CACH MANG XANH: THANH CONG Q CHAU A, TAI SAO KHONG Q ...

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CACH MANG XANH THANH CONG Q CHAU A TAI SAO KHONG Q CHAU PHI

Do Due Dinh

Iran Thi Lan Huang

Cach mang Xanh lan dau tien dugc thuc hien d mot sd qudc gia dang phat trien chau A sau dd nhan rdng

ra Nam My trong thap ky 1960 dem lai mot md hinh phat trien ndng nghiep mdi ap dung nhiing phuang phap ky thuat trgn gdi lien quan den sir dung cac yeu td dau vao cho ndng nghiep nhu phan bdn hat gidng may mdc he thdng tudi tieu khien san lugng luang thuc tang len lien tuc dac biet la liia gao va lua mi Nhirng sang kien ve cuge Cach mang Xanh sau dd dugc ap dung tai mot sd vimg ciia chau Phi nhung khdng dem lai ket qua nhu d chau A va My Latinh Cd rat nhieu ly do khac nhau khien Cach mang Xanh khdng dien ra tren dien rdng d chau Phi tai thdi diem cac nude chau A va My Latinh thu dugc thanh cdng trong san xuat luang thuc khien chau Phi ngay cang lam vao tinh trang thieu ddi luang thuc trien mien Cau hdi dat ra la Ly do nao khien cac nude chau Phi khdng thanh cdng khi thuc hien Cach mang Xanh Trong thdi gian

Pho giao su Tien sT Vien truong Vien Nghien ciiu Chau Phi va Truns Don

Thae sT Vien Nghien cuu Chau Phi va Truno Don

gan day trudc nhiing cuge xung dot lien quan den luang thirc xay ra tai mot loat nude chau Phi nhu Ai Cap Cameroon Cdte dTvoice Senegan Burkina Faso Madagascar the gidi lai mot lan nira ban ve kha nang thuc hien mot cupc Cach mang Xanh mdi nham dem lai sire sdng mdi cho nen ndng nghiep chau Phi De Cach mang Xanh thuc sir dem lai hieu qua cho chau Phi viec hgc hdi kinh nghiem ciia cac nude ngoai chau Phi la rat can thiet nhat la cac nude chau A

1 Cach mang Xanh d chau A thanh tiru va nhung van de dat ra

Cho den nay chau A dugc danh gia la vua liia cua the gidi mot phan la nhd thuc hien thanh cdng Cach mang Xanh Nhieu chuyen gia nghien cim va quan chirc chinh phii tren the gidi da cho rang neu thieu cuge Cach mang Xanh trong thap ky I960 va 1970 chau A co the van phai ddi mat vdi ddi ngheo va lac hau nhu chau Phi bay gid Trirdc thdi gian thuc hien Cach mang Xanh (1956-1965) san lugng liia gao trung binh d chau A chi dat khoang 19 tanha Ngirdi dan chau A liic dd chii yeu chi gieo trdng luang thuc mot vu vao miia mua

Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU P H I amp TKUXG DOXG so 10 (50) thang 102009

Cach mang Xanh Do Dire Oinh-Tran Thi Lan Hudng

Khi thuc hien Cach mang Xanh sd vu trong nam tang len nang suat lua gao ciing tang len dat 5 tanha Nhd cd viec ap dung cac gidng liia mdi cai thien he thdng tudi tieu ngudi dan chau A da cd the gieo trdng canh tac ca trong miia khd Nhd nhirng thay ddi dd san lugng luang thuc tren dau ngudi thuc te da tang gap ddi gap ba Ddi sdng ciia ngudi ndng dan ngay cang dugc cai thien

Ba yeu td chii yeu lam nen cuge Cach mang Xanh chau A lan thir nhat trong giai doan 1960-1990 la +) Md rdng dien tich dk canh tac bang viec xay dimg va cai thien he thdng tudi tieu +) Sir dung phan bdn va hat gidng mdi de tang nang suat cay trdng +) Nha nude dong vai trd chii dao trong viec hoach dinh cac chinh sach phat trien ndng nghiep

Cupc Cach mang Xanh lan thir nhat da dem lai thanh cdng cho nhieu nude chau A tren hai phuong dien chinh Thic nhat do ap dung thanh cdng cdng nghe hien dai ve phan bdn va hat giong cung cap day dii lugng nude tudi tieu nhd xay dung he thdng dap muong mang kenh ngdi nen san lugng luang thuc d cac nude chau A da tang tir 80-100 Tai An Do nhd thuc hien Cach mang Xanh dien tich dat canh tac da tang tir 19 trieu ha nam 1960 len 155 trieu ha nam 1970 rdi 43 trieu ha nam 1980 va 64 trieu ha nam 1990 San lugng luong thuc tang tir 82 trieu tan nam 1960 len 1084 trieu tan nam 1970) rdi 1296 trieu tSn nam 1980 va 1764 trieu tan nam 1990l Cuge Cach mang Xanh lan thir nhat da dua An Do trd thanh mot trong nhirng nude san xuat ndng nghiep ldn nhat tren the gidi trong thdi ky nay ma khdng mot qudc gia nao thirc hien Cach mang Xanh cd the dat dugc nhirng thanh cdng nhu vay Tir mot nude ludn thieu thdn luang thuc An Dp trd thanh nude xuat khau luong thuc trong thdi ky nay Ciing vdi An Dp ngudi ndng dan d nhieu nude chau A khac cung dugc hudng nhung vu miia cho nang suat

cao ket hgp vdi viec cai tien ky nang quan ly tren dong rudng ciia minh Hau bet ndng dan cac nude Dong Nam A da hpc dugc ky nang gieo hat cay trdng den ky nang quan ly tudi tieu Hg ciing hgc dugc each tir cai tien hat gidng sao cho hieu qua ban tren ddng rudng ciia minh Vi vay nang suat lao ddng va san lugng cay trdng tang rat cao Thic hai Cach mang Xanh dem den mot xa hdi hoan loan kliac cho hau bet cac lang mac viing ndng thon Ngudi dan da chuyen tir phuong phap canh tac truyen thdng sang phuang phap canh tac hien dai Cupc Cach mang Xanh la nguyen nhan thiic day cai each rudng dat dem lai quyen sd hiru dat dai cho mpi ngudi dan nang cao thu nhap giam ngheo lam tha ddi bd mat ndng thdn Hon nira cupc Cach mang Xanh da dem lai nliihig tac ddng kinh te rat kha quan Do Cach mang Xanh ddi hdi phai cd nhieu nude tudi tieu nhieu phan bdn boa chat cho nen da keo theo nhu cau xay dirng nhieu con dap mdi phat trien he thdng thuy dien lam biing nd mpl sd nganh cdng nghiep dia phuong tao ca hdi phat trien viec lam nang cao thu nhap va cai thien ddi sdng ciia ndng dan gdp phan tang nhanh tdc dp tang truong GDP Cung nhd Cach mang Xanh An Dp da tra dugc nhiing khoan ng tir Ngan hang The gidi

Tuy nhien Cach mang Xanh lan thir nhat a chau A da vap phai mot sd van de Thir nhat Cach mang Xanh a chau A thanh cdng la nhd vao viec sir dung nhieu phan bdn va chi dugc ap dung trong nhiing viing dat dugc tudi tieu day dii do vay chi cd the ap dung ddi vdi cac loai cay trdng nhu lua gao va liia mi Khi nude tudi tieu khdng day dii nhiing thanh qua cua cuge Cach mang Xanh bi anh hudng nghiem trgng Tai An Do cuge Cach mang Xanh da khdng dem lai nhirng thanh cdng lau dai Trong giai doan 1979-1987 An Dp phai hiing chiu nhirng dgl han ban gagt- gat thach ihirc nhirng thanh qua lau dai cua cuge Cach mang

Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI amp TKUXG raquo6XG so 10 (50) thang 102009- 31

Do Dire Dinh-Tran Thi Lan Hudng Cach mang Xanh

Xanh Nam 1998 An Do da phai nliap khiu luang thirc Mot vai nam sau dd An Do phai nhap khSu dudng Tai Indonesia san lugng luang thuc chi tang nhanh dat mirc 352naiii trong giai doan 10 nam tir 1979 den 1989 sau dd giam cdn 104nam trong nhung nam tiep theo Ngu nhu trong thap ky 1980 Indonesia cam kit vdi Td chirc Ndng luang Lien hiep qudc (FAO) la da dam bao tu tuc luang thuc trong nude thi tir nam 1994 Indonesia da lam vao tinh trang phai nhap khau luang thuc Nhu vay Cach mang Xanh d chau A do khdng ap dung dugc tren nhiing vimg dat khd can va khdng ap dung cho nhieu loai cay trdng khac nhau nen da khdng ben viing Thic hai Cach mang Xanh lan thii nhat d chau A da tieu tdn mot khoan chi phi rat ldn do sir dung nhieu phan bdn va hoa chat khac cho ndng nghiep Tai Indonesia lugng phan bdn sii diing cho cay liia da tang tir 25 kgha len 150 kgha trong giai doan 1975-1990 Tai Thai Lan san lugng luang thuc tang khoang 65 trong khi dd lugng phan bdn sir dung tang khoang 24 tdc do tang nhanh ban gan 6 lan va lugng thude trir sau tang tdi 53 gap gan 10 lan Sir dung nhieu boa chat trong ndng nghiep khdng chi khien chi phi san xuat ddi len cao ma cdn gay tdn hai sire khoe ciia ngudi dan va tac ddng xau den mdi trudng Thic ba md hinh Cach mang Xanh lan thu nhat d chau A thanh cdng nhd vao su can thiep manh me ciia chinh phii dudi hinh thirc trg cap phan bdn va thude trii sau xay dirng ca sd ha tang hd trg tin dung thu mua luong thuc cai each rudng dat dau tu cho nghien ciru ndng nghiep ban hanh he thdng chinh sach vT md phii hgp do vay d nhirng nude khdng cd chinh phii dii nang luc hoac he thdng chinh sach ndng nghiep khdng toan dien thi Cach mang Xanh khdng the thanh cdng lau dai

Trong mot vai nam gan day nhieu nude

chau A dang cd y dinh thirc hien cupc Cach

mang Xanh lan thu hai nham khac phuc nhimg nhugc dipoundm cua Cach mang Xanh lan thu nhat Chang han tai An Do muc tieu ciia cuge Cach mang Xanh k thir hai la nham tang san lugng luang thuc len 400 trieu tan vao nam 2020 so vdi mirc 214 trieu tan ciia nam 2006-2007 De thuc hien muc tieu dd tdc do tang trudng san vk ndng nghiep phai dat trung binh 5-6nam Nsectii nhu Cach mang Xanh lan thii nhat dua chii yeu vao sir san cd ve hat giong dien nude cai each dat dai phan bdn thi cupc Cach mang Xanh lan hai d chau A se dira chu yku vao viec ap diing cdng nghe gen hien dai ky khu vuc tu nhan lam ddng lire chinh md rdng thi trudng ndng san va da dang hoa cac loai cay trdng j ltfj- -j

2 Cach mang Xanh va khung hoang luc^ng thuc d chau Phi

Cach mang Xanh ldn thic nhat khdng cicu

ddi ndi chau Phi

Trong giai doan 1960-1990 da cd 3 loai sang kien khac nhau dugc ap dung tai chau Phi khien ngudi ta lien tudng Cach mang Xanh da tirng xay ra tai chau Phi Dd la cac sang kien 1) Cai tien cdng nghe thdng qua cac chuang trinh nghien cim thir nghiem cdng nghe ddi vdi mot sd loai liia gao ngd va ngu cdc khac d Tay Phi 2) Cac du an cai tien tudi tieu tren ddng rudng cac nude chau Phi thupc luu virc sdng Nile (Ai Cap Sudan) sdng Tana (Kenya) lim vuc sdng Niger (Nigeria) 3) Chuang trinh ap dung cdng nghe tien tien trong phat trien cay ngu cdc thupc cac du an nghien ciru qudc gia va qudc te ve nong nghiep ap dung cho Cdte dT voice Uganda Kenya Zimbabwe Tuy nhien cac sang kien tren dudng nhu khdng dem lai hieu qua cho phat trien ndng nghiep d chau Phi Trong giai doan 1980-1995 san xuk luang thuc binh quan dau ngudi d chau A tang 27nani My Latinh tang 12nani thi d chau Phi san xuat

Tap chi nghien cuu CIIAU PHI amp TKUXG OOXG s6 10 (50) thang 102009

Cach mang Xanh Do Dire Dinh-Tran Thi Lan HUOng

luong thuc binh quan dau ngudi giam 8nam Chau Phi la chau luc duy nhat tren the gidi cd san xuat luang thuc binh quan dau ngudi lien tuc giam trong hon 40 nam qua Tuy ndng nghiep dugc coi la xuang sdng ciia nen kinh te chiem 17 GDP va 11 kim ngach xuat khau cua chau Phi nhung nang suat lao ddng ndng nghiep giam lien tuc a chau Phi va nen ndng nghiep dugc dac trung bdi cac yeu td thieu vdn khdng cd tinh canh tranh va boat ddng khdng hieu qua Theo danh gia ciia FAO nam 2005 tai chau Phi ty le dat ndng nghiep cd the tudi lieu dugc la 7 (mirc binh quan ciia the gidi la 20) san lugng ngu cdc san xuat tren dau ngudi la 147 kgnam (the gidi 349 kgnam) nang suat ngu cdc dat 1225 kgha (the gidi 2067 kgha) san lugng gia sue la 164 kgha (the gidi 193 kgha) mirc do sir dung phan bdn la 22 kgha (the gidi 100 kgha) Tai vimg chau Phi can Sahara nhirng con sd nay cdn thap ban nhieu ty le tudi lieu 38 san lugng ngu cdc san xuat tren dau ngudi 128 kgnam nang suat ngu cdc 986 kgha san lugng gia sue 128 kgha miic do sir dung phan bdn 9 kgha Chau Phi chi chiem cd 9 ngudn nude sach tren the gidi trong khi ty le dan sd chiem 2 va cd tdi 23 cac qudc gia chau Phi phat trien dudi tiem nang ciia minh d mirc 20 do thieu nude Vi vay mac dii la chau luc cd dat dai rdng ldn ngudn Igi tir rirng va chim mudng hoang da giau cd nhung chau Phi van tiep tuc la chau luc phat trien lac hau ngheo nan khdng dii kha nang de cung cap luong thuc cho ngirdi dan ciia hg

San xuat ndng nghiep dinh ddn khien mat an ninh luang thuc va tinh trang suy dinh dudng gia tang Hien nay cd tdi mot nira dan so chau Phi sdng dudi mirc 1 USDngay va khoang hon 200 trieu ngudi trong tdng sd ban 840 trieu dan chau Phi dang bi thieu an do san lugng luang thuc tai 31 qudc gia giam Yeu to

dja ly va su phai trien manh niiui ciia ndng nghiep la nipt trong nhiing ngugten nhan gay ddi ngheo va mat an ninh luang thuc d chau Phi Vdi dac diem phan ldn cac nude chau Phi nam sau trong luc dia giao thdng kem phat trien khi hau khac nghiet dat dai sa mac boa chau Phi rat kho co the phat trien nong nghiep va dam bao an ninh luang thuc cho ngudi dan La mot chau liic song nhd vao ndng nghiep nhung hang nam chau Phi phai tiep nhan vien trg luang thuc khan cap de dap irng nhu cau luang thuc cho khoang 38 trieu ngudi Vien trg chinh thirc ciia the gidi danh rieng de ciru ddi cho ngudi dan chau Phi trudc miia thu hoach mdi nam len den den 14 ly USD Khiing hoang luong thirc lan ra loan liic dja chau Phi nang nhat la d cac viing mien Nam chau Phi vimg Simg chau Phi vimg Hd ldn va vimg Tay Phi Trong nhung nam gan da thieu thdn luang thirc da khien cac nude nhu Malawi Zimabwe Zambia Lesotho Swaziland Mozambique Eritrea Ethiopia Angdla Sudan phai cdng bd dd la van nan qudc gia va keu ggi ciru trg luong thirc khan cap ciia the gidi Tir mot khu vuc chuyen xual khau hang boa nong nghiep trong thap ky 1960-1970 chau Phi da trd thanh mpl chau luc phii thupc vao nhap khau luong thuc lir ben ngoai va mat an ninh luang thuc hien dang tac dong true tiep tdi 28 dan sd chau Phi Trong sd 38 trieu ngudi dan can ciru trg khan cap luong thirc nam 2003 co tdi 24000 ngudi bi diet ddi mdi ngay Nan doi lan rdng a chau Phi khien the gidi dua ra nhirng danh gia bi quan ve kha nang chau Phi tu ciru minh bang con dudng phat trien ndng nghiep Vdi tdc dp tang truang dan sd nhu hien nay den nam 2015 chau Phi chi cd kha nang cung cap luang thirc cho dudi 50 dan sd cua minh Trong ai nam gan day 25 luong thirc ciia chau Phi phai nhap khau

Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI amp TKUXG HOXG so 10 (50) thang 102009_ 33

Do Oifc Dinh-Tran Thi Lan Hudng Cach mang Xanh

Nguyen nhan ldn nhat ddi vdi tinh trang thilu ddi luong thuc d chau Phi la do ndng nghiep khdng phat trien dac biet la sir that bai ciia cuge Cach mang Xanh Den lugt nd cupc Cach mang Xanh that bai d chau Phi la do bang loat nhirng yeu td khac nhau tac ddng Thic nhdt dat dai ndng nghiep ciia chau Phi khdng de dang gi cho viec ap dung md hinh Cach mang Xanh kieu chau A nai cd Igi the ve mot he thdng dat dai san xuat lua gao tuong ddi thuan nhat va phi nhieu thich hgp cho viec gieo trong cac loai gidng va ap dung cac loai cong nghe phan bdn thude trir sau kha gidng nhau trong khi d chau Phi dat dai ndng nghiep mang tinh da dang hon va phirc tap ban Cuge Cach mang Xanh ddi hdi phai dugc ap dung tren quy md dat dai rdng ldn trai vdi thdi quen san xuat tieu ndng lac hau ciia da sd ndng dan chau Phi canh tac tren nhiing manh dat rat nhd tu khai thae dat hoang thdng qua viec ddt rimg lam nuong ray trong khoang tir 2 den 4 nam sau dd khi dat bac mau thi lai bd di tim nhirng manh dat khac Phuang phap canh tac kieu nay thudng thay d nhirng viing cd mat do dan cu thua thdt rat khd ap dung cac ky thuat ciia Cach mang Xanh

Nguyen nhan thic hai la cac nude chau Phi da sai lam khi quy hoach he thdng dat dai ndng nghiep truyen thdng ciia minli Tdng dien tich dat dai cua chau Phi can Sahara la khoang 2455 trieu ha trong dd cd 41 dat dai dugc phan loai la dat ndng nghiep Tuy nhien khu vuc nay chiu tac ddng rat khac nghiet ciia dieu kien thdi tiet Nhirng viing dat sa mac khd can chiem tdi 462 tdng dien tich dat dai cua chau Phi trong khi nhirng viing dat nira khd can chiem 81) nhirng vimg dat cd do am udt thap chiem 11 nhirng viing dat cd do am trung binh chiem 204 va nhirng viing dat am udt cao chiem 143 Sir da dang ve he sinh thai da dan den he qua la tiem nang phat trien ndng nghiep ciia cac vimg dia ly ciia chau Phi

r4t khac nhau he thdng ndng trai cung rat da dang tuy theo tirng khu vuc Ngudi dan chau Phi phai canli tac nhieu vu miia va nhieu loai cay trdng khac nhau tren cimg mot manh rudng ciia minh chir khdng chi canh tac thuan tuy 2-3 vu liia nhu dat dai chau A Do vay ap dung nhirng ky thuat canh tac bien dai nhu d chau A tren cac manh dat chau Phi to ra khdng phu hgp

Thic ba chinh phii va ngirdi ndng dan chau Phi hau nhu chua thirc sir nhan thirc dugc tam quan trpng cua klioa hpc va cdng nghe trong viec phat trien nen ndng nghiep hien dai Nhieu nude khdng dii nang lire de xay dung he thdng nghien ciiu qudc gia ve phat trien ndng nghiep Tai mot sd nude nhu Kenya Malawi Uganda Senegan ngudn luc nghien ciru khdng dii dap img cac chuang trinh cai tao gidng cay trdng va vat nudi Cho dii cac nha tai trg qudc te da rat cd gang giiip chau Phi nang cao nang luc nghien cim ndng nghiep nhirng nhung ket qua nghien ciru viia it lai khdng dugc ap dimg rdng rai ao san xuat ndng nghiep Ndi each khac cupc Cach mang Xanh da klidng dugc ap dung thanh cdng d chau Phi khdng giiip chau Phi giai quyet dugc van de an ninli luang thirc cuoi cimg nd hau nhu da bi quen lang chang cdn may ai nbac tdi nd nira

Cach mang Xanh ldn thic hai lieu cd cicu ddi duac chau Phi

Tinh hinh phat trien ndng nghiep dinh tre va nan ddi lan rdng d chau Phi budc chinh phii cac nude cac nha khoa hgc cac td chirc qudc te phai nghien ciru nham tim ra nguyen nhan va giai phap khac phuc Trong thap ky 1980 cd rat nhieu giai phap dugc de ra nhan manh den viec ap dung cdng nghe tien tien trong ndng nghiep Thang 12 nam 2002 mot hdi nghi qudc te td chiic tai Abuja (Nigeria) da ban ve an ninh luang thuc a chau Phi Hdi nghi

Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI amp TKUXG UOXG so 10 (50) thang 102009

Cach mang Xanh Do Dire Dinh-Tran Thi Lan Hudng

nay cd su tham du cua Td chirc Ndng nghiep va Luang thuc The gidi (FAO) Ngan hang Phat tri^n Chau Phi (Aft)B) Ban diSu hanh cua Chuong trinh Ddi tac mdi vi sir phat trien chau Phi (NEPAD) Ke hoach hanh ddng cua Hdi nghi la nham tim giai phap khac phuc khung hoang luang thuc cho chau Phi Tuy nhien cac giai phap de ra tir hdi nghi hau nhu chua dugc trien khai va dua vao eugc sdng thuc tien do dd chua mang lai hieu qua Tinh trang mat an ninh luang thuc van dien ra ngay cang tram trgng d chau Phi bull

Ngay 12 thang 9 nam 2006 Quy Rockefeller va Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation da dua ra mot chien luge vdi ten gpi Lien minh vi Cach mang Xanh d chau Phi (AGRA) theo dd cam kit chi 150 ty USD ban dau de chuyen giao cdng nghe trpn gdi cho viec cai lien va chpn gidng hat cay trdng cai thien chat lugng phan bdn quan ly ngudn nude cung cap cac dich vu ndng nghiep cho chau Phi Miic tieu ciia AGRA la phat trien 100 loai gidng mdi trong vdng 5 nam tai it nhat 10 miia vu khac nhau bao gdm ngd san lua mien va ke Thdng qua AGRA 70 td chirc til 12 qudc gia chau Phi da giiip chau Phi chuyen hudng phat trien nen ndng nghiep cua minh sang he thdng phat trien ndng nghiep ddc

gidng lai ghep Cuge Cach mang Xanh lan nay ligt vgng se tim ra each thuc rieng de giai quyet nan ddi a chau Phi Cac chuang trinh cua AGRA deu do Chuong trinh Cach mang Xanh d chau Phi (ProGRA) quan ly di long sd dn trg cap hang nam la 30 trieu USD cho cac nude chpn Ipc a Ddng Phi Nam Phi a Ta Phi Sang kien dau lien cua ProGRA la Chuang trinh phat trien hat gidng chau Phi (PASS) dugc ap dung cho 20 nude chau Phi tri gia 150 trieu USD dir kien thuc hien trong 5 nam (trong dd 50 trieu USD la lir Quy Rockefeller a 100 trieu USD lir Quy Gales)

3 Chau Phi can lam gi de thuc hien thanh cong Cach mang Xanh

So vdi chau A rd rang chau Phi da that bai trong viec thuc hien Cach mang Xanh nhirng nhu the khdng cd ngliTa la trong tuang lai chau Phi khdng the khdng thuc hien Cach mang Xanh Tuy nhien mudn Cach mang Xanh thanh cdng d chau Phi ihi dieu quan Irpng trudc bet la can co sir so saiih va nhan thirc rd rang ve nhimg thuan Igi klid khan cua chau Phi so vdi chau A ve cac yeu td ca ban dam bao cho Cach mang Xanh dugc thuc hien ihang Igi nhu ngudn nhan lire phuang thirc canh lac he thdng dat dai ngudn nude de tir dd xac djnh rd nhirng viec can lam ciia chau Phi

lap dua vao boa chat dac biet ddc canh hat

Bang 1 Sy khac nhau giua chau A va chau Phi ve he sinh thai trong san xuat lua gao

He sinh thai chu yeu cho nhung viing san xuat liia gao

Dat dugc tudi tieu Dal cao phu thupc vao lugng mua tu nhien Dat thap phu thugc vao lugng mua tu nhien Dat ngap nude Tdng

Ch dien tich

55 7

26

12 100

au A San lugng

(tanha) 55 15

22

20 395

dien I

12 44

31

13 100

Chau Phi ch San lugng

(tSnha) 55

1 5

22

20 1 226 i

Nguon Mahabub Hossain International Rice Research Instiiule (IRRIj 2002 l

Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI amp TKUXG fraquodXG so 10 (50) thang 102009- ^

Do Dire Dinh-Tran Tbj Lan Hudng Cach mang Xanh

Bang 2 Sy khac nhau giira chau A va chau Phi ve cac yeu to dau vao trong nong nghiep

Cac yeu to

Dien tich dat dugc tudi tieu () Chi tieu cho ndng nghiep (ty USD 2005) Ty le sir dung phan bdn trong ndng nghiep (kg^a) Chi phi van chuySn 1 tin phan bdn1000km (2005 USD) Mat do dudng xa (km dudngdien tich be mat 1999)

Chau A

40 20163 100-200

30 (An Do) 072

Chau Phi can Xabara

38 867 9-10 100 013

Ngudn ReSAKSS Working Paper No 28 4 2009

Nhiing sd lieu trong bang 1 va bang 2 cho tha)- so di chau A dieu kien ban dau de chau Phi thuc hien each mang Xanh la tuang ddi khac ca ve he sinh thai trong phat trien lua nude dien tich dat dai duac tudi tieu ca sa ha tang mat dp dudng xa ty le su dung phan bdn chi lieu cho ndng nghiep Nhiing khac biet nay khien iec thuc hien Cach mang Xanh d chau Phi tra nen khd khan ban so di chau A Chau Phi co the tham khao kinh nghiem thuc hien Cach mang Xanh trudc day d chau A nhung cai cot loi la phai tim ra dugc giai phap hieu qua cho rieng minh

Tir tbirc te Cach mang Xanh chau A ngudi ta nhan thay cd 5 kinh nghiem ndi bat sau day cd the tham khao a ung dung thanh cdng khi trien khai thuc hien Cach mang Xanh d chau Phi

a Phdt trien he thong tudi tieu Cach mang Xanh chau A cd dugc sir thanh cdng nhu hdm na) trudc bet la do da ma rdng dugc dien tich tudi tieu thong qua iec xa- dung a hien dai hda he thdng kenh ngdi muong mang dap thuy Igi nhd dd tir canh tac 1 u a dua chii gteu ao lugng mua lu nhien ndng nghiep chau A da tang len 2-3 u cimg vdi dien tich dat canh tac dugc md rpng dang ke Da- la yeu td rat dang de chau Phi coi trpng Hien naN gan 90 dien tich canh tac ndng nghiep cua chau Phi phu thupc ao lugng mua tu nhien Du linh den nam 2025 dien tich dk canh tac dua ao lugng mua tu nhien an du- tri d mire

FAOST4T~2002 2005 World Bank 2005 2006

88 Nam 1995 lugng luong thuc chau Phi san xuat dugc dua tren dien tich dat phu thugc ao lugng mua tu allien chiem tdi 75 tdng san lugng luong thuc ma chau Phi san xuat du bao den nam 2025 tgt le dd hau nhu an khdng thay ddi Nhu vay cd the thay tiem nang dat dai canh tac cua chau Phi cdn rat ldn nhung chua dugc ban ta con ngudi khai thae thdng qua tliu Igi hoa kenh muong dien khi boa ndng thdn a ap dung nliirng cdng nghe tudi tieu khai hoang dat dai hieu qua

b Tdng luang phdn bdn thude trie sdu su dung tren moi dan vi dien tich ddt canh tdc Khdng a dau khac ngoai chau Phi do mau md cua dat dai lai kem nhu vay Chi cd khoang 6 dat dai chau Phi dugc danh gia la cd dp mau md cao cd tiem nang phat trien ndng nghiep tot So di dat dai cua khu vuc Bac My chau Au a chau A thi hau hk dk dai cua chau Phi deu cd ham lugng nita thSp thiSu hut cac chat dinh dudng can thiet nhSt nhu phdt pho luu buynb magie kem Phin ldn dat dai chau Phi deu cd tang mat dat rat ndng khdng cd kha nang trir nude va tich tu ch^t dinh dudng cho cay trdng ndng do acid cao trong khi ham lugng chat buai ca rit th4p Chinh i the tiem nang phat trien ndng nghiep ciia chau Phi khdng cao nhu cac chau luc khac Trudc thirc te dan sd tang cao dat trdng trgt khan hiem tinh trang bo dat hoang khdng canh lac a chau Phi nga) cang tra nen nghiem trpng Dieu do ddi hdi chinh phu cd sir dau tu ldn de

36 ^ Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI amp TRU^G OOXG s6 10 (50) thang 102009

Cach mang Xanh 06 Dire Dinh-Tran Tbj Lan Hudng

tang do mau md cho dat Bai hgc tir chau A cho thay phan bdn thude trir sau la mot trong nhiing yeu td ca ban dan den thanh cdng ciia cupc Cach mang Xanh lan thir nhat tuy nhien ddng thdi cung can cd su han che d mirc dp can thiet de tranh nhirng tac ddng tieu cue tir viec su dung qua nhieu phan bdn thude trir sau dam bao sir ben virng ciia mdi trudng ciing nhu siic khoe cua con ngudi

c Cdi tao vd sic dung cdc loai gidng mai cho sdn luang vd ndng sudt cao han Hau bet cac loai gidng cay trdng vat nudi hien nay cua chau Phi deu cd siic chiu dimg tdt vdi dieu kien thdi tiet khi hau khac nghiet ciia chau Phi nhung san lugng va nang suat rat thap Tinh trang nay da timg dien ra d chau A trudc khi thuc hien Cach mang Xanh nhung chau A da khac phuc dugc han che nay nhd cai tao cac loai gidng cay trdng vat nudi Chau Phi ngay nay ciing cd the ap dung giai phap nay dua cac loai gidng mdi vao de thuan hda hoac lai tao vdi cac loai gidng tdt ciia chau Phi de tao ra giong vira cho nang xuat cao vira thich nghi tot vdi dieu kien chau Phi

d Ben canh nhiing yeu td tir nhien - ky thuat nhu nude phan bdn thude trii sau gidng cay trdng vat nudi Cach mang Xanh cdn ddi hoi phdt trien ndng nghiep - ndng thdn mot cdch todn dien tren cdc mat tic kinh te den vdn hda xd hoi gido due dai sdng bao gdm cdc loai chinh sdch bien phap nhu xay dung cdc td ddi cdng hap tdc xd cdc hdi ndng ddn thanh nien phu nic cue ca sa khuyen ndng hd tra vd huang ddn ky thuat canh tdc cdc ngdn hdng xd hdi cung cap tin dung nhd thuc hien xoa ddi giam ngheo xay dung he thdng dien dudng truang trai cha Kinh nghiem chau A cho thay Cach mang Xanh khdng the thuc hien thanh cdng neu chi dan thuan ap dung cac bien phap ky thuat ma phai cd sir ket hgp giira cac yeu td ky thuat vdi chinh sach kinh te - xa hdi Do la nhirng viec nhieu nude chau A da

thirc hien thanh cdng khdng cd ly do gi ma cac nude chau Phi klidng the lam dugc trir khi hp khdng cd y chi hay khdng cd gan de lam viec dd Mot trong nhirng vi du dien hinh cho cac loai giai phap dd la viec dau lu co sd ha tang ndng thdn de ha thap chi phi dau vao cho ndng nghiep lam gia tang san lugng ca trdng gdp phan vao sir phat trien nong thon loan dien Mat do dudng xa a chau Phi ngay nay cdn thap ban d An Do nam 1960 khien chi phi van tai tang rat cao Chi phi van tai 1 tan san a mien Trung chau Phi chiem tdi 60 gia ban le hang boa nay khien san xuat khdng phat trien thuong mai ndng nghiep bi dinh tre nong dan da ngheo cang ngheo ban Nua the k) trudc Cach mang Xanh chau A gat hai dugc thanh cdng nhd mot phan a viec chinh phu dau lu ca sd ha tang ndng nghiep ndng thdn ddng thdi vdi viec huy ddng sire ngudi sire cua trong dan de md rdng dudng xa cau cdng Ngay nay chau Phi cung cd the tham khao va ap dung kinh nghiem dd Tuy nhien vdi dieu kien dac thii ciia chau Phi chinh phii khong du nang lire va tien ciia de dau tu loan bd nhung chinh phii co the ket hgp sir dau tu ho trg ciia minh vdi viec huy ddng sir ddng gdp cua cdng ddng bao gdm cac hd ndng dan cac td chirc xa hdi cac ca quan vien trg cac cdng ty kinh doanh tu nhan cac nha bao tam de phat Irien ndng nghiep nong thdn theo hudng phai trien Cach mang Xanh Van de cdn lai la chinh phu phai minh bach phai co du nang lire de trien khai danh gia va giam sat viec thuc hien nghiem tiic cac du an tranh tham 6 lang phi

e Hap tdc qudc te vd khu vice Id mot loai gidi phdp quan trong cua Cdch mang Xanh nd bd sung cho nhicng khiem khuyet a ben trong mdi nude dua nUn ndng nghiep qudc gia cua cdc nuac ngheo vuan tai dat trinh do qudc le tiep can thi trudng thi gidi khu vice lir dd phdt trien nen ndng nghiep khdng chi de dam bao tu cdp tic tuc a trong nuac md cdn cd du

Tap chi nghien ciiu CIIAU PHI amp TKUXG DOXG so 10 (50) thang 102009- 37


khd ndng phdt trien nen nong nghiep hdng hda hdi nhap qudc te cao Chinh nhd biet tranh thii sir hgp tac nay ma cac nude chau A da tim kiem dugc nhirng loai gidng tdt nhiing ky thuat va cdng nghe canh tac tien tien nhiing phuang phap canh tac hieu qua md rdng thi trudng hang hda ndng san ra khap the gidi Ngay nay trong xu the toan cau hda cdng nghe cao va kinh te tri thirc nhung kha nang cho hgp tac qudc te va khu virc ngay cang nhieu va rdng md vdi cac nude chau Phi Han niia cac nude chau Phi cdn cd ca kho kinh nghiem ldn va quy bau ciia chau A de tham khao Day la CO hdi ldn de cac nude chau Phi day manh hgp tac lien ket qudc te va khu virc thuc hien Cach mang Xanh trong bdi canh qudc k mdi vdi nhirng dieu kien thuan Igi va kha nang thanh cdng cao

So vdi nua the ky trudc day khi chau A thirc hien Cach mang Xanh the gidi ngay nay da cd nhieu thay ddi md ra nhieu ca hdi nhirng ddng thdi cung dat ra nhieu thach thirc ma cac nude chau Phi phai vugt qua de phat trien ndng nghiep dam bao an ninh luang thuc Ca hdi ma chau Phi cd ban chau A trudc day la loan cau hoa la cdng nghe sinh hgc phat trien la kinh nghiem thanh cdng va that bai ciia chau A va My Latinh qua nhiki thap ky thuc hien Cach mang Xanh Nhung mat khac cai kem ciia chau Phi hien nay la xuit phat diem thap Neu nhu trudc day khi bit tay vao thuc hien Cach mang Xanh nhieu nude chau A nhu An Do Viet Nam Han Qudc Thai Lan da cd mot tap quan canh tac tuang ddi kha mot he thdng ca sd ha ting dap iing dugc nhieu dieu kien ciia Cach mang Xanh cd mot mang ludi tudi tieu tuang ddi rdng da xay dimg dugc kha nang cdng nghe dk san xuat phan bdn cd nhung loai gidng dugc nghien ciru phii hgp vdi ddng rudng nhd dd da nhanh chdng ap dung Cach mang Xanh tren quy md ldn dua ndng nghiep cSt canh nhanh thi trai

lai hien nay he thdng ndng nghiep chau Phi van cdn le thugc rat nhieu vao dieu kien tir nhien phuang phap canh tac sa khai lugng mua it di he thdng thiiy Igi yeu kem cac loai gidng chua dugc cai tao cac phuang tien lam dat tdi thieu nhu may cay may xdi hau nhu chua san xuat dugc phai nhap khau phan ldn tir ben ngoai Thuc te do ddi hdi chau Phi co mot thdi gian de vugt qua giai doan thap kem hien nay chuan bi nhirng tien de can thiet de den giai doan tiep theo bat kip vdi nhiing cai mdi cai hien dai bat kip chau A va the gidi

Thach thirc ldn nhat ddi vdi chau Phi hien nay la chua tim ra dugc mot giai phap thich hgp vi vay viec dau tien cdn lam Id chinh cdc nuac chau Phi phdi tic nhan thicc duac tdm quan trong sdng cdn ciia Cach mang Xanh ddi vdi ho de tic do tu xay dung cho minh mot chien lucre vd chuang trinh hdnh dong ro rdng mot quyet tdm thuc hien bang duac ciide Cdch nigng Xanh tai chau Phi Dii cho sir hgp tac vdi ben ngoai la can thiet den dau di niia nhung khdng ai cd the thay cac nude chau Phi thirc hien tdt ban dugc nhiem vu nay

Khi da cd mot chien luge va mot chuang trinh hanh ddng tdt thi cac nude chau Phi co the khac phuc dugc nhung khd khan thach thirc khac nhu sir khan higm cac ngudn tai nguyen ndng nghiep su km len cua trai dk nhiing tac ddng lieu circ ciia toan c4u boa va gan day nhat la khiing hoang kinh te loan ck Cach mang Xanh d chau Phi can phai dua tren mot he thdng da dang boa vg he sinh thai kiln thirc ciia cdng ddng dia phuang dac thii ciia ca cau dan cu Cach mang Xanh chau Phi c k cd sir dam bao ciia mot he thdng chinh sach ddng bd nhat la sir cam ket chinh tri manh me va cd djnh hudng dai ban tir phia chinh phii trong dau tu huy dgng ngudn luc chinh sach tai chinh tin dung ddng thdi can cd sir phoi hgp chat che giua chinh phii doanh nghiep va cac nha tai trg nude ngoai de hgp tac dk tu

38 Tap chi nghien ciru CIIAU PHI amp TKUXG OOXG so 10 (50) thang 102009


phat trien ca sd ha tang dao tao ky nang quan ly dich benh dieu chinh chinh sach vT md lien quan den ndng nghiep cung cap cac khoan tin dung can thiet cho ndng dan de hg co the mua hat gidng phan bdn ap dung cdng nghe tien tien cai tien phuang thirc canh tac va tiep can thi trudng hang boa

La nhirng tac gia Viet Nam thuc hien bai viet nay chiing tdi xin cd ddi Idi ndi ve kinh nghiem phat trien ndng nghiep va ve mdi quan he hgp tac giua Viet Nam vdi cac nude chau Phi trong ITnh vuc ndng nghiep Ve kinh nghiem ngirdi ndng dan Viet Nam cd cau nhdt nuac nhi phdn tam cdn tic gidng Dd la nhiing bai hgc da dugc ndng dan Viet Nam due ket qua hang nghin nam vdi nhieu the he thay phien nhau canh tac tren ddng rupng Ngay nay vdi Cach mang Xanh nhirng kinh nghiem dd khdng nhirng khdng bi thay the ma cdn dugc tiep tuc phat buy va nang cap thdng qua viec ap dung nhiing ky thuat cao ban cua Cach mang Xanh Chinh nhd ket hgp nhirng kinh nghiem truyen thdng vdi viec ap dung phuang phap canh tac mdi hien dai ma Viet Nam sau 20 nam Ddi Mdi tir giua thap nien 1980 den nay da dao ngugc dugc linh the lir mpl nude thieu ddi luong thuc trd thanh nude xuat khau gao ldn thir hai the gidi (sau Thai Lan) mdi nam xuat khau tren 5 trieu tan gao vira giam nhanh ty le ngheo ddi dam bao an ninh luang thuc vira tang nhanh lugng gao xuat khau tang thu ngudn vdn ngoai te de phiic vu cho muc lieu tang dau tu phat trien kinh te - xa hdi Viet Nam va cac nude chau A khac da lam dugc nhu vay khdng cd ly do gi de cac nude chau Phi khdng lam dugc Chac chan cac nude chau Phi cung se lam dugc mien la hp cd y chi cd quyet tam chinh tri cao biet ket hgp viec phat huy tiem nang va truyen thong san cd vdi tham khao va ap diing kinh nghiem lien tien ciia cac nude da thuc hien thanh cdng Cach mang Xanh

Ve hgp tac ndng nghiep den na)- Viet Nam da cir hang chuc nghin chmen gia sang giiip cac nude chau Phi phat trien ndng nghiep dien binli la tai cac nude nhu Angola Algeria Libya Congo Namibia Sudan Mozambique Tanzania Senegal Benin Madagascar Tai cac nude nay chuyen gia Viet Nam da co nhirng ddng gdp tich cue mang lai hieu qua thiet thuc dugc nhieu nude chau Phi danh gia cao Cac chuyen gia Viet Nam vdi tinh than biixi nghi hgp tac cd nhieu kinh nghiem ihuc tien da gan giii giiip dd ndng dan mpl sd nude chau Phi ve ky thuat trdng liia nude chan nudi bao ve thuc vat giam sat va xay dung cac cdng trinh thuy Igi thuc hien cac chuang trinh hgp tac san xuat chuyen giao cdng nghe ky thuat chan nuoi iha) doi each chan nudi lu nliien sang tham canh su dung nguen lieu dia phuong chan nudi tieu gia siic phat trien thuy Igi cai lao gidng cai tao dat dam bao an ninh luang thuc xoa ddi giam ngheo phoi hgp va day manh cac boat ddng Irao doi ve xual nhap khau hang ndng san nhu gao ca phe che hat lieu dieu Su hpp lac vii giiip dd cua chuNcn gia Viet Nam da gdp phan dua nang suat trdng liia d mpl sd nude chau Phi lir 1 tanha len 5-6 tanha cd nai 6-7 tanha gdp phan dam bao an ninh luang thuc Cac phuang thirc hgp tac hieu qua da dan dan dugc mo ra nhu hgp tac hai ben ba ben va nhieu ben hgp tac thong qua cac du an qudc te quoc gia cua cac nude chau Phi va Viet Nam Day manh sir hgp lac nay chac chan Viet Nam va cac nude chau Phi se tiep tuc dai dugc nhung ket qua kha quan ban nira vi Igi ich cua nhan dan Viet Nam a nhan dan chau Phi giam nhanh ddi ngheo dam bao an ninh luong thirc tang cudng xual khau lam giau tir ddng dat que huang

4 Giai phap thay loi ket luan

Hau bet cac nghien ciru ve each mang Xanh deu tap trung vao khia canh ky thuat cong nghe Gan day da cd iiidt sd nghien ciru xem

Tup chinghiHn ciiu CIIAU PHI amp TKUXG OOXG so 10 (50) thang 102009- 39

Do Dire Ojnh-Tran Thi Lan Hudng Cach mang Xanh

xet each mang Xanh bang phuong phap tiep can toan dien ban Trong bai viet nay chiing tdi ciing xem xet each mang Xanh tren quan diem tiep can toan dien va chiing tdi di den ket luan la eugc each mang Xanh chau A thanh cdng khdng chi do nhiing nguyen nhan thugc ve cdng nghe ma cdn do cac nude chau A da thuc hien ba nlidm giai phap ca ban sau 1- Giai phap kinh te va cdng nghe 2- Giai phap chinh tri va xa hdi va 3- Hgp tac khu vuc va qudc te Chung tdi cho rang cac nude chau Phi cd the ap dung ba nhdm giai phap tren de cd the tien hanh xoa ddi giam ngheo hieu qua Cu the la

Gicu phdp 1 Thuc hien nhdm giai phdp kinh te vd cdng nghe

Nhdm giai phap nay dugc tien hanh ket hgp giira eugc each mang Xanh lan thir nhat va cuge each mang Xanh lan thir hai gdm

- Tang dau tu thuang mai tren quy md ldn va nbo

- Ap dung cac loai gidng cay trdng mdi nhu liia gao liia my hat ngu cdc va cac loai cay trdng khac

- Phat trien tudi tieu de dam bao cung cap day dii nude cho ndng nghiep

- Tang cudng va sii dung tdt ban cac loai phan bdn boa hpc va thude trir sau

- Ket hgp cac ky nang quan ly mdi vdi cac phuong phap canh tac truyen thdng

- Thuc day cdng nghe gen va cdng nghe sinh hgc

- Tang cudng nghien cim va thdng tin v6 nhiing ITnh vuc lien quan

- Phat trien kinh doanh ndng nghiep

- Md rdng thi trudng hang hoa ndng nghiep

- Tang cudng che bien cac san pham ndng nghiep

- Cai thien chuoi gia trj trong phat trien ndng nghiep

- Tranh nhiing tac ddng tieu cue nham phat trien ndng nghiep va ndng thdn ben virng

Gicu phdp 2 Ap dung cdc hien phdp chinh tri vd xd hdi ddc biet khuyen khich su tham gia cua ddng dao cdc thanh phdn kinh te-xd hdi

Trong ITnh vuc nay can phai cd su cam ket manh me ciia chinh quyen trung uang va dia phuang trong viec thuc hien each mang Xanh dac biet la phai ban hanh dugc khung chinh sach can thiet cac ITnh vuc uu tien dau tu im tien tiep can tin dung va giam thue Ben canh dd can phai cd su hd trg va khuyen khich manh me sir tham gia ciia ddng dao cac thanh phan kinh te- xa hdi cu the la

- Cac vien nghien cim RampD cac nha ndng hpc cac nha khoa hpc cac hgp tac xa ndng dan va hd gia dinh ^ f -

- Hiep hdi ndng dan hdi phu nir doan thanh nien

- Cac nha tai trg dia phuong va qudc te nhu cac td chirc chinli phii (GOs) cac td chirc qudc te (IGOs) va cac td chirc phi chinh phii (NGOs)

- Cong ddng doanli nghiep bao gdm ca doanh nghiep nha nude doanh nghiep tu nhan doanh nghiep nude ngoai

Giai phdp ba Ma rang hop tdc khu vice vd qudc te

- Tang cudng hgp tac ndng nghiep vdi cac nude phuang Nam thdng qua viec dam phan va thuc hien hieu qua cac cam ket trong vdng dam phan Doha

- Thiic day hgp tac Nam - Nam trong ndng nghiep dac biet la hgp tac ba ben giiia Viet Nam mot nude chau Phi va mot td chirc quoc te nhu FAO hoac mot nude phat trien ban nhu Nam Phi

4 0 Tap chi nghien ciru CIIVU PHI amp TKU G OOXG s6 10 (50) thang 102009


- Md rdng hgp lac khu vuc trong khudn khd Lien minh chau Phi cac td chirc khu vuc ciia chau Phi hoac giira cac td chiic chau Phi a cac td chirc chau A nhu ASEAN

- Tang vien trg ODA va dau tu doi vdi phat trien ndng nghiep cua cac nude dang phat trien dac biet la phat trien ndng nghiep hang hoa

Vdi nhirng nhdm giai phap nhu tren h) vpng cupc each mang Xanh se dem lai mot bd mat mdi cho chau Phi tir na den giua the ky XXI

Chii thich

Cac nude chau A ap dung thanh cong each

mang Xanh lan I co the ke den la An Do

Indonesia Philippine Viet Nam

TheogoodnevNsindiacom

Theo Hira Jhaintani The Green Revolution in

Asia Lessons for Africa

^ IFPRl 2020 Discussion Paper 41 82005

Tai lieu tham khao

1 Tran Thi Lan Huong Cdch mang Xanh chau

Phi vd nhimg vdn de dot ra trong phdt trien ndng

nghiep a chau Phi Tap chi Nghien ciiu Chau Phi

va Trung Dong so 8 nam 2008 i- bull

2 Tran Thj Lan Huong Dieu kien lir nhien vd

thuc trgng phdt trien ndng nghiep hien nay a chau

Phi Tap chi Nghien cuu Chau Phi a Trung Dong

so I nam 2009 _

3 Alexander Sarris Outlook Opportunities and

Constraints for African Agricultural Markets and

Trade FAO 12-13112007

4 Christopher L Delgado Africas Changing

Agricultural Development Strategies Past and

Present Papadigms as a Guide to the Future

international Food Polic) Research Institute

(IFPRl) Discussion Paper 3 2006

5 Lidia Cabral and Ian Scoones Narratives of

Agricultural Policy in ifrica What Role ior

Ministries of Agriculture Future Agricultures

Consonium Workshop 32006

6 NEPAD Comprehensive ifrica Agriculture

Development Programme h 2003

7 Steven Haggblade Building on Successes in

African Agriculture International Food Polic

Research Institute (IFPRl) Focus 12 Brief lot 10

42004

8 Enonomic Commission for Africa Toward a

Green Revolution in ifrica Harnessing Science

and Technology for Sustainable Modernisation of

Agricuture and Rural Transformation

fSXLARTAGRIj hme 2003 | mdash-f

9 Hans llolmen Why no Green Revolulion in

Africa Current Issue in International Ruial

Development African Agricuture Toda 82004

10 Keijiro Otsuka -i Summaiv of the

Workshop on Green Revolulion in -Isia ami iis

Transferability lo Africa International

Development Research Institute

11 The Rockefeller Foundation Africas Turn

a New Green Revolution for the 21 Century iu

2006

12 Dnih Do Diic (chu bien) 2006 -77

chinh tri - kinh le co ban cua chau Pin NXB

KHXH

13 Djnh Do Diic (chu bien) 2008 bullbullNam Phi

Con dudng tien tdi ddn chu cdng bang vd thinh

vOTg NXB KHXH

14 Djnh Do Dire Quan he hop tac Vict Nam -

chau Phi Tc Cong san so 82 nam 2005

15 Cac trang web wvsvvenwikipedia

www capechambercoa w vvviicdacoa

wwvwoiidbankorii vvvvvvfaooriz

Tap chi nghien ciru CIIAU PHI amp TKUXG OOXG so 10 (50) thang 102009- 41

Cach mang Xanh Do Dire Oinh-Tran Thi Lan Hudng

Khi thuc hien Cach mang Xanh sd vu trong nam tang len nang suat lua gao ciing tang len dat 5 tanha Nhd cd viec ap dung cac gidng liia mdi cai thien he thdng tudi tieu ngudi dan chau A da cd the gieo trdng canh tac ca trong miia khd Nhd nhirng thay ddi dd san lugng luang thuc tren dau ngudi thuc te da tang gap ddi gap ba Ddi sdng ciia ngudi ndng dan ngay cang dugc cai thien

Ba yeu td chii yeu lam nen cuge Cach mang Xanh chau A lan thir nhat trong giai doan 1960-1990 la +) Md rdng dien tich dk canh tac bang viec xay dimg va cai thien he thdng tudi tieu +) Sir dung phan bdn va hat gidng mdi de tang nang suat cay trdng +) Nha nude dong vai trd chii dao trong viec hoach dinh cac chinh sach phat trien ndng nghiep

Cupc Cach mang Xanh lan thir nhat da dem lai thanh cdng cho nhieu nude chau A tren hai phuong dien chinh Thic nhat do ap dung thanh cdng cdng nghe hien dai ve phan bdn va hat giong cung cap day dii lugng nude tudi tieu nhd xay dung he thdng dap muong mang kenh ngdi nen san lugng luang thuc d cac nude chau A da tang tir 80-100 Tai An Do nhd thuc hien Cach mang Xanh dien tich dat canh tac da tang tir 19 trieu ha nam 1960 len 155 trieu ha nam 1970 rdi 43 trieu ha nam 1980 va 64 trieu ha nam 1990 San lugng luong thuc tang tir 82 trieu tan nam 1960 len 1084 trieu tan nam 1970) rdi 1296 trieu tSn nam 1980 va 1764 trieu tan nam 1990l Cuge Cach mang Xanh lan thir nhat da dua An Do trd thanh mot trong nhirng nude san xuat ndng nghiep ldn nhat tren the gidi trong thdi ky nay ma khdng mot qudc gia nao thirc hien Cach mang Xanh cd the dat dugc nhirng thanh cdng nhu vay Tir mot nude ludn thieu thdn luang thuc An Dp trd thanh nude xuat khau luong thuc trong thdi ky nay Ciing vdi An Dp ngudi ndng dan d nhieu nude chau A khac cung dugc hudng nhung vu miia cho nang suat

cao ket hgp vdi viec cai tien ky nang quan ly tren dong rudng ciia minh Hau bet ndng dan cac nude Dong Nam A da hpc dugc ky nang gieo hat cay trdng den ky nang quan ly tudi tieu Hg ciing hgc dugc each tir cai tien hat gidng sao cho hieu qua ban tren ddng rudng ciia minh Vi vay nang suat lao ddng va san lugng cay trdng tang rat cao Thic hai Cach mang Xanh dem den mot xa hdi hoan loan kliac cho hau bet cac lang mac viing ndng thon Ngudi dan da chuyen tir phuong phap canh tac truyen thdng sang phuang phap canh tac hien dai Cupc Cach mang Xanh la nguyen nhan thiic day cai each rudng dat dem lai quyen sd hiru dat dai cho mpi ngudi dan nang cao thu nhap giam ngheo lam tha ddi bd mat ndng thdn Hon nira cupc Cach mang Xanh da dem lai nliihig tac ddng kinh te rat kha quan Do Cach mang Xanh ddi hdi phai cd nhieu nude tudi tieu nhieu phan bdn boa chat cho nen da keo theo nhu cau xay dirng nhieu con dap mdi phat trien he thdng thuy dien lam biing nd mpl sd nganh cdng nghiep dia phuong tao ca hdi phat trien viec lam nang cao thu nhap va cai thien ddi sdng ciia ndng dan gdp phan tang nhanh tdc dp tang truong GDP Cung nhd Cach mang Xanh An Dp da tra dugc nhiing khoan ng tir Ngan hang The gidi

Tuy nhien Cach mang Xanh lan thir nhat a chau A da vap phai mot sd van de Thir nhat Cach mang Xanh a chau A thanh cdng la nhd vao viec sir dung nhieu phan bdn va chi dugc ap dung trong nhiing viing dat dugc tudi tieu day dii do vay chi cd the ap dung ddi vdi cac loai cay trdng nhu lua gao va liia mi Khi nude tudi tieu khdng day dii nhiing thanh qua cua cuge Cach mang Xanh bi anh hudng nghiem trgng Tai An Do cuge Cach mang Xanh da khdng dem lai nhirng thanh cdng lau dai Trong giai doan 1979-1987 An Dp phai hiing chiu nhirng dgl han ban gagt- gat thach ihirc nhirng thanh qua lau dai cua cuge Cach mang

Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI amp TKUXG raquo6XG so 10 (50) thang 102009- 31








ddi ndi chau Phi


























Ch dien tich

55 7

26

12 100

au A San lugng

(tanha) 55 15

22

20 395

dien I

12 44

31

13 100


(tSnha) 55

1 5

22

20 1 226 i





Cac yeu to


Chau A

40 20163 100-200

30 (An Do) 072

Chau Phi can Xabara

38 867 9-10 100 013




























































Chii thich








Tai lieu tham khao








so I nam 2009 _



Trade FAO 12-13112007















42004















2006



KHXH



vOTg NXB KHXH














ddi ndi chau Phi


























Ch dien tich

55 7

26

12 100

au A San lugng

(tanha) 55 15

22

20 395

dien I

12 44

31

13 100


(tSnha) 55

1 5

22

20 1 226 i





Cac yeu to


Chau A

40 20163 100-200

30 (An Do) 072

Chau Phi can Xabara

38 867 9-10 100 013




























































Chii thich








Tai lieu tham khao








so I nam 2009 _



Trade FAO 12-13112007















42004















2006



KHXH



vOTg NXB KHXH






























Ch dien tich

55 7

26

12 100

au A San lugng

(tanha) 55 15

22

20 395

dien I

12 44

31

13 100


(tSnha) 55

1 5

22

20 1 226 i





Cac yeu to


Chau A

40 20163 100-200

30 (An Do) 072

Chau Phi can Xabara

38 867 9-10 100 013




























































Chii thich








Tai lieu tham khao








so I nam 2009 _



Trade FAO 12-13112007















42004















2006



KHXH



vOTg NXB KHXH









Cac yeu to


Chau A

40 20163 100-200

30 (An Do) 072

Chau Phi can Xabara

38 867 9-10 100 013




























































Chii thich








Tai lieu tham khao








so I nam 2009 _



Trade FAO 12-13112007















42004















2006



KHXH



vOTg NXB KHXH


























































Chii thich








Tai lieu tham khao








so I nam 2009 _



Trade FAO 12-13112007















42004















2006



KHXH



vOTg NXB KHXH







CACH MANG XANH: THANH CONG Q CHAU A, TAI SAO KHONG Q ...

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