Contemporary Oral Medicine

Camile S. FarahRamesh BalasubramaniamMichael J. McCulloughEditors

Contemporary OralMedicine

A Comprehensive Approach toClinical Practice

With 1623 Figures and 299 Tables

EditorsCamile S. FarahUWA Dental School and Oral HealthCentre of Western AustraliaFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia

Ramesh BalasubramaniamUWA Dental School and Oral HealthCentre of Western AustraliaFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia

Michael J. McCulloughOral Anatomy, Medicine, and Surgery SectionMelbourne Dental SchoolFaculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesThe University of MelbourneCarlton, VIC, Australia

ISBN 978-3-319-72301-3 ISBN 978-3-319-72303-7 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-319-72302-0 (print and electronic bundle)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72303-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018960941

# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole orpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse ofillustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, orby similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral withregard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

This book is dedicated to our familiesTess, Maya, Hannah, and KaylaDavinia, Dhruva, and MandiraLindy, Meredith, Amelia, and Edwardin appreciation of our mentors, students, and patients.

Camile S. FarahRamesh Balasubramaniam

Michael J. McCullough

Foreword

The dominant pattern of education of oral health professionals and provisionof health care of oral and maxillofacial diseases throughout the world isprovided by a separate dental profession frequently leading to the unfortunateseparation of oral care from whole patient care.

In order to correct this deficiency, the specialty of oral medicine waspioneered by dentists including Lester Burket, Sol Silverman, Thomas Lehner,and David Mason, among others, who understood the growing importance ofteaching medicine to dental students and developing a dental specialty devotedto the diagnosis and medical management of oral and maxillofacial disease aswell as dental treatment for patients with complex medical disorders. Theirvision and foresight resulted in the development of an international specialtydevoted to the expanding medical needs of patients with oral and maxillofacialdiseases.

Recent major medical progress has resulted in the development of newdrugs and procedures to more successfully treat cancer, infectious diseases,and cardiovascular and neuromuscular diseases. These dramatic advanceshave resulted in an aging population taking multiple drugs and who oftenhave undergone multiple surgical procedures to maintain their health. This hasresulted in increasing the complexity of diagnosis and management of oral andmaxillofacial diseases. In addition, the undergraduate medical education oftenincludes minimal training of management of oral diseases and complications,broadening the scope of the disorders managed by oral medicine specialists.

There remains no doubt that all general and specialty dentists trained to carefor patients in the twenty-first century will require a solid foundation inmedicine and that proper care of complex medical problems of the maxillofa-cial region will require an increasing number of highly trained specialists inoral medicine to work closely with other medical, surgical, and dentalcolleagues.

Drs. Farah, Balasubramaniam, and McCullough have made an importantcontribution to oral medicine by organizing and writing a new, modern,comprehensive textbook developed for the oral medicine specialist butwhich also serves as an important reference for other dental and medicalpractitioners. The editors should be congratulated for their efforts and theirchoice of coauthors who are internationally recognized academics,researchers, and clinicians in their fields who have authored comprehensive,up-to-date, clearly written chapters.

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The text starts with scholarly discussions of principles of diagnosis andfocused discussions of clinical immunology, neurophysiology, and neurosen-sory disorders and then proceeds to detailed well-organized discussions of oralmucosal, head and neck, pain, and neurosensory disorders.

The sections on orofacial pain are very welcome, as physicians includingheadache specialists and those with a special interest in pain often have limitedknowledge in this area. We are pleased to note that the orofacial pain sectionsare comprehensive and provide a welcome biopsychological approach tomanagement which will be valuable not just to specialists in oral medicinebut to a range of other health-care professionals.

It is encouraging to note the emphasis placed on a science-based approachto temporomandibular disorders as recent large studies provide evidence thatthey may be precursors of other chronic pain conditions requiring managementby multidisciplinary teams.

The three of us are delighted to have been asked to write this foreword. Weare based in three corners of the globe but all from English-speaking nationswith a common educational heritage. We realize the challenges of writing atext devoted to providing the best oral andmaxillofacial care to varied cultures,economies, and societies with differing disease burdens.

We congratulate the editors and authors of this text for their accessible andegalitarian approach and their major contribution to the progress of interna-tional oral medicine.

Philadelphia, USA Martin S. GreenbergGold Coast, Australia Newell JohnsonLondon, UK Joanna Zakrzewska

viii Foreword

Preface

Oral medicine is that specialist branch of dentistry concerned with the diag-nosis, prevention, and predominantly nonsurgical management of medicallyrelated disorders and conditions affecting the oral and maxillofacial region, inparticular oral mucosal disease and orofacial pain, as well as the oral healthcare of medically complex patients. As such, it occupies a unique interfacebetween dentistry and medicine, bringing them together for the advancementof both oral and systemic health. Progressive patient care in oral medicinerequires a thorough understanding of many disciplines of medicine and den-tistry. Likewise, other cognate disciplines benefit from their understanding ofthe art and science of oral medicine for overall patient management.

Contemporary Oral Medicine is the most comprehensive textbook in oralmedicine and includes 45 chapters arranged into 3 volumes. Volume 1 coversfoundation and diagnostic head and neck sciences in oral medicine; Vol.2 covers oral and maxillofacial diseases and disorders; and Vol. 3 coversorofacial pain and dental sleep medicine. It is a fresh holistic approach toclinical practice.

This unique all-inclusive international textbook brings together 149 world-renowned authors from 25 different countries, covering a wide variety ofdisciplines including oral medicine, oral and maxillofacial pathology, dento-maxillofacial radiology, head and neck radiology, oral and maxillofacial sur-gery, head and neck surgery, dermatology, anatomy, pathology, immunology,microbiology, physiology, general medicine, neurology, pain medicine, andsleep medicine. The book is fully referenced and includes 1623 figures com-posed of thousands of black and white and color images, in addition to299 tables covering a spectrum of diagnostic algorithms, treatment regimes,and photographs of all disease processes related to oral medicine.

In this book, we have focused our attention on the commonly accepteddesignation of oral medicine and dedicated extensive parts of the book to itscontent. We acknowledge that oral medicine clinicians may encounter morecommon conditions of the oral cavity such as dental caries and periodontaldiseases, but these are only covered in brief as they sit better in the realm ofpediatric dentistry, restorative dentistry, endodontics, and periodontics. Ourfocus was on diseases and conditions that are diagnosed and managed on aregular basis by oral medicine specialists internationally. Each chapter isauthored by a group of international experts in their designated field, offeringthe book a consensus approach to diagnosis and treatment of oral medicine

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conditions without favoring one school of thought over another or one geo-graphical area over another.

We have pitched this book at the level of a new graduate in oral medicine,attempting to stay true to competencies of newly graduated specialists asdescribed in advanced training programs across the globe particularlyAustralia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Weacknowledge that the remit of practice of oral medicine in various countriesaround the world differs based on local health system requirements, legisla-tion, regulation, politics, disease distribution, interest, and workforcedemands. In compiling this book however, we have taken a comprehensiveall-encompassing approach, rather than limit the remit of practice, and hencethe designation of a subtitle, A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice.

Another purposeful approach was the comprehensiveness of each of thechapters with deliberate overlap of topics and conditions covered and thegeneral headings used in each chapter. Many of the diseases and disordersoutlined in the book can be covered under a myriad of headings and chaptertitles. We felt it was very important for the reader to encounter the material andinteract with the content from multiple points of view, taking into account themany ways possible to classify and manage ailments of the head and neckregion. Importantly, we felt that each chapter should be self-contained, inde-pendent but cross-referenced with other chapters, and also structured in a waythat provided consistency and purpose for the reader. Where we felt the topicshould be covered in detail we did, while in other instances we only brieflymention the same condition in a different context for completeness. Theintention was that if a reader only read a chapter of particular interest, itscontents would suffice, but if the reader wished to explore the content in moredetail, then reading more of the book would provide an all-inclusive treatise.

We trust you will enjoy reading and using this text as much as we haveenjoyed writing and compiling it.

January 2019 Camile S. FarahRamesh Balasubramaniam

Michael J. McCullough

x Preface

Acknowledgments

This book is a culmination of 4 years’ work. Our dream was to realize acomprehensive textbook in oral medicine of international standing, and thiswould not have been possible without the expert contributions and significantinput from luminary contributing authors, colleagues, mentors, and friendsfrom around the world. We thank the contributing authors for their dedicationand patience, while we worked through multiple versions of revised and editedchapters to produce a product of the highest standard. We are grateful to thosewho were willing to participate in such a massive undertaking, to give gener-ously of their time and resources, and to join us in an international comingtogether of knowledge, expertise, and collegiality in our chosen discipline. Theprocess has been both rewarding and instructive.

The comprehensiveness and clinical usefulness of this book are enhancedby the many illustrations, clinical images, radiographs, and photomicrographsgenerously supplied by many colleagues from all around the world. We areindebted to our many colleagues who have shared their cases so generously inan effort to improve the text, and they have been credited in the figure legendsfor their contributions. In particular, we would like to thank Dr. Hala Al Janabyfor her original hand-drawn illustrations throughout the text and for thestunning front cover, Dr. Andy Whyte for the many detailed radiographicimages he has provided, and Dr. Robert Anthonappa for the many cases relatedto pediatric dentistry. Special thanks also to Drs. Rudolf Boeddinghaus, MarieMatias, Kurt Gebauer, Mariana Villarroel Dorrego, Ajay Parihar, TimHodgson, Chady Sader, Chris Van Vliet, Chris Dhepnorrarat, AmandaPhoon Nguyen, Lalima Tiwari, and Qutaibah Alfadalah. We are also thankfulto all our patients who have allowed us to care for them but also allowed us todocument their cases for presentation in this book. Their contributions are areminder of why we do what we do.

We would like to thank our assistant staff Jane Burnell, Elai Justo, andMaya Janik for their dedicated editing, referencing, and overall assistance andPenny Comans for the provision of articles. We acknowledge the staff atSpringer Nature for their hard work, organization, and dedication to thisproject including Karin Bartsch, Rebecca Urban, Tanja Maihoefer, WilmaMcHugh, Susanne Friedrichsen, Alison Wolf, Shruti Datt, and SharmilaThirumaniselvan.

Finally, we are eternally indebted to our families for their love, support, andpatience. Over the 4-year life-span of this book, we have spent significant

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portions of time away from them writing and editing this comprehensive text.They have endured our neglect, while we simultaneously received theirencouragement. Their understanding of our passion for our specialty andtheir tolerance for our desire to complete this project are equally appreciated.

Camile S. FarahRamesh Balasubramaniam

Michael J. McCullough

xii Acknowledgments

Contents

Volume 1

Normal Variation in the Anatomy, Biology, and Histology ofthe Maxillofacial Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Rita Hardiman, Omar Kujan, and Nabil Kochaji

Interface Between Oral and Systemic Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Michele D. Mignogna and Stefania Leuci

Clinical Evaluation of Oral Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Chizobam N. Idahosa and A. Ross Kerr

Diagnostic Imaging Principles and Applications in Head andNeck Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Andy Whyte, Rudolf Boeddinghaus, and Marie Anne TeresaJ. Matias

Laboratory Medicine and Diagnostic Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Tim Hodgson, Barbara Carey, Emma Hayes, Richeal Ni Riordain,Priya Thakrar, Sarah Viggor, and Paula Farthing

Clinical Immunology in Diagnoses of Maxillofacial Disease . . . . . . 315Nathaniel Treister, Arturo Saavedra, and Alessandro Villa

Soft and Hard Tissue Operative Investigations in the Diagnosisand Treatment of Oral Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341Marieke T. Brands, Ivan Alajbeg, Peter A. Brennan, andCamile S. Farah

Pharmacotherapeutic Approaches in Oral Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . 401Sandra Goncalves, Ray A. Dionne, Geraldine Moses, andMarco Carrozzo

Odontogenic Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471Takashi Takata, Mutsumi Miyauchi, Ikuko Ogawa, and Alan Mighell

Non-odontogenic Bone Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555Hedley Coleman, Jos Hille, Willie van Heerden, Sonja Boy, andAnnabelle Mahar

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Head and Neck Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627Moni A. Kuriakose, Swagnik Chakrabarti, Sok Ching Cheong,Luiz P. Kowalski, Tiago Novaes Pinheiro, and Camile S. Farah

Cutaneous Pathology of the Head and Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763Tami Yap, Johannes S. Kern, Benjamin Wood, andLaura Scardamaglia

Volume 2

Odontogenic Bacterial Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819Stuart G. Dashper, Alf Nastri, and Paul V. Abbott

Non-odontogenic Bacterial Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871Agnieszka M. Frydrych and Camile S. Farah

Oral and Maxillofacial Fungal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935Maddalena Manfredi, Luciano Polonelli, Laura Giovati,Ali Alnuaimi, and Michael J. McCullough

Oral and Maxillofacial Viral Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983Stephen Porter, Jair C. Leão, and Luiz Alcino Gueiros

Oral Ulcerative Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009Giovanni Lodi, Elena Varoni, Jairo Robledo-Sierra,Alessandro Villa, and Mats Jontell

Oral Lichen Planus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043Michael J. McCullough, Mohammad S. Alrashdan, andNicola Cirillo

Oral Vesicular and Bullous Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083Stephen J. Challacombe and Jane F. Setterfield

Gingival Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1143Anne Hegarty and Alison Rich

Pigmented Lesions of the Oral Mucosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175Eric T. Stoopler and Faizan Alawi

White and Red Lesions of the Oral Mucosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1207Maryam Jessri, Hani Mawardi, Camile S. Farah, andSook-Bin Woo

Oral Mucosal Malignancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1249Camile S. Farah, Omar Kujan, Stephen Prime, andRosnah Binti Zain

Salivary Gland Disorders and Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1437Siri Beier Jensen, Arjan Vissink, and Norman Firth

Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases and Their Treatments . . . 1523Sue-Ching Yeoh, Hong Hua, Juan Fernando Yepes, andDouglas E. Peterson

xiv Contents

Pediatric Oral Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1641Anastasia Georgiou, Angus Cameron, andRamesh Balasubramaniam

Halitosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1719Jaisri R. Thoppay, Andreas Filippi, Katharine Ciarrocca,John Greenman, and Scott S. De Rossi

Volume 3

Neurophysiology of Orofacial Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1749Koichi Iwata, Mamoru Takeda, Seog Bae Oh, andMasamichi Shinoda

Clinical Evaluation of Orofacial Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1773Jeffrey P. Okeson and Isabel Moreno Hay

Biopsychosocial Aspects of Orofacial Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1797Richard Ohrbach and Justin Durham

Classification of Orofacial Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1819Gary D. Klasser, Jean-Paul Goulet, Antoon De Laat, andDaniele Manfredini

Masticatory Muscle Pain and Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1843Tommaso Castroflorio, Andrea Bargellini, Andrea Deregibus, andPeter Svensson

Internal Derangements of the Temporomandibular Joint . . . . . . . 1881James J. R. Huddleston Slater and Reny de Leeuw

Arthritic Conditions Affecting the Temporomandibular Joint . . . . 1919L. G. Mercuri and S. Abramowicz

Headache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1955Steven J. Scrivani, Steven B. Graff-Radford, Shehryar N. Khawaja,and Egilius L. H. Spierings

Neurovascular Orofacial Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983Yair Sharav, Yaron Haviv, Galit Almoznino, and Rafael Benoliel

Neuropathic Orofacial Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005Olga A. Korczeniewska, Eli Eliav, and Rafael Benoliel

Oral Dysesthesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2081Giulio Fortuna, Joel Napenas, Nan Su, Miriam Gruskha, andGary D. Klasser

Neurosensory Disturbances Including Smelland Taste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2107Saravanan Ram, Tomoko Wada, and Soma Sahai-Srivastava

Orofacial Pain in the Medically Complex Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2135Martina K. Shephard and Gary Heir

Contents xv

Orofacial Pain in Patients with Cancer and Mucosal Diseases . . . . 2187Noam Yarom, Herve Sroussi, and Sharon Elad

Orofacial Pain and Sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213Barry J. Sessle, Kazunori Adachi, Dongyuan Yao,Yoshitaka Suzuki, and Gilles J. Lavigne

Sleep Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2241David Hillman, Olivier Vanderveken, Atul Malhotra, and PeterEastwood

Sleep Bruxism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2267Ramesh Balasubramaniam, Daniel Paesani, Kiyoshi Koyano,Yoshihiro Tsukiyama, Maria Clotilde Carra, and Gilles J. Lavigne

Oral Appliance Therapy for Sleep-Disordered Breathing . . . . . . . 2303Joachim Ngiam, Kate Sutherland, Ramesh Balasubramaniam,Marie Marklund, Fernanda Almeida, and Peter Cistulli

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2333

xvi Contents

About the Editors

Camile S. Farah BDSc, MDSc (OralMed, OralPath), PhD, GCEd (HE),GCExLead, FRACDS (OralMed), FOMAA, FIAOO, FICD, FPFAProfessor of Oral OncologyDean and Head, UWA Dental School, University of Western AustraliaDirector, Oral Health Centre of Western AustraliaConvenor, Oral Medicine Postgraduate Training Program, UWA DentalSchool, University of Western AustraliaOral Medicine Consultant, Oral Health Centre of Western AustraliaOral Medicine Specialist, Perth Oral Medicine & Dental Sleep CentreConsultant, Qscan Radiology Clinics

Camile is Professor of Oral Oncology, Dean and Head of the UWA DentalSchool, and Director of the Oral Health Centre of Western Australia at theUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.

Camile is a Registered Specialist in both Oral Medicine and Oral Pathologywith subspecialty training in Oral Oncology. He is a Consultant in OralMedicine at the Oral Health Centre of WA and maintains a part-time privatepractice in Oral Medicine at Perth Oral Medicine & Dental Sleep Centrefocused on oral mucosal diseases, salivary gland pathology, bone pathology,

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and orofacial pain. He is Convenor of the postgraduate training program inOral Medicine at the UWA Dental School, a Member of the Head & NeckCancer Multidisciplinary Team at Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Director ofthe Australian Centre for Oral Oncology Research & Education, and Consul-tant at Qscan Radiology Clinics.

Camile is a Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons(Oral Medicine) by examination, the Oral Medicine Academy of Australasia,the International Academy of Oral Oncology, the International College ofDentists, and the Pierre Fauchard Academy. He is the Inaugural and PastPresident of the Oral Medicine Academy of Australasia, Past President ofthe Australian and New Zealand Division of the International Association forDental Research, President of the Asia Pacific Region of the InternationalAssociation for Dental Research, Chairman of the Australian Dental ResearchFoundation, and Past Chairman of its Research Advisory Committee.

Camile has authored more than 160 peer-reviewed publications including18 book chapters. He has personally attracted $7.5 million in competitiveresearch funding, has been involved in other successful collaborative grantstotaling nearly $10 million, and has mentored over 50 postgraduate studentsand postdoctoral staff. Camile is Associate Editor of Journal of Oral Pathol-ogy & Medicine and Oral Cancer and Reviewing Editor for Oral Diseases.

Camile is clinician-scientist with expertise in oral oncological translationalresearch. His clinical and laboratory research focuses on optical imagingmodalities, molecular genomics, clinical trials in early detection and oncolog-ical surgery, and personalized patient care particularly related to oral cancerand oral potentially malignant disorders. His laboratory has explored diagnos-tic biomarker signatures for oral premalignant lesions, predictive biomarkerprofiles for oral cancer progression, and a multigene discriminatory biomarkerpanel for oral squamous cell carcinoma and epithelial dysplasia. He is asupporter of patient and clinician education and professional developmentand overall advocacy for patients with oral cancer.

Ramesh Balasubramaniam BSc, BDSc, MS, Cert Orofacial Pain, Cert OralMedicine, MRACDS (OralMed), ABOP, FOMAA, FADI, FPFA, FICD

xviii About the Editors

Clinical Associate Professor, UWA Dental School, University of WesternAustraliaOral Medicine Consultant, Oral Health Centre of Western AustraliaOral Medicine Consultant, Perth Children’s HospitalOral Medicine Specialist, Perth Oral Medicine & Dental Sleep Centre

Ramesh graduated with a BDSc from the University of Western Australia in2000 and subsequently practiced General Dentistry. In 2006, he completed acertificate and Master of Science degree in Orofacial Pain at the University ofKentucky. While at the University of Kentucky, Ramesh also underwenttraining in the field of Dental Sleep Medicine. He is a Diplomate of theAmerican Board of Orofacial Pain. In addition, Ramesh completed a specialisttraining in OralMedicine as well as a Fellowship in Interdisciplinary Geriatricsat the University of Pennsylvania in 2008.

Ramesh has numerous peer-reviewed publications, has contributed to sev-eral chapters in various texts, and coedited the May 2008 Oral and Maxillo-facial Surgery Clinics of North America on Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction. Inaddition, he serves as a reviewer for a number of peer-reviewed journals.

Ramesh has an appointment as a Clinical Associate Professor at the UWADental School, University of Western Australia, and is actively involved inteaching and research. He also holds public appointments at the Oral HealthCentre ofWestern Australia and the Perth Children’s Hospital. He is President-Elect of the Oral Medicine Academy of Australasia having served as itsSecretary. His Oral Medicine Specialist practice focuses on orofacial pain,oral diseases and disorders, and dental sleep medicine.

Michael J. McCullough BDSc, MDSc (OralMed, OralPath), PhD, FRACDS(OralMed), FOMAA, FPFA, FICDProfessor of Oral MedicineDeputy Head, Melbourne Dental School, University of MelbourneConvenor, Oral Medicine Postgraduate Training Program, Melbourne DentalSchool, University of MelbourneOral Medicine Consultant, Melbourne Dental School, University of Mel-bourne

Michael is Professor of Oral Medicine at the Melbourne Dental School, theUniversity of Melbourne. He is the Convenor of both the postgraduate and

About the Editors xix

graduate courses in OralMedicine, has published 128 articles in peer-reviewedscientific journals, and was on the Expert Panel for both editions of theTherapeutic Guidelines book titled Oral and Dental. Michael is an OralMedicine Clinical Consultant to the Royal Dental Hospital of Melbourne,the Royal Melbourne Hospital, and the University of Melbourne’s DentalClinic.

Michael gained a bachelor’s degree in Dental Science in 1982, a master’sdegree in Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, and a PhD in 1995, all from theUniversity of Melbourne. He spent several years as a Postdoctoral ResearchFellow at Stanford University in California during 1996 and 1997, followed by3 years as a Lecturer in Oral Medicine at the Eastman Dental Institute,University College London. Michael has 27 years of experience in clinicaland academic Oral Medicine, was an Inaugural Fellow of the Royal Austral-asian College of Dental Surgeons in Oral Medicine by examination, and is aFellow of the International College of Dentists, the Pierre Fauchard Academy,and the Oral Medicine Academy of Australasia.

Michael has supervised to completion 18 research higher degree students,and currently he is Principal Supervisor to 4 PhD students and co-supervisor to3 PhD and 6 MPhil students. Michael has published 128 clinical and scientificarticles including 3 book chapters. His work is mostly published in ERA A*/Aranked journals in the highest-ranking journals in his specialty.

Michael is the current President of the Oral Medicine Academy of Austral-asia and the Inaugural Chair of the Australian and New Zealand Council ofDental Specialists. He was the Chairperson of the Dental Therapeutics Com-mittee of the Australian Dental Association from 2006 to 2012 and an activemember until 2016. He was on the Expert Panel of the Therapeutic Guidelinesbook,Oral and Dental, whose first edition was in 2007 and the revised secondedition published in 2012. Michael has been a member of the AustralianDental Research Foundation’s Research Advisory Committee since 2013and served as its Chair from 2016 to 2018.

xx About the Editors

Contributors

Paul V. Abbott UWA Dental School and Oral Health Centre of WesternAustralia, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

S. Abramowicz Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, EmoryUniversity and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA

Kazunori Adachi Division of Pharmacology, Meikai University School ofDentistry, Saitama, Japan

Ivan Alajbeg University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb,Croatia

Faizan Alawi Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania Schoolof Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Fernanda Almeida Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty ofDentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Galit Almoznino Department of Oral Medicine, Sedation and MaxillofacialImaging, School of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem,Israel

Department of Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Center, Medical Corps,Israel Defense Forces, Tel-Hashomer, Israel

Ali Alnuaimi Oral Anatomy, Medicine, and Surgery Section, Melbourne,Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, Sciences, TheUniversity of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia

Mohammad S. Alrashdan Faculty of Dentistry, Department of OralMedicine and Oral Surgery, Jordan University of Science and Technology,Irbid, Jordan

Ramesh Balasubramaniam UWA Dental School and Oral Health Centre ofWestern Australia, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University ofWestern Australia, Perth, WA, Australia

xxi

Andrea Bargellini Gnathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences,Lingotto Dental School, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

Specialization School of Orthodontics, Department of Surgical Sciences,Dental School, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

Rafael Benoliel Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Rutgers School ofDental Medicine, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA

Rudolf Boeddinghaus Perth Radiological Clinic, Subiaco, WA, Australia

University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia

Sonja Boy Department of Oral Pathology, Sefako Makgatho Health SciencesUniversity, Pretoria, South Africa

Marieke T. Brands Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, QueenAlexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK

Peter A. Brennan Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, QueenAlexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK

Angus Cameron The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia

Charles Sturt University, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Barbara Carey Eastman Dental Hospital, London, UK

Maria Clotilde Carra Department of Periodontology, Service of Odontology,Rothschild Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris 7 – Denis Diderot, U.F.R. ofOdontology, Paris, France

Marco Carrozzo Center for Oral Health Research, Department of OralMedicine, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle uponTyne, UK

Tommaso Castroflorio Gnathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences,Lingotto Dental School, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

Specialization School of Orthodontics, Department of Surgical Sciences,Dental School, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

Swagnik Chakrabarti Head and Neck Oncology Services, Tata MemorialHospital, Mumbai, India

Stephen J. Challacombe Department of Oral Medicine, King’s CollegeLondon, London, UK

Guys and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Sok Ching Cheong Cancer Research Malaysia, CARIF Oral CancerResearch Team, Subang Jaya, Malaysia

Katharine Ciarrocca Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University,Augusta, GA, USA

xxii Contributors

Nicola Cirillo Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health CRC, Faculty ofMedicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne,Carlton, VIC, Australia

Peter Cistulli Centre for Sleep Health and Research, Department ofRespiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, NorthernSydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia

Charles Perkins Centre and Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney,Sydney, NSW, Australia

Hedley Coleman Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology,Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, ICPMR, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Stuart G. Dashper Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CooperativeResearch Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

Antoon De Laat Department of Oral Health Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Leuven,Belgium

Department of Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Reny de Leeuw Division of Orofacial Pain, College of Dentistry, Universityof Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

Scott S. De Rossi UNC School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Andrea Deregibus Gnathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences,Lingotto Dental School, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

Specialization School of Orthodontics, Department of Surgical Sciences,Dental School, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

Ray A. Dionne Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody Schoolof Medicine, and Department of Foundational Sciences, School of DentalMedicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA

Justin Durham School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK

Peter Eastwood Centre for Sleep Science, School of Human Sciences,University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles GairdnerHospital, Perth, Australia

Sharon Elad Department of Oral Medicine, Eastman Institute for OralMedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA

Eli Eliav Eastman Institute for Oral Health, School of Medicine andDentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA

Camile S. Farah UWA Dental School and Oral Health Centre of WesternAustralia, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of WesternAustralia, Perth, WA, Australia

Paula Farthing School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield,Sheffield, UK

Contributors xxiii

Andreas Filippi Department for Oral Surgery, Oral Radiology and OralMedicine and Center of Salivary Diagnostics and Hyposalivation, UniversityCenter for Dental Medicine Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Norman Firth UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia,Nedlands, WA, Australia

Giulio Fortuna Department ofDiagnostic Sciences, Louisiana StateUniversitySchool of Dentistry, New Orleans, LA, USA

Agnieszka M. Frydrych UWA Dental School, University of WesternAustralia, Perth, WA, Australia

Anastasia Georgiou Macquarie Oral and Maxillofacial Specialists, Sydney,NSW, Australia

Sydney Skin, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Laura Giovati Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, University of Parma,Parma, Italy

Sandra Goncalves Oral Medicine Department, Charles Clifford DentalHospital, Sheffield, UK

Jean-Paul Goulet Faculté de Médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Québec,QC, Canada

Steven B. Graff-Radford Director, Division of Headache and OrofacialPain, Pain Center, Cedar Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

John Greenman Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Bristol, UK

Miriam Gruskha Department of Dentistry, William Osler Hospital(Etobicoke), Toronto, ON, Canada

Luiz Alcino Gueiros Oral Medicine Unit, Departamento de Clínica eOdontologia Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE,Brazil

Rita Hardiman Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne,Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Yaron Haviv Department of Oral Medicine, Sedation and MaxillofacialImaging, School of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem,Israel

Emma Hayes Eastman Dental Hospital, London, UK

Anne Hegarty Oral Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK

Gary Heir Center for Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain,Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA

Jos Hille Department Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, University of theWestern Cape/National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa

Oral/Head and Neck Pathology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town,South Africa

xxiv Contributors

David Hillman Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine,West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles GairdnerHospital, Perth, Australia

Centre for Sleep Science, School of Human Sciences, University of WesternAustralia, Perth, Australia

Tim Hodgson Eastman Dental Hospital, London, UK

Hong Hua Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University, School ofStomatology, Beijing, China

James J. R. Huddleston Slater Groningen, The Netherlands

Chizobam N. Idahosa Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology,Medicine and Surgery, Temple University Kornberg School of Dentistry,Philadelphia, PA, USA

Koichi Iwata Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, NihonUniversity, Tokyo, Japan

Siri Beier Jensen Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, AarhusUniversity, Aarhus C, Denmark

Maryam Jessri Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham andWomen’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School ofDental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

UWA Dental School and Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, Universityof Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia

Mats Jontell Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, SahlgrenskaAcademy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Johannes S. Kern Department of Dermatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital,Parkville, VIC, Australia

A. Ross Kerr Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiologyand Medicine, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY,USA

Shehryar N. Khawaja Resident, Orofacial Pain Program, Department ofOral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,MA, USA

Gary D. Klasser Department of Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry,Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA

Nabil Kochaji Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University, Damascus, SyrianArab Republic

Olga A. Korczeniewska Department of Diagnostic Sciences Rutgers Schoolof Dental Medicine, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ,USA

Contributors xxv

Luiz P. Kowalski Head and Neck Surgery and OtorhinolaryngologyDepartment, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil

Kiyoshi Koyano Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka,Japan

Omar Kujan UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Perth,WA, Australia

Moni A. Kuriakose Department of Head and Neck Surgery/Plastic andReconstructive Surgery, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA

Gilles J. Lavigne Faculty of Dental Medicine, Univeristé de Montréal,Montreal, QC, Canada

Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Trauma Unit, SurgeryDepartment, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada

Jair C. Leão Oral Medicine Unit, Departamento de Clínica e OdontologiaPreventiva, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil

Stefania Leuci Oral Medicine Complex Unit, Department of Neuroscience,Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University ofNaples, Naples, Italy

Giovanni Lodi Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche eOdontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

Annabelle Mahar Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic, RoyalPrince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia

Atul Malhotra Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, UC San Diego School ofMedicine, La Jolla, CA, USA

Maddalena Manfredi Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, CentroUniversitario di Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Parma, Italy

DanieleManfredini School of Dentistry, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

Marie Marklund Department of Orthodontics, Umeå University, Umeå,Sweden

Marie Anne Teresa J. Matias Perth Radiological Clinic, Subiaco, WA,Australia

Qscan Radiology Clinics, Herston, QLD, Australia

Hani Mawardi Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz university, Jeddah,Saudi Arabia

Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,Boston, MA, USA

Michael J. McCullough Oral Anatomy, Medicine, and Surgery Section,Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and HealthSciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia

xxvi Contributors

L. G. Mercuri Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University MedicalCenter, Chicago, IL, USA

TMJ Concepts, Ventura, CA, USA

Alan Mighell Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Universityof Leeds, Leeds, UK

Michele D. Mignogna Oral Medicine Complex Unit, Department ofNeuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico IIUniversity of Naples, Naples, Italy

Mutsumi Miyauchi Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology,Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University,Hiroshima, Japan

Isabel Moreno Hay Orofacial Pain Program, College of Dentistry,University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

Geraldine Moses Academic Practice Unit, Pharmacy Services, Mater PublicHospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Joel Napenas Department of Oral Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center,Charlotte, NC, USA

Alf Nastri Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital,The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

Joachim Ngiam Centre for Sleep Health and Research, Department ofRespiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, NorthernSydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia

Richeal Ni Riordain Eastman Dental Hospital, London, UK

Tiago Novaes Pinheiro Anatomic Pathology Service, Amazonas StateUniversity, Manaus, Brazil

Ikuko Ogawa Center of Oral Clinical Examination, Hiroshima UniversityHospital, Hiroshima, Japan

Seog Bae Oh Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School ofDentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Richard Ohrbach Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, University atBuffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA

Jeffrey P. Okeson Orofacial Pain Program, College of Dentistry, Universityof Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

Daniel Paesani School of Odontology, University of Salvador/AOA, BuenosAires, Argentina

Douglas E. Peterson Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences,School of Dental Medicine, Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, UConnHealth, Farmington, CT, USA

Contributors xxvii

Luciano Polonelli Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, University ofParma, Parma, Italy

Stephen Porter UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London,London, UK

Stephen Prime School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol,Bristol, UK

Saravanan Ram Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Ostrow School ofDentistry of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Alison Rich The Department of Oral Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences,University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand

Jairo Robledo-Sierra Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology,Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Arturo Saavedra Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts GeneralHospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Soma Sahai-Srivastava Headache and Neuralgia Center, Keck School ofMedicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Laura Scardamaglia Department of Dermatology, Royal Melbourne Hos-pital, Parkville, VIC, Australia

Steven J. Scrivani Chief, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pain,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts GeneralHospital, Boston, MA, USA

Barry J. Sessle Faculty of Dentistry and Department of Physiology, Facultyof Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Jane F. Setterfield Department of Oral Medicine, King’s College London,London, UK

Department of Dermatology, King’s College London, London, UK

Guys and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Yair Sharav Department of Oral Medicine, Sedation and MaxillofacialImaging, School of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem,Israel

Martina K. Shephard Oral Medicine Unit, Eastman Dental Hospital,University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK

Masamichi Shinoda Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, NihonUniversity, Tokyo, Japan

Egilius L. H. Spierings Craniofacial Pain Center, Tufts University School ofDental Medicine, Headache and Facial Pain Program, Department of Neurol-ogy, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

Herve Sroussi Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham andWomen’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

xxviii Contributors

Eric T. Stoopler Department of Oral Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaSchool of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Nan Su Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin, China

Kate Sutherland Centre for Sleep Health and Research, Department ofRespiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, NorthernSydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia

Charles Perkins Centre and Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney,Sydney, NSW, Australia

Yoshitaka Suzuki Facultés de médecine dentaire et de médecine, Universitéde Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada

Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction,Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan

Peter Svensson Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department ofDentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Scandinavian Centerfor Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden

Takashi Takata Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology,Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University,Hiroshima, Japan

Mamoru Takeda Laboratory of Food and Physiological Sciences, Departmentof Food and Life Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, AzabuUniversity, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan

Priya Thakrar Eastman Dental Hospital, London, UK

Jaisri R. Thoppay Oral Medicine, Orofacial Pain and Geriatric Programs,Orofacial Pain and Geriatric Oral Health Programs, Department of Oral andMaxillofacial Surgery, VCU School of Dentistry and VCU Medical Center,Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

Nathaniel Treister Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity,Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

Yoshihiro Tsukiyama Section of Dental Education, Faculty of DentalScience, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

Willie van Heerden Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Biology,University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

Olivier Vanderveken Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universityof Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

Department of ENT, Head and Neck Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital,Edegem, Belgium

Elena Varoni Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche eOdontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

Sarah Viggor Eastman Dental Hospital, London, UK

Contributors xxix

Alessandro Villa Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity,Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,Boston, MA, USA

Arjan Vissink Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen,The Netherlands

Tomoko Wada Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine Center, Division ofDiagnostic Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, Los Angeles,CA, USA

Andy Whyte University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia

University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia

Perth Radiological Clinic, Subiaco, WA, Australia

Ear Science Institute, Subiaco, WA, Australia

Sook-Bin Woo Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham andWomen’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School ofDental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

Benjamin Wood QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia

Dongyuan Yao Jiangxi Mental Hospital and School of PharmaceuticalScience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China

Tami Yap Melbourne Dental School, University ofMelbourne, Carlton, VIC,Australia

Department of Dermatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC,Australia

Noam Yarom Oral Medicine Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer,Israel

Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine,Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel

Sue-Ching Yeoh Sydney Oral Medicine, Baulkham Hills, NSW, Australia

Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia

Juan Fernando Yepes Department of Pediatric Dentistry, James WhitcombRileyHospital for Children, IndianaUniversity School of Dentistry, Indianapolis,IN, USA

Rosnah Binti Zain Department of Oral Pathology, MAHSA University,Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, University of Malaya, KualaLumpur, Malaysia

xxx Contributors