1.WhatdidNepalbecomeaconstitutionalmonarchy?

(a)In1960

(b)In1970

(c)In1980

(d)In1990

Ans.(d)In1990

2.WhatwastheaimoftheextraordinarymovementNepalwitnessedin2006?

(a)RestoringDemocracy

(b)Abolishinguntouchability

(c)Bringingdownmilitaryrule

(d)DivisionofNepal

Ans.(a)RestoringDemocracy

3.WhobecomethenewPrimeMinisterofNepalin2006?

(a)BeniPrasad

(b)GirijaPrasadKoirala

(c)Gyanendra

Chapter-5

Popular Struggles and Movements

1 marks Questions

(d)HimmatPrasadKoirala

Ans.(b)GirijaPrasadKoirala

4.WhichorganizationwassetupbytheNepalesepeopletorestoredemocracyinNepal?

(a)TheDualAlliance

(b)TheTrippleAlliance

(c)TheNepalCongress

(d)TheSevenPartyAlliance

Ans.(d)TheSevenPartyAlliance

5.OnwhichdaywasthekingofNepal(KingGyanendra)forcedtoconcedeallthe

demandsofSPA?

(a)OnJune1,2001

(b)OnApril24,2006

(c)OnJuly24,2006

(d)OnJune1,2007

Ans.b)OnApril24,2006

6.WhatwastheBolivianprotestcalled?

(a)Bolivianwar

(b)Bolivia’sWaterwar

(c)WaterforBolivia

(d)Boliviancrisis

Ans.(b)Bolivia’sWaterwar

7.TowhichofthefollowingcountriesdoesFEDECORbelong?

(a)Nepal

(b)NorthernIreland

(c)Belgium

(d)Bolivia

Ans.(d)Bolivia

8.WhichpoliticalpartycametopowerinBoliviain2006?

(a)DemocraticParty

(b)SocialistParty

(c)LiberalParty

(d)ConservativeParty

Ans.(a)DemocraticParty

9.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofmomentsgrowingintopoliticalparties?

(a)NAPM

(b)FEDECOR

(c)BAMCEF

(d)AssamGanaParishad

Ans.(d)AssamGanaParishad

10.Whichofthefollowingcanbeclassifiedasatypeofpublicinterestgroup?

(a)Tradeunions

(b)FEDECOR

(c)Doctors

(d)Teachers

Ans.(b)FEDECOR

11.WhenwasthekingBirendraofNepalKilled?

(a)In1999

(b)In2000

(c)In2001

(d)In2002

Ans.(c)In2001

12.Howdidpeopleprotestagainstthe“Kittiko–Hochchiko”movements?

(a)Byplantingmoreeucalyptustrees.

(b)Bypluckingmoretrees

(c)Bypluckingeucalyptustreesandplantingothersaplings

(d)Bypluckingalleucalyptstreesonthe30,000hectarepieceofland

Ans.(c)Bypluckingeucalyptustreesandplantingothersaplings

13.WhatwasFEDECOR?

Ans.AnorganizationofBoliviacomprisinglocalprofessionals,includingengineersand

environmentalists.Theorganizationwasformedtoprotestagainstwaterprivatizationin

Bolivia.

14.WhowasthelastmonarchofNepal?

Ans.KingGyanendra

15.WhatwasthechallengefordemocracyfacedbyBolivianGovernment?

Ans.ChallengeofExpansion

16.WhichpoliticalpartysupportedtheBolivia’swaterwarandcametopowerin

Boliviain2006?

Ans.SocialistParty

17.NametheinstitutionthatpressurizedtheBolivianGovernmenttoprivatizewater

supplyinthecityofCochabamba.

Ans.WorldBank

18.WhichthreedemandswereputforwardbySPAbeforetheKingofNepal?

Ans.DemandsofrestorationofParliament,Powertoanallpartygovernmentandanew

constituentassembly.

19.InwhichyearSocialistPartyofBoliviacameintopower?

Ans.2006

20.WhattypeofchallengefordemocracywasfacedbyNepal?

Ans.FoundationalChallengeofDemocracy

21.GiveoneideaandbeliefofNepaleseCommunistParty?

Ans.TheNepaleseCommunistPartybelievesintheideologyofMao,theleaderofChinese

revolution.TheyhavenofaithinParliamentaryDemocracy.

22.WhatisNAPM?

Ans.NAPMisnationalAllianceforPeoples’Movement.Itisanorganizationof

Organisations.

23.DefinePressuregroups?

Ans.PressureGroupsareorganizationsthatattempttoinfluencegovernmentpolicies,

unlikepoliticalparties,pressuregroupsdonotaimtodirectlycontrolorsharepolitical

power.

24.Nameanorganizationthatlargelymadeupofgovernmentemployeestocampaign

againstcastediscrimination.

Ans.BackwardandMinoritiesCommunityEmployeesFederation(BAMCEF).

25.WhatwasthemainaimofthepopularmovementofNepalinApril2006?

Ans.RestorationofDemocracywasthemainaim.

26.WhichorganizationwassetupbytheNepalesepeopletorestoredemocracyin

Nepal?

Ans.SevenPartyAlliance

27.NamethedamagainstwhichtheNarmadaBachaoAndolanwasstarted?

Ans.SardarSarovarDam

28.WhatistheprincipalconcernofBAMCEF?

Ans.Socialjusticeandsocialequalityfortheentiresociety

29.WhatisBSP?

Ans.BSPisanationalPoliticalParty.ItisBahujanSamajparty.

30.WhywasSPAsetupinNepal?

Ans.SevenPartyAlliancewasanorganization,setupbytheNepalesepeopletorestore

democracyinNepal.

31.NamethecityofBoliviawhosewaterrightwassoldtoMNC?

Ans.Cochabamba

32.WhatistheprincipalconcernofBAMCEF?

Ans.Socialjusticeandsocialequalityfortheentiresociety

33.WhendidNepalwindemocracy?StatetwofeaturesofthedemocraticNepalafter

attainingdemocracy.

Ans.Nepalwonthedemocracyin1990.

TwoFeatures:-

1.TheKingformallyremainedtheheadofthestate;therealpowerwasexercisedby

popularlyelected

representatives.

2.KingBirendrawhohadacceptedthistransitionfromabsolutemonarchytoconstitutional

monarchywaskilledinamysteriousmassacreoftheroyalfamilyin2001

34.WhatweretheresultsofthepopularstruggleofNepal?

Ans.1.TheKingwasforcedtoconcedeallthethrudemandsoftheprotesters.

2.TheSPAchoseGirijaPrasadKoiralaasthenewP.M.oftheinterimgovernment.

3.Therestoredparliamentmetandpassedlawstakingawaymostofthepoweroftheking.

35.MentionanythreesimilaritiesbetweenthemovementsinNepalandBolivia.

Ans.1.Boththeseareinstancesofpoliticalconflictthatledtopopularstruggles.

2.Inbothcases,thestruggleinvolvesmassmobilizationspublicdemonstrationofmass

supportclinchedthedispute.

3.Bothinstancesinvolvedthecriticalroleofpoliticalorganization.

36.Writethecompositionoftheorganizationwhichprotestedagainstwater

privatizationinBolivia?

Ans.1.TheprotestagainstwaterprivatizationinBoliviawasnotledbyanypoliticalparty.It

wasledbyFEDECOR.

2.Thisorganizationcomprisedoflocalprofessionals,includingengineersand

environmentalists.

3.Theyweresupportedbyafederationoffarmerswhoreliedonirrigation,middleclass

students,confederationoffactoryworkers,unionsandthecity’sgrowingpopulationofthe

homelessstreetchildren.

37.Whatisthedifferencebetweenapressuregroupandapoliticalparty?

Ans.1.Apressuregroupisanorganizedoranunorganizedbodythatseekstopromote

itsinterestswhileapoliticalpartyseekstoattainpoliticalpowerbycontestingelections.

2.Pressuregroupsareformedbythepeopleofcommoninterests,occupationsandopinions

whilepoliticalpartiesareforcedonthebasicofideologyandvision.

3.Apressuregrouprepresentstheirownsingleinterestswhilepoliticalpartiesrepresents

variousinterests.

1.Whatarepublicinterestgroups?Howdotheylookafterthepublicinterests?

Ans.Apublicinterestgroupisagroupthatpromotestheinterestsofthepeopleofthe

society.Thereinterestscanbeofaparticularsectionofthesocietyoroftheentiresocietyin

general.Theiractivitiesbenefittheentiresocietyandnotjustaparticularsectionofthe

society.

IIPart

1.Theyorganizemeetingsandtrytogainthepublicsupportfortheircause.

2.Theytrytoinfluencethemediabydrawingitsattentiontotheirissues.

3.Theysometimesorganizedstrikesanddharnastovoicetheirinterests.

E.g.BoliviaorganizationFEDECORandgovernmentemployeesmovementcalledBAMCEF

aresomeexamplesofpublicinterestgroup.

2.Whataresectionalinterestgroups?Howdotheywatchtheirinterests?

Ans.Sectionalinterestgroupsrefertotheinterestgroupsthatseektopromotetheinterestof

aparticularsectionoragroupofsociety.Tradeunions,businessassociationsand

professionalbodies(lawyers,doctors,teachersetc.)aresomeexamplesofsectionalinterest

groups—

Part-II

1.Theyaimtohelpgroupsotherthantheirownmembersforexampleagroupfighting

againstbondedlabourfightsnotforitselfbutforthosewhoaresufferingundersuch

bondage.

2.Sometimestheseorganizationrepresentsthecommonorgeneralinterestofthesociety.

3.Theyalsoexertpressureonthegovernmenttomeettheirdemands.

3 marks Questions

3.Explainhowtheactivitiesofpressuregroupsareusefulinthefunctioningofa

domesticgovt.?

Ans.1.Pressuregroupsperformsausefulroleincounteringtheunderinfluenceofrichand

powerfulpeopleonthegovt.

2.Pressuregroupsremindthegovt.oftheneedsandconcernsofordinarycitizens.

3.Differentpressuregroupsputpressureonthegovt.formakingpoliciesintheirfavorand

against.

Thisletsthegovt.knowaboutwhatdifferentsectionsofpopulationwant.

4.WhatwerethecausesofBolivia’swaterwar?

Ans.1)InthecityofCochabamba,thecontrolofwatersupplywasinthehandsofte

municipality.Thepeopleusedthisserviceatreasonableprice.

2)UnderthepressureofinternationalinstitutionWorldBank,theBolivianGovernmentsold

therightsofsupplyofwatertoaMNC.

3)Aftertakingholdofwatersupply,theMultinationalCompanyhikedthepricesbyabout

fourtimes.

4)Duetohikeinthepricesofwaterthepeopleraisedtheirvoiceagainstthedecisionof

Government.

5.WhichthreeconclusionscanbedrawnoutoftheMovementofNepalandthestruggle

ofBolivia?

Ans.1)Democracyevolvesthroughpopularstruggles.Howeeversomedecisionsmaytake

placethroughconsensusesandmaynotinvolveanyconflictatall.

2)Movementsareusuallyinvolvingastrugglebetweenpowerexercisinggroupsandthose

whoaspireforashareinpower.

3)Movement’stakesplacewhenthecountryisgoingthroughtransitiontodemocracyor

expansionofdemocracyordeepeningofdemocracy.

6.ExplainthreedifferenttypesofpressureGroups?

Ans.1)SectionalInterestGroups:Therepresentasectionofsociety-workers,employees,

businesspersons,industrialists,followersofareligion,castegroupsetc.Theirprincipal

concernisthebettermentandwellbeingoftheirmembersandnotthesocietyingeneral.

2)PromotionalorPublicinterestGroups:Theypromotecollectiveratherthanselective

goods.Theyaimtohelpgroupsotherthantheirownmembers.

3)MovementGroups:Theseareissuespecificthatseektoachieveasingleobjectivewithina

limitedtimeframe.

7.Elaborateanythreeeffectivewaysinwhichthepressuregroupsandmovement

influencethepoliticsofacountry.

Ans.1)Pressuregroupsandmovementstrytogainpublicsupportandsympathyfortheir

goalsandtheiractivitiesbycarryingoutinformationcampaigns,organizingmeetings,filing

petitions.

2)Theyoftenorganizeprotestactivitylikestrikesordisruptgovernmentprograms.

3)Mostofthesegroupsoftentrytoinfluencemediaintogivingmoreattentiontothese

issues.

8.WhowastheleaderofTheGreenBeltMovement?Whatwerethereasonsofhis

disappointment?

Ans.WangariMaathaiwastheleaderofGreenBeltMovementinKenya.Hewas

disappointedbytheresponseofgovernmentofficialandpoliticians.Theresponsesofthe

governmentarefollowing:

1.Thecorruptgovernmentofficialswereresponsibleformuchofthedeforestationby

illegallysellingoflandandtreestowellconnecteddevelopers.

2.HerightsandlivesofmanyKenyansintheRiftvalleywerelostwhenelementsof

PresidentDenial’sGovernmentencouragedethniccommunitiestoattackoneanotherover

land.

3.Supportersoftherulingpartygotthelandwhilethoseinthepro-democracymovement

weredisplaced.

9.Explaintheroleofsectionalinterestgroupsinbringingthebalanceofpowerina

society?

Ans.1.Thesectionalinterestgroupsplayavaluablerole.Wheredifferentgroupsfunction

actively,noonesinglegroupcanachievedominanceoversociety.

2.Ifonegroupbringspressureongovernmenttomakepoliciesinitsfavour,anotherwill

bringcounterpressurenottomakepoliciesinthefirstgroupdesires.

Thegovernmentgetstohearaboutwhatdifferentsectionsofthepopulationwant.Thisleads

toaroughbalanceofpowerandaccommodationofconflictinginterests

10.ElaboratethedifferentwaysbywhichPresidentdenialArapMoi’sGovernment

retainthepower.

Ans.1.Intheearly1990’sthelivelihood,therightsandeventhelivesofmanyKenyansin

theRiftValleywerelostwhenelementsofpresidentDanial’sgovernmentencouragedethnic

communitiestoattackoneanotheroverland.

2.Thecorruptgovernmentofficialswereresponsibleformuchofthedeforestationby

illegallysellingoflandandtreestowellconnecteddevelopers.

3.Supportersoftherulingpartygotthelandwhilethoseinthepro-democracymovement

weredisplaced.

11.WhenwasRTIpassedinIndia?Explain.

Ans.1)TheRTIActwaspassedandimplementedinIndiain2005.

2)TheRTIAct,2005isalandmarklegislationpassedbyIndianparliament.

3)ManydemocraticgovernmentsprovidetheRighttoInformationtothecitizens.

4)UnderthisAct,citizenscanseekinformationfromthegovernmentofficespertainingto

differentactivities.

12.Ifwaterisnotsuppliedregularlyinyourcolonywhatwillyoudo,andwhatkindof

groupswillyouformtohelppeopleofyourcolony?Whatvaluesyouwouldlearn?

Ans.1.Ifwaterisnotsuppliedregularlyinourcolonywewilltrytoraisetheissuewiththe

concernedauthority.Wewillformasectionalinterestgroupandtrytoraisethespecific

issuethroughorganizingdhranas,ralliesandprotestmovestobringtheprobleminthe

noticeoftheconcernedauthorities.

2.WewilllearnthefollowingValues:

-DemocraticvaluetoformAssociations

-Togethernesstofightagainstinjustice

13.WhowereMaoists?Whatwastheircontributionthemovementfordemocracyin

Nepal?

Ans.Maoists:ThosecommunistswhobelieveintheideologyofMao,theleaderofthe

ChineseRevolution.Theyseektooverthrowthegovernmentthroughanarmedrevolution

soastoestablishtheruleofthepeasantsandworkers.

1)MaoistinsurgentsjoinedthestrikeswhichwereledbySPAagainsttheking.

2)TheprotestwasjoinedbytheNepaleseCommunistParty(Maoists)whichdidnotbelieve

inparliamentarydemocracy.

14.Howdostruggleandmovementsshapedemocracy?Explain.

Ans.1)Theyaretheprincipalmeansofpublicparticipationinpolitics.

2)Theshapedemocracyonthebasisofpopulardemands.

3)Thecanbeanalyzedinitiallyintheformsoforganizationandmovements.

4)Sometimes,thetaketheformsofpressuregroupsinterestgroups.

15.Writeanythreedifferencesbetweenapressuregroupsandamovement.

Ans.1)Pressuregrouphasastrongorganizationbutmovementhasalooseorganization.

2)DecisionmakinginpressuregroupsisformalbutinformalincaseofMovement.

3)Pressuregroupsareonlyaccountabletoitsmembersbutnotaccountableincaseof

Movement.

4)Pressuregroupsdependontheparticipationofitsmembersbutmovementsdependmuch

moreonthespontaneousmassparticipation.

16.Whatissingleissuemovement?Howdoesitdifferfromalongtermmovement?

Explainwithanexample.

Ans.1)SingleIssuemovementisamovementofspecificnaturethatseekstoachieveasingle

objectivewithinalimitedtimeframe.Itisalsoknownasshorttermmovement.

2)SingleIssueMovementcanbecontrastedwithlongtermmovementwhichismoregeneral

orgenericmovementthatseekstoachieveabroadgoalintheverylongterm.

3)Forexampleenvironmentmovementisaliableforalargenumberoforganizationsand

issuespecificmovements.

17.ExplainthedifferentformsofrelationshipbetweenPressureGroupsandPolitical

Parties?

Ans.Followingaretwodifferentformsofrelationshipbetweenpressuregroupsandpolitical

parties.

1)DirectForm:Pressuregroupsareformedbypoliticalparties.Usuallypressuregroupsare

formedbytheleadersofthepoliticalparties.Theyarealsoextendedarmsofthepolitical

parties.Forexample:Tradeunions,Studentorganizationsetc.

Politicalpartiesevolvefrompressuregroups.SomepoliticalpartiesalsocomefromPressure

groups.TheevolutionofAssamGanaParishadisfromastudentorganization,AASU.

2)IndirectForm:PressureGroupsandpoliticalpartiesopposedtoeachother.Butinmost

casestherelationshipbetweentwoisnotverydirectbecausethemainaimofpressure

groupsistopressurizetherulingpoliticalparty.

18.Stateanytwodifferentwaysofparticipatinginastruggle.

Ans.Followingaretheways:

1)Directparticipation:Inthispeopletrytoinfluencethedecisioninademocracybydirectly

participatinginactivepolitics.Forexamplebycastingvote.

2)Indirectparticipation:Inthispeopletrytovoicetheirinterestsbyformingorganizations

andinfluencethegovernmentpolicieswithoutsharingthepoliticalpowerinanindirect

way.

19.ListoutthemainfeaturesofthepopularstruggleofNepaltoestablishthe

foundationofdemocracy?

Ans.1)Democracyevolvesthroughpopularstruggle.Democracydoesnotmeannoconflicts

ordisputes.ThestoryofNepalisgoingthroughtransitiontodemocracy.

2)Democraticconflictisresolvedthroughmassmobilization.ConflictinNepalwassolvedby

thepeople.

3)Theseconflictsandmobilizationarebasedonnewpoliticalorganizations.SPAinNepal

andotherorganizationswerebehindthestrugglefordemocracy.

20.Howthedeepdisputesareresolvedinthedemocracy?

Ans.ThedeepdisputesofdemocracyriseswhentheexistinginstitutionslikeParliamentand

Judiciarythemselvesgetinvolvedinthedisputes.Forthisdisputestheresolutionhasto

comefromoutside,fromthepeople,i.e.politicalorganizationsandspontaneouspublic

participation.

Butthespontaneouspublicparticipationbecomeseffectivewiththehelpoforganized

politics.Theseincludepoliticalparties,pressuregroupsandmovementgroups.

21.Istheinfluenceofmobilizationandmovementgroupshealthy?

Ans.Initiallyitappearsthattheinfluenceofmobilizationandmovementgroupsisnot

healthyfordemocracy:

1)Boththeseareinstancesofpoliticalconflictthatledtopopularstruggles.

2)Inbothcasesthestruggleinvolvedmassmobilization.Publicdemonstrationofmass

supportclinchedthedisputes.

3)Finallybothinstancesinvolvedcriticalroleofpoliticalorganization.

22.MentionanythreeformsofPressureGroupsinPolitics?

Ans.1)Somepoliticalpartiesformpressuregroupsbecausetheywanttoincreasetheir

influenceinthepublic.ManyFarmerandstudentorganizationsaresetupbythepolitical

partieswithsamemotive.

2)Somepoliticalpartiesformedoutofpressuregroups.Incaseoflongstrugglefortheir

causes,thepressuregroupstaketheshapeofpoliticalparties.

3)Sometimepoliticalpartiesandpressuregroupshavedifferentandconflictingviewsand

ideas.Theyareinoppositiontoeachother.

23.Explainanytwoindirectways,throughwhichanordinarycitizencaninfluence

politics?

Ans.1)PressureGroups:Anordinarycitizencaninfluencepoliticsbymakinghimselfapart

ofpressuregroups.Pressuregroupsareorganizationsthatattempttoinfluencegovernment

policies.Theseorganizationsdonotcontrolorsharepoliticalpower.Theseorganizationsare

formedwhenpeoplewithcommonoccupation,interest,aspirationsoropinionscome

togetherinordertoachieveacommonobjective.Thesepressuregroupsgainpublicsupport

andtrytoinfluencepoliticsthroughprotestandstrikes.Somepressuregroupsarethe

extendedarmsofpoliticalgroups.

2)Movements:Movementsareanotherwaytoinfluencepolitics.TheMovementsof

RestorationofDemocracyinNepalandBolivia’sWaterWararetheexamplestoinfluence

thepoliticsbyanordinaryman.Movementsincludedemonstrationstrikesandprotests.

Movementsalsogainpublicsupportandtrytoinfluencepolitics.

24.WhatareuniquefeaturesofMovements?

Ans.1)Movementgroupsseektoexertinfluenceonthepoliciesofthegovernment.

2)Theydonotaimtoattainpowerinthegovernment,buthowever,theyworkforthe

commonobjectiveofthemasses.

3)Theyhavealooseorganizationsandtheirdecisionmakingprocessisveryinformaland

flexible.

4)Somemovementsarelongtermandsomeareshorttermmovements.

5)Thesuccessofmovementsdependsupontheparticipationofpublic.

25.InspiteofsomeofdifferencesinthestoryofNepalandBoliviasharesome

similarities.Explainanythreeofthem.

Ans.1)FollowingaresomeofthecommonfeaturesofthepopularstruggleinNepaland

Bolivia:

2)Bothoftheseareinstancesofpoliticalconflictthatledtostruggles.

3)Inbothcases,thestruggleinvolvesmassmobilization.Publicdemonstrationofmass

support.

4)Bothcasesinvolvedthecriticalroleofpoliticalorganization.

26.Whatarepressuregroups?Howaretheyformed?Explain.

Ans.Pressuregroupsareorganizationsthatattempttoinfluencegovernmentpolicies.

Pressuregroupspromotetheinterestoftheirmembersorasectionofsociety.Thesegroups

influencethegovernmentpolicywithoutanyresponsibilitytowardsthepeople.

PressureGroupsareformedwhenpeoplewithcommonoccupation,interest,aspirationor

opinioncometogetherinordertoachieveacommonobjective.

27.WhatwasSPA?WhatwerethedemandsofSPA?

Ans.SPAisSevenPartyAlliance.Thisallianceincludedthesevenbugpartiesthathadsome

membersintheparliament.Followingwereitsthreedemands

1)Restorationofparliament.

2)Powertoall-partygovernment.

3)Anewconstituentassembly.

28.‘SometimespoliticalpartiesgrowoutofMovement.’Explain.

Ans.1)Therearemanyinstanceswhenthesemovementsgivebirthtoapoliticalparty.

2)Forexample,whentheAssamMovementledbystudentsagainsttheforeignerscametoan

end,itledtotheformationofAsomganaparishad.

3)TherootsofpartiesliketheDMKandAIDMKinTamilNaducanbetracedtoalongdrawn

socialreformmovementduringthe1930sand1940s.

29.WhoareMaoists?Whatwasthemainaimofdemocracymovementlaunchedin

Nepalin2004?

Ans.1)ThosecommunistswhobelieveintheideologyofMao,theleaderoftheChinese

Revolution.Theyseektooverthrowthegovernmentthroughanarmedrevolutionsoasto

establishtheruleofthepeasantsandworkers.

2)MaoistinsurgentsjoinedthestrikeswhichwereledbySPAagainsttheking.

3)TheprotestwasjoinedbytheNepaleseCommunistParty(Maoists)whichdidnotbelieve

inparliamentarydemocracy.

30.HowwouldyouexplainthefeaturesofMovement?

Ans.1)Movementgroupsseektoexertinfluenceonthepoliciesofthegovernment.

2)Theydonotaimtoattainpowerinthegovernment,buthowever,theyworkforthe

commonobjectiveofthemasses.

3)Theyhavealooseorganizationsandtheirdecisionmakingprocessisveryinformaland

flexible.

4)Somemovementsarelongtermandsomeareshorttermmovements.

5)Thesuccessofmovementsdependsupontheparticipationofpublic.

31.Explaintheimpactofpressuregroups,interestgroupsandmovementsonpolitical

parties.

Ans.1)Interestgroupsandmovementsdonotdirectlyengageinpartypolitics,theyseekto

exertinfluenceonpoliticalparties.

2)Mostofpoliticalpartiestakeagendafromtheseorganizations.Mostofthemovement

groupstakepoliticalstancewithoutbeingaparty.

3)Theyhavepoliticalideologyandpoliticalpositiononmajorissues.Therelationship

betweenpoliticalpartiesandpressuregroupscantakedifferentforms,somedirectand

otherveryindirect.

32.Howfaritiscorrecttosaythatpressuregroups,interestgroupsaretheextended

armsofpoliticalparties?

Ans.1)Thepressuregroupsareeitherformedorledbytheleadersofpoliticalparties.

2)Theyalsoactasextendedarmsofpoliticalparties.

3)Forexample,mosttradeunionsandstudents’organizationsinIndiaareeitherestablished

byoraffiliatedtooneorothermajorpoliticalparties.

4)Mostoftheleadersofsuchpressuregroupsareusuallyactivistandleadersofsame

politicalparty.

33.Howarepressuregroups,interestgroupshelpfulinraisingthepublicissues?

Ans.1)Theytrytogainpublicsupportandsympathyfortheirgoalsandtheiractivityby

carryingoutinformationcampaigns,organizingmeetings,filepetitionsetc.

2)Mostofthesegroupstrytoinfluencethemassmediaintogivingmoreattentiontothese

issues.

3)Theyoftenorganizeprotestactivitieslikestrikeordisruptgovernmentprograms.

34.WriteinbriefabouttheNepal’ssecondmovementfordemocracyinNepal

Ans.1.TheNepalmovementtookplaceinApril2006whichwasaimedatrestoring

democracy.

2.TheNepalesekingBirendrahadacceptedmassacreoftheroyalfamilyin2001.

3.ThenewkingGyanendrarefusedtoacceptthedemocraticrule.

4.InFebruary2005thekingdismissedtheP.M.anddevolvedthepopularityelected

parliament.

5.InagainstofthedismissedofP.M.allthemajorpartiesintheparliamentformedSPAand

calledforafeardaysstrikeinKatmandu.

6.ThisstriketurnedintoanindefinitestrikeaftertheinvolvementofMaoistwith3to5lakh

people.

7.On24thApril2006,thekingwasforcedtoconcedethedemandofpeople.TheSPAchore

GirijaPrasadKoiralaasthenewP.M.oftheinterimgovt.

35.Istheinfluenceofpressuregroupsandmovementshealthyinademocracy?

Ans.Yes,puttingpressureontherulersisnotanunhealthyactivityinademocracyaslong

aseveryonegetsthisopportunitybecause–

1.Ademocracymustlookaftertheinterestofallnotjustonesection.

2.Thesegroupshelpthepeopleofaparticularsectiontovoicetheirinterestademands.

3.Twopressuregroupsofdifferentideologyhelpsinmaintainingabalancebetweenthe

demandsofvariousgroupsinthesociety.

4.Pressuregroupsandmovementshavedeepeneddemocracyintheworld.Thussome

peoplemaycriticizedtheroleofthesegroupsasthesegroupspromotetheinterestoftheir

sectionsandnotaccountabletothepeopleingeneral.

36.DiscussthebriefthepopularstruggleofBolivia

Ans.1.BoliviaisapoorcountryinLatinAmericatheworldbankpressurizedthe

governmenttogiveupitscontrolofmunicipalwatersupply.

2.Thegovt.soldthesetightsforthecityofCochabambatoaMNC.

3.TheMNCimmediatelyincreasedthepriceofwaterbyfourtimes.

4.ManypeoplereceivedwaterbillsofRs-1000whereastheiraveragemonthlyincomewas

Rs.5000/month.

5.InJanuary2000anewallianceoflabour,humanrightsandcommunityleadersorganized

asuccessfulourdaysgeneralstrikeinthecityandthegovt.agreedtonegotiate.Yetnothing

happened.

6.TheagitationstartedagaininFebruarybutthepolicerestoredtobrutalrepression.

7.AnotherstrikefollowedinAprilandthegovt.imposedmartiallaw.

8.ButthepowerofthepeopleforcedtheofficialsoftheMNCandthegovt.toconcedetoall

thedemandsoftheprotesters.

9.FinallythecontractwiththeMNCwascancelledandwatersupplywasrestoredtothe

municipalityatoldrates.

37.Whatarethecharacteristicsofpressuregroups.

Ans.1.UniversalCharacter

2.Organizedbody.

3.Havinginfluenceonthepublicpolicies.

4.Lackofresponsibility.

5.Nonpartism

6.Extraconstitutionalorganization.

1.ComparethestruggleofNepalandBolivia?

Ans.1.TheMovementinNepalwastoestablishdemocracy,whilethestruggleinBolivia

involvedclaimsonanelected,democraticgovernment

2.NepalfacedthefoundationalchallengeofdemocracywhileBoliviafacedtheChallengeof

Expansion.

3.Inbothcasesthestruggleinvolvedmassmobilizationandpublicdemonstrationofmass

supportclinchedthedispute.

4.Bothinstancesinvolvedcriticalroleofpoliticalorganizations.InNepalSPAplayedamajor

rolefortherestorationofdemocracywhileinBoliviaFEDECORplayedamajorrole.

5.Boththesestrugglesweresuccessfulinachievingtheirobjectivesbuttheirimpactwas

differentatdifferentlevels.

2.WhatdoyouunderstandbyKittiko-Hachchiko?WhenandwhyKittiko-Kichchiko

movementwaslaunchedinKarnataka?

Ans.Kittiko-Hachchikomeanspluckandplant.

1.In1984,theKarnatakagovernmentsetupacompanycalledKarnatakaPulpwoodlimited.

2.About30,000hectaresoflandwasgivenvirtuallyfreetothiscompanyfor40years.

3.Muchofthislandwasusedbylocalfarmersasgrazinglandfortheircattle.

4.Howeverthecompanybegantoplanteucalyptustreeonthisland,whichcouldbeusedfor

makingpaperpulp.

5 marks Questions

5.In1987,amovementKittiko-Hachchikostartedanon-violentprotest,wherepeople

pluckedtheeucalyptusplantsandplantedsaplingsoftreesthatwereusefultothepeople.

3.In1984,theKarnatakagovernmentsetupacompanycalledKarnatakapulpwood

limited.About30000hectaresoflandwasgivenvirtuallyfreetothiscompanyfor40

years.Muchofthislandwasusedbylocalfarmersasgrazinglandfortheircattle.

Howeverthecompanybegantoplanteucalyptustreeonthisland,whichcouldbeused

formakingpaperpulp.In1987,amovementcalledKittiko-Hachchiko(meaning,pluck

andplant)startedanonviolentprotest,wherepeoplepluckedtheeucalyptusplantand

plantedsaplingsoftreesthatwereusefultothepeople.Supposeyoubelongtoanyof

thefollowinggroups,whatargumentswouldyouputforwardtodefendyourside:(a)a

localfarmer(b)anenvironment(c)agovernmentofficialworkinginthiscompany(d)

justaconsumerofapaper?

Ans.a).AsalocalFarmer:Wewouldhavejoinedfarmersandformedafarmer’s

organization.WewouldmeettheconcernMinisteroftheGovernmentofKarnatkawitha

requestthatthelandbelongtofarmersandtheyshouldnotdeprivedoftheircommonland.

Otherwisewewillgiveourvotetothatpartywhowillconsiderourdemands.

b).AsanEnvironmentalActivist:Beingenvironmentalactivist,wewouldhavetakeour

processions,followedbydemonstrationstodrawtheattentionofthegovernmentandforced

thegovernmenttocancelthecontractwithcompany.

c).AsaGovernmentofficial:Beingpartofthegovernmentwewilltrytoconvincethe

farmersandotherorganizationsthatitwillcreatemorejobsforthem,thisishelpfulforthe

developmentofourcountry.

d).Asaconsumerofpaper:Wewouldrequesttothegovernmentthatthelandallottedtothe

companyshouldbecancelledandbegiventothelocalfarmers.Thefarmerswillusethe

landtogrowsuchplantsaswouldproviderawmaterialforpaperindustry.

4.Howfaristheinfluenceofpressuregroupshealthyanduseful?Explain.

Ans.1.Itmayinitiallyappearthatitisnothealthytohavegroupsthatpromoteinterestsof

onesectionandhaveinfluenceindemocracy.Ademocracymustlookaftertheinterestofall,

notjustofonesection.

2.Thepressuregroupswieldpowerwithoutresponsibility.Politicalpartieshavetofacethe

peopleinelections,butthesegroupsarenotaccountabletothepeople.

3.Sometimepressuregroupswithsmallpublicsupportbutlotofmoneycanexertinfluence

onpublicdiscussioninfavouroftheirnarrowagenda.

4.TheGroupshelpsindeepenthedemocracy.Governmentcanoftencomeunderundue

pressurefromasmallclassofpowerfulpeople.

5.Thepublicinterestgroupsandmovementsperformausefulroleofcounteringthisundue

influenceandremindingthegovernmenttotheneedandconcernsofordinarycitizens.

5.DescribethefeaturesofpopularmassstruggleforrestoringdemocracyinNepal.

Ans.1.NepalbecameaconstitutionalMonarchyin1990bywhichkingremainedtheheadof

thestateandtherealpowerwasexercisedbypopularlyelectedrepresentatives.

2.KingBirendraacceptedthistransitionfromabsolutemonarchytoconstitutional

monarchywaskilledinamysteriousmassacretotheroyalfamilyin2001.

3.InFebruary2005,thekingGyanindra,dismissedthethenPrimeMinisteranddissolved

thepopularlyelectedParliament.

4.AllthemajorpoliticalpartiesintheparliamentformedaSevenPartyAllianceandcalled

forafourdaystrikeinKathmandu,thecountry’scapital.

5.ThisprotestsoonturnedintoanindefinitestrikeinwhichMAOISTinsurgentsandvarious

organizationsjoinhands.

6.Theleadersofthemovementrejectedthehalfheartedconcessionsmadebytheking.They

stucktotheirdemandsforrestorationofparliament,powertoanallpartygovernmentanda

newconstituentassembly.

7.On24thApril2006,thelastdayofultimatum,thekingwasforcedtoconcedeallthree

demands.

8.TheSPAchoseGirijaPrasadKoiralaasthenewPrimeMinisteroftheinterimgovernment.

Therestoredparliamentmetandpassedlawstakingawaymostofthepowersoftheking.

6.Describethefeaturesofthepopularstruggleagainsttheprivatizationofwaterin

Bolivia.

Ans.1.BoliviaisapoorcountryinLatinAmerica.TheWorldBankpressurizedthe

governmenttogiveupitscontrolofmunicipalwatersupply.

2.ThegovernmentsoldtheserightsforthecityofCochabambatoamulti-nationalcompany.

3.Thecompanyimmediatelyincreasedthepriceofwaterbyfourtimes.Thisledtoa

spontaneouspopularprotest.

4.InJanuary2000,anewallianceoflabour,humanrightsandcommunityleadersorganized

asuccessfulfourdaygeneralstrikeinthecity.

5.TheprotestagainstwaterprivatizationinBoliviawasledFEDECOR.

6.ThepowerofthepeopleforcedtheofficialsofMNCtofleethecityandmadethe

governmentconcedetoallthedemandsoftheprotesters.

7.ThecontractwiththeMNCwascancelledandwatersupplywasrestoredtothe

municipalityatoldrates.ThiscametobeknownasBolivia’swaterwar.

7.ListouttheorganizationsinvolvedinthemassupsurgeoftheNepal’sstrugglefor

democracy

Ans.1.AllthemajorpoliticalpartiesintheparliamentformedaSevenPartyAlliance(SPA)

andcalledforfourdaystrikeinKathmandu.

2.TheprotestwasjoinedbytheNepaleseCommunistParty(Maoist)whichdidnotbelievein

parliamentarydemocracy.

3.Thestruggleinvolvedmanyorganizationsotherthanpoliticalparties.Allthemajorlabour

unionsandtheirfederationsjoinedthemovement.

4.Manyotherorganizationslikeorganizationsoftheindigenouspeople,teachers,lawyers

andhumanrightsgroupsextendedsupporttothemovements.

8.Howarepopularstrugglesintegraltotheworkingtothedemocracy?Explainwithan

exampleofBolivia’sstruggleagainstprivatizationofwater.

Ans.1.Popularstrugglesareintegralpartofdemocracy.Theseareveryhelpfullforthe

expansionofdemocracy.

2.Theimportanceofpopularstruggleinademocracycanbeunderstoodfromtheexample

ofBolivia’swaterwar.Peopleweredissatisfiedwiththedecisionofthegovernmentofgiving

upofcontrolovermunicipalwatersupplyandsubsequenthikeinwatertaximposedbythe

multinationalcorporation.

3.Thisledtospontaneouspopularprotestsasthewatercostbegantomakeadentinthe

householdbudgetofthecitizens.

4.Anallianceoflabour,humanrightsandcommunityleadersorganizedafourdaystrike

whichwascalledoffthegovernmentagreedtonegotiate.

5.ItwasduetosuchprotestbythepeoplethattheMNCcontractwascancelledandthe

municipalwatersupplywasrestoredtooldratesrepresentcourts.

9.Explainthenegativeimpactofpressuregroups,interestgroupsandmovementsin

politics.

Ans.1.Thesepromoteinterestofonesection.

2.Theseweakenthebasicstructureofdemocracybecausemostlytheyworkforaparticular

grouporissuewhereasademocracymustlookaftertheinterestsofallnotjustofone

section.

3.Thesegroupswieldpowerwithoutresponsibility.Politicalpartieshavetofacethepeople

inelection,butthesegroupsarenotaccountabletothepeople.

4.Pressuregroupsandmovementsmaynotgettheirfundsandsupportfrompeople.

Sometimes,pressuregroupswithsmallpublicsupportbutlotsofmoneycanhijackpublic

discussioninfavouroftheirnarrowagenda.

5.Sometimethesepressuregroupscancreatepoliticalinstability.

10.Highlightthepositiveimpactofpressuregroups,interestgroupsandmovementsin

politics.

Ans.1.Pressuregroupsandmovementshavedeepeneddemocracy.

2.Puttingpressureontherulersisnotanunhealthyactivityinademocracyaslongas

everyonegetsthisopportunity.

3.Publicinterestgroupsandmovementsperformausefulroleofcounteringtheundue

influenceorrichandpowerfulandremindingthegovernmentoftheneedsandconcernsof

ordinarycitizens.

4.Eventhesectionalinterestgroupsplayavaluablerole.Wheredifferentgroupsfunction

actively,nosinglegroupcanachievedominanceoversociety.

5.Ifonegroupbringspressureongovernmenttomakepoliciesinitsfavour,anotherwill

bringcounterpressurenottomakepoliciesinthewaythefirstgroupdesire.

Q.1:-WhatdidNepalbecomeaconstitutionalmonarchy?

(a)In1960(b)In1970(c)In1980(d)In1990

Ans.(d)In1990

Q.2:-WhatwastheaimoftheextraordinarymovementNepalwitnessedin2006?

(a)RestoringDemocracy(b)Abolishinguntouchability

(c)Bringingdownmilitaryrule(d)DivisionofNepal

Ans.(a)RestoringDemocracy

Q.3:-WhobecomethenewPrimeMinisterofNepalin2006?

(a)BeniPrasad(b)GirijaPrasadKoirala

(c)Gyanendra(d)HimmatPrasadKoirala

Ans.(b)GirijaPrasadKoirala

Q.4:-WhichorganizationwassetupbytheNepalesepeopletorestore

democracyinNepal?

(a)TheDualAlliance(b)TheTrippleAlliance

(c)TheNepalCongress(d)TheSevenPartyAlliance

Ans.(d)TheSevenPartyAlliance

Q.5:-OnwhichdaywasthekingofNepal(KingGyanendra)forcedtoconcede

MCQ

allthedemandsofSPA?

(a)OnJune1,2001(b)OnApril24,2006

(c)OnJuly24,2006(d)OnJune1,2007

Ans.(b)OnApril24,2006

Q.6:-WhatwastheBolivianprotestcalled?

(a)Bolivianwar(b)Bolivia’sWaterwar

(c)WaterforBolivia(d)Boliviancrisis

Ans.(b)Bolivia’sWaterwar

Q.7:-TowhichofthefollowingcountriesdoesFEDECORbelong?

(a)Nepal(b)NorthernIreland(c)Belgium(d)Bolivia

Ans.(d)Bolivia

Q.8:-WhichpoliticalpartycametopowerinBoliviain2006?

(a)DemocraticParty(b)SocialistParty

(c)LiberalParty(d)ConservativeParty

Ans.(a)DemocraticParty

Q.9:-Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofmomentsgrowingintopoliticalparties?

(a)NAPM(b)FEDECOR

(c)BAMCEF(d)AssamGanaParishad

Ans.(d)AssamGanaParishad

Q.10:-Whichofthefollowingcanbeclassifiedasatypeofpublicinterestgroup?

(a)Tradeunions(b)FEDECOR

(c)Doctors(d)Teachers

Ans.(b)FEDECOR

Q.11:-WhenwasthekingBirendraofNepalKilled?

(a)In1999(b)In2000(c)In2001(d)In2002

Ans.(c)In2001

Q.12:-Howdidpeopleprotestagainstthe“Kittiko–Hochchiko”movements?

(a)Byplantingmoreeucalyptustrees.

(b)Bypluckingmoretrees70

(c)Bypluckingeucalyptustreesandplantingothersaplings

(d)Bypluckingalleucalyptstreesonthe30,000hectarepieceofland

Ans.(c)Bypluckingeucalyptustreesandplantingothersaplings

ShortAnswersTypeQuestions

Q.1:-WhendidNepalwindemocracy?StatetwofeaturesofthedemocraticNepalafter

attainingdemocracy.

Ans.:-Nepalwonthedemocracyin1990.

TwoFeatures:-

1.TheKingformallyremainedtheheadofthestate;therealpowerwasexercisedby

popularlyelectedrepresentatives.

2.KingBirendrawhohadacceptedthistransitionfromabsolutemonarchytoconstitutional

monarchywas

killedinamysteriousmassacreoftheroyalfamilyin2001

Q.2:-WhatweretheresultsofthepopularstruggleofNepal?

Ans.:-1.TheKingwasforcedtoconcedeallthethrudemandsoftheprotesters.

2.TheSPAchoseGirijaPrasadKoiralaasthenewP.M.oftheinterimgovernment.

3.Therestoredparliamentmetandpassedlawstakingawaymostofthepoweroftheking.

Q.3:-MentionanythreesimilaritiesbetweenthemovementsinNepalandBolivia.

Ans.:-1.Boththeseareinstancesofpoliticalconflictthatledtopopularstruggles.

2.Inbothcases,thestruggleinvolvesmassmobilizationspublicdemonstrationofmass

supportclinchedthedispute.

3.Bothinstancesinvolvedthecriticalroleofpoliticalorganization.

Q.4:-Writethecompositionoftheorganizationwhichprotestedagainstwater

privatizationinBolivia?

Ans.:-1.TheprotestagainstwaterprivatizationinBoliviawasnotledbyanypoliticalparty.

ItwasledbyFEDECOR.

2.Thisorganizationcomprisedoflocalprofessionals,includingengineersand

environmentalists.

3.Theyweresupportedbyafederationoffarmerswhoreliedonirrigation,middleclass

students,

confederationoffactoryworkers,unionsandthecity’sgrowingpopulationofthehomeless

streetchildren.

Q.5:-Whatisthedifferencebetweenapressuregroupandapoliticalparty?

Ans.:-1.Apressuregroupisanorganizedoranunorganizedbodythatseekstopromoteits

interestswhileapoliticalpartyseekstoattainpoliticalpowerbycontestingelections.

2.Pressuregroupsareformedbythepeopleofcommoninterests,occupationsand

opinionswhilepoliticalpartiesareforcedonthebasicofideologyandvision.

3.Apressuregrouprepresentstheirownsingleinterestswhilepoliticalparties

representsvariousinterests.

Q.6:-Whatarepublicinterestgroups?Hoedotheylookafterthepublicinterests?

Ans.:-Apublicinterestgroupisagroupthatpromotestheinterestsofthepeopleofthe

society.Thereinterestscan

beofaparticularsectionofthesocietyoroftheentiresocietyingeneral.Theiractivities

benefittheentire

societyandnotjustaparticularsectionofthesociety.

IIPart

1.Theyorganizemeetingsandtrytogainthepublicsupportfortheircause.

2.Theytrytoinfluencethemediabydrawingitsattentiontotheirissues.

3.Theysometimesorganizedstrikesanddharnastovoicetheirinterests.

E.g.:-BoliviaorganizationFEDECORandgovernmentemployeesmovementcalled71

BAMCEFaresomeexamplesofpublicinterestgroup.

Q.7:-Whataresectionalinterestgroups?Howdotheywatchtheirinterests?

Ans.:-Sectionalinterestgroupsrefertotheinterestgroupsthatseektopromotetheinterest

ofaparticularsectionor

agroupofsociety.Tradeunions,businessassociationsandprofessionalbodies(lawyers,

doctors,teachers

etc.)aresomeexamplesofsectionalinterestgroups—

Part-II

1.Theyaimtohelpgroupsotherthantheirownmembersforexampleagroupfighting

againstbondedlabourfightsnotforitselfbutforthosewhoaresufferingundersuch

bondage.

2.Sometimestheseorganizationrepresentsthecommonorgeneralinterestofthesociety.

3.Theyalsoexertpressureonthegovernmenttomeettheirdemands.

Q.8:-Explainhowtheactivitiesofpressuregroupsareusefulinthefunctioningofa

domesticgovt.?

Ans.:-1.Pressuregroupsperformsausefulroleincounteringtheunderinfluenceofrich

andpowerfulpeopleonthegovt.

2.Pressuregroupsremindthegovt.oftheneedsandconcernsofordinarycitizens.

3.Differentpressuregroupsputpressureonthegovt.formakingpoliciesintheirfavorand

against.Thisletsthegovt.knowaboutwhatdifferentsectionsofpopulationwant.

LongAnswersTypeQuestions

Q.1:-WriteinbriefabouttheNepal’ssecondmovementfordemocracyinNepal

Ans.:-1.TheNepalmovementtookplaceinApril2006whichwasaimedatrestoring

democracy.

2.TheNepalesekingBirendrahadacceptedmassacreoftheroyalfamilyin2001.

3.ThenewkingGyanendrarefusedtoacceptthedemocraticrule.

4.InFebruary2005thekingdismissedtheP.M.anddevolvedthepopularityelected

parliament.

5.InagainstofthedismissedofP.M.allthemajorpartiesintheparliamentformedSPAand

calledforafeardaysstrikeinKatmandu.

6.ThisstriketurnedintoanindefinitestrikeaftertheinvolvementofMaoistwith3to5lakh

people.

7.On24thApril2006,thekingwasforcedtoconcedethedemandofpeople.TheSPAchore

GirijaPrasad

KoiralaasthenewP.M.oftheinterimgovt.

Q.2:-Istheinfluenceofpressuregroupsandmovementshealthyinademocracy?

Ans.:-Yes,puttingpressureontherulersisnotanunhealthyactivityinademocracyaslong

aseveryonegetsthisopportunitybecause–

1.Ademocracymustlookaftertheinterestofallnotjustonesection.

2.Thesegroupshelpthepeopleofaparticularsectiontovoicetheirinterestademands.

3.Twopressuregroupsofdifferentideologyhelpsinmaintainingabalancebetweenthe

demandsofvariousgroupsinthesociety.

4.Pressuregroupsandmovementshavedeepeneddemocracyintheworld.Thussome

peoplemaycriticizedtheroleofthesegroupsasthesegroupspromotetheinterestoftheir

sectionsandnotaccountabletothepeopleingeneral.

Q.3:-DiscussthebriefthepopularstruggleofBolivia

Ans.:-1.BoliviaisapoorcountryinLatinAmericatheworldbankpressurizedthe

governmenttogiveupitscontrolofmunicipalwatersupply.

2.Thegovt.soldthesetightsforthecityofCochabambatoaMNC.

3.TheMNCimmediatelyincreasedthepriceofwaterbyfourtimes.

4.ManypeoplereceivedwaterbillsofRs-1000whereastheiraveragemonthlyincomewas

Rs.5000/month.72

5.InJanuary2000anewallianceoflabour,humanrightsandcommunityleadersorganized

asuccessfulourdaysgeneralstrikeinthecityandthegovt.agreedtonegotiate.Yetnothing

happened.

6.TheagitationstartedagaininFebruarybutthepolicerestoredtobrutalrepression.

7.AnotherstrikefollowedinAprilandthegovt.imposedmartiallaw.

8.ButthepowerofthepeopleforcedtheofficialsoftheMNCandthegovt.toconcedetoall

thedemandsoftheprotesters.

9.FinallythecontractwiththeMNCwascancelledandwatersupplywasrestoredtothe

municipalityatoldrates.

Q.4:-Whatarethecharacteristicsofpressuregroups.

Ans.:-1.UniversalCharacter

2.Organizedbody.

3.Havinginfluenceonthepublicpolicies.

4.Lackofresponsibility.

5.Nonpartism