chapter 7 - Lesson

GeologyChapter 7 Geology

CHAPTER 6 | GEOLOGY

TRUTH IN SCIENCE | UNIT B | CHAPTER 7 - GEOLOGY

Lesson 1

What Past Events Determined Earth’s Structure?

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CHAPTER 6 | GEOLOGY


VocabularyLesson

1Igneous rock—rock formed when melted rocks inside the earth cool down and harden

Sedimentary rock—rock formed by sediments that fall to the bottom of moving water and harden forming layers

Metamorphic rock—rock formed when great heat and pressure changes the rock chemically and physically

Chemical weathering—the wearing away of rocks by changing the chemicals that make up the rock

Mechanical weathering—the wearing away of Earth’s crust by physical forces

Fault—a break or crack in the earth’s crust

Crust—Earth’s outermost layer; it is solid rock

Core—Earth’s innermost layer

Mantle—Earth’s middle layer; it is made of molten rock

Plate—a piece of Earth’s crust


CHAPTER 6 | GEOLOGY


Lesson 1

Vocabulary Matching Answer Key

1. Earth’s outermost layer; it is solid rock A.

C.

E.

G.

I.

metamorphic rock

mechanical weathering

fault

core

igneous rock

5. rock formed when melted rocks inside the earth cool down and harden

3. Earth’s innermost layer

7.

9.

the wearing away of rocks by changing the chemicals that make up the rock

a piece of Earth’s crust

2. B.

D.

F.

H.

J.

6.

8.

10.

4.

Earth’s middle layer; it is made of molten rock chemical weathering

sedimentary rock

crust

mantle

plate

rock formed when great heat and pressure changes the rock chemically and physically

the wearing away of Earth’s crust by physical forces

a break or crack in the earth’s crust

rock formed by sediments that fall to the bottom of moving water and harden forming layers

Letter WordDefinition

F

H

G

D

I

A

B

C

J

E


CHAPTER 6 | GEOLOGY


Lesson 3 What’s Below

Job 28:5a (NKJV)

As for the earth, from it comes bread, but

underneath it is turned up as by fire..


CHAPTER 6 | GEOLOGY


Lesson 3 Structure of the Earth

Crust

Mantle

Core

Core

Outer Core

Mantle

Crust

Earth’s outermost and thinnest layer is called the crust. It is made of solid rock.

The second layer of the earth is the mantle. It is made of molten rock, and flows slowly. It would have the feel of silly putty if you could feel it without losing your hand!

Scientists think the outer core is liquid, and the inner core is solid. They think the inner core is mostly iron because the earth has a magnetic field.


CHAPTER 6 | GEOLOGY


Lesson 4 Fossils

1. DROWNED

3. FOSSILIZED

2. BURIED

4. EXPOSED

How dinosaur fossils were formed:

A fossil plate of a fish eating another fish.


CHAPTER 6 | GEOLOGY


Lesson 4

Geological Column and Time Scale

Era Period Events

Cen

ozoi

c Quarternary Evolution of humans

TertiaryMammals diversify

Mes

ozoi

c

Cretaceous

Extinction of dinosaursFirst primatesFirst flowering plants

JurassicFirst birdsDinosaurs diversify

Triassic First mammalsFirst dinosaurs

Pale

ozoi

c

PermianMajor extinctionsReptiles diversify

Car

bon

-ife

rous

Pennsylvanian First reptilesScale treesSeed fernsMississippian

DevonianFirst amphibiansJawed fishes diversify

Silurian First vascular land plants

OrdovicianSudden diversification ofmetazoan families

CambrianFirst fishesFirst chordates

Late

Pr

oter

ozoi

c

First skeletal elementsFirst soft-bodied metazoansFirst animal traces

400

500

450

0

1.8

100

50

150

200

300

250

350

550

600

650

Mill

ions

of

Year

s A

go

Fossils are used to date the rocks and the rocks to date the fossils.


CHAPTER 6 | GEOLOGY


Lesson 4 Minerals and Rocks

Softer

Harder

Talc

Gypsum

Calcite

Apatite

Fool’s Gold

Quartz

Diamond

1 Talc (same hardness as graphite in a pencil)

2 Gypsum (same hardness as fingernail)

3 Calcite (same hardness as a copper penny)

5 Apatite (same hardness as glass)

6 Pink feldspar, fool’s gold (same hardness as steel)

7 Quartz (found in sand grains)

10 Diamond (hardest mineral known)

1. Rocks are made from natural, nonliving solid crystals called minerals.

2. Each different mineral can be identified by its physical properties of

• color

• streak

• luster

• hardness

• cleavage

3. The Mohs Scale for hardness ranks minerals from 1 (softer) to 10 (harder).

Mohs Scale


CHAPTER 6 | GEOLOGY


Lesson 5 Providence Canyon

Providence Canyon began in 1830s as poor farming practices caused erosion. Now the canyon is up to 160 feet deep.


CHAPTER 6 | GEOLOGY


Lesson 5 Weathering and Erosion-1

Water is one of the biggest factors in erosion. Rain can erode away even a mountain, if given enough time.

Water can seep down into the cracks in a rock. When the water freezes, it expands. When the water thaws, it contracts. This causes the rocks to break.

Plants and animals within the cracks of rocks can cause erosion. Worms burrowing holes in tiny places can allow plant roots to break through.

Chemical erosion happens when chemicals in the air and water interact with minerals in rock causing them to dissolve.

Ocean waves constantly pounding the shores erode rock and soil.

Normal Erosion


CHAPTER 6 | GEOLOGY


Lesson 5 Weathering and Erosion-2

Rapid ErosionCavitations—Fast water and tiny bubbles

Plucking—Fast water picks up a rock and smashes it

Cavitations Plucking


CHAPTER 6 | GEOLOGY


Lesson 6

The Mountain that Rocked the Evolutionary World

Then suddenly, without warning, on a Sunday morning, at 8:32 a.m. ...

Mt. St. Helens after eruption 1980

Mt. St. Helens before


CHAPTER 6 | GEOLOGY


Lesson 6 The Story Began

Unit Earth—Chapter 7 Geology Teacher Resource Bible Diagram Day 6

The Story Began

Unit B* Earth Science B50


The Story Began



The Story Began


MAGMA


CHAPTER 6 | GEOLOGY


Lesson 6 During Seven to Eight Hours


During Seven to Eight Hours

Boulders TossedMud Slide

12-Mile Ash Column

57 people lost their lives

30-year-old vulcanologist, David Johnston





12-Mile Ash Column







12-Mile Ash Column







12-Mile Ash Column







12-Mile Ash Column




Mud Slides and Boulders tossed

12-Mile Ash Column




CHAPTER 6 | GEOLOGY


Lesson 6 The Day After


The Day After

Photographer Reid Blackburn’s car after the eruption.



The Day After




The Day After





The Day After



Two Grown Men

30 feet Mud slides

Before and After


CHAPTER 6 | GEOLOGY


Lesson 6 1000 Years in a Day


1000 Years in a Day



1000 Years in a Day



1000 Years in a Day


Photos from The Institute

for Creation Research

www.icr.org

ICR Researcher in the “Little Grand Canyon”

Laminations in the Blast Zone


CHAPTER 6 | GEOLOGY


Lesson 6 Earthquakes and Volcanoes-1

1. The lithosphere is the top part of the mantle and the crust.

2. The lithosphere is made up of sections called plates that are in constant motion.

3. Boundaries between plates may show evidence of plates colliding, spreading or sliding.

4. Earthquakes most often occur at faults along plate boundaries. A fault is a boundary between plates that shows signs of movement.

5. The epicenter is the place on the surface above an earthquake’s focus (point of origin).

Crust

Plates in motion or continental drift

lithosphere Mantle


CHAPTER 6 | GEOLOGY


Lesson 6 Earthquakes and Volcanoes-2

6. Earthquakes can cause tsunamis if the focus is under the ocean, or they can cause landslides on land.

7. Mountains and valleys can be formed by colliding plates.

2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake —The tsunami was caused by a large vertical shift of one tectonic plate against another. The fault-line ran north-south so the most violent waves were sent to the east and west.

8. Most volcanoes also form along plate boundaries. As the plates move, magma is forced to the surface through a weak spot in the crust.

9. Volcanic islands like Hawaii are formed from volcanoes that build on the ocean floor.


CHAPTER 6 | GEOLOGY


Lesson 9 Concept Map

Earth

• Core

• Mantle

• Crust — Plates

Layers

• Igneous

• Metamorphic

• Sedimentary

Rock

Volcanoes

Earthquakes

Mechanical Weathering

Chemical Weathering

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