Cracking and fruit quality of "Manfalouty" pomegranate as ...

Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research ISSN 2077-4605

Volume : 08 | Issue : 03| July-Sept. | 2019 Pages:873-882

Corresponding Author: Ibtesam F.M. Badawy, Department of Pomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Assuit University, Egypt.

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Cracking and fruit quality of "Manfalouty" pomegranate as affected by pre-harvest of Chitosan, Calcium chloride and Gibbrellic acid spraying

Ibtesam F.M. Badawy1, Eman A.A. Abou-Zaid1 and Esraa, M.E.Hussein2

1Department of Pomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Assuit University, Egypt. 2Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, Egypt.

Received: 15 May 2019 / Accepted 10 July 2019 / Publication date: 15 August 2019 ABSTRACT

This experiment was carried out at Orchard, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, in 2017 and 2018 seasons to study the effect of chitosan at 0.5, 1 and 2%, calcium chloride (CaCl2) at the rate of 2, 4 and 6% and Gibberellic acid (GA3) at 25, 50 and 100 ppm on cracking and fruit quality of "Manfalouty" pomegranate. The experiment was set in a Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates per treatment, one tree each. The results indicated that all treatments significantly decreased the fruit cracking and improved the yield and fruit quality comparing with control. No significant differences were found between chitosan, GA3 or calcium chloride at any used concentrations. It could be concluded that spraying either chitosan at 0.5%, GA3 at 50 ppm or CaCl2 at 2% twice on mid of June and August effectively reduced cracking and improve the yield and fruit quality on "Manfalouty" pomegranate. Keywords: cracking- chitosan- GA3- CaCl2- pomegranate

Introduction

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is one of the oldest cultivated fruits which mentioned in the holy Quran and in the ancient Egyptian mythology. Also it is one of the edible fruits, which is very important to human health because of its antioxidant activity (Gil et al 2000).

Manfalouty cultivar is the most important pomegranate cultivar grown in Assiut governorate. According to the Egyptian ministry of agriculture statistics (2016) the total area devoted for pomegranate in Assiut governorate was 10635 Fadden and fruiting area was 8417 fadden producing about 107814 tons with an average for 12.8 tons /fadden.

Fruit cracking considered one of the main problems facing the pomegranate producers. Fruit cracking caused hug loss to farmers by reducing total yield up to 30- 50% and significantly deteriorated fruit quality fruit become unfit for marketing (Bankar and Prasad 1992, El- Salhy 1996 and Singh and Kingsly 2006).Also, various factors are responsible for fruit cracking which include fluctuation in soil moisture regimes, micronutrient deficiency (Sing and Kingsly 2006, Abubakar and Ashraf 2013). Cracking may be due to the hardening of fruit skin during long dry period and then sudden expansion in the volume of inner part of the fruit after heavy irrigation (Abd EL- Rahman 2010 and Kumar et al 2010).

Calcium is the most important mineral in ensuring the cell structure stability and mechanical strength (Elmer et al 2007). The application of calcium to fruits provides protection against physiological deterioration, retardation of maturity and improvement fruit quality (Hernandez- Munoz et al 2006, Lanaouskas and Kvikliene 2006, Bonomelli and Ruiz 2010, Chen et al 2011 and Irfan et al 2013). Calcium plays an important role in regulating absorption of water by plant roots. Calcium treatments have been reported to reduce the cracking in pomegranate (Sharma 2011, EL- Akkad et al 2016 and Masoud et al 2017).

Among different elite horticultural practices, growth regulators have been advantageously used in the recent time to increase the fruit production and to improve the quality of several fruit crops (Abdi Reddy and Prasad). GA3 was found to be effective on improving the plant growth, yield, fruit quality parameters and reducing the fruit cracking (El-Salhy 1996, Mohamed 2004, AL- Imam 2009, Khalil and Aly 2013 and Masoud et al 2018).

Chitosan have positive effects on increasing vegetative growth and development which increased key enzymes activates of nitrogen metabolism and enhanced the transportation of nitrogen

Middle East J. Agric. Res., 8(3): 873-882, 2019 ISSN: 2077-4605

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in the functional leaves leading to improved vegetative growth development which tree nutritional status (Gornik et al. 2008). Chitosan is one of the natural polymers that can be tacked from various species, particularly from the exoskeleton of crustaceans, as well as, it can be obtained from cuticles of insects as well as in the cell walls fungi and some algae (Sanford and Hutchings 1987and Sandford 2002). Chitosan is a poly saccharide derived from allow acetyl from glucosamine (Freepons 1991; Hadwiger and Bride 2006).Chitosan has antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal properties and it considers one of the most common polymers found in the nature (Wojdyla,2001). It is a natural antioxidant and application of it via soil or leaves effectively stimulated the resistance mechanism of plants besides having a direct effect on pathogenic organism (Feng et al., 2007). Chitosan can be used as a treatment for mineral contaminator soil (Sheikha and AL-Malki 2011). It is not only decrease pollution and costs, but also nourishing the plant (Delphine et al., 2005).

So, this investigation aimed to study the effect of chitosan, GA3 and calcium chloride on fruit cracking and fruit quality of Manfalouty pomegranate.

Materials and Methods

The experiment was executed at the experimental orchard and the laboratory of Pomology department, at Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University throughout two successive seasons of 2017 and 2018. Thirty trees of "Manfalouty" Pomegranate which are forty years old and spaced at 5x5 m apart were chosen for this study. The soil of the studied site is classified as typical torrifluvents according to the soil survey staff (2016) and has silty loam texture (PH of 7.80, EC of 2 ds m-1 and CaCO3 of 5%). The trees were irrigated by surface irrigation system and received all the recommended horticultural practices. River Nil water (EC of 1.1ds m-1) was used in the irrigation of the experimental site. Treatments were carried out as following:

T1: Spraying tap water (control) T2: Spraying with Chitosan at 0.5% T3: Spraying with Chitosan at 1% T4: Spraying with Chitosan at 2% T5: Spraying with Gibberellic acid at 25 ppm T6: Spraying with Gibberellic acid at 50 ppm T7: Spraying with Gibberellic acid at 100 ppm T8: Spraying with Calcium chloride at 2% T9: Spraying with Calcium chloride at 4% T10: Spraying with Calcium chloride at 6%

The selected trees received two sprays from each substance on mid of June and August.

Preparation of chitosan – based solution:

Stock solution (2%w/v) of chitosan, was prepared by dissolving purified chitosan (low molecular weight chitosan was purchased from sigma chemical Co) in 0.5 % (v/v) glacial acetic acid, under continues stirring, and the PH was adjusted to 5.6 using 1N NaOH. The stock solution was sterilized at 1210C for 20 minute, and then lower concentrations (i.e 0.5, 1, 2%) were made by appropriate dilution with distillated water (Du et al 1997). Triton B as wetting agent was added at a rate of 0.05% to all spraying solution before the application

At harvest time (15th of October), ten fruits from each tree were taken as samples to determine the following traits:

Physical properties: (a) Fruit cracking percentage were calculated. (b) Yield as kg per tree (c) Average fruit weight(g) (d) Arils weight percentage was calculated. (e) Juice volume (cm3).


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Chemical properties:

(a) Total soluble solids (T.S.S) were estimated by using the hand refractometer. (b) Reducing sugars percentage were determined as outline in A.O.A.C (2000) (c) Total acidity was determined by titration of NAOH at 0.1N according to A.O.A.C (2000). (d) Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) content was determined by the method described by A.O.A.C

(2000). (e) Total anthocyanin content of arils: Extract was prepared by the method described by Rababah

et al (2005) and Total anthocyanin content was calculated according to Rabino and Mancinelli (1986).

Statistical analysis:

The experiment was designed as randomized complete block design with three replicates one tree each. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied according to Snedecor and Cochran (1989). Duncan test at 5% level was used to compare the differences between the treatment means.

Results Yield and fruit cracking:

Data presented in Table (1) show the effect of Chitosan, Gibbrellic acid and Calcium chloride spraying on yield/tree and fruit cracking of Manfalouty pomegranate fruits. It is obvious from the data that the results took the similar trend in the two studied seasons. No significant differences between the studied treatments in this respect. A significant decrease in fruit cracking was obtained by using all sprayed substances compared with the control, during the two studied seasons. The lowest percentage of cracking (4.36 & 6.42%) were obtained from the trees subjected to GA3 at 100 ppm during the two studied seasons, respectively, followed by those sprayed with calcium chloride at 6% (4.86%) in the first season, while in the second season calcium chloride at 2% recorded (6.55%) compared with control which gave 15.96% and 20.41%, respectively in the two seasons of study. Hence, the corresponding decrement percentage of fruit cracking percentage under unsprayed ones was attained (38.66, 47.81, 67.67, 72.68, 67.41 & 69.55%) and (34.35, 36.50, 54.53, 68.55, 67.91& 61.34%) during the two studied season, respectively due to spraying with chitosan at 0.5, 1%, GA3 at 50, 100 ppm and calcium chloride at 2, 6% respectively. Also, data presented in Table 1 showed that, all studied the treatments are significantly increased the fruit yield Kg/tree during the two studied seasons. The greatest fruit yield was found with spraying chitosan at the rate of 1% followed by GA3 at 50 ppm, where the fruit yield were 114.45 kg and 107.42 kg, respectively in the first season. While in the second season the greatest yield was found with spraying chitosan at the rate of 0.5% which recorded 84.59 kg followed by those treated with GA3 at 50 ppm which recorded 83.41 kg, respectively. However, the control yield recorded 86.15 kg and 60.85 kg, in the two studied seasons, respectively. Hence, the corresponding increment percentage over unsprayed ones were (23.62, 24.69 & 16.79%) and (39.01, 37.08 & 31.68%) during the two studied seasons respectively due to spraying with chitosan at 0.5%, GA3 at 50 ppm and calcium chloride at 2% respectively.

Fruit properties Physical characteristics:

It is evident from the data in Table (1) show the effect of different treatments on fruit weight, arils weight percentage and juice volume. A significant in fruit weight was obtained by using all spraying substances compared with the control. In the first season the heaviest fruit weight (437.78 and 421.39 gm.) was obtained by applying chitosan at 0.5% and GA3at 50 ppm compared with the control which recorded 312.80 gm. While in the second season, the heaviest fruit weight (406.50& 388.80 gm.) was obtained by applying GA3 at 50 ppm followed by chitosan at 0.5% compared with


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Table 1: Effect of Chitosan, Gibberellic acid and Calcium chloride spraying on Yield and some Physical properties of "Manfalouty" Pomegranate fruits, in 2017 and 2018 seasons.

Treatments

Fruit cracking (% )

Yield/tree (kg)

Fruit weight (g)

Arils weight (%)

Juice volume ( cm3)

2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018

Control 15.96 a 20.41 a 86.15 e 60.85 d 312.80 f 280.94 e 56.96 c 58.10 e 41.60 d 43.34 c

Chitosan 0.5% 9.79 bc 13.40 c 106.50 ab 84.59 a 437.78a 388.80b 61.08ab 65.75 ab 45.58 bc 49.33 a

Chitosan 1% 8.33 c 12.96 c 114.45 a 81.33 a 368.63de 365.33c 64.91 a 68.10 a 47.38 a 50.26 a

Chitosan 2% 10.75 b 15.13 b 104.33bc 82.60 a 349.17 e 377.67bc 64.81 a 65.07 ab 46.90 a 48.91 a

GA3 25 ppm 7.38cd 13.75 bc 100.19 cd 76.78 bc 402.44 c 406.50 a 63.60ab 60.41 cd 46.49 a 45.48 c

GA3 50 ppm 5.16 e 9.28 d 107.42ab 83.41 a 421.39ab 383.44b 63.47ab 61.28 bc 47.13 a 46.11 bc

GA3 100 ppm 4.36 e 6.42 e 100.74bc 74.90 c 415.00cb 372.44bc 62.26ab 61.10 bc 45.78 bc 45.86 bc

Calcium chloride 2% 5.20 e 6.55 e 100.62 cd 80.13 ab 375.50 c 384.00b 63.52ab 61.77 bc 46.28 b 46.33 bc

Calcium chloride 4% 6.71 d 9.51 d 92.53 d 78.85 bc 390.67c 347.45c 60.41b 60.79 cd 45.43 bc 45.50 bc

Calcium chloride 6% 4.86 e 7.89 de 97.37 cd 80.59 ab 310.44 f 342.28 c 60.51b 62.40 bc 44.75 c 46.80 bc

Means with the same letter are not significantly different.


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control which recorded 280.94 gm. Also, date presented in Table 1 demonstrated that most of the treatments in the 1stseason significantly surpassed than control in this arils weight%. Chitosan at 1% and 2% produced the highest percentage of arils (64.91 and 64.81%, respectively). However, the differences between these surpassed treatments were not significant in most cases. During the second season of study the most effective treatments were chitosan at 1% and 0.5%. They gave 68.10 and 65.75%, respectively. On the other side, the rest of treatments either had little or insignificant effect on this traits. The arils weight % of control recorded 56.96 and 58.10% in both season, respectively. Also, the data showed that, the highest volume of juice (47.38 & 50.26%) was obtained from the fruit of the tree subjected to chitosan at1% during the two studied seasons, respectively. The untreated tree produced fruit that minimum value of juice volume which recorded (41.60&43.34%) in the two studied seasons, respectively.

Chemical properties:

The effect of chitosan, Gibbrellic acid, and calcium chloride spraying on pomegranate chemical fruit characteristics are presented in Table 2. A significant increase in total soluble solids percentage (TSS %) was obtained by different chitosan treatments , where recorded 16.67,18.33% , 16.83 , 18.83% and 16.33 , 18.87% in the two studied seasons by spraying at 0.5 , 1 and 2% chitosan solution concentrations , respectively. On the other side, all concentrations of spraying with GA3 were significantly decreased the total soluble solids. The maximum value of reducing sugar (11.93%) were recorded when the trees were sprayed with chitosan at 0.5% in the first season while sprayed with chitosan at 2% gave the maximum value of reducing sugar (13.18%) in the second season. On the other side, the GA3 at 100 ppm recorded the minimum value of reducing sugar which recorded (10.39 & 10.68%) in the first and second season, respectively when sprayed with GA3 at 100 ppm. The minimum value of total acidity (1.22%) were recorded when the fruit harvested from the trees were sprayed with chitosan 0.5% in the first season but sprayed with chitosan at 2% gave the minimum value of total acidity (1.30%) in the second season. On the other side, the control recorded the highest value of total acidity which recorded (1.41&1.48%) in the two seasons, respectively. No significantly differences between control and spraying with GA3 in all used concentration. Also, the data in Table 2 showed that the highest value of V.C content (30.00 and 32.33) were recorded in the trees sprayed with chitosan at 0.5% in the two studied seasons, respectively. Also, the control recorded the lowest value of V.C content which recorded (23.15 and 26.58) in the two studied seasons, respectively. It is clear from the data in Table 2 that spraying with chitosan and calcium chloride in all used concentrations increased the anthocyanin concentrations in pomegranate fruit compared with control and GA3. In the first season spraying with chitosan at 0.5% gave the maximum value compared with other treatments which recorded 63.60% but in the second season spraying with calcium chloride at 4% gave the maximum value compared with other treatments which recorded 62.27%. On the other side, spraying with GA3 in all used concentration gave the minimum value of anthocyanin concentration in pomegranate fruit during the two studied season. In general view, no significant differences between the foliar application of chitosan at 0.5, 1 and 2%, GA3 at 25, 50 and 100 ppm and calcium chloride at 2, 4 and 6%. So, from the economic aspect it can be concluded that the foliar application either of chitosan at 0.5%, gibberellin at 50 ppm or calcium chloride at 2% twice at mid of June and August were more effective in reducing fruit cracking percentage and high yield with good fruit quality.

Discussion

Spraying with some growth regulators especially GA3 has a lot of benefits in horticulture crops i.e improving the fruiting and yield quality. The effect of Gibbrellic acid (GA3) on reducing cracking percentage may be its effect on cell wall strength and permeability of elasticity of the fruit cuticle (Byers et al 1990 Sekse et al 2005 and Taizand Zeiger 2006). Gibberellins are involved in cell division and cell elongation resulted in increase the yield, fruit weight and size (Kuldeep et al., 2001 and Sing et al., 2003). On the other side, GA3 might be delayed the fruit maturation. Our results showed that the foliar application of GA3 at 50 ppm caused about 24.68 to 37.07 % increase in the yield and reduced the fruit cracking percentage about 54.53 to 67.67% compared to unsprayed ones (control). These results are in agreement with those obtained by EL-Salhy 1996, Anand et al 2003,


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Table 2: Effect of Chitosan, Gibberellic acid and Calcium chloride spraying on some chemical properties of "Manfalouty" Pomegranate fruits, in 2017 and

2018 seasons.

Treatments

T.S.S (%)

Reducing sugar (%)

Total acidity (%)

V.C mg/100ml

Anthocyanin mg/100gm

2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018

Control 15.67 bc 16.33 b 11.18 b 11.45 b 1.41 a 1.48 a 23.15 d 26.58 d 54.91 c 48.69 d

Chitosan 0.5% 16.67 a 18.33 a 11.93 a 12.81 a 1.22 c 1.31 b 30.00 a 32.33 a 63.60 a 56.00 c

Chitosan 1% 16.83 a 18.83 a 11.90 a 12.93 a 1.24 b 1.32 b 29.15 a 31.50 a 58.38 b 58.26b

Chitosan 2% 16.33 ab 18.67 a 11.65 a 13.18 a 1.26 b 1.30 b 28.00 b 30.67 ab 62.45 a 59.93 b

GA3 25 ppm 15.00 cd 14.65 d 10.78 c 10.80 cd 1.39 a 1.47a 27.11 b 31.30 a 52.61 cd 40.26 e

GA3 50 ppm 14.83 d 15.67 c 10.45 c 11.15 b 1.36 a 1.45 a 24.42 cd 30.67 ab 51.25 cd 41.20 e

GA3 100 ppm 14.50 d 15.17 cd 10.39 cd 10.68 c 1.38 a 1.43 a 25.83 c 31.80 a 51.96 cd 40.64 e

Calcium chloride 2% 16.00 bc 16.83 b 11.36 b 11.95 b 1.28 b 1.32 b 24.15 cd 31.33 ab 60.38 b 58.84 b

Calcium chloride 4% 16.13 bc 16.50 b 11.49 b 11.73 b 1.23 bc 1.31 b 25.00 c 30.41 cb 61.90 ab 62.27 a

Calcium chloride 6% 15.83 bc 16.17 b 11.22 b 11.50 b 1.28 b 1.34b 24.15 cd 29.35 c 59.38 b 58.58 b

Means with the same letter are not significantly different.


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Singh et al 2003, Yilmaz and Ozguven 2003, Mohamed 2004, Cline and Trought 2007, Elmer et al 2007, EL- Imam 2009, Lal et al 2012, Abubakar et al 2013, Khalil and Aly 2013 and Korkmaz et al 2016 and Masoud et al (2018).

The positive action of calcium treatments in fruit cracking may by attributing to the stabilization of membranes systems and the formation of calcium pectates and cell wall which increase rigidity of the middle portion and cell wall of the fruit. Calcium enhanced fruit growth and caused maintain of water balance. Calcium effects on improving the growth and nutrition uptake and consequently improved the food synthesized that trans located to fruit and enhanced their maturation and improved its contents of chemical constituents. In the current study, the foliar application of calcium chloride at 2% caused about 16.79 to 31.68 % increase in the yield and reduced the fruit cracking percentage about 67.42 to 67.9% compared to unsprayed ones ( control). These results are in agreement with Abdi Rady and Prasad (2012), Digrase et al (2016) Khalil and Aly (2013) , Korkmaz et al (2016) El- Akkad et al (2016).

Effects of chitosan on reducing fruit cracking may be due to its influence on the cell wall strength and permeability elasticity of fruit cuticle (Sharlotte and Simard 1998). The effectiveness of chitosan on yield and its components might be due to that chitosan has the simulative effect on physiological processes and improved the transportation of Nitrogen in the functional leaves which improved vegetative growth and development (Chibu and Shbayama, 2003; Gornik et al; 2008). The beneficial effect of chitosan may be interpreted to its role in a achieving a good balance between vegetative growth and fruiting through nutrients availability which is reflected its turn on increasing the accumulation of total carbohydrate and resulting the stimulation of ripening (Li et al 1999 and Champa et al 2015). The positive effect of chitosan on plant growth may be due to its effect on increasing phosphorus content. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient playing an important role in the biosynthesis and translocation of carbohydrates and necessary for stimulating cell division and forming DNA and RNA (Nijjar 1985). Our results showed that the foliar application of chitosan at 0.5% caused about 23.62 to 39.01 % increase in the yield, reduced the fruit cracking percentage about 34.35 to 38.66% and increase in the T.S.S percentage about 6.38 to 12.25% compared to unsprayed ones (control). These results are in agreement with Chibu and Shibayama(2003), Meng et al (2008), Abdel- Mawgoud et al (2010) EL- Miniawy et al (2013) Ahmed et al (2016) El- Kenawy (2017) and Hussein and Radwan (2017). Conclusion

In general, it could be concluded that foliar application either of chitosan at 0.5%, gibberellin at 50 ppm or calcium chloride at2% twice at mid of June and August were more effective in reducing fruit cracking percentage and high yield with good fruit quality. Also chitosan as unique natural product in abundant supply has a bright future in many aspect of food production and preservation.

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