Bridgeproceduresguide2007pdf

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Bridgeproceduresguide2007pdf

You'reReadingaFreePreviewPages6to7arenotshowninthispreview.You'reReadingaFreePreviewPages14to17arenotshowninthispreview.You'reReadingaFreePreviewPages28to62arenotshowninthispreview.CONTENTSPage5GLOSSARY,TERMSANDABBREVIATIONSGUIDANCETOMASTERSANDNAVIGATINGOFFICERS101BRIDGEORGANISATION101010111111121213131314141414151.11.21.2.11.2.21.2.31.2.41.2.51.2.61.2.71.2.81.2.91.2.101.2.111.2.121.31.3.1OverviewBridgeresourcemanagementandthebridgeteamCompositionofthenavigationalwatchunderthaSTCWCodeWatchkeepingarrangementsundertheSTCWCodeReassessingmanninglevelsduringthevoyageSolelook-outThebridgeteamThebridgeteamandthemasterWorkingwithinthebridgeteamNewpersonnelandfamiliarisationPreventionoffatigueAlcoholconsumptionUseofEnglishThebridgeteamandthepilotNavigationpolicyandcompanyproceduresMaster’sstandingorders162PASSAGEPLANNING16161717171718191919202020202121212223232.12.22.32.3.12.3.22.3.32.3.42.42.52.62.6.12.6.22.72.7.12.7.22.7.32.7.42.82.92.10OverviewResponsibilityforpassageplanningNotesonpassageplanningPlanappraisalChartsandpublicationsThepassageplanPassageplanningandelectronicnavigationsystems

NotesonpassageplanninginoceanwatersNotesonpassageplanningincoastalorrestrictedwatersMonitoringthepassageplanVisualmonitoringtechniquesRadarmonitoringtechniquesPassageplanningandpilotagePre-arrivalplanningPre-arrivalinformationexchangewiththepilotPilotonboardPreparingtheoutwardboundpilotageplanPassageplanningandship’srouteingPassageplanningandshipreportingsystemPassageplanningandvesseltrafficservices243DUTIESOFTHEOFFICEROFTHEWATCH(OOW)2424242424253.13.1.13.1.23.1.33.1.43.1.5OverviewMaster’srepresentativePrimarydutiesInsupportofprimarydutiesAdditionaldutiesBridgeattendanceICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE125252626272728282929303031313132333333343435353535363636363.23.2.13.2.23.2.33.2.43.2.53.2.63.2.73.33.3.13.3.23.3.33.3.43.43.4.13.4.23.53.5.13.5.23.5.33.5.43.63.6.13.73.7.13.7.23.7.33.7.43.7.5WatchkeepingMaintainingalook-outGeneralsurveillanceWatchkeepingandtheCOLREGSRecordingbridgeactivitiesPeriodicchecksonnavigationalequipmentChangingoverthewatchCallingthemasterNavigationGeneralprinciplesNavigationoncoastalorrestrictedwatersNavigationwithapilotonboardAtanchorControllingthespeedanddirectionoftheshipUseoftheenginesSteeringcontrolRadiocommunicationsGeneralSafetywatchkeepingonGMDSSshipsLogkeepingTestingofequipmentandfalsealertsPollutionpreventionReportingobligationsEmergencysituationsGeneralReportingSearchandrescueHelicopteroperationsPiracy374OPERATIONANDMAINTENANCEOFBRIDGEEQUIPMENT37373738383940404041414141414242424343434343444444444444444.14.24.2.14.2.24.2.34.2.44.34.3.14.3.24.44.4.14.4.24.4.34.4.44.54.5.14.5.24.5.34.64.6.14.6.24.6.34.6.44.74.7.14.7.24.7.34.84.9GeneralRadarGoodradarpracticeRadarandcollisionavoidanceRadarandnavigationElectronicplottingdevicesAISAISoverviewAISoperationVoyageDataRecorder(VDR)andSimplifiedVoyageDataRecorder(S-VDR)VDRandS-VDRoverviewVDRrequirementsS-VDRrequirementsPreservingrecordsSteeringgearandtheautomaticpilotTestingofsteeringgearSteeringcontrolOff-coursealarmCompasssystemMagneticcompassGyrocompassCompasserrorsRateofturnSpeedanddistancemeasuringlogTypesofspeedmeasurementDirectionofspeedmeasurementRecordingofdistancetravelledEchosoundersElectronicposition-fixingsystems2ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE45454546474748484848484949505353545455564.9.14.9.24.9.34.104.10.1410.24.10.34.10.44.114.11.14.11.24.11.34.11.44.11.54.124.12.14.12.24.12.34.12.44.13HyperbolicpositioningsystemsGlobalnavigationsatellitesystemUseofelectronicposition-fixingsystemsIntegratedBridgeSystems(IBS)Wokstations,bridgedesignandlayoutIBSequipmentIBSandtheautomationofnavigationfunctionsUsingIBSCharts,ECDISandnauticalpublicationsCarriageofchartsandnauticalpublicationsOfficialnauticalchartsUseofchartsandnauticalpublicationsElectronicchartsandelectronicchartdisplaysystemsElectronicchartdisplaysystemsRadiocommunicationsGMDSSradiocommunicationfunctionsGMDSSequipmentEmergencycommunicationsRoutineandgeneralcommunicationsEmergencynavigationlightsandsignalingequipment55DYNAMICPOSITIONING57575858595.15.25.35.45.5GeneralOperationalplanningonDPshipsNavigationinDPmodeControllingspeedanddirectioninDPmodeOperationandmaintenanceofDPsystem606MARITIMEPILOTAGE606060616162626363646.16.26.36.46.56.66.76.86.96.10PrinciplesforthesafeconductofpilotageProvisionsofinformationforberth-to-berthpassageplanningMaster/pilotinformationexchangeDutiesandresponsibilitiesPreparationforpilotagePilotboardingConductofpassageinpilotagewatersBerthingandunberthingOthermattersStandardreferencesANNEXESPARTA–COMMUNICATIONS66676870717273A1A2A3A4A5A6A7Shiptoshore:Master/PilotExchangeShoretoship:Pilot/MasterExchangePilotcardWheelhouseposterRequiredboardingarrangementsforpilotsDistressalertandthefrequenciestouseGuidanceonsteeringgeartestroutinesPARTB–BRIDGECHECKLISTS7577B1B2FamiliarisationwithbridgeequipmentPreparationforseaICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE3798081828384858687888990B3B4B5B6B7B8B9B10B11B12B13B14PreparationforarrivalinportPilotagePassageplanappraisalNavigationincoastalwatersNavigationinoceanwatersAnchoringandanchorwatchNavigationinrestrictedvisibilityNavigationinheavyweatherorintropicalstormareasNavigationiniceChangingoverthewatchCallingthemasterPre-operationalDPchecklistPARTC–EMERGENCYCHECKLISTS9293949596979899C1C2C3C4C5C6C7C8MainengineorsteeringfailureCollisionStrandingorgroundingManoverboardFireFloodingSearchandrescueAbandoningship4ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEGLOSSARY,TERMSANDABBREVIATIONSAISAutomaticIdentificationSystemAMVERAutomatedMutual-AsistanceVesselRescueSystem:aworlwidevoluntarysystemoperatedexclusivelytosupportSARandtomakeinformationavailabletoallRCCsARCSAdmiraltyRasterChartService:electronicrasterchartsproducedbytheUnitedKingdomHydrographicOfficeARPAAutomaticRadarPlottingAidASFAdditionalSecondaryFactor:correctionstobeappliedwhenplottingLoranCpositionsonchartstotakeintoaccountvariationsintheconductivityoftheearth’ssurfaceoverwhichthesignalspassATAAutomaticTrackingAid:electronicplottingdeviceforradarsCESCoastEarthStation:maritimenameforanInmarsatshore-basedstationlinkingshipearthstationswithterrestrialcommunicationnetworksDPDynamicPositioning:theabilityofashiptomaintainautomaticallyapre-setpositionandheadingbyusingherownpropellersandthrustersDPODynamicPositioningOperator,usuallyabridgewatchkeeperDSCDigitalSelectiveCalling:atechniqueusingdigitalcodeswhichenablearadiostationtoestablishcontactwith,andtranferinformationto,anotherstationorgroupofstationsEBLElectronicBearingLine:aradarfeatureECDISElectronicChartDisplayandInformationSystemECSElectronicChartDisplayEGCEnhancedGroupCall:partoftheInmarsatsystemthatcomplementstheNAVTEXsystemtosupplySafetyNETandsimilarinformationbroadcastservicesENCElectronicNavigationalChartCOLREGSConventiononthInternationalRegulationsforPreventingCollisionsatSea,1972,asamendedEPEstimatedPositionCOSPAS-SARSATAsatellitesystemdesignedtodetectdistressbeaconstransmittingonthefrequency406MHzEPAElectronicPlottingAid:electronicplottingdeviceforradarsDATUMAdatumisareferencesystemforspecifyingpositionsontheearth’ssurface.Eachdatumisassociatedwithaparticularreferencesheroidthatcanbedifferentinsize,orientationandrelativepositionfromthespheroidsassociatedwithotherhorizontaldatums.PositionsreferredtodifferentdatumscandifferbyseveralhundredmetresEPIRBEmergencyPositionIndicatingRadioBeacon:adevicethattransmitsdistressalertingsignalsusuallyviasatellitesDGPSDifferentialGlobalPositioningSystem(seeGNSS)FPSO/FGSOFloatingProduction,StorageandOffloading/FloatingGasStorageOffloadingship/vesselorunit:andoil/gasproductionfacilityGLONASSGlobalNavigationSatelliteSystem(GNSS)DOCDocumentofComplianceissuedtotheshipoperatorundertheISMCodeICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE5GMDSSGlobalMaritimeDistressandSafetySystem:aglobalcommunicationsservicebaseduponautomatedsystems,bothsatelliteandterretrial,toprovidedistressalertingandpromulgationofmaritimesafetyinformationformarinersGNSSGlobalNavigationSatelliteSystem:aworldwidepositionandtimedeterminationsystemthatincludesoneormoresatelliteconstellationsandreceiversGOCGeneralOperator’sCertificate:aGMDSSradiooperator’scertificateforuseonshipstradingbeyondGMDSSSeaAreaA1.ThisisnowusuallyincorporatedintotheSTCWqualificationsofdeckofficersattheoperationallevelGPSGlobalPositioningSystem(seeGNSS)HFHighFreqencyHPRHydroacousticPositionReference:aPRSoftenusedinconjunctionwithDP,configuredwithseaflooracoustictranspondersIAMSARInternationalAeronauticalandMaritimeSearchandRescueManual:publishedjointlybyICAOandIMOIBSIntegratedBridgeSystemICAOInternationalCivilAviationOrganization:MontrealbasedUnitedNationsintergovernmentalbodyIHOInternationalHydrographicOrganization:MonacobasedintergovernmentalbodyILOInternationalLabourOrganization:GenevabasedUnitedNationsintergovernmentalbody,responsibleforseafearers’employmentstandardsIMOInternationalMaritimeOrganization:LondonbasedUnitedNationsintergovernmentalbody,responsibleforthesafetyoflifeatsea,includingnavigationalrules,andtheprotectionofthemarineenvironment6ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEINMARSATInternationalMobileSatelitteOrganization:operatorofasystemofgeostationarysatellitesforworlwidemobilecommunicationsservicesandwhichsupportsGMDSSISFInternationalShippingFederation:globalemployers’organizationforshipowners(sisterorganizationofICS)ISMCodeInternationalSafetyManagementCodeITUInternationalTelecommunicationUnion:GenevabasedUnitedNationsintergovernmentalbodyLLInternationalConventiononLoadLines,1966,asamendedLSALifeSavingAppliance(s)MARPOLInternationalConventionforthePreventionofPollutionfromShips,1973asmodifiedbytheProtocolof1978,asamendedMFMediumFrequencyMMSIMaritimeMobileServiceIdentity:9-digitITUidentificationnumberallocatedtoshipsoperatingDSCMOBManOverboardMRCCMaritimeRescueCo-ordinationCentre:alternativenameforRCCfavouredbycertainadministrationsMSIMaritimeSafetyInformation:navigationalandmeteorologicalwarnings,forecastsandotherurgentsafetyrelatedmessagesbroadcasttoshipsNAVAREAOneofthe16areasintowhichtheworld’soceanshavebeendividedforthedisseminationoflongrangenavigationalandmeteorologicalwarningsundertheWWNWSNAVTEXTelegraphysystemforbroadcastingmarineweatherforecasts,navigationalwarnings,SARalertsandotherwarningsandurgentinformationtoshipsincoastalwaters(upto400nauticalmiles)undertheWWNWSNBDPNarrow-BandDirectPrintingtelegraphyusedforradiotelexandNAVTEXNOAANationalOceanic&AtmosphericAdministration:UnitedStatesproducerofelectronicrasterchartsOOWOfficeroftheWatchPRSPositionReferenceSystem:anavigationalsensor(e.g.DGPS)usedinconjuctionwithaDPsystemSARTSearchandRescueTransponder:aportableradartransponderforuseinsurvivalcraft,whichtransmitshomingsignalsinthe9GHzbandSENCSystemElectronicNavigationalChart:adatabasethatcomprisesENCdata,ENCupdatesandotherdataaddedbyhemarinerthatisaccessedby,anddisplayedon,theECDISSESShipEarthStation:shipbornesatellitecommunicationstation,usedforexchangingmessageswithshoresubscribersandshipsSMCPStandardMarineCommunicationPhrases:anupdatedversionofSMNVthatincludesphrasesthathavebeendevelopestocoverthemostimportantsafety-relatedfieldsofverbalcommunicationsRCCRescueCo)ordinationCentre:aunitresponsibleforpromotingtheefficientorganisationofSARservicesandforco-ordinatingtheconductofSARoperationswithinaSARregionSMNVStandardMarineNavigationalVocabulary:adoptedbyIMOforcommunicationsonboardshipaswellasforthosebetweenshipandshoreRCDSRasterChartDisplaySystemSMPEPShipboardMarinePollutionEmergencyPlanRENCRegionalElectronicNavigationalChartCoordinatingCentre:supplierofofficialchartdataSMSSafetyManagementSystemundertheISMCodeRNCRasterNavigationalChartROCRestrictedOperator’sCertificate:aGMDSSradiooperator’scertificateforuseonshipstradingonlyinGMDSSSaeAreaA1R/TRadioTelegraphyS-57Edition3IHO’slatesttransferstandardfordigitalhydrographicdataforusewithECDISSafetyNETINMARSATserviceforpromulgatingMSItoshipsonthehighseas;itincludesshore-to-shiprelaysofdistressalertsandcommunicationsforSARcoordinationSARSearchandRescue/InternationalConventiononMaritimeSearchandRescue,1979SOLASInternationalConventionfortheSafetyofLifeatSea,1974,asamendedSOPEPShipboardOilPollutionEmergencyPlanSTCWInternationalConventiononStandardsofTraining,CertificationandWatchkeepingforSeafearers,1978,asamendedSTCWCodeSeafearer’sTraining,CertificationandWatchkeepingCode,appendedtotheSTCWConventionS-VDRSimplifiedVoyageDataRecorderTMCTransmittingMagneticCompassUMSUnmannedMachinerySpaceICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE7VDRVoyageDataecorderVRMVariableRangeMarker:aradarfeatureVTSVesselTrafficServicesWENDWorldElectronicNavigationalChartDatabaseWGS84WorldGeodeticSystem1984datumWMOWorldMeteorologicalOrganization:GenevabasedUnitedNationsintergovernmentalbody8ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEWWNWSWorld-WideNavigationalWarningService:establishednyIMOincollaborationwithIHOforthedisseminationofnavigationalwarningstoshipsWWRNSWorld-WideRadioNavigationSystem:terrestrialandsatelliteradio-navigationsystemsthathavebeenacceptedbyIMOascapableofprovidingadequatepositioninformationtoanunlimitednumberofshipsXTECrossTrackErrorGUIDANCETOMASTERSANDNAVIGATINGOFFICERSICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE911.1BRIDGEORGANISATIONOVERVIEWGeneralprinciplesofsafemanningshouldbeusedtoestablishthelevelsofmanningthatareappropriatetoanyship.Atalltimes,shipsneedtobenavigatedsafelyincompliancewiththeCOLREGSandalsotoensurethatprotectionofthemarineenvironmentisnotcompromised.Aneffectivebridgeorganisationshouldefficientlymanagealltheresourcesthatareavailabletothebridgeandpromotegoodcommunicationandteamwork.Theneedtomaintainaproperlook-outshoulddeterminethebasiccompositionofthenavigationalwatch.Thereare,however,anumberofcircumstancesandconditionsthatcouldinfluenceatanytimetheactualwatchkeepingarrangementsandbridgemanninglevels.Effectivebridgeresourceandteammanagementshouldeliminatetheriskthatanerroronthepartofonepersoncouldresultinadangeroussituation.Thebridgeorganisationshouldbeproperlysupportedbyaclearnavigationpolicyincorporatingshipboardoperationalprocedures,inaccordancewiththeship'ssafetymanagementSystemasrequiredbytheISMCode.1.2BRIDGERESOURCEMANAGEMENTANDTHEBRIDGETEAM1.2.1CompositionofthenavigationalwatchundertheSTCWCodeIndeterminingthatthecompositionofthenavigationalwatchisadequatetoensurethataproperlook-outcanbecontinuouslymaintained,themastershouldtakeintoaccountallrelevantfactorsincludingthefollowing:•visibility,stateofweatherandsea;•trafficdensity,andotheractivitiesoccurringintheareainwhichtheshipisnavigating;•theattentionnecessarywhennavigatinginorneartrafficseparationschemesorotherrouteingmeasures,orwithinindustriallycontrolledworkzones;•theadditionalworkloadcausedbythenatureoftheship'sfunctions,immediateoperatingrequirementsandanticipatedmanoeuvres;•thefitnessfordutyofanycrewmembersoncallwhoareassignedasmembersofthewatch,includingcompliancewithapplicableworkhourregulations;•knowledgeofandconfidenceintheprofessionalcompetenceoftheship'sofficersandcrew;•theexperienceofeachOOW,andthefamiliarityofthatOOWwiththeship'sequipment,proceduresandmanoeuvringcapability;•activitiestakingplaceonboardtheshipatanyparticulartime,includingradiocommunicationactivities,andtheavailabilityofassistancetobesummonedimmediatelytothebridgewhennecessary;10ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE•theoperationalstatusofbridgeinstrumentationandcontrols,includingalarmsystems;•rudderandpropellercontrolandshipmanoeuvringcharacteristics;•thesizeoftheshipandthefieldofvisionavailablefromtheconningposition;•theconfigurationofthebridge,totheextentsuchconfigurationmightinhibitamemberofthewatchfromdetectingbysightorhearinganyexternaldevelopment;•ifworkinginanactiveDPmode,theneedforadedicated,competentDPOtobeinchargeofthepositioningoftheshipandtheoperationoftheDPsystem;•anyotherrelevantstandard,procedureorguidancerelatingtowatchkeepingarrangementsandfitnessforduty.1.2.2WatchkeepingarrangementsundertheSTCWCodeWhendecidingthecompositionofthewatchonthebridge,whichmayincludeappropriatelyqualifiedratings,thefollowingfactors,interalia,mustbetakenintoaccount:•theneedtoensurethatatnotimeshouldthebridgebeleftunattended;•weatherconditions,visibilityandwhetherthereisdaylightordarkness;•proximityofnavigationalhazardswhichmaymakeitnecessaryfortheOOWtocarryoutadditionalduties;•useandoperationalconditionofnavigationalaidssuchasradarorelectronicpositionindicatingdevices,DPsystemsandtheirassociatedpositionreferencesystems,andanyotherequipmentaffectingthesafenavigationoftheship;•whethertheshipisfittedwithautomaticsteeringoranyformofdynamicpositioningability;•whetherthereareradiodutiestobeperformed;•unmannedmachineryspace(UMS)controls,alarmsandindicatorsprovidedonthebridge,proceduresfortheiruseandlimitations;•anyunusualdemandsonthenavigationalwatchthatmayariseasaresultofspecialoperationalcircumstances.1.2.3ReassessingmanninglevelsduringthevoyageAtanytimeonpassage,itmaybecomeappropriatetoreviewthemanninglevelsofanavigationalwatch.Changestotheoperationalstatusofthebridgeequipment,theprevailingweatherandtrafficconditions,thenatureofthewatersinwhichtheshipisnavigating,fatiguelevelsandworkloadonthebridgeareamongthefactorsthatshouldbetakenintoaccount.Apassagethroughrestrictedwatersmay,forexample,necessitateahelmsmanformanualsteering,andcallingthemasteroraback-upofficertosupportthebridgeteam.IftheshipisengagedinoperationsnecessitatingmanoeuvringcontrolusingDP,thenitisusuallynecessarytodeployoneormoreadditionalofficerstoactexclusivelyinthecapacityofDPO.1.2.4Solelook-outUndertheSTCWCode,theOOWmaybethesolelook-outindaylightconditions(seesection3.2.1.1).ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE11Ifsolelook-outwatchkeepingistobepractisedonanyship,clearguidanceshouldbegivenintheshipboardoperationalproceduresmanual,supportedbymaster'sstandingordersasappropriate,andcoveringasaminimum:•underwhatcircumstancessolelook-outwatchkeepingcancommence;•howsolelook-outwatchkeepingshouldbesupported;•underwhatcircumstancessolelook-outwatchkeepingmustbesuspended.Itisalsorecommendedthatbeforecommencingsolelook-outwatchkeepingthemastershouldbesatisfied,oneachoccasion,that:•theOOWhashadsufficientrestpriortocommencingwatch;•inthejudgementoftheOOW,theanticipatedworkloadiswellwithinhiscapacitytomaintainaproperlook-outandremaininfullcontroloftheprevailingcircumstances;•back-upassistancetotheOOWhasbeenclearlydesignated;•theOOWknowswhowillprovidethatback-upassistance,inwhatcircumstancesback-upmustbecalled,andhowtocallitquickly;•designatedback-uppersonnelareawareofresponsetimes,anylimitationsontheirmovements,andareabletohearalarmorcommunicationcallsfromthebridge;•allessentialequipmentandalarmsonthebridgearefullyfunctional.1.2.5ThebridgeteamThebridgeteamisestablishedsothatthemosteffectiveusecanbemadeofavailablemanpowerinorderthatestablishedworkproceduresarefollowed,riskisminimisedandshipsarenavigatedsafely.Allship'spersonnelwhohavebridgenavigationalwatchdutieswillbepartofthebridgeteam.Themasterandpilot(s),asnecessary,willsupporttheteam,whichwillcomprisetheOOW,ahelmsmanandlook-out(s)asrequired.TheOOWisinchargeofthebridgeandthebridgeteamforthatwatch,untilrelieved.Itisimportantthatthebridgeteamworkstogetherclosely,bothwithinaparticularwatchandacrosswatches,sincedecisionsmadeononewatchmayhaveanimpactonanotherwatch.Thebridgeteamalsohasanimportantroleinmaintainingcommunicationswiththeengineroomandotheroperatingareasontheship.1.2.6ThebridgeteamandthemasterItshouldbeclearlyestablishedinthecompany'sSafetyManagementSystemthatthemasterhastheoverridingauthorityandresponsibilitytomakedecisionswithrespecttosafetyandpollutionprevention.Themastershouldnotbeconstrainedbyashipownerorchartererfromtakinganydecisionwhichinhisprofessionaljudgement,isnecessaryforsafenavigation,inparticularinsevereweatherorreducedvisibility.Thebridgeteamshouldhaveaclearunderstandingoftheinformationthatshouldberoutinelyreportedtothemaster,oftherequirementstokeepthemasterfullyinformed,andofthecircumstancesunderwhichthemastershouldbecalled(seebridgechecklistB13).Whenthemasterhasarrivedonthebridge,hisdecisiontotakeovercontrolofthebridgefromtheOOWmustbeclearandunambiguous(seesection3.2.7).12ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEThemastershouldconsiderthebenefitoftheOOWretainingcontrolofnavigation.Suchactioncouldstrengthenthebridgeteamasthemastermayprovidemoreeffectivesupportandmonitoringinthisrole1.2.7Workingwithinthebridgeteam1.2.7.1AssignmentofdutiesDutiesshouldbeclearlyassigned,limitedtothosedutiesthatcanbeperformedeffectively,andclearlyprioritised.Teammembersshouldbeaskedtoconfirmthattheyunderstandthetasksanddutiesassignedtothem.Thepositivereportingoneventswhileundertakingtasksanddutiesisonewayofmonitoringtheperformanceofbridgeteammembersanddetectinganydeteriorationinwatchkeepingperformance.1.2.7.2Co-ordinationandcommunicationTheabilityofship'spersonneltoco-ordinateactivitiesandcommunicateeffectivelywitheachotherisvitalduringemergencysituations.Duringroutineseapassagesorportapproachesthebridgeteampersonnelmustalsoworkasaneffectiveteam.Abridgeteamwhichhasaplanthatisunderstoodandiswellbriefed,withallmemberssupportingeachother,willhavegoodsituationawareness.Itsmemberswillthenbeabletoanticipatedangeroussituationsarisingandrecognisethedevelopmentofachainoferrors,thusenablingthemtotakeactiontobreakthesequence.Allnon-essentialactivityonthebridgeshouldbeavoided.Cautionshouldbeexercisedregardingtheuseofmobilephonesbymembersofthebridgeteam(seesection3.1.4).1.2.8NewpersonnelandfamiliarisationThereisageneralobligationundertheISMCodeandtheSTCWConventionforship'spersonnelnewtoaparticularshiptoreceiveshipspecificfamiliarisationinsafetymatters.TheISMCodealsorequirestrainingneedsinsupportoftheSMStobebothidentifiedandimplemented.Forthosepersonnelthathaveadirectinvolvementinshipoperationssuchaswatchkeeping,areasonableperiodoftimemustbeallocatedforthemtobecomeacquaintedwiththeequipmentthattheywillbeusingandanyassociatedshipprocedures.Thefamiliarisationproceduresmustbecoveredinwritteninstructionsthatthecompanyisrequiredtoprovidetothemaster.Anofficermustberesponsibleforthebridgeequipmentandforone-to-onetrainingofnewpersonnel,inacommonlanguage,ideallysupportedbychecklists(seebridgechecklistB1).Thisresponsibilityspecificallyincludesnavigationalaidsasfitted,includingbutnotlimitedtoECDIS,ECS,ARPA,AIS,RadarandEchoSounder.Self-teachingmanuals,videosorcomputerbasedtrainingprogrammesareexamplesofothermethodsthatcouldbeusedonboardship.1.2.9PreventionoffatigueInordertopreventfatigue,theSTCWCodestipulatesthatbridgeteammembersmusttakemandatoryrestperiods.Restperiodsofatleast10hoursinany24hourperiodarerequired.Iftherestistakenintwoseparateperiods,oneofthoseperiodsmustbeatleast6consecutinehours.However,theminimumperiodof10hoursmaybereducedtonotlessthan6consecutivehoursprovidedthatanysuchreductiondoesnotextendbeyondtwodays,andnotlessthan70hoursrestisprovidedduringeachseven-dayperiod.ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE13TheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)initsConventionILO180,whichissubjecttoportstatecontrol,stipulatesaminimumrestperiodforseafearersinanysevendayperiodof77hours.Thisstandardislikelytobemorewidelyenforcedfollowingtheadoptionin2006oftheILOMaritimeLabourConvention.DetailedguidanceisavailableintheISFpublicationILOMaritimeLabourConvention2006–aGuidefortheShippingIndustry.TheIMOandILOworkhourrequirementsarecomplicated,asarethemandatoryrequirementstomaintainindividualseafearer’workhourrecords.ISFhasthereforeproducedcomputersoftware(ISFWatchkeeper)tohelpshipoperatorscomply.IMOhaspublishedguidanceregardingfatiguemitigationandmanagement–GuidanceonFatigue.1.2.10AlcoholconsumptionTheSTCWCodeadvisesgovernmentstoprescribeamaximumbloodalcohollevelof0.08%forship'spersonnelduringwatchkeepingandtoprohibitalcoholconsumptionwithin4hourspriortocommencingawatch.Portstates,flagstateadministrationsandcompaniesmayhavemorestringentpolicies.TheOilCompaniesInternationalMarineForum(OCIMF)hasestablishedamaximumbloodalcohollevelof0.04%.1.2.11UseofEnglishTheSTCWCoderequirestheOOWtohaveknowledgeofwrittenandspokenEnglishthatisadequatetounderstandcharts,nauticalpublications,meteorologicalinformationandmessagesconcerningtheship'ssafetyandoperations,andadequatetocommunicatewithothershipsandcoaststations.In2201,IMOadoptedtheStandardMarineCommunicationPhrases(SMCP)whichreplacetheStandardMarineNavigationalVocabulary(SMNV).Communicationswithinthebridgeteamneedtobeunderstood.Communicationsbetweenmultilingualteammembers,andinparticularwithratings,shouldeitherbeinalanguagethatiscommontoallrelevantbridgeteammembersorinEnglish.Whenapilotisonboard,thesameruleshouldapply.Further,whenapilotiscommunicatingtopartiesexternaltotheship,suchastugs,theshipshouldrequestthatthepilotalwayscommunicateinEnglishoralanguagethatcanbeunderstoodonthebridge.Alternatively,thepilotshouldalwaysbeaskedtoexplainhiscommunicationstothebridgeteam,sothattheshipisawareofthepilot'sintentionsatalltimes.(SeeSOLASChapterVRegulation14.4)1.2.12ThebridgeteamandthepilotWhenthepilotisonboardaship,hewilltemporarilyjointhebridgeteamandshouldbesupportedaccordingly(seesection3.3.3).1.3NAVIGATIONPOLICYANDCOMPANYPROCEDURESEveryshipowningormanagementcompanyshouldhaveasafetymanagementpolicy.Itshouldprovidepracticalguidanceconcerningsafenavigationandincludeaclearstatementemphasisingthemaster’sauthority.ThecompanyshouldestablishintheSMSthatthemasterhastheoverridingauthorityandtheresponsibilitytomakedecisionswithrespecttosafeyandpollutionpreventionandtorequestthecompany’sassistanceasmaybenecessary.Theguidanceshouldcover:•allocationofbridgewatchkeepingdutiesandresponsibilitiesfornavigationalprocedures;•proceduresforvoyageplanningandexecution;14ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE•chartandnauticalpublicationcorrectionprocedures;•procedurestoensurethatallessentialnavigationequipmentandmainandauxiliarymachineryareavailableandfullyoperational;•adviceconcerningemergencyresponses;•shippositionreportingprocedures;•accidentandnearmissreportingprocedures;•recordingofvoyageevents;•proceduresforfamiliarisationtrainingandhandoveratcrewchanges;•arecognisedsystemforidentifyingspecialtrainingneeds;•companycontacts,includingthedesignatedpersonundertheISMCode.1.3.1Master'sstandingordersShipboardoperationalproceduresmanualssupportedbystandinginstructionsbaseduponthecompany'snavigationpolicyshouldformthebasisofcommandandcontrolonboard.Master'sstandingordersshouldbewrittentoreflectthemaster'sownparticularrequirementsandthecircumstancesparticulartotheship,hertradeandtheexperienceofthebridgeteamcurrentlyonboard.Standingordersandinstructionsshouldoperatewithoutconflictwithintheship'sSafetyManagementSystem.Standingordersshouldbereadbyallofficersuponjoiningtheship,andsignedanddatedaccordingly.Acopyoftheordersshouldbeavailableonthebridgeforreference.1.3.1.1BridgeorderbookInadditiontogeneralstandingorders,specificinstructionsmaybeneededforspecialcircumstances.Atdailyintervals,themastershouldwriteinthebridgeorderbookwhatisexpectedoftheOOW,withparticularreferencetohisrequirementsduringthehoursofdarkness.TheseordersmustbesignedbyeachOOWwhengoingonwatch.ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE1522.1PASSAGEPLANNINGOVERVIEWPassageplanningisnecessarytosupportthebridgeteamandensurethattheshipcanbenavigatedsafelybetweenportsfromberthtoberththroughriskassessmentofhazardsandwaypointselection.Thepassageplanshouldcoverocean,coastalandpilotagewaters.Theplanmayneedtobechangedduringthevoyage;forexample,thedestinationportmaynothavebeenknownormayalter,oritmaybenecessarytoamendtheplanfollowingconsultationwiththepilot.Iftheplanischangedduringthevoyage,thebridgeteamoneachwatchshouldbeconsultedandbriefedtoensurethattherevisedplanisunderstood.Thepassageplanshouldaimtoestablishthemostfavourableroutewhilemaintainingappropriatemarginsofsafetyandsafepassingdistancesoffshore.Whendecidingupontheroute,thefollowingfactorsareamongstthosethatshouldbetakenintoaccount:•themarineenvironment;•theadequacyandreliabilityofchartedhydrographicdataalongtheroute;•theavailabilityandreliabilityofnavigationaids,coastalmarks,lightsandradarconspicuoustargetsforfixingtheshipalongtheroute;•anyrouteingconstraintsimposedbytheshipe.g.draught,typeofcargo;•areasofhightrafficdensity;•weatherforecastsandexpectedcurrent,tidal,wind,swellandvisibilityconditions;•areaswhereonshoresetcouldoccur;•shipoperationsthatmayrequireadditionalsearoome.g.tankcleaningorpilotembarkation;•regulationssuchasships'routeingschemesandshipreportingsystems;•thereliabilityofthepropulsionandsteeringsystemsonboard.Theintendedvoyageshouldbeplannedpriortodepartureusingappropriateandavailablecorrectedchartsandpublications.Themastershouldcheckthatthetrackslaiddownaresafe,andthechiefengineershouldverifythattheshiphassufficientfuel,waterandlubricantsfortheintendedvoyage.Inaddition,thedutyofthemastertoexerciseprofessionaljudgementinthelightofchangingcircumstancesremainsabasicrequirementforsafenavigation.2.2RESPONSIBILITYFORPASSAGEPLANNINGInmostdeepseashipsitiscustomaryforthemastertodelegatethetaskofpreparingplantotheofficerresponsiblefornavigationalequipmentandpublications.Inotherships,themastermayplanthevoyagehimself.16ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEIrrespectiveofwhocarriesoutthetaskofpassageplanning,itremainstheresponsibilityofthemastertoensurethatthepassageplanprovidesthebasisofsafenavigationfortheintendedvoyage.Whileresponsibilityfortheplaninpilotagewatersrestswiththeship,thepilotonboarding,orbeforeifpracticable,shouldadvisethemasterofanylocalcircumstancessothattheplancanbeupdated(seesection2.7).Whileresponsibilityfortheplaninpilotagerestswiththemaster,anynecessaryamendmentsmaytakeplacesubsequenttotheMaster/PilotExchange(seesection2.7).2.3NOTESONPASSAGEPLANNINGInaccordancewithIMOResolutionA.893(21)GuidelinesforVoyagePlanning,therearefourdistinctstagesintheplanningandachievementofasafepassage:•Appraisal;•Planning;•Execution;•Monitoring.2.3.1PlanappraisalBeforeplanningcancommence,thecharts,publicationsandotherinformationappropriateforthevoyagewillneedtobegatheredtogetherandstudied.ApassageappraisalchecklistisincludedinthisGuideasbridgechecklistB5.2.3.2ChartsandpublicationsOnlyofficialnauticalchartsandpublicationsshouldbeusedforpassageplanning,andtheyshouldbefullycorrectedtothelatestavailablenoticestomarinersandradionavigationwarnings.Anymissingchartsandpublicationsneededfortheintendedvoyageshouldbeidentifiedfromthechartcatalogueandobtainedbeforetheshipsails(seesection4.11).Forcoastalandpilotageplanningandforplottingeachcoursealterationpoint(orwaypoint),largescalechartsshouldbeused.Foroceanpassageplanningandopenwaterlegs,thelargestscalechartsthatareappropriateshouldbeused.2.3.3TherouteplanTherouteplanshouldincorporatethefollowingdetails:•plannedtrackshowingthetruecourseofeachleg;•legdistances;•anyspeedchangesrequiredenroute;•abort/cancellationpointsforcriticalmanoeuvres;•wheeloverpositionsforeachcoursealteration,whereappropriate;•turnradiusforeachcoursealteration,whereappropriate;•maximumallowableoff-trackmarginsforeachleg,whereappropriate.ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE17Atanytimeduringthevoyage,theshipmayneedtoleavetheplannedroutetemporarilyatshortnotice.MarkingonthechartrelativelyshallowwatersandminimumclearingdistancesincriticalseaareasisonetechniquewhichwillassisttheOOWwhenhavingtodecidequicklytowhatextenttodeviatewithoutjeopardisingsafetyandthemarineenvironment.However,inusingthistechnique,careshouldbetakennottoobscurechartfeatures.Onpapercharts,onlypencilshouldbeused.Thepassageplanshouldalsotakeintoaccounttheneedtomonitortheship'spositionalongtheroute,identifycontingencyactionsatwaypoints,andallowforcollisionavoidanceinlinewiththeCOLREGS.Appropriatedetailsofthepassageplanmaybecopiedsothattheplancanbereadilyreferredtoatthemainconningposition.2.3.4PassageplanningandelectronicnavigationSystems2.3.4.1PlanningusingelectronicchartdisplaySystemsPassageplanningcanbeundertakeneitheronpaperchartsorusinganelectronicchartdisplayandinformationsystem(ECDIS)displayingelectronicnavigationalcharts(ENC),subjecttotheapprovaloftheflagstateadministration.RasterchartdisplaySystems(RCDS)displayingrasternavigationalcharts(RNC)canbeusedforpassageplanninginconjunctionwithpapercharts(seesection4.11).WhenpassageplanningusingECDIS,thenavigatingofficershouldbeawarethatasafetycontourcanbeestablishedaroundtheship.Thecrossingofasafetycontour,byattemptingtoenterwaterwhichistooshalloworattemptingtocrosstheboundaryofaprohibitedorspeciallydefinedareasuchasatrafficseparationzone,willbeautomaticallyindicatedbytheECDISwhiletherouteisbothbeingplannedandexecuted.Whenpassageplanningusingacombinationofelectronicandpapercharts,particularcareneedstobetakenattransitionpointsbetweenareasofelectronicandpaperchartcoverage.Thevoyageinvolvesdistinctpilotage,coastalandoceanwaterphases.Planningwithinanyonephaseofthevoyageshouldbeundertakenusingeitherallelectronicorallpaperchartsratherthanamixofcharttypes.Whereapassageisplannedusingpapercharts,careshouldbetakenwhentransferringthedetailsoftheplantoanelectronicchartdisplaysystem.Inparticular,thenavigatingofficershouldensurethat:•positionsaretransferredto,andareverifiedon,electronicchartsofanequivalentscaletothatofthepaperchartonwhichthepositionwasoriginallyplotted;•anyknowndifferenceinchartdatumbetweenthatusedbythepaperchartandthatusedbytheelectronicchartdisplaysystemisappliedtothetransferredpositions;•thecompletepassageplanasdisplayedontheelectronicchartdisplaysystemischeckedforaccuracyandcompletenessbeforeitisused.2.3.4.2TransferringrouteplanstoothernavigationaidsCaremustbetakenwhentransferringrouteplanstoelectronicnavigationaidssuchasGPS,sincetheship'spositionthatiscomputedbythenavaidislikelytobeinWGS84datum.RouteplanssenttotheGPSformonitoringcrosstrackerrorsmustthereforebeofthesamedatum.Similarlyinthecaseofradars,routesandmapsdisplayedontheradarwillbereferencedtothepositionoftheship.Caremustthereforebetakentoensurethatmapsandplanstransferredto,orpreparedon,theradararecreatedinthesamedatumasthenavaid(typicallyaGPS)whichisconnectedto,andtransmittingpositionsto,theradar.18ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE2.4NOTESONPASSAGEPLANNINGINOCEANWATERSWhenplanningoceanpassages,thefollowingshouldbeconsulted:•smallscaleoceanplanningandrouteingchartsprovidinginformationonoceancurrents,winds,icelimitsetc.;•gnomonicprojectionoceanchartsforplottinggreatcircleroutes,whenappropriate;•theloadlinezonecharttoensurethattheLoadLine(LL)Rulesarecompliedwith;•chartsshowinganyrelevantships'routeingschemes.Anticipatedmeteorologicalconditionsmayhaveanimpactontheoceanroutethatisselected.Forexample:•favourableoceancurrentsmayofferimprovedoverallpassagespeedsoffsettinganyextradistancetravelled;•iceorpoorvisibilitymaylimitnortherlyorsoutherlyadvanceinhighlatitudes;•requirementsforballastwaterexchangemaycausetherouteselectedtobeamendedinviewofforecastoranticipatedsearoom;•thepresenceofseasonaltropicalstormactivitymaycallforcertainwaterstobeavoidedandanallowancemadeforsearoom.DetailsofweatherrouteingservicesforshipsarecontainedinlistsofradiosignalsandinVolumeDoftheWorldMeteorologicalOrganization(WMO)PublicationNo.9.Long-rangeweatherwarningsarebroadcastontheSafetyNETServicealongwithNAVAREAnavigationalwarningsaspartoftheWorld-WideNavigationalWarningService(WWNWS).Landfalltargetsneedtobeconsideredandidentifiedastotheirlikelyradarandvisualrangesand,inrespectoflights,theirrisinganddippingrangesandarcs/coloursofsectoredlights.2.5NOTESONPASSAGEPLANNINGINCOASTALORRESTRICTEDWATERSBycomparisonwithopenwaters,marginsofsafetyincoastalorrestrictedwaterscanbecritical,asthetimeavailabletotakecorrectiveactionislikelytobelimited.Themanoeuvringcharacteristicsoftheshipandanylimitationsorpeculiaritiesthattheshipmayhave,includingreliabilityproblemswithitspropulsionandsteeringsystems,mayinfluencetherouteselectedthroughcoastalwaters.Inshallowwaterparticularly,allowanceshouldbemadeforreducedunderkeelclearancecausedbyshipsquat,whichincreaseswithshipspeed(seesection3.3.2).Ships'routeingschemesrestrictedareasandreportingsystemsalongtheroute,aswellasvesseltrafficservices,shouldbetakenintoaccount(seesections2.8,2.9and2.10).Coastalweatherbulletins,includinggalewarningsandcoastalnavigationalwarningsbroadcastbycoastradiostationsandNAVTEX,mayrequirechangestobemadetotherouteplan.2.6MONITORINGTHEPASSAGEPLANItisimportantthatwhenarouteisplannedthroughcoastalorrestrictedwaters,dueconsiderationisgiventoensuringthattheprogressoftheshipcanbemonitoredeffectively.ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE19Therefore,therouteplanshould,ifpossible,bereadilyavailableatthemainconningpositionsothatcontinuousmonitoringcanbeperformedeasily.Ofparticularimportanceistheneedtomonitorthepositionoftheshipapproachingthewheeloverpositionattheendofatrack,andcheckingthattheshipissafelyonthenewtrackafterthealterationofcourse.Thepassageplanshouldincludedetailsregardingtherequiredfrequencyofposition-fixing,regardlessofwhetherornotelectronicnavigationsystemsareused,andshouldalsoincludedetailsregardingcross-checkingtheship’spositionbyothermeans,includingwhenelectronicnavigationsystemsareused.Distinctivechartfeaturesshouldbeusedformonitoringtheship'spositionvisually,byradarandbyechosounder,andthereforeneedtobeanintegralpartofthepassageplan.2.6.1VisualmonitoringtechniquesAhead,transitscanprovidealeadinglinealongwhichashipcansafelysteer.Abeam,transitsprovideareadycheckforusewhenalteringcourse.Atanchor,severaltransitscanbeusedtomonitortheship'sposition.Bearinglinescanalsobeeffectivelyused.Aheadmark,orabearinglineofaconspicuousobjectlyingaheadonthetrackline,canbeusedtosteertheship,whileclearingbearingscanbeusedtocheckthatashipisremainingwithinasafearea.2.6.2RadarmonitoringtechniquesWhenradarconspicuoustargetsareavailable,effectiveusecanbemadeofradarclearingbearingsandranges.Shipswithgoodathwartshiptrackcontrolcanuseclearingbearingstomonitortheadvanceofashiptowardsawheeloverposition,whileparallelindexingcanbeusedtocheckthattheshipismaintainingtrackandnotdriftingtoportorstarboard.Fordetailsonradarandnavigation,refertosection4.2.3ofthisGuide.2.7PASSAGEPLANNINGANDPILOTAGEThissectionshouldbereadinconjunctionwithsection3.3.3(Navigationwithapilotonboard)andsection6(Maritimepilotage).2.7.1Pre-arrivalplanningApreliminaryplanshouldbepreparedcoveringpilotagewatersandtherolesofthebridgeteampersonnel.AplanshouldstillbepreparedevenifthemasteroftheshiphasaPilotageExemptionCertificatefortheport.Planningforanchoringofftheportorabortingportentryintheeventofproblemsarisingshouldfeatureaspartoftheplan.Theplanshouldalsoidentifychartedfeaturesthatwillassistmonitoringprogressandincludecontingencymeasuresintheeventofprimaryequipmentfailure,poorvisibilityetc.ThePilotCardshouldalsobeupdated.TheCardcontainsinformationondraughtandship'sspeedthatisliabletochangeastheloadingconditionoftheshipchanges,aswellasachecklistofequipmentavailableandworking(seeannexA3).20ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE2.7.2Pre-arrivalinformationexchangewiththepilotItisrecommendedthatapre-arrivalexchangeofinformationtakeplacewiththepilotbeforeboarding,particularlywherethemasterhaslimitedlocalknowledgeofthepilotagewaters.Aninformationexchangeinitiatedbytheshipapproximately24hoursbeforethepilot'sETAwillallowsufficienttimeformoredetailedplanningtotakeplacebothontheshipandashore.Theexchangewillalsoallowcommunicationsbetweentheshipandthepilottobefirmlyestablishedbeforeembarkation.ShiptoShoreMaster/PilotExchangeandShoretoShipPilot/MasterExchangeformscanbeusedforthispurpose(seeannexesA1andA2).Theseformsareintendedonlytoprovideabasis;theexactdetailoftheformscanvaryfromshiptoship,tradetotrade,orindeedfromporttoport.Itisneverthelessrecommendedtokeeppreliminaryinformationexchangetoaminimum,andlimittheinformationtothatwhichisstrictlynecessarytoassistinplanningthepilotage.Ifappropriate,theShoretoShipPilot/MasterExchangeformcanbesupportedbyagraphicalrouteplan.Incertainpilotageareas,thepassagecanlastforseveralhours,inwhichtimecircumstancescanaltersignificantlynecessitatingchangestotheplan.Thepreferredwayofworkingwithinanypilotageareacanalsovarybetweenpilots.Themasterandthepilotshouldexchangeinformationregardingnavigationalprocedures,localconditionsandrulesandtheship’scharacteristicsand,asappropriate,berthing.Thisinformationexchangeshouldbeacontinuousprocessthatgenerallycontinuesforthedurationofthepilotage.2.7.3PilotonboardThepilotagepassageplanwillneedtobediscussedwiththepilotassoonashecomesonboard.Anyamendmentstotheplanshouldbeagreed,andanyconsequentialchangesinindividualbridgeteamresponsibilitiesmade,beforepilotagecommences.Thepilotagepassageplanshouldbediscussedwithallmembersofthebridgeteampriortothepilotboardingthevessel.Themastershouldadvisethebridgeteamthatthepilotwilleffectivelybeanewmemberoftheship’sbridgeteam,whomaynotbefamiliarwiththevessel’sequipmentorhandlingcharacteristics.Themastershouldemphasieithatthepresenceofapilotaboardthevesseldoesnotreleasethebridgeteamfromtheirrespectivedutiesorresponsibilities.Wherepre-arrivalexchangehasnottakenplaceextratimeandsearoommayneedtobeallowedbeforepilotagecommencesinordertodiscusstheplanfully(seesection3.3.3.3).ThepilotshouldbehandedthePilotCard(seeannexA3)andshowntheWheelhousePoster(seeannexA4).TheWheelhousePosterprovidesasummaryofshipmanoeuvringinformation.Amanoeuvringbookletcontainingmoredetailedinformationmayalsobeavailableonthebridge.Therewillbecircumstanceswhenadebriefbetweenoneofthebridgeteamandthepilotcouldidentifyimprovementsintheconductoffuturepilotageoperations.2.7.4PreparingtheoutwardboundpilotageplanAfterberthingandbeforethepilotdepartstheship,theopportunityshouldbetakentodiscusstheoutwardboundpilotagepassageplanwiththepilot,bearinginmindthattheprecisewayofworkingwithinanypilotageareacanvarybetweenpilots.However,theoutwardpilotistheindividualwithwhomtherelevantMaster/Pilotexchangetakesplaceandwithwhomtheoutwardboundpilotageplanshouldbediscussedandagreed.ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE212.8PASSAGEPLANNINGANDSHIPS'ROUTEINGShips'routeingmeasureshavebeenintroducedinanumberofcoastalwatersto:•reducetheriskofcollisionbetweenshipsinareasofhightrafficdensities;•keepshippingawayfromenvironmentallysensitiveseaareas;•reducetheriskofgroundinginshallowwaters.Theuseofships'routeingmeasuresshouldformpartofthepassageplan.Ships'routeingmeasurescanbeadoptedinternationallybyIMO.Suchschemesarerecommendedforuseby,andmaybemademandatoryfor,allships,certaincategoriesofshipsorshipscarryingcertaincargoes.Mandatoryships'routeingschemesshouldalwaysbeusedunlesstheshiphascompellingsafetyreasonsfornotfollowingthem.IMOrouteingschemeswillbeshownonchartswithanoteofanypertinentprovisionsastotheiruse.FullerdetailsmaybedescribedinSailingDirections.TheIMOpublicationsShips'RouteingandAmendmentstoShips'Routeingcontainfulldescriptionsofeachschemeandanyrulesapplying,butthispublicationisproducedprimarilyforthebenefitofadministrations.Itisnotkeptuptodateasregularlyasnauticalpublications,whichshouldalwaysbeconsultedforthelatestinformation.ElementsusedinrouteingSystemsinclude:•trafficseparationscheme-arouteingmeasureaimedattheseparationofopposingstreamsoftrafficbyestablishingtrafficlanes;•trafficlane-areaswithindefinedlimitsinwhichone-waytrafficflowsareestablished;•separationzoneorline-ameanstoseparatetrafficlanesinwhichshipsareproceedinginoppositeornearlyoppositedirectionsinordertoseparatetrafficlanesfromadjacentseaareasortoseparatedifferenttrafficlanes;•roundabout-aseparationpointorcircularzoneandacirculartrafficlanewithindefinedlimits;•inshoretrafficzone-adesignatedseaareabetweenthelandwardboundaryofatrafficseparationschemeandanadjacentcoast;•recommendedroute-arouteofundefinedwidth,fortheconvenienceofshipsintransit,whichisoftenmarkedbycentrelinebuoys;•deepwaterroute-aroutewhichhasbeenaccuratelysurveyedforclearanceofseabottomandsubmergedarticles;•archipelagicsealane-sealanesdesignatedforthecontinuousandexpeditiouspassageofshipsthrougharchipelagicwaters;•precautionaryarea-anareawhereshipsmustnavigatewithparticularcautionandwithinwhichthedirectionofflowoftrafficmayberecommended;•areatobeavoided-anareainwhicheithernavigationisparticularlyhazardousoritisexceptionallyimportanttoavoidcasualtiesandwhichshouldbeavoidedbyailships,orbycertainclassesofships.22ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE2.9PASSAGEPLANNINGANDSHIPREPORTINGSYSTEMSShipreportinghasbeenintroducedbyanumberofcoastalstatessothattheycankeeptrack,viaradio,radarortransponder,ofshipspassingthroughtheircoastalwaters.ShipreportingSystemsarethereforeusedtogatherorexchangeinformationaboutships,suchastheirposition,course,speedandcargo.Inadditiontomonitoringpassingtraffic,theinformationmaybeusedforpurposesofsearchandrescueandpreventionofmarinepollution.TheuseofshipreportingSystemsshouldformapartofthepassageplan.ShipreportingSystemscanbeadoptedinternationallybyIMO.Suchsystemswillberequiredtobeusedbyailshipsorcertaincategoriesofshipsorshipscarryingcertaincargoes.Themasterofashipshouldcomplywiththerequirementsofshipreportingsystemsandreporttotheappropriateauthorityallinformationthatisrequired.Areportmayberequireduponleavingaswellasonenteringtheareaofthesystem,andadditionalreportsorinformationmayberequiredtoupdateearlierreports.ShipreportingrequirementsmaybereferredtoonchartsandinSailingDirections,butlistsofradiosignalsprovidefulldetails.DetailsofIMOadoptedsystemsarecontainedinPartGoftheIMOpublicationShips'Routeing(2002edition).AISisusedbycoastalauthoritiesandothershipstogatherinformationregardingaship’scharacteristics,cargoandpassage.Assuch,AISmaybeconsideredtobeaconstantshipreportingsystem.ItisessentialthatbothstaticanddynamicdataprogrammedintoAISequipmentremainsaccuratesoastoavoidtransmittingfalsedata.(Seesection4.3)2.10PASSAGEPLANNINGANDVESSELTRAFFICSERVICESVesseltrafficservices(VTS)havebeenintroduced,particularlyinportsandtheirapproaches,tomonitorshipcompliancewithlocalregulationsandtooptimisetrafficmanagement.VTSmayonlybemandatorywithintheterritorialseasofacoastalstate.VTSrequirementsonshipsshouldformpartofthepassageplan.Thisshouldincludereferencestothespecificradiofrequenciesthatmustbemonitoredbytheshipfornavigationalorotherwarnings,andadviceonwhentoproceedinareaswheretrafficflowisregulated.VTSreportingrequirementsmaybemarkedonchartsbutfullerdetailswillbefoundinsailingdirectionsandlistsofradiosignals.ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE233DUTIESOFTHEOFFICEROFTHEWATCH(OOW)3.1OVERVIEW3.1.1Master'srepresentativeUndertheSTCWCode,theOOWisthemaster'srepresentativeandisprimarilyresponsibleatalltimesforthesafenavigationoftheshipandforcomplyingwiththeCOLREGS.Asthemaster'srepresentative,theOOWisinchargeofthebridgeandthereforeinchargeofthebridgeteamforthatwatch,untilproperlyrelieved.Incompliancewithshipboardoperationalproceduresandmaster'sstandingorders,theOOWshouldensurethatbridgewatchmanninglevelsareatalltimessafefortheprevailingcircumstancesandconditions.3.1.2PrimarydutiesInordertomaintainasafenavigationalwatch,theprimarydutiesoftheOOWwillinvolvewatchkeeping,navigationandGMDSSradiowatchkeeping.3.1.2.1WatchkeepingThewatchkeepingdutiesoftheOOWincludemaintainingalookoutandgeneralsurveillanceoftheship,collisionavoidanceincompliancewiththeCOLREGS,recordingbridgeactivitiesandmakingperiodicchecksonthenavigationalequipmentinuse.ProceduresforhandingoverthewatchandcallingforsupportonthebridgeshouldbeinplaceandunderstoodbytheOOW.3.1.2.2NavigationThenavigationaldutiesoftheOOWarebasedupontheneedtoexecutethepassageplansafely,andmonitortheprogressoftheshipagainstthatplan.3.1.2.3RadiocommunicationsDuringdistressincidents,oneofthequalifiedradiopersonnelshouldbedesignatedtohaveprimaryresponsibilityforradiocommunications.Onpassengershipsthatpersoncanhavenootherdutiesduringadistresssituation.3.1.3Insupportofprimaryduties3.1.3.1ControllingthespeedanddirectionoftheshipTheOOWwillneedtobeconversantwiththemeansandbestpracticesofcontrollingthespeedanddirectionoftheship,handlingcharacteristicsandstoppingdistances.TheOOWshouldnothesitatetousehelm,enginesorsoundsignallingapparatusatanytime.3.1.3.2Pollutionprevention,reportingandemergencysituationsTheOOWalsoneedstobefullyconversantwithshipboardobligationswithregardtopollutionprevention,reportingandemergencysituations.TheOOWshouldknowthelocationofallthesafetyequipmentonthebridgeandhowtooperatethatequipment.3.1.4AdditionaldutiesTheremayalsobeanumberofadditionaldutiesfortheOOWtoundertakewhileonwatch.Generalcommunications,cargomonitoring,themonitoringandcontrolofmachineryandthe24ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEsupervisionandcontrolofshipsafetySystemsaretypicalexamples.Undernocircumstancesshouldadditionaldutiesinterferewiththeexerciseofprimaryduties.Mobilephonesorotherelectronicdevicesshouldbeusedonlyundercircumstancesapprovedbythemaster.Thepotentialdistractiontopersonnelonthebridgecausedbytheuseofmobilephonesorotherelectronicdevicesshouldbeconsideredwhendeterminingshipboardpolicy.3.1.5BridgeattendanceTheOOWshouldnotleavethebridgeunattended.However,inashipwithaseparatechartroomtheOOWmayvisitthatroomforshortperiodsoftimetocarryoutnecessarynavigationaldutiesafterfirstensuringthatitissafetodoso.3.2WATCHKEEPING3.2.1Maintainingalook-outIncompliancewiththeCOLREGS,aproperlook-outmustbemaintainedatalltimestoservethepurposesof:•maintainingacontinuousstateofvigilancebysightandhearingaswellasbyallotheravailablemeans,withregardtoanysignificantchangeintheoperatingenvironment;•fullyappraisingthesituationandtheriskofcollision,strandingandotherdangerstonavigation;•detectingshipsoraircraftindistress,shipwreckedpersons,wrecks,debrisandotherhazardstonavigation,andtoallowprecautionsforsecurityreasons,especiallyinareaswithaknownriskofpiracyorarmedattack.Fullattentiontolook-outdutiesmustbegivenbythebridgeteamonwatch.Section3.2.6(Changingoverthewatch)includeadviceregardingtheneedtoallowsufficienttime,duringthehoursofdarkness,forthevisionofoncomingwatchkeeperstoadjusttoambientlightconditions.Duringthehoursofdarkness,itisessentialthatthewheelhouseenvironmentandshipboardproceduressupportthemaintenanceofadequatenightvisionforwatchkeepersandlook-outs.Aneffectivewheelhouseandchartroomblackoutshouldbemaintained;lightingusedinsuchareasshouldbeoflowintensityandcolouredred.Theuseofblackoutcurtainsorheavydrapeswillhelptopreservedarknessintegritywhenitisnotpossiblefullytootherwiseexcludeconventionalartificiallight.Decklightingshouldbeconsideredcarefullytoavoidadverselyaffectingnightvisionfromthewheelhouse,evenifsuchlightingonlyaffectsarestrictedsectorofthehorizon.Itshouldbenotedthatevenmomentaryexposuretobrightlightcancompletelydestroynightvisionand,duringthesubsequentreadjustmentperiod,theabilitytomaintainaneffectivelookoutwillbeimpaired.Considerationshouldbegiventofittingcut-outswitchestodoorsleadingintowheelhousesandchartroomssothatonopeningsuchdoorsadjacentconventionalwhitelightsourcesaremomentarilyswitchedoff.Whilesteering,ahelmsmanshouldnotbeconsideredtobelook-out,exceptinsmallshipswithanunobstructedall-roundviewatthesteeringposition.Onshipswithfullyenclosedbridgesandallwindowsclosed,soundreceptionequipmentwillneedtobeinoperationcontinuouslyandcorrectlyadjustedtoensurethatallaudiblesoundsontheopendeckcanbeheardclearlyonthebridge.3.2.1.1Solelook-outUndertheSTCWCode,theOOWmaybethesolelook-outindaylightprovidedthatoneachsuchoccasion:ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE25•thesituationhasbeencarefullyassessedandithasbeenestablishedwithoutdoubtthatitissafetooperatewithasolelook-out;•fullaccounthasbeentakenofailrelevantfactors,including,butnotlimitedto:ostateofweatherovisibilityotrafficdensityoproximityofdangerstonavigationotheattentionnecessarywhennavigatinginorneartrafficseparationschemes;•assistanceisimmediatelyavailabletobesummonedtothebridgewhenanychangeinthesituationsorequires.Ifsolelook-outwatchkeepingpracticesaretobefollowed,clearguidanceonhowtheyshouldoperatewillneedtobegivenintheshipboardoperationalproceduresmanual(seesection1.2.4).3.2.2GeneralsurveillanceTheOOWneedstomaintainahighlevelofgeneralawarenessabouttheshipanditsday-todayoperations.Thismayincludemaintainingageneralwatchovertheship’sdeckstomonitor,wherepossible,peopleworkingondeck,andanycargoorcargohandlingequipment.Specialwatchkeepingarrangementsmaybeappropriateinwaterswherethereisthoughttobeariskofpiracyorarmedattack.Wheneverworkisbeingcarriedoutondeckinthevicinityofradarantennae,radioaerialsandsoundsignallingapparatus,theOOWshouldbeparticularlyobservantandshouldpostappropriatewarningnoticesontheequipmentcontrols.3.2.3WatchkeepingandtheCOLREGS3.2.3.1Lights,shapesandsoundsignalsTheOOWmustalwayscomplywiththeCOLREGS.Compliancenotonlyconcernstheconductofvesselsunderthesteeringandsailingrules,butdisplayingthecorrectlightsandshapesandmakingthecorrectsoundandlightsignals.Avesseldriftingoffaportwithherenginesdeliberatelyshutdown,butavailableforimmediaterestart,isnot,forexample,a'vesselnotundercommand'asdefinedbyrule3(f)oftheCOLREGS.Cautionshouldalwaysbeobservedwhenapproachingothervessels.Vesselsmaynotbedisplayingtheircorrectlightorshapesignals,orindeedtheirsignalscouldbebadlypositionedandobscuredbytheship'sstructurewhenapproachedfromcertaindirections.Inseaareaswheretrafficflowisregulated,suchasportapproachesandtrafficseparationschemes,itmaybepossibletoanticipatemovementsfromcertainshiptypes.Inthesecircumstancesitisprudenttoallowextrasearoom,aslongasitissafetodoso.3.2.3.2CollisionavoidanceactionIngeneral,earlyandpositiveactionshouldalwaysbetakenwhenavoidingcollisions,andonceactionhasbeentaken,theOOWshouldalwayschecktomakesurethattheactiontakenishavingthedesiredeffect.26ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEVHPradioshouldnotbeusedforcollisionavoidancepurposes.Valuabletimecanbewastedattemptingtomakecontact,sincepositiveidentificationmaybedifficult,andoncecontacthasbeenmademisunderstandingsmayarise.AttemptstoavoidcollisionbycommunicatingusingAISequipmentshouldbeavoided.Accidentinvestigationshaveshownthatsuchattemptswastetime,distracttheattentionoftheOOWandoftenfailtoestablisheffectivecommunication3.2.3.3CollisionavoidancedetectionInclearweather,theriskofcollisioncanbedetectedearlybytakingfrequentcompassbearingsofanapproachingvesseltoascertainwhetherornotthebearingissteadyandthevesselisonacollisioncourse.Carehowevermustbetakenwhenapproachingverylargeships,shipsundertoworshipsatcloserange.Anappreciablebearingchangemaybeevidentunderthesecircumstancesbutinfactariskofcollisionmaystillremain.Inrestrictedvisibility,conductofvesselsisspecificallycoveredbytheCOLREGS.Intheseconditions,radarandinparticularelectronicradarplottingcanbeeffectivelyusedforassessingriskofcollision.TheOOWshouldtaketheopportunitytocarryoutradarpracticeinclearvisibility,wheneveritispossible.Fordetailsconcerningtheuseofradarforcollisionavoidance,refertosection4.2.2ofthisGuide.3.2.4RecordingbridgeactivitiesItisimportantthataproper,formalrecordofnavigationalactivitiesandincidents,whichareofimportancetosafetyofnavigation,iskeptinappropriatelogbooks.Paperrecordsfromcourserecorders,echosounders,NAVTEXreceiversetc.shouldalsoberetainedatleastforthedurationofthevoyage,suitablydateandtimemarkedifpracticable.Inordertoallowtheship'sactualtracktobereconstructedatalaterstage,sufficientinformationconcerningposition,courseandspeedshouldberecordedinthebridgelogbookorusingapprovedelectronicmeans.Allpositionsmarkedonthenavigationalchartsalsoneedtoberetaineduntiltheendofthevoyage.3.2.5Periodicchecksonnavigationalequipment3.2.5.1OperationalchecksOperationalchecksonnavigationalequipmentshouldbeundertakenwhenpreparingforsea(seebridgechecklistB2)andpriortoportentry(seebridgechecklistB3).Afterlengthyoceanpassagesandbeforeenteringrestrictedcoastalwaters,itisimportantalsotocheckthatfullengineandsteeringmanoeuvrabilityisavailable.3.2.5.2RoutinetestsandchecksTheOOWshouldundertakedailytestsandchecksonthebridgeequipment,includingthefollowing:•manualsteeringshouldbetestedatleastonceawatchwhentheautomaticpilotisinuse(seeannexA7);•gyroandmagneticcompasserrorsshouldbecheckedonceawatch,wherepossible,andafteranymajorcoursealteration;•compassrepeatersshouldbesynchronised,includingrepeatersmountedoffthebridge,suchasintheenginecontrolroomandattheemergencysteeringposition.ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE273.2.5.3ChecksonelectronicequipmentChecksonelectronicequipmentshouldbothconfirmthatthepieceofequipmentisfunctioningproperlyandthatitissuccessfullycommunicatingtoanybridgesystemtowhichitisconnected.Built-intestfacilitiesprovideausefulhealthcheckonthefunctionalstateofthepièceofequipmentandshouldbeusedfrequently.Electronicequipmentsystemsshouldbecheckedtoensurethatconfigurationsettingsimportantforcorrectinterfacingbetweenpiecesofequipment-havenotchanged.Toensureadequateperformance,informationfromelectronicequipmentshouldalwaysbecomparedandverifiedagainstinformationfromdifferentindependentsources.3.2.5.4CheckingordersGoodpracticealsorequirestheOOWtocheckthatordersarebeingcorrectlyfollowed.Rudderangleandenginerpmindicators,forexample,providetheOOWwithanimmediatecheckonwhetherhelmandenginemovementordersarebeingfollowed.3.2.6Changingoverthewatch(seebridgechecklistB12)TheOOWshouldnothandoverthewatchifthereisanyreasontobelievethattherelievingofficerisunfitto,oristemporarilyunableto,carryouthisdutieseffectively.Ifinanydoubt,theOOWshouldcallthemaster.Illnessortheeffectoffatigue,alcoholordrugscouldbereasonswhytherelievingofficerisunfitforduty.Beforetakingoverthewatch,therelievingofficermustbesatisfiedastotheship'spositionandconfirmitsintendedtrack,courseandspeed,andenginecontrolsasappropriate,aswellasnotinganydangerstonavigationexpectedtobeencounteredduringhiswatch.Therelievingofficershouldalsobesatisfiedthatallothermembersofthebridgeteamforthenewwatcharefitforduty,particularlyasregardstheiradjustmenttonightvision.Althoughthetimevariesbetweenindividualsforeyesighttoadjustcompletelyfromfullartificiallighttoallowaneffectivenighttimelook-out,thetimerequiredshouldnotbeunderestimated.Variousfactorsaffectindividualadjustmenttimes,butinmanycasesfullnightvisionwillnotbeachievedinlessthan15minutes(seesection3.2.1).Watchkeepersandlook-outswhousespectaclesfittedwithphoto-chromatic(light-sensitive)lensesshouldbeawarethatwhenUVlightisremovedorreducedthelensesdonotclearcompletelyandsomedarkeningeffectisretainedatalltimes.Theabilityofawatchkeeperorlook-outtoperformtheirdutieseffectivelywhenwearingspectaclesfittedwithphoto-chromaticlensesshouldbeconsideredcarefully.IfamanoeuvreorotheractiontoavoidahazardistakingplaceatthemomenttheOOWisbeingrelieved,handovershouldbedeferreduntilsuchactionhasbeencompleted.3.2.7CallingthemasterTheOOWshouldnotifythemaster,inaccordancewithstandingordersorthebridgeorderbook,wheninanydoubtastowhatactiontotakeintheinterestsofsafety.Guidanceonspecificcircumstancesforcallingthemasterorotherback-upsupportshouldbegivenintheshipboardoperationalprocedures,supportedbystandingandbridgeorders,asappropriate.SituationswherethemastershouldalwaysbecalledarelistedinbridgechecklistB13.TheOOWwillcontinuetoberesponsibleforthewatch,despitethepresenceofthemasteronthebridge,untilinformedspecificallythatthemasterhasassumedthatresponsibility,andthisismutuallyunderstood.Thefactthatthemasterhastakencommandonthebridgeshouldbe28ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDErecordedinthelogbook.3.3NAVIGATION3.3.1GeneralprinciplesItisimportantthattheOOWexecutesthepassageplanaspreparedandmonitorstheprogressoftheshiprelativetothatplan.3.3.1.1DeviatingfromorleavingthepassageplanIftheOOWhastomakeatemporarydeviationfromthepassageplanforanyreason,theOOWshouldreturntotheplanassoonasitissafetodoso.Considerationshouldbegiventoreplottingthecoursetothenextwaypointtoavoidpotentiallyencountersandlargealterationsofcourse.IftheOOWhastoleavethepassageplan-areportingoficemay,forexample,requireanalterationofcourse-theOOWshouldprepareandproceedalonganewtemporarytrackclearofanydanger.Atthefirstopportunity,theOOWshouldadvisethemasteroftheactionstaken.Theplanwillneedtobeformallyamendedandabriefingmadetotheothermembersofthebridgeteam.3.3.1.2MonitoringtheprogressoftheshipGoodnavigationalpracticedemandsthattheOOW:•understandsthecapabilitiesandlimitationsofthenavigationalaidsandsystemsbeingusedandcontinuallymonitorstheirperformance;•usestheechosoundertomonitorchangesinwaterdepth;•usesdeadreckoningtechniquestocheckpositionfixes;•crosscheckspositionfixesusingindependentsourcesofinformation:thisisparticularlyimportantwhenelectronicposition-fixingsystemssuchasGPSorLoran-Careusedastheprimarymeansoffixingthepositionoftheship;•usesvisualnavigationaidstosupportelectronicposition-fixingmethodsi.e.landmarksincoastalareasandcelestialnavigationinopenwaters;•doesnotbecomeoverreliantonautomatednavigationalequipment,includingelectronicchartsystems,therebyfailingtomakepropernavigationaluseofvisualinformation;•plotshistoricalshiptrackforwardtoidentifytheprojected/anticipatedsystem.3.3.1.3Plottingpositionsfromelectronicposition-fixingSystemsCareshouldalsobeexercisedwhentakinggeographicalpositionsfromelectronicposition-fixingsystemslikeGPS,andplottingtheseontocharts(seesection4.9.3.3).TheOOWshouldbearinmindthat:•ifthechartdatumdiffersfromthedatum(usuallyWGS84)usedbytheelectronicpositionfixingsystem,adatumshiftwillhavetobeappliedtothepositionco-ordinatesbeforetheyareplottedonthechart.Itshouldbenotedthatwhereanappreciabledatumshiftdoesexistforaparticularchart,a“satellite-derivedposition”noteprovidinglatitudeandlongitudedatumshiftvalueswillappearonthechart;•onchartswhosesurveysourcedataisveryold,theaccuracyofthosechartsmaybepoorinICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE29certainareas:underthesecircumstancestheOOWshouldnotrelytotallyonpositionfixingusingelectronicsystems,andshould,wherepossible,increasetheuseofvisualandradarnavigationaltechniquestomaintainsafedistancesofftheland.3.3.2NavigationincoastalorrestrictedwatersThissectionshouldbereadinconjunctionwithsection2.5-Notesonpassageplanningincoastalorrestrictedwaters.(SeealsobridgechecklistB6)Asageneralrule,navigationshouldbecarriedoutonthemostsuitablelarge-scalechartsonboard,andthepositionoftheshipshouldbefixedatfrequentintervals.AllrelevantnavigationmarksshouldbepositivelyidentifiedbytheOOWbeforetheyareused.Visualandradarpositionfixingandmonitoringtechniquesshouldbeusedwheneverpossible.Incoastalwaters,theOOWshouldbeawarethatships'routeingschemes(seesection2.8)andshipreportingsystemsrequiringreportstobemadetocoastradioandvesseltrafficstations(seesections2.9and2.10)mayexist.Knowledgeoftheship'sdraught,stabilityconditionsandmanoeuvringcharacteristicsisalsoimportant.Astheshipentersshallowwater,squatmayhaveacriticaleffectonthemanoeuvrabilityoftheshipandcauseanincreaseindraught.Squateffectvariesinproportiontothesquareoftheship'sspeed,andwillthereforereduceasspeedisreduced.Onboardinformationshouldbeusedtoconfirmsquatcharacteristicsforindividualloadingconditions.Theimportanceofallthebridgeteamfullyunderstandingthecoastalwatersphaseofthepassageplan,aswellasunderstandingtheirindividualrolesandthoseoftheircolleagues,cannotbestressedtoostrongly.3.3.3NavigationwithapilotonboardThissectionshouldbereadinconjunctionwithsection2.7-Passageplanningandpilotage,andwithreferencetosection6–Maritimepilotage.3.3.3.1ResponsibilitiesOncethepilothasembarkedandhasarrivedonthebridge,thepilotwilljointhebridgeteam.Thepilothasaspecialisedknowledgeofnavigationinlocalwaters.Dependingonlocalpilotagelawsthemastermaydelegatetheconductoftheshiptothepilotwhodirectsthenavigationoftheshipincloseco-operationwiththemasterand/ortheOOW.Itisimportantthattheresponsibilitiesofthepilotandthemasterareagreedandclearlyunderstoodsothatthepilotcanbeintegratedeasilyintothenormalbridgemanagementteamandthatanypotentialconflictisavoided.Shouldconflictarise,bothpartieshavearesponsibilitytoresolvethisinaprofessionalmannerwiththeoverridingpriorityofsafetyofnavigationofthevessel.Iftheconductofthevesselisdelegatedfromthemastertothepilot,thisshouldbeformalisedandrecorded.ThepresenceofapilotdoesnotrelievethemasterortheOOWoftheirdutiesandobligationsforthesafetyoftheship.Bothshouldbepreparedtoexercisetheirrightnottoproceedtoapointwheretheshipwouldnotbeabletomanoeuvreorwouldbeinanydanger.3.3.3.2Pilotembarkation/disembarkationForinformationonpilotboardingarrangementsrefertoannexA5.3.3.3.3Master/pilotinformationexchangeonboarding(seebridgechecklistB4)Thepreliminarypilotagepassageplanpreparedinadvancebytheshipshouldbeimmediatelydiscussedandagreedwiththepilotafterboarding.Thereshouldbesufficienttimeandsearoomtoallowthistohappensafely.Wherelackoftimeorsearoomdoesnotallowtheplantobediscussedfully,thebareessentials30ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEshouldbecoveredimmediatelyandtherestofthediscussionheldassoonasitissafetodoso.Onalongpilotagepassage,itmaybeappropriatetoreviewandupdate

theplaninstages.3.3.3.4MonitoringthepilotageThesafeprogressoftheshipalongtheplannedtracksshouldbecloselymonitoredatalltimes.Thiswillincluderegularlyfixingthepositionoftheship,particularlyaftereachcoursealteration,andmonitoringunderkeelclearance.Verbalordersfromthepilotalsoneedtobecheckedtoconfirmthattheyhavebeencarriedoutcorrectly.Thiswillincludemonitoringboththerudderangleandrpmindicatorswhenhelmandengineordersaregiven.ItisrecommendedthatcommunicationbetweenthepilotandthebridgeteamisconductedintheEnglishlanguageoralanguagecommontoallrelevantpersonnel(seesection1.2.11).Ifthemasterleavesthebridge,theOOWshouldalwaysseekclarificationfromthepilotwheninanydoubtastothepilot'sactionsorintentions.Ifasatisfactoryexplanationisnotgiven,theOOWshouldnotifythemasterimmediately,takingwhateveractionisnecessarybeforethemasterarrives.Wheneverthereisanydisagreementwithdecisionsofthepilot,thecauseofconcernshouldalwaysbemadecleartothepilotandanexplanationsought.TheOOWshouldbearinmindthatduringpilotage,theshipwillneedtobeproperlysecuredforsea.Excessiveuseofdecklightingatnightmaycausevisibilityinterference.3.3.4Atanchor(seebridgechecklistB8)Onanchoring,afixontheanchordroppositionshouldbemadeandtheship'sswingingcircleascertained,baseduponthelengthofcableinuse.LandmarksandtransitsshouldbeselectedforeaseofmonitoringthepositionoftheshipasitliesatanchorandappropriatelightandshapesignalsshouldbeexhibitedaccordingtotheCOLREGSandanylocalregulations.Whileatanchor,theOOWshouldmaintainacheckontheship'spositiontomonitorthattheshipdoesnotdragitsanchorormovetooclosetoanyotheranchoredship.Aproperlook-outmustbemaintainedandshipinspectionroundsmadeperiodically,particularlyiftheshipisanchoredinwaterswhichmightpresentariskofattackbypiratesorarmedrobbers.Themastershouldbeimmediatelynotifiediftheshipdragsheranchor,andifseaconditionsorvisibilitydeteriorate.3.4CONTROLLINGTHESPEEDANDDIRECTIONOFTHESHIP3.4.1UseoftheenginesInordernottojeopardisethesafetyoftheship,theOOWshouldnothesitatetousetheenginestochangespeedonpassageifthesituationsorequires.Wheneverpossible,timelynoticeofintendedchangestoenginespeedshouldbegiventotheengineroom.IftheshipisfittedwithUMSenginecontrols,directcontroloftheengineswillbepossiblefromthebridge.3.4.1.1SafespeedIncompliancewiththeCOLREGS,shipsshouldatailtimesproceedatasafespeed.InrestrictedvisibilitysafespeedmayrequireareductioninservicespeedtoreducethestoppingICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE31distanceoftheship.Nearice,shipsarespecificallyrequiredtoproceedatmoderatespeeds.Speedchangesmayberequiredtoavoidacollisionincircumstanceswheretheshipisunabletoaltercourse.Highspeedcraftandfastconventionalshipsshouldassesstheriskcausedbywashandwake,particularlyinshallowwater.3.4.1.2Control,anddifferentenginetypesTocontrolthemainengineseffectively,theOOWshouldbefamiliarwiththeiroperationfromthebridge,aswellastheoperationofthepropellermechanism.TheOOWshouldalsobeawareofanylimitationsthesystemmayhave,andappreciatethatthetypeandconfigurationoftheship'senginescouldhaveimplicationswhenchangingspeed.Direct-drivediesel,dieselthroughgearbox/clutch,turbo-electricandgasturbineenginesallhaverelativelyquickresponsestochange,providedtheenginesareonstand-by.Gearedturbinesarelessresponsive.3.4.2SteeringcontrolSteeringcontroloftheshipwillcomprisemanualsteering,probablysupplementedbyanautomaticpilot(autopilot)orothertrackcontrolsystem.Inareasofhightrafficdensity,inconditionsofrestrictedvisibilityandinallotherpotentiallyhazardoussituationsahelmsmanshouldbeavailableonthebridge,readyatalltimestotakeoversteeringcontrolimmediately.Whensteeringtheshipunderautopilot,itishighlydangeroustoallowasituationtodeveloptoapointwheretheOOWiswithoutassistanceandhastobreakthecontinuityofthelook-outinordertotakeemergencyactionandengagemanualsteering.ChangingbetweenautomaticandmanualsteeringshouldalwaysbemadeingoodtimeunderthesupervisionoftheOOW.Manualsteeringshouldbetestedafterprolongeduseoftheautopilot(seeannexA7).3.4.2.1UseofoverridecontrolsManualsteeringoverridecontrolscanbeusedonthoseoccasionswhentheautopilotisengagedandtheOOWneedstotakeimmediateanddirectcontrolofthesteering.Overridecontrolstypicallyhaveanonfollow-uptypeofoperationandarelikelytodifferfromthemainsteeringcontrolpositionwherefollow-upcontrolisusual.TheOOWneedstobefamiliarwiththeoperationofthesteeringcontrolsystemsonthebridge,aswellasthemethodofcontrolattheemergencysteeringposition.3.4.2.2ManoeuvringdataShip'smanoeuvringdataiscontainedonthePilotCardandWheelhousePoster(seeannexesA3andA4).Someshipsalsohaveamanoeuvringbooklet.TheOOWneedstobefamiliarwiththisdata.ItisimportantnotonlytorecordonthePilotCardtheship'sdraught,butalsoanypermanentortemporaryshipidiosyncrasiesthatcouldaffectthemanoeuvrabilityoftheship.Ashipmay,forexample,haveatendencytosteertoportatfullspeed,butsteertostarboardatslowspeed.32ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE3.5RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS3.5.1GeneralThefollowingbasicprinciplesapplytoallcommunicationcarriedoutbyradio:•absolutepriorityshouldbegiventodistress,urgencyandsafetycommunications;•interferencewithotherradiousersshouldbeavoided;•frequenciesshouldbeusedfortheircorrectpurpose.TheITUpublicationManualforUsebytheMaritimeMobileandMaritimeMobile-SatelliteServicescontainsrelevantextractsfromtheITURadioRegulations,settingoutthecorrectprocedurestobefollowed.3.5.2SafetywatchkeepingonGMDSSshipsTheOOWshouldnormallybeinpossessionofaGeneralOperator'sCertificate(GOC).ForshipsoperatingonlyinGMDSSAreaA1aRestrictedOperator'sCertificate(ROC)issufficient.TheOOWwillberesponsibleforensuring.compliancewiththeradiowatchkeepingrequirementsofSOLAS,theITURadioRegulationsandanylocalwatchkeepingrules.3.5.2.1VHPwatchkeepingTheVHPwatchkeepingrangeis20to30nauticalmiles,dependinguponantennaheight.Allshipsmustkeepacontinuouswatchon:•DSCChannel70(156.525MHz)(DigitalSelectiveCalling);•Channel16(156.8MHz)whenpracticable(Distress,safetyandcalling);•Channel13(156.650MHz)whenpracticable(Inter-ship).3.5.2.2MF(300-3000kHz)watchkeepingMediumfrequency(MF)broadcastswilltypicallyhaveaR/Trangeofbetween150and250nauticalmilesbydayandaDSCrangeof600to700nauticalmiles.Receptionrangewillbegreateratnight.Shipsmustkeepacontinuouswatchon:•theNAVTEXfrequency518kHz,wheninanareawheretheserviceisprovided;•theDSCfrequency2187.5kHz;3.5.2.3HF(3000kHz-30MHz)watchkeepingHighfrequency(HF)broadcastshaveanunlimitedrange.ShipsfittedwithHFmustkeepacontinuouswatchon:•theDSCdistressfrequency8414.5kHz;•atleastoneofthefrequencies4207.5,6312,12577,16804.5kHz,asappropriatetothetimeofdayandthepositionoftheship.3.5.2.4SatellitewatchkeepingShipsfittedwithashipearthstation(SES)mustkeepacontinuouswatchonthesatelliteappropriatetotheship'sposition.Therangeofsatellitebroadcastsisunlimited(exceptpolarregions).ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE333.5.2.5MaritimesafetyinformationMaritimesafetyinformation(MSI)isdefinedasnavigationalandmeteorologicalwarnings,meteorologicalforecastsandotherurgentsafetyrelatedmessagesbroadcasttoships.AcontinuousMSIwatchshouldbekeptatseaatalltimesbyallships.TheNAVTEXreceivermeetsthisrequirementwhiletheshipiswithinaNAVTEXcoveragearea.Beyondsuchcoverage,watchkeepingshouldbeundertakenusingtheappropriateMF,HForsatellitefrequenciesonwhichMSIisbroadcast.3.5.3LogkeepingAradiologmustbemaintainedcontaininguptodaterecordsofailincidentsconnectedwithradiocommunicationsthatappeartobeofimportancetothesafetyoflifeatsea.Inparticular,thefollowingarenormallyrequired:•asummaryofcommunicationsrelatingtodistress,urgencyandsafetytraffic;•areferencetoimportantradioserviceincidents;•thepositionoftheshipatleastonceperday.Thelogshouldcontaintheidentifiesofotherstationswithwhichtheshipcommunicatesorattemptstocommunicate,andrecordsofanydifficultiesexperiencedowingtocongestion,interference,atmosphericnoiseorionosphericdisturbances.Incidentsinvolvingobscenelanguageorunnecessarytransmissionsshouldberecordedwiththeidentitiesofthestationsconcerned,ifknown.ThisisparticularlyrelevanttoVHFChannel16.3.5.4TestingofequipmentandfalsealertsRadioequipmentshouldbetestedattheintervalsstatedbythemanufacturerandinaccordancewithflagstaterequirements.Greatcareshouldbetakentoavoidthetransmissionoffalsealertswhentestingequipment.RegulartestingofradioequipmentwilldemonstratecontinuedcompliancewiththerequirementsofRegulation4ofSOLASChapterIV(Functionalrequirements).3.5.4.1CancellationoffalsealertsIfadistressalertisinadvertentlytransmittedbyeitherVHF,MForHFDSC:•theequipmentmustberesetimmediately;•asappropriatetheequipmentshouldbe:osettoVHFChannel16,orotunedforR/TonMF2182kHz,orotunedforR/TontheHFdistressandsafetyfrequencyineachbandinwhichthefalsealertwastransmitted;•abroadcastmessageto'allstations'mustbetransmitted,cancellingthefalsealert.IfadistressalertisinadvertentlytransmittedbyanSEStheappropriaterescueco-ordinationcentre(RCC)shouldbenotifiedthatthealertiscancelledbysendingadistressprioritymessagebywayofthesamecoastearthstation(CES)throughwhichthefalsedistressalertwassent.34ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEIfadistressalertisinadvertentlytransmittedbyanEPIRBtheappropriateRCCshouldbecontactedthroughashorestationandthedistressalertshouldbecancelled.3.6POLLUTIONPREVENTIONTheOOWshouldbeawareoftheseriouseffectsofoperationalandaccidentalpollutionofthemarineenvironmentandshouldbefamiliarwithMARPOLandtheship'sShipboardOilPollutionEmergencyPlan(SOPEP)orShipboardMarinePollutionEmergencyPlan(SMPEP)asappropriate.(AnSMPEPcanbeacombineddocumentfortheoilpollutionemergencyplanandthetfornoxiousliquidsubstances.).3.6.1ReportingobligationsAllshipsshouldmakeareporttotherelevantauthoritieswhenanincidentinvolvinganothershipisobservedoranincidentontheirownshipinvolves:•adischargeorprobabledischargeofoilorofnoxiousliquidsubstancesabovethepermittedlevelforwhateverreason,includingsecuringthesafetyoftheshiporsavinglife;or•adischargeorprobabledischargeofharmfulsubstancesinpackagedform,includingthoseincontainers,portabletanks,vehiclesandbarges;orAreportisalsorequirediftheshipsuffersdamage,failureorabreakdownthataffectsthesafetyoftheshiporimpairssafenavigation,andresultsinadischargeorprobabledischargeintotheseaofaharmfulsubstance.However,reportsarenotrequiredsimplybecausetherehasbeenabreakdownorfailureofmachineryorequipment.3.6.1.1ReportingpointsTheSOPEP/SMPEPshouldincludeasanappendixthelistofagenciesorofficialsofadministrationsthatshouldbecontacted.Intheabsenceofalocalagencyorifthereisanydelayincontactingalistedreportingpoint,thenearestcoastalradiostation,designatedshipmovementreportingstationorRCCshouldbecontactedbythefastestavailablemeans.3.73.7.1EMERGENCYSITUATIONSGeneralTheOOWshouldbefullyconversantwiththeemergencychecklistscontainedinPartCofthisGuideorsimilarchecklistswithintheoperator’sSafetyManagementSystemandshouldknowwhatinitialactiontotakeinresponsetoemergencysituations.Acollision(seeemergencychecklistC2)orgrounding(seeemergencychecklistC3)oramanoverboard(seeemergencychecklistC4)areexamplesofsituationsthatwillrequireimmediateactionfromtheOOWbeforethemasterarrivesonthebridge.SOLASrequiresemergencytraining,drillsandmusteringexercisestobecarriedout.ThesedrillswillinvolvetheOOWonthoseshipswherethebridgeisthedesignatedemergencycontrolstation.TheOOWshouldbefullyconversantwiththegeneralemergencyalarmsignals,theactionstobetakenonhearingorinstigatinganalarmandtheship'semergencyplans.Anillustratedtabledescribingtheship'slifesavingappliancesshouldalsobekeptonthebridge.Shipsorpersonsindistressshouldusetheprescribedsignalswhencommunicatingwithlife-savingstations,maritimerescueunitsandaircraftengagedinsearchandrescueoperations.ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE353.7.2ReportingTheOOWshouldbeawarethatSOLASChapterVRegulation32providesdetailsoftheobligationtobroadcastdangermessagestoshipsintheareaandthenearestcoaststationwithnotificationofconditionsthatinclude:•dangerousice;•adangerousderelictoranyotherdirectdangertonavigation;•atropicalstorm;•sub-freezingairtemperaturesassociatedwithgaleforcewindscausingsevereiceaccretiononsuperstructures;•windsofforce10oraboveontheBeaufortscaleforwhichnostormwarninghasbeenreceived.Thesafetysignalshouldbeusedwhenannouncingdangermessages(seesection4.12.3.3).3.7.3Searchandrescue(seeemergencychecklistC7)TheOOWshouldbeawarethatSOLASChapterVRegulation33includesdetailsofships’searchandrescue(SAR)obligations.Onreceivingasignalfromanysourcethatpersonsareindistressatsea,shipsthatareinapositiontoprovideassistanceareboundtoproceedwithailspeedtotheirassistance.Shipscanalsoberequisitionedtoprovideassistance.DuringSARoperations,ship-to-shipcommunicationshouldbebyVHForMF.Satellitechannelsshouldbekeptfreeforcommunicationswithrescueco-ordinationcentres.GuidanceonsearchandrescueactivitycanbefoundintheIAMSARManual,publishedbyIMO.3.7.4HelicopteroperationsTheOOWofashipthatislikelytobeengagedinthetransferofpersonnelorstoresbyhelicoptershouldbecomefamiliarwiththeICSGuidetoHelicopter/ShipOperations.3.7.5PiracyTheOOWofashipthatislikelytooperateinwatersthatmaypresentariskofattackbypiratesorarmedrobbersshouldbefamiliarwiththelatesteditionoftheICS/ISFpublicationPiratesandArmedRobbers:GuidelinesonPreventionforMastersandShipSecurityOfficers.36ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE44.1OPERATIONANDMAINTENANCEOFBRIDGEEQUIPMENTGENERALItisimportantthatwatchkeepingofficersarecompletelyfamiliarwithallthenavigationalandcommunicationsequipment,chartsandpublicationsonboard.Bridgewatchkeepingofficersshouldacquaintthemselveswiththecontentsofoperatingmanualsforequipment,particularlywithregardtothesettingupofcontrolsandtheprocedurestobefollowedintheeventofequipmentfailure.Itisimportantthat,whenelectronicnavigationsystems(ECDISandECS)arefitted,fulluseismadeoftheircapabilitiesincludingwaypointandotheralarms,thedeterminationofcrosstrackerroranddepthofwater.SuchusewillstimulateinteractionwiththeOOWandprovidebarrierstothevesseldepartingfromitsplannedtrack.Periodicchecksontheequipment(seesection3.2.5)shouldbecarriedout.EquipmentfoundtohaveoperationaldefectsshouldbebroughttotheattentionofthemasterandrecordedinthelogbookandonthePilotCard(seeannexA3).Regularpreventivemaintenanceofallequipmentshouldbecarriedoutaccordingtoinstructionssetoutintheshipboardmaintenanceproceduresmanualandmanufacturers'manuals.Afullsetofchartsandpublicationsappropriatefortheintendedvoyageshouldbeavailableonboardandkeptuptodate.4.2RADARTheOOWshouldbefamiliarwiththedifferencesbetweenXandS-bandradars,andbeawarethattheX-bandradarwillbecapableofoperatinginthe9GHzfrequencybandforthedetectionofsearchandrescuetransponder(SART)devices.Onshipsfittedwitharadarinstallationthatincludesaninterswitchingunittoallowradardisplaystochangetransceivers,theOOWshouldbefamiliarwithinterswitchingarrangements.4.2.1GoodradarpracticeItisrecommendedthataradariskeptrunningandfullyoperationalatailtimesandshouldbeconnectedtotheVDRorS-VDRasappropriate.WhenusingradartheOOWshouldbearinmindthefollowing:•thequalityofperformanceoftheradarneedstobecontinuouslymonitored:aperformancemonitor,iffitted,shouldbeusedforthispurpose;•anincorrectlyalignedheadingmarkercangiverisetomisleadinginterpretationsofpotentialcollisionsituations:headingmarkeralignmentneedsperiodicallycheckingagainstboththecompassheadingandtheforeandaftlineoftheship;•smallvessels,iceandotherfloatingobjectssuchascontainersmaynotbedetectedbytheradar;•videoprocessingtechniquesshouldbeusedwithcare;•echoesmaybeobscuredbyseaorrainclutter:thecarefuluseofcluttercontrolswillassist;ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE37•mastsorotherstructuralfeaturesmaycauseshadoworblindsectorsonthedisplay:theOOWshouldbeawareofthesesectors.4.2.1.1ClearweatherpracticeOperatingtheradaratseainclearweatherwillprovideanopportunityforwatchkeeperstopractisetheirradarcollisionavoidanceandnavigationskills;forexample,radarobservationsandtargetvectorscanbecheckedvisually.Regularpracticeofparallelindexinginclearweatherandsafewatersshouldprovidewatchkeeperswithimprovedabilityinthisformoftrackmonitoring.4.2.1.2RangescalesThechoiceofrangescaleswilldependuponfactorssuchastrafficdensity,speedofownshipandhowoftentheradarisbeingobserved.Detectionoftargets,particularlysmalltargets,isgenerallybetteratshortranges.However,iftheradaristobeusedforplottingitisnotadvisabletouseascalethatistooshort.Advancewarningofapproachingvesselsandlandisanimportantfactorindecidinguponasafespeedandrequiresthemonitoringoflongerrangescales.4.2.2Radarandcollisionavoidance4.2.2.1AccuracyofownshipspeedandheadinginputsInradarplotting,measurementofthecourse,speedandaspectofatargetisusedtodeterminetheclosestpointofapproachofthattargetandtoindicatewhetherornotthereisariskofcollision.Theaccuracyofthetargetplotwilldependuponanaccurateinputofownship'scourseandspeedduringtheplottinginterval;ayawingshiporinaccuratespeedandheadinginputsintotheradarwillreducetheaccuracyofcalculatedtargetvectors.Plotinaccuracieswillbemostapparentinhead-onsituationsandmaymakeatargetappeartobepassingclearwheninfactitiscrossingaheadornearlyahead.4.2.2.2TheplottingperiodAsingleobservationoftherangeandbearingofatargetcannotgiveanyindicationoftargetcourseandspeed.Multipleobservationsarerequired,andthelongertheplottingperiod,thegreaterwillbetheaccuracy.Accuracyintheplotwillhoweverbelostifeitherownshiporthetargetchangescourseorspeedduringtheplottingperiod.Achangeinthecourseorspeedofthetargetmaynotbeimmediatelydetected.Theestimationofthecourseandspeedofthetargetandriskofcollisionisonlyvaliduptothetimeofthelastobservation.Thesituationmustthereforebekeptcloselyunderreview.4.2.2.3ChangingtargetbearingItshouldnotbeassumedthatbecausetherelativebearingofatargetischanging,thereisnoriskofcollision.Analterationofcourseand/orspeedofownshipmayaltertherelativebearing,andatclosequarters,riskofcollisioncanexistevenwithachangingcompassbearing(seesection3.2.3.3).4.2.3RadarandnavigationWhenusingradarforposition-fixingandmonitoring,theOOWshouldcheck:38ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE•theoverallperformanceoftheradar;•theidentityofthefixedobjectsbeingobserved;•gyroerrorandaccuracyoftheheadinglinealignment;•accuracyofthevariablerangemarkers(VRM),electronicbearinglines(EBL)andfixedrangerings;•thattheparallelindexlinesarecorrectlyset.4.2.3.1ParallelindexingParallelindextechniquescanbeusefulwhenmonitoringtheship'sprogressinrelationtothepassageplan.Parallelindexingdoesnotfixtheship'sposition,butprovidesamethodontheradarofverifyingthattheshipismaintainingasafecoursetopassafixedobject,suchasaheadland,atthedesiredpassingdistance.Parallelindexingdoesnotthereforereplacetheneedtofixtheship'spositiononthechartatregularintervals.Thetechniquerequiresanindexlinetobedrawntopassthroughtheradarechoofafixedobject,tangentialtoaVRMsettoarangeequaltothedesiredpassingdistance.Theindexlinewilllineupparalleltothegroundtrackthattheshipwillneedtofollowtomaintainasafepassingdistance.Parallelindexingcanbeusedonbothrelativemotionandgroundstabilisedtruemotionmodesofradaroperation.Witharelativemotiondisplaytheechoofafixedobjectwillmoveinadirectionandataspeedwhichisthereciprocalofownship'sgroundtrack,andtheechoshouldmovealongtheindexline.Onagroundstabilisedtruemotiondisplay,theechowillremainstationaryandtheedgeoftheVRMshouldmovealongtheindexlineastheshippassestheecho.4.2.3.2ElectronicmappingElectronicmappingfacilitiesarecommonlyavailablefordisplayingontheradarpicture,thepassageplanandlocalareamaps.Mapscanbedrawntoincludechartfeaturessuchasbuoys,channellimits,separationzonesandanchoragesusinganumberofdifferentlinesandsymbols.Oncecompletethemapcanbestoredintheradar.Anymaporpassageplanneedstobegeographicallyreferencedsothatitwillappearontheradarcorrectlyorientatedandpositionedrelativetotheship'sposition.Anyerrorsintheship'spositionusedbytheradar,errorsintheaccuracyofthemapsorpoorradargroundstabilisationcouldcausemapinterpretationproblems(seesection2.3.4.2).Mapselectronicallyoverlaidonradarpicturesshouldalwaysbeusedwithcaution.4.2.4ElectronicplottingdevicesOnlargerships,atleastoneoftheradarscarriedislikelytohaveautomaticradarplottingaid(ARPA)functions.Radarsonsmallershipsmaybefittedwitheitherautomatictrackingaid(ATA)orelectronicplottingaid(EPA)functions.ATAusesARPAhardwarebutwithlimitedfunctionality:notrialmanoeuvre,targetpastpositionorguardzonefeatures,andmanualacquisitionlimitedto10targets.EPAoffersbasicelectronicplottingfunctionsthatareasgoodasareflectionplotter.ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE39Incomparisonwithstandardradar,ARPAandATAofferanumberofautomatedcollisionavoidancefeatures.However,watchkeepersshouldbeawareofthedangersofbeingoverreliantonthesedevicesandmust:•understandthetypesoferrorsthatarepossibleandrecognisetheoperationalwarningsthatappearonthedisplay;•understandthelimitationsofthedevices;•treattheapparentprecisionofthedigitaldisplayoftheclosestpointofapproach(CPA)withcaution;•regularlytestthedevicesusingthebuilt-inoperationaltestfacilities.4.2.4.1HeadingandspeedinputsCorrectandreliablespeedandheadinginputsintobridgeequipmentincludingARPAorATAarevitalifinformationistobeprocessedcorrectly.InputderivedfromGPSequipmentshouldbemonitoredandperiodicallycross-checkedwithindependentlyderiveddatatoverifyitscontinuedaccuracy.Speedandheadinginputsneedtobeseastabilised(watertracked)toprovidetheARPAorATAwithspeedandcoursethroughthewater.Theuseofthesedevicesinagroundstabilised(bottomtracked)modeforassessingriskofcollisioncouldbeparticularlyhazardousinseaareasthatexperiencesignificanttidalstreamsandcurrents.4.2.4.2AutomatictargetacquisitionFeaturessuchasguardzonesandtargetacquisitionfootprintsarecommonlyusedfortheautomaticacquisitionofARPAtargets.Suchfeaturesshouldalwaysbeusedwithcaution,especiallyinseaareaswhereradarinconspicuoustargetscanbeexpected.4.3AIS4.3.1AISoverviewAISisamaritimemobilebandVHFbroadcastsystemthatcansendbothdynamicandstaticshipinformation,suchasMMSI,callsign,position,courseandspeed,tootherAIStranspondersandbasestations.RecentyearshaveseenAISfunctionalityexpandtoincludethesendingofavarietyofadditionalinformation,suchasETA,waypoints,datafromnavigationalaidssuchasbuoysandlighthouses,rateofturn,timestamp,shiptype,typeofcargo,draught,dimensions,passengerdetailsandtextmessages.Allshipsof300grosstonnageandupwardsengagedoninternationalvoyages,andcargoshipsof500grosstonnageandupwardsnotengagedoninternationalvoyages,andpassengersshipsirrespectiveofsizeshallbefittedwithAIS,asrequiredbyIMO.4.3.2AISoperationItisvitalthattheAISunitisinstalledandoperatedcorrectly.Unlessthisisdone,theintegrityofthebroadcastdatacanbecomeunreliable.Basicstaticdatasuchasshipdimensionsmustbecheckedforaccuracy,asmustthecorrectinputofdynamicdatasuchasspeedetc.PoorqualitybroadcastdatanotonlybringstheAISconceptintodisrepute,butalsolowersthemariner’sconfidenceinobserveddataofothershipsandcansignificantlyreducethepotentialgainstobehadfromthisequipment.ThisisparticularlyrelevantifAISistobeconsideredasanaidtocollisionavoidancebymakinguseofthepotentialcontributionitcanmaketowardsnavigationalsafetyinareasofhightrafficdensityorreducedvisibility.40ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEAIS,incommonwiththeuseofhelmcontrolsandradar,isanitemofbridgeequipmentthatshouldbeatthedisposaloftheOOW.Mastersareencouragedtoensurethatwatchkeepingofficersarefullyfamiliarwiththeuseofthisequipmentandthattheymonitoritsperformanceand,ifnecessary,makeanyoperationaladjustmentsaspartoftheirnormalwatchkeepingduties.IncomingAISdatashouldbeusedwithcaution.Inaddition,occasionalchecksshouldbemadetoensurethatcourseandspeeddatatransmittedbyownshipisaccurate.4.4VOYAGEDATARECORDER(VDR)ANDSIMPLIFIEDVOYAGEDATARECORDER(S-VDR)4.4.1VDRandS-VDRoverviewVDRandS-VDRequipmenthasbeenmandatedforcarriageonbothnewships(VDR)andexistingships(S-VDR)accordingtoschedulesagreedatIMO.Similartotheblackboxescarriedonaircraft,VDRequipmentenablesaccidentinvestigatorstoreviewproceduresandinstructionsinthemomentsbeforeanincidentandhelpstoidentifythecauseofanyaccident.Additionally,S-VDRprovidesthevesseloperatorandownerwithinformationthatcanenhanceshipoperationandmanagement,andprovidestheowner/operatorwithacomprehensiverecordofeventsduringagivenperiod.4.4.2VDRrequirementsPerformancestandardsforVDRswereadoptedbyIMOin1997withphasedimplementationfrom202.SubsequentIMOperformancestandardsforS-VDRrequireimplementationfrom2006.VDRshouldcontinuouslymaintainsequentialrecordsofpreselecteddataitemsrelatingtostatusandoutputoftheship’sequipmentandcommandandcontroloftheship.Asaminimum,thefollowingparametersmustberecorded:dateandtime,position,speed,heading,radardata,echosounderdata,mandatoryalarms,rudderdata,telegraphdata,hullopeningandwatertightdoorstatus,aswellaswinddataandaccelerationsandhullstresses.VDRandS-VDRequipmentalsorecordsallVHFcommunicationsandallverbalcommunicationinthewheelhouse.TheVDRshouldbeinstalledinaprotectivecapsulethatisbrightlycolouredandfittedwithanappropriatedevicetoaidlocation.Itshouldbeentirelyautomaticinnormaloperation.4.4.3S-VDRrequirementsAnS-VDRisnotrequiredtostorethesamelevelofdetaileddataasastandardVDR,butnonethelessshouldstore,inasecureandretrievableformat,informationconcerningtheposition,movement,physicalstatus,commandandcontrolofashipovertheperiodleadinguptoandfollowinganincident.4.4.4PreservingrecordsInsomedesignsofVDRandS-VDR,thespeedyinterventionofthemasterorotherpersononboardisneededfollowinganincidenttoensurethedataissaved.Withthesemodels,ifthereisnomanualintervention,thedatawillbeoverwrittenwithin12hoursandsowillnotbeavailabletotheaccidentinvestigator.Itisthereforeessentialformasters,watchkeepersofficersandaccidentinspectorstobeawareofthefeaturesofparticularsystemsfittedtoships.ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE414.5STEERINGGEARANDTHEAUTOMATICPILOT4.5.1TestingofsteeringgearTheOOWshouldensurethattheSOLASrequirementsfortheoperationandtestingofthesteeringgearareobserved(seeannexA7).4.5.2SteeringcontrolTheseparagraphsshouldbereadinconjunctionwithsection3.4.2ofthisGuide.Steeringcontroloftheshipwillcomprisemanualsteering,probablysupplementedbyanautomaticpilot(autopilot)orothertrackcontrolsystem.Ateachsteeringpositionthereshouldbeagyrorepeaterandrudderangleindicator.Anemergencyback-upsteeringposition,usuallyinthesteeringgearflat,isalsorequired.Ifanautopilotisfitted,asteeringmodeselectorswitchforchangingbetweenautomaticandmanualsteering,andamanualoverridecontroltoallowtheOOWtogaininstantmanualcontrolofthesteering,willberequired.4.5.2.1Theautopilot(heading/trackcontroller)Theroleoftheautopilotistosteertheshipautomatically.Theautopilotcaneitherbeoperatedindependentlyor,inanintegratedbridge,controlledbyanavigationsystem.Whenoperatedasanindependentsystem,thecoursetosteerwillneedtobemanuallysetontheautopilotandtheautopilotwillsteerthatcourseuntilanewcourseisentered.Whenlinkedtoanintegratedsystem,theautopilotwillbeabletoreceivecrosstrackerror(XTE)commandsandtrack-keepautomatically.4.5.2.2Automatictrack-keeping(iffitted)Track-keepingcontrolallowstheshiptomaintainitsplannedtrack,whereascourse-keepingonlyensuresthattheshipispointingintherightdirection.Windandcurrentscan,forexample,movetheshipsidewaysandoffitstrackwhiletheship'sheadingremainsunchanged.Forashiptooperateanautomatictrack-keepingsystem,theautopilotshouldbeadaptiveandabletoperformturnsautomaticallybetweentracklegs,usingeitherpre-setturnradiusorrateofturnvalues.Turnsarecommencedatawheeloverposition,onlyaftertheOOWhasacknowledgedthewheeloverpositionalarmandissatisfiedthatitissafetoexecutetheturn.Ifamalfunctionoccurswhentrack-keeping,thesystemshouldalarmandrevertimmediatelytocourse-keepingmode.Ifthemalfunctionoccurswhiletheautopilotisonatrack,theautopilotshouldcontinuetosteerthepre-setcourseofthattrack.Iftheautopilotisperformingaturnwhenthemalfunctionoccurs,theautopilotshouldcompletetheturnatthepre-setturnvalueandtakeupthecourseofthenexttrack.Anautopilotperformingautomatictrack-keepingfunctionsanditsalarmoutputsshouldalwaysbecloselymonitored.TheabilityoftheautopilotcloselytofollowaplannedtrackwilldependupontheaccuracyoftheXTEinformationsenttotheautopilotfromthenavigationsystem(seesection4.10.3).Itshouldberecognisedthat,inautomatictrack-keepingmode,therecanbedifferentheadingchangesthatcangivemisleadinginformationinend-to-endsituations,aswellassupplyingvaryingheadingdatainputstoARPAequipment.42ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE4.5.3Off-coursealarmAspartofthesteeringcontrolsystem,thereshouldbeanoff-coursealarmfacilitytowarntheOOWwhentheshipexcessivelydeviatesfromitscourse.Examplesofappropriatedevicesinclude:•amagneticoff-coursealarmindependentfromotherbridgeequipmentandinputs;•asecondgyrocompasswithaheadingcomparisonunitconnectedtobothcompasses.Thealarmshouldbeinuseatalltimesthattheautopilotisinoperation.Theuseoftheoff-coursealarmdoesnotrelievetheOOWfromfrequentlycheckingthecoursethatisbeingsteered.Non-activationoftheoff-coursealarmwillnotalwaysmeanthattheshipismaintainingitsplannedtrack.Theshipmaybemovedoffitstrackbywindandcurrentseventhoughtheheadingremainsunchanged.4.6COMPASSSYSTEM4.6.1MagneticcompassThemagneticcompassisgenerallyfittedabovethebridgeonthecentrelinewithaperiscopesothatthecompassisreadablefromthehelmsman'sposition.Wherethemagneticcompassisneededtoprovideheadingoutputstootherbridgesystems,atransmittingmagneticcompass(TMC)isfitted.TMCoutputsshouldbecorrectedforcompasserrorandtheTMCshouldbetestedonceaweek,inclearvisibility.Acompassdeviationcardshouldbemaintainedandpostedonthebridge.Thecompasswillneedtobeswungatintervalsduringtheship'slife,andparticularlyaftermajorsteelconversionworktotheship.Cautionshouldbeobservedwhenusingthemagneticcompassonshipsthatcarrymagneticcargoessuchasironandsteel.Compasssafedistancesarespecifiedonallelectricalbridgeequipmentandprovidetheminimumdistancesfromthemagneticcompassthatequipmentcanbeinstalled.4.6.2GyrocompassItisrecommendedthatthegyrocompassshouldberuncontinuously.Shouldagyrocompassstopforanyreason,itshouldberestartedandsubsequentlycheckedbeforeusetoensureithas'settled'andisreadingcorrectly.Speedandlatitudecorrectionsneedtobeappliedtothegyrocompass.Wherethegyrohasnodirectspeedlogorpositioninput,manualcorrectionswillhavetobemadeasrequired.Thegyrowillsupportanumberofrepeaters,includingarepeaterattheemergencysteeringposition.Gyrorepeatersonthebridgeshouldbecheckedagainstthemaingyroatleastonceawatch,andafterexcessivemanoeuvring.Otherrepeatersshouldbecheckedfrequently.4.6.3CompasserrorsAsasafeguardagainstthegyroandgyrorepeaterswandering,frequentchecksshouldbemadebetweenthemagneticandgyrocompasses.Magneticandgyrocompasserrorsshouldbecheckedandrecordedeachwatch,wherepossible,usingeitherazimuthortransitbearings.ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE43Arecordofmagneticandgyrocompasscoursestosteerandcompasserrorsshouldbemaintainedandkeptavailabletothehelmsman.4.6.4RateofturnWhenshipsaremanoeuvring,particularlylargeshipswherethedistancebetweenthebowandthepivotpointoftheshipisconsiderable,rateofturnindicationprovidestheshiphandlerwithfeedbackonhowquicklytheshipisturning.Rateofturnmeasurementisusedbyautomatictrack-keepingsystemstoperformcontrolledturns.4.7SPEEDANDDISTANCEMEASURINGLOGSpeedlogs,dependingupontheirtype,willprovideeithermeasurementsofspeedthroughthewaterorspeedovertheground.4.7.1TypesofspeedmeasurementIngeneralterms,speedthroughthewaterisusedforradarcollisionavoidance,andspeedoverthegroundisusedfornavigation.Cautionshouldbeexercisedifspeedoverthegroundisusedforcollisionavoidance,asdifferencescanariseintheaspectofatargetanditsvectorduetostrongcrosstides.Speedmadegoodcanalsobemeasuredonshipsandrepresentsthespeedthattheshiphasachievedoveraperiodoftime.Speedmadegoodcanbemeasuredfromthechartbetweenpositionfixes,andisalsocalculatedandtransmittedbyelectronicposition-fixingSystems.4.7.2DirectionofspeedmeasurementDoppler-typelogscanbothbesingle-axisandmeasurespeedintheforeandaftdirectionordual-axisandmeasureforeandaftandarthwartshipmovement.Coupledwithrateofturnmeasurement,dual-axislogsarealsoabletocalculatethespeedanddirectionofmovementofthebowandstern.Electro-magneticlogsprovidesingle-axismeasurementonly.4.7.3RecordingofdistancetravelledAswellasindicatingship'sspeed,logsrecordanddisplaydistancetravelled.Itisgoodnavigationpracticetoinitialisethelogdistancetripatthestartofeachnewtrack,andrecordlogdistancesinthelogbookattheendofeachwatch.4.8ECHOSOUNDERSThenavigationalechosoundershouldbeexpectedtooperatedowntodepthsofatleast200mmetres(approximately110fathoms).Theechosoundershouldalwaysbeusedwhenmakingalandfallandkeptswitchedonincoastalwaters.Iftheechosounderisfittedwithashallowwateralarm,thealarmshouldbesettoanappropriatesafedepthtowarnofapproachingshallowwater.Careshouldbetakentocheckthattheunitsofsoundingsontheechosounderarethesameasthoseusedonthechartinuse.Whencomparingechoandchartsoundings,allowancemustbemadeforthedraughtoftheship,andanywaterstandortidaleffects.4.9ELECTRONICPOSITION-FIXINGSYSTEMSElectronicposition-fixingsystemsprovideanautomaticandcontinuouspositionupdateforshipsfittedwithasuitablereceiverusingeitheraterrestrialhyperbolicradionavigationsystemsuchasLoranC,oraglobalsatelliteSystemsuchasGPS.44ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE4.9.1HyperbolicpositioningSystemsTheuseofhyperbolicpositioningsystemsatseahasdeclined.OmegaandDeccaarenolongeroperational.However,LoranC,asaback-uptotheglobalnavigationsatellitesystem,istoberetainedforthetimebeing.Theuseoflatticechartsshowinghyperboliclinesofpositionhasalsodeclined,andmostreceiversconvertthereadingstolatitudeandlongitude.CurrentresearchprojectsareinvestigatingtheviabilityofenhancedLoranCtofulfiltherequirementforanaffectiveback-upsystemintheeventofaGPSsystemfailure.4.9.1.1LoranCLoranChasabasicrangeofapproximately1,200milesusingground-wavesignals,althoughextendedrangecoverageispossibleusingskywaves.CorrectionsneedtobeappliedtoLoranCsignalstotakeintoaccountvariationsintheconductivityoftheearth'ssurfaceoverwhichthesignalspass.Theseareknownasadditionalsecondaryfactor(ASF)corrections.Thecorrectionsmayneedtobemanuallyappliedbeforeplottingthepositiononthechart.ThedevelopmentofenhancedLoranCwillseektoprovideadequateback-upifGPSisunavailableordegradedandforGPScorrectiondata.4.9.2GlobalnavigationsatellitesystemAglobalnavigationsatellitesystem(GNSS)isasatellitesystemthatprovidesshipsfittedwithsuitablereceiverswithameansofobtainingcontinuousworldwideposition,timeandspeedinformation.TheGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)operatedbytheUnitedStatesandtheGlobalNavigationSatelliteSystem(GLONASS)operatedbytheRussianFederationarecurrentlyavailableforcivilianuseonships.OthersystemssuchasGalileo,theEuropeansatellitenavigationsystem,arealsounderdevelopment.4.9.2.1GPSandDGPSSince2001,theartificialdegradationappliedbytheUnitedStatesauthoritiestoGPStransmissionsandknownasSelectiveAvailability(SA)hasbeenremoved.Thepreviouscommercialglobalpositioningcapabilitywithaccuracyoftheorderof100metreswasimprovedbythismeasuretoofferaccuracyof15-25metresatthereceiverantenna.DifferentialGPS(DGPS)receiversapplycorrectionstorawGPSsignalsdeterminedandtransmittedbyterrestrialmonitoringstations.DifferentialsignalscanbetransmittedtoshipsviasatellitesorusingHFradiolinks.WithinDGPScoverage,positionalaccuracyoftheorderof10metres,orbetter,atthereceiverantennaispossible.GreaternavigationalaccuracythanthatofferedbytheabovesystemsisprovidedbyspecialisedequipmentincludingGPSbasedequipment,andisusedbythosewhorequireincreasedpositionalfidelity.4.9.3Useofelectronicposition-fixingsystemsCareshouldbetakenwhenusingelectronicposition-fixingsystems.Watchkeepersneedtounderstandthecapabilitiesandlimitationsofthesystemstheyareusingandcontinuallymonitorandvalidatetheinformationgiven.ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE45Whenusingelectronicnavigationalequipmentforposition-fixingandpassageplanning,itshouldberememberedthatallvesselshaveatalltimesastatutoryrequirementtocomplywiththeCOLREGS.CompliancewiththeCOLREGSmayrequirevesselstodeviatefromtheirintendedelectronictracktoavoidaclosequarterssituation.Whenfollowinganytrackonanelectronicnavigationsystemorpaperchart,theOOWshall,beforemakinganycoursealterationand/orspeedalteration,firstassessthelikelyconsequencesofsuchactionstoensurethattheydonotcauseaclosequarterssituationtodevelop.4.9.3.1Useofelectronicposition-fixingsystemsinintegratedbridgesWhenposition-fixingSystemstransmitdatatoothernavigationsystems,theintegrityandqualityofthedatatransmittedneedtobesafeguarded.Techniquesusedshouldinclude:•usingpre-setqualitylimitstomonitorthefixqualityofeachposition-fixingsystemconnectedtotheintegratedbridge;•comparingallpositionstoidentifyandrejectanyroguepositionsorpositionsthatareclearlyincorrect;•comparingelectronicpositionswiththeship'sestimatedposition(EP)calculatedusingdirectinputsfromthelogandgyro;•checkingthestatusofthedatatransmittedandensuringthatonlyvaliddatamessagesareused.4.9.3.2RoutemonitoringRoutestorageandcrosstrackerror(XTE)monitoringarecommonGPSfeatures.ByenteringthepassageplanintheGPSaswellasthenavigationsystem,theGPScanprovideanintegratedbridgesystem(IBS)withanindependentroutemonitoringcapability.4.9.3.3Chartdatumsandaccuracy(seesection3.3.1.3)Electronicposition-fixingsystems,andinparticularGPSreceivers,calculatepositionsreferencedtotheglobaldatumWGS84.Thismaynotbethesameasthedatumofthechartinuse,withtheresultthatthepositionwhenplottedmaybewronginthecontextofthechart.Wherethedifferenceordatumshiftisknown,a'satellite-derivedpositions'noteonthechartprovidestheoffsettoapplytothepositionbeforeitisplotted.ManyreceivershavefacilitiestotransformpositionsfromWGS84tothedatumofthechartinternally,soeliminatingtheneedtoapplydatumoffsetsmanually.ItisneverthelessrecommendedthatthereceiveriskeptreferencedtoWGS84andthatpositionshiftvaluesareappliedmanually,becausethetransformationparametersusedinthereceivermaydifferfromthoseparametersusedbythehydrographicofficethatproducedthechart.Theprecisionofchartfeatures(e.g.dangers)onnavigationalchartsisoftheorderof0.3mmequivalenttoanaccuracyof15metresormoreatscalesof1:50,000orgreater.ManycoastalchartsareofsuchscalesandthereforemaynotbeaspreciseasDGPSwhendisplayingdangers.TheOOWshouldthereforealwaysallowasensiblesafetymargintotakeaccountofanysuchdiscrepancies.4.10INTEGRATEDBRIDGESYSTEMS(IBS)Anintegratedbridgesystemisacombinationofsystemswhichareinterconnectedtoallowthe46ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEcentralisedmonitoringofsensorinformationandcontrolofanumberofoperationssuchaspassageexecution,communications,machinerycontrol,safetyandsecurity.ThereisnosinglestandardIBSdesignforshipsandnorisIBSmandatory.Classificationsocietiesdoofferoptionalclassnotationsforships;the'NAV1'classfromLloyd'sRegister(LR),the'W1-OCclassfromDetNorskeVeritas(DNV),the'NAV-OC'classfromGermanischerLloyd(GL)and'OMBO'classfromtheAmericanBureauofShipping(ABS)areexamplesofclassnotationsforIBSarrangementsdesignedtosupportperiodiconemanbridgeoperations.FactorswhichwilldeterminetheextenttowhichtheIBSdesignallowscertainbridgefunctionstobeautomatedincludethedesignofthebridge,thetypeofequipmentthatisfittedandthelayoutofthatequipmentonthebridge.4.10.1Workstations,bridgedesignandlayoutCentralisedcontrolandmonitoringrequiresaworkstationdesignapproach.Atthemainoperatingpositiononthebridge,referredtovariouslyastheworkstationfornavigationandtrafficsurveillance/manoeuvring,thenavigationworkstationortheconningposition,theOOWshouldbeabletoundertakeallhisprimarydutiesunassistedwithefficiencyandsafety.Thedesignshouldalsoallowtwobridgeteammemberstoworksidebysideunhindered.Bridgedesignandthelayoutoftheworkstations,togetherwiththeequipmentandinstrumentationatthoseworkstations,areanimportantpartofIBSdesign.Thereshouldbeproperaccessintoandaroundthebridge,agoodworkingenvironmentandadequatebridgevisibilityfromalltheworkstations.AdetailedreviewoftheprinciplesofIBSdesignisoutsidethescopeofthisGuide,butthedesignshouldensurethatthefailureofonesub-systemdoesnotcausethefailureofanother,andthatanyfailureisimmediatelybroughttotheattentionoftheOOW.4.10.2IBSequipmentTopermitcentralisedmonitoringandcontrolofnavigationalfunctionsonthebridge,thefollowingsystemswillberequired:4.10.2.1NavigationmanagementsystemThenavigationmanagementsystemprovidesthemechanismforplanning,executingandmonitoringthepassageplanandwillthereforeprovidethelinkbetweenthechartsonwhichthevoyagehasbeenplanned,theposition-fixingsystems,thelogandgyroandtheautopilot.AnelectronicchartdisplaysystemwilltypicallyfunctionasthenavigationmanagementsystemwithinanIBS,supportedbyadedicatedrouteplanningterminaltoallowrouteplanningactivitiestobeundertakenwhileonpassageandwithoutinterferingwiththeOOW.4.10.2.2AlarmsystemTheIBShasanalarmsystemtowarntheOOWifpotentiallydangeroussituationscouldarise.FailureoftheOOWtoacknowledgealarms-usuallywithin30seconds-willtransferthealarmtoremotealarmunitsincabins,officesandmessestocallforback-upassistance.Themainnavigationalsensorsneedtobeconnectedtothealarmsystem,inparticulartheradarwhichprovidestrafficalarms,thegyroandautopilotwhichprovidecourse-relatedalarms,andtheposition-fixingsystemswhichprovideposition-relatedalarms,.ECDIS,thesteeringgear,powerdistributionpanelsetc.mayalsobeconnected.IncludedinthealarmsystemshouldbeawatchsafetyorfitnessalarmtomonitorthealertnessoftheOOW.Anintervaltimerforsettingalarmintervalsofupto12minutesshouldbepartofthesystem.Tobeeffective,itisessentialthatthewatchalarmisfullyoperationalandthattheOOWcannotdisableitforhisownconvenience.Anumberofalarmacknowledgementpoints,ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE47eachwithapre-warningalarmtogivetheOOWnoticethatthealarmisabouttobeactivatedshouldbeavailablearoundthebridge.AswiththefailureoftheOOWtoacknowledgeanavigationalarm,ifthefitnesstimeintervalexpires,analarmshouldsoundawayfromthebridge.4.10.2.3ConningdisplayThedisplayshouldbeavailableattheconningpositiontoshowinformationsummariesoftheimportantnavigationalsensorsusedonpassageandwhiledocking.ThedisplayalsoprovidestheOOWwithacentralplacetomonitorsensorsandcompareactualsettingswiththoseordered.4.10.3IBSandtheautomationofnavigationfunctionsTheprocessofplanningapassagethroughtoitsexecutionandmonitoringtheprogressoftheshipagainsttheplanisonebridgeoperationthatcanbesafelyautomatedaslongascertainproceduresanddisciplinesarefollowed:•theplanneedstobethoroughlypreparedoncharts(seesection2);•thedetailsoftheplan,andinparticularthewaypoints,needtobecarefullypreparedonortransferredtothenavigationsystem(seesection2.3.4);•thepositionoftheshipneedstobesafelycalculatedandqualitymonitoredbythenavigationsystem(seesection4.9);•ifthepositionoftheshipisaccurateandreliableandthepassageplanhasbeensafelyentered,theXTEdeviationsofftrackascalculatedbythenavigationsystemandtransmittedtotheautopilotwillbeaccurate,andallowtheautopilottocontrolthedirectionoftheshipautomaticallyandsafely(seesection4.5.2.2).4.10.4UsingIBSWherefitted,clearguidanceonIBSoperationsshouldbecontainedintheshipboardoperationalproceduresmanual.Inparticular,adviceonwhentocommenceandwhentosuspendautomatictrack-keepingshouldbeprovided.Overrelianceonautomaticsystems,coupledwiththeOOWpayingtoolittleattentiontovisualnavigationalandwatchkeepingtechniques,canbedangerous.4.11CHARTS,ECDISANDNAUTICALPUBLICATIONS4.11.1CarriageofchartsandnauticalpublicationsAllshipsshouldcarryadequateandup-to-dateofficialnauticalcharts,sailingdirections,listsoflights,noticestomariners,tidetablesandallothernauticalpublicationsnecessaryfortheintendedvoyage.Anonboardchartandpublicationmanagementsystemisrecommendedtoensurethatrecordsarekeptofwhatchartsandpublicationsarecarried,andwhentheywerelastcorrected.4.11.2OfficialnauticalchartsOfficialnauticalchartscanbeeitherpaperorelectronicchartsproducedby,orontheauthorityof,anationalhydrographicoffice.Unlikepapercharts,electronicchartsneedtobedisplayedonanelectronicchartdisplaysystem.Officialnauticalchartscanbeinoneoftwoelectronicformats:48ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE•Electronicnavigationalcharts(ENC)areofficialvectornauticalcharts.WhendisplayedonECDISequipmenttheyareequivalenttopapercharts;•Rasternavigationalcharts(RNC)areofficialrasternauticalcharts.BritishAdmiraltyARCSformatchartsandUnitedStatesNOAAformatchartsareexamples.However,whendisplayedonECDIS(orRCDS)equipmenttheyarenotcurrentlyequivalenttopapercharts(seesection4.11.5.4).4.11.3UseofchartsandnauticalpublicationsOnlyofficialnauticalchartdata,whichisuptodateandadequate,shouldbeusedforpassageplanningornavigation.Thechartscaneitherbepaperchartsorelectronicchartsthatareequivalenttopapercharts.Allothernauticalchartsarebydefinitionnotofficialandareoftenreferredtoasprivatecharts.ThesechartsarenotacceptedasthebasisfronavigationundertheSOLASConvention.Foradviceonplanningusingacombinationofelectronicandpaperscharts,refertosection2.3.4.1.Whennavigatingusingelectroniccharts,careshouldbetakentoensurethatthedisplayshowssufficient'look-ahead'distanceandthenextchartcanbereadilyaccessed.4.11.4ElectronicchartsandelectronicchartdisplaysystemsTherearetwokindsofofficialelectronicchartscommonlyavailable:VectororElectronicNavigationCharts(ENC)andRasterNavigationalCharts(RNC).Themarinerusingelectronicchartsystemsshouldbeawareofthedifferencesbetweenthetwotypesofchartformats.4.11.4.1VectorchartformatelectronicchartsVectorchartsarecompiledbyattributingtoeachandeverychartfeatureasetofvalues,andeachchartfeatureisstoredinalayereddigitaldatabase.Storageinadatabaseallowsthechartdatatobedisplayedasaseamlesschart,whilelayeringenablesfieldsofdatathatarenotrequiredatthetimetoberemovedfromdisplaytoreducechartclutter.Chartfeaturescanbeinterrogatedtodisplayadditionalinformationaboutchartedobjects.Theinherent“intelligence”ofvectorisedchartsallowsthreedimensional“routesafetyzonemonitoring”.Chartdepthcontoursandairdraughtclearancesaroundtheshipcanbemonitoredautomatically,bothwhiletherouteisbeingplannedandwhiletheshipisonpassage(seesection2.3.4).Alarmswillautomaticallybetriggeredifasafetyzonearoundashipisbreached.AninternationalstandardforvectorchartshasbeenfinalisedbyIHO(S-57Edition3)andvectorchartscomplyingwiththisstandardproducedbyorontheauthorityofanationalhydrographicofficeareknownaselectronicnavigationalcharts(ENC).4.11.4.2RasterchartformatelectronicchartsRasterchartsareexactcopiesofpaperchartsandareproducedbydigitalscanningtechniques.Informationonrasterchartscannotbelayered,andthemovefromonecharttoanotherwillnotbeseamless.Rasterchartshavetobeindividuallyselectedanddisplayed.Rasterchartshavenoinherent“intelligence”.Thechartdataitselfcannottriggerautomaticalarmswithouttheadditionofuser-insertedinformationthathasbeenenteredmanuallyduringrouteplanning.Withoutselectingdifferentscalecharts,thelook-aheadcapabilityusingrasterchartsmaybelimited,causingsomeinconveniencewhendeterminingtheidentityofdistantobjects.Datumsandprojectionsmaydifferbetweenrastercharts,andcaremustbetakentotakeaccountofsuchdifferences.ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE49Afacsimileofapaperchartoriginatedbyordistributedontheauthorityofanationalhydrographicofficeisknownasarasternavigationalchart(RNC).4.11.5ElectronicchartsdisplaysystemsStandardfeaturesofelectronicchartdisplaysystemsincludethedisplayofelectronicvectorand/orrasterchartsoverlaidwiththepositionoftheshipanditstrack,andfacilitiestorouteplanandautomaticallyupdatechartsusingdigitalnoticestomariners.NavigationsensorssuchasGPS,logandgyrowillbeconnectedtoprovidepositionalinformation.Anautopilotmayalsobeconnectedwhentheelectronicchartdisplaysystemisinstalledaspartofanintegratedbridgesystem.Someelectronicchartdisplaysystemsofferthecapabilitytodisplayradardataoverlaidonthechart.Thiscanbeeitherselectedtargetsorafullradarpicturethatcanbeindependentlycontrolled.Cautionshouldalwaysbeexercisedwheretargetvectorsbasedontheship'sspeedthroughthewaterareoverlaidonanelectronicchartthatisdisplayingspeedovertheground.Factorsthatwilldeterminetowhatextentanelectronicchartdisplaysystemcanbeusedwillincludethetypeofsystemthathasbeenfitted,theabilityofthatsystemtodisplayofficialnauticalcharts,andwhetherornottheflagstateadministrationallowsitsusefornavigationalpurposes.ElectronicchartdisplayssystemscanbecategorisedasECDIS,RCDSorECS.4.11.4.3ElectronicchartdisplaysystemsECDISisashipbornenavigationalsystemwhoseperformancestandardsarespecifiedinIMOResolutionA.817(19).Itmustsupportthewholerangeofnavigationalfunctionsthatmakeuseofthecharacteristicsofthechartdataandtheirspecificpresentation.Moreover,tobeanECDIS,theequipmentmustbeshowntomeetalltherequirementsoftheiMOPerformanceStandardsandoffer,besidesthegraphicpresentationofchartdata,additionalinformationaboutthecharacteristicsofthedisplayedfeatures.WithintheECDIS,theENCdatabasestoresthechartsinformationintheformofgeographicobjectsrepresentedbypoint,lineandareashapes,carryingindividualattributeswhichmakeanyoftheseobjectsunique.Appropriatemechanismsarebuiltintothesystemtoquerythedataandthentousetheobtainedinformationtoperformcertainnavigationalfunctions(e.g.antigroundingsurveillance).Thepresentationofthecurrentposition,range/bearingfunctionsandrouteplanningcapabilitiesareotherexamplesoftheminimumECDISrequirementslaiddownintheIMOPerformanceStandards.4.11.5.2CarriagerequirementsforECDISOnlyatype-approvedECDISoperatingwithuptodateofficialENCsandwithappropriatebackupmaybeusedtoreplaceallpaperchartsonaship.WhereofficialENCsarenotyetavailable,IMOregulationsallowflagstatestoauthorisetheuseofofficialrastercharts(togetherwithanappropriatefolioofpapercharts).4.11.5.3ECDISback-uprequirementsNoelectronicsystemiscompletelyfail-safe.IMOPerformanceStandardsthereforerequirethatthe“overallsystem”includesbothaprimaryECDISandanadequateindependentback-uparrangementthatprovides:•independentfacilitiesenablingasafetakeoveroftheECDISfunctionsinordertoensurethatasystemfailuredoesnotresultinacriticalsituation;and•ameanstoprovideforsafenavigationfortheremainingpartofthevoyageincaseofECDISfailure.50ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEThereareanumberofpossibleoptionsthatcouldmeettheserequirements,including:•AsecondECDISconnectedtoanindependentpowersupplyandaseparateGPSpositioninput;•Anappropriateuptodatefolioofofficialpaperchartsfortheintendedvoyage;•AnECDISoperatingintheRCDSmodeofoperation;or•Aradar-basedsystemcalled“Chart-Radar”meetingtheIMOPerformanceStandardsofIMOResolutionA.477(XII),asamendedbyMSC64(67).4.11.5.4RequirementforthesafeuseofECDISNavigationwithECDISisfundamentallydifferentfromnavigatingwithpapercharts.Asaconsequence,thesafeuseofECDISrequiresthemarinertobeappropriatelytrainedandappropriatebridgeprocedurestobeestablished.In1998,IMOrecognisedthatitwouldtakesomeyearstocompletetheworld’scoverageofENCs.Asaconsequence,IMOECDISPerformanceStandardswereamendedaddinganewoptionalmodeofoperationofECDIS,theRasterChartDisplaySystem(RCDS)mode.Inthismode,RNCscanbeusedinanECDIStomeetSOLAScarriagerequirementsfornauticalcharts.However,thisisonlyallowedifapprovedbytheflagstate.TheintentionofthosechangeswastoallowtheECDIStooperateasfaraspossibleonofficialchartdate,i.e.officialENCswhereavailablewithofficialRNCsfillinginthegaps.IMOtooknoteofthelimitationsofRNCsascomparedtoENCs,andtherevisedECDISPerformanceStandardsrequirethattheECDISmustbeusedtogetherwith“anappropriatefolioofuptodatepapercharts”fortheareaswhereRCDSmodeisemployed.TheintentionwastoallowthenumberofpaperchartscarriedbyashiptobereducedwhereRCDSmodewasutilised,butonlytoalevelcompatiblewithsafenavigation.Asnodefinitionoftheterm“appropriatefolio”wasprovidedbyIMO,differentflagstatesdevelopedindividualinterpretations.Consequently,shipownersshouldconsulttheirflagstateastowhetherRCDSmodeisallowedandunderwhatconditions.InareaswhereENCsorRNCsarenotavailable,shipsmustcarryallpaperchartsnecessaryfortheintendedvoyage.4.11.5.5RequirementforthesafeuseofECDISShipsarrivingatportmaybesubjecttoportstatecontrolbylocalofficialsbasedoninternationalagreements.InEurope,portstatecontrolisconductedaccordingtotheregulationssetoutintheParisMemorandumofUnderstanding.ItsECDISguidelinesexplainhowaportstatecontrolofficer(PSCO)shouldassesswhetherashipisusingelectronicchartsinaccordancewithSOLASrequirements.Checksmayincludewhether:•theshiphasdocumentationconfirmingthatthesystemcomplieswithIMOperformanceStandardsforECDIS.Intheabsenceofsuchdocumentation,thePSCOshouldseekconfirmationfromtheflagstatethatthesystemdoesmeetthestatutoryrequirements;•thesystemisbeingusedforprimarynavigation.ItshouldbeestablishedwhetherECDISisusedintheENCmodeorRCDSmodeorinbothmodes;•therearewrittenproceduresonboardtheshipforusingECDIS;•themasterandwatchkeepingofficersareabletoproduceappropriatedocumentationthatgenericandtype-specificECDISfamiliarisationhasbeenundertaken;ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE51•thechartsusedfortheintendedvoyagearethelatestofficialeditions;•thechartsinuseareuptodate;•thereareapprovedback-uparrangementsavailabletoensuereasafetransferoftheECDISfunctionsintheeventofECDISfailureandtoprovidesafenavigationfortheremainingpartofthevoyage.4.11.5.6SummaryofIMOECDIScarriagerequirementsNotestotableabove:(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)Someflagstatesmayrequirespecificdocumentationtoallowthis.Requiresapprovalofship’sflagstate–flagstatedefinesmeaningof“appropriate”.Back-upsystemisonlyrequiredifECDISisintendedtomeetcarriagerequirements.ForECDIStofulfilcarriagerequirements,shipsmustuseENCswheretheseareavailable.IfprivatechartsareusedinanECDIS,thesystemisregardedasoperatingasanECDIS.Papercharts(nottheECDIS)shouldremaintheprimarymeansofnavigation.52ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE4.11.5.7RasterChartDisplaySystem(RCDS)RCDS,oranECDISusedinRCDSmodeofoperation,displayingRNCchartdatashouldgenerallyonlybeusedasasupplementarynavigationtool.AmendmentstotheIMOECDISPerformanceStandardsaddanewoptionalmodeofoperationofECDIS–theRasterChartDisplaySystem(RCDS)mode.Inthismode,RNCscanbeusedinanECDIStomeetSOLAScarriagerequirementsfornauticalcharts.However,thisisonlyallowedifapprovedbytheflagstate.AcompletefolioofuptodatepaperchartsshouldbecarriedbyshipsoperatingintheRCDSmode.NoperformancestandardcurrentlyexistsforRCDS.4.11.5.8ElectronicChartSystem(ECS)ECSshouldonlybeusedasasupplementarynavigationtooltogetherwithacompletefolioofuptodatepapercharts.AllelectronicnavigationsystemswhicharenottestedtoshowcompliancewiththeECDISPerformanceStandardscanbegenerallydesignatedas“ElectronicChartSystems”(ECS).AnECSmaybeabletouseeitherofficialENCs,RNCsorotherchartdataproducedprivatelyandcouldhavefunctionalitysimilartoECDIS.SomeECSequipmentmanufacturersalsoproducevectorandrasterdatatouseintheirproducts.Theirchartsarederivedfromhydrographicofficepaperchartsorhydrographicofficedigitaldata.Hydrographicofficesdonottakeanyresponsibilityfortheaccuracyorreliabilityofprivatelyproducedcharts.WheretheshipoerateswithECS,thepaperchartremainstheofficialbasisfornavigationonboard.Theshipmustretainanduseafullfolioofuptodatepaperchartsonboard,regardlessofthetypeofelectronicchartsused.BecauseECSarenotintendedtomeetSOLASrequirements,norelatedIMOPerformanceStandardshavebeendeveloped.4.12RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS4.12.1GMDSSradiocommunicationfunctionsOnlyqualifiedradiopersonnelshouldoperateequipmentforGMDSSpurposes.GMDSSequippedshipsarerequiredtobeabletodothefollowingwherevertheyoperate:•transmitship-to-shoredistressalertsbytwoindependentmeans;•receiveshore-to-shipalerts(usuallyrelayedbyRescueCo-ordinationCentres);•transmitandreceive:oship-to-shipalertsoSARco-ordinatingcommunicationsoon-scenecommunicationsolocatingsignalsomaritimesafetyinformationoroutineorgeneralcommunicationstoandfromshoreICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE53obridge-to-bridgecommunications.4.12.2GMDSSequipmentShipsoperatingGMDSSareequippedaccordingtocarriagerequirementsthatrelatetotradingareasi.e.AreasA1,A2,A3andA4asstipulatedinSOLAS.AllshipsoperatingGMDSScanbeexpectedtohaveatleastthefollowingequipment:•VHFradiotelephone(Channels6,13and16):oChannel6maybeusedship-to-shipforSARoperationsoChannel13isusedforsafetyofnavigationship-to-shipoChannel16isusedfordistressandurgencytraffic,andmaybeusedbyaircraftforsafetypurposes;•VHFDSC(Channel70)transmitterandwatchreceiver:oDigitalselectivecalling(DSC)isusedforcallingandreplying,andfortransmitting,acknowledgingandrelayingdistressalerts.Itallowsaspecificstationtobecontactedandmadeawarethatthecallingstationwishestocommunicatewithit,andtoindicatehowtoreply,orwhichstationtolistentoforsubsequentdistresstraffic.Callscanalsobeaddressedto“allships”or“allstations”;•Searchandrescuetransponder(SART)usedforprovidinghomingsignalsfromsurvivalcraftfordetectionby9GHzradar;•NAVTEXreceiverusedforreceivingmaritimesafetyinformationwhichisautomaticallyprintedbythereceiver.Enhancedgroupcall(EGC)facilitieswillalsoberequiredforshipsoperatingoutsideNAVTEXrangeforthereceiptofSafetyNETbroadcasts;•Emergencypositionindicatingradiobeacon(EPIRB)usedinSARforalertingandforprovidinghomingsignalsforusebyaircraft.ShipssailingbeyondrangeofaVHPDSCcoaststationmustalsohaveanmediumfrequencyDSCtransmitterandwatchreceiver.IfsailingbeyondMFDSCrange,theymusthaveashipearthstationoranhighfrequencyDSCtransmitterandwatchreceiverincludingaradiotelexsystem.ShipsoperatinginpolarregionswillnothaveInternationalMobileSatelliteOrganization(INMARSAT)satellitecoverage.4.12.3EmergencycommunicationsEmergencycommunicationsincludedistress,urgencyandsafetymessages.4.12.3.1Distressalert,distressmessageanddistressrelayThedistressalertisanautomatedformofdistresssignalandindicatesthataship,aircraftorothervehicle,orapersonisingraveandimminentdangerandrequiresimmediateassistance.Itmaycontainallorsomeoftheinformationcontainedinthedistressmessage.ThedistressalertmaybesentusingDSCononeormoreofthefrequenciesdedicatedexclusivelytothepurpose,orbysatellite(seeannexA6).Messagesconcerningsafetyoflifeandnavigationshouldbetransmittedinastandardformcontainingthefollowinginformation,whichevermodeoftransmissionisused:•Nameofship;•callsignofship;54ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE•maritimemobileserviceidentity(MMSI)ofship;•positionofship;•natureofdistress(orotheremergency);•typeofassistancerequired(ifappropriate);•anyotherinformationthatmayhelpthosewhoseassistanceisrequired.Themastershouldordertherelayingofadistressmessagewheneveritisclearthattheshipindistresscannottransmitthemessageitself,oriffurtherhelpisthoughttobenecessary.Themastershouldmakeclearintherelaymessagethathisownshipisnotindistressbyusingtheprefix'MAYDAYRELAY'.4.12.3.2UrgencymessagesAnurgencymessageisonecontainingurgentinformationrelatingtoaship,aircraftorperson.Forexample:•manoverboard;•lostpropeller;•permanentlossofpower;•announcingandidentifyingmedicaltransports;•communicationsconcerningmedicaladvice.Theurgencysignalshouldonlybesentontheauthorityofthemaster.Ifusingterrestrialcommunications,theurgencyannouncementshouldbemadeononeormoreoftheDSCdistressfrequenciescontainedinannexA6.Theactualurgencymessagewhichfollowsshouldbesentononeormoreoftheradiotelephony/telexfrequenciesforfollow-updistresstraffic.Ifusingsatellitecommunications,itshouldbenotedthatshipearthstationsonlyhave“distress”and“routine”prioritylevels.Inmarsathasthereforedevisedasystemoftwo-digitcodesforurgencyandsafetycommunications.Notallcoastearthstationsacceptallthecodes.4.12.3.3SafetymessagesAsafetymessageisonecontaininganimportantnavigationalormeteorologicalwarning.Aswellastheitemslistedinsection3.7.2,informationreportsconcerningthepositionofbuoysandtheworkingoflighthousesandotheraidstonavigationcanbemade.Whentransmittingsafetymessages,thesafetymessageformatshouldbeusedusingthesamefrequenciesandproceduresasforurgencymessages.4.12.3.4EmergencyoverWhenevertheemergencyisclearlyover,itshouldbecancelledbyabroadcastto“allstations”.4.12.4RoutineorgeneralcommunicationsRoutineorgeneralcommunicationsincludeship-to-shipcommunication,pilotagemessages,portopérations,shipmovements,ship'sbusinessmessagesandotherpubliccorrespondence.Thefrequenciesusedbycoaststations,portstationsetc.canbeascertainedfromtheITUListICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE55ofCoastStations.4.12.4.1RoutinecommunicationsusingDSCWhentransmittingonDSCtheOOWshouldlistenontheship'stransmissionfrequencyandwhenitisfree,makethecall.Thecallshouldcontaininformationon:•themodeoftransmissiontobeusedforthefollow-upmessage(i.e.telephony,telex);•thefrequencytobeusedtotransmitthemessage.CoaststationsusuallymonitortwoDSCchannels-nationalandinternational.Thenationalchannelshouldbetriedfirst.Theacknowledgementtothecallwillnormallybeonthefrequencythatispairedwiththefrequencyonwhichthecallwasmade.Thestationthatiscalledshouldeitherconfirmthefrequencyforthefollow-uptrafficorindicateanotherfrequency.OnreceivingaDSCcallthatgivesnoindicationoffollow-upfrequencytouse,thereceivingshipshouldindicateasuitablefrequencyinitsacknowledgement.4.12.4.2RoutinecommunicationsusingradiotelephonyBeforecommencinganytransmission,checkwhetherthefrequencyisalreadyoccupied.Asimplexcallinwhichbothstationsusethesamefrequencyinvolveslisteningonthatfrequency.Aduplexcallinwhichseparatefrequenciesareusedinvolveslisteningontheship'stransmitfrequency;whenthechannelisfreethereceivershouldberetunedtothecoaststationreplyfrequencyandthecallmadeinthenormalway.Whencalling,speakclearly.Firstgivethenameofthestationbeingcalledfollowedbyownship'sname(andcallsignifnecessary).Ifitisnecessarytospellthenameoftheshipthephoneticalphabetshouldbeused.Givetheotherstationtimetoanswer;itmayhaveheardyoubutbeunabletoreplyimmediately.4.12.4.3RoutinecommunicationsusingradiotelexBeforetransmittingtoacoaststation,listenonitsansweringfrequencyforthe“channelfree”signal.4.13EMERGENCYNAVIGATIONLIGHTSANDSIGNALLINGEQUIPMENTTheOOWisresponsibleforensuringthattheemergencynavigationlightsandsignallingequipmentareinworkingorderandreadyforimmediateuseatalltimes.Theconditionofflagsandshapesshouldbecheckedatregularintervals.Soundsignallingequipmentmustbecheckeddailyandmaintainedinanoperationalcondition.Whererollerguidesandwiresoperatethewhistle,theseshouldbeexaminedfrequentlytoensureeasyoperation.Electricandautomaticwhistlesshouldbemaintainedaccordingtomanufacturers'instructions.56ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE55.1DYNAMICPOSITIONINGGENERALTheforewordtothiseditionnotesthatthisisthefirstoccasionthatDynamicPositioning(DP)hasbeenaddressedintheICSBridgeProceduresGuide.TheguidanceprovidedhereaddressestheinterfacebetweenDPsystemsandbridgeprocedures.ThissectionoftheGuideshouldbeconsideredsupplementarytodetailedDPproceduremanualsandtrainingrequirementsforthoseservingaboardDPships.5.2OPERATIONALPLANNINGONDPSHIPSInadditiontomakingaconventionalpassageberth-to-berth,manyvesselsundertakeoperationsinvolvingnavigationinareaswheredifferentformsofhazardexist,forexampleinoffshoreoilfields.Theberth-to-berthplanshouldaddressoperationalplanningwithinaworksiteenvironment.Whenarrivingattheoperationalareaorworksite,itisnecessaryforadetailedoperationalplantobeavailablecoveringtheapproachandotherphasesoftheenvisagedoperation.IfthevesselisusingDPmode,thenthecapabilitiesandlimitationsoftheDPsystemanditsperipheralequipmentshouldbeallowedfor.Whendevelopingtheoperationalplan,thefollowingfactorsareamongthosethatshouldbetakenintoaccount:•guidancecontainedwithintheship'soperationalproceduresmanuals,togetherwithanyinstructionsorguidancefromthevessel'sownersormanagers,orfromtheagencyresponsibleforoperationswithintheworksitearea;•anyconditionsthatmaynecessitatechangesbeingmadetotheoperationalplanning;•locationofhazardswithintheworksitearea,depthofwateronandaroundtheworksite;•whethervesselmanoeuvrabilityisimpairedbyanyaspectoftheoperation;•expectedweatherconditions,conditionsofvisibility,seastateandcurrents;•availabilityofvesselpower;•levelofvesselredundancyandtheredundancyrequirementsoftheoperation;•availabilityofpositionreference,includingcontingencyandback-upreferences;•anyrestrictionsthatmightbeimposedbythefieldoperatorregardingtheplacingormanoeuvringofunderwaterhardware;•proximityofothervesselsatany

stageoftheoperationandtheeffectsuponthemanoeuvrabilityofownvesselortheintegrityofherpositionreferences;•abilityofownvesseltoreacttochangesinweather,poweroroperationalstatus.Alloftheabovewillformpartofaformalriskassessmentwhichwillcoverallaspectsoftheoperation.Contingencyplanningisanessentialpartofanyplanningforthistypeofoperation.BytheirICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE57nature,operationsofthistypeareoftenconductedincloseproximitytoothervesselsorfixedstructures.Itisessentialthatcontingencyplansaremadecoveringsafeescaperoutesandactionstobetakenintheeventofunforeseencircumstances,catastrophicfailureoranysignificantdegradationofvesselsystems.5.3NAVIGATIONINDPMODEDuringDPoperations,thewatchkeepermustbeawareoftheproximityofothervesselsorstructureswhichmightpresentacollisionhazard.ThisisespeciallyimportantinviewofthefactthatvesselsengagedinDPoperationsareusuallyunabletomanoeuvreimmediately,oftenbeinghamperedvessels.Theappropriatelightsandothersignalsmustbedisplayed.Thewatchkeeperisresponsibleforthecontinuousmonitoringofthevessel'spositionandofthestatusofthevariousPositionReferenceSystems(PRS)providingpositionaldata.IfdatafrommorethanonePRSisbeingautomaticallypooledorcombined,thenthewatchkeepermustbeawareoftherelativeweightingsappliedtoindividualPRS.ManyoperationsinvolvingDPcapablevesselsentailvesselpositioningrelativetoamovingtarget,forexampleashuttletankerconductingtandemloadingoperationsfromaFloatingProduction,StorageandOffloadingvessel(FPSO).Underthesecircumstances,thewatchkeepersmustbeawareofthemotioncharacteristicsofthetarget.Theremustalsobeprovisionofappropriatepositionreferences,includingbothabsolutereferences,suchasDGPS,andrelativereferenceswithpositiondatareferencedtothemovingtarget.ManyoperationsinvolvingDPcapablevesselsentaildeploymentofunderwaterequipmentsuchasRemotelyOperatedVehicles(ROVs)-tetheredsubmersibles.Otheroperationsentaildeploymentofdivers,pipelines,cablesorotherunderwaterequipment.Thewatchkeepermustbeawareofthehazardpresentedbythisequipmenttothevessel'smanoeuvrability,especiallyinviewoftheriskoffouledpropellersorthrusters,andalsoofthelimitationsinmanoeuvringimposedbythepresenceofunderwaterequipmentoroperations.5.4CONTROLLINGSPEEDANDDIRECTIONINDPMODEThewatchkeeperisresponsibleforthemonitoringofallequipmentrelatedtothecontrolofthepositionandheadingofthevessewhilstinDPmode.DPsystemsareverycomplexbecause,viacomputercontrol,theyintegrateanumberofdifferentfunctionsrelatingtothepowerplant,propulsionsystems,andpositionandheadingreferences.DPsystemswillemploycomplexmathematicalmodellingtechniquestoprovideadaptivepositioningcontrol.Thismodellingprocesstakestimetoestablishwithinthesystem.Thewatchkeepermustthereforeensurethatsufficienttimehasbeenallowedforthemathematicalmodeltobecomeestablishedbeforecommencingoperationsuponwhichtheprecisepositioningoftheshipisacriticalfactor.EffectivecontrolofavesselinDPmodeisdependentupontheefficientoperationofpropulsionunits,propellersandthrusters.Thewatchkeepermustcontinuallymonitorthatpropulsioncommandsarematchedbyfeedbackvaluesfromallthrustunits.Thewatchkeepermustalsoconstantlybeawareofthedemandsbeingmadeonthepowerplantandensurethatsufficientpowerisavailableforeffectivecontroloftheship,withanappropriatepowerreserve.Similarly,individualpropulsionunits(propellersandthrusters)mustbemonitoredcontinuously.Indeterioratingenvironmentalconditions,thewatchkeepermustcontinuetomonitortheaccuracywithwhichthevessel'spositionandheadingarebeingmaintained.Ifpositionand/orheadingexcursionsareoutsideacceptablelimits,thendueconsiderationmustbegiventosuspendingoperationsuntilmorefavourableconditionsprevail.58ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE5.5OPERATIONANDMAINTENANCEOFDPSYSTEMAsDynamicPositioningisavesselfunctionratherthanaspecificpieceofequipment,itcanbedescribedasanintegrationofavarietyofcomponentssuchasPositionReferenceSystems(PRS),gyrocompasses,computers,propulsionsystemsandthevessel'spowerplant.DPsystemsarecontrolledbymeansofanOperatorStation,usuallylocatedonthebridge.BeforecommencingDPoperations,ortransferringtoDPcontrolfromconventionalnavigation,allsystemsmustbecarefullycheckedandtested;apre-DPchecklistisnormallyprovidedforthispurpose(seechecklistB14).UpontransferringfromconventionalnavigationalcontroltoDPcontrol,thewatchkeepermustcheckthatcontrolofallpropulsionunitsandthrustersiseffective,i.e.thatallunitsarebeingcorrectlycommandedbytheDPsystem.Thisisnormallydoneina"Manual"DPmode,withpositionandheadingofthevesselcontrolledbyajoysticklocatedontheDPpanel.WheninautomaticDPmode,thewatchkeepermustsetwarningandalarmlimitstoappropriatevaluesinordertogiveindicationsofheadingorpositionexcursions.InmanyDPvessels,fullsystemredundancyisprovided.Multiplegyrocompasses,windsensors,PRSandcomputerscontributetothelevelofredundancy.Thewatchkeepermustmonitorandcompareinputdatafromduplicatedsensors.Thesystemshouldgivewarningsandalarmsagainstdatadiscrepancies.Ifthesystemfeaturestriplemodularredundancy,withtriplicatedsensors,thena"voting"capabilityallowsautomaticdetectionofanerrantsensorandautomaticrejectionofanincorrectsensoranditsdata.AllPRShaveinherentlimitstotheirlevelsofreliabilityandaccuracy.ItisnormaltodeploymorethanonePRSwithdatapoolingtoprovidea"bestfit"position.Thewatchkeepershouldavoidcommon-modefailurescenariosresultingfromthedeploymentofPRSofthesametype.Typicalpositionreferencesystemsinclude:•differentialGPS;•microwaverange/bearingsystems;•hydroacousticsystems;•tautwiresystems;•laser-basedsystems.IftheoperationnecessitatesthedeploymentofthreePositionReferenceSystems,thenatleastoneofthesereferencesshouldbeasurfacereference,i.e.notallofthemshouldbeunderwatersystemssuchasthetautwireorthehydroacousticsystem.ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE596MARITIMEPILOTAGEThischapteriscloselybasedontheInternationalBestPracticesforMaritimePilotageguidelinesjointlypublishedbyICS,OCIMFandIntertankoandwhichshouldproveausefulsupplementtosections2.7and3.3.3ofthisGuide.Thekindpermissionoftheco-authorsisacknowledgedforthereproductionoftheseguidelines.Recommendationsareofferedtoshipmasters,bridgesupportingstaffandpilotsontheminimumstandardsofpilotageservicethattheshippingindustryshouldexpectonboardshipsinpilotagewatersworldwide.Theaimofthischapteristoclarifytherolesofthemaster,theship'screwandthepilot,andtheworkingrelationshipbetweenthem.However,therecommendationsaredesignedtocomplement,andnotreplace,existingregulationsandstandardreferencesbygivingdetailedguidanceontheinteractionbetweenpartiesinvolvedinpilotageoperations.6.1PRINCIPLESFORTHESAFECONDUCTOFPILOTAGEEfficientpilotageischieflydependentupontheeffectivenessofthecommunicationsandinformationexchangesbetweenthepilot,themasterandotherbridgepersonnelanduponthemutualunderstandingeachhasforthefunctionsanddutiesoftheothers.Ship'spersonnel,shore-basedshipmanagementandtherelevantportandpilotageauthoritiesshouldutilisetheprovenconceptofBridgeResourceManagement.Establishmentofeffectiveco-ordinationbetweenthepilot,masterandothership'spersonnel,takingdueaccountoftheship'ssystemsandtheequipmentavailabletothepilot,isaprerequisiteforthesafeconductoftheshipthroughpilotagewaters.Thepresenceofapilotontheshipdoesnotrelievethemasterorofficerinchargeofthenavigationalwatchfromtheirdutiesandobligationsforthesafeconductoftheship.6.2PROVISIONOFINFORMATIONFORBERTH-TO-BERTHPASSAGEPLANNINGShipsshouldprovidetherelevantportorpilotageauthoritywithbasicinformationregardingtheirarrivalintentionsandshipcharacteristics,suchasdraughtanddimensions,asrequiredbytheportorotherstatutoryobligations.Thisshouldbecompletedwellinadvanceoftheplannedarrivalandinaccordancewithlocalrequirements.Inacknowledgingreceiptofthisinformation,relevantinformationshouldbeprovidedtotheship(eitherdirectlyorviaagents)assoonasitbecomesavailable.Suchinformationshouldincludeasaminimum:thepilotboardingpoint;reportingandcommunicationsprocedures;andsufficientdetailsoftheprospectiveberth,anchorageandrouteinginformationtoenablethemastertoprepareaprovisionalpassageplantotheberthpriortohisarrival.Whilstcharts,pilotbooksandportguidelinesprovidemuchofthisinformationdirectly,mastersshouldrecognisethatnotallofthisinformationmaybeavailableinsufficientdetailtocompletethepassageplanuntilthepilothasboardedtheship.6.3MASTER/PILOTINFORMATIONEXCHANGEThepilotandthemastershouldexchangeinformationregardingthepilot'sintentions,theship'scharacteristicsandoperationalparametersassoonaspossibleafterthepilothasboardedtheship.TheICSMaster/PilotExchangeForms(annexesA1andA2)ortheequivalentcompanyformat,shouldbecompletedbyboththemasterandpilottohelpensurereadyavailabilityoftheinformationandthatnothingisomittedinerror.60ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDETheexchangeofinformationregardingpilotageandthepassageplanshouldincludeclarificationof:•rolesandresponsibilitiesofthemaster,pilotandothermembersofthebridgemanagementteam;•navigationalintentions;•localconditionsincludingnavigationalortrafficconstraints;•tidalandcurrentinformation;•berthingplanandmooringboatuse;•proposeduseoftugs;•expectedweatherconditions.Aftertakingthisinformationintoaccountandcomparingthepilot'ssuggestedplanwiththatinitiallydevelopedonboard,thepilotandmastershouldagreeanoverallfinalplanearlyinthepassagebeforetheshipiscommitted.Themastershouldnotcommithisshiptothepassageuntilsatisfiedwiththeplan.Allpartiesshouldbeawarethatelementsoftheplanmaychange.Contingencyplansshouldalsobemadewhichshouldbefollowedintheeventofamalfunctionorashipboardemergency,identifyingpossibleabortpointsandsafegroundingareas.Theseshouldbediscussedandagreedbetweenpilotandmaster.6.4DUTIESANDRESPONSIBILITIESThepilot,masterandbridgepersonnelsharearesponsibilityforgoodcommunicationsandmutualunderstandingoftheothers'roleforthesafeconductofthevesselinpilotagewaters.Theyshouldalsoclarifytheirrespectiverolesandresponsibilitiessothatthepilotcanworkeasilyandsuccessfullywiththenormalbridgemanagementteam.Thepilot'sprimarydutyistoprovideaccurateinformationtoensurethesafenavigationoftheship.Inpractice,thepilotwilloftencontheshiponthemaster'sbehalf.Themasterretainstheultimateresponsibilityforthesafetyofhisship.Heandhisbridgepersonnelhaveadutytosupportthepilotandtomonitorhisactions.Thisshouldincludequeryinganyactionsoromissionsbythepilot(oranyothermemberofthebridgemanagementteam)ifinconsistentwiththepassageplanorifthesafetyoftheshipisinanydoubt.6.5PREPARATIONFORPILOTAGEThepilotandPilotageAuthorityshould:•ensurethatthepilotisadequatelyrestedpriortoanactofpilotage,ingoodphysicalandmentalfitnessandnotundertheinfluenceofdrugsoralcohol;•establishcommunicationwiththeshiptomakearrangementsforboarding;•maintaincurrentinformationrelevanttonavigational,hydrographicandmeteorologicalinformationaswellastrafficmovementswithinthepilotagearea;•facilitatecommunicationwiththeshiptomakearrangementsforboarding.Insupportingthepilot,themasterandbridgepersonnelshould:ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE61•ensuretheyareadequatelyrestedpriortoanactofpilotage,ingoodphysicalandmentalfitnessandnotundertheinfluenceofdrugsoralcohol;•drawuponthepreliminaryinformationsuppliedbytherelevantportorpilotageauthorityalongwithpublisheddata(e.g.charts,tidetables,lightlists,SailingDirectionsandradiolists)inordertodevelopaprovisionalpassageplanpriortotheship'sarrival;•preparesuitableequipmentandprovidesufficientpersonnelforembarkingthepilotinasafeandexpedientmanner;•establishcommunicationswiththepilotstationtoconfirmboardingdetails.6.6PILOTBOARDINGTheboardingpositionforpilotsshouldbelocated,wherepracticable,atagreatenoughdistancefromtheportsoastoallowsufficienttimeforacomprehensiveface-to-faceexchangeofinformationandagreementofthefinalpilotagepassageplan.Thepositionchosenshouldallowsufficientsearoomtoensurethattheship'ssafetyisnotputindanger,before,duringordirectlyaftersuchdiscussions,neithershoulditimpedethepassageofotherships.ThepilotorPilotageAuthorityshould:•takeallnecessarypersonalsafetyprecautions,includingusingorwearingtheappropriatepersonalprotectiveequipmentandensuringitemsareproperlymaintained;•takeanyappropriatemeasuresavailabletocheckthatboardingequipmentappearsproperlyriggedandmanned;•liaisewiththemastersothattheshipispositionedandmanoeuvredtopermitsafeboarding.Insupportingthepilot:•themasterandship'spersonnelshouldensurethatthemeansofpilotembarkationanddisembarkationareproperlypositioned,rigged,maintainedandmannedinaccordancewithIMOrecommendationsand,whereapplicable,otherportrequirements;•themastershouldliaisewiththepilotstation/transfercraftsothattheshipispositionedandmanoeuvredtoensuresafeboarding.6.7CONDUCTOFPASSAGEINPILOTAGEWATERSItisessentialthataface-to-facemaster/pilotexchange(MPX)resultsinclearandeffectivecommunicationandthewillingnessofthepilot,masterandbridgepersonneltoworktogetheraspartofabridgemanagementteam.Englishlanguage,oramutuallyagreedcommonlanguageortheIMOStandardMarineCommunicationPhrases,shouldbeused,andallmembersoftheteamsharearesponsibilitytohighlightforclarificationanyperceivederrorsoromissionsbyotherteammembers.Themasterandbridgepersonnelshould:•withinthebridgemanagementteam,interactwiththepilotprovidingconfirmationofhisdirectionsandfeedbackwhentheyhavebeencompliedwith;•monitoratalltimestheship'sspeedandpositionaswellasdynamicfactorsaffectingtheship(e.g.weatherconditions,manoeuvringresponsesanddensityoftraffic);•confirmonthechartatappropriateintervalstheship'spositionandthepositionsofnavigationalaids,alertingthepilottoanyperceivedinconsistencies.62ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEThepilotshould:•ensurethatthemasterisabletoparticipateinanydiscussionswhenonepilotrelinquisheshisdutytoanotherpilot;•reporttotherelevantauthorityanyirregularitywithinthepassage,includingdeficienciesconcerningtheoperation,manning,orequipmentoftheship.6.8BERTHINGANDUNBERTHINGThenecessityofco-operationandacloseworkingrelationshipbetweenthemasterandpilotduringberthingandunberthingoperationsisextremelyimportanttothesafetyoftheship.Inparticular,boththepilotandthemastershoulddiscussandagreewhichoneofthemwillberesponsibleforoperatingkeyequipmentandcontrols(suchasmainengine,helmandthrusters).Thepilotshouldco-ordinatetheeffortsofallpartiesengagedintheberthingorunberthingoperation(e.g.tugcrews,linesmen,ship'screw).Hisintentionsandactionsshouldbeexplainedassoonaspracticabletothebridgemanagementteam,inthepreviouslyagreedappropriatelanguage.Insupportingthepilot,themasterandbridgepersonnelshould:•ensurethatthepilot'sdirectionsareconveyedtotheship'screwandarecorrectlyimplemented;•ensurethattheship'screwprovidethebridgemanagementteamwithrelevantfeedbackinformation;•advisethepilotoncehisdirectionshavebeencompliedwith,orwhereanomissionhasoccurredorifapotentialproblemexists.6.9OTHERMATTERSThepilotshould:•assistinterestedpartiessuchasportauthorities,nationalauthoritiesandflagadministrationsinreportingandinvestigatingincidentsinvolvingvesselswhilstunderpilotage,subjecttothelawsandregulationsoftherelevantauthorities;•observetherecommendationswithinthischapterandmeetorexceedtherequirementssetdowninIMOAssemblyResolutionA.960(23)anditsannexes;•reporttotheappropriateauthorityanythingobservedwhichmayaffectsafetyofnavigationorpollutionprevention,includinganyincidentthatmayhaveoccurredtothepilotedship;•refusepilotagewhentheshiptobepilotedisbelievedtoposeadangertothesafetyofnavigationortotheenvironment.Anysuchrefusal,togetherwiththereason,shouldimmediatelybereportedtotheappropriateauthorityforfurtheraction.Themaster,havingtheultimateresponsibilityforthesafenavigationoftheship,hasaresponsibilitytorequestreplacementofthepilotshouldhedeemitnecessary.ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE636.10STANDARDREFERENCESIMOResolutionA.960(23),AnnexesIandIIandsubsequentamendments"RecommendationsonTraining,QualificationsandOperationalProceduresforMaritimePilotsotherthanDeepSeaPilots”IMOResolutionA.893(21)"GuidelinesforVoyagePlanning"IMOResolutionA.889(21)"PilotTransferArrangements"SOLASChapterV,Regulation23"PilotTransferArrangements"64ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEANNEXESPARTA–COMMUNICATIONSICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE65A1SHIP-TO-SHORE/MASTER/PILOTEXCHANGE66ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEA2SHORE-TO-SHIP/PILOT/MASTEREXCHANGEICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE67A3PILOTCARD68ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEReference:IMOResolutionA.601(15)ProvisionanddisplayofmanoeuvringinformationonboardshipsICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE69A4WHEELHOUSEPOSTERReference:IMOResolutionA.601(15)Provisionanddisplayofmanoeuvringinformationonboardships70ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEA5REQUIREDBOARDINGARRANGEMENTSFORPILOTSICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE71A6DISTRESSALERTANDTHEFREQUENCIESTOUSE72ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEA7GUIDANCEONSTEERINGGEARTESTROUTINESICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE73PARTB–BRDIGECHECKLISTSNote:Thesechecklistshavebeenincludedasaguide.MastersandnavigatingofficersmaywishtoaddtoormodifyThesecheckliststosuittheparticularoperationalneedsoftheship.74ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEB1FAMILIARISATIONWITHBRIDGEEQUIPMENTHastheoperationofthefollowingequipmentbeenstudiedandfullyunderstood?…bridgeanddecklighting…emergencyarrangementsintheeventofmainpowerfailure…navigationandsignallights,including…searchlights…signallinglamp…morselight…soundsignallingapparatus,including…whistles…fogbellandgongsystem…safetyequipment,including…LSAequipmentincludingpyrotechnics,EPIRBandSART…bridgefiredetectionpanel…generalandfirealarmsignallingarrangements…emergencypump,ventilationandwater-tightdoorcontrols…internalshipcommunicationsfacilities,including…portableradios…emergency“batteryless”phonesystem…publicaddresssystem…AISandexternalcommunicationequipment,including…VHFandGMDSSequipment…alarmsystemonbridge…automatictrack-keepingsystem,iffitted…ECDISandelectroniccharts,iffitted…echosounder…electronicnavigationalposition-fixingsystems…VDRorS-VDRequipment…gyrocompass/repeaters…IBSfunctions,iffitted…magneticcompass…off-coursealarm…radarincludingARPA…speed/distancerecorder…engineandthrustercontrolsICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE75…shipsecurityalertequipment…steeringgear,includingmanual,auto-pilotandemergencychangeoverandtestingarrangements(seeannexA7)…locationandoperationofancillarybridgeequipment(e.g.binoculars,signallingflags,meteorologicalequipment)?…stowageofchartandhydrographicpublications?Otherchecks(tobeexpandedbymasterandnavigationofficer):…………76ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEB2PREPARATIONFORSEA…Hasapassageplanfortheintendedvoyagebeenprepared?(seesection2)Hasthefollowingequipmentbeencheckedandfoundreadyforuse?…anchors…bridgemovementbook/courseandenginemovementrecorder…echosounder…electronicnavigationalposition-fixingsystems…gyro/magneticcompassandrepeaters…radar(s)…requiredAISdatainputmade,speed/distancerecoder…clocksHasthefollowingequipmentbeentested,synchronisedandfoundreadyforuse?…bridgeandengineroomtelegraphs,including…rpmindicators…emergencyenginestops…thrusterscontrolsandindicators,iffitted…controllablepitchpropellercontrolsandindicators,iffitted…communicationsfacilities,including…bridgetoengineroom/mooringstationcommunications…portableradios…VHFradiocommunicationswithportauthority…navigationandsignallights,including…searchlights…signallinglamp…morselight…soundsignallingapparatus,including…whistles…fogbellandgongsystem…steeringgear,includingmanual,auto-pilotandemergencychangeoverarrangementsandrudderindicators(seeannexA7)…windowwiper/clearviewscreenarragementsIstheshipsecureforsea?…cargoandcragohandlingequipmentsecure…allhullopeningssecureandwatertight…cargo/passengerdetailsavailable…stabilityanddraughtinformationavailableICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE77…Areallthecrewonboardandallshorepersonnelashore?…Arenecessarypersonnelsufficientlyrested?…Haverequiredsecurityandstowawaysearchesbeencarriedout?…Arethepilotdisembarkationarrangementsinplace?(seeannexA5)Otherchecks:…………78ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEB3PREPARATIONFORARRIVALINPORT…Inpreparingthepassageforarrivalinport,hasapre-pilotageinformationexchangetakenplace?(seeannexesA1andA2)…HasthepassageplanbeenupdatedfollowingreceiptoftheShoretoShipPilot/MasterExchangeformandalllatestnavigationalwarnings?…HastheETAbeensentwithallrelevantinformationrequiredbylocalregulations(e.g.detailsofdangerous/hazardousgoodscarried)?…Isitnecessarytorearrangecargo/ballast?Hasthefollowingequipmentbeenpreparedandchecked?…courseandenginemovementrecorders…clocksynchronisation…communicationswiththeenginecontrolroomandmooringstations…signallingequipment,includingflags/lights…decklighting…mooringwinchesandlinesincludingheavinglines…pressureonfiremain…anchorsclearedaway…stabilisersandlogtubeshoused,iffitted…Hasthesteeringgearbeentested,andhasmanualsteeringbeenengagedinsufficienttimeforthehelmsmantobecomeaccustomedbeforemanoeuvringcommence?(seeannexA7)…Havetheenginesbeentestedandpreparedformanoeuvring?…HasthePilotCard(seeannexA3)beencompletedandarethepilotembarkationarrangements(seeannexA5)inhand?…HaveVHFchannelsforthevariousservices(e.g.VTS,pilot,tugs,berthinginstructions)beennotedandaradiocheckcarriedout?…Hastheportbeenmadefullyawareofanyspecialberthingrequirementsthattheshipmayhave?Otherchecks:…………ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE79B4PILOTAGE…Immediatelyonarrivalonthebridge,hasthepilotbeeninformedoftheship’sheading,speed,enginesettinganddraught?…Hasthepilotbeeninformedofthelocationoflifesavingappliancesprovidedonboardforhisuse?Havedetailsoftheproposedpassageplanbeendiscussedwiththepilotandagreedwiththemaster,including…radiocommunicationsandreportingrequirements…bridgewatchandcrewstand-byarrangements…deploymentanduseoftugs…berthing/anchoringarrangements…expectedtrafficduringtransit…pilotchange-overarrangements,ifany…fenderrequirements…HasacompletedPilotCard(seeannexA3)beenhandedtothepilotandhasthepilotbeenreferredtotheWheelhousePoster?(seeannexA4)…Havetheresponsibilitieswithinthebridgeteamforthepilotagebeendefinedandaretheyclearlyunderstood?…Hasthelanguagetobeusedonthebridgebetweentheship,thepilotandtheshorebeenagreed?…Aretheprogressoftheshipandtheexecutionofordersbeingmonitoredbythemasterandofficerofthewatch?…Aretheengineroomandship’screwbeingregularlybriefedontheprogressoftheshipduringthepilotage?…Arethecorrectlights,flagsandshapesbeingdisplayed?Otherchecks:…………80ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEB5PASSAGEPLANAPPRAISALHavenavigationchartsbeenselectedfromchartcatalogue,including…largescalechartsforcoastalwaters…smallscalechartsforoceanpassage…planningcharts…routeing,climatic,pilotandloadlinezonechartsHavepublicationsbeenselected,including…sailingdirectionsandpilotbooks…lightlists…radiosignals…guidestoportentry…tidetablesandtidalstreamatlasHaveallnavigationchartsandpublicationsbeencorrecteduptodate,including…theorderingofnewcharts/publications,ifnecessary…noticestomariners…localareawarnings…NAVAREAnavigationalwarningsHavethefollowingbeenconsidered?…ship’sdepartureandarrivaldraughtstogetherwithanyrestrictionsonunderkeelclearanceduetosquat…ship’scargoandanyspecialcargostowage/carriagerestrictions…ifthereareanyspecialshipoperationalrequirementsforthepassageHavethefollowingbeenchecked?…planningchartsandpublicationsforadviceandrecommendationsonroutetobetaken…climatologicalinformationforweathercharacteristicsofthearea…navigationchartsandpublicationsforlandfallfeatures…navigationalchartsandpublicationsforShip’sRouteingSchemes,ShipReportingSystemsandVesselTrafficServices(VTS)…Hasweatherrouteingbeenconsideredforpassage?Havethefollowingpreparationsbeenmadeforportarrival?…navigationchartsandpublicationsstudiedforpilotagerequirements…ShiptoShoreMaster/PilotExchangeformprepared(seeannexA1)…PilotCardupdated(seeannexA3)…portguidesstudiedforportinformationincludingarrival/berthingrestrictionsOtherchecks:…ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE81B6NAVIGATIONINCOASTALWATERSHavethefollowingfactorsbeentakenintoconsiderationinpreparingthepassageplan?…advice/recommendationsinSailingDirections…ship’sdraughtinrelationtoavailablewaterdepths…effectofsquatonunderkeelclearanceinshallowwater…tidesandcurrents…weather,particularlyinareaspronetopoorvisibility…availablenavigationalaidsandtheiraccuracy…position-fixingmethodstobeused…daylight/night-timepassingofdangerpoints…trafficlikelytobeencountered–flow,type,volume…anyrequirementsfortraffic,separation/routeingschemes…shipsecurityconsiderationsregardingpiracyorarmedattack…Arelocal/coastalwarningbroadcastsbeingmonitored?…IsparticipationinareareportingsystemsrecommendedincludingVTS?…Istheship’spositionbeingfixedatregularintervals?Hasequipmentbeenregularchecked/tested,including…gyro/magneticcompasserrors…manualsteeringbeforeenteringcoastalwatersifautomaticsteeringhasbeenengagedforaprolongedperiod…radarperformanceandradarheadinglinemarkeralignment…echosounder…IstheOOWpreparedtousetheenginesandcallalook-outorahelmsmantothebridge?…Havemeasuresbeentakentoprotecttheenvironmentfrompollutionbytheshipandtocomplywithapplicablepollutionregulations?Otherchecks:…………82ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEB7NAVIGATIONINOCEANWATERS…Iskeepingalook-outbeinggivenduepriority?…AreNAVAREA,HYDROLANTandHYDROPACnavigationalwarningbroadcastsandotherlong-rangeweatherreportsbeingmonitoredclosely?…Arechangestothelocalweatherbeingmonitoredandisthebarometerregularlyobserved?…Isparticipationinareareportingsystems(e.g.AMVER)recommended?…Istheship’spositionbeingfixedatregularintervals?…Arecelestialnavigationaltechniquesbeingpractised?…Aregyro/magneticcompasserrorsandradarperformancebeingcheckedregularly?…Haveradartechniquesbeenpractised(inclearvisibility)?…Havepreparationsbeenmadeforlandfall?…Havemeasuresbeentakentoprotecttheenvironmentfrompollutionbytheshipandtocomplywithapplicablepollutionregulations?Otherchecks:…………ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE83B8ANCHORINGANDANCHORWATCHHasaanchoringplanbeenpreparedtakingintoaccount:…speedreductioninampletime…direction/strengthofwindandcurrent…tidalstreamwhenmanoeuvringatlowspeed…needforadequatesearoomparticularlytoseaward…depthofwater,typeofseabedandthescopeofanchorcablerequired…Havetheengineroomandanchorpartybeeninformedofthetimeof“stand-by”foranchoring?…Aretheanchors,lights/shapesandsoundsignalingapparatusreadyforuse?…Hastheanchorpositionoftheshipbeenreportedtotheportauthority?Whileatanchor,theOOWshould:…determineandplottheship’spositionontheappropriatechartassoonaspracticable…whencircumstancespermit,checkatsufficientfrequentintervalswhethertheshipisremainingsecurelyatanchorbytakingbearingsoffixednavigationmarksorreadilyidentifiableshoreobjects…ensurethatproperlook-outismaintained…ensurethatinspectionroundsoftheshiparemadeperiodically…observemeteorologicalandtidalconditionsandthestateofthesea…notifythemasterandundertakeallnecessarymeasuresiftheshipdragsanchor…ensurethatthestateofreadinessofthemainenginesandothermachineryisinaccordancewiththemaster’sinstructions…ifvisibilitydeteriorates,notifythemaster…ensurethattheshipexhibitstheappropriatelightsandshapesandthatappropriatesoundsignalsaremadeinaccordancewithallapplicableregulations…takemeasurestoprotecttheenvironmentfrompollutionbytheshipandcomplywithapplicablepollutionregulationsOtherchecks:…………84ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEB9NAVIGATIONINRESTRICTEDVISIBILITYHasthefollowingequipmentbeencheckedtoensurethatitisfullyoperational?…radar,ARPAorotherplottingfacilities…VHF…fogsignallingapparatus…navigationlights…echosounder,ifinshallowwaters…watertightdoors,iffitted…Havelookout(s)beenpostedandisahelmsmanonstandby?…Hasplanningallowedfortheprovisionofadditionalbridgeteampersonnelifrequired?…Havethemasterandengineroombeeninformed,andtheenginesputonstandby?…AretheCOLREGSbeingcompliedwith,particularlywithregardtorule19andproceedingatsafespeed?…Istheshipreadytoreducespeed,stoporturnawayfromdanger?…Iftheship’spositionisindoubt,hasthepossibilityofanchoringbeenconsidered?Otherchecks:…………ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE85B10NAVIGATIONINHEAVYWEATHERORINTROPICALSTORMAREAS…Havethemaster,engineroomandcrewbeeninformedoftheconditions?…Haveallmovableobjectsbeensecuredaboveandbelowdecks,particularlyintheengineroom,galleyandinstorerooms?…Hastheship’saccomodationbeensecuredandallportsanddeadlightsclosed?…Haveallweatherdeckopeningsbeensecured?…Havespeedandcoursebeenadjustedasnecessary?…Hasthecrewbeenwarnedtoavoidupperdeckareasmadedangerousbytheweather?…Havesafetylines/handropesbeenriggedwherenecessary?Haveinstrucitonsbeenissuedonthefollowingmatters:…monitoringweatherreports…transmittingweatherreportstotheappropriateauthoritiesor,inthecaseoftropicalstorms,dangermessagesinaccordancewithSOLASOtherchecks:…………86ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEB11NAVIGATIONINICE…Havethemaster,enginerromandcrewbeeninformedoftheiceconditions?…Havewatertightdoorsbeenshut,asappropriate?…Hasspeedbeenmoderated?…Hasthefrequencyofsoundingtanksandbilgesbeenincreased?Haveinstructionsbeenissuedonthefollowingmatters?…monitoringiceadvisoryservicebroadcasts…transmittingdangermessagesinaccordancewithSOLASOtherchecks:…………ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE87B12CHANGINGOVERTHEWATCHWhenchangingoverthewatchrelievingofficersshouldpersonallysatisfythemselvesregardingthefollowing:…standingordersandotherspecialinstructionsofthemasterrelatingtonavigationoftheship…position,course,speedanddraughtoftheship…prevailingandpredictedtides,curents,weather,visibilityandtheeffectofthesefactorsuponcourseandspeed…proceduresfortheuseofmainenginestomanoeuvrewhanthemainenginesareonbridgecontrolandthestatusofthewatchkeepingarrangementsintheengineroom…theshipsecuritystatus…sufficienttimehasbeenallowedfornightvisiontobeestablishedandsuchvisionismaintained…navigationalsituation,includingbutnotlimitedto:…theoperationalconditionofallnavigationandsafetyequipmentbeingusedorlikelytobeusedduringthewatch…theerrorsofgyroandmagneticcompasses…thepresenceandmovementsofshipsinsightorknowntobeinvicinity…theconditionsandhazardslikelytobeencounteredduringthewatch…thepossibleeffectsofheel,trim,waterdensityandsquatonunderkeelclearance…anyspecialdeckworkinprogressOtherpoints:…………88ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEB13CALLINGTHEMASTERTheOOWshouldnotifythemasterimmediately:…ifrestrictedvisibilityisencounteredorexpected…iftrafficconditionsorthemovementsofothershipsarecausingconcern…ifdifficultiesareexperiencedinmaintainingcourse…onfailuretosightland,anavigationmarkorobtainsoundingsbytheexpectedtime…if,unexpectedly,landoranavigationmarkissightedorachangeinsoundingsoccurs…onbreakdownoftheengines,propulsionmachineryremotecontrol,steeringgearoressentialnavigationalequipment,alarmorindicator…iftheradioequipmentmalfunctions…inheavyweather,ifanydoubtaboutthepossibilityofweatherdamage…iftheshipmeetsanyhazardtonavigation,suchasiceoraderelict…ifanyvesselsecurityconcernsarise…inanyotheremergencyorifinanydoubtOtherpoints:…………ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE89B14PRE-OPERATIONALDPCHECKIST90ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEPARTC–EMERGENCYCHECKLISTSNote:Thesechecklistshavebeenincludedasaguide.Itisrecommendedthatappropriatechecklistsshouldbedevisedtosuittheparticularneedsoftheshiptypeandtrade,takingintoaccountthatotherpersonnelandpassengersmaybeonboard.ItisrecommendedthatemergencydrillsandonboardtrainingshouldincludescenarioswithincidentsaddressedintheEmergencyChecklists.Duringsuchdrillsandtraining,theuseofEmergencyChecklistsshouldbeencouragedtoincreasefamiliarityintheiruse.ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE91C1MAINENGINEORSTEERINGFAILUREActiontobecarriedout:…Informmaster…Takeactiontomanoeuvreshipawayfromdanger…Prepareforanchoringifinshallowwater…Exhibit“notundercommand”shapes/lights…Commencesoundsignaling…BroadcastURGENCYmessagetoshipsinthevicinity,ifappropriate…ModifyAISstatusmessagetocommunicaterelevantinformation…InformVTSorportauthority,ifincontrolledorsimilarlymonitoredwatersIncaseofaSTEERINGFAILURE:…Informengineroom…Engageemergencysteering…Prepareenginesformanoeuvring…TakewayofftheshipOtheractions:…………92ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEC2COLLISIONActiontobecarriedout:…Soundthegeneralemergencyalarm,andcarryoutacrewmustertocheckformissingorinjuredpersonnel…Closewatertightdoorsandautomaticfiredoors…Manoeuvretheshipsoastominimiseeffectsofcollisionwithoutendangeringotherships…Switchondecklightingatnight…SwitchVHFtoChannel16and,ifappropriate,toChannel13…Musterpassengers,ifcarried,atemergencystations…Makeship’spositionavailabletoradioroom/GMDSSstation,satelliteterminalandotherautomaticdistresstransmittersandupdateasnecessary…Soundbilgesandtanksaftercollision…Checkforfire/damage…Offerassistancetoothership…InformCoastalStateAuthorityifappropriate…PreserveVDRorS-VDRrecordsifnotautomaticallyprotected…BroadcastDISTRESSALERTandMESSAGEiftheshipisingraveandimminentdangerandimmediateassistanceisrequired,otherwisebroadcastanURGENCYmessagetoshipsinthevicinityOtheractions:…………ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE93C3STRANDINGORGROUNDINGActiontobecarriedout:…Stopengines…Soundgeneralemergencyalarm,andcarryoutacrewmustertocheckformissingorinjuredpersonnel…Consideruseofanchor…Closewatertightdoors,iffitted…Switchtohighcoolingwaterintakes…MaintainaVHFwatchonChannel16and,ifapprpriate,onChannel13…Exhibitlights/shapesandmakeanyappropriatesoundsignals…Switchondecklightingatnight…Checkhullfordamage…Soundbilgesandtanks…Visuallyinspectcompartments,wherepossible…Soundaroundship…Determinewhichwaydeepwaterlies…Determinethenatureoftheseabed…Obtaininformationonlocalcurrentsandtides,particularlydetailsoftheriseandfallofthetide…Considerreducingthedraughtoftheship…Makeship’spositionavailabletoradioroom/GMDSSstation,satelliteterminalandotherautomaticdistresstransmittersandupdateasnecessary…InformCoastalStateAuthorities,ifappropriate…PreserveVDRorS-VDRrecordsifnotautomaticallyprotected…BroadcastDISTRESSALERTandMESSAFEiftheshipisingraveandimminentdangerandimmediateassistanceisrequired,otherwisebroadcastanURGENCYmessagetoshipsinthevicinityOtheractions:…………94ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEC4ManoverboardActiontobecarriedout:…Releaselifebuoywithlightandsmokesignalonthesidethecrewmemberhasfallenoverboard…Takeimmediateavoidingactionsoasnottorunoverthemanoverboard…Noteship’sposition,windspeedanddirectionandtime…ActivateGPSmanoverboardmarker…Soundthreeprolongedblastsoftheship’swhistleandrepeatasnecessary…Postalookoutwithbinocularsandinstructionstomaintainacontinuouswatchonthemanoverboard…Engagehandsteering,ifhelmsmanavailable…Commencearecoverymanoeuvre,suchasaWiliamsonturn…Informmaster,ifnotalreadyonbridge…Informengineroom…Hoistsignalflag‘O’…Placeenginesonstand-by…Musterrescueboat’screw,masterandcoxswain,andjointlyassesslaunch/recoveryrisks…Preparerescueboatforpossiblelaunching…ConsideralternativemeansofMOBrecoveryiflaunch/recoveryofrescueboatconsideredtobeofexcessiverisk…DistributeportableVHFradiosforcommunication…Rigpilotladder/netstoassistintherecovery…Makeship’spositionavailabletoradioroom/GMDSSstation…BroadcastURGENCYmessagetoshipsinthevicinity…PreserveVDRorS-VDRrecordsifnotautomaticallyprotected…AssumeroleofOnSceneCo-ordinatorOtheractions:…………ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE95C5FIREActiontobecarriedout:…Soundthefirealarm…Callmasterifnotalreadyonbridgeandnotifyengineroom…Mustercrew…Establishcommunications…Checkformissingandinjuredcrewmembers…Onlocatingthefire,notifyallonboardofthatlocation…Ifanengineroomfire,prepareforenginefailureandmanoeuvreshipawayfromdangerAssessfireanddetermine:…Theclassoffire…Appropriateextinguishingagent…Appropriatemethodofattack…Howtopreventthespreadofthefire…Thenecessarypersonnelandfirefightingmethods…Closedownventilationsfans,alldoorsincludingfireandwatertightdoorsandskylights…Switchondecklightingatnight…Makeship’spositionavailabletoradioroom/GMDSSstation,satelliteterminalorotherautomaticdistresstransmittersandupdateasnecessary…InformCoastalStateAuthoritiesifappropriate…PreserveVDRorS-VDRrecordsifnotautomaticallyprotected…BroadcastDISTRESSALERTandMESSAGEiftheshipisingraveandimminentdangerandimmediateassistanceisrequired,otherwisebroadcastanURGENCYmessagetoshipsinthevicinityOtheractions:…………96ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEC6FLOODINGActiontobecarriedout:…Soundthegeneralemergencyalarm…Closewatertightdoors,iffitted…Soundbilgesandtanks…Identifylocationofincomingwater…Cutoffallelectricalpowerrunningthroughthearea…Shoreupareatostemwaterflow…Checkbilgepumpforoperation…Checkauxiliarypumpsforback-upoperation,asrequired…Makeship’spositionavailabletoradioroom/GMDSSstation,satelliteterminalandotherautomaticdistresstransmittersandupdateasnecessary…InformCoastalStateAuthoritiesifappropriate…BroadcastDISTRESSALERTandMESSAGEiftheshipisingraveandimminentdangerandimmediateassistanceisrequiredotherwisebroadcastanURGENCYmessagetoshipsinthevicinityOtheractions:…………ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE97C7SEARCHANDRESCUEActiontobecarriedout:…Takebearingofdistressmessageifradiodirectionfinderfitted…Re-transmitdistressmessage…Maintaincontinuouslisteningwatchonalldistressfrequencies…ConsultMERSAR/IAMSARmanuals…EstablishcommunicationswithallothersurfaceunitsandSARaircraftinvolvedintheSARoperation…Plotposition,coursesandspeedsofotherassistingunits…MonitorX-bandradarforlacatingsurvivalcrafttransponder(SART)signalusing6or12nauticalmilerangescales…Postextralook-outsforsightingflaresandotherpyrotechnicsignalsOtheractions:…………98ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDEC8ABANDONINGSHIPActiontobecarriedout:…BroadcastDISTRESSALERTandMESSAGEontheauthorityofthemaster…Instructcrewmemberstoputonlifejackets,andwearadequateandwarmclothing…Instructcrewmemberstoputonimmersionsuits,ifcarried,ifwatertemperatureisbelow16°C…Ordercrewmemberstolifeboatstations…Preparetolaunchlifeboats/liferafts…Ensurethatlifeboatseapaintersareattachedtotheship…Embarkallcrewinthelifeboats/liferaftsandlaunch…Ensurelifeboats/liferaftsremaininsafeproximitytotheshipandincontactwitheachotherOtheractions:…………ICSBRIDGEPROCEDURESGUIDE99

TheDivisionofEngineeringServices(DES)istheleadprojectdeliveryorganizationforthedesign,construction,andoversightofbridgeandothertransportationstructures.DESisacomprehensive,multidisciplinaryengineeringorganizationcommittedtoprovidingourclientswithqualityproductsandservicesinatimelymanner.30/09/2020·ThismanualhasbeenpreparedtoprovideWashingtonStateDepartmentofTransportation(WSDOT)bridgedesignengineerswithaguidetothedesigncriteria,analysismethods,anddetailingproceduresforthepreparationofhighwaybridgeandstructureconstructionplans,specifications,andestimates.BridgeDesignManualMemorandums…TheMassDOTHighwayDivisiondesigns,constructs,maintainsandoperatesthestate’shighways,bridgesandtunnels.Wealsoassistcitiesandtownswiththeirroadandbridgeneedstohelpensurethatallpeoplecantravelsafelyandefficientlythroughoutthestate.TheMassDOTHighwayDivisiondesigns,constructs,maintainsandoperatesthestate’shighways,bridgesandtunnels.Wealsoassistcitiesandtownswiththeirroadandbridgeneedstohelpensurethatallpeoplecantravelsafelyandefficientlythroughoutthestate.UrbanStreetDesignGuide....2011report(pdf)Downloadthe2010report(pdf)Downloadthe2009report(pdf)Downloadthe2008report(pdf)Downloadthe2007edition(pdf)NewYorkCityBicycleCounts...Readthe2020Report(pdf)ArchiveofAnnualBridgeandTunnelConditionReports(2000andup)ManhattanRiverCrossingsThisisthelandingpagefortheOregonDepartmentofTransportation'sPlanning&TechnicalGuidancesitecollection.TeachingGuideforSeniorHighSchoolDISASTERREADINESSANDRISKREDUCTIONCORESUBJECT.YenVioleta.DownloadDownloadPDF.FullPDFPackageDownloadFullPDFPackage.ThisPaper.Ashortsummaryofthispaper.33FullPDFsrelatedtothispaper.ReadPaper.DownloadDownloadPDF.TheRoyalMarsdenManualofClinicalProceduresNinthEdition.AddressedmainlytotheNursingProfession.×CloseLogIn.LoginwithFacebookLoginwithGoogle.or.Email.Password.Remembermeon...FullPDFPackageDownloadFullPDFPackage.ThisPaper.Ashortsummaryofthispaper.AASHTOLRFDBridgeDesignSpecifications6thEd(US).×CloseLogIn.LoginwithFacebookLoginwithGoogle.or.Email.Password.Remembermeonthiscomputer.orresetpassword.Entertheemailaddressyousignedupwithand...FullPDFPackageDownloadFullPDFPackage.ThisPaper.Ashortsummaryofthispaper.11/03/2021·DocumentsbelowareinMSWordorAdobePDFformat.TitlePageandTableofContents-39KBWord.Chapter1:IntroductiontoEmergencyManagement-194KBWord.Chapter2:EmergencyStakeholders-167KBWord.Chapter3:BuildinganEffectiveEmergencyManagementOrganization-148KBWordYourDOTFilehasMoved!TheDOTfilethatyouarelookingforhasmovedtoanewlocation.PleaseusetheDOTWebsiteSearchorcontactDOTtofindthefile.TheDivisionofEngineeringServices(DES)istheleadprojectdeliveryorganizationforthedesign,construction,andoversightofbridgeandothertransportationstructures.DESisacomprehensive,multidisciplinaryengineeringorganizationcommittedtoprovidingourclientswithqualityproductsandservicesinatimelymanner.30/09/2020·ThismanualhasbeenpreparedtoprovideWashingtonStateDepartmentofTransportation(WSDOT)bridgedesignengineerswithaguidetothedesigncriteria,analysismethods,anddetailingproceduresforthepreparationofhighwaybridgeandstructureconstructionplans,specifications,andestimates.BridgeDesignManualMemorandumsBridgedesignmemorandumsareissuedasinterim…11/03/2021·DocumentsbelowareinMSWordorAdobePDFformat.TitlePageandTableofContents-39KBWord.Chapter1:IntroductiontoEmergencyManagement-194KBWord.Chapter2:EmergencyStakeholders-167KBWord.Chapter3:BuildinganEffectiveEmergencyManagementOrganization-…YourDOTFilehasMoved!TheDOTfilethatyouarelookingforhasmovedtoanewlocation.PleaseusetheDOTWebsiteSearchorcontactDOTtofindthefile.

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