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2014KING’S COLLEGE OPPOSITE SAFARI PARK HOTEL P.O.BOX 136-00168NAIROBI-KENYAWRITTEN BY ALLAN MUSYIMI

[ THE DEVELOPMENT OF14FALLS AS A TOURISTSDESTINATION NEAR OL’DONYO NATIONAL PARK THIKA EAST:

The development of 14falls as a tourist’s attraction destination it will help in boosting the economy of nation and creation of employment according to jubilee manifesto and Kenyans vision 2030 to be leading in industrial development inAfrica.

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14falls tourist destination

TABLE OF COTENT:

Introduction…………………………………………………………….

Challenges faced in14 falls………………………………………..

Solution to challenges in 14falls………………………………..

Conclusion……………………………………………………………....

Recommendations…………………………………………………..

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DECLARATIONI hereby declare that this is my original work and has not been submitted to any other institution

NAME ………………………ALLAN MUSYIMI

SINGNATURE……………

DATES………………………

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ANKNOWLDEGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my heartfelt appreciation and gratitude to the almighty God for keeping me in good health while writing this research, to all those individuals who did contribute in one way or another for the completion of this project.

My classmate Mania for the support he gives me during the research period. My parents again played a major role in giving me time to work incompletion of the project, I would like to thank my fellow students for the support and encouragement they gave me.

Utmost appreciation to my supervisor Mr. Danson Njuguna, who imparted me with research skills and knowledge, and the rest of my lecturers who helped equip me with relevant knowledge thus ‘illuminating the way

Finally, I am forever indebted to all those who supported my endeavor both morally and materially, kindly accept my acknowledge appreciationfor your support.

GOD MAY BLESS YOU ALL

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LITURACTURE REVIEW :

1. Could be improved”

Reviewed August 8, 2013

I really enjoyed going with a group of 29 persons we enjoy the views and sights. Besides we cross to the other side by boat and crossing again the river by foot (of course with some local Gides)... A truly enjoyable adventure and more with some many people (although you easily get wet ha-ha). Just with this two simple thinks was enough (however they could think about other ways to make it more attractive).

But I feel that they should take more care about this natural beauty, really. The water looked a kind of contaminated and we saw in a lot of rubbish in and above all out of the water (most likely from tourists).

He disfrutado mucho visitando este lugar. Fuimos un grupo de 29 personas y disfrutamos de las vistas y paisajes. Ademas cruzamos el rio primero en Bote y despues a pie, lo que fue toda una aventura de verdad (aunque nos mojamos todos jaj). Simplemente con estas dos actividades fue suficiente para pasar un momento tremendo, pero ya no hay mas.

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Por otra parte creo que podrian hacer mucho mas para mejorar el estado de este sitio. El agua se veia sucia y tambien pude observar basura dentro y fuera del agua (aunque sobretodo fuera que imagino sera por culpa de parte de los turistas...).

1. “Nice place, more could be done”

Reviewed April 10, 2013

I happened to visit the picnic site over the Easter weekend and the place is breathtaking. My young kids were elated to see a waterfall this big, seeing the daredevil divers and walking on the rough bush paths downstream. Some lunchtime snacks were served up under a tree and since it was during the rainy season, substantial grass allowed for a dustless picnic. A resident guitarist spiced up the moment by humming local tunes as we had lunch for a small token, which my daughter found quite funny! Theplace can be a good low budget picnic site and is quite popular from the numbers that had visited that day but the management would do better if they got serious by installing serious systems, fencing the place off and yes, doing away with t

2. polluted falls”

Reviewed October 14, 2013

The 14 falls are spectacular to look at and photograph well. However, this is where it ends. The Athi river on which the fallsare, carries all the polluted waters and a lot of garbage from the Nairobi City and Athi river town. At dry weather, the falls smell of sewage with a sickening spray engulfing the site and thewaters having a greenish tinge of raw sewage. Over the falls and rapids, the waters foam with a soapy whitewater.

The Thika/Kiambu county government collects entry and parking feeand a strange camera fee yet have done little to clean up the site, I didn't see even one concrete bench to seat on. The place can be turned into a nice park, although I'm not sure how this would work with the pong.

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In short, I left the falls feeling depressed, further aggravated by seeing youngsters wading in the waters for photos shoots, I hope they will not get skin infections.

3. REVIEW

We set off late morning and arrived at the gate to the fall area at about 1 p.m. An access fee of Kshs. 100/= ($1.30) for adults and Kshs. 50/= ($0.6) for kids is payable (this is the resident rate).

At the parking we were welcomed by a group of young men who introduced themselves as local guides. Since most of our party of9 (including 3 kids) had not been to the falls before, we chose one of them, named Kioko, and negotiated a guide fee of Kshs. 150/= ($2). He led us down a rocky path to the near side base of the falls where we could hire a crossing boat. We negotiated a rate of Kshs.300/= ($4.00) for the crossing. The experienced boatguide, using a long pole, guided the boat on a leisurely ride downstream, back upstream and across the river to a rocky bank onthe far side. The view of the falls from the boat is extraordinary!

view of the falls from a boat downstream

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Kioko explained that the 14 Falls are so named because there are 14 distinct waterfalls on the broad section of river.

We spent a couple of hours strolling around the rocks at the baseof the Falls and enjoying the fresh air, breathtaking view and local flora. The kids, in particular, enjoyed scrambling up and down the massive rocks.

The base of the fall is characterized by large boulders and the 12

powerful sound of rushing water as it cascades down the 25-foot drop. A fine spray hangs in the air and keeps everything cool. There are lots of birds, and we spotted egrets, ibis and swallowsthat fascinated us with their agile aerobatics. The guides also entertain visitors by performing jumps (they call it 'diving') from the the top of the falls to the plunge pool below.

When we'd had our fill and were ready to go back Kioko informed us that there was an alternative option (at extra cost!) of returning to the near bank of the river on foot, instead of crossing by boat. Feeling adventurous we took him up on this. Little did we know what was in store!

The 'adventure' return option involved trekking up a steep rocky path to the head of the falls and crossing the river on foot by jumping from rock to rock - there are plenty of rocks that jut out of the water during the dry season. The fast-flowing River and VERY slippery rocks make this a challenging undertaking. We had to take off our shoes, roll up our pants and proceed with caution. The guides are masters of the river and help with the

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crossing, but it is NOT for the faint hearted... A couple of us took a spill and got soaked! Some local goat herders were at the river with their herds, and during the many breaks we took while crossing we were entertained by the sight of agile goats leaping from one rock to another.

Guides help with the crossing

When we crossed back we found fruit vendors selling very sweet miniature pineapples grown on farms in the area. After the drama of the crossing the fruit was welcome refreshment for our parchedthroats.

All in all, the 14 fall is a great place to spend a day!

-Ends-

Boosterish approach [1950s]

Tourism was seen as product and there was need to improve and develop tourism sectors with the assumption of:

-Tourism is an inherently good and should be developed.

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-culture and natural resources should be exploited for tourism development.

-How can more tourists be attracted and accommodated.

-How can the community be convinced to respect the tourists?

-How can obstacles of growth are overcome?

According to a Mckinsy [2007] report the [BIRD OF GOLD] the rise of India consumer market by the year2005 middle class I expected to swell almost 12-fold from its size of 50million people to over583 million -41%of population by year 2025 this will trigger explosive growth in the consumer market. For Kenya to compete with such nations there is need to improve all sectors of economythe agricultural sector, tourism sector, and other industries sector in Kenya

Tourism being one of Kenya’s economy earning and creates employment to about 40% of Kenyans people the government should come up with way wish will ensure proper management of our tourism sector.

The can do this by the following

I. Establishment of new tourists destination areas II. Improvement of the present destinations

III. Providing financial support in the destinationsIV. Help in ensuring that the destination have sufficient

security V. Support of the proposed reports

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EXCUTIVE SUMMARY:

This document is about 14falls as a tourist’s destination which attracts both local and internationaltourist. The content gives challenges facing 14falls and the solutions that can be implemented for the development of the site.

The document is directed to the ministry of tourism andthe tourism boards in Kenya such as Kenya tourists development co operations (KTDC), Kenya wildlife survives (KWS) and any other none governmental organizations which participate in tourism industry, toapprove and implement the document to develop the destination.

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The development of this site will create employment and enhance development of towns within the destination. With the approve of this document it will be of great impact to me as a tourism student it will help me in practicing my career in tourism industry, I will be in a position to help my industry to compete with other industries in stock exchange market to be the top industry in the market.

The government to support me with financial in order toimplement and put the document in to practice and help develop the destination.

Written by Allan Musyimi

Tourism student

KING’S COLLEGE

OPPOSITE SAFARI PARK HOTEL

P.o.box 136-00168

Nairobi Kenya

Phone number………0710236823/0789647663

Email address……….scott.allan76@yahoo.com/allanmusyimi39@gmail.com

Sign……………...............

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INTRODUCTION:

The site is located about 65km from Nairobi it’s well known because of its 14consecutive waterfalls.14falls is a natural physical feature along Athi River in the early days the falls was one of main tourists’ attraction destinations in Kenya, but as many attractions are developed the site lost is tourists to the developed destinations such as Maasai Mara, NairobiNational Park, Amboseli Park tsavo parks and many otherbecause of undevelopment in the site.

Due to the growth of tourism industry in the world and Kenya being one of most popular tourism destination because of its attractions. There is need to improve and develop new attraction in order to compete with other developed countries such as china, Netherlands United Kingdom, South Africa ,Japan Asia etc.It is theduty of management to set up rules and regulations likeany other attractions in Kenya to protect this area forfuture. They should be in the fast position in making sure that the site has improved and not to encourage any corruption which has made our nation not to develop.

With the development of 14falls it will create more jobs to the people and help boost the economy of our nation, despite the visit to 14falls tourists can also visit other site such as ol’donyo national park which 18

is also known mount Killimabogo (2146m) its well known because of presents of buffalos, and can be involved inagricultural tourism in del-Monte and Kenya nut plantations

Some of activities

Boat riding,

Photography,

Bird watching,

Diving-which is optional activity

CHALLENGES FACED IN 14FALLS:

Poor management in terms of some of activities. 1) Poor management of 14falls has leaded some of important

activities to decline e.g.a) Boating- which is one main important activity carried out

boats are used in crossing over to the other side and for boating which is rear activity due to sometime the speed of water is very speed, but is faced by many challenges e.g.

The boats which are used at 14falls belong to person and they arein poor condition. The personnel employed to work in those boats did not go through any training in the work they does.

The management does not control this event despite that they collect some taxes from the owner. The management does not haveits own boats in the site hence a tax collected becomes minimal.

The storage of boats is not secure, because when the river floodssome of boats are carried away by the flooded water hence that becomes a challenge to the boat owner and the management.

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The type of boats which are found in this site are made of woods and other materials which are not save to use there can be a brakeage any time hence making the life of tourists to be in danger. The numbers of boats are not enough to serve the touristsvisiting the area during peak seasons.

The personnel’s doing this job does not have special training in life saving which can be dangers if the boat over turns it will be difficult to save the tourists.

b) Photography - shooting of photography’s is readily reducing because the photographers are individuals who are interestedin making their own money and the charges they are changed at the gate pass is more compared to the amount they get. The cost of materials they use in shooting and printing the photographs are expensive hence some of this individuals finds it difficult to continue with this activity.The people who lose are the management because they total revenue they collect becomes limited. The area does not haveany printing photographs shop that can be used by the personnel taking photographs in printing there photographs.The management does not come up in supporting the photographers’ shouters in improving there working place.

-Pollution –the emission of polluted gases which are emittedby the factories affects the eco-logical.Water pollution which is becoming serious at Athi River because of disposal of sewage in the river this affects the water organisms e.g. polluted water kills fish in water.The management has felled to ensure the sewage disposal doesnot affect the organic animals living in water.

-poor motivation and moral to work in improving the site theworker find it difficult to work in a such working condition

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hence fail to help the site to develop ,the management has failedin motivating its staffs.

The workers are a not motivated and given some moral in working by being given some gifts because of good work they do.

Infrastructures: The qualities of facilities in and around 14falls are of low quality compared to other facilities found in other destinations.

a) The rood connecting 14falls and the main rood is impassable mostly during rainy season and during dryseason the rood becomes dust, the rood is not.

b) Luck of quality hotels in the area is one of main challenge facing the destination as a whole hence losing the amount of capital collected because tourists goes to look for food from other hotels of high quality.

c) At 14falls accommodation is main problem facing thearea, u will not find any accommodation that are of standard that has been set, the quality of beds and beddings found in the area of low quality and they are not of quality set by the Kenya hotel owner association.

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d) Communication network –the means of communication isaffecting this area so much that when person wants to pass information to the management staffs becomesa problem because of lack of communication channels.

e) Lack of good quality playing ground for tourists to enjoy themselves

Inadequate financial resources

With the advanced technology in Kenya and East Africa community the site has dragged behind in developing of banks and any other related financial apartments

ATMs are not in this area and any bank agent only equity bank agent found in one of nearby towns around the destination.

Poor marketing methods

The poor marketing methods used in marketing this area will become unknown to many tourists who have an interest of visiting such fall which have 14 consecutive falls.

The management should come up with a way of marketing this destination because marketing is one of key factor to concederwhen setting a destination or any business.

Inadequate security

To conceder with the rules set by the Kenya wildlife service a tourists’ attraction should have adequate security.

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There is no security personnel employed to keep security in the area which makes it very difficult for managing staffs to collectrevenue from some of tourists visiting the site

There is no fence surrounding the destination, some of local tourists do not pass through the gate set for people to use hencelosing the total tax collected.

Lack of destination promotion

This site has been operating for last some years and it has never been promoted because of poor infrastructure and working conditions

Community support

The management does involve community in running the site hence this has leaded the community not conserving the site .they grazetheir animals in the park hence destroying the eco-system of the site. Cutting of trees which affects the weather system and making the place look like a desert.

Stiff competition from other developed sites

Due to poor management and quality of infrastructures found in this site they face stiff completion from other developed tourists’ attraction site.

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Infrastructure is major equipment in any destination to grow to compete with other site 14falls does not have any equipments thatmake busy when they are at this area.

Lack of clean water

This challenge really affects this area and the towns’ surrounding the destination lacks clean water for people to use.

Tourists visiting this area are forced to carry their own water when they a visiting this site which again discourages most of them from coming back.

Bird watching

Water pollution as made it difficult for birds to survive in the contaminated water the pollution is coursed by poor treatment of the waste product from nearby towns and institution the main water pollution is from Nairobi town and other towns.

Due to this birds and animals living in water like fish and othermicro organic animals living in water.

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With the

referees with [BUTLER] mode of destination development 14falls has been faced by number of challenges and has coursed the destination not to grow as given above.

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In exploration stage after the site was discovered the number of tourists in the site was very few there were few tourists’ facilities.

During the involvement the community was not given chance inthe management of the site hence they felt that they will not provide any facilities for the site to develop.

In the development stage the challenges continued to increases because the community did not provide any facilities to enhance the development Rather that local community developing an interest in the destination they felt that they are not involvened in decision making and management of site.

Consolidation As the site attracted many tourists the culture of people decline due to incoming culture from otherpeople of different type in case of 14falls the tourists didn’t develop any tension with tourists and this lowed there motivate in visiting the area.

Stagnation due to poor management and lack of community participation in managing the facilities started to wear outbut there was no good measure that was taken to facilitate the site with other facilities Because of poor facilities in the site the number of tourists started to decline years after years up to know where the number of international tourists makes only around9% of tourists arrival in a period of one mouth. In a year the international tourists is about 30% and the rest 70% is local tourists which in this only 30% uses the main gate and 40% finds their way in through other ways mainly because the security is not there, the area is not faced.With only 60% tourists’ paying their entrance fee at the gate the taxes revenue collated is very little compared to the number of tourists in the site.

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Due to all the challenge being faced by 14falls instance of rejuvenation it underwent decline process and the popularityof the site was lowed, due to poor infrastructure and management the site declined.

SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS FACED IN 14FALLS : The challenges of 14falls can be overcome if the stakeholder willencourage the development of the site.

The management has to implement the solution which will lead to development of this tourist’s attraction destination.

Boating- if the management will buy its own boats and the local people to purchase them to use that will be an added benefit to the management in taxes collection.

The management should ensure that they build secured rooms for boats to be kept during the night and when they are not in use.

This types of boats used are very risk they are made of woods andother materials am challenging the management to come up with other kind of boats the plastic boats and the spade used in controlling the boats. The management should come up with training sections, training its personnel’s on life saving skills.

Photography which is reducing due to lack of support from management.

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The management should build up a printing room for the photographer to print the photos they take and charge them some amount of taxes collection.When the management builds up this room it will reduce cost of photographs in buying the materials needed for printing photos.The management to purchase their own cameras and let them topeople to use and return them during the closing time and charge them same amount of money and retain with their documents because of the security of cameras.

The pollution of water which is coursed by disposing the sewage water from towns such as Nairobi 70% of sewage is disposed in this river hence affecting the water animals such as fish.The water smells very bad when that sewage is disposed in the river; it’s the duty of environmental management to ensure that before the disposal is done the sewage is treated to avoid any condemnation.

Lack of motivation to the staff has made them not to worker hander in improving the site, to overcome this, the management should come up with ways to motivate there working staffs like giving them presents and motivate them to worker harder.

Improving the infrastructure of this site will encourage more tourists to visit this destination.- tarmacking the road connecting Garrisa road will make 14falls to be accessible to many tourists.-setting up of high quality accommodation will make the tourists to have desire to sleep in this rooms, big hotels like utalii to open up a branch in this area the beds should of standard set by Kenya hotel owner association (KHOA)

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-Communication system is one of main requirement in any destination in any tourism industry developing communicationchannels like opening up telephone number, mobile number, fax number and email address.-the management to build up a play ground for many games such as football pitch, basketball ,athletes field etc this will help the management to generate some revenue if they holds school games and this boost the economy of the region.

Due to the growing technology in tourism industry the site does not have technological equipments like ATMs and other banking services to support financial requirements that tourists can be in need of.-The stakeholder should encourage more investors to invest in this tourist destination site this will encourage more tourists to visit the site due they will not be required to have money with them but they can be able to pay using visa cards.

The marketing method used in marketing this site is not appropriate because the destination is not well known to many tourists who want to travel to visit such tourist’s destination.-using web site, radio, television and newspapers will make this destination to be known by many tourists who which to visit such place for leisure.

The area should be faced to reduce risk involved in collecting revenue because tourists will use the main gate set for people to use. In this the total revenue collection will increase.The management to employ qualified security personnel’s to save guard the site from people who don’t help in developinga destination and they don’t pass through the main gate.

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14falls has been operating for some period of many years butsince then the area has never been promoted to large scale holding because of this the site decline in past years.

Due to uninvolved of community in managing 14falls they findit difficult to support in development of the site. They finds the site of no importance to them hence they cut treesaround the site when they are collecting firewood and this makes the place not attractive because it’s like a desert. -The community should be educated on benefits on any tourists’ attraction destination in area.The community should form groups in helping the management in running the site, by encouraging the other people to plant trees instead of cutting down trees. The management toappoint some people to represent the community in this the community will support the site with anything it may need for developing the site.

Due to poor infrastructure the site faces stiff completion from other developed destination like Maasai Mara, Nairobi national park, and coastal region new facilities of high quality should be introduced in order to compete with other developed attraction destinations.

Clean water is an essential need to any human being; any place without clean water is not good to be visited. For themanagement to solve this problem they should introduce ministry of water in providing piped water in 14falls.

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The county government and the management of 14falls should come up with way which will ensure that the bird watching activity is taken care of that I by ensuring that the Athi river water is treated to avoid pollution and the birds willnot be affected.

SWOT ANALYSISIt’s used to analysis business and is important method that gives the business its position at the market.

STRENGTH14falls has a number of strength being one of attraction along Garrisa Nairobi road can attract many tourists in thisarea. Being a county site they can work together with the community to ensure the site develops that will happen if the communities are educated on importance of tourism in our country.

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WEAKNESSThe site faces much competitions form the developed tourist’s attraction, disperse the competition the river is contaminated and the water is not fresh, for human activities only that they use it in irrigation but it smellsvery bad and this has lead to number of tourists visiting this site to decline.

OPPORTUNITY

There era number of opportunity the site has -Expansion of its compound for creation spaces for more tourists.-The county government to set up rules and regulation to govern the attraction and set up money for development.THREATS- The main treat is that there are other developed tourists attractions at Kenya like Maasai Mara National Park etc -The community is not given chance for the management of toppositions of development -The corruption in Kenya is affecting the development of thesite and only this area but also the gross domestic product [GDP].

CONCLUSION:

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-It’s my proposal that the Kenya tourist’s development cooperation (KTDC) will implement this documentary for the benefits of tourism industry, as many tourists will visit this destination and help in creation of employment to many people and the revenue collected will increase. -I encourage more tourists to visit this area leisure during free time and they should make the charges affordable to both local and international tourists. -14falls can be one of main tourists’ attraction sites in East Africa because of its consecutive 14 falls. With the development of this site will help in generation of taxes hence boosting the economy of Kenya.-This can archive if the state and (KWS) Kenya wildlife service will be involved in helping in development of the site. -According to jubilee manifesto is to bring up a supreme state where employment is not a matter to the nation.Tourism being one for most revenue generation in Kenya there is need to develop our tourists attraction centers and create others in order to compete with other nations such as south Africa which is known because of canopy walk Rwanda because of presents of chimpanzee.

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-Kenyan’s challenge is corruption let’s try to avoid corruption for the development of our tourists attraction destination.The Kenyan’s vision 2030 about development will notbe met by agriculture only there should be other supporting industrySuch tourism industry, industrialization etc[-the governments of India [2012] give much supportin tourism industry though the support of [UNDP] toset up 31 villages as tourism spots Kenyan government though county state should ensure development by developing tourism attraction site].

RECOMMEDATIONS:

-The management to build more room at 14falls area in order to keep their property and open shops and to be in full control of any activity curried out at 14falls,personnels to be trained in life saving.

- It’s the duty of management to encourage their worker force and motivate them by giving them gifts.

- Quality infrastructures in tourism is one of main component for destinations to be visited roads, accommodations and communication systems is a basicneed developing playgrounds’ at 14falls it will be

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an added advantage to the management and county government due to generation of income from the taxes collection when some matches are played at that field.Big hotels like Sarofa to partner with 14fall hotels and open a five star hotel.The management to provide sits for people to relax when they are in the destination.Planting flowers in this area will make the site tobe attractive.

- The stakeholder to encourage more investors such big company owners to open there business in the area like banker owners and other big investors.Opening ATM and other banking services at 14falls and nearby towns it will boost the tourism industryand in development.

- The management should use appropriate method that will reach the target tourism group; they can use radios, televisions and website.

- The area should be well secured by fencing the areaor employing security personnel’s to save guard thearea.

- The destination should be promoted to enhance the development of the site and this will encourage economic growth.- The community should be involved in the management in controlling the site this will help the community in providing security at 14falls.

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-The fall should be improved in order to compete with other developed destinations.-It’s the duty of management to find ways in which they will get clean water for use in the site either by dinging boreholes and treating the water for usage or applying for piped water.

N/B I therefore encourage the management to market thisdestination and encourage more tourists both local and international to visit this tourist’s attraction site.

Security is the major threat in this area and the townsnear this destination the government should ensure thisplace is secure all the time by employing more securitypersonnel in this area.

ANDEVANTENGES OF 14FALLS AS A TOURISTS DESINATION IN THE AREA:

Creation of employment –any tourist’s site in an area will create jobs to the resident.

Improvement of infrastructures-roads, financial services, hospitals hotels etc will be improved to cater for the tourists visiting the area.

Income generation-though taxes income generated in a place of destination will boost the economy of a country.

Security –the destination and all towns near the area will benefit from the security and this reduces the crime within the area.

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Rises the standards of living of people-with the creation of employment the living standard of people will change hence the level of insecurity decreases in the area.

Promote peace to the host communities and the tourists-due to the presents of tourist peace will be promoted in the area because communities will come together to support the site.

Preservation of environment-the community will comeup in supporting the environment by planting of trees and ensuring that the site is a suitable place to be visited by tourists.

Multiplier effects of tourism-due to tourism multiplier effects which will create more opportunities for people and other business to set up business in this area which will have an effectsto the government and the community-Creation of employment-development of the towns -Increase in taxes collection-Introduction of new business in the area

Provision of community facilities and public services-the public will provide support to the development if only they knows the importance of tourism attraction site in place and this can only be done though educating the public.

Regeneration- the site continues to exist many people will have pleasure to visit the site for

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leasure and this can be done if the site is preserved for future.

APPENDIX (1)

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PROJECT BUDGET PLAN

ITEM AMOUNT (Kshs.)Stationery & writing materialsTransport costsTyping servicesPrinting servicesLibrary facilitiesPhotocopying Binding servicesRoad constructionwater connection14falls tourists NissanStore RoomsAccommodation facilitiesSecurity personnelTOTAL

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