidg.Techn. Hochschule Stiftung Rübel 57: 182-192. 1991, Bot.Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 1331-1332. 1991,Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 64: 35-74. 1991,Flora Mesoamericana 6: 228-229. 1994, Newslett. Int.Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 26/27: 13-14. 1997, OperaBotanica 137: 1-42. 1999, Grass and Forage Science 54(1):1-18. Mar 1999, Grass and Forage Science 54(2): 99-115.June 1999 [Hay production from lowland seminatural grass-lands: a review of implications for ruminant livestock sys-tems.], Functional Ecology 13(5): 650-660. Oct 1999,Taxon 49(2): 249. 2000, Journal of Ecology 88(5): 757-764.Oct 2000, Journal of Applied Ecology 37(6): 1029-1043.Dec 2000, Journal of Applied Ecology 38(2): 253-267. Apr2001, Journal of Applied Ecology 39(2): 279-293. Apr2002, Grass and Forage Science 57(2): 82-92. June 2002,Journal of Applied Ecology 39(4): 572-583. Aug 2002, Con-tributions from the United States National Herbarium 48:242. 2003, Journal of Applied Ecology 40(1): 51-64, 65-77. Feb 2003, Global Change Biology 9(10): 1451-1457.Oct 2003, Global Change Biology 10(2): 209-227. Feb2004, European Journal of Soil Science 55(1): 71-77. Mar2004, Grass and Forage Science 59(2): 144-156. June 2004,A.R. McCrea, I.C. Trueman and M.A. Fullen, “Factorsrelating to soil fertility and species diversity in both semi-natural and created meadows in the West Midlands ofEngland.” European Journal of Soil Science 55(2): 335-348.June 2004, Journal of Applied Ecology 41(5): 880-887. Oct2004, Journal of Ecology 92(5): 906-927. Oct 2004, Res-toration Ecology 11(4): 424-435. Dec 2003, Ibis 146(s2):

108-114. Nov 2004 [Swards and structure: the interactionsbetween farming practices and bird food resources in low-land grasslands.], Functional Ecology 19(1): 27-37. Feb2005.

Species

C. coloratus Lehm. ex Nees (Cynosurus coloratus Lehm.ex Steudel)

Mediterranean. Annual, rare, tufted or loosely tufted, awnspurple at the base, common in rocky areas, see NomenclatorBotanicus. Editio secunda 1: 465. 1840, Florae AfricaeAustralioris Illustrationes Monographicae 439. 1841.

C. cristatus L. (Phleum cristatum (L.) Scop.)

Eurasia. Perennial, tufted, compact, erect or shortly genic-ulate, glabrous, stiff, unbranched, auricles absent, ligule notlobed and blunt, sheaths smooth and subcoriaceous, leavesflat and ribbed or grooved, a green to purple spike-likepanicle narrow-oblong to linear and not secund, spikeletsdensely overlapping, fertile spikelets surrounded by sterilespikelets, glumes persistent and keeled, lemmas of fertileflorets more or less hairy and shortly to very shortly awned,palea hyaline narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, anthersyellow, fruit not grooved, drought resistant, grown for hayproduction, fodder and pasture especially for sheep, usedfor weaving mats and baskets, a weedy species of wasteand cultivated areas, moist and very wet places, damp ordry soils, grassy area under woods, along roadsides, grass-lands, seasonally inundated fields, open habitats, swampmargins, see Flora Carniolica, Editio Secunda 1: 57. 1771and Regnum Veg. 127: 41. 1993.

in English: crested dog’s tail, crested dogtail

in Spanish: cola de perro

C. echinatus L. (Falona echinata (L.) Dumort.; Phalonaechinata (L.) Dumort.)

Southern Europe, Mediterranean. Annual, tufted or solitary,erect or decumbent or geniculate at base, slender, open leafsheaths loose and enlarged to inflated, auricles absent, liguleblunt to rounded, leaves glabrous and flat, ovoid to globoseto ovate-oblong spike-like green to purple panicle, inflores-cence very bristly and along top of stem, spikelets denselycrowded and mostly in pairs, individual florets above longbristle, fertile spikelets surrounded by sterile spikelets,glumes persistent narrow-lanceolate, lemmas convex andconspicuously long-awned, palea 2-keeled with the keelsgreen, yellow anthers, cultivated, invasive species growingin colonies and naturalized elsewhere, weed of waste anddisturbed places, crops, hillsides, damp or dry soils, drybare soil, open grasslands, meadows, open habitats, conif-erous woodlands, well-drained soils, along roadsides andtrails, pasture, often in shade, see Observations sur lesGraminées de la Flore Belgique 114. 1823 [1824] and Ber-ichte des Geobotanischen Instituts der Eidg. Techn. Hoch-schule Stiftung Rübel 57: 182-192. 1991, Newslett. Int.


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Cyperochloa Lazarides & L. Watson 561

Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 26/27: 13-14. 1997, Taxon 49(2):249. 2000.

in English: dogtail, bristled dog’s tail, bristly dog’s tail,bristly dog’s tail grass, crested dog’s tail, rough dog’s tail,rough dogstail, rough dog’s tail grass, hedgehog dogtail

C. elegans Desf. (Cynosurus junceus Murb.; Falona elegans(Desf.) Jir. & Chrtek; Falona juncea (Murb.) Jir. & Chrtek)

Israel. Lax inflorescence, awns silky and longer than lem-mas, see Flora Atlantica 1: 182. 1789 and Novitates Botan-icae ex Universitate Carolinae 1964: 26. 1964.

Cyperochloa Lazarides & L. Watson

From the Greek kypeiron, kyperos, kypeiros “a sedge” andchloe, chloa “grass, young grass.”

One species, Australia. Arundinoideae, Cyperochloeae, orCentothecoideae, perennial, tufted, herbaceous, erect,sedge-like, solid, auricles absent, setaceous leaf blades nar-row, ligule fringed, leaves mostly basal, plants bisexual,inflorescence paniculate capitate spatheate contracted, brac-teate spikelets, 2 glumes unequal 3- to 5-nerved, lemma 5-to 7-nerved, palea present, 2 free lodicules, 3 stamens, ovaryglabrous, 2 stigmas, open habitats, type Cyperochloa hir-suta Lazarides & L. Watson, see Michael Lazarides and L.Watson, “Cyperochloa, a new genus in the ArundinoideaeDumortier (Poaceae).” Brunonia 9(2): 216. 1987 [1986],Nigel P. Barker, “The relationships of Amphipogon, Elytro-phorus and Cyperochloa (Poaceae) as suggested by rbcLsequence data.” Telopea 7(3): 205-213. 1997, C. Hsiao,S.W.L. Jacobs, N.P. Barker and N.J. Chatterton, “A Molec-ular Phylogeny of the Subfamily Arundinoideae (Poaceae)Based on Sequences of rDNA.” Australian Systematic Bot-any 11(1): 41-52. 1998, C. Hsiao, S.W.L. Jacobs, N.J. Chat-terton and K.H. Asay, “A Molecular Phylogeny of the GrassFamily (Poaceae) Based on the Sequences of Nuclear Ribo-somal DNA (ITS).” Australian Systematic Botany 11(5-6):667-688. 1998, Sarah Mathews, Rocky C. Tsai and Eliza-beth A. Kellogg, “Phylogenetic structure in the grass family(Poaceae): evidence from the nuclear gene phytochrome B.”Am. J. Bot. 87: 96-107. 2000, M.R. Duvall, J.D. Noll andA.H. Minn, “Phylogenetics of Paniceae (Poaceae).” Am. J.Botany 88(11): 1988-1992. 2001, E.A. Kellogg, “Evolu-tionary History of the Grasses.” Plant Physiology 125(3):1198-1205. 2001, Flora of Australia 43: 27, 28, 97, 104,106, 265. 2002, G.H. Rua, “Centothecoid grasses and theevolution of panicoid spikelets.” Plant Systematics and Evo-lution 240(1-4): 83-89. 2003.

Species

C. hirsuta Lazarides & L. Watson

Southwestern Australia. Dry sandy places.

Cyphochlaena Hackel = Boivinella A. Camus, Sclerolaena A. Camus

From the Greek kyphos “bent, curved, humped, tumour”and chlaena “cloak.”

About 2 species, Madagascar. Panicoideae, Panicodae, Pan-iceae, annual or perennial, trailing, herbaceous, auriclesabsent, ligule fringed, plants bisexual, inflorescence spicate,unilateral racemes, paired dimorphic spikelets, femalespikelets laterally compressed, 2 glumes subequal, upperglume coriaceous, lower glume with a deciduous apicalawn, lower lemma gibbous, male spikelet upper glume andlower lemma membranous, palea present, 2 free lodicules,3 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 stigmas, in damp places,related to Pseudechinolaena, type Cyphochlaena madagas-cariensis Hack., see Species Plantarum 1: 55. 1753, Flored’Oware 2: 14. 1807 [1810], Prodromus Florae NovaeHollandiae 410. 1810 and Österreichische BotanischeZeitschrift 51: 465. 1901, Bulletin de la Société Botaniquede France 72: 175-176, 622. 1925, Bulletin du Muséumd’Histoire Naturelle 31: 390. 1925, Adansonia: recueil péri-odique d’observations botanique, n.s. 5: 411-413. 1965,Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 1-97, 126-130. 1977.

Species

C. madagascariensis Hack. (Boivinella comorensis A.Camus; Oplismenus nossibensis Mez; Sclerolaena como-rensis Boivin ex A. Camus; Sclerolaena comorensis Boivin)

Madagascar. See Notizblatt des Königlichen botanischenGartens und Museums zu Berlin 7: 53. 1917.

C. sclerioides (A. Camus) Bosser (Boivinella sclerioides A.Camus; Panicum sclerioides Boivin ex A. Camus)

Madagascar.

Cypholepis Chiov. = Coelachyrum Hochst. & Nees

From the Greek kyphos “bent, curved, tumour” and lepis“scale.”

One species, Africa. Chloridoideae, Eragrostideae, typeCypholepis yemenica (Schweinf.) Chiov., perennial, herba-ceous, unarmed, caespitose, densely tufted, ligule a fringedmembrane, plants bisexual, spikelets flattened, 2 glumessubequal, lemma thinly coriaceous, short awnless palea, 2fleshy lodicules, 3 stamens, 2 stigmas, smooth grains, oftenin Coelachyrum, see Nomenclator Botanicus. Editiosecunda 1: 394. 1840, Linnaea 16(2): 221. 1842 and Annu-ario del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma 8(3): 357-358.1908, Kirkia 3: 117, 131-134. 1963, Annalen des Naturhis-torischen Museums in Wien 75: 23. 1971[1972].


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562 Cyrenea F. Allam.

Species

C. yemenica (Schweinf.) Chiov. (Coelachyrum yemenicum(Schweinf.) S.M. Phillips; Eleusine yemensis (Schweinf.)Chiov.; Eragrostis yemenica Schweinf.; Leptochloa apple-tonii Stapf)

Tropical East Africa, South Africa, Ethiopia, Somalia,Yemen, Arabia. Annual or perennial, slender, densely tufted,erect or geniculate, ascending, without stolons, sheathskeeled, leaf blades narrowly linear, narrow inflorescenceracemose, erect racemes spaced, 7- to 12-flowered, spikeletselliptic to narrowly lanceolate-elliptic, florets closely imbri-cate, glumes lanceolate-oblong 1-nerved, lemmas coria-ceous and obtuse, growing on red sandy soil, grassland,open areas, in Acacia scrub, open shrubland, rocky places,sandstone, limestone, open stony ground, see Bulletin del’Herbier Boissier 2(App. 2): 41. 1894 and Bulletin of Mis-cellaneous Information Kew 6: 223. 1907, Annuario delReale Istituto Botanico di Roma 8(3): 357-358. 1908,Annali di Botanica 10: 410. 1912, Kew Bulletin 37(1): 159.1982, Grass. Saudi Arabia 274. 1989.

Cyrenea F. Allam.

See Nova Acta Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 4: 94. 1770 [alsoNova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur.]and Genera Graminum 376. 1999.

Cyrtococcum Stapf = Loxostachys Peter, Pseudechinolaena Stapf

Greek kyrtos “curved, arched” and kokkos “a berry,” allud-ing to the nature of the fruits, to the gibbous spikelets.

About 11-12 species, Old World tropics, Sri Lanka. Pani-coideae, Panicodae, Isachneae, or Panicoideae, Paniceae,Panicinae, annual or perennial, leafy, creeping, herbaceous,branched, stoloniferous or decumbent and rooting from thenodes, internodes hollow, auricles absent, ligule a mem-brane-like more or less fringed, leaves lanceolate to ovateto linear-lanceolate, plants bisexual, inflorescence a moreor less loose panicle open or contracted, spikelets laterallycompressed and asymmetrically obovate or gibbous, florets2, lower floret sterile, upper floret perfect or bisexual, smallcrest on the upper floret, 2 glumes more or less equal andshorter than the spikelets, upper glume nerved and obtuse,lemmas boat-shaped, lower lemma obtuse, upper lemmalaterally compressed, palea present, 2 free and fleshy lodi-cules, 3 stamens, ovary glabrous, 2 plumose stigmas, weedspecies, native pasture species, lower montane forest, shadespecies, lowland, open areas, related to Panicum, type Cyr-tococcum setigerum (P. Beauv.) Stapf, see Species Plan-tarum 1: 55. 1753, Syst. Veg. 2: 884. 1817 and Flora ofTropical Africa 9: 15. (July) 1917 and 9: 745-746. (Aug)1920, J. Bot. 69: 55. 1931, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.

Beih. 40(1): 203, Anh. 55. 1930, Flora Mesoamericana 6:328-329. 1994, Am. J. Bot. 88: 1993-2012. 2001, Flora ofAustralia 43: 113, 277. 2002, Contributions from the UnitedStates National Herbarium 46: 169, 285, 542-543. 2003.

Species

C. accrescens (Trin.) Stapf (Panicum accrescens Trin.)

Asia. Perennial, decumbent, rooting from the lower nodes,large and open inflorescence, fodder grass, see SpeciesGraminum 1: t. 88. 1828[1827] and Bulletin du MuséumNational d’Histoire Naturelle 27(1): 118. 1921, Hooker’sIcon. Pl. 31(4): sub t. 3096. 1922, Acta Phytotaxonomicaet Geobotanica 11(1): 47-48. 1942.

in Thailand: yaa ngaat, yaa raat

C. capitis-york B.K. Simon

Australia. Upper glume 3-nerved, spikelets compressed lat-erally and falling with glumes, see Austrobaileya 3(4): 592,f. 3. 1992.

C. chaetophoron (Roem. & Schult.) Dandy (Cyrtococcumsetigerum (P. Beauv.) Stapf; Isachne jardinii (Steud.)Durand & Schinz; Panicum chaetophorum Roem. &Schult.; Panicum jardinii Steud.; Panicum patens L.; Pani-cum setigerum Retz.; Panicum setigerum P. Beauv., nom.illeg., non Panicum setigerum Retz.)

Tropical Africa. Perennial, loose, delicate, ascending, mag-ical application, forest shade, see Species Plantarum 1: 58.1753, Observationes Botanicae 4: 15. 1786, Flore d’Oware1: 49, 82. 1804, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 196.1810, Systema Vegetabilium 2: 884. 1817, Synopsis Plan-tarum Glumacearum 1: 95. 1854[1855], Conspectus FloraeAfricae 5: 739. 1896 and Journal of Botany, British andForeign 69(2): 55. 1931.

in Ivory Coast: bikakosiré

C. deccanense Bor (Cyrtococcum patens sensu Senaratna,non (L.) A. Camus; Panicum patens sensu Hook.f., proparte, non L.)

Southern India, Sri Lanka. Perennial, erect, decumbent,creeping, prostrate, rooting from the lower nodes, leafsheaths keeled, panicles open and diffuse, upper floret pit-ted, forest shade, mountains, jungle, damp places, seeHandb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 159. 1900, Kew Bulletin 1956: 255-256. 1956, Grasses of Ceylon 120. 1956, Grasses of Burma… 291. 1960.

C. multinode (Lam.) Clayton (Panicum cyrtococcoidesNapper; Panicum multinode Lam.; Panicum multinode J.Presl, nom. illeg., non Panicum multinode Lam.)

Tropical Africa. See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique4: 747. 1796, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 303. 1830 andKirkia 3: 126. 1963, Kew Bulletin 33(1): 22. 1978.

C. oxyphyllum (Hochstetter ex Steudel) Stapf (Panicumoxyphyllum Hochst. ex Steud.; Panicum pilipes Nees &


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Cyrtopogon Spreng. 563

Arnott ex Büse, nom. illeg., non Panicum pilipes Nees)(Greek oxys “sharp” and phyllon “leaf”)

Southeast Asia, China, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Austra-lia. Perennial, weed species, slender, prostrate, erect, creep-ing, rooting at the nodes, leaf sheaths keeled at the tip, liguleminutely ciliolate, sheaths and blades often densely hairybelow, leaf blades lanceolate, leaves more or less appressedand pubescent, flowering stems ascending, inflorescencevery dense and narrow panicles long pilose, panicles con-tracted, asymmetrical spikelets dark orange and shining,sterile glumes keeled, fodder grass, in forest shade, old taroplantations, in forest clearings, easily confused with speciesof Oplismenus P. Beauv., see Synopsis Plantarum Glu-macearum 1: 65. 1854, Plantae Junghuhnianae 3: 376.1854, Henry Trimen (1843-1896), A Systematic Catalogueof the Flowering Plants and Ferns Indigenous to or Grow-ing Wild in Ceylon 105. Colombo 1885 and Handb. Fl.Ceylon 5: 158. 1900, Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 31(4): t.3096. 1922, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 322. 1931, Grasses ofCeylon 120. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 291. 1960.

C. patens (L.) A. Camus (Cyrtococcum accrescens (Trinius)Stapf; Cyrtococcum muricatum (Retz.) Bor; Cyrtococcumradicans (Retz.) Stapf; Panicum accrescens Trin.; Panicumcarinatum J. Presl; Panicum carinatum Torr., nom. illeg.,non Panicum carinatum J. Presl; Panicum muricatum Retz.;Panicum obliquum Roth ex Roem. & Schult.; Panicum pat-ens L.; Panicum patens forma latifolium Honda; Panicumradicans Retz.; Paspalum carinatum (J. Presl) K. Schum.)

Southeast and tropical Asia, India. Perennial, creeping,scrambling, low, prostrate, decumbent, erect, frequentlyrooting at lower nodes, ligule glabrous, leaf sheath smoothwith hairy margins, leaves lanceolate and acuminate, verylax and open inflorescence with spreading branches, spike-lets pubescent, lower floret sterile, upper floret pitted, lowerglume ovate, lemma with hairy margins, palea leathery,weed species, native pasture species, good fodder, commonat the edge of woods, secondary growth, swamps, openareas, confused with Cyrtococcum trigonum (Retz.) A.Camus, see Species Plantarumedition 1. 1: 58. 1753, Sys-tema Naturae, Editio Decima 846, 855, 1359. 1759, Obser-vationes Botanicae 4: 18. 1786, Systema Vegetabilium 2:433. 1817, Albrecht Wilhelm Roth (1757-1834), Novaeplantarum species praesertim Indiae orientalis. Halbersta-dii 1821, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4-5): 309. 1830, BostonJ. Nat. Hist. 1: 137. 1835, Karl Moritz Schumann (1851-1904), Die Flora von Kaiser Wilhelms Land 21. Berlin 1889and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 159. 1900, Botanisk Tidsskrift 24:99. 1901, Fragmenta Florae Philippinae 143. 1904, Bull.Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 27(1): 118. 1921, Flore Générale del’Indo-Chine 7: 465. 1922, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. t. 3096. 1922,Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 322. 1931, Acta Phytotaxonomica etGeobotanica 11(1): 47-48. 1942, Journal of the Arnold

Arboretum 29: 286. 1948, Grasses of Ceylon 120-121. 1956,Grasses of Burma … 291-292. 1960.

in Japan: hime-chigo-zasa ( = little Isachne)

in India: mannakki pullu

C. pilipes (Nees & Arn. ex Büse) A. Camus (Panicumhermaphroditum Steud.; Panicum oxyphyllum Hochst. exSteud.; Panicum pilipes Nees & Arn. ex Büse, nom. illeg.,non Panicum pilipes Nees)

Southeast Asia, Thailand. See Plantae Junghuhnianae 3:376. 1854, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 65, 67.1854 and Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle27: 118. 1921.

in Thailand: dok haang raet, yaa ngaat, yaa raat, yaa yuung

C. trigonum (Retz.) A. Camus (Loxostachys lachnanthaPeter; Panicum difforme Roth; Panicum trigonum Retz.)

Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka. Perennial, creeping, matted,prostrate, erect, rooting at lower nodes, ligule glabrous, leafsheath smooth with hairy margin, leaves lanceolate andacuminate, open inflorescence, shade species, fodder grass,common at the edge of woods, along roadsides, secondarygrowth, swamps, along paths, open areas, similar and con-fused with Cyrtococcum patens (L.) A. Camus, see Sp.Pl.edition 1. 1: 58. 1753, Obs. Bot. 3: 9. 1783, SystemaVegetabilium 2: 433. 1817, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 359. 1864, ASystematic Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and FernsIndigenous to or Growing Wild in Ceylon 105. 1885 andHandb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 157. 1900, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris)27: 118. 1921, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. t. 3096. 1922, Reperto-rium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 1: 55,f.14/1. 1930 [1931], Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 322. 1931,Grasses of Ceylon 120. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 292.1960.

in India: abbu garike

C. trigonum (Retz.) A. Camus var. celebicum Jansen

Southeast Asia, Celebes. See Reinwardtia 2(2): 258. 1953.

Cyrtopogon Spreng. = Aristida L., Curtopogon P. Beauv.

From the Greek kyrtos “curved, arched” and pogon “abeard.”

Arundinoideae, Aristideae, or Aristidoideae, Aristideae, seeSpecies Plantarum 1: 82. 1753, Flora Boreali-Americana1: 41. 1803, Ess. Agrostogr. 32, 159, t. 8, f. 7. 1812, SystemaVegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 266. 1824[1825] andKurtziana 1: 123-206. 1961, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 253-257. 1994, Flora del Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán 3: 1-35.1994, Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 76-85. 1995, Annalsof the Missouri Botanical Garden 82: 593-595. 1995, Can-dollea 53(2): 466-470. 1998, Bot. Rev. 64: 1-85. 1998,Boletim do Instituto de Botânica (São Paulo) 12: 113-179.


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564 Czerniaevia (Ledeb.) Ledeb.

1999, Acta Botánica Mexicana 63: 1-45. 2003, Contribu-tions from the United States National Herbarium 46: 69-104, 166, 169. 2003.

Czerniaevia (Ledeb.) Ledeb. = Czerniaevia Ledeb., Deschampsia P. Beauv.

Pooideae, Poodae, Aveneae, or Pooideae, Poeae, Airinae,in syn. sub Deschampsia bottnica (Wahlenb.) Trin., seeFlora Lapponica 1: 36, t. 4. 1812, Essai d’une NouvelleAgrostographie 91, 149, 160. 1812, Fundamenta Agros-tographiae 158. 1820, Flora Rossica 4(13): 422. 1852 andContributions from the United States National Herbarium48: 245-256. 2003.

Czerniaevia Turcz. ex Griseb. = Deschampsia P. Beauv.

Pooideae, Poodae, Aveneae, or Pooideae, Poeae, Airinae,in syn. sub Deschampsia bottnica var. melicoides (?),seeFlora Lapponica 1: 36, t. 4. 1812, Essai d’une Nouvelle

Agrostographie 91, 149, 160. 1812, Fundamenta Agros-tographiae 158. 1820, Flora Rossica 4(13): 422. 1852 andContributions from the United States National Herbarium48: 242, 245-256. 2003.

Czernya Presl = Phragmites Adans.

Arundinoideae, Arundineae, see Species Plantarum 1: 81.1753, Familles des Plantes 2: 34, 559. 1763, Archiv für dieBotanik 1(3): 37. 1798, Systema Vegetabilium 2: 29, 501.1817, Cyperaceae et Gramineae Siculae… Pragae 1820,Fundamenta Agrostographiae 134. 1820 [1822], SynopsisPlantarum Glumacearum 1: 197. 1855 [1854], Journal ofthe Linnean Society Bot. 19: 112. 1881, Hermann Karsten(1817-1908), Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-medici-nische Botanik… 379. Berlin 1881 and Kew Bulletin 21:113-117. 1967, Taxon 17: 168-169. 1968, H.I. Aston,Aquatic Plants of Australia. 207-210. 1973, Journal ofShenyang Agricultural University 24(2): 89-94. 1993, Con-tributions from the United States National Herbarium 46:169, 537-539. 2003.


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