COD DETERMINATION AND CLEANING SOLUTION ...

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COD DETERMINATION AND CLEANING SOLUTIONPREPARATION USING POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE

FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE MINIMIZATION

Authored by

Mu-Hao Sung Wang, PhDLawrence K. Wang, PhD

Lenox Institute of Water TechnologyLatham, NY 12110, USA

[email protected]

Wang, Mu-Hao Sung and Wang, Lawrence K. (2022). COD determination and cleaning solutionpreparation using potassium permanganate for hazardous waste minimization.. In: "EvolutionaryProgress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM)", Wang, LawrenceK. and Tsao, Hung-ping (editors). Volume 4, Number 6, June 2022; pp.41 Lenox Institute Press,MA, USA. STEAM-VOL4-NUM6-JUNE2022. ISBN 978-0-9890870-3-2.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS

ACRONYM AND NOMENCLATURE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 American Standard COD Method and Environmental Problems

1.2. Cleaning Solutions for Cleansing Laboratory Glassware

1.3 Summary

2. PRINCIPLE OF CHEMICAL OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS

2.1 Chemical Oxidation of Organic Matter in Test Water

2.2 Chemical Reduction of Remaining KMnO4

2.3 Final Back Titration of Remaining Na2C2O4

3. SAMPLE HANDLING AND PRESERVATION OF COD ANALYTICALMETHOD

4. APPARATUS OF COD ANALYTICAL METHOD

5. REAGENTS OF COD ANALYTICAL METHOD

6. PROCEDURE OF COD ANALYTICAL METHOD


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7. CALCULATION OF COD ANALYTICAL METHOD

7.1 Calculation Formula:

7.2 Calculation Notes

8. ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR SALINE WATER SAMPLES

9. WASTE DISPOSAL

10. PERMANGANATE CLEANING SOLUTION PREPARATION

11. GLOSSARY

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX B

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ABSTRACT

An Asian analytical method for determining the chemical oxygen demand

(COD) in water and wastewater is introduced. In this alternative COD testing, an

excess amount of potassium permanganate is added to the test water under heat

(100 degree C) for a fixed time to complete chemical oxidation. The amount of

COD is determined from the consumption of potassium permanganate during

chemical oxidation of organic substances in the test water. In comparison with

American Standard Method using potassium dichromate, the alternative

potassium permanganate method requires shorter oxidation time, simpler

apparatus, and produces no hazardous chromium waste. Also proposed is a new

cleaning solution using potassium permanganate (instead of potassium

dichromate) and the concentrated sulfuric acid for cleansing the laboratory

glassware. Both alternative COD test method and alternative cleaning solution

significantly minimize hazardous waste pollution. American researchers are

invited to further study and perfect the Asian COD method and the new

potassium permanganate cleaning solution, for possible replacement of both

potassium dichromate COD method and potassium dichromate cleaning

solution.

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KEYWORDS

Invitation for further research, Alternative potassium permanganate COD

analytical method, Alternative potassium permanganate cleaning solution,

Hazardous chromium waste minimization, Green environmental technology

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ACRONYM AND NOMENCLATURE

Ag2SO4 Silver Sulfate

APHA American Public Health Association

AWWA American Water Works Association

B Total amount of N/40 potassium permanganate solution

consumed in back titration of the blank sample (mL)

BOD Biochemical oxygen demand

CO2 Carbon dioxide

COD Chemical oxygen demand

F Factor of N/40 potassium permanganate solution

GLP Good laboratory practices

H2SO4 Sulfuric acid

IMn Permanganate Index

KMnO4 Potassium permanganate

LIWT Lenox Institute of Water Technology

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MnSO4 Manganese sulfate

Na2C2O4 Sodium oxalate

PPE Personal protective equipment

S Total amount of N/40 potassium permanganate solution

consumed in back titration (mL);

V Volume of test water sample (mL)

WEF Water Environment Federation

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COD DETERMINATION AND CLEANING SOLUTIONPREPARATION USING POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE

FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE MINIMIZATION

Mu-Hao Sung Wang and Lawrence K. Wang

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 American Standard COD Method and Environmental Problems

The chemical oxygen demand (COD) is used as a measure of the oxygen

equivalent of the organic substances in a water sample that is susceptible to

oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant. The basic theory, principles, and

procedures of COD method and the method's heavy metal management have

been introduced by Wang, Wang and De Michele [1]

The American standard COD method established by the American Public Health

Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA) and Water

Environment Federation (WEF) [2] involves the use of potassium dichromate as

the chemical oxidant. While oxidation of most organic compounds by

dichromate is 95 to 100 percent of the theoretical value, the potassium

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dichromate method generates hazardous waste containing sulfuric acid,

chromium, mercury and silver, which are all undesirable.

For hazardous waste management in Massachusetts, USA, the Lenox Institute of

Water Technology (LIWT), Astro Chemicals Inc., Berkshire County Regional

Planning Commission, and the Massachusetts Department of Environmental

Management have worked closely with universities, and industry for

development of various hazardous waste management strategies, control

technologies, and waste reduction methods. It is the conclusion at one of the

joint technical meetings held in Pittsfield, MA, USA that hazardous waste

reduction at the source is the most important consideration among all

alternatives under evaluation, especially for universities and research

laboratories where researchers and students may conduct hundreds COD tests a

day. [3]

A modified Asian potassium permanganate method is introduced in this

publication for COD determination without production of extremely hazardous

chromium waste. Heavy metals, such as silver, can be easily recovered by

chemical precipitation. [4] The waste sulfuric acid can be either recovered for

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reuse, or neutralized for ultimate disposal [1].

Goh and Lim [7] have investigated the feasibility of applying potassium

permanganate as the oxidant in the COD test for highly saline water samples.

Wang and Dong [8] have analyzed and discussed the calculation formula of the

classical monitoring method of the permanganate Index IMn) which is closely

related to the permanganate COD determination method. More research on the

permanganate COD and the related permanganate Index IMn is needed and

recommended.

1.2. Cleaning Solutions for Cleansing Laboratory Glassware

Wang, Wang and DeMichele [5] have introduced seven kinds of cleaning

solutions for cleaning the contaminated laboratory glassware. The most

common cleaning solutions is the dichromate-acid cleaning solution which is

prepared using potassium dichromate and concentrated sulfuric acid [5]. After

cleaning operation by chemical oxidation, most of the chromium (VI) ions

become chromium (III), while the remaining chromium (VI) ions are extremely

toxic. Disposal of hazardous chromium (VI) waste is the headache of all

laboratories. The authors of this publication proposes a new equally effective

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laboratory cleaning solution using potassium permanganate instead of potassium

dichromate for the same purpose of hazardous chromium (VI + III)

minimization. Further verification and actual application of the alternative

cleaning solution are highly recommended.

1.3 Summary

An alternative Asian method for determining the chemical oxygen demand

(COD) in surface waters, domestic sewage and industrial effluents is introduced.

In this alternative COD testing, an excess amount of potassium permanganate is

added to the test water under heat (100 degree C) for a fixed time to complete

chemical oxidation. The amount of COD is determined from the consumption of

potassium permanganate during chemical oxidation of mainly organic

substances in the test water. In comparison with American Standard Method

using potassium dichromate, the alternative potassium permanganate method

requires shorter oxidation time, simpler apparatus, and produces no hazardous

chromium (VI + III) waste. Also proposed is a new cleaning solution using

potassium permanganate (instead of potassium dichromate) and the

concentrated sulfuric acid for cleansing the laboratory glassware. Both

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alternative COD test method and alternative cleaning solution significantly

minimize hazardous waste pollution. American researchers are invited to further

study and perfect the Asian COD method and the new potassium permanganate

cleaning solution, for possible replacement of both popular potassium

dichromate COD method and popular potassium dichromate cleaning solution.

The following paragraphs present the principle, apparatus, reagents, analytical

procedure, calculation, and waste management.

2. PRINCIPLE OF CHEMICAL OXIDATION-REDUCTION

REACTIONS


The authors propose the chemical oxidation reactions and chemical reductions

which may happen in the alternative COD analytical method in below. Most of

organic matters can be oxidized by boiling mixtures of sulfuric acid and

potassium permanganate. A water sample containing an organic pollutant is

oxidized under heat (100 degree C) in a strong acid solution with a known excess

of potassium permanganate (KMnO4). A typical potassium permanganate

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oxidation reaction is proposed in below as Equation 1 assuming: (a) (5Na2C2O4)

is the organic pollutant which COD is to be determined; (b) a known amount of

potassium permanganate [Excess KMnO4 + 2KMnO4 ] and sulfuric acid

(8H2SO4 ) are added as the oxidant and chemical reagent, respectively. It should

be noted that (5Na2C2O4) is only an assumed target organic pollutant, and the

chemical composition of a real pollutant is unknown. Since the theoretical

COD of the assumed organic pollutant (5Na2C2O4) is known, a chemist or an

environmental engineer may find out whether or not the proposed alternative

COD method is accurate and valid.

[Excess KMnO4 + 2 KMnO4 ] + 5 Na2C2O4 + 8 H2SO4

------------> K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 5 Na2SO4 + 10 CO2 + 8 H2O

+ Remaining KMnO4 (1)

In the above chemical oxidation reaction (Equation 1), the target organic matter

(5Na2C2O4) is oxidized to carbon dioxide (10CO2) by the oxidant (2KMnO4),

while the Excess KMnO4 is equal to the Remaining KMnO4. The amount of

[Excess KMnO4 + 2KMnO4 ] is known, but both [ 2KMnO4 ] and [ 5Na2C2O4]

are unknown, and are to be determined. if one can find out the consumed

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amount of [ 2KMnO4 ], the target [ 5Na2C2O4] can be calculated.

The color the of remaining solution in Equation 1 is dark pink due to the

presence of Remaining KMnO4. Titration from a dark color to an end point of

colorless is difficult. The following is a remediation for the end-point titration in

analytical chemistry.


After oxidation reaction under heat is over, the remaining unreduced, unused

potassium permanganate is reacted with a known excess amount of sodium

oxalate (Na2C2O4) . It should be noted that [5 Na2C2O4 + Excess Na2C2O4 ] in

Equation 2 is an added chemical reagent, not the assumed organic pollutant (5

Na2C2O4) in Equation 1.

2 Remaining KMnO4 + [5 Na2C2O4 + Excess Na2C2O4 ] + 8 H2SO4


+ Remaining Na2C2O4 (2)

In the above chemical reduction reaction (Equation 2), the remaining potassium

permanganate (2Remaining KMnO4) is chemically reduced to manganese

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sulfate (2 MnSO4) by the reducing agent (5Na2C2O4) , while the Excess

Na2C2O4 is equal to the Remaining Na2C2O4. The color of the remaining

solution in Equation 2 is colorless. In this situation, [5Na2C2O4 + Excess

Na2C2O4 ] is known. The consumed amount of (5 Na2C2O4) is equivalent to the

original target organic matter to be determined (in Equation 1) which is still

unknown at this stage. Since the solution color in Equation 2 is colorless, it is

workable for titration to an end point when color appears again.


After the above oxidation reaction and reduction reactions are over, the

remaining unused sodium oxalate (Remaining Na2C2O4 ) shown in Equation 2

is back titrated with a known concentration of potassium permanganate titrant.

The end point shall be a point where the color of the solution changes from

colorless to a pale pink, indicating that permanganate ion (MnO4- ) will start to

appear.

[ 2 KMnO4 ] + 5 Remaining Na2C2O4 + 8 H2SO4


+ pale pink color (3)

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Finally the exact amount of potassium permanganate consumed [ 2 KMnO4 ] in

the final back titration Equation 3 (combined oxidation-reduction reaction to an

end point with no excess amount) can be determined because [ 2KMnO4] is

known by titration. By calculation, the amount of (5 Remaining Na2C2O4) in

Equation 3 can be determined. Now the following are logically known one by

one:

1. From known [ 2 KMnO4], (5 Remaining Na2C2O4) is calculated

2. Remaining Na2C2O4 in Equation 3 = Remaining Na2C2O4 in Equation 2

3. Remaining Na2C2O4 in Equation 2 = Excess Na2C2O4 in Equation 2

4. [5 Na2C2O4 + Excess Na2C2O4 ] in Equation 2 is known

5. [5 Na2C2O4 + Excess Na2C2O4 ] - Excess Na2C2O4 = 5 Na2C2O4

6. (5 Na2C2O4) in Equation 2 is equivalent to the original target organic

pollutant (5 Na2C2O4) in Equation 1. Then the oxidizable organic

matter is calculated in terms of oxygen equivalent, or COD..

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3. SAMPLE HANDLING AND PRESERVATION OF COD ANALYTICALMETHOD

Collect the samples in glass bottles if possible. Use of plastic containers is

permissible if it is known that no organic contaminants are present in the

containers.

It is recommended that the test be carried out immediately after sampling.

When immediate COD analysis is impossible, water samples should be

preserved with sulfuric acid to a pH less than 2 and maintained at 4 degrees C

until analysis.

4. APPARATUS OF COD ANALYTICAL METHOD

A boiling water bath or a standard reflux apparatus shown in Figure 1 is required

for chemical oxidation between water sample and potassium permanganate.

The COD apparatus consists of (a) 500- or 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks with

ground glass 24/40 neck and 300-mm jacket Liebig, West, or equivalent; (b) a

condenser with 24/40 ground-glass joint; and (c) a hot plate having sufficient

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power to produce at least 1.4 W/cm2 of heating surface.

Figure 1. COD apparatus.

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5. REAGENTS OF COD ANALYTICAL METHOD

The following chemical reagents and COD standards are required:

(a) Distilled Water;

(b) Sulfuric Acid (1 + 2):

Gently add 1 volume of concentrated sulfuric acid (36N) to 2 volumes of

distilled water while stirring, then add potassium permanganate solution (0.5

w/v %) until the color of the solution becomes a pale pink;

(c) Silver Sulfate (Ag2SO4): Grind silver sulfate in an agate mortar, thoroughly;

(d) N/40 Sodium Oxalate Solution (Na2C2O4) for Standardization:

Dry sodium oxalate (standard reagent) at the temperature of 150 - 200°C for

40 to 60 minutes and allow to cool in a desiccator;

Accurately weigh 1.675 g of sodium oxalate as 100% of Na2C2O4 and

dissolve it in distilled water;

Transfer the solution to one liter of measuring flask and add distilled water

up to the indicator. 1 mL of this solution is equivalent to 0.2 mg of oxygen.

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(e) N/40 Potassium Permanganate Solution (KMnO4):

Place 0.8g of potassium permanganate in the flask and dissolve it in about

1100 mL of distilled water. Boil the solution for 1 to 2 hours and allow to

stand overnight in a dark place.

Filter the supernatant liquid through a sintered glass filter (Bufer funnel

type) without washing with water before and after filtration.

The filtrate shall be kept in a colored glass bottle washed with steam for 30

minutes and keep it in a dark place.

Standardization: Place 100 mL of distilled water in a 300-mL conical flask

and add 10 mL of sulfuric acid (1+2) .

Then accurately add 10 mL of N/40 sodium oxalate solution (for

standardization), and titrate with N/40 potassium permanganate solution,

while keeping the temperature at 60 to 80°C. A blank test shall be performed

separately with the solution prepared by adding 10 mL of sulfuric acid (1+2)

to 100 mL of distilled water and the results shall be corrected. From the

corrected number of milliliters (M) , the factor (F) of N/40 potassium

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permanganate shall be calculated by the following formula.

F = 10/M

(f) N/40 Sodium Oxalate Solution:

Dissolve 1.7g of sodium oxalate in distilled water to make one liter.

(g) Stock potassium acid phthalate:

Dissolve 0.850 g in 800 mL of distilled water and dilute to 1 liter. 1 mL = 1

mg COD.

6. PROCEDURE OF COD ANALYTICAL METHOD


Place a proper amount of the test water (Note A) in a 300-mL contical flask, and

add distilled water to make 100 mL. Then add 10 mL of sulfuric acid (1+2) and a

sufficient amount of silver sulfate powder (Note B) and mix with vigorous

shaking. After standing a few minutes, add 10 mL of N/40 potassium

permanganate solution accurately, then put the flask in the boiling water bath (or

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a standard reflux apparatus, shown in Figure 1) and heat for 30 minutes for

chemical oxidation, at 100 degree C, or higher. (When a boiling water bath is

used, the surface of the boiling water bath shall be kept at a higher level than the

surface of the test water.). Review Equation 1.


Next remove the 300-mL conical flask (from either a boiling water bath or a

reflux apparatus) and add accurately 10 mL of sodium oxalate solution (N/40) to

the flask. At this stage, the pink color caused by the originally unreduced

potassium permanganate shall disappear. Review Equation 2.


Finally back titrate the mixture in the flask with N/40 potassium permanganate

solution while keeping the temperature at 60 to 80°C. The end point shall be a

point where the color of the solution changes to a pale pink. Review Equation 3.

A blank test shall be performed separately under the same conditions.

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7 . CALCULATION OF COD ANALYTICAL METHOD

7.1 Calculation Formula:

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) by potassium permanganate shall be

calculated by the following formula:

COD in mg/L = (S - B) F (1000/V) 0.2 (4)

where

S = Total amount of N/40 potassium permanganate solution consumed in

back titration (mL);

B = Total amount of N/40 potassium permanganate solution consumed in

back titration of the blank sample (mL)

F = Factor of N/40 potassium permanganate solution

V = Volume of test water sample (mL)

7.2 Calculation Notes

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7.2.1. Note A

The amount of the test water sample (V) to be taken shall be fixed properly so

that there will be sufficient residual amount of pink N/40 potassium

permanganate solution after the 30 minutes reaction in the boiling water bath at

100°C (or in a standard reflux apparatus at slightly higher than 100 OC). Use

the stock potassium acid of phthalate solution to prepare a series of standard

COD solutions that cover the expected sample COD concentrations by diluting

appropriate volumes of the stock COD standard. Finally a proper V can be

chosen for a specific COD range.

7.2.2 Note B

0.9 gram of silver sulfate corresponds to 200 mg of chloride ion. In the case of

the ordinary waste water, the addition of l gram of silver sulfate is more than

enough. However, when a large quantity of chloride ion coexists, it is necessary

to increase the amount silver sulfate addition. In this case, the surface of silver

sulfate is coated by the formed silver chloride and the reaction with chloride ion

become difficult. So it is necessary to stir the solution thoroughly. It may be

better to stir with a magnetic stirrer using the glass coated rotary piece for 10

minutes. Generally the existence of silver sulfate of more than the amount

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corresponding to chloride ion does not affect the value of chemical oxygen

demand. When the amount of silver sulfate to be added corresponding to

chloride ion increases, the blank test value for a respective amount of silver

sulfate shall be obtained and the correction should be performed.

8. ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR SALINE WATER SAMPLES

Take an appropriate amount of test water (See the sampling amount referred to

in Section 7.2.1 Note A) in a 50 mL conical flask, and add distilled water to

make 10 mL. Further add 1 mL of sulfuric acid (1+2) and 1 gram of well ground

silver sulfate, and mix with vigorous shaking.

Then add 1.0 mL of N/40 potassium permanganate solution operated in the same

way as described in the test. However, in this case, sodium oxalate solution

(N/40) to be added shall be 1.0 mL.

This method is applicable to the sample containing not more than 2% of chloride

ion. All notes mentioned in the text shall be applicable. Semi-micropipette shall

be used for this titration.

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9. WASTE DISPOSAL

Good laboratory practices (GLP) have been promoted by the international

organizations [9-10]. GLP are general guidelines or formal regulations for

performing basic laboratory operations or activities that are known or believed to

influence the quality and integrity of the results. The purpose of GLP is for personal

protection, laboratory protection, proper chemical storage and proper waste

management. So a chemist/engineer who perform this recommended COD method

must also follow, in order to achieve the goal of ecologically sustainable industrial

development [11].

The waste sulfuric acid solution produced from this COD analytical method

shall be treated first with concentrated sodium chloride solution (35,000 mg/L or

higher) or sea water for precipitation of hazardous silver ions. The precipitated

silver chloride can be recovered for reuse when necessary. [1, 3, 5]

The sodium chloride-treated waste acid can then be filtered by sand filtration or

equivalent for separation of insoluble silver chloride.

Finally the filtrate waste acid can be neutralized by lime. The end product is

mainly insoluble non-hazardous calcium sulfate, which can be properly

disposed of on land.

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10. PERMANGANATE CLEANING SOLUTION PREPARATION

A recommended new method of cleaning BOD bottles and other glassware

involves soaking glass in a bath containing permanganate cleaning solution

followed by tap water rinses, distilled water rinses, and finally double-distilled

water rinses. The new permanganate cleaning solution is not commercially

available, but it can be easily prepared easily by a chemist or engineer in the

laboratory.

The following is the preparation procedure for permanganate cleaning solution:

1. Wear personal protective equipment (PPE), such as nitrile gloves,

goggles, and laboratory coat, and set up the required chemicals and equipment

under hood in a well-ventilated area.

2. Dissolve 200 gram of potassium permanganate in 4-L distilled water in a

big glass container and use a glass-coated magnetic stirring bar, if necessary.

Remove the magnetic stirring bar, if used, after potassium permanganate is

totally dissolved.

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3. Carefully and slowly add 400 mL of concentrated H2SO4 to the mixture

in Step 2.

4. Keep the solution mixture of Step 3 in a safe place until solution turns

dark brown.

5. Label the solution by adding the date and initials of the

operator/chemist’s name.

6. Caution: Potassium permanganate is toxic when inhaled and ingested.

H2SO4 is corrosive. Wear PPE and use the permanganate cleaning solution (or

permanganate acid solution) under hood or in a well-ventilated area. Follow the

proper procedures outlined in Section 9, Waste Disposal for handling and

disposal of the used hazardous cleaning solution.

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11. GLOSSARY [4, 8-10]

Analytical reagent (AR): the American Chemical Society's designation for the

highest purity of certain chemical reagents and solvents.

Blank sample: a clean sample or a sample of matrix processed so as to measure

artifacts in the measurement (sampling and analysis) process.

Buffer solution: It is either called pH buffer or hydrogen ion buffer, which is an

aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or

vice versa. Its pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is

added to it.

Calibrate: to determine, by measurement or comparison with a standard, the correct

value of each scale reading on a meter or other device, or the correct value for each

setting of a control knob. The levels of the calibration standards should bracket the

range of planned measurements.

Calibration curve: the graphical relationship between the known values for a series

of calibration standards and instrument responses.

Calibration standard: a substance or reference material used to calibrate an

instrument.

Calibration: the checking, adjusting, or systematic standardizing of the graduations

of a quantitative measuring instrument.

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Chemical oxygen demand (COD): It is a measure of the oxygen-consuming

capacity (or the oxygen equivalent) of the organic matter present in water or

wastewater. COD can be related empirically to biochemical oxygen demand

(BOD) , organic carbon or organic matter. The COD test useful for monitoring

and control after BOD/COD correlation has been established. It is expressed as

the amount of oxygen consumed from a chemical oxidant in a specific test.

Concentration: in solutions, the mass, volume, or number of moles of solute

present in proportion to the amount of solvent or total solution Common measures

are: molarity, normality, percent, molality, and by specific gravity scales.

Distilled water: water that has been purified by distillation (boiling the water off as

steam and condensing it back to a liquid, leaving the impurities behind). Having

been boiled, it is also sterile.

Good laboratory practices (GLP): either general guidelines or formal regulations

for performing basic laboratory operations or activities that are known or believed to

influence the quality and integrity of the results. The purpose of GLP is for personal

protection, laboratory protection, proper chemical storage and proper waste

management.

Procedure: a set of systematic instructions for performing an operation.

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Reagent: a chemical substance used to cause a reaction for the purpose of chemical

analysis.

Reagent blank: a sample consisting of reagent(s), without the target analyte or

sample matrix, introduced into the analytical procedure at the appropriate point and

carried through all subsequent steps to determine the contribution of the reagents and

of the involved analytical steps to error in the observed value.

Reagent grade: the second highest purity designation for reagents which conform to

the current specifications of the American Chemical Society Committee on

Analytical Reagents.

Reagent solution: a distilled water containing a chemical substance used to cause a

reaction for the purpose of chemical analysis.

Sample: a part of a larger whole or a single item of a group; a finite part or subset of

a statistical population. A sample serves to provide data or information concerning

the properties of the whole group or population.

Sampling: the process of obtaining a representative portion of the material of

concern.

Solution: a liquid (solvent) that contains a dissolved substance (solute).

Solvent: a liquid used to dissolve another substance.

Standard solution: a solution containing a known concentration of analytes,

prepared and verified by a prescribed method or procedure and used routinely in an

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analytical method.

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Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM)",

Wang, Lawrence K. and Tsao, Hung-ping (editors). Volume 3, Number 9,

September 2021; 32 pages. Lenox Institute Press, Auburndale, MA, 02466, USA.

No. STEAM-VOL3-NUM9-SEPT2021; ISBN 978-0-9890870-3-2.

http://dx.doi.org/10.17613/mpvz-mm98

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APPENDIX A

Editors of

"EVOLUTIONARY PROGRESS IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,

ENGINEERING,

ARTS AND MATHEMATICS (STEAM)"

1. Dr. Lawrence K. Wang (王抗曝)

Editor Lawrence K. Wang has served the society as a professor, inventor, chief

engineer, chief editor and public servant (UN, USEPA, NY, Albany) for 30+ years,

with experience in entire field of environmental science, technology, engineering,

arts and mathematics (STEAM). He is a licensed NY-MA-NJ-PA-OH Professional

Engineer, a certified NY-MA-RI Laboratory Director, a MA-NY Water Operator,

and an OSHA Train-the-Trainer Instructor.

He has special passion, and expertise in developing various innovative technologies,

educational programs, licensing courses, international projects, academic

publications, and humanitarian organizations, all for his dream goal of promoting

world peace. He is a retired Acting President/Professor of the Lenox Institute of

Water Technology (LIWT), USA, a United Nations Industrial Development

Organization (UNIDO) Senior Advisor in Vienna, Austria, and a former

professor/visiting professor of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Stevens Institute of

Technology, University of Illinois, National Cheng Kung University, Zhejiang

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University, and Tongji University.

Dr. Wang is the author of 750+ papers and 50+ books, and is credited with 29

invention patents. He holds a BSCE degree from National Cheng Kung University,

Taiwan, ROC, a MSCE degree from the University of Missouri, a MS degree from

the University of Rhode Island and a PhD degree from Rutgers University, USA.

Currently he is the book series editor of CRC Press, Springer Nature Switzerland,

Lenox Institute Press, World Scientific Singapore, and John Wiley.

Dr. Wang has been a Delegate of the People to People International Foundation, an

American Academy of Environmental Engineers (AAEE) Diplomate, a member of

WEF, AWWA, ASCE, AIChE, ASPE, CIE and OCEESA, and a recipient of WEF

Kenneth Research Award (NY), Five-Star Innovative Engineering Award, and

Korean Pollution Control Association Award (for developing flotation technology in

South Korea).

2. Dr. Hung-ping Tsao (曹恆平)

Editor Hung-ping Tsao has been a mathematician, a university professor, and an

assistant actuary, serving private firms and universities in the United States and

Taiwan for 30+ years. Dr. Tsao has been an Associate Member of the Society of

Actuaries and a Member of the American Mathematical Society.

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His research have been in the areas of college mathematics, actuarial mathematics,

management mathematics, classic number theory and Sudoku puzzle solving. In

particular, bikini and open top problems are presented to share some intuitive

insights and some type of optimization problems can be solved more efficiently and

categorically by using the idea of the boundary being the marginal change of a

well-rounded region with respect to its inradius; theory of interest, life contingency

functions and pension funding are presented in more simplified and generalized

fashions; the new way of the simplex method using cross-multiplication

substantially simplified the process of finding the solutions of optimization

problems; the generalization of triangular arrays of numbers from the natural

sequence based to arithmetically progressive sequences based opens up the

dimension of explorations; the introduction of an innovative way to solve Sudoku

puzzles makes everybody’s life so much easier and other STEAM project

development.

Dr. Tsao is the author of 10+ books and over 40 academic publications. Among all of

the above accomplishments, he is most proud of solving manually in the total of ten

hours the hardest Sudoku posted online by Arto Inkala in early July of 2012 and

introducing an easy way to play Sudoku in 2019.

He earned his high school diploma from the High School of National Taiwan

Normal University, his BS and MS degrees from National Taiwan Normal

University, Taipei, Taiwan, his second MS degree from the UWM in USA, and a

PhD degree from the University of Illinois, USA.

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Editors of the eBOOK Series of the "EVOLUTIONARY PROGRESS IN SCIENCE,

TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, ARTS AND MATHEMATICS (STEAM)"

Dr. Lawrence K. Wang (王抗曝) - - left

Dr. Hung-ping Tsao (曹恆平) -- right

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APPENDIX B

INTRODUCTON TO THE E-BOOK SERIES OF

"EVOLUTIONARY PROGRESS IN SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING,

ARTS AND MATHEMATICS (STEAM)"

The acronym STEM stands for “science, technology, engineering and mathematics”.

In accordance with the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA), “A common

definition of STEM education is an interdisciplinary approach to learning where

rigorous academic concepts are coupled with real-world lessons as students apply

science, technology, engineering, and mathematics in contexts that make

connections between school, community, work, and the global enterprise enabling

the development of STEM literacy and with it the ability to compete in the new

economy”.

The problem of this country has been pointed out by the US Department of

Education that “All young people should be prepared to think deeply and to think

well so that they have the chance to become the innovators, educators, researchers,

and leaders who can solve the most pressing challenges facing our nation and our

world, both today and tomorrow. But, right now, not enough of our youth have

access to quality STEM learning opportunities and too few students see these

disciplines as springboards for their careers.” STEM learning and applications are

very popular topics at present, and STEM related careers are in great demand.

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According to the US Department of Education reports that the number of STEM jobs

in the United States will grow by 14% from 2010 to 2020, which is much faster than

the national average of 5-8 % across all job sectors. Computer programming and IT

jobs top the list of the hardest to fill jobs.

Despite this, the most popular college majors are business, law, etc., not STEM

related. For this reason, the US government has just extended a provision allowing

foreign students that are earning degrees in STEM fields a seven month visa

extension, now allowing them to stay for up to three years of “on the job training”.

So, at present STEM is a legal term.

The acronym STEAM stands for “science, technology, engineering, arts and

mathematics”. As one can see, STEAM (adds “arts”) is simply a variation of STEM.

The word of “arts” means application, creation, ingenuity, and integration, for

enhancing STEM inside, or exploring of STEM outside.

It may also mean that the word of “arts” connects all of the humanities through an

idea that a person is looking for a solution to a very specific problem which comes

out of the original inquiry process. STEAM is an academic term in the field of

education. The University of San Diego and Concordia University offer a college

degree with a STEAM focus.

Basically STEAM is a framework for teaching or R&D, which is customizable and

functional, thence the “fun” in functional. As a typical example, if STEM represents

a normal cell phone communication tower looking like a steel truss or concrete

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column, STEAM will be an artificial green tree with all devices hided, but still with

all cell phone communication functions. This e-book series presents the recent

evolutionary progress in STEAM with many innovative chapters contributed by

academic and professional experts.

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