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C

CONTEXTUALISING THE HYBRID ECONOMY MODEL IN KAMPUNG SUNGEI BUMBUN

SHEVONNE HENRY

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Contents

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 5

2. Literature Review and Background ....................................................................................... 6

2.1 The Nature of the Indigenous Economy ........................................................................... 6

2.2 Altman’s Hybrid Economy Model ....................................................................................... 8

2.3 Kampung Sungei Bumbun in Context ............................................................................. 10

2.4 The Department for Orang Asli Development (JAKOA)- Malaysia ............................. 12

3. Objectives .................................................................................................................................. 13

4. Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 13

5. Findings ...................................................................................................................................... 18

5.1 General Landscape ............................................................................................................ 18

5.2 The Economy of Kampung Sungei Bumbun .................................................................. 21

5.2.1 The Market Sector ............................................................................................................ 21

5.2.2 The State Sector ............................................................................................................... 33

5.2.3 The Customary Sector ..................................................................................................... 40

6. Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 59

7. Limitations ................................................................................................................................. 54

8. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 55

9. Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 57

APPENDIX 1: Survey and guide English .................................................................................... 64

APPENDIX 2: Survey and guide Bahasa .................................................................................... 72

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Figure 1: The Hybrid Economy Model 9 Figure 2: Map of Kampung Sungei Bumbun 18

Figure 3: Per cent of Households Earning a Full-Time Wage 23 Figure 4: Per cent of Households That Earned a Piece Job Wage 24 Figure 5: Per cent of Households Self-Employed 26 Figure 6: Per cent of Households Allocated Land 27 Figure 7: Per cent of Households Cultivating Oil Palm 27 Figure 8: Mean Totals For Livestock Sold and Consumed 30 Figure 9: Mean Totals For Cash Crop Sold and Consumed 32 Figure 10: Mean Household Expenditure 32 Figure 11: Per cent of Households Paying for Utilities 36 Figure 12: Per cent of Households That Received Welfare 37 Figure 13: Mean Totals For Subsistence Agriculture Sold and Consumed 40 Figure 14: Mean Income From Forest Products 41 Figure 15: Mean Totals for Income and Consumption of Fish and Seafood 42 Figure 16: Mean Totals for Income and Consumption of Hunted Animals 43 Figure 17: Mean Totals for Art and Craft Sold 46 Figure 18: Mean Totals for Income From Musical Performances 47 Figure 19: Per cent of Households that Received Gifts and Remittances From NGOs 48 Figure 20: Contribution of NGOs, Customary, Market and State Sectors to the Kampung Sungei Bumbun Economy 49 Figure 21: HEM for Kampung Sungei Bumbun 50 Figure 22: The Pinwheel Economy Model 56 Table 1: Mean Full-Time Wage Earnings 22 Table 2: Full-Time Employment Summary 22 Table 3: Mean Land Allocation 27

Table 4: Pearson’s r Test Correlation Between Land Allocation and Total Income 29

Table 5: Independent Samples Test Difference Between Those With Oil Palm and Those

Without 29

Table 6: Livestock Population Summary 30

Table 7: Budget Spend For 2012 on Mind Development and Education 34

Table 8: Mean Utilities 35

Appendix 1: English survey and guide Appendix 2: Bahasa survey and guide

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Abstract

This study explores the utility of Altman’s hybrid economy model in addressing the

disjuncture between market-based and kin-based paradigms and its relevance outside of the

Australian context. It applies the hybrid economy model to Kampung Sungei Bumbun,

Malaysia and endeavours to measure the component sectors of the hybrid economy model

thereby establishing whether the hybrid economy exists and what benefits it might have for

Kampung Sungei Bumbun. Results from the survey and qualitative data reveal that the

hybrid economy exists in Kampung Sungei Bumbun with the largest portion of total recorded

income assigned to the market followed by the customary and state sectors, respectively.

The report draws from the policy recommendations made by Altman in suggesting solutions

to addressing areas of disharmony between the three sectors for the Kampung Sungei

Bumbun context. The report concludes by putting forward a tentative adaptation of the hybrid

economy i.e. the pinwheel economy model for consideration and further research.

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1. Introduction

The process of colonisation, characteristic in most indigenous societies, caused for

indigenous lands to be lost (Altman, 2001) displacing the indigenous and leaving them

landless (Lasimbang, 2008). Colonialism also undermined the pre-colonial or indigenous

economy (Gordon, 2010).

Comparisons between indigenous and non-indigenous populations confirm that indigenous

populations are worse off than non-indigenous ones (Altman, n.d.). Case studies from the

Arctic, Australia and Malaysia show indigenous communities living in conditions typified by

poverty, poor health, high crime, alcoholism and other forms of substance abuse (Altman,

2001; Bandias & Fuller, 2012; Mustapha, et al., 2010; Orr, 2011; Talalla, 1984; West, 2011).

The rate of environmental and social change further threatens the long-term sustainability of

these communities (West, 2011).

Governments generally address indigenous underdevelopment through macro-economic

policies that encourage economic growth and higher rates of employment (Altman, 2003;

Bolton, 2005; Reif, 2006). The intention of these policies is to facilitate statistical equality

among indigenous groups. Though anthropologists argue that such measured equality,

based on mainstream or neoliberal notions of development, is not possible in indigenous

lands (Altman & Biddle, 2011; Talalla, 1984).

“The application of mainstream solutions to deeply entrenched non-mainstream problems

fails to recognise the colonial history and diversity of indigenous circumstance” (Altman,

2009; Bandias & Fuller, 2012) and results in entrenched dependency and underdevelopment

evidenced by the decline of traditional means of production (Talalla, 1984).

Pearson (2000) defines this as the ‘passive welfare paradigm’ which stifles customary

economic mechanisms disengaging welfare beneficiaries from established governing

institutions and disempowering them from making decisions and/or taking action (Bandias &

Fuller, 2012). This, he says, perpetuates the cycle of dependency (Bandias & Fuller, 2012;

Orr, 2011).

Altman discovered the dangers of welfare dependency during his work with Kuninjku

harvesters between 1979 and 1980. At the time of his research the customary sector

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accounted for 64 per cent of cash and imputed income and welfare 26 per cent. By 2002/3

the customary sector halved to 32 per cent while welfare more than doubled to 57 per cent

(Altman, 2004; Bandias & Fuller, 2012).

His research culminated in the conception of the hybrid economy model (HEM) which seeks

to explain the interplay between capitalist or market-based and non-capitalist or kin-based

forms of production. It provides a framework to explore the particularities of the indigenous

context and the interdependencies between the state, customary and market sectors,

respectively, thereby facilitating the development of tailor-made solutions for indigenous

communities (Altman, 2001; Altman & Biddle, 2011).

This study explores the utility of Altman’s HEM in addressing the disjuncture between

market-based and kin-based paradigms and its relevance outside of the Australian context.

It applies the HEM to Kampung Sungei Bumbun, Malaysia and endeavours to measure the

component sectors of the HEM thereby establishing whether the hybrid economy exists and

what benefits it might have for Kampung Sungei Bumbun.

Chapter 2 will present the literature review and background information on indigenous

economies, generally, and Kampung Sungei Bumbun, specifically, and introduce the

modalities of the HEM. In Chapter 3 and 4 the objectives and methodology of the study will

be explained. In Chapter 5 the findings emanating from field work in Kampung Sungei

Bumbun will be presented. The final chapters 6, 7 and 8, respectively, will be an extension of

Chapter 5 in qualifying the findings, touching on the limitations and concluding the study.

2. Literature Review and Background

2.1 The Nature of the Indigenous Economy

Contrary to the logic of capitalism, which is accumulation, in indigenous economies the

objective is subsistence (Sercombe, 2008). This outlook emanates from the fact that

indigenous economies were historically characterised by a climate and environment where

food was available all year round which meant there was no need to generate a surplus.

Surplus was viewed as a liability because it restricted movement (Lasimbang, 2008).

The indigenous economy managed risk associated with unpredictable hunting/harvest by

averaging risk across the economic unit i.e. the extended family. The process of demand-

sharing was a key mechanism for dispensing risk and guaranteeing survival in times of

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economic uncertainty (Bolton, 2005; Chan, 2010; Gommer, 2012; Gomes, 2012; Natcher,

2008; Sakamoto, n.d.; Sercombe, 2008; West, 2011).

Indigenous economic systems are part of a social totality that connects and governs the lives

of its people (Lasimbang, 2008). The system is overseen by customary law and social

responsibility and reciprocity are very much embedded into social behavioural norms

(Gommer, 2012; Lasimbang, 2008).

Attachment to land remains of fundamental importance to indigenous people for livelihood

and symbolic reasons (Altman, 2010). Indigenous people continue to live, often for non-

market reasons, on traditional lands (Altman, n.d.). Indigenous groups in the Arctic, for

example, placed greater value on living off the land and maintaining social ties than

accumulating wealth (West, 2011).

Widespread loss of land and environmental degradation has meant that the means of

production necessary for the maintenance of the indigenous economy is no longer possible.

Consequently most contemporary indigenous economies are characterised as mixed cash-

subsistence based economies. Market involvement has become crucial in paying for fuel,

repairs, and the replacement of equipment necessary for sustaining subsistence hunting,

fishing, and gathering (Natcher, 2008; West, 2011).

Youth of

Kampung

Sungei Bumbun

repairing their

motocycles.

Indigenous groups have demonstrated a high capacity for adaptation (Gomes, 2012)

incorporating many non-indigenous attitudes, beliefs and technologies into their lived

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realities (Altman, 2004; Altman, 2009) while maintaining their spiritual beliefs and

relationship to land, living species, family and kin. These factors are intertwined and

influence their attitudes to consumption, employment, savings, investment and accumulation

(Orr, 2011; Bandias & Fuller, 2012). Although indigenous communities try to negotiate a

balance between contrasting world views, they are finding it increasingly difficult to sustain

their economies and with it traditional sharing practices and valuable social networks

(Natcher, 2008).

2.2 Altman’s Hybrid Economy Model

Mindful of the precarious situation indigenous people find themselves in- Altman developed

the hybrid economy model (HEM). It seeks to explain the interplay between capitalist or

market-based and non-capitalist or kin-based forms of production and provides a framework

to explore the particularities of the indigenous context and the interdependencies between

the state, customary and market sectors, respectively, thereby facilitating the development of

tailor-made solutions for indigenous communities (Altman, 2001; Altman & Biddle, 2011).

Unlike mainstream or neoliberal models which only measure the contributions of the state

and market sector the HEM recognises the contribution of the customary economy to

indigenous households and communities and to society as a whole (Altman, 2001; Altman

2004).

The HEM combines a variety of skill-sets necessary for addressing modern-day challenges

such as climate change and market failure (Altman, 2001; Altman, 2004; Bandias & Fuller,

2012). It is a flexible model allowing for high variability between locations, aspirations,

perspectives and capabilities (Altman, 2001; Altman, 2003; Altman, 2004; Altman, 2009;

Altman, n.d.).

The HEM consists of three sectors namely; the state, the customary and the market.

1. The state is defined as service provider, provider of welfare, law enforcer and

regulator (Altman, 2001; Altman, 2003).

2. The customary is made up of a range of productive activities that occur outside the

market and that are based on cultural continuities e.g. hunting, gathering and fishing.

A distinctive feature of the customary economy is that it is not monetised and

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consequently its value remains unrecognised and/or undervalued (Altman, 2001;

Altman, 2004; Altman, 2009; Altman & Biddle, 2011).

3. The market is defined as the productive private sector and may include the retail

sector, arts industry, commercial wildlife harvesting, local entrepreneurial activity and

tourism (Altman, 2001; Altman, 2003; Altman, 2011).

Figure 1: The Hybrid Economy Model

Most productive activity in the HEM occurs where the different sectors meet i.e. 4, 5 and 6.

The section where all sectors meet is described as the ‘bliss point’ i.e. 7. Here people may

satisfy individual, family and kinship needs and obligations in both the market and domestic

moral economy (Altman, 2001).

The size of the circles and intersecting spaces in the HEM can change to reflect the relative

importance of each sector in different local contexts and at different points in time. It can also

accommodate the mobility of indigenous actors between segments in the model over time,

or concurrent participation in different segments at the same time (Altman, 2009).

Altman’s HEM was developed and applied in the Australian context. One that is

characterised by vast, sparsely populated, relatively un-degraded, remote lands of little

commercial value and negligible market presence. The context is very different from

Kampung Sungei Bumbun, the subject of this study, which is smaller, more densely

populated, significantly more degraded, less remote, with higher commercial value and

significant market presence.

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It should be noted however that Kampung Sungei Bumbun and Kuninjku conversely share

key factors for e.g. both constitute subsistence-based, post-colonial indigenous communities

living off reserve land. The relevance then of this study is to apply Altman’s HEM to a non-

Australian and highly dissimilar context to determine if indeed the HEM is as variable as

Altman claims and ascertain its benefits for Kampung Sungei Bumbun.

2.3 Kampung Sungei Bumbun in Context

Btsisi’ are one of 18 distinct indigenous ethnic minorities in Peninsular Malaysia. They

account for 2 896 of the total 149 723 indigenous population and are located on Pulau

Carey, Selangor State. They speak Btsisi’ a word that translates to ‘with scales’ and derives

possibly from the fact that they live by the sea (Karim, 1981; Nowak, 1987). The official

name for Btsisi’, as provided for by the Department for Orang Asli Development (JAKOA), is

Mah Meri meaning ‘people of the forest’ (Chan, 2010; Nowak, 1987).

Raba’ayah anak Sidin collecting clams

at the beach.

Pulau Carey was once surrounded by lowland rainforest, thick mangrove forests, mudflat

shores and flowing rivers rich in flora and fauna. Mah Meri are historical hunters, gatherers,

fishermen and dry rice swidden cultivators (Karim, 1981; Nowak, 1987; Nowak, 2003). Their

diverse environment rendered a bounty to those knowledgeable about how; when and where

to look for food providing the Mah Meri with a varied diet and livelihood that could be easily

adapted to changing circumstances (Nowak, 1987).

Over the twentieth century, Harrisons & Crosfield, British coffee growers, appropriated 20

000 hectares of the total 35 000 hectares that make up Pulau Carey for plantation use. Most

of the plantings were undertaken on rainforest and mangrove land (Nowak, 1987). Today

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much of that land is used for oil palm and are owned by Sime Darby Plantation Berhad and

Selangor Foundation, respectively (Teng, 2008).

The widespread appropriation and conversion of land in Malaysia at that time displaced the

Mah Meri as well as other indigenous groups. To address the situation the Government of

Malaysia, through the federally enacted ‘Aboriginal Peoples’ Ordinance No. 3 of 1954,

established reserves with secure tenure.

Mah Meri began moving inland and evolving from a subsistence based, semi-nomadic

people functioning in small, scattered temporary hamlets into larger, settled administrative

units (Nowak, 1987). One such case was the merging of Bumbun, Mata and Salak villages in

1980 into the administrative village Bumbun or Kampung Sungei Bumbun which is the

subject of this study.

Kampung Sungei Bumbun is administered by the village council of elders or mengge. Elders

hold a mixture of inherited and achieved positions. The position of Batin is passed down

patrilineally from the village’s founding ancestor. It is the highest ranking inherited position

and the symbolic head of the village. (Karim, 1981; Nowak, 1987).

Batin Sidin anak Bujang being

interviewed.

The core of the Mah Meri household is the odo it is a socially recognised, independent unit

of production ranging in size from 1 to 13 people and comprising a married couple and their

children (Karim, 1981; Nowak, 1987). The nuclear family and extended family are two main

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household patterns. Aged parents may choose to live on their own or with their sons,

daughters and/or grandchildren. Newly married couples normally build a house close to their

parent’s and form a nuclear family (Baer, 2006; Teng, 2008).

Depending on circumstances; independent households may reside under one roof while

maintaining their integrity as separate households, separate households may merge, sharing

a budget and productive activities or, households may share productive, reproductive and

consumptive activities but live in separate houses (Nowak, 1987).

Mah Meri relationship with the environment, vis-à-vis their livelihood, is guided by the

concepts of tulah or curse and kemali or taboo. These concepts relay the message that

killing and destruction of plants and animals bring humans misfortune (Karim, 1981). Mah

Meri recognise the fragility of their environment and have created a flexible livelihood system

which allows them to shift between activities as the need may arise (Nowak, 2008). The

diversity of their livelihoods reduces pressure on natural resources and eliminates future

shocks and vulnerabilities (Nowak, 2008).

In the 1990s, the last mangrove area behind Kampung Sungei Bumbun was reclaimed from

the sea resulting in the village becoming landlocked and thereby preventing crabs, shrimp

and mud lobsters from coming into the mangrove (Chan, 2010). This stifled fishing activity.

Additionally, mangrove products that allowed the Mah Meri to be self-sufficient, as well as

generate cash income, no longer exist in sufficient quantity (Nowak, 2008).

Concurrently, the intensification of economic growth has brought deforestation, rapid

urbanisation, population pressures, land scarcity, increasing competition for forest products

and increasing scarcity of game (Karim, 1981). Depleting resources reduce the varied

opportunities to gain a living consequently limiting the strategies available to weather future

shocks and reducing the Mah Meri’s resilience to changing circumstances (Nowak, 2008).

2.4 The Department for Orang Asli Development (JAKOA)- Malaysia

The Government of Malaysia first identified the need to intervene in indigenous affairs in

1948 when the indigenous were deemed to be under threat during the communist

insurgency of that time. Government began relocating indigenous communities in areas

measured to be far “from the reach of communist influence” ((JAKOA), 2012).

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In 1949, the first indigenous welfare officer was appointed and charged with protecting and

administering services to the indigenous. In 1953, the function was expanded to the

Department for Aboriginal Affairs Malaysia (JHEOA) and tasked primarily with indigenous

affairs. In 1953, the Government introduced a policy to channel all administrative and

protective matters regarding the indigenous and to mandate the Department with improving

their living conditions ((JAKOA), 2012).

Since then the Department, now known as the Department for Orang Asli Development

(JAKOA), has expanded in size and scope to its present form. Its primary goal is to protect

the indigenous from “the sudden development of civilization and exploitation while preparing

facilities for education and suitable development” ((JAKOA), 2012). Several socio-economic

development programs are currently underway that seek to integrate the indigenous into

other national communities so they may enjoy the same quality of life as non-indigenous

communities ((JAKOA), 2012).

3. Objectives

This study explores the utility of Altman’s hybrid economy model (HEM) in addressing the

disjuncture between market-based and kin-based paradigms and its relevance outside of the

Australian context. It applies the HEM to Kampung Sungei Bumbun, Malaysia and

endeavours to measure the component sectors of the HEM thereby establishing whether it

exists and what benefits it might have for Kampung Sungei Bumbun.

4. Methodology

Review of Literature

Literature was sourced on the hybrid economy model (HEM) and the Mah Meri, respectively.

Following reading on the nature of the HEM (Altman, 2008; Altman, 2010; Altman & Biddle,

2011; Altman, 2005; Altman, 2007; Altman, 2009) and ethnographic material on the Mah

Meri (Chan, 2010; Karim, 1981; Nowak, n.d.; Nowak, 2000; Nowak, 1987; Teng, 2008) the

quantitative research instrument was selected.

Selection of Quantitative Research Instrument and Design

A household income and expenditure survey was determined as the quantitative instrument

of choice. Several income and expenditure surveys including those of Palau (Office, 2006),

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Australia (Statistics, 2010), Sri Lanka (Lanka, 2009/10) and Canada (Division, 2012) were

utilised in compiling the survey.

Lessons from other indigenous contexts including for e.g. the National Aboriginal and Torres

Strait Islander Social Survey (NATSISS) were incorporated into the design process namely;

ensuring that certain sectors were not privileged over others and that gifts, remittances and

reciprocal exchanges, which can be substantial in indigenous communities, were included

(Statistics, 2010). To ensure that the survey was inclusive of the non-monetary based nature

of the indigenous economy and that home consumption of goods were recorded, market

replacement values were used.

Several experts in the field were consulted in the process of drafting the survey including; Dr.

Colin Nicholas and Ms. Jenita Eng at the Centre for Orang Asli Concerns (COAC)

(Nicholoas, C, personal communication 11 January 2012 to present), Mr. Kamal Solhaimi bin

Fadzil (Fadzil, K, personal communication 23 June 2012 to present) at Universiti Malaya

(UM), Ms. Reita Rahim at Gerai OA (Rahim, R, personal communication, 22 June to

present) and Dr. John Altman at the Australian National University (Altman, J, personal

communication, 16 August 2012 to present).

The household income and expenditure survey with the support of qualitative data from

unstructured interviews was deemed adequate in achieving the objective of the study

namely; to measure the component sectors of the HEM thereby establishing whether it

exists and what benefits it might have for Kampung Sungei Bumbun. Section A parts 1, 2

(commercial crops), 3, 7 and 10 as well as Section B measure the market sector, Section A

parts 2, 4, 5, 6 and 10 as well as Section B calculate the customary sector and Section A

part 9 calculates the state sector (English survey and guide attached as Appendix 1). Data

was recorded in Malaysian Ringgit (RM) which is depicted locally by $. 1 RM is the

equivalent of about 3.08 USD.

The household heads or primary income earners were determined as the survey

participants. Income and expenditure were recorded for a 30 day period. This was

determined following consultation with the abovementioned experts and establishing that

Mah Meri did not record their monetary flows therefore the survey would be completed

entirely from memory (Fadzil, K, personal communication, 23 June 2012; Rahim, R, personal

communication, 22 June 2012). Anything longer than 30 days would have compromised

accuracy.

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The process of finalising the survey was an iterative one including consultation with the

abovementioned experts in ensuring the questions were appropriate and unambiguous.

When the survey was sufficiently revised it was translated into Bahasa Melayu, the national

language of Malaysia (translated survey and guide attached as Appendix 2). A research

assistant was then appointed as well as three enumerators. The survey was piloted with

little difficulty and enumeration began.

Qualitative Methods

Unstructured interviews were held following the survey and outputs recorded in the Notes

section of the respective survey. During the research process several opportunities arose to

experience cultural performances, income generating activities and a traditional wedding.

These opportunities were used to make important qualitative observations which were

recorded in a diary. Extensive photographs were also taken to further understand the

dynamics of Kampung Sungei Bumbun.

A traditional Mah Meri wedding.

Other Sources

Documents were sourced from the JAKOA library in Gombak and meetings held with

officials from relevant Government entities including; the Kuala Langkat Municipality

(meeting, 23 June 2012), JAKOA Kuala Lumpur (meeting, 26 June 2012) and JAKOA

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Banting (Misbah, H, meeting, 29 June 2012). The latter, being the primary service provider

to Kampung Sungei Bumbun, provided substantive information i.e. on the nature of the

economy, Government contribution to welfare and future intentions vis-à-vis development of

Kampung Sungei Bumbun. They also provided a detailed map of Kampung Sungei Bumbun.

Resource Mapping

The map acquired from JAKOA Banting which was created in 2010 as well as a map

acquired from the Directorate for National Mapping, Malaysia (JUPEM) were used as a basis

for creating a new map which records land use and key landmarks in Kampung Sungei

Bumbun (Figure 2). The map was produced with the assistance of a navigation device and

created using MapMaker© software to a scale of 1:6,012.

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Figure 2: Map of Kampung Sungei Bumbun

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Data Analysis

Data was computed using SPSS© version 19.0. Out of a total of 92 houses, 62 surveys

covering 74 households were completed. All of the surveys were found to be valid. Five

households declined to participate, four houses were unoccupied and nine were unavailable.

Limitations

The survey was conducted for a 30 day period and responses were provided entirely from

memory likely resulting in recall error. Furthermore, given the short time span results are not

representative of spikes and slumps in productive activities that may result due to

seasonality or climatic shocks.

5. Findings

5.1 General Landscape

Kampung Sungei Bumbun is an indigenous reserve located on Pulau Carey in the municipal

district of Kuala Langkat, Selangor. It is situated approximately 63km south-west of the

federal capital, Kuala Lumpur, 27km from a major town i.e. Banting and 6km from the sea.

The landscape of Kampung Sungei Bumbun can be described as relatively flat, moderately

forested with a tropical climate. Temperatures average 25o Celsius with high levels of

humidity.

Kampung Sungei Bumbun is 140, 08 hectares in size, 24, 93 hectares or 17, 8 per cent of

which comprise of oil palm plantation (calculated using MapMaker©). The remainder of the

land is a combination of forest and cultivated crops. Major landmarks in Kampung Sungei

Bumbun include a cultural centre, tuck-shop, bird’s nest factory, homestay facility,

community hall, football field, motor workshop, craft facility, kindergarten, primary school,

clinic, craft kiosks, weaving centre and ceremonial alters. Kampung Sungei Bumbun has

piped water, sanitation, electricity and connection to major roads (Jalan Pulau Carey).

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A

ceremonial

alter.

There are a total of 92 houses situated linearly along the main road which will be called

Jalan Sungei Bumbun for ease of reference. The recorded population according to the

survey data is 325 and estimated total population is 397 (estimated total population was

determined by calculating the statistical mean i.e. 5.2 and multiplying by the number of

households that were not surveyed i.e. 14) and added to the recorded population of 325.

Household size ranges between 1 and 14 people. Average income calculated using the

statistical mean of recorded income from Section A1 of the survey is RM690, 40 as

compared to the national average of RM1 376.88 i.e. 5364.50 USD x 3.05 /12 (Economics,

2012).

A family standing infront of their

house.

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Jalan Sungei Bumbun.

5.2 The Economy of Kampung Sungei Bumbun

5.2.1 The Market Sector

Kampung Sungei Bumbun’s close proximity to major cities like Kuala Lumpur, Banting and

Klang make it an accessible area and there is noticeable market presence. Kampung Sungei

Bumbun is bordered by Sime Darby Plantation Berhad and Selangor Foundation oil palm

plantations. There is an industrial area and factories close by as well as several market

entities operating from Kampung Sungei Bumbun itself.

Full-time Employment

A total of 44 people or 54 per cent of the survey population were recorded as employed full-

time in the private sector. They are mostly employed in unskilled labour with the statistical

mean earnings at RM690.40 (Table 1).

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Table 1: Mean Full-Time Wage Earnings

In unstructured interviews survey participants were asked if their salaries were adequate and

if there were sufficient opportunities in the market. Participants indicated that there wasn’t a

shortage of jobs but that they did not enjoy working outside Kampung Sungei Bumbun and

full-time employment was undertaken as a means to sustain life on the Kampung.

A summary of the people employed in the private sector, their respective job description and

wage category as generated from Section A 1 of the survey is listed in Table 2. A summary

of the per cent of households earning a wage and their earnings for the 30 day period prior

to the survey is illustrated in Figure 3.

Table 2: Full-Time Employment Summary

Number of People Job Description Average Wage

2 Builder ≤500

2 Waiter ≤500

3 Cashier 500-1000

5 Cleaner 500-1000

1 Clerk 500-1000

3 Driver 500-1000

1 Factory worker 500-1000

2 Lab assistant 500-1000

7 Oil palm collection 500-1000

7 Security guard 500-1000

7 Labourer ≥1000

1 Operator ≥1000

3 Public service official ≥1000

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Full-time

Wage Earnings

62 0.0 5,500.0 690.403 943.3261

Valid N (listwise) 62

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Figure 3: Per cent of Households Earning a Full-Time Wage

Piece Jobs

In addition to full-time wage employment. Survey participants indicated in Section A 8 of the

survey that they occasionally received income from piece jobs or work of a non-permanent

nature. Such jobs include; babysitting, participating in oil palm harvesting, repairs/odd jobs

and part-time wage employment. Mean wage earned by piece job in the 30 day period prior

to the survey is summarised in Figure 4.

Oil palm harvesting in

Kampung Sungei

Bumbun.

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Figure 4: Per cent of Households That Earned a Piece Job Wage

Self-Employed

There are several market entities on Kampung Sungei Bumbun including a bird’s nest

factory, an oil palm processing plant, a motor workshop and a tuck-shop.

The bird’s nest factory has been running for two years and produces edible swiftlet swallow

nests. The owner does not live in Kampung Sungei Bumbun and is not employing anyone

from Kampung Sungei Bumbun. It does not appear that the facility is contributing to the

economy of the Kampung Sungei Bumbun.

The bird’s nest factory.

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The oil palm processing plant was opened six years ago and was owned locally but has

since changed hands. The plant does not employ anyone from Kampung Sungei Bumbun

and oil palm producers on Kampung Sungei Bumbun expressed a preference to send their

produce elsewhere for processing citing unfavourable pricing as the reason.

The oil

palm

processing

plant.

The motor workshop is locally owned and was opened five years ago using start-up capital

provided by the Department for Orang Asli Development (JAKOA). It has now branched out

into transportation and owns three buses which are used to transport children to school and

for leasing. The workshop employs two people.

The motor workshop.

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The tuck-shop is locally owned and services the village with groceries, sundries as well as

fuel (in small quantities) and employs one person.

The tuckshop.

Figure 5 illustrates the per cent of households self-employed and recorded earnings minus

expenditure for the period 30 days prior to the survey and was obtained from Section A 7

and Section B of the survey.

Figure 5: Per cent of Households Self-Employed

26

Oil Palm Cultivation

Oil palm land usage on Kampung Sungei Bumbun equals 24.93 hectares (61.60 acres) or

17.8 per cent of total land (calculated using MapMaker© see map Figure 2). One acre of land

takes between 80 to 100 oil palms. The palm bears fruit twice a month guaranteeing a bi-

monthly income (Misbah, H, interview, 29 June 2012).

All land belongs to the Government. While individuals cannot own land they are allocated

land for productive activities and own the oil palm grown on it as well as the output. Data

obtained from Section A 2 and Notes indicate that land allocation ranges from 0 to 12 acres

per household (Table 3 and Figure 6). 36 of the total surveyed households have a collective

allocation of 114 acres. Of those 35 recorded income from oil palm.

Table 3: Mean Land Allocation

Figure 6: Per cent of Households Allocated Land

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Land Allocation 62 0 12 1.81 2.462

Valid N (listwise) 62

27

Figure 7 summarises the per cent of households cultivating oil palm and their recorded

earnings minus production costs for the 30 day period prior to the survey.

Figure 7: Per cent of Households Cultivating Oil Palm

Survey participants indicated that oil palm formed an important part of their income but that

they did not want to increase production citing environmental concerns for their approach.

This might explain why of the total land allocation only 54 per cent is being used for oil palm

cultivation.

Survey participants explained that they were trying to conserve the forest but were

encouraged instead to grow commercial crops by the Government and outside entities. They

indicated that if allocated land appeared to be ‘unused/free’ outsiders would approach the

allocated user and request to lease the land to grow oil palm. This placed them in a ‘use it or

lose it’ scenario and as a result they were resorting to growing more commercial crops

(Sidin, A, interview, 11 August 2012).

A Pearson’s r test was conducted to determine if land allocation was positively related to

income and the significance of correlation was .002 (Table 4) indicating that there is a

significant correlation between land allocation and total income.

28

Table 4: Pearson’s r Test Correlation Between Land Allocation and Total Income

Additionally, an Independent Samples Test was done to determine whether the incomes of

those cultivating oil palm differed significantly with those who weren’t (Table 5). The results

show a significance greater than .05 indicating that there isn’t a significant difference. This

would imply that those with land earn significantly more than those without land however

those producing oil palm do not necessary earn more than those who do not produce oil

palm.

Table 5: Independent Samples Test Difference Between Those With Oil Palm and

Those Without

Group Statistics

Oil Palm N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Total Income Yes 36 2,184.0083 2,035.91679 339.31946

No 26 1,678.5769 1,675.27981 328.54940

Correlations

Land Allocation Total Income

Land Allocation Pearson Correlation 1 .381**

Sig. (2-tailed) .002

N 62 62

Total Income Pearson Correlation .381** 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .002

N 62 62

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for

Equality of

Variances t-test for Equality of Means

F Sig. t df

Sig. (2-

tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std. Error

Difference

95%

Confidence

Interval of the

Difference

Lower Upper

29

Livestock Rearing

Survey participants recorded livestock as a contributor to the local economy in the form of

income and also food for home consumption (Section A 3 of survey). The total number of

livestock owned is summarised in Table 6.

Table 6: Livestock Population Summary

Type of Livestock Number

Chickens 50

Cows 11

Ducks 6

Goats 21

Mean totals for livestock sold as well as consumed minus production cost for the 30 day

period prior to the survey is provided in Figure 8.

Figure 8: Mean Totals For Livestock Sold and Consumed

Total

Income

Equal variances

assumed

.536 .467 1.037 60 .304 505.43141 487.46263 -

469.63903

1,480.50185

Equal variances

not assumed

1.070 58.905 .289 505.43141 472.31601 -

439.70256

1,450.56538

30

Chickens roaming freely

in Kampung Sungei

Bumbun.

Survey participants indicated that initial livestock was derived from JAKOA and had

multiplied to the current recorded population. Chicken populations were observed as being

significantly higher than recorded. Figure 8 suggests that more livestock is consumed than

sold.

The profit margin here is negligible and with larger livestock such as goat and cow recording

a loss. Survey participants indicated during unstructured interviews that they did not

slaughter their own animals and they sold them with much reluctance. Their attitude toward

livestock was more as pets than a source of income.

Cash Cropping

Survey participants recorded cash cropping as a contributor to the local economy in the form

of income and also food for home consumption (Section A 2 of survey). Cash crops include

banana and coconut. Mean totals for cash crops sold as well as consumed minus production

cost for the 30 day period prior to the survey is provided in Figure 9.

31

Figure 9: Mean Totals for Cash Crop Sold and Consumed

Expenditure in the market

Recorded mean household expenditure in the market for the 30 day period prior to the

survey as obtained from Section B of the survey is illustrated in Figure 10. Expenditure data

suggests that survey participants are moderately integrated into the market.

Figure 10: Mean Household Expenditure

32

5.2.2 The State Sector

The Department for Orang Asli Concerns (JAKOA) has set out to “implement inclusive

development to enhance the socio-economic status and quality of life [for indigenous people

while] upholding the legacy of indigenous peoples” ((JAKOA), 2012). It undertakes to

achieve this through; increasing the income of indigenous people and thereby reducing

poverty, expanding the scope of coverage of infrastructure and social amenities,

empowering indigenous communities through a comprehensive human capital development

programme, improving the health of indigenous and preserving and upholding traditional

knowledge and heritage ((JAKOA), 2012).

JAKOA, through its Banting office, is rendering the following services to Kampung Sungei

Bumbun:

Education

The Mind Development and Orang Asli Education programme seeks to develop and

enhance educational capabilities of Orang Asli children. Under the programme a total of

RM50 000 was budgeted for schooling in Kampung Sungei Bumbun for the 2012 academic

year. There are a total of 200 school-going children in Kampung Sungei Bumbun of which

five are classified as belonging to poor families i.e. those having a total fixed income of

≤RM420 (Misbah, H, interview, 29 June 2012). The budget spend for 2012 is summarised in

Table 7.

The Government funded primary school in Kampung Sungei Bumbun.

33

Table 7: Budget Spend for 2012 on Mind Development and Education

Item Budgeted Amount

Books Total varies

KWAMP grant for secondary school-going

children

RM450 per child per month

Pocket money RM2 per day for three months based on

school attendance

School fees primary school-going children RM180 per child per year

School fees secondary school-going children RM120 per child per year

School uniforms RM50 each

(Source: Misbah, 2012)

In addition to the above, JAKOA runs an adult literacy programme and is currently training

20 adults in Kampung Sungei Bumbun (Misbah, H, interview, 29 June 2012).

JAKOA in collaboration with the Ministry for Education has also built a training centre to

equip youth in Kampung Sungei Bumbun with basic skills in order to enable them to seek

decent employment. Training is offered in; driving, sewing, crafts, basic administration, shop-

keeping, beauty and mechanical engineering.

In a study on human capital development in Malaysia indigenous youth were found to be

among the highest percentage of secondary school drop-outs i.e. 34 per cent. The study

revealed that human capital development was foremost is hindering youths from pursuing

decent careers (Mustapha, et al., 2010). It was therefore expected that youths would utilise

the training centre in order to gain employment however no youth were recorded as enrolled

in these programmes at the time of the survey (Misbah, H, interview, 29 June 2012).

JAKOA indicated that the youth appeared more interested in undertaking traditional activities

(Misbah, H, interview, 29 June 2012). During field trips to Kampung Sungei Bumbun several

youths of secondary school-going age were observed undertaking work on land. During

unstructured interviews youth were asked why they had dropped out of school and they

indicated that it did not cater for them and did not reflect their belief systems or desired

pursuits such as working in the natural environment rather than being confined in doors.

34

Housing and Facilities

JAKOA aims to improve the infrastructure and socio-economic conditions of Kampung

Sungei Bumbun and in this regard has delivered the following services in 2012 (Misbah, H,

interview, 29 June 2012):

Under the Housing Assistance Programme (PBR) JAKOA provides free housing to poor

families i.e. those having a total fixed income of ≤RM420. In 2012, six 3-bedroom units were

built in Kampung Sungei Bumbun at a cost of RM38 000 per unit (Misbah, H, interview, 29

June 2012).

An example of a house built

under the PBR programme.

Under the Infrastructure Project and Public Facilities, Selangor State subsidises water up to

11 000 litres and the Federal Government subsidises electricity up to 20 kilo watts (Misbah,

H, interview, 29 June 2012). On average Kampung Sungei Bumbun residents spend

between RM0.00 and RM700.00 on utilities (Table 6 and Figure 11). All surveyed

households appeared to have access to piped water but not all were electrified.

Table 8: Mean Utilities

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Utilities 62 0.0 700.0 82.705 119.6692

Valid N (listwise) 62

35

Figure 11: Per cent of Households Paying for Utilities

Poverty Eradication

In an effort to prevent hard core poverty JAKOA donates food baskets to poor families. Each

basket comprises; rice, flour, sugar, oil, Milo and tea and costs in the region of RM200 per

basket. In 2012, JAKOA distributed 11 such baskets at a total cost of RM2 200 (Misbah, H,

interview, 29 June 2012).

In addition to JAKOA's efforts, the Federal Government of Malaysia also provides free

medical services, and the Department of Social Welfare provides between RM200 and

RM500 per month in welfare to the poor, disabled and elderly (Misbah, H, interview, 29 June

2012). The total recorded welfare for the 30 days prior to the survey as obtained from

Section A 9 of the survey is summarised in Figure 12. The low levels of month-to-month

welfare would suggest that survey participants are not dependant on state support.

36

Figure 12: Per cent of Households That Received Welfare

Economic Development

Under the Orang Asli Farm Development Programme, JAKOA absorbs some of the financial

cost when oil palms die. JAKOA in collaboration with the Ministry for Plantation Industries

and Commodities replants up to one acre at a minimum cost of RM7 000. No such projects

are underway in Kampung Sungei Bumbun at the present time (Misbah, H, interview, 29

June 2012).

To encourage economic development, JAKOA also donates livestock to poor families. In

2012, two families received four goats each at a total cost of RM3 000. Additionally, four

families received two cows each at a total cost of RM3 000 (Misbah, H, interview, 29 June

2012).

JAKOA supports the arts industry of Kampung Sungei Bumbun. In this regard, JAKOA has

built and maintains a cultural and craft centre in Kampung Sungei Bumbun. The centre is

catered for the tourist market. One permanent JAKOA staff member is employed there and

the centre is opened as and when there are tourists (Misbah, H, interview, 29 June 2012).

37

The Cultural and Craft Centre.

Between 20 and 50 people from Kampung Sungei Bumbun may be employed during peak

season to provide services such as, cultural performances, wood carving, weaving etc.

Earnings are dependent on demand from tourists however Government sponsored events

normally recruit a group of 15 dancers who earn RM2 000 per performance and pocket

money (Misbah, H, interview, 29 June 2012).

A musical

performance being

rendered at the

cultural and craft

centre for a group of

tourists.

38

Furthermore, JAKOA has built ten permanent craft kiosks that are attached to individual

homes in the village. Woodcarvers supply and sell carvings from their kiosks as they see fit

and generate all the revenue from this. Eight of the ten kiosks are functioning (Misbah, H,

interview, 29 June 2012).

A craft kiosk.

Also, in an effort to integrate Mah Meri products into the national market, JAKOA sponsors a

booth at the national crafts centre in Kuala Lumpur for crafts people from Kampung Sungei

Bumbun to display and market their goods (Misbah, H, interview, 29 June 2012).

Kompleks Kraf,

Kuala Lumpur

39

5.2.3 The Customary Sector

Mah Meri are historical hunters, gatherers, fishermen and dry rice swidden cultivators

(Karim, 1981; Nowak, 1987; Nowak, 2003). Customary economic activities on Kampung

Sungei Bumbun include; subsistence agriculture, hunting, fishing and art and craft.

Subsistence Agriculture

Subsistence agriculture form two main categories:

-Garden plots are located near the house and are approximately an acre in size (Karim,

1981). These are used to produce mostly root vegetables.

-Orchards are approximately twice the size of garden plots (Karim, 1981) and consist of fruit

trees.

Figure 13 shows that apart from durian harvesting, subsistence-based agriculture is

undertaken for home consumption demonstrating that it is an important source of food.

Survey results reveal that while subsistence agriculture accounts for a small percentage i.e.

6.3 per cent of total income survey participants indicated that it served an important part of

the Mah Meri cultural identity.

Figure 13: Mean Totals For Subsistence Agriculture Sold and Consumed

40

Durian flowers.

The loss of sections of the customary economy has been linked, in ethnographic material, to

the disappearance of aspects of Mah Meri culture for e.g. festivals such as Berentak Balei

which was held to coincide with rice harvesting no longer takes place (Chan, 2010). It can be

seen from Figure 13 the practice of rice swiddening has disappeared altogether. Survey

participants indicated that this was due to a shortage of land.

Forest Products

Forest products are normally collected for customary activities. Mangrove wood such as

niréh and pulai are collected for building, carving and trapping, attap for traditional thatching

of houses and pandanus leaves for weaving. A summary of total mean income from forest

products for 30 days prior to the survey and as obtained from Section A 2 of the survey is

illustrated in Figure 14.

Figure 14: Mean Income From Forest Products

41

It is likely that disproportionately high rates of pandanus income can be explained by the

growth in the weaving sector and higher demand for pandanus leaves.

Fishing and Seafood Collection

As the name Btsisi’ suggests Mah Meri were fisher folk who spent much of their lives in

mangrove forests, lowland rain forests, mudflats and the sea shore fishing, crabbing and

searching for snails and various varieties of bivalves (Karim, 1981). A summary of total

mean income from fishing and seafood collection minus expenditure for 30 days prior to the

survey and as obtained from Section A 5 of the survey is illustrated in Figure 15.

Figure 15: Mean Totals for Income and Consumption of Fish and Seafood

Figure 15 shows that fishing activities are mainly undertaken for home consumption. Survey

participants recorded profits in crab and snail collecting but losses in fishing,

molluscs/bivalves and prawn collecting activities. Survey participants were asked about the

profitability of fishing and seafood collecting activities and they indicated that the activities

were not motivated by money but to continue cultural activities and retain their identity as

fisher folk. Participants also expressed the enjoyment they derive from such activities (Sidin,

R, interview, 31 July 2012).

42

Hunting

Mah Meri are recorded as being skilled hunters. Wildlife commonly hunted include; long

tailed macaque, wild boar, mouse-deer, spotted deer, monitor lizard, pink-necked green

pigeon and python. Methods used include trapping, spearing or shooting (Karim, 1981). A

summary of total mean income from hunting minus expenditure for 30 days prior to the

survey and as obtained from Section A 4 of the survey is illustrated in Figure 16.

Figure 16: Mean Totals for Income and Consumption of Hunted Animals

43

Youth of Kampung Sungei Bumbun skinning a civet cat for a community function.

Figure 16 shows that with the exception of python all other animal hunted were for home

consumption. Survey participants were asked about the importance of hunting as a food

source and income and responded that they much preferred wild game to frozen meats

bought at the store but could no longer survive on wild foods (Sidin, A, interview, 11 August

2012).

They indicated that they missed hunting and that the practice was slowly dying. They cited

high demand from middlemen who encourage hunting of wildlife either for their meat or for

medicinal purposes as one of the reasons for the dwindling stocks.

Another reason provided was environmental degradation. They explained that deforestation

was causing wildlife to lose their habitat. Such incidents were observed in the form of

monkey populations frequenting the main road, Jalan Pulau Carey, and rummaging through

rubbish left by the roadside. Mah Meri were observed capturing monkey and other wildlife

and keeping them as pets- it appears for purely sentimental reasons.

44

Pet monkeys

in Kampung

Sungei

Bumbun.

Art and Craft

Wood carvings are intimately connected with Mah Meri curing rituals and were

commercialised in the 1970s (Chan, 2010). The wood carving industry contributes to

household income and provides incentive to maintain the traditional carving industry (Nowak,

2000).

Diaman Bin Kisah

carving.

45

Weaving was rejuvenated in 2003 with the formation of Tompok Topoh, a local women’s

group of weavers (Chan, 2010). It markets its goods to Malaysian and international publics

and has also revived traditional Mah Meri musical performances. They also render services

such as; the provision of cooked food and a homestay facility (Chan, 2010).

Maznah Anak Unyan

(left) weaving

Julida Anak Uju (right)

a dancer in the Tompok

Topoh group.

A summary of total mean income from art and craft minus expenditure for 30 days prior to

the survey and as obtained from Section A 6 of the survey is illustrated in Figure 17.

Figure 17: Mean Totals for Art and Craft Sold

46

Mean income earned from occasional musical performances for 30 days prior to the survey

and as obtained from Section A 8 of the survey is illustrated in Figure 18.

Figure 18: Mean Totals for Income From Musical Performances

5.2.4 Other

In addition to the market, state and customary sectors non-governmental organisations

(NGOs) were identified as contributing to the economy of Kampung Sungei Bumbun in the

form of gifts and remittances. NGOs such as Gerai OA, Centre for Orang Asli Concerns

(COAC), Elevyn and others also provide financial and other support to the art and craft

sector. The per cent of households that received gifts and remittances from NGOs is

summarised in Figure 19.

47

Figure 19: Per cent of Households that Received Gifts and Remittances From NGOs

48

6. Discussion

Data emanating from the survey re the contributions of market, state, customary and NGO

sectors to the economy of Kampung Sungei Bumbun can be summarized as follows (Figure

20):

Figure 20: Contribution of NGOs, Customary, Market and State Sectors to the

Kampung Sungei Bumbun Economy

-The Market sector was calculated by adding incomes from full-time wage, piece job wage,

self-employed earnings, oil palm revenue, livestock revenue and cash cropping and

subtracting these from production costs and other related expenses.

-The State sector was calculated by adding the recorded welfare, grants, once-off payments

and donations received.

-The customary sector was calculated by adding income from subsistence agriculture, forest

products, fishing and seafood collection, hunting, art and craft and subtracting these from

production costs and other related expenses.

0.25%

19.21%

4.1%

76.45%

49

-The NGO sector was calculated by adding all the gifts and remittances received.

The results in Figure 20 indicate that the market sector accounts for the largest portion of

recorded income followed by the customary, state and NGO sectors, respectively. The

results prove that the HEM can be applied to the Kampung Sungei Bumbun context and that

the HEM exists in Kampung Sungei Bumbun. The results can be represented as follows:

Figure 21: HEM for Kampung Sungei Bumbun

Sector 1 or the state sector is recorded as contributing only 4.1 per cent of total income

which would imply that survey participants are not dependant on month-to-month welfare

payments. While the state contribution to the recorded income for the survey period is not

significant the state is making substantial contributions by providing key services such as;

education, housing, public services, poverty eradication programmes and providing start-up

capital as part of its economic development initiatives.

Sector 2 accounts for 19.21 per cent of the total income recorded for Kampung Sungei

Bumbun. Customary activities such as subsistence based agriculture, fishing and seafood

collection, and hunting are key sources of food and continuance of cultural practices. The art

and crafts sector is the only customary activity that is integrated into the market.

Section 3 or the market sector accounts for 76.45 per cent of total income and is

considerable when compared to the other sectors. The market sector contributes to the

economy of Kampung Sungei Bumbun through full and part-time employment, revenue from

business, oil palm cultivation, livestock and cash cropping.

1

2 3

4 5

6

7

50

Section 4 represents the meeting of state and customary activity and includes the

contribution made by the state in the art and crafts sector i.e. maintaining the arts and crafts

centre, employing artists, weavers, woodcarvers and performers, facilitating the sale of

woodcarvings from the craft kiosks and sponsoring the booth for Mah Meri products at the

national craft centre.

Section 5 represents the meeting of state and market and includes the support provided by

the state to oil palm cultivators, the donation of livestock and the start-up capital provided for

the motor workshop.

Section 6 represents the meeting of market and customary and includes the revenue from

art and crafts sold in the market.

Section 7 represents the ‘bliss point’ and includes the meeting of market, state and

customary sectors and includes the art and crafts sector which is customary in nature but is

supported by Government and sold in the market.

Section for NGOs The HEM does not allow for the inclusion of a fourth component but it

was discovered during the course of the study that NGOs play an important role in Kampung

Sungei Bumbun. The NGO sector only accounts for .25 per cent of total income but are

providing material and non-material support to the Mah Meri and representing them in rights-

based matters.

The summary of the components of the HEM suggest there are interdependencies between

the state, market and customary sectors however intersecting points which represent higher

levels of productivity are small and the ‘bliss point’ is negligible.

Apart from the art and craft sector, market and state involvement in the customary sector is

insignificant. This could prove Altman’s claims that the contributions of the customary sector

go unrecognised. The data also suggest that Altman’s claims i.e. that governments generally

address indigenous underdevelopment through mainstream or neoliberal initiatives is also

founded.

This is evidenced by JAKOA’s mission statement which undertakes to “increase the income

of indigenous people” ((JAKOA), 2012) and in practical terms demonstrated by JAKOA’s

51

efforts in encouraging oil palm cultivation, livestock rearing and small to medium enterprises

(SMEs).

The beneficiaries of such aid, in this case the survey participants of Kampung Sungei

Bumbun, do not appear to have been consulted in determining the appropriateness of such

initiatives for their context. Evidence in support of this include:

Survey participants expressed concerns re the emphasis on oil palm cultivation. In

their view oil palm takes up land that may otherwise be used for subsistence

agriculture or other customary activities. Additionally, it destroys natural flora and

displaces fauna.

Survey participants owning livestock take pride in looking after their animals but are

not doing so for the purpose of generating income. The production costs listed in the

surveys (Section A 3) indicate that livestock place a burden on their owners in terms

of cost for feed, enclosures and the personal time taken to care for the animals. This

would suggest that livestock rearing is unsuitable for the Mah Meri. Additionally,

livestock place a strain on ecological corridors.

The training centre which provides basic skills training in driving, sewing, crafts, basic

administration, shop-keeping, beauty and mechanical engineering to the youth of

Kampung Sungei Bumbun was not being attended by any youth at the time of the

survey. Youth indicated that such centres were not aligned with their areas of interest

or belief systems which centre on their environment. Similar reasons were cited for

dropping out of secondary school and leaving private sector employment to return to

Kampung Sungei Bumbun.

Practical application of Altman’s HEM in Kampung Sungei Bumbun demonstrate how the

HEM can facilitate participation by all stakeholders in the local economy and result in tailor-

made solutions that optimise interdependencies between the three sectors for the benefit of

all.

Based on the limited findings of this study such integrated solutions could include:

This study highlighted that the mangroves are particularly important for Mah Meri

customary activities. Collective efforts by the Government, community and market

52

entities to rehabilitate mangrove areas could prove beneficial to the community by for

e.g. creating jobs, rehabilitating the natural environment and returning, to the Mah

Meri, certain beloved traditions.

The findings demonstrate that customary activities such as subsistence farming and

hunting are a key source of food. If these activities were to cease it could threaten

the diversified nature of the local economy thereby resulting in a decline in food

security and increased dependency on market and state sectors. The Government,

community and market could work to encourage customary activities by making land

available for rice swiddening and subsistence farming by for e.g. curbing oil palm

land usage.

Additionally, hunting could be sustained on land if Government, the community and

the market sector work to regulate wildlife populations. This could be achieved by

training youth to record the animal populations and to formalise hunting and trade of

game thereby ensuring animal populations are sustainable and that demand (from

middlemen) is capped.

Further to the above, hybrid institutions could be established that link resource

management with broader governance efforts and devolve commercial and

management rights from the state to the community. This could prove a cost effective

and efficient means of sustaining the ecological integrity of the land while ensuring

that it is still productive.

The Government, community and market could also work hand-in-hand in creating

‘market places’ for the community to sell their goods at a fair price thereby growing

the local economy. This could include a ‘Saturday Market’ for e.g. where locals can

trade their subsistence products, game, fish, art and craft and other products. This

initiative could be marketed to the wider Selangor public and could resolve

challenges being experienced by the community including; unfair pricing from

middlemen, cultural challenges with slaughtering their own livestock, etc.

A Government supported oil palm processing plant that is run by the community

could also prove beneficial in ensuring; that the locals get a fair price for their oil

palm, employment is created and key skills in oil palm processing is taught to the

community.

53

It was highlighted earlier that Mah Meri youth prefer employment and activities that

are centred on their natural environment. Government, the community and the

market could partner on projects aimed at training the youth on for e.g. sustainable

farming, land rehabilitation, wildlife conservation etc.

Government, the community and the market could also collaborate on

training/learning initiatives that draw from the community’s existing knowledge base

for e.g. environmental sustainability, language, religion, traditional music, wood

carving, history, dancing and weaving. This would ensure that the customary

practices and rich cultural heritage of the Mah Meri are passed from one generation

to the next.

The tourist industry has tremendous potential in contributing to the Kampung Sungei

Bumbun economy however this sector does not appear to be regulated. Charging a

fee at the entrance of the village and stipulating ‘visitng hours’ could ensure that

tourists are managed and that funds are generated from tourism activity.

Further to the above, an unoccupied house at the entrance of the village could be

allocated as a ‘tourist house’ which curious tourists could gain entrance to. During the

study ‘unwanted’ visitors from political parties, religious groups and such were seen

frequenting the village and entering houses without permission. This may discourage

tourists from wondering unguided through the village and into people’s homes.

The funds generated from tourist and other activities could be placed in a trust and

used to assist families in need or certain identified community projects thereby further

enhancing the community’s self-sufficiency.

7. Limitations

This study scratches the surface of a big and complex issue. Survey outputs provide only a

snap shot of the hybrid economy. Further research will be required applying Altman’s hybrid

economic model on a far larger scale to determine generalizability. Furthermore, research

will need to be conducted for a far longer period recording income and expenditure over at

least a 12 month period to ensure that the data is representative of spikes and slumps in

productivity brought about by seasonality and climatic shocks.

54

8. Conclusion

The HEM is useful in studying the nature and trends in the Kampung Sungei Bumbun

economy. It also acts as an early warning mechanism for identifying increases or decreases

in certain sectors thereby facilitating corrective action.

The HEM’s success or failure is based on ‘growing’ the interdependancies between the

sectors and the ‘bliss point’. However in small geographic areas like Kampung Sungei

Bumbun where land and resources are scarce the growth scenario is not possible nor viable.

Encouraging growth in an area of finite resources such as Kampung Sungei Bumbun will

likely lead to contestation for expansion where one sector is likely to subsume the others.

Evidence of this can be seen in Kampung Sungei Bumbun where the market sector is

disproportianately large and encroaching on the customary sector.

Based on the experiences in applying the HEM in Kampung Sungei Bumbun, a tentative

adaptation of the HEM is presented here in the form of the Pinwheel Economy Model (Figure

21) and can be explored further in future research. Like Altman’s HEM it comprises of state,

customary and market sectors but given the role played by NGOs in Kampung Sungei

Bumbun a fourth sector is added i.e. NGO/Other to include; NGOs, religious groups,

charitable organisations etc.

Like a pinwheel that is held together by a pin the hybrid economy is held together by the

common goals of the sectors i.e. the wellbeing of the community and this drives them in a

common direction. When it spins- the pinwheel generates energy as the hybrid economy

generates prosperity.

Consistent with the deep ecology model the point of each section of the pinwheel form a

circle representing the limitations of the natural environment. Unlike Altman’s HEM each

sector is assumed to be equal in relevance and limited in expansion to avoid one

encroaoching on the other. While they are joined in the centre they function independently

i.e. they are separate but part of a whole.

Emphasis is placed on development and efficiency rather than growth. Essentially, if the

pinwheel is turning it means all of the sectors are functioning effectively and harmoniously. If

one reaches beyond the parametres of what is ecologically possible the system grinds to a

halt. So, it is in the interest of all sectors to ensure that all economic activities are undertaken

in harmony and synergy with each other and that they make efficient and sustainable use of

55

natural resources. This captures the holistic, organic and interdependant nature of the

hybrid economy.

The pinwheel economy model also captures the non-static nature of the hybridised economy

where indigenous communities are highly mobile moving between several sectors in one

day. In a sense, rather than including a bliss point- it is a bliss point. It works from the

premise that the indigenous possess the necessary skills to survive, adapt and be

propserous negotiating their way as they deem necessary between the sectors.

Figure 22: The Pinwheel Economy Model

Mar

ket

t

State

56

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63

APPENDIX: 1

KAMPUNG SUNGEI BUMBUN

HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND EXPENDITURE SURVEY GUIDE

Introduction

Good morning/afternoon/evening my name is………... I am conducting this survey on behalf of Shevonne Henry a student at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) at the University of London. Shevonne will be conducting a study in Kampung Sungei Bumbun as part fulfilment of a MsC qualification in Sustainable Development.

The purpose of her study is to gain insights into the hybrid economy and whether it exists in Kampung Sungei Bumbun and thereby understand the benefits of the three sectors of the hybrid economy namely; state, customary and market for Kampung Sungei Bumbun.

In order to do so, we will be conducting a survey in Kampung Sungei Bumbun. The survey questions relate to your livelihood. Participation in the survey is voluntary and you will not be prejudiced in any way if you choose not to participate.

Discussion

Confidentiality of Information Supplied

All information supplied in this survey will remain strictly confidential.

The information will be used solely for research purposes.

The information will be combined with the information from other households in Kampung Sungei Bumbun in order to establish if the hybrid economy exists in Kampung Sungei Bumbun and its benefits.

Completion of Survey

This survey should be completed by the head of each household in Kampung Sungei Bumbun.

Recording amounts

All incomes should be recorded in Malaysian Ringgit ($). Where an item was bartered, given/received in kind or consumed at home the estimated value of the item should be provided.

Survey period

All information in the survey relates to the reference period specified for that question.

Survey sections

The survey has two sections. You will be required to provide the following information:

Section A:

1. Working for wage and/or salary

2. Cultivation

Provide the best estimate as to which of the items were home consumed and/or sold by the

entire household over the last 30 days. Ensure that items not on the list are recorded under

‘other’. Provide total expenses incurred for cultivation e.g. for tools, fertiliser etc.

3. Livestock Provide the best estimate as to which of the items were home consumed and/or sold by the entire household over the last 30 days. Ensure that items not on the list are recorded under

64

‘other’. Provide total expenses incurred for livestock e.g. for feed, enclosure for the animals etc.

4. Hunting Provide the best estimate as to which of the items were home consumed and/or sold by the entire household over the last 30 days. Ensure that items not on the list are recorded under ‘other’. Provide total expenses incurred for hunting e.g. payment to rifle owner or to the rest of the hunting party etc.

5. Fish/Seafood Provide the best estimate as to which of the items were home consumed and/or sold by the entire household over the last 30 days. Ensure that items not on the list are recorded under ‘other’. Provide total expenses incurred for fishing or collection of seafood e.g. petrol for the boat, equipment etc.

6. Handmade products/Handicrafts Provide the best estimate as to which of the items were home consumed and/or sold by the entire household over the last 30 days. Ensure that items not on the list are recorded under ‘other’. Provide total expenses incurred for handmade products/handicrafts e.g. ingredients, materials etc.

7. Other Self-Employed/Business This section should be filled in by people whose main activity is: sole proprietor, a partner in a business, own account worker in agriculture, fishing or handicrafts or any other form of self-employment. This section also includes income from hobbies or other activities.

8. Services provided to other private households In this section include all irregular jobs held at random times during the specified period such as babysitting, planting and clearing plantations, member of hunting group etc. Record the pay for the last 30 days and include the value of goods received for payment in kind. If more than one person has been involved in the same activity combine the earnings over the last 30 days for each person involved.

9. Welfare benefits and/or allowances This section includes all income received by members of the household as a form of benefit provided by the Department for Orang Asli Development (JAKOA). Record the receipts for the last 30 days and include value of goods received for payment in kind. If social welfare benefit is paid to more than one person in the household, record the total amount received for the last 30 days as separate amounts for each person. The section covers both benefits paid by any Government agency as well as any other regular benefit payment i.e. social security, pension etc. Include maintenance received for child support and welfare benefits received from outside.

10. Other income In this section record any other income received by household members not covered in previous sections. Record gross amounts received as well as tax deductions on interest on bank accounts, record income received on rent and ensure that all expenses claimed for tax purposes are deducted from gross rent including repairs, rates, insurance etc. Record all remittances i.e. amounts of cash and goods received from relatives and/or friends living outside of Kampung Sungei Bumbun. Record all income received from betting or gambling such as lotto, cards, raffle etc. Record all receipts and/or gifts received during customary occasions such as weddings, funerals, festivals (e.g. Ari Moyang), births etc.

Section B:

Relates to expenditure for the entire household. Provide combined amounts spent for each of the items.

Terminology

65

Currently means the date of the completion of the survey. Information should be for the job the person is doing now.

Main occupation is the main job the person is engaged in such as weaver, teacher, etc.

Name of employer is the name of the person or business that the person is working for e.g. JAKOA, Petronas, etc.

Type of sector refers to the sector the person is working in e.g. the public sector includes all Government departments and agencies, private sector include businesses and customary sector includes traditional activities such as hunting, gathering, weaving and carving. A few or all of these sectors may be filled in if activities in several sectors are being undertaken simultaneously.

Main activity at place of work is the main type of industry that the person is engaged in such as agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, etc.

Hours worked is the number of hours usually spent on the job including overtime.

Gross pay refers to pay before deductions such as tax, PAYE, loan payments, rent, provident

fund etc.

66

HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND EXPENDITURE SURVEY KAMPUNG SUNGEI BUMBUN

HOUSEHOLD#: ……………………………………….

HOUSEHOLD HEAD NAME: ……………………………………….

NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN HOUSEHOLD: ………………..

INTERVIEWER NAME: ……………………………………….

SECTION A: INCOME

1. Working for wages and/or salary

1.1 Is anyone in this household currently working for pay? If yes, provide details

below. (If no. go to question 2.1)

Number of people

Occupation(s)

Name of employer(s)

What sector are you working in? Public Private Customary Other

Number of hours worked a week (usual, including overtime)

How long have you been working at this job (years)?

1.2 How much did you earn from this job in the last 30 days?

a) Total pay for household $ $ $ $

b) Payment in kind: -food

$

$

$

$

-utilities $ $ $ $ -other (specify) $ $ $ $ TOTAL EARNINGS $ $ $ $

2. Cultivation

2.1 Has any member of your household consumed or sold any of the following in the

last 30 days?

Yes [ ] No [ ] If yes provide details.

CATEGORY TYPE OF CROP HOME

CONSUMPTION SOLD

Swiddening Rice $ $

Cassava $ $ Chillies $ $ Sweet potato $ $ Yam $ $

Orchard

Banana $ $ Coconut $ $ Durian $ $

67

Guava $ $

Forest and Other

Bamboo $ $ Banana leaf $ $ Betel nut $ $

Betel vine $ $ Mangrove wood $ $ Nipah $ $ Nibong palm $ $ Pandanus $ $ Rattan $ $ Wild vegetables $ $

Commercial Crops Rubber $ $ Oil palm $ $

Other (specify) $ $ Any expenses incurred e.g. fertiliser, tools etc. $ $

3. Livestock

3.1 Has any member of your household consumed or sold any of the following in the

last 30 days?

Yes [ ] No [ ] If yes provide details.

LIVESTOCK HOME

CONSUMPTION SOLD

Chickens $ $

Ducks $ $

Goat $ $

Other (specify) $ $

Any expenses incurred e.g. feed, enclosure for the animals etc. $ $

4. Hunting

4.1 Has any member of your household consumed or sold any of the following in the

last 30 days?

Yes [ ] No [ ] If yes provide details.

CATCH HOME

CONSUMPTION SOLD

Birds $ $

Deer $ $

Monitor Lizard $ $

Monkey $ $

Squirrel $ $

Wild boar $ $

Other (specify) $ $ Any expenses incurred e.g. payment to rifle owner, or payment to other members of hunting party etc.

$ $

5. Fish/Seafood

68

5.1 Has any member of your household consumed or sold any of the following in the

last 30 days?

Yes [ ] No [ ] If yes provide details.

CATCH HOME

CONSUMPTION SOLD

Crabs $ $

Fish $ $

Mollusc/bivalves $ $

Prawn $ $

Snails $ $

Other (specify) $ $

Any expenses incurred e.g. petrol for boat, equipment etc. $ $

6. Homemade Produce/ Handicrafts

6.1 Has any member of your household consumed or sold any of the following in the

last 30 days?

Yes [ ] No [ ] If yes provide details.

HOMEMADE PRODUCE HOME

CONSUMPTION SOLD

Stick brooms $ $

Kuih $ $

Nipah thatch $ $

Weaving $ $

Wood carvings $ $

Other (specify) $ $

Any expenses incurred e.g. ingredients, materials, payment for labour (including in-kind) etc.

$ $

7. Other Self-Employed or Business

7.1 Did any member of the household receive regular income from any other

commercial activities during the last 30 days which weren’t covered in previous questions? E.g. operation of transport business, retail store, trade (electrician, mechanic or plumber), tourism business, own account holder agriculture/fishing/handicrafts or any other form of self-employment.

Yes [ ] No [ ] If yes provide details.

BUSINESS BUSINESS 1 BUSINESS 2 BUSINESS 3

Nature of activity

Number of people involved

Type of industry

Total earnings $ $ $

69

8. Services provided to other private households

8.1 In the last 30 days, did any member of this household receive any money from

casual jobs for other households or non-profit organisations? Casual jobs include irregular jobs held at random times.

Yes [ ] No [ ] If yes provide details.

TYPE OF JOB GROSS PAY IN LAST 30 DAYS

CASH IN-KIND (*)

Part-time/irregular wage paid job $ $

Babysitting/ child minding $ $

Cultural performances e.g. dance, musical $ $

Fishing/hunting/agriculture assistance $ $

House keeper/domestic $ $

Repair work $ $

Work in garden $ $

Other (specify) $ $

(*) estimate the value of any items received according to how much they would have cost to buy.

9. Welfare benefits and/or allowances

This section includes all income received by members of the household from the Department for Orang Asli Development (JAKOA) or any other Government department as well as any other regular benefit payment i.e. social security, pension etc. 9.1 In the last 30 days did any member of this household receive any social welfare

benefit payments from the Government or any other regular benefit payments e.g. KWAPM?

Yes [ ] No [ ] If yes provide details.

TYPE OF BENEFIT/ALLOWANCE AMOUNT RECEIVED IN THE LAST 30 DAYS

$

$

10. Other income

10.1 In the last 30 days did any member of this household receive any income from the following sources?

Yes [ ] No [ ] If yes provide details.

INCOME SOURCES GROSS AMOUNT RECEIVED

IN THE LAST 30 DAYS

Child support $

Gifts (e.g. customary occasions i.e. Ari Moyang, weddings, funerals etc.) $

Income from partnership (business) $

Inheritance $

Remittances (from outside Kampung Sungai Bumbun): Cash Goods

$ $

Rent $

70

Other (specify) $

SECTION B: EXPENDITURE

Has any member of your household spent on any of the following in the last 30 days?

Yes [ ] No [ ] Provide combined amounts.

Food items e.g. rice, fish, meat, vegetables etc. $

Household goods e.g. furniture, appliances etc. $

Personal items e.g. toiletries, clothes, etc. $

Utilities e.g. phone bill, electricity, water etc. $

Cable TV (Astro) $

Transportation $

Loan repayments $

Other (specify) $

END OF QUESTIONNAIRE

THANK YOU

NOTES

71

APPENDIX: 2

KAMPUNG SUNGEI BUMBUN

PANDUAN TINJAUAN PENDAPATAN ISI RUMAH DAN PERBELANJAAN

Pengenalan

Selamat pagi / petang / malam nama saya adalah ............ Saya sedang menjalankan tinjauan ini bagi pihak Shevonne Henry seorang pelajar di Sekolah Pengajian Oriental dan Afrika (SOAS) di University of London. Shevonne akan menjalankan satu kajian di Kampung Sungei Bumbun sebagai syarat untuk memenuhi sebahagian daripada kelayakan MsC dia dalam Pembangunan Lestari.

Tujuan kajian dia adalah untuk mendapatkan pemahaman tentang ekonomi kacukan dan sama ada ia wujud di Kampung Sungei Bumbun dan juga pada masa yang sama memahami manfaat daripada tiga sektor tentang ekonomi kacukan iaitu; ekonomi negeri, ekonomi kerja kampung dan ekonomi pasaran untuk Kampung Sungei Bumbun.

Untuk berbuat demikian, kita akan menjalankan satu tinjauan di Kampung Sungei Bumbun. Soalan-soalan kaji selidik ini adalah berkaitan dengan kehidupan anda. Penyertaan dalam kajian ini adalah secara sukarela dan anda tidak akan ditaruh prasangka dalam apa jua cara jika anda memilih untuk tidak menyertai.

Perbincangan

Kerahsian maklumat

Semua maklumat yang dibekalkan dalam tinjauan ini akan kekal sulit.

Maklumat ini akan digunakan semata-mata untuk tujuan penyelidikan.

Maklumat ini akan digabungkan dengan maklumat dari isi rumah lain di Kampung Sungei Bumbun untuk mendapat tahu jika ekonomi kacukan wujud di Kampung Sungei Bumbun dan juga faedahnya.

Penyiapan tinjauan

Tinjauan ini hendaklah dilengkapi oleh ketua isi rumah di Kampung Sungei Bumbun.

Cara merekodkan jumlah

Semua pendapatan perlu direkodkan dalam Ringgit Malaysia ($). Jika sesuatu telah ditukar, diberi / diterima dalam bentuk hadiah barangan atau dimakan di rumah, anggaran nilai perkara tersebut perlu dinyatakan.

Jangka masa tinjauan

Semua maklumat dalam tinjauan ini adalah berkaitan dengan tempoh rujukan yang ditetapkan untuk soalan tersebut.

Bahagian tinjauan

Tinjauan ini terbahagi kepada dua bahagian. Anda perlu memberi maklumat untuk berikut:

Bahagian A:

3. Bekerja untuk upah / gaji

4. Bercucuk tanam / Ladang

Memberikan anggaran terbaik yang mana satu barangan rumah yang dimakan dan / atau

dijual oleh seluruh isi rumah dalam tempoh semasa 30 hari yang lalu. Memastikan bahawa

barangan yang tiada dalam senarai itu direkodkan di bawah 'Lain-lain'. Menyediakan jumlah

perbelanjaan yang ditanggung contohnya untuk penanaman seperti peralatan, baja dan

sebagainya.

72

11. Ternakan

Memberikan anggaran terbaik yang mana satu yang dimakan dan / atau dijual oleh seluruh isi

rumah dalam tempoh semasa 30 hari yang lalu. Memastikan bahawa barangan yang tiada

dalam senarai itu direkodkan di bawah 'Lain-lain'. Menyediakan jumlah perbelanjaan yang

ditanggung contohnya untuk ternakan seperti makanan ternakan, kandang untuk ternakan

dan sebagainya.

12. Aktiviti Memburu

Memberikan anggaran terbaik yang mana satu yang dimakan dan / atau dijual oleh seluruh isi

rumah dalam tempoh semasa 30 hari yang lalu. Memastikan bahawa barangan yang tiada

dalam senarai itu direkodkan di bawah 'Lain-lain'. Menyediakan jumlah perbelanjaan yang

ditanggung contohnya untuk aktiviti memburu seperti saguhati kepada pemilik senapang,

atau saguhati kepada rakan memburu dan sebagainya.

13. Ikan / Tangkapan Laut

Memberikan anggaran terbaik yang mana satu yang dimakan dan / atau dijual oleh seluruh isi

rumah dalam tempoh semasa 30 hari yang lalu. Memastikan bahawa barangan yang tiada

dalam senarai itu direkodkan di bawah 'Lain-lain'. Menyediakan jumlah perbelanjaan yang

ditanggung contohnya untuk penangkapan ikan atau pengumpulan hasil laut seperti petrol

untuk bot, peralatan dan sebagainya

14. Masakan / Kraftangan

Memberikan anggaran terbaik yang mana satu yang dimakan dan / atau dijual oleh seluruh isi

rumah dalam tempoh semasa 30 hari yang lalu. Memastikan bahawa barangan yang tiada

dalam senarai itu direkodkan di bawah 'Lain-lain'. Menyediakan jumlah perbelanjaan yang

ditanggung contohnya untuk masakan / kraftangan seperti Ramuan, bahan mentah, upah

(termasuk hadiah barangan) dan sebagainya

15. Bekerja sendiri / Berniaga

Bahagian ini hendaklah diisikan oleh orang yang aktiviti utamanya adalah: pemilik tunggal, rakan kongsi dalam perniagaan atau apa-apa pekerjaan sendiri. Pendapatan daripada hobi atau aktiviti-aktiviti lain juga termasuk di dalam bahagian ini.

16. Perkhidmatan yang diberikan kepada lain-lain isi rumah Semua kerja sampingan pada masa tidak berkala adalah termasuk dalam bahagian ini. Kerja-kerjanya adalah seperti menjaga anak, menanam dan membersihkan kebun / ladang, rakan memburu. Rekodkan gaji untuk semasa 30 hari yang lalu dan juga hadiah barangan yang diterima sebagai pembayaran. Jika terdapat lebih daripada satu orang yang terlibat dalam aktiviti yang sama, gabungkan pendapatan selama semasa 30 hari yang lalu untuk setiap orang yang terlibat.

17. Wang kebajikan dan / atau Bantuan Bahagian ini merangkumi semua pendapatan yang diterima oleh isi rumah dari Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli (JAKOA) atau mana-mana kerajaan badan / agensi. Merekodkan penerimaan bagi tahun yang berkenaan dan juga nilai barang-barang yang diterima sebagai hadiah barangan. Jika wang kebajikan / bantuan dibayar kepada lebih daripada satu orang di rumah, rekod jumlah yang diterima bagi tempoh semasa 30 hari yang lalu sebagai jumlah yang berasingan bagi setiap orang. Bahagian ini merangkumi kedua-duanya wang kebajikan yang dibayar oleh agensi dan juga sebarang bayaran kebajikan berkala seperti pencen.

18. Sumber pendapatan tambahan Dalam bahagian ini, rekod mana-mana pendapatan lain yang diterima oleh ahli isi rumah yang tidak terdapat di bahagian-bahagian sebelum ini. Merekodkan jumlah kasar yang diterima serta potongan cukai ke atas faedah ke atas akaun bank, rekod pendapatan yang diterima daripada sewa dan memastikan bahawa semua perbelanjaan yang dituntut untuk

73

tujuan cukai ditolak daripada sewa kasar termasuk pembaikan, kadar, insurans dan sebagainya. Rekodkan semua kiriman wang seperti jumlah wang tunai dan hadiah barangan yang diterima daripada saudara-mara dan / atau rakan-rakan dan bukan kerajaan (NGO) yang tinggal di luar Kampung Sungai Bumbun. Merekodkan semua pendapatan yang diterima daripada pertaruhan atau perjudian seperti Toto, Magnum, dan lain-lain. Rekod semua resit dan / atau hadiah yang diterima semasa perayaan adat seperti majlis perkahwinan, pengkebumian, sambutan (contohnya Ari Moyang), kelahiran dan sebagainya.

Bahagian B:

Berkaitan dengan perbelanjaan untuk keseluruhan isi rumah. Jumlah gabungan perbelanjaaan dalam setiap item dinyatakan.

Istilah

“Semasa” bermaksud tarikh selesainya tinjauan ini. Maklumat yang didapati sepatutnya untuk pekerjaan orang berkenaaan pada masa ini.

“Pekerjaan Utama” adalah tugas utama orang yang terlibat seperti menganyam, guru, dan lain-lain

“Nama majikan” adalah nama orang atau perniagaan yang orang tersebut bekerja untuk contohnya JAKOA, Petronas, dan lain-lain.

“Jenis sector” merujuk kepada sektor orang tersebut bekerja contohnya sektor awam termasuk semua jabatan dan agensi-agensi kerajaan, sektor swasta termasuk perniagaan dan sektor kerja kampung termasuk aktiviti tradisional seperti memburu, mengumpul hasil hutan, anyaman dan ukiran. Beberapa ataupun semua sektor-sektor ini boleh diisi jika aktiviti dalam beberapa sektor adalah dijalankan secara serentak.

“Aktiviti Utama” di tempat bekerja adalah jenis industri utama orang yang terlibat seperti pertanian, perikanan, pembuatan barang-barang dan lain-lain.

“Waktu bekerja” adalah bilangan jam yang biasanya orang tersebut bekerja termasuk kerja lebih masa

“Gaji kasar” merujuk kepada pembayaran gaji sebelum potongan seperti cukai, PAYE,

bayaran pinjaman, sewa, KWSP dan sebagainya.

74

TINJAUAN PENDAPATAN ISI RUMAH DAN PERBELANJAAN KAMPUNG SUNGEI BUMBUN

ISI RUMAH #: ………………………………………. NAMA KETUA ISI RUMAH: ………………………………………. BILANGAN ORANG DALAM ISI RUMAH: ……………….. BILANGAN KELUARGA: ……………….. NAMA PENEMUDUGA: ……………………………………….

BAHAGIAN A: PENDAPATAN

1. Bekerja untuk upah dan / atau gaji

1.1 Ada sesiapa di dalam isi rumah ini yang sedang bekerja untuk gaji? Jika ya, isi

maklumat di bawah. (Jika tiada, terus ke soalan 2.1)

Bilangan orang

Pekerjaan (Nyatakan semua jika ada lebih daripada seorang yang bekerja)

Nama majikan (Nyatakan semua jika ada lebih daripada seorang yang bekerja)

Anda bekerja di sektor apa? Kerajaan Swasta Kerja kampung

Lain-lain

Jumlah masa (dalam jam) yang diluangkan untuk bekerja dalam jangka masa satu minggu (termasuk kerja lebih masa)

Berapa lama anda telah bekerja di tempat kerja ini (jumlah tahun)?

1.2 Berapakah gaji yang anda perolehi dari kerja ini semasa 30 hari yang lalu?

a) Jumlah gaji seisi rumah $ $ $ $

b) Pembayaran dalam bentuk barangan -makanan

$

$

$

$

-utiliti (seperti bil elektrik, air, gas dan tong gas) $ $ $ $ -lain-lain (tolong nyatakan) $ $ $ $ JUMLAH PENDAPATAN $ $ $ $

2. Bercucuk tanam / Ladang

2.1 Adakah sesiapa dari ahli keluarga anda telah makan atau menjual mana-mana yang

berikut semasa 30 hari yang lalu? Ya [ ] Tidak[ ]

Jika ya, tolong nyatakan jumlah.

BAHAGIAN JENIS TANAMAN KEGUNAAN DI

RUMAH DIJUAL

Penanaman ladang Padi $ $

Kebun

Ubi kayu $ $ Cili $ $ Ubi keledek $ $ Ubi keladi $ $

Dusun

Pisang $ $ Kelapa $ $ Durian $ $

75

Jambu $ $

Sumber hutan dan lain-lain

Buluh (dik) $ $ Daun pisang $ $ Pinang $ $

Sirih (chamai) $ $ Kayu bakau $ $ Nipah $ $ Nibong (mok) $ $ Pandanus (hakek) $ $ Rotan $ $ Sayur liar (tawuk) $ $

Tanaman kontan Getah $ $ Kelapa (minyak) sawit $ $

Lain – lain (Nyatakan jenis) $ $ Nyatakan perbelanjaan tambahan yang ditanggung (jika ada) contohnya: baja, peralatan pertanian, kos minyak dan sebagainya.

$ $

3. Ternakan

3.1 Adakah sesiapa dari ahli keluarga anda telah makan atau menjual mana-mana yang

berikut semasa 30 hari yang lalu? Ya [ ] Tidak [ ]

Jika ya, tolong nyatakan jumlah.

TERNAKAN KEGUNAAN DI

RUMAH DIJUAL

Ayam $ $

Itik $ $

Kambing / Biri biri $ $

Lembu $ $

Lain-lain (nyatakan) $ $ Nyatakan perbelanjaan tambahan yang ditanggung (jika ada) Contohnya: makanan ternakan, kandang, dan sebagainya

$ $

4. Aktiviti memburu

4.1 Adakah sesiapa dari ahli keluarga anda telah makan atau menjual mana-mana yang

berikut semasa 30 hari yang lalu? Ya [ ] Tidak [ ]

Jika ya, tolong nyatakan jumlah.

HASIL TANGKAPAN KEGUNAAN DI

RUMAH DIJUAL

Burung $ $

Rusa / Kancil $ $

Biawak $ $

Monyet $ $

Tupai $ $

Babi hutan $ $

Lain – lain (nyatakan) $ $ Nyatakan perbelanjaan tambahan yang ditanggung (jika ada) Contohnya: saguhati kepada pemilik senapang, atau saguhati kepada rakan memburu dan sebagainya.

$ $

76

5. Ikan /Tangkapan Laut

5.1 Adakah sesiapa dari ahli keluarga anda telah makan atau menjual mana-mana yang

berikut semasa 30 hari yang lalu? Ya [ ] Tidak [ ]

Jika ya, tolong nyatakan jumlah.

HASIL TANGKAPAN KEGUNAAN DI

RUMAH DIJUAL

Ketam $ $

Ikan $ $

Kerang / Kepah / Lokan $ $

Udang $ $

Siput beliung dan sebagainya $ $

Lain – lain (Nyatakan) $ $

Nyatakan perbelanjaan tambahan yang ditanggung (jika ada) Contohnya: petrol untuk bot, peralatan dan sebagainya

$ $

6. Masakan/ Kraftangan

6.1 Adakah sesiapa dari ahli keluarga anda telah makan, menggunakan atau menjual

mana-mana yang berikut semasa 30 hari yang lalu? Ya [ ] Tidak [ ]

Jika ya, tolong nyatakan jumlah.

MASAKAN / KRAFTANGAN KEGUNAAN DI

RUMAH DIJUAL

Penyapu lidi $ $

Kuih $ $

Atap nipah $ $

Anyaman hakek $ $

Ukiran kayu $ $

Lain – lain (Nyatakan) $ $

Nyatakan perbelanjaan tambahan yang ditanggung (jika ada) Contohnya: Ramuan, bahan mentah, upah (termasuk hadiah barangan) dan sebagainya

$ $

7. Bekerja Sendiri atau Berniaga

7.1 Adakah sesiapa di dalam isi rumah anda menerima bayaran berkala daripada

pekerjaan berbayar sepanjang semasa 30 hari yang lalu yang tidak disoal sebelum ini? Contohnya: Perniagaan pengangkutan, gerai / kedai, kerja baiki kereta (mekanik), tukang elektrik atau paip.

Ya [ ] Tidak [ ] Jika ya, tolong berikan maklumat.

PERNIAGAAN PERNIAGAAN 1 PERNIAGAAN 2 PERNIAGAAN 3

Jenis pekerjaan

Bilangan orang yang terlibat

Jenis industri

Jumlah pendapatan $ $ $

77

8. Perkhidmatan yang diberikan kepada lain-lain isi rumah

8.1 Semasa 30 hari yang lalu, adakah sesiapa ahli keluarga dalam isi rumah ini

menerima wang daripada kerja sambilan di rumah lain atau badan bukan kerajaan (NGO)? Kerja sampingan ini termasuk kerja yang dilakukan pada masa tidak berkala.

Ya [ ] Tidak [ ] Jika ya, tolong nyatakan jumlah.

JENIS PEKERJAAN

ANGGARAN GAJI 30 HARI YANG LEPAS

TUNAI DARI SEGI BARANGAN

BUKAN TUNAI (*)

Kerja sampingan / kerja kampung $ $

Jaga budak $ $

Persembahan kebudayaan contohnya tarian, main alat muzik tradisi

$ $

Nelayan / Memburu / Bercucuk tanam $ $

Pembantu rumah $ $

Kerja Pembaikan Rumah $ $

Bekerja di taman bunga $ $

Lain – lain (Nyatakan) $ $

(*) anggarkan harga barangan yang diterima mengikut nilai jika dibeli

9. Wang kebajikan dan/atau Bantuan

Bahagian ini melibatkan semua pendapatan yang diterima oleh isi rumah dari Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli (JAKOA) atau kerajaan mana-mana badan dan juga mana-mana bayaran berkala contohnya KWSP, pencen, dan lain-lain. 9.1 Semasa 30 hari yang lalu, adakah sesiapa di dalam isi rumah anda menerima apa-

apa bayaran kebajikan dari kerajaan atau sebarang bayaran kebajikan berkala seperti KWAPM.

Ya [ ] Tidak [ ] Jika ya, tolong nyatakan jumlah.

JENIS WANG KEBAJIKAN JUMLAH WANG DITERIMA PADA 30 HARI

YANG LALU

$

$

10. Sumber pendapatan tambahan

10.1 Semasa 30 hari yang lalu, adakah sesiapa dalam isi rumah anda menerima sebarang pendapatan dari sumber-sumber berikut?

Ya [ ] Tidak[ ] Jika ya, tolong nyatakan jumlah.

SUMBER PENDAPATAN ANGGARAN PENDAPATAN YANG DITERIMA PADA 30

HARI YANG LALU

78

Nafkah anak (setelah bercerai) $

Derma (contoh semasa perayaan adat seperti. Ari Moyang, perkahwinan, pengkebumian dan sebagainya.)

$

Pendapatan dari perkongsian (perniangaan) $

Wasiat $

Kiriman wang (semua kiriman wang seperti jumlah wang tunai dan hadiah barangan yang diterima daripada saudara-mara dan / atau rakan-rakan dan bukan kerajaan (NGO) yang tinggal di luar Kampung Sungai Bumbun)

$

Sewa rumah $

Lain- lain (Nyatakan) $

BAHAGIAN B: PERBELANJAAN

Semasa 30 hari yang lepas, adakah sesiapa ahli keluarga dalam isi rumah anda berbelanja mengikut senarai di bawah?

Ya [ ] Tidak [ ] Nyatakan jumlah keseluruhan.

Bahan makanan contoh. beras, ikan, daging, sayur dan sebagainya $

Perkakas rumah contoh perabot, peralatan elektrik dan sebagainya $

Persalinan peribadi contoh sabun, syampu, baju dan sebagainya $

Utiliti e.g. bil telefon, elektrik, air dan sbg. $

Astro $

Pengangkutan $

Bayaran ansuran / pinjaman / hutang $

Pembayaran dalam bentuk barangan e.g. berkongsi makanan dengan orang lain di kampung

$

Lain – lain (Nyatakan) $

TAMAT

TERIMA KASIH

NOTA TAMBAHAN