BREEDING WHEAT FOR BREEDING WHEAT FOR ORGANIC CROPPING ORGANIC CROPPING

SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

Marijan JostMarijan Jost1 and Vesna Samobor and Vesna Samobor22 1JOST Seed-Research, KrizevciJOST Seed-Research, Krizevci

22Agricultural College Krzevci, CroatiaAgricultural College Krzevci, Croatia

2nd Mediterranean Conference on Organic Agriculture in Croatia

DUBROVNIK, 2 – 6 March 2008

Facts:Facts:

Plant breeding is a long time process.Plant breeding is a long time process.

In early generations, breeding In early generations, breeding objectives for conventional and organic objectives for conventional and organic production overlap.production overlap.

Conventional breeders can make a late Conventional breeders can make a late decision to go organic.decision to go organic.

RResults:esults:

An initially conventional breeding An initially conventional breeding programme can be transformed to programme can be transformed to organic successfully.organic successfully.

Chronology:Chronology:

1985-19901985-1990 – – Study of gene pool:Study of gene pool: Genetic diversity based on pedigrees, Genetic diversity based on pedigrees, Coefficients of parentage and cluster analysisCoefficients of parentage and cluster analysis Relative genetic contributions of ancestral genotypesRelative genetic contributions of ancestral genotypes

1990-19951990-1995 – – Study of quality traits and breeding:Study of quality traits and breeding: Genetic control of high bread-making quality traits Genetic control of high bread-making quality traits Wheat breeding for qualityWheat breeding for quality

1995-now1995-now – – Study and breeding of resistanceStudy and breeding of resistance Wheat ideotype building for organic agricultureWheat ideotype building for organic agriculture Wheat resistance to plant pathogenes and insectsWheat resistance to plant pathogenes and insects

Designation loci, alleles, subunits and Designation loci, alleles, subunits and quality scores of HMW gluteninsquality scores of HMW glutenins

Locus Allele Subunits Quality score

Glu A1 a 1 3 (3 alleles) b 2* 3

c N 1

Glu B1 b 7+8 3 (11 alleles) c 7+9 2

d 6+8 1

i 17+18 3

Glu D1 a 2+12 2 (6 alleles) d 5+10 4

cv. DIVANA cv. DIVANA (1995)(1995)Bread wheat for flour quality improvementBread wheat for flour quality improvement

HMW units:HMW units: 2*, 7+9, 5+102*, 7+9, 5+10

STATE TESTING COMMISION: 1993-2000STATE TESTING COMMISION: 1993-2000 SanaSana check for yield check for yield ŽŽitarkaitarka check for standard bread quality check for standard bread quality DivanaDivana check for quality check for quality

Grain yield (t/ha)Average: 8 test sites

Sana Zitarka Divana

1993 6.194 5.787 6.299

1994 6.844 6.041 5.668

1995 6.404 5.589 5.648

1997 7.239 6.675 6.043

1998 8.064 7.693 6.087

1999 5.608 5.429 5.454

2000 7.900 8.830 6.950

Average of 7 years 6.893 6.578 6.021Average of 7 years 6.893 6.578 6.021

cv. DIVANA:cv. DIVANA:Grain protein Grain protein >16%>16%Zeleny sedimentation: >60 mlZeleny sedimentation: >60 mlWet gluten:Wet gluten: >34 %>34 %

Plant ideotypePlant ideotype for organic cropping systems:for organic cropping systems:

Fast early growth Fast early growth

High tillering capacity (lower seeding rate) High tillering capacity (lower seeding rate)

Lodging resistance (tall semidwarf 100 cm)Lodging resistance (tall semidwarf 100 cm)

Resistance to prevalent diseases and pestsResistance to prevalent diseases and pests

High grain protein content (>15 %)High grain protein content (>15 %)

Evaluating parents for crossingEvaluating parents for crossingBased on three years of testing cultivars from:Based on three years of testing cultivars from:

Argentina Argentina (6) (6) Croatia Croatia (5) (5) GermanyGermany (2) (2) New Zealand (32)New Zealand (32) Romania Romania (7) (7) USA USA (5) (5)

Selected parents: Selected parents: cv. DIVANA (Croatia)cv. DIVANA (Croatia) line KS92WGRC21 (USA)line KS92WGRC21 (USA)

line KS92WGRC22 (USA)line KS92WGRC22 (USA)

cv. DIVANA

Line 4572.07 - Line 4572.07 - disease-resistant but poor quality linedisease-resistant but poor quality line

Resistant to:

• Powdery mildew (Pm 17 gene)

• Soil-borne mosaic virus

Line Grain protein

Sedimentation

Wet gluten

KS92WGRC21 < 13 % < 50 ml < 27 %

KS92WGRC22 13 % 50 ml 27 %

Sources of disease resistance

and good quality

Procedure:Procedure:

1994 - 1994 - Crossing Crossing 1995-99 - 1995-99 - selection based on phenotype:selection based on phenotype: .. lodging resistance lodging resistance .. resistance to prevalent diseases resistance to prevalent diseases .. tillering capacity tillering capacity 2000-01 - 2000-01 - selection based on grain proteinselection based on grain protein

2002 - 2002 - 44 supperior selections prepared44 supperior selections prepared for yield and baking testsfor yield and baking tests

Grain protein content (%) in FGrain protein content (%) in F77 gen gen

0

50

100

150

200

250

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Divana

F7

N = 2011

Mean = 13.10 %

Range = 8.5-16.6%

Grain protein (%)

130 F7 lines (6,5%) were better than cv. Divana

20002000

Grain protein content (%) Grain protein content (%) in Fin F99 selected lines selected lines

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Divana

K92WGRC21

KS92WGRC22

F9 gen

Grain protein (%)

44 superior F9 selections for all the criteria defined.

20022002

N = 44Mean = 15.4 %Range = 13.1 - 17.4%

FF1010 yield test in 2004 yield test in 2004

FF1010 yield test in 2004 yield test in 2004

By crossing with hairy-leaf cv. GoldcornBy crossing with hairy-leaf cv. Goldcorn

a set of Fa set of F66 lines resistant to leaf beetle lines resistant to leaf beetle

(Oulema melonopus)(Oulema melonopus) were developed. were developed.

Further selection is underwayFurther selection is underway

It is a slow process, but improvement is It is a slow process, but improvement is visible.visible.

Conclusion:Conclusion: In selected FIn selected F99 superior lines, powdery mildew superior lines, powdery mildew

resistance is well combined with high grain protein resistance is well combined with high grain protein content and acceptable grain yield.content and acceptable grain yield.

Higher protein content was found in crosses where Higher protein content was found in crosses where Divana was the female parent.Divana was the female parent.

Both KS92WGRC lines are excellent donors of Both KS92WGRC lines are excellent donors of disease resistance.disease resistance.

Cv. Goldcorn (hairy leaf) was an exellent donor of Cv. Goldcorn (hairy leaf) was an exellent donor of

resistance to leaf beetleresistance to leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus)(Oulema melanopus)