i I Kulturpfl . . . . 31. 1983, S. 219--226 ]

Collection of land-races of cultivated plants in South Italy 1982

PIETRO PERRINO I and KARL HAMMER

(Eingegangen am 5. Januar 1983)

Summary

In continuation of collecting missions in 1980 and 1981 a further mission has been carried out to South Italy jointly by staff members of the Istituto del Germo- plasma, Bari, and the Zentralinstitut ffir Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, in September 1982 for studying and collecting indigenous forms of cultivated plants and their wild relatives. 144 samples, especially of cereals, have been collected (table). As in the last years relic crops like Triticum dicoccon and old land-races of other cereals (Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum, Secale �9 cereale, Zea mays) could be found. A considerable part of the collected material consists of grain legume and vegetable land-races. South Italy is still rich in plant genetic resources, especially in the mountainous areas. Therefore, a continuation of the collections is planned for the next years.

Introduction

Previous collections in South Italy (PERRINO et al. 1981a and b, PERRINO et al. 1982a and b) have shown that this area is still rich in plant genetic resources. Therefore, these missions were continued in 1982 jointly by staff members of the Istituto del Germoplasma in Bari and the Zentralinstitut fiir Genetik und Kultur- pflanzenforschung in Gatersleben within the frame of the agreement between the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.) of Italy and the Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic. Again variable indigenous material of culti- vated plants, especially cereals, grain legumes, vegetables, medicinal- and spice plants, has been collected confirming the experiences of the previous missions. Genetic erosion could be observed especially for cereals though the mountainous areas provide good niches for the preservation of land-races. On the other hand the mountainous areas are difficult to explore and the exploration can only be done step by step over several years.

The mission has been again organized by the Bari institute, participants were Dr. P. PERRINO, Bari, and Dr. K. HAMMER, Gatersleben. The collecting was done from September 6 th to September 15 th in the southern part of the province .Campania and mainly in the centre of the province Basilicata (fig. 1). In the ~ollowing the detailed intinerary is given:

1 Is t i tuto del Germoplasma, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 1-70 126 ]3ari, I ta ly

220 P. PERRINO a n d K. HAMMER

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F i g . 1 R o u t e o5 t h e c o l l e c t i n g m i s s i o n

6. 9. B a r i - B i t o n t o - Ter l izzi - R u v o di P u g l i a - Sp inazzo l a - P a l a z z o S~ Gervas io - Venosa - R i p a c a n d i d a - R i one r o - A te l l a - S. Fe le - Be l la - Muro L u c a n o ; t he v i s i t e d reg ion t u r n e d out to be e roded c o n c e r n i n g l a n d r a c e s ; the l a s t p a r t of t he r o u t e t o u c h e d a rea covered b y t he l a s t y e a r ' s m i s s i o n ;

7 . 9 . Muro L u c a n o - Cassale - R i c i g h i a n o - S. Grigor io Magno - B u c c i n o - S i c ignano Scalo ; co l lec t ing m a i n l y sou th of Muro Luc a no , in Cassale a n d R i c i g h i a n o ;

8 . 9 . S i c ignano Scalo - S ic ignano - Scorzo - C o n t r o n e - RoccadSsp ide - S. L o r e n z o - F e l i t t o - P i a g g i n e - T e g g i a n o - Sa la Cons i l i na ; co l lec t ing b e t w e e n B u c c i n o a n d S ic ignano , b e t w e e n Scorzo a n d Pos t ig l ione , be - t w e e n S. Lorenzo a n d F e l i t t o a n d n e a r Tegg iano , p a r t of the r ou t e t o u c h e d t h a t of t he las t y e a r ' s miss ion , m a i n l y to c o n f i r m some de ta i l s c o n c e r n i n g t he a rea of e m m e r g r o w i n g ;

9 . 9 . Sala Cons i l ina - A t e n a L u c a n a - B r i e n z a - S a t r i a n o di L u c a n i a - T i t o ; co l lec t ing b e t w e e n A t e n a L u c a n a a n d Br i enza , b e t w e e n B r i e n z a a n d Marsigo Novo, in Br ienza , n o r t h of S a t r i a n o di L u c a n i a a n d T i t o ;

1 0 . 9 . T i to - P i ce rno - Mon t i Li Foj u p to 1000 m - b a c k to P i c e r no - T i to --

L a n d - r a c e s co l lec t ion in S o u t h I t a l y 1982 221

1 1 . 9 .

1 2 . 9 .

1 3 . 9 .

1 4 . 9 .

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P o t e n z a - P i g n o l a - A b r i o l a - L a M a d d a l e n a (1400 m ) ; co l l e c t i ng on t h e w a y f r o m T i t o to P i c e r n o , M o n t i L i F o j a r e a ; L a M a d d a l e n a - P a n t a n o - A r i o s a - S e l l a t a Sca lo - b a c k t o A r i o s a - b a c k to P a n t a n o - P i g n o l a - A b r i o l a - Ca lve l lo - L a u r e n z a n a ; c o l l e c t i n g in P a n t a n o , Ar io sa , A b r i o l a a n d C a l v e l l o ; L a u r e n z a n a - A n z i - Ca lve l lo - b a c k to L a u r e n z a n a - Cor le to P e r t i c a r a ; c o l l e c t i n g in L a u r e n z a n a , s o u t h of A n z i a n d L a u r e n z a n a , Cor l e to P e r t i c a r a - F o r e s t a l e 7 k m wes t of Co r l e to P . - b a c k t o Cor l e to P . - V i g g i a n o ; c o l l e c t i n g a r o u n d Cor l e to P e r t i c a r a ; V i g g i a n o - T r a m 6 t o l a - b a c k to V i g g i a n o - M o n t e m u r r o - S a r c o n i - M o l i t e r n o ; c o l l e c t i n g in V igg i ano , T r a m 6 t o l a , M o n t e m u r r o a n d S a r c o n i ; M o l i t e r n o - R i m i n t i e l l o - F r u s c i e t o - C a s t e l s a r r a c e n o - S a n Chi r ico - San M a r t i n o d ' A g r i - on t h e m a i n r o a d b a c k t o B a r i ; c o l l e c t i n g in F r u s - c ie to a n d C a s t e l s a r r a c e n o .

R e s u l t s

S o u t h I t a l y , as a p a r t of one of t h e c l a s s i ca l gene cen t r e s , is s e v e r e l y e f f e c t e d b y g e n e t i c e ros ion (fig. 2). M a n y of t h e o ld l a n d - r a c e s h a v e b e e n r e p l a c e d b y n e w c u l t i v a r s . B u t e s p e c i a l l y t h e m o u n t a i n o u s p a r t s of t h i s r eg ion p r o v i d e g o o d r e fuges for a u t o c h t h o n o u s m a t e r i a l u p to t h e p r e s e n t t i m e w h e r e a s in t h e l o w e r

Fig. 2 Col lec t ing a r ea n e a r Cor le to P e r t i c a r a . F ie lds on t h e s lope h a v e b e e n a b a n d o n e d . On ly n e a i t h e b o t t o m of t h e va l l ey t h e r e a re some f ields a n d g a r d e n s w i t h i n d i g e n o u s l a n d - r a c e s

222 P. PERRINO and I~. HAMMEI~

lands, e.g. around Spinazzola and Felitto at least the major field crops consist only of new varieties. Here, only some vegetables and medicinal plants of local type can be found. Cereals are especially affected by genetic erosion. Therefore they have been collected predominantly and constitute more than half of tt~e collected material.

Altogether the collections comprise 144 accessions. The detailed list of the collect- ed material follows:

Crop Number of Sunl accessions

Soft \Vheat, Trilicum aestivum 13 Hard \,Vheat, Triticum durum 13 Emmer Wheat, Triticum dicoccon 13 Barley, Hordeum vulgare 13 Maize, Zea mays 14 Oats, Arena saliva 12 Rye, Secale cereale 2

Cereals French Beans, Phaseolus vulgaris 14 Chick Pea, Cicer arietinum 7 Faba Beans, Vicia faba 9 Lentils, Lens culinaris 3 White Lupins, Lupinus albus 3 other pulses 5

Legumes Onion, A llium cepa 3 Lettuce, Lactuca sativa 3 Chicory, Cichorium intybus 3 other vegetables 14

80

41

Vegetables, incl. some oil-, spice- and medicinal plants 23

Total Sum 144

In addition some samples of wild species have been collected for special purposes of the participating institutes.

After the mission the samples have been divided so that both of the gene banks have identical sets of the collected material which will be cultivated in the experi- mental fields of Bari and Gatersleben for reproduction and further evaluation. The original samples consist of morphologically different lines and contain, even admixtures of other crops. The different constituents have been separated prior to sowing and during reproduction there will be detected and separated some further morphological variants so that the amount of the accessions will be increas- ed considerably.

The mission took place after harvesting time of most of the cereals (fig. 3). Therefore, it was necessary to approach the farmers and inquire for land-races. When interesting material was present they always provided it from their seed

Land-races collection in South Italy 1982 223

Fig. 3 The mission took place after har- vesting time. There- fore the farm-houses had to be approached and the farmers read- ily provided seeds from their stores

stores and it was possible to get big samples together with informat ions concerning the mater ia l .

Some remarkable findings will be brief ly summar ized : - ' A s in previous missions again Triticum dicoccon has been found. This old cereal

is still cu l t iva ted in several places especially of the Central Apennines. In this mission T. dicoccon was a good indicator for t radi t ional forms of agr icul ture connected with land-races of other crops, too.

- V a r i a b l e land-races of Triticum aestivum could be collected. Some of these land-races are preferred to modern variet ies because of thei r qua l i ty charac ters and used for the prepara t ion of local b read (fig. 4).

Fig. 4 For the pre- paration of home- made bread the flour of wheat land-races is preferred because of its good quality

- In the collecting area rye was a ve ry rare crop. Only t w o samples could be obtained. In one case rye was cu l t iva ted to improve the qua l i t y of locally produced bread.

- Variable ear ly r ipening land-races of maize have been often met wi th i:n the mounta inous par t s (fig. 5). In some cases introgressions of mode rn dent-corn variet ies were observed. Bu t mostly, old types differing in colour of grains, p lant height and cob length could be obtained.

224 P. PERRINO and K. HAMMER

Fig. 5 Mixed c u l t i v a t i o n of Zea mays, Phaseolus vulgaris, Brassica oleracea a n d Amaran- thus hybridus co n v a r , erythroslachys in l i t t le f ields n e a r Cassa le

Fig. 6 Foe~,iculu*n vulgare is cul- t i v a t e d as a sp ice p l a n t for s a u - sages in a G a r d e n of P a n t a n o

Land-races collection in South Italy 1982 225

Fig. 7 Cichorium intybus wi th d i f fe ren t leaf shapes a t t he b o rd e r of a f ield w i th Lyco- persicon esculentum and Capsicum annuum in Corleto P e r t i c a r a

-- Viciafaba was again (cf. PERRINO et al. 1982a) the most variable grain legume. Small seeded dark coloured types are especially worth mentioning.

- There was a higher percentage of dark coloured seed variants of Cicer arietinum as compared with the more northern collecting sites of the last years (cf. PERRINO et al. 1982a).

-- The collection is completed with some interesting spice plants (fig. 6), vegetable land-races, especially chicory (fig. 7) and lettuce.

The collections show that South Italy is an important refuge for land-races. The exploration of this area will be continued in the following years.

Zusammenfassung

Sammlung von Kulturpflanzen-Landsorten in Sfiditalien 1982

In Fortffihrung von Sammelreisen in den Jahren 1980 und 1981 wurde im Sep- tember 1982 eine weitere Reise nach Sfiditalien gemeinsam yon Mifarbeitern des Ist i tuto del Germoplasma, Bari, und dem Zentralinstitut ffir Genetik und Kultur- pflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, unternommen, die dem Studium und der Samm- lung indigener Formen von Kulturpflanzen und ihrer verwandten Wildformen diente. 144 Proben, besonders yon Getreiden, wurden gesammelt (Tab.). Wie in den vergangenen Jahren konnten Reliktkulturen (Triticum dicoccon) und alte Landsorten anderer Getreide ( Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum, Secale cereale, Zea mays) gefunden werden. Einen betrachtlichen Anteil des Sammelmaterials 15 2052131

226 P. PERRINO and K. HAMMER

stellen KSrnerleguminosen und Gemfise-Landsorten. Sfiditalien ist, besonders in den Gebirgsgegenden, noch reich an pflanzlichen genetischen Ressourcen. Deshalb ist eine Weiterffihrung der Sammlungen ffir die n~ichsten Jahre geplant.

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Literature

PERRINO, P., K. HAMMER and P. HANELT, 1981a: Collect ing in Sou the rn I t a ly . -- P l a n t Genet ic Resources - News l e t t e r 42, 26.

--, -- and --, 1981b: R e p o r t of t r ave l s to Sou th I t a l y 1980 for the col lect ion of ind igenous ma te r i a l of cu l t i va t ed plants . -- I{u l tu rp i lanze 29, 433-442 .

- - , - and C~IR. O. LEHMAN~, 1982a: Collect ion of land-races of cu l t i va t ed p lan t s in Sou th I t a l y 1981. - Ku l tu rp f l anze 30, 181-190.

- , -- and - , 1982 b: Collect ing in Sou the rn I t a ly . -- P l a n t Genet ic Resources - N e w s l e t t e r 49, 32--33.

Dr. K. HAMMER Zentralinstitut ffir Genetik nnd Kulturpflanzenforschung der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR DDR - 4325 Gatersleben Corrensstr . 3