Botanical Studies on Mung bean (Vigna radiata) Plants Under ...

Botanical Studies on Mung bean

(Vigna radiata) Plants Under Some

Growth Conditions

By

Ibrahim Abd EL-Moniem Ibrahim Ismaiel

B.Sc. Agricultural Science, 1998

In Agricultural Botany

Fac. Agric., Moshtohor, Zagazig Univ.

A Thesis Submitted in partial Fulfillment

Of

the Requirements for the Degree of

Master of Science

IN

Agricultural Science

(Agricultural Botany)

Department of Agricultural Botany

Faculty of Agriculture, Moshtohor

Zagazig University, Benha Branch

2004

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION 1-5

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6-28

I- Effect of the NPK fertilization levels on the vegetative growth 6

II- Effect of the NPK fertilization levels on the yield and yield characters 9

III- Effect of the the NPK fertilization levels on the chemical

constituents 22

IV- Effect of the NPK fertilization levels on the internal structure 26

MATERIALS AND METHODS 29-38

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 39-133

I- Effect of the NPK levels on the seed germination of the two assigned

mung bean cultivars 39

II- Effect of the NPK levels on plant growth characters of the two

assigned mung bean cultivars 42

II.1- Cultivar Giza-1 42

II.2- Cultivar Kawmi-1 66

III- Effect of the NPK levels on the yield and yield components of the two


III.1- Cultivar Giza-1 89

III.2- Cultivar Kawmi-1 93

IV- Effect of the NPK levels on percentage of the flower setting of the two


V- Effect of the NPK levels on the biological and chemical constituents of the

two assigned mung bean cultivars 97

V.1- Photosynthetic pigments 97

V.1.1- Cultivar Giza-1 (30 and 69 days after sowing) 97

V.1.2- Cultivar Kawmi-1 (30 and 60 days after sowing) 98

V.2- N, P, K and total crude protein contents 100

V.2.1- Cultivar Giza-1 100

V.2.2- Cultivar Kawmi-1 100

V.3- carbohydrate content (mg/g dry weight) of the

mung bean cultivars Giza-1 and kawmi-1 108

V.3.1- Cultivar Giza-1 108

V.3.2- Cultivar Kawmi-1 112

VI- Effect of the NPK levels on the anatomical structure of the two


VI.1- Leaf blade 117

VI.2- leaf midrib 118

VI.3- Stem 119

VI.4- Flower pedicle 120

DISSCUSSION 134-147

SUMMERY 148-158

REFERENCES 159-170

ARABIC SUMMERY -

List of abbreviations

% percentage

micron = 1/1000 millimeter

nm nanometer = 1/1000000 millimeter

~ nearly

±% percentage of increase or decrease relative to control

w/v weight to volume

R (control) recommended dose without rhizobium inoculation

(control)

R+I recommended dose associated with rhizobium inoculation

0C celsius degree

1/2R half recommended dose without rhizobium inoculation

1/2R+I half recommended dose associated with rhizobium

inoculation

2R double recommended dose without rhizobium inoculation

2R+I double recommended dose associated with rhizobium

inoculation

AGR absolute growth rate

av. average

CGR crop growth rate

cm. centimeter

CP crude protein

Cv. cultivar

Dal or Dahl a spicy past made from the dry seed

DAP diammonium phosphate

DAS days after sowing

DM dry matter

e.x. for example

fed. feddan = 4200 m2

Fig. figure

g. or gm gram = 1/1000 kilo gram

ha hectare = 2.4709 feddan

HF high fertility

i.e = for example

K potassium

Kg kilo gram = 1000 gram

L.A.I leaf area index

L.S.D least significant difference

m2 miter squired

mls. (plur.) milliliter = 1/1000 liter

N nitrogen

N normal

NS non significant

P phosphorous

P. radiatus Phseolus radiatus = mungbean = green gram

RF recommended fertility

RGR relative growth rate

SEP seed emergence percentage

ssp single superphosphat

t. ton = 1000 kilo gram

V. radiata Vigna radiata = mungbean = green gram

viz namely

1

INTRODUCTION

The mung bean (Vigna radiata) is a member of the legume

family (Fabaceae). This family is a wide spread family as it

occupies the third largest family of flowering plants, with

approximately 650 genera and nearly 20,000 species (Doyle, 1994).

Mung bean has many local names “mung bean, mash, golden gram

or green gram”.

The species ranges from large tropical canopy trees to small

herbs found in temperate zones, humid tropics, aride zones, high

lands, savannas, and low lands (NAS/NRC, 1979).

Pulses are important world food crops because they provide

an inexpensive source of vegetable dietary protein. In many

densely populated areas of the world, the economy does not support

large-scale production and utilization of animal protein. In those

areas, the protein in people’s diets may be augmented by

supplementation with the protein-rich pulse seeds. In addition to

being less expensive than animal protein, pulse seeds provide a

source of rich protein for those people who prefere vegetable to

animal protein in their diet for cultural or religious reasons. Pulse

seed proteins nutrionally complement the proteins in cereal seeds;

when eaten together a diet nutrionally balanced in protein may be

enjoyed.

In this investigation mung bean was chosen to be the scientific

material for many advantages. It is considered as a new introduced

crop in Egypt and little is known about its nutrient requirements

2

and perfect ways of application and practices; this is why in this

research the work is scoped on fertilization and the application of

rhizobium aiming to increase the productivity of this crop. In

Egypt, this crop might be a promising source of human and animal

food especially during summer season. Lastly, it matures quickly

(about 70-90 days) and it does not compete with the main winter

crops as wheat or berseem (Trifolium alexandrenum).

Hence, mung bean should be considered in the future a

promising crop especially in the reclaimed lands. This crop is a

new introduced one in several countries i.e. Australia and China

(Imrie and Lawn 1991).

Botanical features of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.

(Wilckzek)) plant

Discription of the mung bean have been published by

Baldev, 1988 (fig. 1.1). The mung bean is an annual, semi erect to

erect or sometimes twining, deep- rooted herb, 25-100 cm tall.

Stems branch at the base and covered with short fine brownish

hairs. Leaves are alternate and trifoliate, or sometimes with five

leafletes. Leaflets are medium to dark green, broadly ovate,

sometimes lobbed, rounded at the base and pointed at the apex, 5 to

12 cm long, and 2 to 10 cm wide. The crop begins flowering 50 to

60 days after sowing, and then continue flowering for a few weeks;

the leaves dry down but may not drop off completely. From 10 to

25 flowers are born in axillary clusters or racemes. The flowers are

greenish to bright yellow, with a graytinged keel, 1 to 1.75 cm in

diameter. The pods are cylindirical, straight to strongly curved,

3

Fig. (1.1): Vigna radiata; Green gram. A, flowering shoot; B, the

flower; C, Pod; D, seeds

pointed at the tip, and radiate horizontally in whorls. When mature,

the pods are glabrous or have short hairs, light brown to black, 5 to

14 cm long and 4 to 6 mm wide, and may burst open when dry

shaterring the seeds. Seeds, born 8 to 20 per pod, are globose;

glossy or dull; withgreen, yellow, twany brown, black or mottled

testa. Dull seeds are coated with a layer of the pod inner membrane

4

which may be translucid or pigmented and which covers a shiny

testa. Seeds vary in weight from 15 to 85 milligrams, generally

averaging 25 to 30 thousand seeds per kilogram. The hilum is

round, flat (non-concave) and white. Seed germination is epigeal.

Flowers are self-fertile and highly self-polinated. Flowering is

indeterminate and may continue over a period of several weeks if

the plant stays healthy. Pods mature in about 20 days after

flowering. Rapid senscence does not occure.

Origin and distribution of Mung bean

The crop is of ancient cultivation in India and the plant is

not found in a wild state. It is probably derived from Phaselus

radiatus L., which occurs wild throughout India and Burma, and

which is occasionally cultivated, (Ligon, 1945).

Green gram is said to have been widely cultivated in India

and adjacent regions for several thousand years, and to have spread

at an early time into other Asian countries and to northern Africa.

Its present wide distribution throughout the tropics and subtropics

of Africa, the west of India, north of America and Australia is

comparatively recent. Currently, green gram is the most important

seed legume in Thailand and the Philippines; it ranks second in Sri

Lanka and third in each of India, Burma, Bangladesh and

Indonesia. It is a minor crop in Australia, China, Iran, Kenya,

Korea, Malaysia, the Middle East, Peru, Taiwan and the USA

(Summerfield and Roberts, 1985).

5

Economical aspects of mung bean

Vigna radiata is an important crop in India, where it is

considered as the most important among the pulses, free from the

heaviness and tendency to flatulence which is associated with other

pulses. An ethnic use of mung bean is for dal (or dahl); a spicy past

made from the dry seed. The seeds of mung bean are parched and

ground into flour after removal of the testa, the flour being used in

various Indian and Chinese dishes. The green pods are eaten as a

vegetable. In China and United States it is used for bean sprouts.

The bean are soaked overnight, drained and placed in containers in

a dark room. They are sprinkled with warm water every few hours

and the sprouts are ready in about a week. One pound of dry beans

gives 6-8 lb of sprouts. The haulms are used as fodder and the

husks and split beans are a useful livestock food. The crop is also

grown for hay, green manure and as cover crop (Duke, 1981).

6

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

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Basu, et al., (1989) found that, applying 20, 30 or 40 kg

N/ha proved that the shoot dry weight of Vigna radiata cv. B1 was

increased with the applications up to 40 kg N.

Gupta and Rai (1989) showed that, V. radiata crops sown

on 5 Apr. produced longer roots with greater number of lateral

roots than those sown on 15 Mar. or 26 Apr. Increasing P rates

from 0 to 15 and 30 kg/ha increased root length and proliferation.

Sadasivam, et al., (1990) found that, Vigna radiata cv. CO3

produced 50.3, 53.8, 49.7 and 61.8 g dry matter yield/plant with no

K, 25 kg K2O/ha, 1% KCl spray and 1% K2SO4 spray at flowering,

respectively.

Sangakkara (1990) studied the effects of 0-120 kg K2O/ha

applied as a basal dressing or split application (60:40 at planting

and flowering) on growth parameters of mung beans. K application

did not affect germination and establishment but increased plant

growth rate.

Kothari and Saraf (1990) recorded that, increasing P rates

from 0 to 13 and 26 kg/ha increased dry matter accumulation in

different plant organs of V. radiata. Partitioning of dry matter in

different plant parts (leaves, stalks, pod husks, seeds) at harvest was

affected by P rates.

Reddy, et al., (1990) recorded that applying 0 or 50 kg

P2O5/ha as a basal dressing or 50 kg P2O5/ha in 2 equal split

7

dressings at sowing and flowering increased dry matter

accumulation in green gram [Vigna radiata].

Thind, et al., (1990) studied utilization of 30, 60 and 90 kg

P2O5/ha applied as diammonium phosphate solution in V. radiata.

Using 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest dry matter yields.

Singh and Hiremath (1990) reported that, applying 20 or

50 kg P2O5/ha to Vigna radiata, increase CGR, RGR, unit leaf rate

and LAI.

Narayanan, et al., (1991) assessed growth and nutrient

uptake in 45-d-old plants of green gram [Vigna radiata] at

recommended (NPK at 25 + 22 + 42 kg/ha) and high (NPK at 50 +

44 + 84 kg/ha) fertility levels (RF and HF, respectively). HF

increased dry matter production and the AGR, but did not change

the RGR compared with RF.

Khamparia (1995) recorded that the total dry matter

production of mung [Vigna radiata] cv. J-8 was increased by P

application alone or in combination with microphos inoculation.

Shukla and Dixit (1996a) showed that, P application at 60

kg P2O5/ha delayed flowering of green gram [Vigna radiata]

compared with the absence of P.

Saxena, et al., (1996) recorded that the seed yield of green

gram [Vigna radiata] cv. T 44 was positively correlated with leaf

area, DM/plant and number of branches.

Singh, et al., (1999) showed that, green gram [Vigna

radiata] cv. NDM-1 was given 0-26.4 kg P /ha. Growth was

8

increased with increasing both of P rate up to 26.4 kg/ha P and S

rate up to 40 kg S/ha.

Mitra, et al., (1999) stated that the green gram (Vigna

radiata) cv. GM-9002 had greater dry matter at harvest than cv.

UPM 79-12 or MH-309.

Prasad, et al., (2000) studied the effect of four potassium

levels viz., 0, 10, 20 and 30 mg K kg -1 soil (designated as K0,

K10, K20 and K30, respectively) on summer mung bean (cv. T-

44). Total biomass production increased with K20 and K30 in

comparison to control.

Battacharya and Ali (2002) stated that, the highest increase

in the plant dry matter of the investigated 6 genotypes of chickpea

(Cicer arietinum) was occurred at maturity stage. The plant relative

growth rate, however, exhibited the opposite trend. While the

highest leaf area varied with genotypes, mostly at flowering stage

or 30 days after podding. The differences in leaf area were low

during initial growth stage, increased 45 days after sowing until

flowering and then declined. They reported also that, the greater N

(52 Kg/ha) resulted in greater vegetative growth and leaf area of

chickpea (Cicer arietinum) but these advantages were not reflected

in yield. The higher N level (52 Kg/ha) increased dry matter/plant

and leaf area more significantly than control (zero kg/ha).

Kumar and Puri (2002) mentioned that, the increase of P

rate from 25 to 50 Kg/ha P2O5 resulted in significant increase in

plant height and straw yield of french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

compared with the control (without P). The two investigated

9

cultivars were significantly varied in all determined growth

attributes.

Ramesh et al., (2002) found that, increasing the N dose

from 0 to 100% of the recommended dose caused significant

increase in the dry matter accumulation of soybean.

Singh and Verma (2002) tested the response of french bean

(Phaseolus vulgaris) to 5 N levels (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 Kg N/ha)

and 3 P levels (0, 30 and 60 Kg P2O5/ha). Higher dose of N (120

Kg) and P (60 Kg) resulted in higher growth (plant height, number

of branches/plant and straw yield/ha).

Prajapati et al., (2003) studied the effects of increasing N

rates from 0 to 40, 80 and 120 Kg N/ha on growth and yield

parameters as well as seed yield of french bean (Phaseolus

vulgaris). Applying the highest N rate (120 Kg) gave the highest

significant values of growth attributes (plant height, dry

weight/plant, number of branches/plant) compared with the control

(without N).

Yeman and Skjelvag (2003) applied 0, 30 and 60Kg /ha-1

P2O5 to Pisum sativum and observed that the biomass, leaf area

index and number of branches/plant positively responded with an

increase of P rate.

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cchhaarraacctteerrss::

Ahmed, et al., (1986) reported that phosphorus application

up to 60kg/ha-1 progressively and significantly enhanced the growth

and yield parameters of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.).

11

Kamat, et al., (1986) recorded that application of 50 kg

P2O5/ha to mung [Vigna radiata] and urd [V. mungo] increased

seed yields by 16-19%.

Mahadkar and Saraf (1988a) recorded that the seed yield

of Vigna radiata was increased by increasing N and P rates and 40

kg P2O5/ha was the most effective.

Maiti, et al., (1988) applying 60 or 100 kg/ha each of P2O5

and K2O to green gram [Vigna radiata] found that, application of

50 kg N/ha increased leaf chlorophyll contents. Application of N

increased the V. radiata seed yields by 15-20% compared with that

without N.

Patel, et al., (1988) mentioned that, the application of 20 kg

P2O5/ha increased 1000-seed weight and gave average seed yields

of 0.75 t/ha compared with 0.57 t/ha without P. Yields were not

further increased with 40-60 kg P2O5/ha.

Basu, et al., (1989) found that applying 20, 30 or 40 kg

N/ha gave yields of 0.91, 0.98 and 0.90 t, resp., compared with 0.70

t without N.

Reddy, et al., (1989) showed that, P. radiatus [Vigna

radiata] and P. mungo [V. mungo] were given 0 or 21.9 kg P/ha as

a basal dressing or split equally between a basal application and

flowering. Split P application increased seed yield in both species

compared with the single application.

Basu and Bandyopadhyay (1990) recorded that, Vigna

radiata was given 0-40 kg N/ha. Number of pods/plant, seeds/pod

11

and 1000-seed wt increased with increasing N rates up to 30 kg

N/ha.

Duque and Pessanha (1990) stated that the varieties of

mung bean (Vigna radiata) were significantly varied in seed

production. Nitrogen fertilizer had greater effect on 100-seed

weight and seed yield.

Kothari and Saraf (1990) recorded that, the seed yield of

V. radiata was significantly increased by increasing P rates from 0

to 13 and 26 kg/ha.

Leelavathi, et al., (1990) applied 0, 25, 50, 100 or 200 kg

N/ha at 30 days after sowing and proved that, increasing N rates up

to 50 kg/ha increased seed yields of 5 cultivars of green gram

[Vigna radiata].

Reddy, et al., (1990) recorded that application of P

increased number of pods/plant, seeds/pod and 1000-seed weight of

green gram [Vigna radiata]. Applying 0 or 50 kg P2O5/ha as a basal

dressing or 50 kg P2O5/ha in 2 equal split dressings at sowing and

flowering produced seed yields of 65.09, 99.56 and 108.61 g/m2,

respectively.

Sadasivam, et al., (1990) claimed that, Vigna radiata cv. CO3

gave 809, 833, 870 and 890 kg seed/ha with no K, 25 kg K2O/ha, 1%

KCl spray and 1% K2SO4 spray at flowering, respectively.

Sangakkara (1990) studied the effects of 0-120 kg K2O/ha

applied as a basal dressing or split application (60:40 at planting

and flowering) on yield parameters and seed quality of mung beans.

12

K application increased the number of flowers/plant, percentage

pod set, seeds/pod, 100-seed wt and yield/plant. In the short

maturing cv. MI 5, seed yield and quality increased with the basal

application up to 80 kg K/ha and a split application up to 60 kg

K/ha. In the long maturing cv. Type 61, seed yield and quality

increased with a basal application up to 100 kg K/ha or a split

application up to 80kg K/ha.

Singh and Hiremath (1990) reported that, applying 20 or

50 kg P2O5/ha to Vigna radiata, increased 100-seed weight and

gave seed yields of 0.84-0.90 and 0.94-0.99 t/ha, resp., compared

with 0.73 t without P.

Singh and Kumari (1990) noticed that, the seed yields of

V. radiata were increased from 345 to 623 kg/ha with increasing K

rates from 30 to 60 kg K/ha.

Thakuria and Saharia (1990) proved that, yields of green

gram [Vigna radiata] were increased from 518 to 720 kg/ha by

applying 20 kg P2O5/ha and did not show further increase with

application of 40-60 kg P2O5/ha.

Yadav (1990) indicated that, seed yields of mung beans

were increased by increasing N rates from 0 to 10 and 20 kg/ha.

Bali, et al., (1991) studied the effects of 20-60 kg N and 0-

90 kg P2O5/ha on yield of V. radiata cv. P.S. 16. Seed yield, 1000-

seed wt and LAI increased with up to 40 kg N and 60 kg P2O5/ha.

Patel and Patel (1991) confirmed the beneficial effects of

increasing P rate from 0 to 60 kg/ha on yield of green gram [Vigna

13

radiata] cv. Gujarat 2 and Type 44. Type 44 gave the higher seed

yield, number of pods/plant, pod length and number of seeds/plant.

Sarkar and Banik (1991) proved that, green gram [Vigna

radiata] given 0, 10 or 20 kg N/ha gave seed yields of 0.90-0.91,

1.10-1.13 and 1.23-1.30 t/ha, resp. The difference between 10 and

20 kg N/ha was not significant. Applying 30 or 60 kg P2O5 gave

yields of 1.07-1.14 and 1.38-1.43 t/ha, resp., compared with 0.70-

7.80 t without P application.

Rajput, et al., (1992) determined the response of mung

bean grown in a P-deficient soil to different combinations of N, P

and K. Average seed yield was 553 kg/ha without fertilization and

the highest (803 kg/ha) with 34 kg N + 67 kg P. BRM23 cv.

exhibited higher seed yield (728 kg/ha) than cultivar BRM41 (682

kg/ha).

Ardeshna, et al., (1993) reported that, seed yield of green

gram [Vigna radiata] was increased with N application up to 20 kg

N/ha (0.75 t/ha) as urea, and also with increasing P levels up to 40

kg P2O5 (0.77 t) as single superphosphate.

Chovatia, et al., (1993) recorded that seeds of green gram

[Vigna radiata] cv. K 851 were given 0, 20, 40 or 60 kg P2O5/ha

as single superphosphate. The seed yields were increased with

increasing P level up to 40 kg P2O5/ha.

Dewangan, et al., (1993) stated that, the highest seed yield

of Vigna radiata came with 60 kg P2O5/ha.

14

Padhi and Samantaray (1993) mentioned that, black gram

[V. mungo] cv. Sarala were given 0, 10 or 20 kg N and 40 kg

P2O5/ha. Seed yield reached the highest value with 10 kg + 40 kg

P2O5.

Sharma, et al., (1993) stated that, seed yield of Vigna

radiata cv. Pusa Baisakhee increased with increasing levels of P up

to or equivalent of 60 kg P/ha with a starter application of N.

Singh, et al., (1993) applied 0-40 kg N/ha to mung beans [Vigna

radiata] cv. MH 85-61. They showed that, N application increased seed

yield. Application of 30 kg N gave the highest seed yield.

Thimmegowda (1993) In field trials green gram [Vigna

radiata] grown after kharif [monsoon] rice were given 0, 50 or

100% of the recommended NPK fertilizer rates. The seed yield

reached the highest value with the recommended fertilizer rates.

Thind, et al., (1993) showed that, Vigna radiata cv. PS-7

received 0, 30, 60 or 90 kg P2O5/ha as diammonium phosphate. The

yield response to P depended on soil fertility. Dry matter yield was

the highest with 90 kg P2O5 after 30 days growth and with 60 kg

P2O5 after 60 days growth.

Anil, et al., (1994) compared 12 P application treatments and

found that, Vigna radiata cv. K851 seed yield exhibited its the highest

with the application of 50 kg P2O5/ha superphosphate (1.30 t/ha).

Bachchhav, et al., (1994) applied N fertilizer rates (0-45 kg/ha) to

green gram [Vigna radiata] cv. Phule M 2. They found that seed yield was

increased with increasing N rate up to 30 kg N (1.65 t).

15

Badole and Umale (1994) recorded that green gram [Vigna

radiata] cv. TAP 7 was given 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of the

recommended N + P fertilizers given as urea and single

superphosphate, respectively and seeds were inoculated with

Rhizobium. NP application and seed treatment increased seed

yields. With the fertilizer treatments, application of 50% of the

recommended NP rate gave the highest yield of 1.17 t/ha.

Dhillon, et al., (1994) recorded that, the seed yield of green

gram [Vigna radiata] was increased with increasing P level up to

40 kg P2O5/ha in low and medium P soils and up to 20 kg P2O5/ha

in high P soils. They concluded that, in addition to Olsen's

extractable P, soil texture and organic carbon content are the

determining factors influencing response to P.

Hoshiyar, et al., (1994) showed that green gram [Vigna

radiata] yield was increased with the application of 30 or 60 kg

P2O5/ha compared with that without P application.

Patel and Patel (1994) stated that green gram [Vigna

radiata] given 20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5/ha (recommended rate) gave

the highest seed yield (1.74 t/ha). Applying only 25 or 50% of the

recommended N + P rate significantly decreased seed yield.

Patro and Sahoo (1994) found that mung beans cv. Dhauli

and PDM 54 given 0, 15, 30, 45 or 60 kg P2O5/ha gave seed yields

of 706, 974, 1049, 1234 and 1254 kg/ha, respectively. Yield was

not significantly different among cultivars.

16

Badole and Umale (1995) found that, green gram [Vigna

radiata] cv. TAP 7, received no fertilizers or 25, 50, 75 or 100% of

the recommended fertilizers [not specified] gave seed yields of

0.92, 1.04, 1.17, 1.13 and 0.99 t/ha, respectively.

Gajendra and Singh (1995) reported that, green gram

[Vigna radiata] cv. T-44 was grown alone and received 20 kg N +

40 kg P2O5, 10 kg N + 20 kg P2O5 or 5 kg N + 10 kg P2O5. Green

gram yield reached the highest value (0.52 t) with the application of

20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5.

Khamparia (1995) recorded that seed yields of mung

[Vigna radiata] cv. J-8 were increased by P application alone or in

combination with microphos inoculation.

Kumbhar, et al., (1995) found that, significant positive

correlation was detected between green gram [Vigna radiata] yield,

N uptake and available N in soil.

Mahalle and Matte (1995) showed that, green gram [Vigna

radiata] cv. Kopargaon and TAP 7 grown in clay soil (containing

53.8 kg/ha available P2O5) were given 40 kg P/ha as single

superphosphate, diammonium phosphate or ammonium

polyphosphate and a basal dressing of 20 kg N as urea. Kopargaon

seed yield was not affected by P source. TAP 7 seed yield was

increased by P application and was highest with SSP (0.20 t/ha).

The control yield of TAP 7 was 0.17 t.

Asghar, et al., (1996) studied the effect of different

potassium levels (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg/ha) and a basal

17

dose of 20 kg N and 50 kg P2O5/ha on yield and quality of mung

beans. The number of pods/plant and number of seeds/pod, seed

yield/ha were significantly influenced by potassium application.

The highest seed yield (1.67 t/ha) was obtained with application of

75 kg K2O/ha.

Deka and Kakati (1996) used 0-60 kg P2O5/ha for V.

radiata cv. K-851 and found that the seed yield was significantly

increased with increasing P level up to 40 kg P2O5/ha.

Saxena, et al., (1996) showed that, green gram [Vigna

radiata] cv. T44 was given 0, 30 or 60 kg P2O5 and 0, 20 or 40 kg

K2O/ha. Seed yield reached its highest values with 60 kg P2O5 in

1988, and increased with up to 30 kg P2O5 1989. In both seasons,

seed yield was the highest with 20 kg K2O. In 1988 the application

of 60 kg P2O5 + 20 kg K2O gave the highest seed yield (0.87 t).

Seed yield was positively correlated with number of Pods, seed

yield/plant, 1000-seed weight and harvest index.

Shukla and Dixit (1996b) showed that, green gram [Vigna

radiata] cv. Pusa Baisakhi was given 0-60 kg P2O5/ha. The yield

was increased with increasing P level up to 40 kg P2O5.

Thakur, et al., (1996) applied 0, 25, 50 or 75 kg P2O5/ha for

green gram (Vigna radiata). Seed yield averaged 0.91, 1.00, 1.24

and 1.13 t/ha at the four P rates, respectively.

Mandal and Sinha (1997) showed that, the green gram

[Vigna radiata] was grown after mustard [Brassica juncea], which

was given 0, 20, 40 or 60 kg P2O5 and 0, 10, or 20 kg borax/ha. The

18

green gram seed yield reached the highest (1.52 t/ha) in plots

previously given 40 kg P2O5 + 10 kg borax/hectare. However, this

residual treatment combination was statistically at par with 40 kg

P2O5 + 20 kg borax/hectare.

Ramamoorthy and Raj (1997) using Mussoorie rock

phosphate found that the obtained seed yield of green gram [Vigna

radiata] was the highest with 25 kg P2O5/ha compared with that

without applied P.

Rawankar, et al., (1997) recorded that, seed yields of green

gram and pigeon peas were increased with increasing N level up to

30 kg N/ha (0.67 and 0.75 t, respectively).

Sharma, et al., (1997) applied 0, 25, 50 or 75 kg P2O5/ha

for green gram [Vigna radiata] cv. Pant Moong 2. Seed yield was

increased with increasing P level up to 50 kg P2O5 (1.22 t/ha).

Mishra, et al., (1998) stated that, mung beans (Vigna

radiata) cv. K-851 were given 0, 25 or 50 kg P2O5/ha. Seed yield

was 422, 624 and 714 kg/ha with the P rates as listed.

Maldal and Ray (1999) said that, mung (Vigna radiata) cv.

B105, B1 and Hooghly local were untreated or given 20, 30 or 40

kg N/ha as urea. Yield was increased by N. Hooghly local showed

the best overall performance.

Mandal and Sikder (1999) indicated that, mung beans

(Vigna radiata) cv. BARI Mug-5 grown on saline soil, were given

0, 50 or 100 kg N/ha and 0, 75 or 150 kg P/ha. Growth and yield

were significantly increased with N application, while P

19

significantly increased the setting of pods and seeds. Root growth

was significantly improved by individual and combined application

of the fertilizers. Interactions of the fertilizers stimulated the

formation of pods and seeds together with seed yield.

Mitra, et al., (1999) recorded that the green gram (Vigna

radiata) cv. GM-9002 had the greater number of pods/plant,

seeds/pod, 1000-seed weight, seed yield and total biomass yield

than the cv. UPM 79-12 or MH-309.

Singh, et al., (1999) showed that, green gram [Vigna

radiata] cv. NDM-1 was given 0-26.4 kg P /ha. Yield and yield

components generally were progressively increased up to 26.4 kg P

and 40 kg S/ha.

Upadhyay, et al., (1999) mentioned that, green gram [Vigna

radiata] was given 0-60 kg P2O5/ha. The seed yield was increased

with P application up to 40 kg P2O5 (2.01 t).

Chowdhury, et al., (2000) apply 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 P/ha

for mung bean line NM92. The dry matter production increased

with increasing the P rate. Total dry matter production prior to and

at flowering was about 20 and 50% of the total dry matter at

maturity. Dry matter accumulation after flowering greatly

influenced seed yield, as most of the photosynthate produced at this

stage is used for pod and seed development. Seeds contributed the

majority of dry matter content at harvest.

Prasad, et al., (2000) studied the effect of four potassium

levels viz., 0, 10, 20 and 30 mg K kg -1 soil (designated as K0,

21

K10, K20 and K30, respectively) on summer mung bean (cv. T-

44). The grain yield increased with potassium application but the

result was statistically non-significant.

Ram and Dixit (2000) reported that, green gram cv. K-851

were given 0, 20, 40 or 60 kg P/ha. The yield was increased with

increasing P rate.

Teotia, et al., (2000) investigated the effect of different

levels of P (0, 30, 60, and 120 kg P2O5/ha) applied as single

superphosphate on yield of V. radiata cv. Pant Moong-2.

Increasing levels of P significantly increased the grain and straw

yields of the treated plants more than the control.

Kumar and Puri (2002) mentioned that, increasing P rate

from 25 to 50 Kg/ha P2O5 resulted in significant increase in yield

and all yield attributes (pods/plant, seeds/pod, 1000-seed weight

and seeds yield) of french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) compared

with the control (no P). The two investigated cultivars significantly

varied in all determined yield attributes.



and 3 P levels (0, 30 and 60 Kg P2O5/ha). The high dose of N (120

Kg) and P (60 Kg) resulted in higher yield and yield attributes

(pods/plant, seeds/pod, 100-seed weight and grain yield/ha).

Anbumani et al., (2003) tabulated that, the application of N

at 10Kg/ha-1 each a 50 per cent flowering and pod development

stages along with a basal application of 25:50 N and P2O5 ha-1

21

Kg/ha had a marked increase in yield components (number of

pods/plant, number of seeds/pod and pod length), seed and halum

yield in comparison with control. The increase in yield was 45.8,

21.5 and 2.7% more than those of no N (control), basal application

alone (25:50 N and P2O5 ha-1) and basal + DAP foliar spray (2%)

twice, respectively.

Kumar and Chandra (2003) showed that, P application

significantly increased the plant dry matter and grain yield of mung

bean (Vigna radiate) more than that with no P application. The

grain yield/ha was increased to 600, 613, 683 and 700 Kg/ha by

applying 0, 25, 50 and 75 Kg/ha of P2O5, respectively.

Meena et al., (2003) recorded that, the grain and straw

yields and total uptake of N, P and K in checkpea (Cicer arietinum)

plants were significantly increased with the increase of phosphorus

levels from 0 to 60 Kg P2O5/ha. However, the data particularly

those of seed and straw yields that recorded at 30 and 60 Kg

P2O5/ha were significantly equal.

Yeman and Skjelvag (2003) using 0, 30 and 60Kg /ha-1

P2O5 for Pisum sativum found that pods/m2 and yield positively

responded while seeds/pod and seeds weight were not significantly

affected by P application.

Prajapati et al., (2003) studied the effects of increasing N

rates from 0 to 40, 80 and 120 Kg N/ha on growth and yield

parameters as well as seed yield of french bean (Phaseolus

vulgaris). Applying the highest N rate (120 Kg) gave the highest

22

significant increase in values of the yield attributes (pods/plant,

seeds/pod, pod length and 100 seed weight) as well as seed yield.

IIIIII--EEffffeecctt ooff tthhee NNPPKK ffeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn lleevveellss oonn tthhee cchheemmiiccaall

ccoonnssttiittuueennttss::

Reddy (1985) recorded that, V. radiata fertilized with 0-60

kg P2O5 and/or 0-30 kg K2O/ha gave the highest yields of CP (0.35

t CP/ha) with 30 kg P2O5/ha compared with 0.15 t without PK.

Ahmed, et al., (1986) reported that phosphorus application

up to 60kg/ha-1 increased grain and straw protein of mung bean

(Vigna radiata L.).

Kamat, et al., (1986) recorded that application of 50 kg

P2O5/ha to mung [Vigna radiata] and urd [V. mungo] increased N,

P and K uptake and seed protein content.

Mahadkar and Saraf (1988a) studied the changes in N and

P contents and uptake in leaves and stems of Vigna radiata at

different growth stages as affected by N and P application. N

content was higher in the leaves than in stems while P content was

similar in the two organs. N and P contents were the highest at 45

and 30 days after sowing, resp. Application of N and P fertilizers

increased N and P contents in seeds; 40 kg P2O5/ha was the most

effective.

Mahadkar and Saraf (1988c) showed that, V. radiata, in a

pot trial, was given 0 and 16 kg P/ha and 0 and 20 kg N as a basal

application or top dressing or both. The percent N derived from

fertilizer was the greatest at early seedling stage then declined after

flowering. Fertilizer N uptake in leaf and seed was higher than in

23

stem and husk. The fertilizer N uptake and fertilizer use efficiency

increased with application of P.

Maiti, et al., (1988) applying 60 or 100 kg/ha each of P2O5

and K2O to green gram [Vigna radiata] and found that, application

of 50 kg N/ha increased leaf chlorophyll contents.

Gupta and Rai (1989) showed that V. radiata crops sown on 5

Apr. showed higher P uptake than those sown on 15 Mar. or 26 Apr.

Increasing P rates from 0 to 15 and 30 kg/ha increased P uptake.

Reddy, et al., (1989) showed that, P. radiatus [Vigna

radiata] and P. mungo [V. mungo] were given 0 or 21.9 kg P/ha as

a basal dressing or equally splited between a basal application and

flowering. P application increased the energy content of the whole

plant in both species, especially when applied in split doses. Split P

application also increased photosynthetic efficiency in both species

compared with that of a single application.

Basu and Bandyopadhyay (1990) recorded that, Vigna

radiata was given 0-40 kg N/ha. N uptake was increased also with

increasing N rates up to 30 kg N/ha. N uptake decreased with the

highest N application rate.

Reddy, et al., (1990) recorded that increasing P level from 0

to 50 kg P2O5/ha (as a basal dressing or 50 kg P2O5/ha in 2 equal

split dressings at sowing and flowering) increased protein contents

of green gram [Vigna radiata].

Singh and Kumari (1990) studied the nutrient contents in

V. radiata 0, 30 or 60 kg K and Mn/ha. The K content in both seeds

24

and straw was increased by applying K. The K application

decreased N and P contents in seeds and straw.

Thind, et al., (1990) studied utilization of 30, 60 and 90 kg

P2O5/ha applied as diammonium phosphate solution in V. radiata.

Increasing P rates increased P uptake. P utilization was low in (7.4-

8.0%) and utilization of applied P varied in different soil types.

Narayanan, et al., (1991) assessed growth and nutrient

uptake in plants aged 45days of green gram [Vigna radiata] at

recommended (N + P + K at 25 + 22 + 42 kg/ha) and high (NPK at

50 + 44 + 84 kg/ha) fertility levels (RF and HF, respectively). HF

increased the N, P and K uptake but decreased their utilization

efficiency (dry matter production/unit nutrient per week).

Patel and Patel (1991) confirmed the beneficial effects of

increasing P rate from 0 to 60 kg/ha on yield of green gram [Vigna

radiata] cv. Gujarat 2 and Type 44. Protein yield increased with increasing

P rate and Type 44 gave higher protein yield than Gujarat 2 cv.

Ghildiyal (1992) recorded that, the rate of photosynthesis of

Vigna radiata plants was declined after flowering in the control plants

but remained constant until 20 days after flowering in urea-treated plants.

Sharma, et al., (1993) stated that, N, P, K and S uptake of

Vigna radiata cv. Pusa Baisakhee was increased due to increasing

P application rate.

Singh, et al., (1993) applied 0-40 kg N/ha to mong beans

[Vigna radiata] cv. MH 85-61. They noticed that, N application

increased N uptake and seed and straw N concentration.

25

Datta (1994) found in field experiments that, mung bean

(Vigna radiata) in particular mung bean cv. MH-309 was highly

responded to P application. P application increased both P

extractability and P content in mung bean seeds.

Garcia, et al., (1994) recorded that, ammonium-N decreased

amount of fixed nitrogen. The amount of fixed nitrogen was higher in the

control plants than in cut plants. They suggested that fertilizer application

to the mung bean plants might had beneficial effect only when applied

during the seedling stage when the infection process is just beginning and

during the seed-filling stage when the nodules are already senescing and

large amounts of N are being mobilized to the developing pod. It was

also demonstrated that the upper leaves were the major source of

photoassimilates for nodule growth and nodule enzyme activity in mung

beans.

Asghar, et al., (1996) stated that the protein contents in

seeds of mung beans was significantly influenced by potassium

application (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg/ha).

Deka and Kakati (1996) recorded that the V. radiata cv. K-851

plants were given 0-60 kg P2O5/ha. Total N and P uptake at harvest

was significantly increased with P application rate up to 40 kg P2O5/ha.

Thakur, et al., (1996) applied 0, 25, 50 or 75 kg P2O5/ha for

green gram (Vigna radiata). P uptake reached its maximum with 50 kg

P2O5.

Mohanty, et al., (1999) detected elevated level in total

sugar in leaf and root samples of fertilized Vigna radiata plants.

26

Bharti, et al., (2000) studied the responses of green grams

(K-851) with three levels of N (0, 18.75, 25 kg/ha) and P (0, 37.50,

50 kg/ha). Results showed that green gram responded well to

higher doses of N and P fertilizers for yield, quality and nutrient

uptake and content.

Prasad, et al., (2000) studied the effect of four potassium levels

viz., 0, 10, 20 and 30 mg K kg -1 soil (designated as K0, K10, K20 and

K30, respectively) on summer mung bean (cv. T-44). Increasing

potassium levels significantly increased the potassium uptake.



and 3 P levels (0, 30 and 60 Kg P2O5/ha). Higher dose of N (120 Kg)

and P (60 Kg) resulted in higher P and N content in seed and straw.

Yeman and Skjelvag (2003) recorded that increasing P

application rate from 0 to 30 and 60Kg /ha P2O5 enhanced P and N

contents in shoots and roots and crude protein (CP) content in

cotyledon flours of Pisum sativum.. CP content increased from

24.9% of dry matter (DM) at P0 to 26.2% at P2 and from 24.3% at

P0 to 25.2% at P2, in Dekoko and Ater seeds, respectively, while

total sugars were decreased with the increase in P application rate.

IIVV--EEffffeecctt ooff tthhee NNPPKK ffeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn lleevveellss oonn tthhee iinntteerrnnaall

ssttrruuccttuurree::

Radin and Boyer (1982) found that, the response pattern for leaf

and cell expansion under P-deficiency was similar to that occurring under

nitrogen stress in sunflower plants, and, thus, could be viewed as a

common response associated with nutritional stresses.

27

Radin and Eidenbock (1984) found that, the inhibition of

leaf expansion was associated with smaller leaf epidermal cells.

Treeby et al., (1987) found that, phosphorus concentration

in leaf epidermal cells was lower when P nutrition was limited.

Fredeen et al., (1989) suggested that, the inhibition of leaf

expansion might be a direct effect of phosphorus deprivation and

the restriction of leaf epidermal cell expansion occurred when P

nutrition was limited.

Hoefnagel et al., (1993) found that, in cell suspension

culture studies, the mineral nutrient supply affected the rate of cell

division.

Sano et al., (1999) found that, in cell suspension culture, the

total phosphorus deprivation resulted in cells entering a "static

state" for a relatively long period of time, and that upon re-supply

of phosphorus the cell cycle is re-established.

Cheira et al., (2002) recorded that the expansion of soybean

leaves under phosphorus stress was limited by the number of cell

divisions, which would imply control of cell division by a common

regulatory factor within the leaf canopy, as a decreased number of

leaves with P-deficiency implies changes in leaf initiation rates and

activity of the shoot apical meristem. In the whole plant system, the

supply of P is not entirely shut off, as P is remobilized from storage

pools and senescing tissue. There were no differences in cell

expansion rate of both epidermal and palisade mesophyll cell layers

in comparison with the control, as cell layers were slower to

28

development and cells were smaller, which resulted in leaves that

were ~30% thinner under P stress than the control. Also, it was

found that, decreased transverse expansion of the palisade

mesophyll increased transverse cell density in the leaf, which

would, presumably, increased the concentration of chlorophyll.

29

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiments that were performed in the present

investigation were carried out at the Experimental Station,

Moshtohor, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University during the

two successive growing seasons 2001 and 2002. Morphological

characters, yield components and chemical constituents as well as

internal structure of mung bean (Vigna radiata) plants as affected

by different levels of fertilizers and rhizobium (Rhizobium

jabonicum) inoculation were considered in this study.

Pots 30 cm. in diameter each containing 11 Kg of soil

mixture consisted of clay and sand at rate of 2:1 (by weight) was

used. In the seasons of 2001 and 2002, the mung bean seeds of each

cultivar (Giza-1 and Kawmi-1) were sown on the 24th may in pots.

Each experiment was carried out in a randomized complete design

with six replicates.

I- Source of mung bean seeds and inoculation of seeds by

rhizobium:

The two mung bean cultivars namely, Giza-1 and Kawmi-1

were secured from The Legume Research Department, Field Crop

Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. Sufficient

amount of the seeds from each cultivar were inoculated, as

recommended with rhizobium as follows:

1 - The rhizobium material was mixed with water containing

sucrose.

31

2 - Sugar solution mixed with rhizobium was added to the

seeds.

3 - Inoculated seeds were immediately sown in pots and

irrigated immediately.

The rest seeds from each cultivar were sown without

rhizobium inoculation.

IIII-- AApppplliieedd FFeerrttiilliizzeerrss::

NPK were considered as a compound fertilizer as proposed

for the mung bean (recommended by Field Crop Institute,

Agriculture Research Centre) was taken for comparison as the

control. This control was uninoculated by rhizobium. NPK

fertilizers were applied as follows:

- Ammonium sulfate (20.6% N).

- Calcium super phosphate (15.5% P).

- Potassium sulfate (48% K).

These fertilizers were applied to the two treatments, i.e. half

recommended (1/2R) and double recommended (2R) for each

cultivar Table (1). The calculated amounts for each of the three

levels of fertiliser treatments i.e. recommended, half recommended

and double recommended were divided into three portions i.e. 10%,

50%, and 40% which were added to pots at sowing, flowering start,

and start filling pods, respectively as indicated in Table (1).

31

Table (1): The fertilizer levels as well as the applied fertilizers,

their amount (per pot) and time of application.

Time of application at Fertilizers and

its amount

(g/pot)

Treatments Pod filling

start

40%

Flowering

start

(50%)

Sowing

time

(10%)

0.0660 0.0825 0.0165 0.165 N *Recommended

level (R) 0.4400 0.5500 0.1100 0.171 P

0.2200 0.2750 0.0550 0.264 K

0.0332 0.0415 0.0083 0.083 N Half

Recommended

level (1/2R)

0.2200 0.2750 0.0550 0.086 P

0.1100 0.1375 0.0275 0.132 K

0.1320 0.1650 0.0330 0.330 N Double

Recommended

level (2R)

0.8800 1.1000 0.2200 0.342 P

0.4400 0.5500 0.1100 0.528 K

* Equivalent to about 73, 100 and 50 kg/feddan from ammonium

sulfate (20.6% N), calcium super phosphate (15.5% P) and

potassium sulfate 48% K) respectively.

IIIIII-- SSoowwiinngg aanndd sseeeeddlliinngg eemmmmeerrggeennccyy::

Twenty of healthy looking and uniformed seeds of the two-

assigned mung bean cultivars were sown per pot. Both distance and

depth of seeds were nearly constant. These pots were irrigated

twice weekly with equal amount of water.

The rate of seedling emergency in the different treatments

was determined according to the formula presented by Edmond &

Drapala (1958) as follows:

Seedling emergency rate (M days) = Gn ... G2 G1

Gn)(Nn x .. G2) x (N2 G1)(N1x

As: M days = The mean number of days required for

emergency, N1 = Number of days passed from sowing till first

count, N2 = number of days passed from sowing till second

count…to Nn, G1 = Number of emerged seeds at the first count and

G2 = Number of emerged seeds at the second count….to Gn.

32

Fourteen days after sowing, thinning took-place and only 4

seedlings were left per pot. The irrigation took-place three times

weekly.

It worth to mention that the plants were sprayed with

acaricide malathion three times during each growing season, the

first was after about one month as a protective dosage; the other

two were applied when needed to get rid of the red acaris.

IIVV-- SSaammpplleess aanndd cchhaarraacctteerrss uunnddeerr ssttuuddyy::

Three samples were taken from each particular treatments

i.e. half recommended (1/2R) and double recommended doses (2R),

as well as the control (recommended dose) at monthly intervals

(each replicate was of four plants). The first sample was taken one

month after sowing and the second was taken two months after

sowing (i.e. at the beginning of flowering). The third sample was

taken three months after sowing (it was at harvest time).

The plant samples were washed thoroughly with tap water

in order to remove the adhered clay. Then, the following studies

were considered:

A- Morphological characters:

1. Mean number of leaves per plant.

2. Mean length of the main stem (cm.).

3. Mean diameter of the stem (cm.).

4. Mean length of the root (cm.).

5. Mean volume of the root (cm.3) according to Hanson

and Churchill (1968).

33

6. Mean number of primary branches developed on the

main stem.

7. Mean of total leaf area per plant (cm2) according to

Derieux et al, (1973).

8. Fresh and dry weights (g) of the roots and shoots.

As for dried samples, the excised roots and shoots of plants

were chopped and enveloped in paper bags then left to dry in the

oven at 700C for 48 hours till complete dryness.

B- Yield characters:

1. Flower setting percentage.

2. Mean number of matured dry pods per plant.

3. Mean weight of matured dry pods per plant (gm.).

4. Mean length of matured dry pods per plant (cm.).

5. Mean diameter of matured dry pods per plant (cm.).

6. Mean number of seeds per pod.

7. Mean seed weight per plant (gm.).

C- Anatomical studies:

It was intended to carry out a comparative microscopic

study on the internal structure of the leaves, stems, and flower

pedicle base in both mung bean cultivars Giza-1 and Kawmi-1 to

show the most prominent response to the investigated treatments.

Specimens of the anatomical studies taken from plants aged 60

days (flowering stage), where the certain leaflet of the fifth leaf as

well as the fifth internode were taken from the main stem apically,

but the pedicle was taken from the second inflorescence on the

main stem basically of the two cultivars.

34

Specimens were killed and fixed for 48 hr. in FAA solution

composed of formalin, glacial acetic acid and ethyl alcohol 70 % at

rate of 10:5:85 (by volume), respectively. The selected materials

were removed from the FAA solution, washed in 50 % ethyl

alcohol, dehydrated in a normal ethyl alcohol series, embedded in

paraffin wax (melting point 560C.), sectioned to a thickness of 15-

25 microns, double stained with safranine-fast green, cleared in

xylene and mounted in canada balsam (Willey, 1971). Sections

were examined microscopically and read to detect anatomical

manifestations of noticeable responses resulted from investigated

treatments.

D- Chemical Analysis and some bioconstituents:

All the chemical determinations were carried out in the

second season on dried leaves, stems, roots and mature pods of

treated and untreated plants of the two investigated mung bean

cultivars, except that of chlorophyll’s determination that was

carried out in the two successive seasons at 30 and 60 days after

sowing (DAS).

1)- Chlorophyll's determination:

Chlorophyll's concentration in fresh leaf blades was

determined according to Arnon (1949). All steps were performed in

dim light and as rapidly as possible. 0.2 g fresh leaf blades sample

was taken in a mortar with a pinch of CaCO3, and acid washed

sand, then extracted with 10 mls of 85% aqueous acetone solution,

and ground till the slurry is completely homogenized. The

homogenate was filtered and the slurry was washed many times

35

with 85% aqueous acetone solution until the mortar be devoid of

green colour. The filtrate was combined in a measuring flask (100

ml) and completed to the mark with 85% acetone solution.

Chlorophyll contents were adjusted to mg/g fresh weight. The

absorbance (A) of Chlorophyll’s concentration was calculated

according to (AOAC, 1990).

2)- Total Carbohydrates (Total Sugars), Total Reducing, and

Non-Reducing Sugars Determinations:

The total carbohydrates, reducing sugars and non-reducing

sugars were determined (expressed as milligram glucose per gram

dry weight) after acid hydrolysis (in the aqueous extract) and

spectrophotometrically measured as follows: A certain weight (0.2

g) of the ground samples was placed in a test tube then sulfuric acid

(10 ml. 1N) was added. The tube was covered with a condenser and

placed in a water bath at 1000C for two hours. The solution was

then filtered into a measuring flask (100ml.) and completed to the

mark with distilled water.

2.1) Total Carbohydrates (Total Sugars) Determination:

The total hydrolysable carbohydrates was determined with

the phenol-sulforic acid method (Dubois et al., 1956), as follows:

One ml. of aqueous extract was mixed with phenol (1ml. 5% w/v)

and concentrated sulfuric acid (5ml.) was then added by fast

delivery pipette. The mixture was then shaken gently and left to

cool for 15 minutes.

The blank experiment was carried out using water instead of

sugar solution. The developed yellow-orange colour was measured

36

at 490 nm. A standard curve was prepared by using pure glucose

with a suitable concentration.

2.2)- Total Reducing Sugars Determination:

Reducing sugars were determined in the aqueous extract

(Somogy, 1952), as follows:

One ml. of the aqueous extract was placed in a test tube and

one ml. of alkaline reagent (described after-wards) was added. A

blank lacking sugars similarly prepared. The contents were mixed

by shaking, all tubes were placed simultaneously in a water bath at

1000C and boiled for 20 minutes (accurately timed).

All tubes were then removed and quickly cooled in a beaker

containing cold water. One ml. of arsenomolybdate reagent

(described after-wards) was subsequently added to each tube

followed by occasional shaking; five minutes at least were allowed

for reaction to take place. Each tube was then made up to a final

volume of 10 ml. using distilled water, whereas contents were

mixed by inversion. The concentration of reducing sugars were

spectrophotometrecally measured at 660 nm after setting the

spectrophotometer to 100% trancmitancy with the water blank.

Alkaline copper reagent:

One liter of this reagent contains 4 gm. of CuSo4.5H2O, 16

gm. NaHCO3, 180 gm. Na2SO4 and 12 gm. Rochelle salt

Arsenomolybdate reagent:

Each 500 ml. of this reagent contains 25 gm. ammonium

molybdate, 3 gm. disodiumhydrogenarsenate and 29 ml. sulfuric

37

acid. Then solution was stored in glass stoppered brown bottle at

370C for 24 hours. The reagent should be yellow with no green tint.

2.3)- Total Non-Reducing Sugars Determination:

Non-reducing sugars were then calculated as the difference

between the total sugars and reducing sugars.

3)- Total Nitrogen and Crude Protein Determinations:

Wet digestion of the dried, milled sample materials with

concentrated sulphoric acid and perchloric acid were used. Total

nitrogen content was determined by using the modified micro-

kjeldhahl method described by Pregl (1945). This method includes

two modifications, the first one is the usage of (4%) boric acid

solution for receiving the distillate and the second one is by using

of mixed indicator of bromocresol green and methyl red. Crude

protein was obtained by multiplying nitrogen content by 6.25,

(A.O.A.C., 1990).

4)- Phosphorus and Potassium determination:

The wet digested samples as for nitrogen determination

were used in phosphorous, potassium determination as follows:

4.1)- Phosphorous determination:

Phosphorus was colorimetrically determined at wavelength

of 650 nm. using ascorbic acid according to Sandell (1950).

4.2)- Potassium Determination:

Potassium was determined by using Flame-photometric

method (Carl-Zeiss model) as described by Horneck and Hanson

(1998).

38

VV-- SSttaattiissttiiccaall aannaallyyssiiss::

Data concerning morphological and yield characters of the

two investigated mung bean cultivars in both seasons were

subjected to analysis of variance according to Snedecor and

Cochran (1982). The least significant difference of each character

was also calculated.

39

RREESSUULLTTSS

II-- EEFFFFEECCTT OOFF NNPPKK LLEEVVEELLSS OONN SSEEEEDD GGEERRMMIINNAATTIIOONN OOFF TTHHEE

TTWWOO AASSSSIIGGNNEEDD MMUUNNGG BBEEAANN CCUULLTTIIVVAARRSS::

Seed emergency percentage (SEP) and mean days required

for germination i.e. seed emergency rate (SER) of the mung bean

cultivars Giza-1 and Kawmi-1 were affected significantly by the

applied treatments. The data in Table (1) and Fig. (1) revealed that

the 1/2R treatment showed the highest significant increase in SEP

of cultivar Giza-1, i.e. 89.3 and 88.7% followed by the 2R+I i.e.

87.1 and 86.6% during 2001 and 2002 seasons, respectively.

However, the 2R led to significant decrease in SEP during both

seasons i.e. 79.3 and 78.7%, respectively compared with R

(control) treatment during both seasons (84.3 and 83.7%).

Regarding SER in cultivar Giza-1, the same data showed

also that the 1/2R+I exhibited the lowest SER values i.e. 4.43 and

3.71 days during 2001 and 2002 seasons, respectively. Whereas,

the 1/2R exhibited the highest significant increase in the SER

values i.e. 5.1 and 4.55 days compared with 4.88 and 3.94 days in

R (control) treatment during both seasons, respectively.

Concerning cultivar Kawmi-1, the same data in Table (1)

revealed that only the 2R+I treatment caused appreciable but not

significant increase in SEP of Kawmi-1 seeds compared with R

(control), whereas the other applied treatments caused significant

decrease. This trend was true during the two seasons of 2001 and

2002. Applying the 1/2R+I treatment produced the lowest SEP

values

41

TTaabbllee ((11)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn %% sseeeeddlliinngg eemmeerrggeennccyy ((SSEEPP)) aanndd nnuummbbeerr

ooff ddaayyss rreeqquuiirreedd ffoorr ccoommpplleettee sseeeedd ggeerrmmiinnaattiioonn oorr sseeeedd eemmeerrggeennccyy rraattee ((SSEERR)) ooff

mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarrss GGiizzaa--11 aanndd KKaawwmmii--11 iinn 22000011 aanndd 22000022 sseeaassoonnss..

Cultivar Treatment Season

2001 2002 SEP % SER "day" SEP % SER "day"

Giza-1

R (control) 84.3 4.88 83.7 3.94

1/2R 89.3 5.10 88.7 4.55

2R 79.3 4.82 78.7 3.91

R+I 82.8 4.93 81.9 3.96

1/2R+I 84.3 4.43 83.7 3.71

2R+I 87.1 4.61 86.6 3.80

L.S.D. at 5% 1.56 0.14 1.64 0.15

Kawmi-1

R (control) 96.4 4.64 95.7 3.82

1/2R 90.0 4.58 89.5 3.79

2R 88.5 4.78 87.8 3.89

R+I 85.7 5.02 84.8 4.51

1/2R+I 85.7 4.85 86.1 3.92

2R+I 98.5 4.72 97.8 4.51

L.S.D. at 5% 3.51 0.06 2.31 0.132

i.e. 85.7 and 86.1% compared with 96.4 and 95.7% in R (control)

treatment during 2001 and 2002 seasons, respectively. The same

data showed also that most applied NPK treatments (in particular

those associated with rhizobial inoculation during 2001 season)

significantly increased SER value compared with R (control).

41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

See

d g

erm

ina

tio

n %

R (control) ½R 2R R+I ½R+I 2R+I

Treatments

Giza-1 (2001) Giza-1 (2002) Kawmi-1 (2001) Kawmi-1 (2001)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

SE

R "

da

y"


Treatments

Giza-1 (2001) Giza-1 (2002) Kawmi-1 (2001) Kawmi-1 (2001)

FFiigg.. ((11)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn %% sseeeeddlliinngg

eemmeerrggeennccyy ““SSEEPP”” ((AA)) aanndd nnuummbbeerr ooff ddaayyss rreeqquuiirreedd ffoorr

ccoommpplleettee sseeeedd ggeerrmmiinnaattiioonn oorr sseeeedd eemmeerrggeennccyy rraattee ““SSEERR”” ((BB))

ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarrss GGiizzaa--11 aanndd KKaawwmmii--11 iinn 22000011 aanndd 22000022

sseeaassoonnss..

A

42

IIII-- EEFFFFEECCTT OOFF NNPPKK LLEEVVEELLSS OONN PPLLAANNTT GGRROOWWTTHH CCHHAARRAACCTTEERRSS

OOFF TTHHEE TTWWOO AASSSSIIGGNNEEDD MMUUNNGG BBEEAANN CCUULLTTIIVVAARRSS::

The vegetative growth characters of mung bean plants of

Giza-1 and Kawmi-1 as affected by the different treatments were

investigated at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing during the two

successive growing seasons 2001 and 2002.

IIII..11-- CCUULLTTIIVVAARR GGIIZZAA--11::

IIII..11..11-- NNUUMMBBEERR OOFF LLEEAAVVEESS//PPLLAANNTT::

Number of leaves/plant (30 DAS) during both 2001 and

2002 seasons was not significantly affected by the different

treatments (Table 2.1, Fig. 2.1). In 2001 season, the 2R+I

treatment (60 DAS) produced the highest significant increase in

number of leaves/plant, whereas, the 2R+I and 2R (90 DAS)

caused similar significant increase in number of leaves. In season

2002, number of leaves/plant (60 and 90 DAS) was significantly

increased by all treatments (except the ½R treatment) compared

with R (control) treatment. The 2R+I treatment caused the highest

increase in this respect. On contrary, the ½R (60 DAS) and ½ R

and ½R+I (60 and 90 DAS) showed significant decrease in number

of leaves particularly in the season of 2001 compared with the

control treatment.

TTaabbllee ((22..11)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee nnuummbbeerr ooff lleeaavveess//ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg

bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg..

Treatment 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS

2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 2.67 2.33 5.00 3.50 4.67 5.00 ½R 2.33 2.00 3.00 3.00 4.33 3.67 2R 5.00 3.00 5.25 4.75 6.17 8.83 R+I 3.67 2.33 4.75 6.50 4.17 9.33 ½R+I 3.67 2.00 3.25 5.25 2.83 10.17 2R+I 4.33 2.33 6.75 8.25 6.00 15.83

L.S.D. at 5% NS NS 0.926 1.006 1.036 1.312

43

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

No

. of

lea

ves

/pla

nt


Treatments

30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS Mean

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

No

. of

lea

ves

/pla

nt


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((22..11)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee nnuummbbeerr ooff

lleeaavveess//ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss ooff

22000011 ((AA)) aanndd 22000022 ((BB)) aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg..

A

B

44

IIII..11..22-- FFRREESSHH WWEEIIGGHHTT OOFF LLEEAAVVEESS//PPLLAANNTT::

The data in Table (2.2) and Fig. (2.2) showed that the 2R

(30 and 90 DAS) and the 2R+I treatment (30 and 60 DAS)

significantly produced higher fresh weight of leaves/plant than the

control in 2001 season. On contrary, the ½R (30, 60 and 90 DAS)

and the ½R+I (90 DAS) produced significantly lower fresh weight

of leaves than the control treatment. In 2002 season, the 2R, R+I

and 2R+I treatments (60 DAS) and the other treatments (except ½R

and ½R+I treatments) caused significant increases in the fresh

weight of leaves/plant compared with the control. The 2R+I

treatment was the best in this respect. However, the ½R, R+I and

½R+I treatments (30 DAS) as well as the ½R and ½R+I treatments

(60 DAS) caused significant reduction in the fresh weight of

leaves/plant compared with the control.

TTaabbllee ((22..22)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee ffrreesshh wweeiigghhtt ooff lleeaavveess//ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg

bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr

ssoowwiinngg..


2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 1.85 0.83 7.88 3.46 5.05 4.82 ½R 0.86 0.38 2.21 1.52 3.29 3.41 2R 3.80 0.98 9.4 5.89 6.72 10.65 R+I 1.64 0.34 7.18 5.96 4.35 11.44 ½R+I 1.37 0.32 5.41 1.26 3.59 8.71 2R+I 3.57 0.87 14.8 7.19 4.84 23.30 L.S.D. at 5% 0.842 0.211 3.002 0.735 0.654 1.421

IIII..11..33-- DDRRYY WWEEIIGGHHTT OOFF LLEEAAVVEESS//PPLLAANNTT::

The data in Table (2.3) and Fig. (2.3) showed that the dry

weight of leaves/plant (60 DAS) in 2001 and 2002 seasons and (30

and 90 DAS) in 2002 season was significantly increased by the

45

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Fre

sh w

eig

ht

of

lea

ves

/pla

nt

R (control) 1/2R 2R R+I 1/2R+I 2R+I

Treatments


0

5

10

15

20

25

Fre

sh

weig

ht

of

leaves/p

lan

t


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((22..22)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee ffrreesshh wweeiigghhtt

ooff lleeaavveess//ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss ooff


A

B

46

2R+I treatment compared with the control. Also, the 2R treatment

caused significant increase in the dry weight of leaves/plant (30

DAS) in 2002 and (60 DAS) in 2001. The dry weight of

leaves/plant (90 DAS) in 2001 season was not significantly affected

by the different treatments. On the other side, the ½R treatment

caused significant decrease in the dry weight of leaves/plant (30

DAS) in 2001 season, (60 DAS) in both 2001 and 2002 seasons and

(90 DAS) in 2002 season. The ½R+I also caused similar significant

decrease in the dry weight of leaves/plant (30 DAS) in 2001 season

and (60 and 90 DAS) in 2002 season.

TTaabbllee ((22..33)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee ddrryy wweeiigghhtt ooff lleeaavveess ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann

ppllaannttss ooff GGIIZZAA--11 ccuullttiivvaarr dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss..


2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 0.66 0.09 1.60 1.53 2.34 1.25 ½R 0.26 0.08 0.61 0.33 2.02 0.83 2R 0.72 0.25 2.39 1.85 3.54 1.44 R+I 0.73 0.10 1.56 1.77 1.00 1.07 ½R+I 0.17 0.10 1.24 0.36 1.68 0.38 2R+I 0.85 0.21 2.68 2.03 1.76 1.58 L.S.D. at 5% 0.400 0.082 0.659 0.366 NS 0.259

IIII..11..44-- LLEEAAFF AARREEAA//PPLLAANNTT::

The data in Table (2.4) and Fig. (2.4) indicated that most of

the treatments in season 2001, except the 2R+I (30 DAS) and 2R

(60 DAS) caused significant decrease in the leaf area/plant

whereas, the 2R+I treatment produced the highest significant

increase (60 DAS) compared with the control. In 2002 season, the

2R+I treatment showed the highest significant increase in leaf

area/plant followed by the 2R (30 DAS). However, the R+I

treatment only caused significant increase in leaf area/plant (60

47

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

Dry

weig

ht

of

leaves/p

lan

t


Treatments


0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Dry

weig

ht

of

leaves/p

lan

t


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((22..33)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee ddrryy wweeiigghhtt ooff

lleeaavveess ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ppllaannttss ooff ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss

ooff 22000011 ((AA)) aanndd 22000022 ((BB)) aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg..

A

B

48

DAS) compared with the control. The R+I treatment (30 DAS) and

the ½R and ½R+I treatments (60 DAS) significantly decreased leaf

area/plant compared with the control.

TTaabbllee ((22..44)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee lleeaaff aarreeaa//ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr

GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg..


2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 129.41 51.86 101.14 135.11 -- -- ½R 50.54 66.46 30.34 84.23 -- -- 2R 106.35 109.70 120.87 121.08 -- -- R+I 99.66 32.43 72.66 183.87 -- -- ½R+I 30.62 54.81 57.76 64.04 -- -- 2R+I 137.09 185.50 135.53 155.92 -- -- L.S.D. at 5% 19.52 27.63 20.68 21.65 - -

IIII..11..55-- FFRREESSHH WWEEIIGGHHTT OOFF SSTTEEMM::

In 2001 season, the data in Table (2.5) and Fig. (2.5) proved

that the 2R and 2R+I (30 DAS) and the R+I and 2R+I (90 DAS)

exhibited the highest significant increase in the fresh weight of

stem. However, in 2002 season, the treatments 2R+I (30, 60 and 90

DAS), the 2R (30 and 60 DAS) and R+I (90 DAS) significantly

produced higher fresh weight of stem than the R (control).

Applying the ½R (60 DAS) in 2001 season and (30 DAS) in 2002

season, ½R+I (90 DAS) in 2002 season caused significant decrease

in the fresh weight of the stem compared with R (control).

TTaabbllee ((22..55)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee ffrreesshh wweeiigghhtt ooff sstteemm ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann

ppllaanntt ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr

ssoowwiinngg..


2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002


49

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Lea

f a

rea

/pla

nt

(cm

2)


Treatments


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Lea

f a

rea

/pla

nt

(cm

2)


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((22..44)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee ttoottaall lleeaaff

aarreeaa//ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss ooff


51

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Fresh

weig

ht

of ste

m/p

lan

t (g

)


Treatments

30 D A S 60 D A S 90 D A S M ean

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Fresh

weig

ht

of ste

m/p

lan

t (g

)


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((22..55)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee ffrreesshh wweeiigghhtt ooff

sstteemm ooff ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss ooff 22000011 ((AA))

aanndd 22000022 ((BB)) aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg..

A

B

51

IIII..11..66-- DDRRYY WWEEIIGGHHTT OOFF SSTTEEMM::

Data in Table (2.6) and Fig. (2.6) proved that using the 2R

and 2R+I treatments (30 DAS) in 2002 season caused significant

increase in the dry weight of stem in comparison with the control.

However, the 2R only caused significant increase (90 DAS) in

2002 season. On contrary, the ½R and ½R+I decreased the dry

weight/plant (30 DAS) in 2001 season and (90 DAS) in 2002

season less than control. Similar significant decrease in the dry

weight of stem/plant (60 DAS) was noticed also in 2001 season.

TTaabbllee ((22..66)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn ddrryy wweeiigghhtt ooff sstteemmss ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann

ppllaannttss ooff GGiizzaa--11 ccuullttiivvaarr dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss..


2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 0.20 0.20 1.21 1.71 1.26 1.68 ½R 0.08 0.17 0.37 1.37 1.08 0.76 2R 0.25 0.27 1.22 1.91 1.59 2.39 R+I 0.23 0.21 0.73 1.83 1.08 1.18 ½R+I 0.08 0.19 0.68 1.48 0.93 0.67 2R+I 0.29 0.30 1.00 1.93 1.41 1.63 L.S.D. at 5% 0.117 0.061 0.521 NS NS 0.348

IIII..11..77-- LLEENNGGTTHH OOFF SSTTEEMM::


and 2R+I treatments in both 2001 and 2002 seasons in addition to

the R+I in season 2002 caused significant increase in the length of

stem (30 DAS) compared with R (control). Length of stem (60

DAS) in both seasons was significantly decreased by the

application of ½R, ½R+I and R+I treatments, while in 2002 season

it was significantly increased by the 2R and 2R+I only. All applied

treatments, except the ½R particularly in season 2002 increased

length of stem (90 DAS) compared with the control, the 2R+I

treatment showed the best result in this respect.

52

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

Dry w

eig

ht

of

ste

m/p

lan

t (g

)


Treatments

30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS M ean

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Dry

wei

gh

t o

f st

em/p

lan

t (g

)


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((22..66)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn ddrryy wweeiigghhtt ooff

sstteemmss ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss ooff 22000011

((AA)) aanndd 22000022 ((BB)) aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg..

A

B

53

TTaabbllee ((22..77)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee lleennggtthh ooff sstteemm ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ppllaanntt

ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg..


2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002


IIII..11..88-- DDIIAAMMEETTEERR OOFF SSTTEEMM::

The data in Table (2.8) and Fig. (2.8) proved that diameter

of stem (30, 60 and 90 DAS) in 2001 season and (30 DAS) in 2002

season was not significantly affected by the applied treatments.

However, the 2R and 2R+I treatments caused significant increase

in the diameter of the stem (60 DAS) in 2002 season, the ½R+I,

R+I and 2R+I treatments produced similar significant increases (90

DAS) compared with R (control).

TTaabbllee ((22..88)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee sstteemm ddiiaammeetteerr ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ppllaanntt



2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 0.17 0.23 0.38 0.31 0.35 0.35 ½R 0.30 0.20 0.28 0.28 0.42 0.37 2R 0.27 0.25 0.45 0.38 0.40 0.37 R+I 0.20 0.22 0.38 0.34 0.47 0.46 ½R+I 0.20 0.18 0.35 0.36 0.47 0.44 2R+I 0.23 0.22 0.43 0.39 0.47 0.47 L.S.D. at 5% NS NS NS 0.050 NS 0.049

IIII..11..99-- FFRREESSHH WWEEIIGGHHTT OOFF RROOOOTT::

The data in Table (2.9) and Fig. (2.9) indicated that both 2R

and 2R+I treatments caused significant increase in the fresh weight

of root (30, 60 and 90 DAS) particularly during the 2002 season

compared with R (control) treatment. During both 2001 and 2002

54

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Ste

m l

en

gth

/pla

nt

(cm

)


Treatments

3 0 D A S 6 0 D A S 9 0 D A S M e a n

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Ste

m len

gth

/pla

nt

(cm

)


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((22..77)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn sstteemm lleennggtthh ooff

mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss ooff 22000011 ((AA)) aanndd 22000022

((BB)) aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg..

A

B

55

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

Ste

m d

iam

ete

r/p

lan

t (c

m)


Treatments


0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

Ste

m d

iam

eter

/pla

nt

(cm

)


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((22..88)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee sstteemm ddiiaammeetteerr

ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss ooff 22000011 ((AA)) aanndd

22000022 ((BB)) aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg..

A

B

56

seasons, the fresh weight of root (30 DAS) was significantly higher

in the 2R than 2R+I treatment. While, opposite trend was noticed

(60 DAS) particularly in 2002 season. However, the 2R+I treatment

showed no significant differences (90 DAS) in 2001 season, while

it caused the highest significant increase in the fresh weight of root

in 2002 season when compared with the 2R treatment. On contrary,

the fresh weight of root was significantly decreased by the ½R and

½R+I treatments (60 and 90 DAS) in 2001 season, ½R (30 and 90

DAS), ½R+I (30 and 60 DAS) and 2R (30 DAS) in 2002 season.

TTaabbllee ((22..99)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee ffrreesshh wweeiigghhtt ooff rroooott ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann

ppllaanntt ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr

ssoowwiinngg..


2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002


IIII..11..1100-- DDRRYY WWEEIIGGHHTT OOFF RROOOOTT::

The data in Table (2.10) and Fig. (2.10) indicated that the

2R+I treatment only significantly increased the dry weight of

root/plant (60 DAS) in 2001 season compared with the control. In

season 2002, both 2R and 2R+I were significantly effective, the 2R

was better than the 2R+I when comparison took-place.

However, the dry weight of root/plant (90 DAS) in 2002

season was significantly increased by the 2R, 2R+I and R+I

treatments without existence significant differences. On the

contrary, the dry weight of root/plant was significantly decreased

57

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Fre

sh w

eig

ht

of

roo

t/p

lan

t (g

)


Treatments


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Fre

sh w

eig

ht

of

roo

t/p

lan

t (g

)


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((22..99)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee ffrreesshh wweeiigghhtt ooff

rroooott ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss ooff 22000011 ((AA))


A

B

58

by the ½R and ½R+I in 2001 season (30 DAS) and 2002 season (60

and 90 DAS) compared with the control treatment.

TTaabbllee ((22..1100)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn ddrryy wweeiigghhtt ooff rroooott ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ppllaannttss

ooff GGIIZZAA--11 ccuullttiivvaarr dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss..


2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 0.50 0.10 0.97 0.61 1.54 0.77 ½R 0.08 0.04 0.50 0.18 0.77 0.38 2R 0.54 0.32 1.40 2.94 1.90 1.31 R+I 0.41 0.11 1.11 0.66 1.00 1.12 ½R+I 0.09 0.04 0.61 0.19 1.68 0.24 2R+I 0.62 0.42 1.65 2.26 1.76 1.30 L.S.D. at 5% 0.340 NS 0.500 0.270 0.626 0.207

IIII..11..1111-- LLEENNGGTTHH OOFF RROOOOTT::

Data in Table (2.11) and Fig. (2.11) proved that the 2R and

2R+I treatments (60 and 90 DAS) in 2001 season significantly

increased the length of root compared with the control. The 2R (30

and 90 DAS), R+I (90 DAS) and 2R (60 and 90 DAS) in 2002

season showed similar effects. On contrary, the ½R and ½R+I

treatments particularly in 2002 season and also the R+I (30 DAS)

in both seasons significantly decreased the length of root/plant

compared with the control treatment.

TTaabbllee ((22..1111)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee rroooott lleennggtthh ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ppllaanntt



2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002


59

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

Dry

wei

gh

t o

f ro

ot/

pla

nt

(g)


Treatments


0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Dry w

eig

ht

of

roo

t/p

lan

t (g

)


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((22..1100)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee ddrryy wweeiigghhtt ooff

rroooott ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss ooff 22000011 ((AA))


A

B

61

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Ro

ot

len

gth

/pla

nt

(cm

)


Treatments


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Ro

ot

len

gth

/pla

nt

(cm

)


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((22..1111)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee rroooott lleennggtthh ooff

mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss ooff 22000011 ((AA)) aanndd

22000022 ((BB)) aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg..

A

B

61

IIII..11..1122-- VVOOLLUUMMEE OOFF RROOOOTT

The data in Table (2.12) and Fig. (2.12) revealed that the 2R and

2R+I treatments (30 DAS) in 2001 season, and the 2R and 2R+I

treatments in both seasons and R+I in the 2001 season (60 DAS)

significantly increased the volume of root compared with the

control. During the two seasons, only the 2R treatment caused

significant increase in the volume of root (90 DAS) compared with

the control. On contrast, the ½R and ½R+I (30 and 60 DAS) in

both seasons, the R+I treatment (90 DAS) in 2001 season and (30

DAS) in 2002 season significantly reduced the volume of the root.

TTaabbllee ((22..1122)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee rroooott vvoolluummee//ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann



2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002


IIII..11..1133-- NNUUMMBBEERR OOFF BBRRAANNCCHHEESS//PPLLAANNTT::

The data in Table (2.13) and Fig. (2.13) showed that the

number of branches/plant (60 DAS) was significantly higher in R+I

and 2R+I treatments in 2001 season and the 2R+I treatment in 2002

season than the control. In 2001 season, only the 2R+I (90 DAS)

was the most effective treatment as it caused the highest significant

increase in this parameter compared with the control. However, all

applied treatments in 2002 season showed insignificant increase or

decrease in the number of branches/plant compared with the

control.

62

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Ro

ot

vo

lum

e/p

lan

t (c

m3)


Treatments


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Ro

ot

vo

lum

e/p

lan

t (c

m3)


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((22..1122)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee rroooott

vvoolluummee//ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss ooff


A

B

63

TTaabbllee ((22..1133)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn nnuummbbeerr ooff bbrraanncchheess//ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg


ssoowwiinngg..


2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002


IIII..11..1144-- NNUUMMBBEERR OOFF IINNFFLLOORREESSCCEENNCCEESS//PPLLAANNTT::


(60 DAS) and 2R+I (90 DAS) were the best treatments, as they

caused the highest significant increase in the number of

inflorescences/plant in both 2001 and 2002 seasons. Number of

inflorescences/plant (90 DAS) was significantly improved also with

the 2R and 2R+I in 2001 season but this was true with the R+I and

2R+I in 2002 season compared with the control. On the contrary,

the ½R treatment significantly decreased the number of

inflorescences/plant (90 DAS) particularly during 2002 season.

TTaabbllee ((22..1144)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn nnuummbbeerr ooff iinnfflloorreesscceennccee//ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg


ssoowwiinngg..


2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 0.00 0.00 3.75 2.67 1.75 3.00 ½R 0.00 0.00 2.00 2.33 1.25 1.83 2R 0.00 0.00 6.00 3.83 6.75 3.83 R+I 0.00 0.00 3.25 5.83 1.75 4.33 ½R+I 0.00 0.00 2.25 5.00 1.50 2.33 2R+I 0.00 0.00 4.75 8.00 3.50 5.67 L.S.D. at 5% - - 1.950 0.922 0.783 1.002

64

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

No

. of

bra

nch

es/p

lan

t


Treatments


0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

No

. o

f b

ra

nch

es/p

lan

t


Treatments


bbrraanncchheess//ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss ooff


65

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

No

. of

infl

ore

scen

ces/

pla

nt


Treatments


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

No

. of

infl

ore

scen

ces/

pla

nt


Treatments


iinnfflloorreesscceenncceess//ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg

sseeaassoonnss ooff 22000011 ((AA)) aanndd 22000022 ((BB)) aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr

ssoowwiinngg..

66

IIII..22-- CCUULLTTIIVVAARR KKAAWWMMII--11::

IIII..22..11-- NNUUMMBBEERR OOFF LLEEAAVVEESS//PPLLAANNTT::

Compared with R (control) treatment, data in Table (3.1)

and Fig. (3.1) proved that at 30 DAS all applied treatments did not

exhibit significant effect with the number of leaves/plant during

both 2001 and 2002 seasons. Exception was only the 2R+I

treatment, which significantly increased the number of leaves/plant

(30 DAS) in the first season. On the other hand, all applied

treatments (60 DAS) had no significant effect compared with the

control treatment except that significant exist with the2R and 2R+I

treatment in the second season. The ½R+I in 2002 season

decreased the number of leaves/plant (60 DAS). The 2R, R+I and

2R+I treatments in both 2001 and 2002 seasons and ½R+I

treatment in 2002 season significantly increased the number of

leaves/plant (90 DAS). However, the ½R and ½R+I treatments

caused significant decrease in the number of leaves/plant (90 DAS)

during both seasons.

TTaabbllee ((33..11)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee nnuummbbeerr ooff lleeaavveess//ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann

ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg..


2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 3.67 2.33 5.75 4.75 6.83 7.67

½R 3.67 2.00 4.75 4.50 3.17 6.67

2R 4.33 3.00 6.25 7.50 11.33 10.50

R+I 3.67 2.33 5.00 4.75 14.17 9.67

½R+I 3.33 2.33 4.50 3.25 6.83 9.17

2R+I 5.33 3.00 5.25 6.75 15.83 19.33

L.S.D. at 5% 1.258 NS NS 0.926 1.387 0.955

IIII..22..22-- FFRREESSHH WWEEIIGGHHTT OOFF LLEEAAVVEESS//PPLLAANNTT::

Data in Table (3.2) and Fig. (3.2) revealed that, the fresh

weight of leaves/plant (30 DAS) was significantly increased by the

67

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

No

. of

lea

ves/p

lan

t


Treatments


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

No

. of

lea

ves/p

lan

t


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((33..11)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee nnuummbbeerr ooff lleeaavveess//ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg

bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss ooff 22000011 ((AA)) aanndd 22000022 ((BB)) aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900

ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg..

A

B

68

2R and 2R+I treatments in both seasons and the R+I treatment in

2001 season whereas the ½R+I in 2001 season significantly

reduced it compared with the control. At 60 DAS, the fresh weight

of leaves/plant showed different responses with the different

treatments during the two assigned seasons. Applying the R+I and

2R+I treatments in 2001 season and the 2R in 2002 season

significantly increased the fresh weight of leaves/plant compared

with the control.

On the other hand, the ½R, ½R+I and R+I treatments in

2002 season significantly reduced the fresh weight of leaves/plant

compared with the control. At 90 DAS, applying any of the 2R,

R+I and 2R+I treatments significantly increased the weight of

leaves/plant in both seasons compared with the control. The later

treatment i.e. 2R+I was the superior one in this respect.

TTaabbllee ((33..22)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee ffrreesshh wweeiigghhtt ooff lleeaavveess//ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg

bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr

ssoowwiinngg..


2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 1.64 0.31 8.02 5.44 7.87 7.65

½R 1.37 0.26 5.76 3.68 3.73 4.21

2R 3.57 0.79 10.36 7.72 22.52 13.69

R+I 3.13 0.40 11.78 3.77 29.88 12.80

½R+I 1.19 0.33 7.34 1.79 9.42 9.49

2R+I 4.30 0.72 13.76 6.33 31.74 38.36

L.S.D. at 5% 0.420 0.126 2.635 1.173 1.754 2.232

IIII..22..33-- DDRRYY WWEEIIGGHHTT OOFF LLEEAAVVEESS//PPLLAANNTT::

Data in Table (3.3) and Fig. (3.3) revealed that the 2R+I

treatment in both seasons and the 2R in 2002 season caused

significant increase in the dry weight of leaves/plant (30 DAS) in

comparison with the control. The dry weight of leaves/plant (60

69

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Fresh

weig

ht

of

lea

ves/p

lan

t (g

)


Treatments


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Fresh

weig

ht

of

lea

ves/p

lan

t (g

)


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((33..22)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee ffrreesshh wweeiigghhtt ooff lleeaavveess//ppllaanntt ooff

mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss ooff 22000011 ((AA)) aanndd 22000022 ((BB)) aatt 3300,, 6600

aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg..

A

B

71

DAS) was significantly increased by using the 2R+I only.

Meanwhile, applying the ½R and ½R+I treatments caused

significant decrease in the dry weight of leaves/plant (60 DAS) in

2002 season. On the other hand, at 90 DAS, the 2R+I treatment

followed by the 2R and R+I, respectively produced the highest and

significant increase in the dry weight of leaves/plant in both

seasons compared with the control.

TTaabbllee ((33..33)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn ddrryy wweeiigghhtt ooff lleeaavveess ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann

ppllaannttss ooff KKaawwmmii--11 ccuullttiivvaarr dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss..


2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 0.35 0.10 2.34 1.25 1.77 2.37 ½R 0.32 0.08 2.02 0.83 0.97 1.72 2R 0.51 0.17 3.54 1.44 6.63 3.52 R+I 0.50 0.09 1.00 1.07 2.87 3.39 ½R+I 0.21 0.07 1.68 0.38 1.64 2.33 2R+I 0.92 0.20 1.76 1.58 10.54 8.28 L.S.D. at 5% 0.360 0.061 NS 0.259 1.083 0.730

IIII..22..44-- LLEEAAFF AARREEAA//PPLLAANNTT::

Data in Table (3.4) and Fig. (3.4) indicated that the leaf area/plant

(30 DAS) showed significantly differences by applying 2R and R+I

treatments in 2001 season but the highest significant increase at

both 30 and 60 DAS was produced by applying the 2R+I treatment.

However, in 2002 season only the 2R treatment caused significant

increase in the leaf area/plant at 30 DAS compared with the control.

While, most of the applied treatments in particular during 2002

season caused significant decrease in the leaf area/plant in

comparison with the control.

IIII..22..55-- FFRREESSHH WWEEIIGGHHTT OOFF SSTTEEMM::

Data in Table (3.5) and Fig. (3.5) indicated that applying

any of the 2R, R+I or 2R+I treatments caused significant increase

71

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Dry

weig

ht

of

lea

ves/p

lan

t (g

)


Treatments


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Dry

weig

ht

of

lea

ves/p

lan

t (g

)


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((33..33)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee ddrryy wweeiigghhtt ooff lleeaavveess ooff mmuunngg

bbeeaann ppllaannttss ooff ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss ooff 22000011 ((AA)) aanndd 22000022 ((BB)) aatt 3300,,

6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg..

A

B

72

TTaabbllee ((33..44)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee lleeaaff aarreeaa//ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr

KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg..


2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 68.83 147.50 167.80 165.67 -- -- ½R 51.49 141.60 86.98 102.15 -- --

2R 99.91 183.64 188.18 189.34 -- --

R+I 89.21 105.52 200.0 59.00 -- --

½R+I 41.10 95.09 137.47 99.12 -- --

2R+I 135.26 65.04 488.52 103.84 -- --

L.S.D. at 5% 15.63 20.41 78.56 26.51 - -

TTaabbllee ((33..55)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee ffrreesshh wweeiigghhtt ooff sstteemm ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann

ppllaanntt ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr

ssoowwiinngg..


2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 0.75 0.20 5.34 2.88 7.67 10.76

½R 0.71 0.16 3.87 3.68 3.94 6.01

2R 1.36 0.37 6.05 3.14 11.56 11.13

R+I 1.25 0.26 6.33 1.75 20.68 14.79

½R+I 0.52 0.16 4.46 1.17 7.62 8.31

2R+I 1.31 0.26 6.56 2.65 30.40 23.40

L.S.D. at 5% 0.247 0.059 1.837 NS 3.525 1.373

in the fresh weight of stem/plant at 30 and 90 DAS particularly

during the 2001 season compared with the control. While, applying

the ½R and ½R+I caused significant decrease in the fresh weight of

stem/plant (90 DAS) particularly during 2002 season. At 60 DAS,

all the treatments in both seasons showed no significant variation in

fresh weight of stem compared with the control.

IIII..22..66-- DDRRYY WWEEIIGGHHTT OOFF SSTTEEMM::

Data in Table (3.6) and Fig. (3.6) showed that the 2R treatment

caused significant increase in the dry weight of stem at 30 and 60

DAS in 2002 season only whereas, R+I and 2R+I treatments increased

it (90 DAS) in both 2001 and 2002 seasons compared with the

control. In this respect, the 2R+I treatment was significantly better

73

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Lea

f area

/pla

nt

(cm

2)


Treatments


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Lea

f area

/pla

nt

(cm

2)


Treatments

A

B

F F i i g g . . ( ( 3 3 . . 4 4 ) ) : : E E f f f f e e c c t t o o f f d d i i f f f f e e r r e e n n t t t t r r e e a a t t m m e e n n t t s s o o n n t t h h e e t t o o t t a a l l l l e e a a f f a a r r e e a a / / p p l l a a n n t t o o f f m m u u n n g g b b e e a a n n c c u u l l t t i i v v a a r r K K a a w w m m i i - - 1 1 d d u u r r i i n n g g s s e e a a s s o o n n s s o o f f 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 ( ( A A ) ) a a n n d d 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 ( ( B B ) ) a a t t 3 3 0 0 , , 6 6 0 0 a a n n d d 9 9 0 0 d d a a y y s s a a f f t t e e r r s s o o w w i i n n g g . .

74

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Fresh

weig

ht

of

ste

m/p

lan

t (g

)


Treatments


0

5

10

15

20

25

Fresh

weig

ht

of

ste

m/p

lan

t (g

)


Treatments


FFiigg.. ((33..55)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee ffrreesshh wweeiigghhtt ooff sstteemm ooff ooff mmuunngg

bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss ooff 22000011 ((AA)) aanndd 22000022 ((BB)) aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss

aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg..

A

B

75

than the R+I in 2002 season only. On contrast, applying the ½R

treatment caused significant decrease in the dry weight of stem at 60

and 90 DAS in 2002 season. Also, in 2002 season the dry weight of

stem (60 DAS) was decreased significantly by using the ½R+I

treatment compared with the control.

TTaabbllee ((33..66)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn ddrryy wweeiigghhtt ooff sstteemmss ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann



2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 0.12 0.16 1.26 1.68 1.69 6.96 ½R 0.11 0.11 1.08 0.76 1.83 4.16 2R 0.14 0.23 1.59 2.39 2.84 6.60 R+I 0.14 0.17 1.08 1.18 7.07 8.55 ½R+I 0.07 0.13 0.93 0.67 1.93 5.15 2R+I 0.21 0.19 1.41 1.63 7.93 14.13 L.S.D. at 5% NS 0.063 NS 0.348 1.198 1.508

IIII..22..77-- LLEENNGGTTHH OOFF SSTTEEMM::

Data in Table (3.7) and Fig. (3.7) showed that applying

2R+I treatment in both 2001 and 2002 seasons significantly

increased the length of stem (30 DAS) whereas, 2R and R+I

increased it in 2001 season only compared with the control. On

contrary, applying the ½R treatment caused significant decrease in

the length of stem (30 DAS) in 2002 season. Compared with

control, the stem length (60 DAS) was significantly increased by

the 2R in 2002 season only while, applying the R+I and ½R+I in

both seasons and ½R in 2001 season significantly decreased it. The

length of stem (90 DAS) was significantly increased by R+I and

2R+I treatments in both seasons and the 2R one in 2002 season. On

the opposite side, applying ½R in both seasons and ½R+I in 2001

76

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Dry

weig

ht

of

ste

m/p

lan

t (g

)


Treatments


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Dry

weig

ht

of

ste

m/p

lan

t (g

)


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((33..66)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn ddrryy wweeiigghhtt ooff sstteemmss ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann

ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss ooff 22000011 ((AA)) aanndd 22000022 ((BB)) aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss


A

B

77

season significantly decreased the stem length (90 DAS) compared

with the control treatment.

TTaabbllee ((33..77)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee sstteemm lleennggtthh ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ppllaanntt



2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 8.67 8.83 27.67 16.45 32.80 28.58

½R 8.33 7.00 20.65 15.50 26.82 21.53

2R 11.75 9.60 28.00 18.38 33.87 33.92

R+I 10.50 8.83 24.28 13.00 38.60 37.28

½R+I 7.73 8.60 18.50 12.50 29.50 29.07

2R+I 11.77 9.77 26.38 15.75 48.42 40.83

L.S.D. at 5% 1.280 0.904 1.721 1.211 1.996 3.951

IIII..22..88-- DDIIAAMMEETTEERR OOFF SSTTEEMM::

Data in Table (3.8) and Fig. (3.8) indicated that applying the

2R+I treatment caused significant increase in the stem diameter of mung

bean plant cultivar Kawmi-1 (30 DAS) in 2001 season, (60 DAS) in

2002 season and (90 DAS) in both 2001 and 2002 seasons compared

with the control. Significant increases in stem diameter (30 DAS) was

existed with the 2R and R+I treatments in 2001 season and the 2R

treatment (60 DAS) in 2002 season. Using the ½R+I treatment in 2002

season significantly decreased the stem diameter in comparison with the

control. The stem diameter (30 DAS) in 2002 season and 60 DAS in

2001 season was not significantly affected by the applied treatments.

TTaabbllee ((33..88)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee sstteemm ddiiaammeetteerr ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ppllaanntt

ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr

ssoowwiinngg..


2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 0.20 0.20 0.45 0.33 0.57 0.50

½R 0.20 0.18 0.45 0.31 0.43 0.43

2R 0.27 0.20 0.48 0.45 0.63 0.51

R+I 0.27 0.17 0.40 0.35 0.68 0.50

½R+I 0.20 0.16 0.38 0.26 0.58 0.55

2R+I 0.30 0.18 0.43 0.40 0.73 0.69

L.S.D. at 5% 0.059 NS NS 0.062 0.154 0.108

78

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Ste

m len

gth

/pla

nt

(cm

)


Treatments


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Ste

m len

gth

/pla

nt

(cm

)


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((33..77)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn sstteemm lleennggtthh ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr

KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss ooff 22000011 ((AA)) aanndd 22000022 ((BB)) aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr

ssoowwiinngg..

A

B

79

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Ste

m d

iam

ete

r/p

lan

t (c

m)


Treatments


0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Ste

m d

iam

ete

r/p

lan

t (c

m)


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((33..88)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee sstteemm ddiiaammeetteerr ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann



A

B

81

IIII..22..99-- FFRREESSHH WWEEIIGGHHTT OOFF RROOOOTT::

Data in Table (3.9) and Fig. (3.9) indicated that applying

the 2R+I treatment caused significant increase in the fresh weight

of root/plant at 30, 60 and 90 DAS during both 2001 and 2002

seasons compared with the control. Applying the 2R treatment

caused similar significant increases at 30 and 60 DAS in both

seasons and 90 DAS in 2002 season. However, applying the R+I

treatment caused significant increase in the fresh weight of

root/plant (90 DAS) during both seasons. In this respect, no

significant variation was detected between the 2R and 2R+I

treatments (30 DAS) during both seasons. At 60 DAS the 2R was

significantly better than the 2R+I during 2001 season. However, the

2R+I treatment was the best of all (90 DAS).

On the contrary, the ½R treatment caused significant

decrease in the fresh weight of root/plant at 30 and 90 DAS in 2001

season and (60 DAS) in 2002 season in comparison with control.

While, the ½R+I treatment also caused similar significant decrease

in the fresh weight of root/plant (60 DAS).

TTaabbllee ((33..99)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee ffrreesshh wweeiigghhtt ooff rroooott ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann

ppllaanntt ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss aatt 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr

ssoowwiinngg..


2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 0.99 0.19 5.45 1.52 5.84 5.77

½R 0.62 0.10 5.11 0.65 2.02 5.22

2R 2.75 0.37 13.29 2.73 6.98 7.69

R+I 0.96 0.16 4.81 1.72 8.34 7.71

½R+I 0.23 0.13 3.21 0.42 5.54 4.68

2R+I 2.70 0.29 7.65 2.21 11.61 12.68

L.S.D. at 5% 0.394 0.074 2.180 0.591 1.357 1.415

81

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Fresh

weig

ht

of

ro

ot/

pla

nt

(g)


Treatments


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Fresh

weig

ht

of

ro

ot/

pla

nt

(g)


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((33..99)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee ffrreesshh wweeiigghhtt ooff rroooott ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann



A

B

82

IIII..22..1100-- DDRRYY WWEEIIGGHHTT OOFF RROOOOTT::


R+I and 2R+I were the best for increasing dry weight of root/plant

(60 DAS) in 2002 season and 90 DAS in both seasons in

comparison with the control treatment. Using the 2R treatment also

produced similar significant increase at 60 and 90 DAS in 2002

season only. However, the 2R+I treatment was the best of all

particularly (90 DAS) in 2002 season. On the other side, applying

the ½R treatment caused significant decrease in the dry weight of

root/plant (60 DAS) in both seasons and 90 DAS in 2001. While,

the ½R+I treatment produced significant decrease in the dry weight

of root/plant (60 DAS) in 2002 season compared with control.

TTaabbllee ((33..1100)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn ddrryy wweeiigghhtt ooff rroooottss ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann



2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 0.26 0.14 1.54 0.77 1.05 2.90 ½R 0.15 0.10 0.77 0.38 0.36 2.44 2R 0.29 0.18 1.90 1.31 1.12 3.89 R+I 0.43 0.08 1.00 1.12 2.00 3.99 ½R+I 0.34 0.07 1.68 0.24 0.72 2.72 2R+I 0.46 0.10 1.76 1.30 2.05 5.42 L.S.D. at 5% NS 0.061 0.626 0.207 0.608 0.881

IIII..22..1111-- LLEENNGGTTHH OOFF RROOOOTT::


highest significant increase in the root length was produced, in

general, by applying the 2R+I treatment followed by the 2R and

R+I treatments, respectively in comparison with the control

treatment. No significant differences were detected among these

three treatments particularly (90 DAS) in 2002 season. The same

data proved also that, applying the ½R treatment caused significant

83

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Dry

weig

ht

of

ro

ot/

pla

nt

(g)


Treatments


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Dry

weig

ht

of

ro

ot/

pla

nt

(g)


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((33..1100)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee ddrryy wweeiigghhtt ooff rroooott ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann



A

B

84

decrease in the root length at 30, 60 and 90 DAS during both 2001

and 2002 seasons. The ½R+I treatment produced similar significant

decrease in the root length (30 DAS) in 2001 season and 90 DAS in

2002 season compared with the control.

TTaabbllee ((33..1111)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee rroooott lleennggtthh ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ppllaanntt



2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 28.50 13.77 34.00 24.75 29.07 24.90

½R 24.00 7.33 30.00 21.28 23.28 24.65

2R 32.50 20.67 34.33 38.75 29.83 28.98

R+I 27.67 14.77 32.33 25.13 35.00 29.37

½R+I 20.50 11.00 33.15 23.38 32.25 25.02

2R+I 34.73 22.33 36.65 37.50 33.75 29.66

L.S.D. at 5% 2.613 1.827 3.320 1.869 3.293 2.743

IIII..22..1122-- VVOOLLUUMMEE OOFF RROOOOTT::

Data in Table (3.12) and Fig. (3.12) indicated that the 2R+I,

2R and R+I treatments were the best treatments for causing

significant increase in the root volume of mung bean plant cultivar

Kawmi-1 compared with the control. However, the root volume at

30, 60 and 90 DAS was reacted differently against these three

treatments. The 2R+I treatment was significantly better than the 2R

(30 DAS) while the reverse was noticed (90 DAS) in seasons 2001

and 2002, respectively. At 60 DAS, no significant variation was

found between those treatments particularly in 2002 season. On the

opposite side, the root volume at 30, 60 and 90 DAS was

significantly decreased by applying the ½R treatment particularly

during 2001 season. Also, the ½R+I treatment caused significant

decrease in root volume (60 DAS) in both season and (90 DAS) in

2001 season. Applying R+I treatment showed similar decrease in

the root volume (60 DAS) in 2001 season.

85

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Ro

ot

len

gh

t/p

lan

t (c

m)


Treatments


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Ro

ot

len

gh

t/p

lan

t (c

m)


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((33..1111)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee rroooott lleennggtthh ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann



A

B

86

TTaabbllee ((33..1122)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee rroooott vvoolluummee ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ppllaanntt



2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 2.17 0.67 6.33 1.88 6.07 3.88

½R 1.50 0.67 3.50 1.63 2.22 2.88

2R 3.40 0.83 13.33 3.23 6.30 6.90

R+I 2.27 0.67 4.13 1.88 6.50 6.77

½R+I 2.00 0.67 3.70 0.88 4.08 5.28

2R+I 4.10 0.83 7.50 2.90 11.52 9.98

L.S.D. at 5% 0.602 NS 1.927 0.662 1.581 1.504

IIII..22..1133–– NNUUMMBBEERR OOFF BBRRAANNCCHHEESS::

Data in Table (3.13) and Fig. (3.13) indicated that the 2R

treatment was the best for producing the highest significant

increase in the number of branches/plant (60 DAS) in 2002 season

and 90 DAS in both 2001 and 2002 seasons compared with the

control. The 2R+I treatment came the second particularly (60 DAS)

in 2002 season. However, the number of branches (90 DAS) in

2001 season was affected equally with both 2R and 2R+I

treatments. On contrary, all applied treatments in 2001 season,

except the 2R, caused significant reduction in the number of

branches compared with the control. Also, applying both ½R and

½R+I significantly decreased the number of branches/plant (90

DAS) in 2001 season.

TTaabbllee ((33..1133)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn nnuummbbeerr ooff bbrraanncchheess ppeerr ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg

bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr

ssoowwiinngg..


2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 0.00 0.00 2.25 0.75 3.83 2.00

½R 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 2.00 1.50

2R 0.00 0.00 2.25 2.50 4.83 3.83

R+I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.75 3.00 1.17

½R+I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.33 0.83

2R+I 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.75 4.83 2.50

L.S.D. at 5% - - 0.821 0.722 0.959 1.208

87

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Ro

ot

volu

me/p

lan

t (c

m3)


Treatments


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Ro

ot

volu

me/p

lan

t (c

m3)


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((33..1122)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee rroooott vvoolluummee//ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann



A

B

88

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

No

. of

bra

nch

es/p

lan

t


Treatments


0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

No

. of

bra

nch

es/p

lan

t


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((33..1133)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee nnuummbbeerr ooff bbrraanncchheess//ppllaanntt ooff

mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss ooff 22000011 ((AA)) aanndd 22000022 ((BB)) aatt 3300,, 6600

aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg..

A

B

89

IIII..22..1144-- NNUUMMBBEERR OOFF IINNFFLLOORREESSCCEENNCCEESS::

Data in Table (3.14) and Fig. (3.14) indicated that the

number of inflorescences per plant (90 DAS) was significantly

increased by the 2R and 2R+I treatments in the two seasons, i.e.

2001 and 2002 seasons and R+I treatment in 2001 season. The

number of inflorescences (60 DAS) in 2001 season was not

significantly affected by most of treatments except the ½R

treatment that caused significantly reduction in comparison with

the control. The number of inflorescences could not measured (30

DAS) in both seasons and (60 DAS) in 2002 season.

TTaabbllee ((33..1144)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn nnuummbbeerr ooff iinnfflloorreesscceenncceess ppeerr ppllaanntt ooff

mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss 3300,, 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr

ssoowwiinngg..


2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 0.00 0.00 2.50 0.00 8.67 7.17

½R 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.83 5.83

2R 0.00 0.00 2.50 0.00 15.33 10.17

R+I 0.00 0.00 3.25 0.00 14.17 9.17

½R+I 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 8.00 6.00

2R+I 0.00 0.00 3.25 0.00 14.67 12.50

L.S.D. at 5% - - 0.959 - 3.626 2.074

III- EEFFFFEECCTT OOFF NNPPKK LLEEVVEELLSS OONN TTHHEE YYIIEELLDD AANNDD YYIIEELLDD

CCOOMMPPOONNEENNTTSS OOFF TTHHEE TTWWOO AASSSSIIGGNNEEDD MMUUNNGG BBEEAANN

CCUULLTTIIVVAARRSS::

IIIIII..11 CCUULLTTIIVVAARR GGIIZZAA--11::

IIIIII..11..11-- LLEENNGGTTHH AANNDD DDIIAAMMEETTEERR OOFF PPOODDSS::

Data in Table (4.1) and indicated that both 2R and 2R+I

treatments caused significant increase in the pod length in 2001

season only while the ½R treatment decreased it significantly

compared with the control treatment. However, the pod length was

91

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

No. of

infl

ore

scen

ces/

pla

nt


Treatments


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

No

. of

infl

orescen

ces/p

lan

t


Treatments

FFiigg.. ((33..1144)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee nnuummbbeerr ooff iinnfflloorreesscceenncceess//ppllaanntt

ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg sseeaassoonnss ooff 22000011 ((AA)) aanndd 22000022 ((BB)) aatt 3300,,

6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg..

A

B

91

not significantly affected by the applied treatments in season 2002.

Data also proved that the pod diameter in both 2001 and 2002

seasons were significantly increased by using the 2R+I treatment

only while, the other treatments did not significantly varied

compared with the control.

TTaabbllee ((44..11)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn lleennggtthh aanndd ddiiaammeetteerr ooff ppooddss ooff mmuunngg

bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss..

Treatment Pod Length Pod Diameter

2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 4.90 6.27 0.43 0.48

1/2R 4.00 5.72 0.37 0.47

2R 6.60 6.38 0.48 0.49

R+I 5.42 6.45 0.48 0.52

1/2R+I 4.72 6.00 0.43 0.50

2R+I 6.34 6.33 0.52 0.55

L.S.D. at 5% 0.844 NS 0.068 0.055

IIIIII..11..22-- NNUUMMBBEERR AANNDD WWEEIIGGHHTT OOFF PPOODDSS//PPLLAANNTT::

Data in Table (4.2) and proved that all applied treatments

(except the 1/2R in 2001 season) and only 2R+I treatment in 2002

season led to significant increases in the number of pods/plant

compared with the control treatment. On contrary, the 1/2R

treatment in 2001 season and 1/2R, R+I and 1/2R+I treatments in

2002 season significantly decreased number of pods/plant


Concerning with weight of pods/plant, data in the same table

indicated that it was significantly increased by most treatments in

the two assigned seasons. The highest increase in this weight was

produced by using the 2R+I treatment in both seasons followed by

the 2R treatment particularly in 2002 season. On contrary, using the

92

1/2R treatment particularly in 2001 season significantly decreased

weight of pods/plant.

TTaabbllee ((44..22)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn nnuummbbeerr aanndd wweeiigghhtt ooff ppooddss//ppllaanntt ooff

mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss..

Treatment Pod No. Pod We.

2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 6.50 10.67 3.19 5.68

1/2R 4.33 8.33 2.09 4.60

2R 8.50 11.5 4.35 8.46

R+I 11.33 9.00 4.50 7.40

1/2R+I 8.50 8.000 3.27 7.19

2R+I 15.83 12.33 5.81 9.80

L.S.D. at 5% 0.861 1.087 0.776 0.483

IIIIII..11..33-- NNUUMMBBEERR AANNDD WWEEIIGGHHTT OOFF SSEEEEDDSS//PPOODD::

Data in Table (4.3) and proved that the 2R followed by

2R+I then R+I treatments produced the highest significant increase

in the number of seeds/pod particularly in 2001 season. However,

the number of seeds/plant was not significantly affected with

application of most treatments except that of 1/2R+I, which

significantly decreased it in 2002 season in compared with the

control.

TTaabbllee ((44..33)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn nnuummbbeerr aanndd wweeiigghhtt ooff sseeeeddss//ppoodd ooff

mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss..

Treatment Seed No. Seed We.

2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 4.00 11.17 2.89 4.73

1/2R 3.50 10.17 1.74 3.57

2R 6.50 11.17 3.04 5.78

R+I 5.28 10.33 4.25 4.96

1/2R+I 4.55 9.83 2.98 4.73

2R+I 5.58 11.17 4.63 7.53

L.S.D. at 5% 0.921 1.283 0.772 0.651

As for weight of seeds/pod, the data showed that the 2R+I in

2001 and 2002 seasons, R+I in 2001 season and 2R in 2002 season

93

led to significant increase in this character compared with the

control. The highest significant increase was obtained with the

2R+I application particularly in 2002 season. On contrast, using the

1/2R treatment caused significant reduction in the weight of

seeds/pod in both seasons compared with the control.

IIIIII..22-- CCUULLTTIIVVAARR KKAAWWMMII--11::

IIIIII..22..11-- LLEENNGGTTHH AANNDD DDIIAAMMEETTEERR OOFF PPOODDSS::

Data in Table (5.1) and proved that applying the 2R+I

treatment only caused significant increase in the pod length while,

applying the 1/2R treatment decreased it significantly compared

with the control in 2001 season. However, the pod length in 2002

season was not significantly affected by any of the applied

treatments compared with the control. With regard to pod diameter,

data also showed that most applied treatments in both seasons had

no significant effect on this character except the 1/2R+I which

significantly reduced it in 2001 season compared with the control.

TTaabbllee ((55..11)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn lleennggtthh aanndd ddiiaammeetteerr ooff ppooddss ooff mmuunngg

bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss..

Treatment Pod Length Pod Diameter

2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 6.05 6.17 0.51 0.49

1/2R 5.38 5.80 0.50 0.48

2R 6.05 6.33 0.49 0.50

R+I 6.10 6.17 0.50 0.51

1/2R+I 5.80 6.30 0.42 0.49

2R+I 6.80 6.18 0.51 0.51

L.S.D. at 5% 0.465 NS 0.030 NS

IIIIII..22..22-- NNUUMMBBEERR AANNDD WWEEIIGGHHTT OOFF PPOODDSS//PPLLAANNTT::

Data in Table (5.2) and proved that each of number and

weight of pods/plant was significantly increased by applying the

94

2R, R+I and 2R+I treatments compared with the control. This trend

was true during both 2001 and 2002 seasons. As for number of

pods/plant, the 2R+I produced the highest significant increase in

the two assigned seasons followed by the R+I then 2R treatments,

particularly in 2001 season. While, using the 1/2R and 1/2R+I

caused significant decrease in the number of pods/plant during

2001 and 2002 seasons, respectively compared with the control.

With regard to pod weight/plant, the 2R+I followed by 2R

gave the highest increase in this character during 2001 and 2002

seasons, respectively. On contrast, the pod weight/plant was

significantly decreased by the application of the 1/2R treatment in

2002 season and 1/2R+I treatment in both seasons compared with

the control.

TTaabbllee ((55..22)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn nnuummbbeerr aanndd wweeiigghhtt ooff ppooddss//ppllaanntt ooff

mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss..

Treatment Pod No. Pod We.

2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 14.00 11.50 5.98 9.26

1/2R 11.50 11.00 5.40 7.22

2R 18.17 15.83 9.62 13.14

R+I 20.83 14.33 9.57 10.61

1/2R+I 14.50 9.67 4.18 9.19

2R+I 25.33 18.17 15.17 10.96

L.S.D. at 5% 1.668 1.693 1.012 0.338

IIIIII..22..33-- NNUUMMBBEERR AANNDD WWEEIIGGHHTT OOFF SSEEEEDDSS//PPOODD::

As shown in Table (5.3) and, applying 2R or 2R+I

treatments significantly increased number of seeds/pod compared

with the control particularly in 2001 season. In this respect, the first

mentioned treatment was significantly better than the second one.

However, the number of seeds/pod in 2001 season was

95

significantly lower with the 1/2R, R+I and 1/2R+I treatments than

the control.

The same data also showed that applying the 2R, R+I and

2R+I caused significant increases in weight of seeds/pod during

both seasons compared with the control. In this respect, the highest

significant increase was produced by the 2R+I treatment. On the

other side, using the 1/2R treatment in 2001 season and the 1/2R+I

treatment in 2002 season significantly decreased the weight of

seeds/plant compared with the control treatment.

TTaabbllee ((55..33)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn nnuummbbeerr aanndd wweeiigghhtt ooff sseeeeddss//ppllaanntt ooff

mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss..

Treatment Seed No. Seed We.

2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 6.05 10.33 3.39 6.55

1/2R 5.37 10.67 2.50 6.40

2R 7.95 11.17 5.79 7.71

R+I 5.07 11.33 4.76 8.15

1/2R+I 4.33 11.50 2.84 5.42

2R+I 6.82 11.50 7.64 8.42

L.S.D. at 5% 0.591 NS 0.677 0.579

IIVV--EEFFFFEECCTTSS OOFF NNPPKK LLEEVVEELLSS OONN PPEERRCCEENNTTAAGGEE OOFF FFLLOOWWEERR

SSEETTTTIINNGG OOFF TTHHEE TTWWOO AASSSSIIGGNNEEDD MMUUNNGG BBEEAANN CCUULLTTIIVVAARRSS::

Regarding to the mung bean cultivar Giza-1, the data in Table (6)

clearly indicated that, percentage of flower setting was significantly

enhanced with most applied treatments in 2001 season but the

reverse was true in 2002 season compared with the control. In the

first season, applying the 2R+I treatment resulted in the highest

percentage of setting followed by the 2R then R+I treatments,

respectively. While, the 1/2R+I treatment showed the lowest

significant increase in this respect. However, the 1/2R treatment in

96

2001 season and 2R+I in 2002 season had no significant effect on

percentage of flower setting compared with the control. However in

2001 season, most of treatments except the 2R+I showed negative

effect on flower setting. The highest decrease in percentage of

flower setting was produced by the 1/2R+I followed by the 2R, R+I

and 1/2R treatments, respectively. The flower setting in 2002

season was not affected by using the 2R+I treatment when

compared with the control treatment.

As for mung bean cultivar Kawmi-1, also data in Table (6)

showed that all applied treatment in 2002 season and 2R, R+I and

2R+I in 2001 season resulted in significant increase in the flower

setting compared with control. In season 2001, the R+I treatment

was significantly better than 2R or 2R+I treatments. Whereas, in

2002 season the 2R+I was the best treatment followed by 1/2R+I,

2R, 1/2R then R+I, respectively. On contrary, in 2001 season only

the flower setting was not affected by the 1/2R+I treatment while, it

was significantly decreased by using 1/2R treatment compared with

the control.

TTaabbllee ((66)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn ppeerrcceennttaaggeess ooff fflloowweerr sseettttiinngg ooff mmuunngg

bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarrss GGiizzaa--11 aanndd KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss..

Treatment Cultivar Giza-1 Cultivar Kawmi-1

2001 2002 2001 2002

R (control) 39.80 66.69 67.21 52.68

1/2R 36.60 60.94 57.99 61.11

2R 72.90 57.99 79.00 68.35

R+I 73.10 60.00 83.32 56.20

1/2R+I 54.28 53.33 66.91 69.92

2R+I 74.81 66.65 78.35 73.18

L.S.D. at 5% 6.53 1.79 3.86 3.54

97

VV-- EEFFFFEECCTTSS OOFF NNPPKK LLEEVVEELLSS OONN TTHHEE BBIIOOLLOOGGIICCAALL AANNDD

CCHHEEMMIICCAALL CCOONNSSTTIITTUUEENNTTSS OOFF TTHHEE TTWWOO AASSSSIIGGNNEEDD MMUUNNGG

BBEEAANN CCUULLTTIIVVAARRSS::

VV..11-- PPHHOOTTOOSSYYNNTTHHEETTIICC PPIIGGMMEENNTTSS::

VV..11..11-- CCUULLTTIIVVAARR GGIIZZAA--11 ((3300 AANNDD 6600 DDAAYYSS AAFFTTEERR SSOOWWIINNGG))::

The results about chlorophyll and carotenoid content in

plant leaves of mung bean cultivar Giza-1 at 30 and 60 days after

sowing as affected by the applied treatments are shown in Tables

(7.1) and (7.2), respectively.

The results in (Table 7.1) proved that the R+I treatment in

2001 season and the 2R treatment in 2002 season caused

appreciable increase in leaf content of photosynthetic pigments i.e.

chlorophyll “a“, “b“ and carotenoids as well as their sum pigments

(30 DAS) compared with the control treatment.

TTaabbllee ((77..11)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee lleeaaff ccoonntteenntt ooff pphhoottoossyynntthheettiicc

ppiiggmmeennttss ((mmgg//gg ffrreesshh wweeiigghhtt)) ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11,, oonnee mmoonntthh aafftteerr

ssoowwiinngg dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss..

Season Treatment

Chlorophyll Caroten.

Total

pigments (a) (b) (a+b)

2001

R (control) 0.518 0.376 0.894 0.887 1.781

1/2R 0.546 0.195 0.741 0.731 1.472

2R 0.501 0.254 0.755 0.852 1.607

R+I 0.577 0.357 0.934 0.941 1.875

1/2R+I 0.533 0.317 0.850 0.915 1.765

2R+I 0.462 0.318 0.780 0.887 1.667

2002

R (control) 0.764 0.529 1.293 0.456 1.749

1/2R 0.556 0.386 0.942 0.344 1.286

2R 1.205 0.914 2.119 0.629 2.748

R+I 0.696 0.433 1.129 1.138 2.267

1/2R+I 0.647 0.386 1.033 1.105 2.138

2R+I 0.562 0.384 0.946 1.072 2.018

However, in season 2002 the carotenoids and total pigments in

leaves of plants that received 2R, R+I, 1/2R+I or 2R+I were relatively

98

higher than the control treatment. On contrary, chlorophyll “a”, “b” and

chlorophyll “a+b” were relatively lower than the control.

Data in Table (7.2) clearly showed that all used treatments

reduced the leaf content of photosynthetic pigments compared with

the control in both seasons. Exception was only that increment

existed in chlorophyll “a” and carotinoids content with R+I and

2R+I treatments in both seasons. Also, the contents of carotenoids

and total pigments were the highest in case of R+I and 2R+I

treatments in comparison with other treatments.


ppiiggmmeennttss ((mmgg//gg ffrreesshh wweeiigghhtt)) iinn lleeaavveess ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann GGiizzaa--11 ccuullttiivvaarr,, 22 mmoonntthh aafftteerr

ssoowwiinngg dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss..

Season Treatment


Total


2001

R (control) 0.487 0.413 0.900 0.343 1.243

1/2R 0.251 0.231 0.482 0.201 0.683

2R 0.358 0.268 0.626 0.243 0.869

R+I 0.651 0.529 1.180 0.381 1.561

1/2R+I 0.475 0.386 0.861 0.291 1.152

2R+I 1.027 0.914 1.941 0.532 2.473

2002

R (control) 0.574 0.489 1.063 0.405 1.468

1/2R 0.295 0.274 0.569 0.241 0.810

2R 0.425 0.314 0.739 0.287 1.026

R+I 0.626 0.459 1.085 1.076 2.161

1/2R+I 0.658 0.239 0.897 0.885 1.782

2R+I 0.607 0.313 0.920 1.032 1.952

VV..11..22-- CCUULLTTIIVVAARR KKAAWWMMII--11 ((3300 AANNDD 6600 DDAAYYSS AAFFTTEERR SSOOWWIINNGG))::

Concerning chlorophyll and carotenoids content in leaves of

mung bean cultivar Kawmi-1 as affected by the applied treatments,

data are shown in Tables (8.1) and (8.2). All applied treatments

with few exceptions resulted in relative improvement in leaf

content of the determined photosynthetic pigments (30 DAS). The

priority of the applied treatments varied according the kind of

99

pigment. The highest values of chlorophyll a and a+b was existed

with the 2R treatment while, the 2R+I treatment produced the

highest values of chlorophyll a, carotenoids and total pigments in

both 2001 and 2002 seasons. On contrary, using the 1/2R+I

treatment only caused relative decrease in the leaf content of

chlorophyll fractions (a, b and a+b) in 2001 season and a and a+b

in 2002 season compared with the control (Table 8.1).


ppiiggmmeennttss ((mmgg//gg ffrreesshh wweeiigghhtt)) iinn lleeaavveess ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann KKaawwmmii--11 ccuullttiivvaarr,, oonnee mmoonntthh

aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss..

Season Treatment


Total


2001

R (control) 0.453 0.273 0.726 0.663 1.389

1/2R 0.541 0.414 0.955 0.763 1.718

2R 0.489 0.497 0.986 0.763 1.749

R+I 0.465 0.365 0.830 0.691 1.521

1/2R+I 0.410 0.291 0.701 0.752 1.453

2R+I 0.546 0.417 0.963 0.855 1.818

2002

R (control) 0.521 0.323 0.844 0.783 1.627

1/2R 0.635 0.489 1.124 0.898 2.022

2R 0.581 0.585 1.166 0.902 2.068

R+I 0.544 0.435 0.979 0.815 1.794

1/2R+I 0.487 0.346 0.833 0.893 1.726

2R+I 0.646 0.496 1.142 0.987 2.129

After 60 DAS, the tabulated data in Tables (8.2) showed

that all applied treatments increased the leaf content of

photosynthetic pigments compared with the control. This trend was

true during both 2001 and 2002 seasons. Using the 2R treatment in

2002 season only decreased the value of carotenoids compared with

the control. The same data showed that by applying the R+I

treatment the highest contents of all measured photosynthetic

pigments existed in both seasons.

111


ppiiggmmeennttss ((mmgg//gg ffrreesshh wweeiigghhtt)) iinn lleeaavveess ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann KKaawwmmii--11 ccuullttiivvaarr,, 22 mmoonntthheess

aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg dduurriinngg 22000011 && 22000022 sseeaassoonnss..

Season Treatment


Total


2001

R (control) 0.689 0.500 1.189 0.388 1.577

1/2R 0.827 0.527 1.354 0.476 1.830

2R 0.728 0.731 1.459 0.345 1.804

R+I 1.231 0.958 2.189 0.613 2.802

1/2R+I 0.944 0.750 1.694 0.437 2.131

2R+I 0.745 0.671 1.416 0.390 1.806

2002

R (control) 0.732 0.540 1.272 0.413 1.685

1/2R 0.882 0.562 1.444 0.512 1.956

2R 0.771 0.778 1.549 0.369 1.918

R+I 1.308 1.019 2.327 0.657 2.984

1/2R+I 1.000 0.792 1.792 0.469 2.261

2R+I 0.797 0.714 1.511 0.418 1.929

VV..22-- NN,, PP,, KK AANNDD TTOOTTAALL CCRRUUDDEE PPRROOTTEEIINN CCOONNTTEENNTT::

The N, P, K and crude protein contents in the whole plants

at 30 days after sowing and in different organs i.e. leaves, stem and

roots after 60 and 90 days after sowing and pods at 90 days after

sowing as affected by the applied treatments were investigated. The

obtained results are shown in Tables (9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4 and 9.5) for

cultivar Giza-1 and Tables (10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4 and 10.5) for

cultivar Kawmi-1.

VV..22..11-- CCUULLTTIIVVAARR GGIIZZAA--11::

VV..22..11..11-- WWHHOOLLEE PPLLAANNTT ((3300 DDAAYYSS AAFFTTEERR SSOOWWIINNGG))::

Data in Table (9.1) showed that the highest contents of N,

P, K and crude protein in the whole plant of cultivar Giza-1 were

produced by the 1/2R treatment. Also, the P content in case of the

2R treatment, K content in case of R+I, 1/2R+I and 2R+I were

higher than control. On contrary, N and crude protein contents were

lower in plants received the 2R, R+I, 1/2R+I and 2R+I treatments

than the control. Similarly, the P content was lower in plants that

111

received R+I, 1/2R+I and 2R+I treatments than the control.

Besides, the highest decrease in the N, P and crude protein contents

was associated with the application of R+I and 1/2R+I treatments.

TTaabbllee ((9..11)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn NNPPKK ccoonntteennttss aanndd ccrruuddee pprrootteeiinn ccoonntteennttss

((gg//110000 gg ddrryy wweeiigghhtt)) iinn tthhee wwhhoollee ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 aatt 3300 ddaayyss

aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg dduurriinngg 22000022 sseeaassoonn..

Treatment N % P % K % Total crude protein

%

R (control) 1.82 0.235 2.24 11.37

1/2R 2.80 0.395 3.04 17.50

2R 1.26 0.255 2.24 7.87

R+I 0.70 0.110 2.72 4.37

1/2R+I 0.70 0.130 2.40 4.37

2R+I 1.12 0.135 2.56 7.00

VV..22..11..22-- LLEEAAVVEESS ((6600 AANNDD 9900 DDAAYYSS AAFFTTEERR SSOOWWIINNGG))::

Data in Table (9.2) showed that all applied treatments

resulted in relative increases in the leaf contents of N, P, K and

crude protein (with few exceptions) either at 60 or 90 days after

sowing in comparison with the control. The 2R treatment induced

the highest increase in the leaf contents of N and crude protein

whereas the 1/2R+I showed the highest increase in the leaf contents

of P and K (60 DAS) compared with the control.

TTaabbllee ((99..22)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn NNPPKK ccoonntteennttss aanndd ccrruuddee pprrootteeiinn ccoonntteennttss

((gg//110000 gg ddrryy wweeiigghhtt)) iinn tthhee lleeaavveess ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 aatt 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss

aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg dduurriinngg 22000022 sseeaassoonn..

Days after sowing

(DAS) Treatment N % P % K %

Total crude

protein %

60 DAS

R (control) 8.20 5.34.0 4..8 17.50

1/2R 4.90 1.4875 4.32 30.62

2R 6.44 1.4375 3.36 40.25

R+I 3.51 1.5375 4.16 21.87

1/2R+I 5.18 1.6500 4.80 32.37

2R+I 5.19 1.5625 2.32 31.81

90 DAS

R (control) ..30 5..800 ...8 8.75

1/2R 1.84 1.1125 2.88 5.25

2R 1.96 1.1250 3.20 12.25

R+I 4.34 1.3750 4.64 27.12

1/2R+I 1.82 1.1500 4.48 11.37

2R+I 2.80 1.1875 2.56 17.50

112

However, using the R+I treatment caused the highest

increases in leaf contents of N, P, K and crude protein (90 DAS).

On the opposite side, applying the 2R+I treatment decreased the

leaf contents of K (60 DAS) and P (90 DAS) whereas the 1/2R

treatment induced the lowest leaf contents of crude protein (90

DAS) compared with the control.

VV..22..11..33-- SSTTEEMM ((6600 AANNDD 9900 DDAAYYSS AAFFTTEERR SSOOWWIINNGG))::

Concerning the chemical analysis of plant stem of cultivar

Giza-1, the data in Table (9.3) showed that most applied treatments

caused appreciable increases in the level of N, P, K and crude

protein in plant stems (with few exceptions) either at 60 or 90 DAS.

The R+I treatment exhibited the highest increase in the levels of N

and crude protein (60 DAS) and N, P, K and crude protein (90

DAS).

TTaabbllee ((99..33)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn NNPPKK ccoonntteennttss aanndd ccrruuddee pprrootteeiinn iinn sstteemm

ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann GGiizzaa--11 ccuullttiivvaarr aatt 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg dduurriinngg 22000022 sseeaassoonn..

Days after sowing


Total crude

protein %

60 DAS

R (control) 5..0 5..2.0 3..4 4.37

1/2R 1.82 1.1250 2.88 11.37

2R 1.68 1.2250 4.24 10.50

R+I 2.66 1.4500 2.18 16.62

1/2R+I 1.40 1.7125 4.32 8.75

2R+I 2.10 1.4875 4.24 13.12

90 DAS

R (control) 5.04 5.5000 8.55 3.50

1/2R 1.42 1.1625 1.28 2.62

2R 1.68 1.1625 4.11 10.50

R+I 2.10 1.3125 4.11 13.12

1/2R+I 1.56 1.1875 3.36 3.50

2R+I 1.82 1.1375 3.20 11.37

113

Whereas, the 1/2R+I treatment induced the highest increase

in the levels of P and K (60 DAS) compared with the control. On

contrary, stems of mung bean plants that received the 1/2R

treatments contained lower amounts of P and K (60 DAS) and N, K

and crude protein (90 DAS) than the control.

VV..22..11..44-- RROOOOTTSS ((6600 AANNDD 9900 DDAAYYSS AAFFTTEERR SSOOWWIINNGG))::

Data in Table (9.4) showed that roots of mung bean plants

of cultivar Giza-1 that received most applied treatments contained

higher amounts of N, P, K and crude protein than control. The 2R

treatment produced the highest amounts of N and crude protein (60

DAS) while, the R+I treatment produced the highest amounts of P

and K (60 DAS) and N, P, K and crude protein (90 DAS).

TTaabbllee ((99..44)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn NNPPKK ccoonntteennttss aanndd ccrruuddee pprrootteeiinn iinn rroooottss

ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 aatt 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg dduurriinngg 22000022 sseeaassoonn..

Days after sowing


Total crude

protein %

60 DAS

R (control) 5.23 5..4.0 ...8 5.25

1/2R 1.56 1.1375 1.28 3.50

2R 4.34 1.4250 2.24 27.12

R+I 2.94 1.5750 4.11 18.37

1/2R+I 1.68 1.4625 3.14 10.50

2R+I 1.56 1.1750 2.88 3.50

90 DAS

R (control) 5..2 5.5.80 ..82 6.12

1/2R 1.67 1.1250 0.56 4.18

2R 1.42 1.1000 2.18 2.62

R+I 1.68 1.3625 3.14 10.50

1/2R+I 1.42 1.1250 1.92 2.62

2R+I 1.26 1.2250 2.00 7.87

Meanwhile, the roots of plants that received the 1/2R

treatment contained lower amounts of N, K and crude protein at

both 60 and 90 DAS compared with the control. The roots of plants

114

that received the 2R+I showed also decreases in the level of N and

crude protein (60 DAS). Applying the 2R and 1/2R+I treatments

caused nearly similar reduction in the amounts of N and crude

protein (90 DAS).

VV..22..11..44-- PPOODDSS ((9900 DDAAYYSS AAFFTTEERR SSOOWWIINNGG))::

Data in Table (9.5) showed that the pods of mung bean

Giza-1 cultivar contained lower amounts of N, P and crude protein

(with all treatments) and K (in most treatments) compared with the

control. Pods obtained from the 2R treated planmts contained the

lowest values of all chemical fractions. While, the pods developed

with the application of 1/2R+I and 2R+I treatments contained only

higher amounts of K compared with the control.

TTaabbllee ((99..55)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn NNPPKK aanndd ccrruuddee pprrootteeiinn ccoonntteennttss iinn ppooddss

ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg 22000022 sseeaassoonn..

Treatment N % P % K % Total crude

protein %

R (control) 7.42 1.50 3.20 46.37

1/2R 6.16 1.30 2.88 38.50

2R 4.76 0.84 2.08 29.75

R+I 5.18 0.94 2.56 32.37

1/2R+I 7.00 1.10 3.36 43.75

2R+I 5.88 1.34 3.36 36.75

VV..22..22-- CCUULLTTIIVVAARR KKAAWWMMII--11::


Data in Table (10.1) showed that the levels of N, P and

crude protein were higher in the mung bean plants of Kawmi-1

cultivar that received the 1/2R or 2R treatment, while the 2R only

caused appreciable increase in the level of K compared with the

control. Using the 1/2R caused the highest increase in the level of

N and crude protein, while the 2R produced the highest level of P

115

and K. On contrary, applying the R+I, 1/2R+I and 2R+I treatments

caused appreciable decreases in the level of N, P, K and crude

protein compared with control.

TTaabbllee ((1100..11)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn NNPPKK aanndd ccrruuddee pprrootteeiinn ccoonntteennttss iinn

wwhhoollee ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 aatt 3300 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg dduurriinngg 22000022

sseeaassoonn..

Treatment N % P % K % Total crude protein

%

R (control) 1.26 0.155 2.72 7.87

1/2R 1.68 0.255 2.56 10.50

2R 1.40 0.330 3.68 8.75

R+I 0.56 0.090 2.72 3.50

1/2R+I 0.84 0.130 2.64 5.25

2R+I 0.70 0.130 2.24 4.37



increased the leaf contents of both N and crude protein while, the

2R and R+I only increased its content of P and K (60 DAS)



lleeaavveess ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 aatt 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg dduurriinngg 22000022

sseeaassoonn..

Days after sowing


Total crude

protein %

60 DAS

R (control) 4.44 5.42.0 3.55 21.00

1/2R 4.21 1.3511 3.52 26.25

2R 6.12 1.5250 4.81 37.62

R+I 4.91 1.5251 4.32 30.62

1/2R+I 4.34 1.3251 3.68 27.12

2R+I 5.32 1.3625 3.68 33.25

90 DAS

R (control) 8.42 5.4055 4.23 14.87

1/2R 4.34 1.2375 4.81 27.12

2R 6.31 1.2251 4.48 39.37

R+I 1.96 1.2511 3.21 12.25

1/2R+I 3.18 1.1125 3.52 19.25

2R+I 4.48 1.2125 5.28 28.00

116

The highest contents of N, P, K and crude protein were

existed with the 2R treatment. On the contrary, applying the 1/2R,

1/2R+I and 2R+I decreased both P and K levels in leaves (60 DAS)

compared with the control. At 90 DAS, all applied treatments

reduce the leaf content of P compared with control. The leaf

contents of N and crude protein also were increased by all

treatments except the R+I. In general, all determined minerals and

calculated crude protein were lower in leaves of plants that received

the R+I treatment compared with the control.



(with few exceptions) increased the N, P, K and crude protein

contents in plant stems compared with the control.


sstteemm ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 aatt 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg dduurriinngg 22000022

sseeaassoonn..

Days after sowing


Total crude

protein %

60 DAS

R (control) ..35 5..555 4.44 8.75

1/2R 1.98 1.3111 3.39 6.12

2R 1.96 1.4375 4.48 12.25

R+I 1.68 1.5875 4.24 10.50

1/2R+I 1.82 1.2511 4.11 11.37

2R+I 2.24 1.2751 3.52 14.00

90 DAS

R (control) 5.23 5..2.0 4.42 5.25

1/2R 1.71 1.1125 2.72 4.37

2R 1.54 1.1125 3.92 9.62

R+I 2.11 1.2751 3.36 13.12

1/2R+I 1.26 1.2251 3.68 7.87

2R+I 1.96 1.2251 4.32 12.25

The 2R+I treatment induced the highest increase in the

contents of N and crude protein (60 DAS) and K (90 DAS) while

117

the R+I produced the highest contents of P (60 DAS) and N, P and

crude protein (90 DAS). On the contrast, using the 1/2R treatment

caused the highest decrease in the amounts of all determined

minerals particularly (90 DAS).



increased the contents of P in the roots (60 DAS), while the only

2R treatment increased these contents (90 DAS) in comparison

with the control. On the other hand, all applied treatments

decreased the N, K and crude protein contents in roots of treated

plants compared with the control. at 60 and 90 DAS. The only

exception was that increase in K level existed with 2R+I treatment

at 60 DAS.

TTaabbllee ((1100..44)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss NNPPKK aanndd ccrruuddee pprrootteeiinn ccoonntteennttss iinn rroooottss

ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 aatt 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg dduurriinngg 22000022 sseeaassoonn..

Days after sowing


Total crude

protein %

60 DAS

R (control) ..03 5.5480 8.52 9.62

1/2R 1.42 1.1251 1.68 2.62

2R 1.42 1.1625 1.61 2.62

R+I 1.84 1.1751 2.18 5.25

1/2R+I 1.71 1.2875 1.28 4.37

2R+I 1.41 1.1511 3.36 8.75

90 DAS

R (control) 8.42 5.34.0 4.42 14.87

1/2R 1.98 1.4111 2.88 6.12

2R 1.84 1.7511 2.18 5.25

R+I 1.26 1.1751 1.76 7.87

1/2R+I 1.41 1.2251 2.88 8.75

2R+I 1.41 1.3251 2.88 8.75

118


Data in Table (10.5) showed that all applied treatments induced

higher contents of crude protein in pods of cultivar Kawmi-1, than

the control. However, the fruit contents of N (R+I, 1/2R+I and

2R+I), P (1/2R and R+I) and K (1/2R) were higher than the N, P

and K contents in pods of control (R treatment). On contrary, the

fruit contents of K (in most treatments), N and P (2R) and P

(1/2R+I and 2R+I) were lower than R (control).

TTaabbllee ((1100..55)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss NNPPKK aanndd ccrruuddee pprrootteeiinn ccoonntteennttss iinn ppooddss ooff

mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg 22000022 sseeaassoonn

Treatment N % P % K % Total crude

protein %

R (control) ..03 ...2 4.08 47.12

1/2R 11.91 2.15 4.11 74.37

2R 7.56 1.39 3.14 47.25

R+I 11.16 1.85 3.52 69.12

1/2R+I 11.18 1.56 3.36 63.00

2R+I 9.11 1.44 3.20 56.87

VV..33-- CCAARRBBOOHHYYDDRRAATTEE CCOONNTTEENNTT ((MMGG//GG DDRRYY WWEEIIGGHHTT)) OOFF TTHHEE

MMUUNNGG BBEEAANN CCUULLTTIIVVAARRSS GGIIZZAA--11 AANNDD KKAAWWMMII--11::

VV..33..11-- CCUULLTTIIVVAARR GGIIZZAA--11::


As for the carbohydrates contents in the whole plant of

cultivar Giza-1, the data in Table (11.1) showed that all applied

treatments increased both non-reducing and total sugars contents,

whereas decreased reducing sugars contents compared with the

control. The 1/2R treatment caused the highest increases in both

non-reducing and total sugars whereas the R+I caused the highest

reduction in the reducing sugars compared with the control.

119

TTaabbllee ((1111..11)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppplliieedd ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee ccaarrbboohhyyddrraatteess ccoonntteennttss ((mmgg//gg ddrryy

wweeiigghhtt)) iinn tthhee wwhhoollee ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 aatt 3300 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg

dduurriinngg 22000022 sseeaassoonn

Treatment Reducing sugars Non-Reducing

sugars Total sugars

R (control) 45.28 64.99 110.27

1/2R 25.59 85.74 111.33

2R 21.66 76.20 97.86

R+I 11.16 85.64 96.80

1/2R+I 25.81 75.02 100.83

2R+I 22.31 67.92 90.23


Data in Table (11.2) showed that the leaves of plant treated

with any treatment contained higher amounts of reducing and total

sugars than those leaves of the control treatment. This trend was

true at both 60 and 90 DAS. However, the highest contents of both

reducing and total sugars at 60 and 90 DAS were existed with the

1/2R and 2R+I treatments, respectively.


wweeiigghhtt)) iinn lleeaavveess ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 aatt 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg

dduurriinngg 22000022 sseeaassoonn..

Days after sowing

(DAS) Treatment

Reducing

sugars

Non-

Reducing

sugars

Total sugars

60 DAS

R (control) .3.42 4..3.4 ....204 1/2R 127.75 11.673 139.423 2R 114.19 23.112 137.312 R+I 85.31 35.558 121.868 1/2R+I 87.16 39.11 126.171 2R+I 86.19 52.173 138.363

90 DAS

R (control) 8..8. .4..8 35..84 1/2R 92.78 8.47 111.254 2R 59.79 12.19 71.889 R+I 116.34 44.32 151.662 1/2R+I 119.52 49.19 158.719 2R+I 127.99 77.48 215.476

111

On the other hand, the leaves of plant treated with 1/2R or

2R treatments contained lower contents of the non-reducing sugars

at 60 and 90 DAS. The lowest and highest values of the non-

reducing sugars were obtained with 1/2R and 2R+I treatments,

respectively.

VV..33..11..33-- SSTTEEMMSS ((6600 AANNDD 9900 DDAAYYSS AAFFTTEERR SSOOWWIINNGG))::

Data in Table (11.3) showed that carbohydrate fractions in

stems (60 and 90 DAS) as affected by the applied treatments was

greatly varied. The carbohydrate fractions in stem (60 DAS) were

higher, in general, than the control particularly the total sugars.


wweeiigghhtt)) iinn sstteemm ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 aatt 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg dduurriinngg

22000022 sseeaassoonn..

Days after sowing

(DAS) Treatment

Reducing

sugars

Non-

Reducing

sugars

Total sugars

60 DAS

R (control) 80.2. 2..250 .5..4.0 1/2R 41.56 89.381 131.941 2R 25.81 146.269 172.179 R+I 136.94 44.681 181.621 1/2R+I 38.5 136.759 175.259 2R+I 24.28 152.14 176.321

90 DAS

R (control) 44... 4..0.4 .0.384 1/2R 41.34 28.849 71.189 2R 42.44 17.994 61.434 R+I 38.72 24.683 63.413 1/2R+I 8.31 31.389 38.699 2R+I 17.5 24.486 41.986

At 60 DAS, contents of reducing sugars in case of 2R+I

treatment and the non-reducing sugars in case of the R+I treatment

were lower than the control. Moreover, using the R+I treatment

produced the highest contents of both reducing and total sugars,

111

while the 2R+I induced the highest increase in the non-reducing

sugars (60 DAS) in comparison with the control. At 90 DAS,

contents of both non-reducing and total sugars in case of all

treatments and the reducing sugars in case of the 1/2R+I and 2R+I

treatments were lower than the corresponding values in the control.

However, the 2R, 1/2R and R+I treatments, in respective, increased

the contents of reducing sugars in stem (90 DAS) compared with

the control.


Data in Table (11.4) showed that all applied treatments, in

general, caused appreciable increase in the carbohydrate fractions

in the roots (60 and 90 DAS) compared with the control. The

highest contents of reducing, non-reducing and total sugars (60 and

90 DAS) were existed with the 2R+I and R+I treatments,

respectively. Whereas, the 1/2R, 2R and R+I, in respective,

decreased the amounts of the reducing sugars (60 DAS) only in

comparison with the control treatment.


With regard to cultivar Giza-1 in Table (11.5), the obtained

results indicated that all applied treatments caused appreciable

increases in the fruit contents of all determined carbohydrate

fractions compared with the pods of the control treatment. Using

the 2R+I treatment caused the highest accumulation of the reducing

sugars, while the R+I resulted in the highest values of the non-

reducing and total sugars in pods of cultivar Giza-1.

112


wweeiigghhtt)) iinn rroooottss ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 aatt 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg dduurriinngg

22000022 sseeaassoonn..

Days after sowing

(DAS) Treatment

Reducing

sugars

Non-

Reducing

sugars

Total sugars

60 DAS

R (control) 33.23 .5..848 .34..58 1/2R 26.13 134.174 161.214 2R 35.88 123.476 159.356 R+I 42.22 128.268 171.488 1/2R+I 48.13 146.32 194.451 2R+I 58.19 197.966 256.156

90 DAS

R (control) .3.88 3.240 19.085

1/2R 15.31 22.838 38.148

2R 33.13 29.525 62.555

R+I 42.11 46.111 88.001

1/2R+I 31.63 45.172 75.702

2R+I 14.66 21.222 34.882


wweeiigghhtt)) iinn ppooddss ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann GGiizzaa--11 ccuullttiivvaarr dduurriinngg 22000022 sseeaassoonn

Treatment Reducing sugars Non-Reducing sugars Total sugars

R (control) 16.41 71.06 87.47

1/2R 35.22 125.94 161.16

2R 33.25 149.11 182.36

R+I 29.31 153.05 182.36

1/2R+I 26.03 112.86 138.89

2R+I 35.88 135.88 171.76

VV..33..22-- CCUULLTTIIVVAARR KKAAWWMMII--11::


As for the carbohydrates contents in whole plant of cultivar

Kawmi-1, the data in Table (12.1) showed that all applied

treatments increased the contents of carbohydrate fractions (with

very few exceptions) in the whole plant compared with the control.

The highest increases in reducing, non-reducing and total sugars

contents were induced by using the 1/2R+I, 2R+I and 2R

treatments, respectively. On contrary, the 2R+I and 1/2R+I

113

treatments only decreased the reducing and non-reducing sugars,

respectively compared with the control.


wweeiigghhtt)) iinn tthhee wwhhoollee ppllaanntt ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 aatt 3300 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg

dduurriinngg 22000022 sseeaassoonn


R (control) 83..8 0...28 23.058

1/2R 51.63 58.636 111.266

2R 52.72 71.329 124.149

R+I 41.91 65.655 116.555

1/2R+I 56.22 34.643 91.863

2R+I 17.16 75.712 92.772



decreased the leaf contents of reducing sugars (60 DAS) compared

with the control. The 2R+I followed by 1/2R+I, 2R, 1/2R and R+I

treatments caused the lowest amount of reducing sugars (60 DAS),

respectively.


wweeiigghhtt)) iinn lleeaavveess ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 aatt 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg


Days after sowing

(DAS) Treatment Reducing

sugars

Non-

Reducing

sugars

Total sugars

60 DAS

R (control) 4..42 42.248 .44.838

1/2R 45.28 93.183 138.363

2R 44.63 91.612 136.242

R+I 66.94 61.291 127.230

1/2R+I 37.84 84.189 121.929

2R+I 35.11 91.171 126.171

90 DAS

R (control) 20... 44.... ....52.

1/2R 118.28 13.113 121.293

2R 93.41 38.919 132.319

R+I 74.81 46.482 121.292

1/2R+I 36.97 78.819 115.779

2R+I 41.13 84.573 125.713

114

On contrary, all applied treatments except the R+I one

increased the amounts of the non-reducing sugars compared with

the control. The highest non-reducing sugars contents were

produced by the 1/2R treatment followed by the 2R+I, 2R and

1/2R+I, respectively. Appreciable increase in total sugars was

detected in case of 1/2R treatment only whereas all other treatment

had no effect or decreased the total sugars in comparison with the

control. The same data proved reducing sugars (90 DAS) were

increased by the 1/2R and 2R treatments only whereas decreased

by all other treatments compared with the control. In this respect,

the highest and lowest contents of the reducing sugars were

produced by the 1/2R and 1/2R+I treatments, respectively. All

applied treatments increased both non-reducing (except the 1/2R

treatment) and total sugars in plant leaves (90 DAS) in comparison

with the control. The highest increases in both fractions were

induced by the 2R+I and 2R treatments, respectively.


Data in Table (12.3) showed that the stems of treated plants

either at 60 or 90 DAS, in general, showed lower carbohydrate

contents (with very few exceptions) than those of stems in the

control treatment. Using the 2R treatment caused the highest

decrease in both non-reducing and total sugars either at 60 or 90

DAS. While, the R+I and 2R+I induced the highest decrease in the

reducing sugars at 60 and 90 DAS, respectively.

115


wweeiigghhtt)) iinn sstteemm ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 aatt 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg


Days after sowing

(DAS) Treatment

Reducing

sugars

Non-

Reducing

sugars

Total sugars

60 DAS

R (control) 05... .2..2.4 835..24

1/2R 61.69 97.878 159.568

2R 48.34 89.493 137.833

R+I 35.88 131.261 166.141

1/2R+I 55.78 98.698 154.478

2R+I 36.31 118.699 155.119

90 DAS

R (control) 30.54 4..8.2 .4.442

1/2R 36.19 31.554 67.644

2R 21.13 12.844 32.974

R+I 36.53 16.270 52.811

1/2R+I 24.28 25.128 49.418

2R+I 19.47 32.271 51.741


As for the carbohydrate content in roots, the data in Table

(12.4) showed that all applied treatments decreased the reducing

sugars (60 DAS) compared with the control. The 1/2R treatment

caused the highest decrease followed by R+I, 2R+I, 2R and 1/2R+I,

respectively. The reducing sugars (90 DAS) responded similarly

but their lowest values were produced by the R+I treatment

followed by the 1/2R+I, 2R+I, 2R and 1/2R treatments,

respectively.

All treatments (except the 1/2R) increased the non-reducing

sugars (60 DAS), while the R+I and 2R+I treatments only led to its

increase (90 DAS) compared with the control. The R+I treatment

produced the highest non-reducing sugars contents at both ages. All

applied treatments (except 2R) increased the total sugars in roots of

116

cultivar Kawmi-1 (60 DAS) compared with the control. The

highest increase in the total sugars (60 DAS) was induced by the

R+I treatment. However, all applied treatment decreased the total

sugars in roots (90 DAS) compared with the control, the highest

decrease was existed with the 2R treatment followed by the 1/2R+I,

2R+I, 1.2R and R+I treatments, respectively.


wweeiigghhtt)) iinn rroooottss ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 aatt 6600 aanndd 9900 ddaayyss aafftteerr ssoowwiinngg


Days after sowing

(DAS) Treatment

Reducing

sugars

Non-

Reducing

sugars

Total sugars

60 DAS

R (control) 34.4. .2.02 .3.....

1/2R 23.71 22.19 145.891

2R 31.58 115.238 135.818

R+I 28.66 138.435 167.195

1/2R+I 39.38 118.819 158.189

2R+I 29.53 129.932 159.462

90 DAS

R (control) 0..54 4...04 ...5.4

1/2R 57.53 21.514 78.134

2R 51.19 7.811 57.891

R+I 19.25 59.633 78.883

1/2R+I 27.34 36.487 63.827

2R+I 32.38 41.777 73.157


As for pods of cultivar Kawmi-1 in Table (12.5), showed

that the 2R, R+I and 2R+I treatments increased the values of

reducing sugars whereas, the 1/2R and 1/2R+I treatments decreased

it in comparison with the control. However, the R+I and 1/2R+I

treatments produced the highest and lowest reducing sugars

contents, respectively. The same results indicated also that both

1/2R and 1/2R+I treatments increased the non-reducing sugars

117

whereas the other treatments (2R, R+I and 2R+I) decreased it

compared with the control. The R+I treatment produced the lowest

value of the non-reducing sugars contents followed by 2R+I and

2R, respectively. The pods of Kawmi-1 cultivar that produced after

the application of 1/2R, 2R and 1/2R+I contained higher contents

whereas those produced with the R+I treatment contained lower

content of total sugars compared with the control.


wweeiigghhtt)) iinn ppooddss ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg 22000022 sseeaassoonn


R (control) .5..3 .20.854 ..4..34

1/2R 11.28 191.168 211.448

2R 24.72 182.129 216.749

R+I 27.34 163.515 191.845

1/2R+I 9.63 191.818 211.448

2R+I 21.11 175.146 196.146

VVII-- EEFFFFEECCTT OOFF NNPPKK LLEEVVEELLSS OONN TTHHEE AANNAATTOOMMIICCAALL SSTTRRUUCCTTUURREE

OOFF TTHHEE TTWWOO AASSSSIIGGNNEEDD MMUUNNGG BBEEAANN CCUULLTTIIVVAARRSS::

VVII..11-- LLEEAAFF BBLLAADDEE::

VVII..11..11–– CCUULLTTIIVVAARR GGIIZZAA--11::

Data in Table (13.1) proved that, the 2R (Photo 1a) and

2R+I (Photo 1b) treatments were the most effective treatments, as

they showed the highest increase in the thickness of blade (4.7%

and 5.1%), thickness of the upper epidermis (95.4% and 81.7%),

lower epidermis (43.6% and 36.5%) and thickness of palisade

tissue (6.3% and 5.1%), respectively compared with the control

(Photo 1c), respectively. The 2R treatment exhibited the highest

increase in the thickness of mesophill tissue (10.7%), meanwhile

the 2R+I treatment showed the greatest decrease in this character.

118

While, all applied led to reduction in the thickness of the spongy

tissue ( ranged from -10.8% to –30.4%) compared with the control.

VVII..11..22–– CCUULLTTIIVVAARR KKAAWWMMII--11::

Data in Table (13.2) indicated that, most of the applied

treatments increased the measurements of leaf blade. the R+I

(Photo 2a) and 2R+I (Photo 2b) treatments exhibited the highest

increases in thickness of: blade (83.3% and 58.9%), mesophill

tissue (106.1% and 80.8%), palisade tissue (155.5% and 128.7%)

and the spongy tissue (51.6% and 27.8%), respectively compared

with the control (Photo 2c). The R+I treatment caused the highest

increase in the thickness of the lower epidermis (6.4%) compared

with the control. All treatments showed reduction in the thickness

of the upper epidermis, however, the 1/2R+I treatment was not

affected.

VVII..22-- LLEEAAFF MMIIDDRRIIBB::


Data in Table (14.1) indicated that, the 1/2R, 2R (Photo 3a)

and 2R+I (Photo 3b) treatments were the most effective, as they

caused the highest increase in the thickness of midrib (19.5%,

49.0% and 102.6%), bundle (16.0%, 45.3% and 75.4%), phloem

(12.6%, 63.6% and 72.7%) and xylem (16.85, 42.1% and 75.9%),

respectively compared with the control (Photo 3c). The 2R and

2R+I treatments showed the highest increase in the length of

bundle (0.88 and 235.6%) and the mean number of vessels/bundle

(7.5% and 32.1%), whereas R+I treatment caused the greatest

119

reduction in the length of bundle (-33.4%) and also, mean number

of vessels/bundle (-30.2%) compared with the control.


Data in Table (14.2) showed that, applying any of the

assigned treatments led to obvious increase in all characters under-

study. The R+I (Photo 4a) and 2R+I (Photo 4b) treatments

induced the highest increase in the thickness of midrib (191.0%

and249.8%), bundle (224.7% and 149.0%), phloem (552.9% and

362.8%), xylem (165.9% and 110.8%), diameter of the widest

vessel (57.4% and 41.2%) and the mean number of vessels/bundle

(67.5% and 42.5%), respectively compared with the control (Photo

4c). The 2R and 2R+I treatments caused the highest increase in the

length of bundle (448.8% and 488.8%) compared with the control

treatment, respectively.

VVII..33–– IINNTTEERRNNAALL SSTTRRUUCCTTUURREE OOFF TTHHEE SSTTEEMM::


Data in Table (15.1) showed that, all applied treatments

increased the diameter of the hollow pith (17.8 to 360.8%) and the

diameter of the stem (13.3 to 47.2%), however, the 2R (Photo 5a) and

1/2R+I treatments exhibited the highest increase in this respect. Also,

all treatments increased the thickness of xylem tissue (15.4 to 97.4%),

the 2R+I (Photo 5b) and 1/2R treatments gave the highest increase

compared with the control (Photo 5c). However, all treatments

decreased the diameter of the widest vessel by - 33.4 to -63.2% and

the thickness of epidermis by -16.6 to -66.8%. On the other hand,

nearly all treatments increased the thickness of the stem wall (6.6 to

121

15.6%) except that of the 1/2R treatment that showed reduction (-

2.1%), it also worth to mention here, that all treatments increased the

thickness of the cortex (22.7 to 45.5%) except that of the 2R+I

treatment that caused reduction in this charecter. Also, all treatments

decreased the thickness of phloem by -30.5 to -43.5% except the 2R

treatment that increased it (73.9%) compared with the control.


Data in Table (15.2) showed that, most of the applied

treatments increased the studied histological features of the stem.

The 2R+I (Photo 6a) and 2R treatments were the most effective, as

they induced the highest increase in stem diameter (24.0% and

21.2%), stem wall (102.5% and 117.0%), and the diameter of the

widest vessel (65.5% and 37.5%) compared with the control (Photo

6c), respectively. While 1/2R+I induced the highest increase in the

parenchymatous pith (94.6%) compared with the control. On

contrary, all treatments decreased the diameter of the hollow pith

ranged from -15.0 to - 66.7% compared with the control. Also, all

treatments decreased the thickness of cortex except that of 2R+I

treatment that caused increase by 54.5%. However, all treatments

increased the diameter of stem and thickness of xylem except that

of 1/2R+I (Photo 6b) treatment that decreased them by -18.3% and

-63.1% compared with the control, respectively.

VVII..44–– IINNTTEERRNNAALL SSTTRRUUCCTTUURREE OOFF FFLLOOWWEERR PPEEDDIICCLLEE::


Data in Table (16.1) showed that, the histological features

of the flower pedicle (pedicle diameter, thickness of epidermis,

121

cortex, phloem, xylem, diameter of pith and diameter of the widest

vessel) in cultivar Giza-1 were differently affected by the applied

treatments. The 1/2R+I, R+I, 2R and 2R+I treatments were the

most effective compared with R treatment (control) (Photo 7c). As,

the 2R+I (Photo 7a) treatment induced the highest increases in

pedicle diameter (12.3%), thickness of epidermis (33.3%), phloem

(60.4%), xylem (6.2%) and diameter of the widest vessel (33.5%),

whereas 2R caused the highest increase in thickness of cortex

(73.3%). On the contrary, the 1/2R treatment (Photo 7b) seems to

be the least effective treatment, as it led to reduction in the most of

the investigated features of the flower pedicle.


Against Giza-1, most of the investigated anatomical features

of the flower pedicle in cultivar Kawmi-1 were decreased by all

applied treatments (Table 16.2). The highest decreases in thickness

of cortex (- 61.9%) and phloem (- 57.1%) and mean number of

vessels/row (- 50.0%) were induced by 2R+I (Photo 8a), R+I and

2R, respectively. While, 1/2R+I caused the highest decrease in

diameter of pedicle (- 57.7%), thickness of xylem (- 80.3%),

diameter of pith (- 48.9%) and diameter of the widest vessel (-

64.8%). Among all measurements, only the thickness of epidermis

was increased with R+I, 2R and 2R+I by 64.4, 11.9% and 5.6%,

respectively, while, it was decreased by 1/2R (Photo 8b) (- 6.2%)

and not affected by 1/2R+I compared with R (control) (Photo 8

122

TTaabbllee ((1133..11)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee iinntteerrnnaall ssttrruuccttuurree ooff lleeaaff bbllaaddee ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ppllaanntt ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg tthhee fflloowweerriinngg

ssttaaggee,, ((6600 ddaayyss aafftteerr--ssoowwiinngg)) dduurriinngg 22000022 sseeaassoonn

Treatments

Thickness of the different tissues in leaf blade of the mungbean cultivar Giza-1

Blade Upper Epidermis Lower Epidermis Mesophill Palisad tissue Spongy tissue

±%** ±% ±% ±% ±% ±%

R (control) 192.9 0.0 10.9 0.0 15.6 0.0 166.40 0.0 113.36 0.0 53.0 0.0

1/2R 166.4 -13.7 13.0 +19.3 9.9 -36.5 143.5 -13.8 104.0 -8.3 39.5 -25.5

2R 202.0 +4.7 21.3 +95.4 22.4 +43.6 167.6 +0.7 120.5 +6.3 47.1 -11.1

R+I 167.4 -13.2 12.5 +14.7 10.4 -33.3 144.6 -13.1 97.2 -14.3 47.3 -10.8

1/2R+I 139.9 -27.5 13.6 +24.8 20.8 +33.3 96.2 -42.2 59.3 -47.7 36.9 -30.4

2R+I 202.8 +5.1 19.8 +81.7 21.3 +36.5 161.7 -2.8 119.1 +5.1 42.6 -19.6

TTaabbllee ((1133..22)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee iinntteerrnnaall ssttrruuccttuurree ooff lleeaaff bbllaaddee ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ppllaanntt ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg tthhee fflloowweerriinngg

ssttaaggee,, ((6600 ddaayyss aafftteerr--ssoowwiinngg)) dduurriinngg 22000022 sseeaassoonn..

Treatments

Thickness of the different tissues in leaf blade of the mungbean cultivar Kawmi-1

Blade Upper Epidermis Lower Epidermis Mesophill Palisad tissue Spongy tissue

±%** ±% ±% ±% ±% ±%

R (control) 140.4 0.0 14.0 0.0 15.6 0.0 110.76 0.0 58.2 0.0 52.5 0.0

1/2R 116.9 -16.7 4.7 -66.4 10.8 -30.8 101.4 -8.5 38.8 -33.3 62.6 +19.2

2R 147.2 +4.8 13.5 -3.6 12.5 -19.9 121.2 +9.4 62.9 +8.1 58.2 +10.9

R+I 257.4 +83.3 12.5 -10.7 16.6 +6.4 228.3 +106.1 148.7 +155.5 79.6 +51.6

1/2R+I 206.4 +47.0 14.0 0.0 15.6 0.0 176.8 +59.6 123.2 +111.7 53.6 +2.1

2R+I 223.1 +58.9 8.8 -37.1 14.0 -10.3 200.2 +80.8 133.1 +128.7 67.1 +27.8

** mmiiccrroonn

**** ppeerrcceennttaaggee ooff iinnccrreeaassee oorr ddeeccrreeaassee rreellaattiivvee ttoo ccoonnttrrooll

123

Pt

= P

alis

ad t

issu

e

St

= S

pongy t

issu

e

Photo (1): Effect of NPK fertilization treatments 2R (A), 2R+I (B)

and R control (C) on the anatomical structure of leaf blade of

the mung bean plant cultivar Giza-1. (100X).

124

Pt

= P

ali

sad

tis

sue

St

= S

pon

gy t

issu

e

Up

= U

pp

er e

pid

erm

is

Photo (2): Effect of NPK fertilization treatments R+I (A), 2R+I (B)

and R control (C) on the anatomical structure of leaf blade of

the mung bean plant cultivar Kawmi-1. (100X).

125

TTaabbllee ((1144..11)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee iinntteerrnnaall ssttrruuccttuurree ooff lleeaaff mmiiddrriibb ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ppllaanntt ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg tthhee fflloowweerriinngg ssttaaggee,, ((6600

ddaayyss aafftteerr--ssoowwiinngg)) dduurriinngg 22000022 sseeaassoonn

Thickness of the different tissues in leaf midrib of the mungbean cultivar

Giza-1 Length of bundle Diameter of

widest vessel

Mean number of

vessels/bundle Treatments midrib bundle phloem xylem

±% ±% ±% ±% ±% ±% ±%

R (control) 424.8 0.0 190.3 0.0 28.6 0.0 161.7 0.0 76.4 0.0 32.2 0.0 5.3 0.0

1/2R 507.5 +19.5 221.0 +16.1 32.2 +12.6 188.8 +16.8 73.9 -3.3 32.2 0.0 4.7 -11.3

2R 632.8 +49.0 276.6 +45.3 46.8 +63.6 229.8 +42.1 77.0 +0.8 36.9 +14.6 5.7 +7.5

R+I 305.2 -28.2 154.4 -18.9 27.0 -5.6 127.4 -21.2 50.9 -33.4 33.3 +3.4 3.7 -30.2

1/2R+I 426.9 +0.5 184.1 -3.3 27.6 -3.5 156.5 -3.2 63.4 -17.0 47.3 +46.9 4.7 -11.3

2R+I 860.6 +102.6 333.8 +75.4 49.4 +72.7 284.4 +75.9 256.4 +235.6 38.0 +18.0 7.0 +32.1

TTaabbllee ((1144..22)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee iinntteerrnnaall ssttrruuccttuurree ooff lleeaaff mmiiddrriibb ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ppllaanntt ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg tthhee fflloowweerriinngg ssttaaggee

((6600 ddaayyss aafftteerr--ssoowwiinngg)) dduurriinngg 22000022 sseeaassoonn..

Thickness of the different tissues in leaf midrib of the mungbean cultivar

Kawmi-1 Length of bundle Diameter of

widest vessel

Mean number of vessels/bundle

Treatments midrib bundle phloem xylem

±% ±% ±% ±% ±% ±% ±%

R (control) 242.3 0.0 113.4 0.0 17.2 0.0 96.2 0.0 52.5 0.0 29.1 0.0 4.0 0.0

1/2R 462.3 +90.8 173.2 +52.7 61.9 +259.9 111.3 +15.7 169.5 +222.9 21.3 -26.8 5.7 +42.5

2R 612.0 +152.6 247.0 +117.8 62.9 +265.7 184.1 +91.4 288.1 +448.8 41.6 +43.0 4.3 +7.5

R+I 705.1 +191.0 368.2 +224.7 112.3 +552.9 255.8 +165.9 248.0 +372.4 45.8 +57.4 6.7 +67.5

1/2R+I 394.7 +62.9 238.7 +110.5 40.0 +132.6 198.6 +106.4 92.6 +76.4 31.7 +8.9 4.7 +17.5

2R+I 847.6 +249.8 282.4 +149.0 79.6 +362.8 202.8 +110.8 308.9 +488.4 41.1 +41.2 5.7 +42.5

126

ph = Phloem tissue xy = Xylem tissue

Photo (3): Effect of NPK fertilization treatments 2R (A), 2R+I (B) and R control (C) on the anatomical

structure of leaf midrib of the mung bean plant cultivar Giza-1. (100X for A & C and 50X for B).

127

ph = Phloem tissue xy = Xylem tissue

Photo (4): Effect of NPK fertilization treatments R+I (A), 2R+I (B) and R control (C) on the anatomical

structure of leaf midrib of the mung bean plant cultivar Kawmi-1. (100X).

128

TTaabbllee ((1155..11)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee iinntteerrnnaall ssttrruuccttuurree ooff tthhee mmaaiinn sstteemm ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ppllaanntt ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg tthhee fflloowweerriinngg ssttaaggee,, ((6600 ddaayyss

aafftteerr--ssoowwiinngg)) dduurriinngg 22000022 sseeaassoonn

Treatments

Thickness of the different tissues in stem of the mungbean cultivar Giza-1 Diameter of

hollow pith

Diameter of

widest vessel Diameter of Stem Stem Wall Epidermis Cortex Phloem Xylem Paranchymatous

Pith

±% ±% ±% ±% ±% ±% ±% ±% ±%

R (control) 3.052 0.0 1373.8 0.0 34.3 0.0 297.4 0.0 143.5 0.0 464.9 0.0 433.7 0.0 304.7 0.0 87.4 0.0

1/2R 3.522 +15.4 1344.9 -2.1 11.4 -66.8 365.0 +22.7 93.6 -34.8 834.4 +79.5 - - 832.0 +173.1 58.2 -33.4

2R 4.492 +47.2 1684.3 +22.6 22.9 -33.2 405.5 +36.3 249.6 +73.9 596.0 +28.2 410.3 -5.4 1404.0 +360.8 51.0 -41.6

R+I 3.583 +17.4 1464.5 +6.6 17.2 -49.9 392.0 +31.8 81.1 -43.5 536.4 +15.4 437.8 +0.9 654.2 +114.7 32.2 -63.2

1/2R+I 4.242 +39.0 1588.2 +15.6 28.6 -16.6 432.6 +45.5 93.6 -34.8 643.4 +38.4 390.0 -10.1 1066.0 +249.9 37.4 -57.2

2R+I 3.457 +13.3 1549.1 +12.8 34.3 0.0 283.9 -4.5 99.8 -30.5 917.9 +97.4 213.2 -50.8 358.8 +17.8 44.7 -48.9

TTaabbllee ((1155..22)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee iinntteerrnnaall ssttrruuccttuurree ooff tthhee mmaaiinn sstteemm ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ppllaanntt ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg tthhee fflloowweerriinngg ssttaaggee,, ((6600

ddaayyss aafftteerr--ssoowwiinngg)) dduurriinngg 22000022 sseeaassoonn..

Thickness of the different tissues in stem of the mungbean cultivar Kawmi-1 Diameter of

hollow pith

Diameter of

widest vessel Diameter of Stem Stem Wall Epidermis Cortex Phloem Xylem Paranchymatous

Pith

Treatments mm ±% ±% ±% ±% ±% ±% ±% ±% ±%

R (control) 2.556 0.0 654.1 0.0 18.7 0.0 94.6 0.0 81.1 0.0 187.2 0.0 272.5 0.0 1248.0 0.0 33.3 0.0

1/2R 2.757 +7.8 1170.4 +78.9 37.4 +100.0 43.0 -54.5 135.2 +66.7 565.8 +202.2 389.0 +42.8 416.0 -66.7 38.5 +15.6

2R 3.098 +21.2 1419.1 +117.0 49.9 +166.8 44.7 -52.7 70.3 -13.3 422.2 +125.5 832.0 +205.3 260.0 -79.2 45.8 +37.5

R+I 2.841 +11.1 890.2 +36.1 24.9 +33.2 34.4 -63.6 108.1 +33.3 286.0 +52.8 436.8 +60.3 1060.8 -15.0 41.6 +24.9

1/2R+I 2.087 -18.3 679.7 +3.9 31.2 +66.8 27.5 -70.9 21.6 -73.4 69.0 -63.1 530.4 +94.6 728.0 -41.7 36.4 +9.3

2R+I 3.169 +24.0 1324.6 +102.5 43.6 +133.2 146.2 +54.5 86.5 +6.7 757.1 +304.4 291.2 +6.9 520.0 -58.3 55.1 +65.5

129

co = Cortex ep = Epidermis ph = Phloem tissue pp= Paranchymatous pith xy = Xylem tissue

Photo (5): Effect of NPK fertilization treatments 2R (A), 2R+I (B) and R control (C) on the anatomical

structure of the main stem of mung bean plant cultivar Giza-1. (100X).

131

co = Cortex ep = Epidermis ph = Phloem tissue pp = Paranchymatous pith xy = Xylem tissue

Photo (6): Effect of NPK fertilization treatments 2R+I (A), 1/2R+I (B) and R control (C) on the anatomical

structure of the main stem of mung bean plant cultivar Kawmi-1. (100X).

131

TTaabbllee ((1166..11)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee iinntteerrnnaall ssttrruuccttuurree ooff fflloowweerr ppeeddiiccllee ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ppllaanntt ccuullttiivvaarr GGiizzaa--11 dduurriinngg tthhee fflloowweerriinngg ssttaaggee,, ((6600


Treatment Diameter of

Pedicle

Thickness of the different tissues in flower pedicle of the mungbean cultivar

Giza-1 Diameter of pith Diameter of widest vessel


Epidermis Cortex Phloem Xylem

mm ±% ±% ±% ±% ±% ±% ±% ±%

R (control) 1.118 0.0 15.6 0.0 210.1 0.0 60.3 0.0 219.4 0.0 107.1 0.0 21.8 0.0 3 0.0

1/2R 0.651 -41.8 19.8 +26.9 149.8 -28.7 55.1 -8.6 48.9 -77.7 104.0 -2.9 18.7 -14.2 3 0.0

2R 1.236 +10.5 20.8 +33.3 364.0 +73.3 74.9 +24.2 77.0 -64.9 162.2 +51.4 26.0 +19.3 2 -33.3

R+I 1.031 -7.8 17.7 +13.5 268.3 +27.7 84.2 +39.6 59.3 -73.0 171.6 +60.2 22.9 +5.0 2 -33.3

1/2R+I 1.036 -7.4 11.4 -26.9 331.8 +57.9 47.8 -20.7 54.1 -75.3 145.6 +35.9 18.7 -14.2 1 -66.7

2R+I 1.255 +12.3 20.8 +33.3 223.6 +6.4 96.7 +60.4 233.0 +6.2 107.1 0.0 29.1 +33.5 3 0.0

TTaabbllee ((1166..22)):: EEffffeecctt ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn tthhee iinntteerrnnaall ssttrruuccttuurree ooff fflloowweerr ppeeddiiccllee ooff mmuunngg bbeeaann ppllaanntt ccuullttiivvaarr KKaawwmmii--11 dduurriinngg tthhee fflloowweerriinngg ssttaaggee,, ((6600


Diameter of

Pedicle

Thickness of the different tissues in flower pedicle of the mungbean cultivar

Kawmi-1 Diameter of pith Diameter of widest vessel


Epidermis Cortex Phloem Xylem

Treatment mm ±% ±% ±% ±% ±% ±% ±% ±%

R (control) 1.768 0.0 17.7 0.0 346.3 0.0 138.3 0.0 285.0 0.0 193.4 0.0 35.3 0.0 2 0.0

1/2R 0.828 -53.2 16.6 -6.2 185.1 -46.5 74.9 -45.8 62.4 -78.1 149.8 -22.5 21.8 -38.3 2 0.0

2R 1.179 -33.3 19.8 +11.9 298.5 -13.8 88.4 -36.1 92.6 -67.5 181.0 -6.4 26.0 -26.4 1 -50.0

R+I 0.864 -51.1 29.1 +64.4 200.7 -42.0 59.3 -57.1 78.0 -72.6 130.0 -32.8 29.1 -17.7 2 0.0

1/2R+I 0.748 -57.7 17.7 0.0 187.2 -45.9 63.4 -54.2 56.2 -80.3 98.8 -48.9 12.5 -64.8 2 0.0

2R+I 1.009 -42.9 18.7 +5.6 132.1 -61.9 63.4 -54.2 212.2 -25.5 156.0 -19.3 26.0 -26.4 3 +50.0

132

co = Cortex ep = Epidermis ph = Phloem tissue p = Pith xy = Xylem tissue

Photo (7): Effect of NPK fertilization treatments 2R+I (A), 1/2R (B) and R control (C) on the anatomical

structure of the flower pedicle of the mung bean plant cultivar Giza-1. (100X).

133

co = Cortex ep = Epidermis ph = Phloem tissue pp = Pith xy = Xylem tissue

Photo (8): Effect of NPK fertilization treatments 2R+I (a), 1/2R (b) and R control (c) on the anatomical

structure of the flower pedicle of the mung bean plant cultivar Kawmi-1. (100X).

134

DISCUSSION

I- Effect of NPK fertilization levels on the vegetative and

reproductive growth:

Inoculation of seeds with Rhizobium and/or increasing the

applied level of the N, P and/or K fetilizers led to significant

improvement in growth, yield and yield attributes of mung beans

(Patel et al., (1988); Badole and Umale, 1994 & 1995).

Anbumani et al., (2003) found that, the biological nitrogen fixation

in green gram is considered to be the main source of nitrogen in

pulses, and with the onset of reproductive phase. Tanwar et al.,

(2003) stated that, inoculation with efficient rhizobia culture to

different legumes is a common agronomic practice for enhancing

pulse production.

Khamparia (1995) recorded that the total dry matter

production and seed yields of mung [Vigna radiata] were increased

by P application alone or in combination with microphos

inoculation. The yield and yield components increased also by

increasing N application to ranges between 20 to 50 Kg N /ha

(Basu and Bandyopadhyay 1990; Leelavathi, et al., 1990;

Ardeshna et al., 1993; Singh, et al., 1993; Bachchhav et al.,

1994; Rawankar, et al., 1997; Maldal and Ray, 1999. Tanwar et

al., (2003) stated that, phosphorus application might resulted in root

proliferation and increases density of root nodules of black gram

(Vigna mungo), which in turn resulted in higher microbial activities

in the root and hence better availability of N and P to the plant.

135

Application of phosphorus up to 60 Kg P2O5/ha increased seed and

straw yield by 39.0 and 27.7%, N and P contents in grains by 14.27

and 41.84% and by 13.77 and 29.34% in straw, respectively, more

than the control. This resulted in increased N and P uptake by

grains. Yeman and Skjelvag (2003) stated that, P is needed in

relatively large amounts for growth and nitrogen fixation and has

been reported to promote leaf area, biomass, etc. in a number of

legumes.

The present results proved that the double recommended dose

of NPK fertilizers with or without inoculation (2R+I & 2R treatments,

respectively) and the recommended dose with inoculation (R+I) were

the best treatments for improving the vegetative growth of the two

assigned mung bean cultivars (Giza-1 and Kawmi-1) The superiority

of these treatments varied, in general, at the different plant growth

stages viz. 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing. Most of the vegetative

growth characters viz. plant leaves (number, fresh and dry weight and

leaf area), stem (fresh and dry weight, length and diameter), roots

(fresh and dry weight, length and volume), number of branches and

inflorescences/plant were improved by the above three mentioned

treatments better than R (control). As for yield and yield attributes,

The 2R+I treatment produced the highest pod diameter, number of

fruits, pod weight and weight of seeds/plant during both 2001 & 2002

whereas the 2R treatment produced the highest pod length and number

of seeds/plant. The R+I treatment significantly increased number of

fruits and seeds and weight of seeds/plant in 2001 and weight of

136

fruits/plant in both seasons compared with R (control). The trend of

results tend to be similar in both cultivars i.e. Giza-1 and Kawmi-1.

These results are in agreement with those obtained by several

previous investigations. The highest growth and/or yield parameters of

mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) was obtained by rates of P application

ranged between 30 to 120 Kg P2O5/ha {Ahmed et al., 1986; Basu et

al., 1989, Gupta and Rai, 1989; Chovatia et al., 1993; Asghar et al.,

1996; Mishra et al., 1998 and Teotia et al., 2000}. The suitable P

level might be depended on source of fertilizers, method of

application, plant genotypes, soil fertility and other environmental and

experimental factors (Reddy et al., (1990); Rajput et al., (1992);

Thind et al., (1993); Patro and Sahoo (1994); Battacharya and Ali

(2002) and Kumar and Puri, 2002).

Bali et al., (1991) obtained the highest seed yield of V.

radiata, 1000-seed wt and LAI by using 40 kg N and 60 kg

P2O5/ha. Narayanan, et al., (1991) stated that the high fertility

level (NPK at 50 + 44 + 84 kg/ha) increased dry matter production

and the AGR of green gram [Vigna radiata] (plants aged 45 days),

but did not change the RGR compared with the recommended

(NPK at 25 + 22 + 42 kg/ha) level. Patel and Patel, (1994) found

that seed yield of green gram [Vigna radiata] was high at 20 kg N +

40 kg P2O5/ha (recommended rate) whereas 25 or 50% of the

recommended N + P rate significantly decreased seed yield.

Gajendra and Singh, (1995) reported that yield was the highest

(0.52 t) with 20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5. Asghar et al., (1996) studied

137

effects of basal dose of 20 kg N and 50 kg P2O5/ha combined with

different K levels (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg/ha) on yield and

quality of mung beans. The number of pods/plant and number of

seeds/pod, seed yield/ha were influenced significantly by K

application. The highest seed yield was obtained with application of

75 kg K2O/ha. Saxena et al., (1996) showed that, seed yield of

green gram [Vigna radiata] was the highest with 60 kg P2O5 in

1988, and increased with increasing P levels up to 30 kg P2O5 1989.

In both seasons, seed yield was the highest with 20 kg K2O. In 1988

the application of 60 kg P2O5 + 20 kg K2O gave the highest seed

yield. Seed yield was positively correlated with number of pods,

seed yield/plant, 1000-seed weight and harvest index. Mandal and

Sikder (1999) indicated that, mung beans (Vigna radiata) grown in

saline soil, given 0, 50 or 100 kg N/ha and 0, 75 or 150 kg P/ha.

The growth and yield were significantly increased with N

application, while P significantly increased the setting of pods and

seeds. Root growth was significantly improved by individual and

combined application of the fertilizers. Interactions of the fertilizers

stimulated the formation of pods and seeds together with seed yield.

Kumar and Chandra (2003) showed also that, P

application significantly increased the plant dry matter and seed

yield of mung bean (Vigna radiate) more than that without P

application. The seed yield/ha was increased to 600, 613, 683 and

700 Kg/ha by applying 0, 25, 50 and 75 Kg/ha of P2O5,

respectively. Meena et al., (2003) recorded that, the grain and

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straw yields and total uptake of N, P and K in chick pea (Cicer

arietinum) plants were significantly increased with the increase of

phosphorus levels from 0 to 60 Kg P2O5/ha. However, the data

particularly of the seeds and straw yields that recorded at 30 and 60

Kg P2O5/ha were significantly equal. Yeman and Skjelvag (2003)

found that, P application increased leaf area of Pisum sativum,

which closely related to the number of branches, which in turn

increased the total number of leaves, but it could be also

attributable to the increase in leaf expansion rate. The increase in P

application accompanied with increases in biomass, which resulted

in enlarged leaf area, which determines the amount of solar

radiation intercepted, and consequently the amount of dry matter

produced. Phosphorus can also improve the rate of assimilate

production per unit of leaf area, as it is involved in photosynthetic

energy transfer process. Hence, the increase in biomass with an

improved P supply could be attributed to both the size and the

efficiency of the assimilatory apparatus.

II- Effect of NPK fertilization levels on the photosynthetic

pigments:

The obtained results indicated that, the R+I treatment in

cultivar Giza-1 and 2R and 2R+I in cultivar Kawmi-1, in general,

caused the highest increase in chlorophylls, carotenoids and total

pigments at 30 days after sowing. Whereas, the 2R+I and R+I

(cultivar Giza-1) and R+I (cultivar Kawmi-1) were the best

treatments for increasing all estimated leaf photosynthetic pigments

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60 days after sowing compared with R (control). These results are

in agreement with Maiti et al., (1988) who recorded that

application of 50 kg N/ha increased leaf chlorophyll contents in

green gram [Vigna radiata]. Reddy et al., (1989) showed also that,

P. radiatus [Vigna radiata] and P. mungo [V. mungo] given 0 or

21.9 kg P/ha as a basal dressing or split equally between a basal

application and flowering. P application increased the energy

content of the whole plant in both species, especially when applied

in split doses. Split P application also increased photosynthetic

efficiency in the two species compared with the single application.

Ghildiyal (1992) recorded that, the rate of photosynthesis of Vigna

radiata plants was declined after flowering in control plants but

remained constant till 20 days after flowering in urea-treated plants.

Garcia et al., (1994) suggested that fertilizer application to the

mung bean plants could be effective only when applied during the

seedling stage when the infection process is just beginning and

during the seed-filling stage when the nodules are already senescing

and large amounts of N are being mobilized to the developing pod.

It was also demonstrated that the upper leaves were the major

source of photoassimilates for nodule growth and nodule enzyme

activity in mung beans.

III- Effect of NPK fertilization levels on the N, P and K conents

in the different plant organs:

The improvement in the estimated growth and yield

characters seemed to be correlated directly with accumulation of N,

141

P and K contents in different organs of mung bean plants. The

obtained results indicated that, at the young growth stage (30 DAS),

the 1/2/R treatment accumulated the highest N, P, K and the total

crude protein contents in cultivar Giza-1, and N and total crude

protein in cultivar Kawmi-1, compared with R (control). While, the

2R treatment accumulated the highest P and K contents in the later

cultivar. The chemical composition of the different plant parts 30 and

60 days after sowing was considerably varied in the two cultivars. In

cultivar Giza-1, the R+I treatment accumulated the highest N and CP

in stem, P and K in roots (60 DAS) and N, P, K and crude protein

(CP) in all plant parts (90 DAS). In pods of cultivar Giza-1, the

1/2R+I and 2R+I treatments only increased the K content whereas N,

P and CP were decreased by other applied treatments. While in

cultivar Kawmi-1, the 2R treatment accumulated highest N and CP

in leaves and roots (60 DAS), N, P, K and CP (60 DAS) and N and

CP (90 DAS) in leaves, N and CP in stem and K in leaves and stem

(90 DAS) compared with the control. In fruits of cultivar Kawmi-1,

the 1/2R treatment caused the highest increases in N, P, K, and CP

whereas, the 2R, 1/2R+I and 2R+I decreased the P and K contents


These results holds fairly good with Kamat et al., (1986)

who recorded that application of 50 kg P2O5/ha to mung bean

[Vigna radiata] and urd [V. mungo] increased N, P and K uptake

and seed protein content. Mahadkar and Saraf (1988a) studied

the changes in N and P contents and uptake in leaves and stems of

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Vigna radiata at different growth stages as affected by N and P

application. N content was higher in the leaves than in stems while

P content was the same in the two organs. N and P contents were

the highest at 45 and 30 days after sowing, resp. Application of N

and P fertilizers increased N and P contents in seeds; 40 kg P2O5/ha

was the most effective. Basu and Bandyopadhyay (1990)

recorded that, Vigna radiata given 0-40 kg N/ha. N uptake was

increased also with increasing N rates up to 30 kg N/ha. N uptake

decreased at the highest N application rate. Narayanan et al.,

(1991) assessed growth and nutrient uptake in plants aged 45 days

of green gram [Vigna radiata] at recommended (N + P + K at 25 +

22 + 42 kg/ha) and high (NPK at 50 + 44 + 84 kg/ha) fertility levels

(RF and HF, respectively). HF increased the N, P and K uptake but

decreased their utilization efficiency (dry matter production/unit

nutrient per week). Sharma et al., (1993) stated that, N, P, K and S

uptake of Vigna radiata cv. Pusa Baisakhee was increased due to

increasing P application rate. Hoshiyar et al., (1994) showed that

seed and straw contents of N and P, crude protein content of seed,

and total N and P uptake, were increased by P fertilizer and

Rhizobium. Asghar et al., (1996) used different K levels (0, 25, 50,

75, 100 and 125 kg/ha) each with basal dose of 20 kg N and 50 kg

P2O5/ha for mungbeans. The seed protein contents were influenced

significantly by K application. Deka and Kakati (1996) recorded

that the V. radiata cv. K-851 plants given 0-60 kg P2O5/ha. Total N

and P uptake at harvest were increased significantly with up to 40

kg P2O5/ha. Bharti et al., (2000) found that green gram responded

142

well to higher doses of N (0, 18.75, 25 kg N/ha) and P (0, 37.50, 50

kg P/ha) fertilizers for nutrient uptake and content. Chowdhury et

al., (2000) mentioned that, dry matter accumulation after flowering

greatly influenced seed yield, as most of the photosynthate

produced at this stage is used for pod and seed development. Seeds

contributed the majority of dry matter content at harvest. Meena et

al., (2003) found that, the seed and straw yields and total uptake of

N, P and K in check pea (Cicer arietinum) plants were significantly

increased with the increase of phosphorus levels from 0 to 60 Kg

P2O5/ha. However, the data particularly seed and straw yields that

recorded at 30 and 60 Kg P2O5/ha were significantly equal.

IV- Effect of NPK fertilization levels on the sugar contents in

the different plant organs:

At the young growth stage (30 DAS), most of the applied

treatments increased the non-reducing sugars while decreased the

reducing and total sugars, the 1/2R treatment, in general, caused the

highest increases in both non-reducing and total sugars in plants of

Giza-1 compared with the control. On contrary, most of the applied

treatments increased the sugar contents in Kawmi-1. The 1/2R+I

and 2R+I and 2R treatments induced the highest increase in

reducing, non-reducing and total sugars, respectively. However, the

1/2R+I and 2R+I treatments decreased the reducing sugars and

non-reducing sugars, respectively compared with the control.

In leaves of cultivar Giza-1, the 1/2R, 2R and 2R+I

treatments respectively induced the highest increase in the reducing

143

and total sugars (60 and 90 DAS). Whereas, the non-reducing

sugars were increased by the application of 1/2R+I and 2R+I (at 60

DAS) and 1/2R and 2R (at 90 DAS). As for leaves of cultivar

Kawmi-1, most treatments increased the non-reducing sugars and

decreased the reducing sugars, the highest increase was induced by

the 1/2R and 2R+I treatments at 60 and 90 DAS, respectively.

Moreover, all treatments particularly the 2R+I (90 DAS) induced

the highest increase in the total sugars.

Most applied treatments increased sugar contents in stems of

cultivar Giza-1 at 60 DAS and decreased it at 90 DAS. The highest

increase was induced by the R+I (reducing and total sugars), the

2R+I (non-reducing sugars) at 60 DAS and the 2R (reducing

sugars) at 90 DAS. On contrary, most tested treatments decreased

sugar contents in stems of cultivar Kawmi-1, at 60 and 90 DAS

compared with the control. The 1/2R and 1/2R+I only increased the

reducing sugars (60 DAS) and the 2R+I treatment only increased

the non-reducing sugars (90 DAS) compared with the control.

All applied treatments increased the reducing, non-reducing

and total sugars in roots of cultivar Giza-1 particularly at 90 DAS,

the highest increase was induced by the 2R+I and R+I at 60 and 90

DAS, respectively compared with R (control). The opposite trend, in

general, was noted in roots of cultivar Kawmi-1, as all treatments

decreased the reducing sugars (60 and 90 DAS) and total sugars (90

DAS), whereas most tested treatments increased the non-reducing

sugars. The R+I and 2R+I showed the highest non-reducing and total

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sugars (60 DAS) and non-reducing sugars (90 DAS).

In fruits of Giza-1 cv., all applied treatments increased sugar

contents, the 2R+I induced highest increase in the reducing sugars

whereas the R+I and 2R treatments induced the highest increase in

the non-reducing and total sugars compared with R (control). In

fruits of cultivar Kawmi-1, the reducing sugars were increased and

the non-reducing sugars were decreased by the 2R, R+I and 2R+I.

The 2R induced the highest increase in the total sugars compared

with the control.

These results are in harmony with those obtained by several

investigators. Rao and Rao (1993) compared effect of dual

inoculation of green gram [Vigna radiata] with VAM fungi (soil

inoculated) and Rhizobium (seed inoculated) with Rhizobium alone

and Rhizobium + 50 kg P2O5/ha as superphosphate treatments.

Plants received dual inoculation showed significant increase in total

soluble sugars in roots compared with those inoculated with

Rhizobium. Yeman and Skjelvag (2003) mentioned that, the

genotypic variation and cultivation methods are some of the factor

that influenced the chemical composition of the pea seeds. By

increasing levels of P fertilization, shoots had the highest relative N

and P contents followed by roots of Pisum sativum. The nutrient

content of a given organ depends on its sink strength for that

particular nutrient, as shoots contained higher P than roots,

indicating that, shoots are stronger sinks than roots for phosphorus.

The increase in crude protein caused by improved nitrogen fixation,

145

meanwhile, total sugars declined with the increasing of phosphorus

application rate. The change in total sugars contents was

collectively greater than the increase in crude protein, so, it could

attributed to the demand for carbon skeleton and energy for protein

synthesis could be responsible for the decrease in the concentration

of these compounds.

V- Effect of NPK fertilization levels on the internal structure of

the leave, stems and the pedicle:

Inoculation of seeds with Rhizobium and/or increasing level

of N, P and/or K fetilizers led to improvement in growth, yield and

yield attributes of mung beans. Anbumani et al., (2003) found that,

the biological nitrogen fixation in green gram is considered to be

the main source of nitrogen in pulses, and with the onset of

reproductive phase. Tanwar et al., (2003) stated that, inoculation

with efficient rhizobia culture to different legumes is a common

agronomic practice for enhancing pulse production.

It worth to mention here that, the 2R and 2R+I treatments in

cultivar Giza-1 exhibited highest increase in the studied leaf

anatomy features e.x. thickness of blade, the upper epidermis, lower

epidermis, palisade tissue and the mean number of palisade layer.

In this respect, these increases in the studied leaf features were

agreed with those of vegetative leaf character (the fresh and dry

weight of leaves and leaf area/plant), led to the greatest increases in

yield and yield components.

In cultivar Kawmi, the R+I, and 2R+I treatments were the

146

most positive treatments correlated with leaves vegetative

characters as, they led to increasing of fresh weight, dry weight of

leaves and leaf area, hence, increasing of yield and yield

components in the two assigned cultivars.

As for the stem anatomy of cultivar Giza-1, the 2R and

1/2R+I treatments showed the best positive effect. As, the 2R

treatment gave the greatest increase in the diameter of stem,

thickness of stem wall, thickness of phloem and the diameter of

hollow pith. These increases in assigned features were reflected to

give the greatest increases in stem vegetative characters e.x. fresh

and dry weight of stem, the length of stem, the diameter of stem,

resulted in the increase in yield compared with the control.

Although, the 1/2R+I treatment gave high increase in some

estimated features of the stem anatomy, it was not agreed with

those of vegetative characters. Also, the 2R+I treatment was

considered the best treatment that gave the best yield and yield

components as a result of the well developed phloem which played

an important role in transporting photoassimilates from sources to

sinks, and also highest thickness of xylem zone that transport

solutes, water and minerals.

The recorded data of the stem internal structure of cultivar

Kawmi-1 revealed that, the 2R and 2R+I treatments exhibited the

highest increases in some of the estimated features that, in

compatible with the stem vegetative characters e.x. the fresh and

dry weight of the stem, the stem length and the stem diameter.

147

Meanwhile, the 1/2R+I treatment caused the greatest reduction in

most of the estimated anatomical features, which agreed with the

opposite vegetative stem characters but, it was not agreed with

yield and yield components.

As for the internal structure of the pedicle, in Giza-1 cv., the

2R and 2R+I treatments exhibited the highest increase in the most

of the estimated anatomical features, which agreed with flower

setting percentage of those treatments resulted in increases in the

opposite yield and yield components. Meanwhile, the 1/2R

treatment exhibited the less reduction in most of the studied

anatomical features, which also in a compatible with flower setting

percentage of this treatment, led to reduction in yield and yield

components.

Results of the internal structure of the pedicle in cultivar

Kawmi-1 were responded negatively and disagreed with those of

belonging flower setting and yield. However, the 1/2R treatment

gave the highest decrease in all studied anatomical features of the

pedicle, which agreed with the highest decrease in flower setting

percentage, led to highest reduction in yield and yield characters. In

this manner, the 2R+I exhibited the lowest decrease in the thickness

of xylem and the diameter of the widest vessel might induce the

highest increase in flower setting percentage, led to increase yield

and yield components.

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SUMMARY

This work aimed to study the effects of three levels of the

NPK fertilizers (50, 100 or 200% of the recommended level) each

added as split application (10:50:40 at planting, flowering and pod

filling start) combined with or without inoculation of seeds (before

sowing) with nodule bacteria (Rhizobium jabonicum) on seed

germination, plant growth and yield components of mung beans cvs.

Giza-1 and Kawmi-1 grown in pot experiments. The recommended

level of N+P+K fertilizers (equivalent to about 73, 100 and 50

kg/feddan of ammonium sulfate (20.6% N), calcium super phosphate

(15.5% P) and potassium sulfate 48% K) respectively) the treatment

without inoculation was used as control treatment.

Seed germination and emergency rate:

Using the 50% NPK alone (without seed inoculation)

resulted in the highest significant increase of seed germination

in cultivar Giza-1 during the two seasons followed by the

200% NPK level combined with seed inoculation. As for

number of days required for complete germination (SER), an

opposite trend was noticed. As for cultivar Kawmi-1, all

applied treatments (except the 200% NPK level combined

with seed inoculation) reduced seed germination and

significantly increased the SER compared with control.

Growth characters:

In the mung bean cultivar Giza-1, 200% with seed

inoculation produced the highest averages of number of

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leaves, fresh weight of leaves, leaf area, fresh weight of

stem, plant height, stem diameter and number of

branches/plant in compared with the control. Whereas,

applying 200% without seed inoculation produced the

highest averages of stem dry weight, root length and root

volume compared with control. Regarding the mung bean

cultivar Kawmi-1, the 200% with seed inoculation gave the

highest averages of all vegetative characters that were

estimated followed by the 200% alone and 100% with seed

inoculation, respectively. On contrary, 50% with or without

Rhizobium inoculation decreased averages of most estimated

vegetative characters in both mung bean cultivars Giza-1 and

Kawmi-1. These results indicated that the observed

improvement in the estimated growth characters was

correlated positively not only with elevating the NPK level

but also with inoculating seeds with Rhizobium before

sowing.

Yield characters:

In cultivar Giza-1, the 200% NPK level with seed

inoculation produced the highest significant increases in the

fruit diameter, number of fruits, fruit weight and weight of

seeds/plant during both 2001 & 2002 seasons in comparison

with the control. Whereas, the 200% NPK level without

seed inoculation produced the highest increases in fruit

length and number of seeds/plant compared with control. The

lowest values for most these characters were induced by

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using the 50% of the recommended NPK level without or

with seed inoculation, respectively. It is of interest to state

that the 100% NPK level with seed inoculation significantly

increased number of fruits and seeds and weight of

seeds/plant in 2001 and weight of fruits/plant in both seasons

compared with the control (same level without inoculation).

Also, the 50% NPK level with seed inoculation significantly

increased number of fruits/plant in 2001 and weight of

fruits/plant in 2002 compared with 50% NPK level without

seed inoculation. Similar trend of these results was noticed

also in the cultivar Kawmi-1.

Photosynthetic pigments:

1. The 100% NPK level combined with seed inoculation in

2001 season and the 200% NPK level alone in 2002 caused the

highest increase in chlorophyll a, b and a+b in plant leaves of

cultivar Giza-1, 30 days after sowing. Whereas, the highest

increase in both carotenoids and total pigments in both seasons

was induced by the 100% NPK level with seed inoculation.

However, 60 days after sowing the 200% or 100% NPK levels

each combined with seed inoculation were the best treatments

for increasing all estimated leaf pigments in 2001 and

carotenoids and total pigments in 2002 compared with the

control.

2. In cultivar Kawmi-1, using the 200% NPK level alone or

combined with seed inoculation considerably increased

production of the photosynthetic leaf pigments while the

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50% NPK level with seed inoculation showed reduction at

30 DAS particularly in the 2001 season. Sixty days after

sowing, the highest increase in all determined leaf pigments

was induced by using the 100% followed by 50% NPK level

(each combined with seed inoculation) compared with the

control.

Accumulation of NPK and total protein in the different plant

organs:

1. The highest accumulation of N, P, K and the total

crude protein in whole plant of cultivar Giza-1 and N and

total crude protein in cultivar Kawmi-1 at 30 DAS was

induced by using the 50% NPK level without seed

inoculation compared with control. The 200% NPK level

without inoculation caused the highest accumulation of P

and K in Kawmi-1 cultivar. The chemical composition of

the different plant parts as affected by the different

applied treatments was considerably varied in the two

cultivars as :

2. In cultivar Giza-1, the 200% NPK level without

inoculation induced higher N and crude protein in leaves and

roots of cultivar Giza-1 at 60 DAS than control. Whereas, the

100% NPK level with inoculation induced the highest

accumulation of N and crude protein in stem, P and K in roots

(60 DAS) and N, P, K and crude protein in all plant parts (90

DAS). On contrary, the lowest accumulation of these

constituents in all plant parts particularly at 90 DAS was

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induced, in general, by using the 50% NPK level without seed

inoculation compared with the control.

3. In cultivar Kawmi-1, the 200% NPK level alone caused

the highest accumulation of N, P, K and crude protein in leaves

(60 DAS) and N and crude protein in leaves (90 DAS)

compared with the control. All applied treatments decreased the

N and crude protein (60 DAS) and N, P, K and crude protein in

roots (90 DAS) compared with the control. Whereas, the 200%

NPK level combined with seed inoculation caused the highest N

and crude protein contents in plant stem and K content in plant

leaves and stem (90 DAS). The P and K contents in the roots

(60 DAS) were increased by all applied treatments particularly

the 50 and 200% of NPK level each with seed inoculation.

4. All applied treatments decreased the N, P and crude

protein whereas the 50 and 200% NPK levels (each with seed

inoculation) increased only the K content in fruits of cultivar

Giza-1 compared with the control. The 50% of NPK level alone

caused the highest increases in N, P, K, and crude protein in

fruits of cultivar Kawmi-1 whereas, the 200% (without

inoculation), 50 and 200% NPK level each with seed

inoculation decreased the P and K contents in fruits compared

with control.

Sugar contents in the different plant organs:

1. In cultivar Giza-1, the reducing and total sugars at 30

DAS decreased while the non-reducing sugars increased by

most of the other treatments compared with the control.

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While, the 50 % NPK level alone caused the highest

increases in both non-reducing and total sugars. In cultivar

Kawmi-1, the sugar contents were increased by the most

applied treatments. The 50% and 200% of NPK levels (each

with seed inoculation) and 200% of NPK level alone showed

the highest increase in reducing, non-reducing and total

sugars, respectively. The 50% of NPK level with seed

inoculation only decreased the reducing sugars and the 200%

of NPK level with seed inoculation decreased the non-

reducing sugars compared with the control.

2. All tested treatment increased the reducing and total

sugars in leaves of cultivar Giza-1 at 60 and 90 DAS

compared with the control. The 50% of NPK level alone

induced the highest increase in both sugar types whereas the

200% of NPK level combined with inoculation caused the

highest increase in the non-reducing sugars at 60 DAS. The

50% and 200% of NPK levels each with seed inoculation in

addition to the 100% of NPK level with inoculation

increased the non-reducing sugars at 60 and 90 DAS,

respectively. The 200% NPK level with inoculation caused

the highest increase in the non-reducing sugars at 60 and 90

DAS. As for cultivar Kawmi-1, the reducing sugars in leaves

at 60 DAS were decreased by all treatment and by 100%,

50% and 200% NPK level (each combined with seed

inoculation) at 90 DAS. However, all treatments (except

100% NPK level with inoculation at 60 DAS and 50% NPK

154

level alone at 90 DAS) increased the non-reducing sugars.

The highest increase in these sugars was induced by the 50%

NPK level alone and 200% with seed inoculation at 60 and

90 DAS, respectively. Moreover, all treatments particularly

the 200% NPK level with seed inoculation at 90 DAS and

the 50% NPK level alone at 60 DAS induced the highest

increase in the total sugars in leaves of this cultivar.

3. All applied treatments increased sugar fractions (with

few exceptions) in plant stem of cultivar Giza-1, at 60 DAS.

However, the 100% NPK level with seed inoculation induced

the highest increase in both reducing and total sugars. While

the 200% with inoculation caused the highest increase in the

non-reducing sugars at 60 DAS. On contrary, all applied

treatments decreased the non-reducing and total sugars

while, only the 50% and 200% NPK levels combined with

inoculation decreased the reducing sugars in the stem of

cultivar Giza-1 at 90 DAS compared with the control. The

highest increase in the reducing sugars at 90 DAS was

induced by the 200% NPK level alone. As for cultivar

Kawmi-1., all tested treatment decreased the estimated sugar

fractions in plant stem at 60 and 90 DAS (with few

exceptions) compared with the control. Only the 50% NPK

level with or without inoculation increased the reducing

sugars at 60 DAS while the 200% NPK level with seed

inoculation only increased the non-reducing sugars at 90

DAS compared with the control.

155

4. Regarding sugars content in roots, all tested treatments

particularly at 90 DAS increased sugar contents in roots of

cultivar Giza-1. The 200% and 100% NPK levels (each

combined with seed inoculation) induced the highest increase

in the estimated sugars at 60 and 90 DAS, respectively. As

for sugars in roots of cultivar Kawmi-1, all applied

treatments decreased the reducing sugars at 60 and 90 DAS

and total sugars at 90 DAS in comparison with the control.

However, most tested treatments increased the non-reducing

sugars (except 50% NPK level alone) and total sugars

(except 200% NPK level alone). Whatever, the 100% of

NPK level followed by 200% NPK (each was combined with

seed inoculation) caused the highest increase in the non-

reducing and total sugars at 60 DAS and the non-reducing

sugars at 90 DAS.

5. All sugar fractions in fruits of cultivar Giza-1 were

increased by all applied treatments compared with control.

The 200% NPK level with seed inoculation induced the

highest increase in the reducing sugars whereas the 100%

NPK level with inoculation and 200% NPK level alone

caused the highest increase in the non-reducing and total

sugars. As for cultivar Kawmi-1, the reducing sugars were

increased by the 200% NPK level alone, 100% and 200%

NPK levels (each combined with inoculation), and decreased

by the 50% NPK level with or without inoculation. The non-

reducing sugars were increased by the 50% NPK level with

156

or without inoculation and decreased by the 200% NPK level

alone, 100% and 200% NPK levels (each combined with

inoculation) compared with the control. However, the highest

increase in the total sugars was induced by the 200% NPK

level alone followed by the 50% NPK level with or without

inoculation.

The internal structure:

It worth to mention here that, the 2R and 2R+I treatments in

cultivar Giza-1 exhibited the highest increase in the estimated leaf

anatomy features. In this respect, these increases in the estimated

leaf features were agreed with those of the vegetative leaf

characters (the fresh and dry weight of leaves and leaf area/plant),

led to the greatest increases in yield and yield characters.

In cultivar Kawmi, the R+I, and 2R+I treatments were the

best positive treatments correlated with leaves vegetative characters

as, they led to increasing of fresh weight, dry weight of leaves and

leaf area, hence, increasing of yield and yield characters in both

cultivars.

In the stem anatomy case, in cultivar Giza-1, the 2R and

1/2R+I treatments were the best positive. These increases in

assigned features were reflected to give the greatest increases in

stem vegetative characters, resulted in somewhat increase in yield

compared with the control. Although, the 1/2R+I treatment gave

high increase in some estimated features of the stem anatomy, it

was not go with those of the vegetative characters. Also, the 2R+I

157

treatment is consider the best treatment that gave the best yield and

yield characters as a result of the good condensed phloem which

played the important role for transporting photoassimilates from

sources to sinks, and also highest thickness of xylem that transport

water and minerals.

The recorded data regarding the stem internal structure of

cultivar Kawmi-1 revealed that, the 2R and 2R+I treatments

exhibited the highest increases in some of the estimated features, in

compatible with the stem vegetative characters. Meanwhile, the

1/2R+I treatment caused the greatest reduction in the most of the

estimated anatomical features, which agreed with the opposite

vegetative stem characters but also, it was not agreed with yield and

yield characters.

As for the internal structure of the pedicle, of cultivar Giza-

1, the 2R and 2R+I treatments exhibited the highest increases in

most of the estimated anatomical features, which agreed with

flower setting percentage of those treatments resulted in increases

in the opposite yield and yield components. Meanwhile, the 1/2R

treatment exhibited lower reduction in the most of the estimated

anatomical features, which also in a compatible with flower setting

percentage of this treatment, led to decrease yield and yield

components.

Results of the internal structure of the pedicle in cultivar

Kawmi-1 negatively responded and disagreed with those of flower

setting and yield. However, the 1/2R treatment gave the highest

158

decrease in all estimated anatomical features of the pedicle, which

go with the highest reduction in flower setting percentage, led to

highest reduction in yield and yield characters. In this manner, the

2R+I exhibited the lowest decrease in the thickness of xylem and

the diameter of the widest vessel, might inducing highest increase

in the flower setting percentage, led to increase yield and yield

components.

159

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Velayudham, K. (2003): Studies on nitrogen management

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1

امللخص العربى

% ، 155% ، 05يستتتتتتذا ا عتتتتتتسة ةأثيتتتتتت تةستتتتتت ذتتتتتت يت تتتتتت يستتتتتتذ ي

% يتتتتم ةأيستتتتذ ةأي نتتتتم دتتتترك يتتتتم ةأستتتتي ةأيت تتتت ةأي ذتتتت تتتتم نتتتتت 055% ت ةأرتة ت 15ةأ يذت جيم ةأف سف ت ةأد ذ ستي ةأذتم ذت فتت ذا تم ثت

ت مك يتتتو ب دتتت م ذ تتتي ةأدتتتس ت % تتت د ةيتتت ةيتتتذ ةأ تتت05% تت ةأذرعيتتتت ، 05، قدت ةأرتة ت ك دد ذيتيت ةأث ت ةأجستيت تير ديت جت د ي ك تم يثت ستت ف دت ةأدتتتس ت قي ستتت ةأ يتتت ةأي نتتت دثتتتم ةأي تتت ةأ يي يتتت ةأنتتتد ةأ د ذيتتت

ك سأتتت ذ تت تتت ا ةلنتت يتت 1-، قتت يم 1-أنتت فيم يتتم تت ةأيتت جيتتر تم دتر يتم ةأستي ةأيستذل أ ت د م يث ي ةأي ت ةأ ذت ك ذي ةأيستذ ةأي نى

155% بر ك ، 0502 ج بر م نت ت دتيذت بي يت 37 ةم يذت يم % ستتتتف تك ، دتيذتتتت 1000 جتتتت ستتتتف ت تتتتم نتتتت ت ستتتت دت ستتتتف ةأ أستتتتي

ي تتتتم بعتتتت ةأ ذتتتت ةأذتتتتم % د ذ ستتتتي ك دتتتت م ذ تتتتي د أد ذيتيتتتت ييتتتت 04ةأد ذ ستتتتي ذ ن فأيا عسه ةأ تةس :

نسبة إنبات البذور ومعدل سرعة ظهور البادرات: –أوال

ب ةستتذثي نتتا ةأيستتذ ةأي نتتم دتتر يتتم ةلستتي ةأيستتذل ي دتت م لت ي ستيم 1-ذ ي ةأدس تك فأم ري يث ي تم ستد ف دت دتس ت ةأنت ا جيتر

% يتتتتم ةأي نتتتتم دتتتترك 055ثي ةأيستتتتذ ةأيتتتتت ا ةأ تةستتتت ي يتتتتر تتتتم سأتتتتت ةستتتتذةأين دذ تي ةأدتس ت قت أت ت عتسة ةبذجت ه د أ ستد أثت ةليت ةأي دت

تتتت ب اتتتتت جييتتتتو ةأيثتتتت ي 1-أ ستتتتذ د ةأ يتتتت بيتتتت د أ ستتتتد أ نتتتت ا قتتتت يم دتت ةأيلذدتت ي تت ة ةأيستتذ ةأيتتت ا يتتو ذ تتي ةأدتتس تك نتت يث يتت تتم ستتد ف

ةأدتتتتس ت يتتتتو ريتتتت يث يتتتت تتتتم ةليتتتت ةأي دتتتت أ ستتتتذ د ةأ يتتتت ي ت تتتت ديث ي تتتت ةأ ذت

0

صفات النمو الخضري: -ثانيا سد ةأيسذ ةأيت ا يتو ذ تي ةأدتس ت بقنتم قييت 1- م ةأن ا جير

أيذ ستتت تتت ةل تةو ، ةأتتت رم ةأ تتت رم أتتتا تةو ، يستتت ةل تةو ، ةأتتت رم ةأ تتت رم س و ، ةتذف ع ةأ د ، ق ت ةأس و ت ةأفت عن دت لت ي ستيم ةأ تةست ي ت ت أ

يتتتتتو ةأ ذتتتتتت دي يتتتتت ستتتتتد ةأيستتتتتذ ةأيتتتتتت ا دتتتتت م ذ تتتتتي ةأدتتتتتس ت ب تتتتتم ةأ تتتتتي أيذ ستت ةأتت رم ةأجتت ا أ ستت و ، تت جتت ةأجتتست ي ت تت دتت أ ذت دلنتت

ي ةأدتتس ت ةأيثتت أل ةل تتم تت ب اتتت ةأيستتذ ةأيتتت ا يتتو ذ تت 1-ةأنتت ا قتت يمأجييتتو ةأنتتتف ةألتتتتتي ةأذتتتم ذتتت قي ستتتا ي يتتتر تتتم سأتتتت ةأيستتتذ ةأيتتتت ا دتتت م ذ تتي ةأدتتس ت تت ةأيستتذ ةأي نتتم دتتر يتتو ذ تتي ةأدتتس ت تتم ةأذتت ةأ دتت أث يتتم سأتت ب ةستذثي ةأيستتذ نتا ةأي نتم دتتر يتو ب دت م ذ تتي ةأدتس ت فأتم تت

1- يث ةأنف ةألتتي ةأي ت تم ت ةأنت فيم جيتر ةت م قي يذ س ك ذشتتتيت ذ تتتت ةأ ذتتت فأتتتم بم ةأذ ستتتم ةأي تتت تتت نتتتف ةأ يتتت ذ تتت 1-، قتتت يم

ةأللذدتت ت يتتتذد فيج ديتت أتتي تت دريتت ةأيستتذ ةأيستتذل يتتم ةلستتي ةأيستتتذثي أ م بيت دذ ي ةأدس ت دد ذيتي تير دي قد ةأرتة

صفات المحصول: -لثا ثاب ةستتتذثي ةأيستتتذ ةأيتتتت ا يتتتو ذ تتتي ةأدتتتس ت 1- تتت ةأنتتت ا جيتتتر

د أد ذيتيتت فأتتم بقنتتم ريتت يث يتت تت ق تتت ةأ يتت ت ، تت ةأ ىيتت ت ، رم ةأ يتتت رم ةأدتتتس تن د لتتت ي ستتتيم ةأ تةستتت د أي ت تتت يتتتو ةأ ذتتتت بيتتت ةستتتذثي ةأيستتتذ

ت تتت ب اتتتت ب تتتم ريتتت يث يتتت تتت تتت ةأ ىيتتتت تتت ةأيتتتت ا م ذ تتتي ةأدتتتس ةأدتتتتس تن د ي ت تتتت دتتتت أ ذت تتتتم ةأث تتتت يتتتتم سأتتتتت ذ قنتتتت قتتتتي يث تتتت ذ تتتتت ةأنتف د تجت ديتت ت ةستذثي ةأيستتذ نتا ةأي نتم دتر دت م ذ تي ةأدتتس ت

ثي تتت فتتت ةأيستتتذ يتتتو ذ تتتي ةأدتتتس ت تتتم ةأذتتت ةأ يتتتم ةأجتتت يت د أتتتس ت بم ةستتتذةأيستتتذ ةأي نتتتم دتتتر يتتتو ذ تتتي ةأدتتتس ت قتتت ب اتتتت ريتتت ة يث يتتت تتتم تتت ةأ ىيتتت ت

رم ةأ ىي تن دتتت تتت تتت ةأي ستتتييم 0551 ةأدتتتس ت رم ةأدتتتس تن د تتت ي ستتت د أي ت تتت يتتتو ةأ ذتتتت ةأيستتتذ ةأي نتتتم دتتتر دتتت م ذ تتتي ةأدتتتس تك بيتتتت ، ب اتتتت

7

ي ةأدتتتتس ت ريتتتت يث يتتتت تتتتم تتتت ةستتتتذثي ةأيستتتتذ نتتتتا ةأي نتتتتم دتتتتر يتتتتو ذ تتتتي ت تتتت دتتتت ف 0550 رم ةأ ىي تن دتتتت تتتت ي ستتتت 0551ةأ ىي تن دتتتت تتتت ي ستتتت

ةأيسذ م ذ ي ةأدس ت عسة ق أ ةذج ه يش در أذ ت ةأ َّذ بيت ت ةأنت ا 1-ق يم صبغات البناء الضوئى: –رابعا

0551ةأدتتتتست تتتتم ةأي ستتتت ب ةستتتتذثي ةأيستتتتذ ةأي نتتتتم دتتتتر يتتتتو ذ تتتتي فأتتتم ب تتتم ريتتت تتت 0550 ةأيستتتذ ةأيتتتت ا م ذ تتتي ةأدتتتس تك تتتم ةأي ستتت

75دثتتت 1-نتتتد ةأ تتت ت ي ب ، ، ب ك تتت ب تةو ةأ دتتت أ نتتت ا جيتتتر ي يتت يتتم ةأرتة تت يتت ستتدد فتت ذ تتت ةأيث ي تت ب تتم ريتت تت نتتد ةأ تت ت ذيم

ي يت يتم ةأرتة ت ت ت م ةأيستذ 25ةأي ستييم بيت دثت ةأند ةأ يى ت ةأيت ا سأت ةأيسذ ةأي نتم دتر ةأينت ديم دذ تي ةأدتس ت ةل تت تم ريت

تسأت نتي ةأ ت ت ذيم ةأنتد ةأ يىت ت 0551ةأند ةأي ت ت ت ةأي ست ي ت د أ ذت 0550ةأي س

أيستتتتذ ةأيتتتتت ا م ذ تتتتي تتتت ستتتتد ة 1-دلنتتتت ةأنتتتت ا قتتتت يمةأدتتتتس تك ريتتتت تتتتتلي تتتتم نتتتتد ةأد تتتت ةأتتتتت م دتتتت ل تةو دي يتتتت ب ةستتتتذثي

ي يت 75ةأيسذ نا ةأي نم در يو ذ ي ةأدس ت فأم ذ ق عسه ةأنتد دثت ي يتتت يتتتم ةأرتة تتت تتت ب اتتتت 25 بيتتت دثتتت 0551يتتتم ةأرتة تتت ل نتتت تتتم ةأي ستتت

ةأ نا ي نم در ةأين ديم دذ ي ةأدس ت ب تم ريت ت ةأيسذ ةأي نم در ةأند ةأي ت ي ت د أ ذت

محتااوا النيتااروويل والفوساافور والبوتاساايوت والبااروتيل ال ااى -خامسااا في األوزاء المخت فة ل نبات:

ستتتتتد ةستتتتتذثي ةأيستتتتتذ نتتتتتا ةأي نتتتتتم دتتتتتر دتتتتت م ذ تتتتتي ةأدتتتتتست ب تتتتتم 1-يم ةأف سف ت ةأد ذ سي ةأدت ذيم ةأ م م ةأنت ا جيتر يسذ ي ذتة ةأ يذت ج

دي يتتت ستتتد ةستتتذثي ةأيستتتذ 1- ةأ يذتتتت جيم ةأدتتتت ذيم ةأ تتتم تتتم ةأنتتت ا قتتت يمةأيتتتت ا ب تتتم ذتة يتتت أ ف ستتتف ت ةأد ذ ستتتي تتتم عتتتس ةأنتتت ا سأتتتت تتتم ةأ دتتت

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ب اتتتت ةأ ذتتت ي يتتت يتتتم ةأرتة تتت د أي ت تتت يتتتو ةأ ذتتتت عتتتسة قتتت 75ةأ يتتت دثتتت ذف ذ ديتة م ذتة ذ تت ةأي ت ةأ يي يت تم بجترة ةأ دت ةأيلذ فت ذدثت أ نت ا

يت ةأ د ي يذت يي ي م ب ةستتذثي ةأيستتذ ةأيتتت ا دتت م ذ تتي ةأدتتس ت 1- تتم ةأنتت ا جيتتر

د ةستذثي فأم ب م ذتة أ يذتت جيم ةأدتت ذيم ةأ تم تم ةأجتس ت ةل تةو دي يت ستةأيستتذ ةأي نتتم دتتر يتتو ذ تتي ةأدتتس ت ب تتم ذتتتة أ يذتتت جيم ةأدتتت ذيم ةأ تتم تتم

ي يتتتت يتتتتم ةأرتة تتتت ةأ يذتتتتت جيم 25ةأستتتت و ةأف ستتتتف ت ةأد ذ ستتتتي تتتتم ةأجتتتتس ت دثتتتت ي يتتت يتتتم 55 ةأف ستتتف ت ةأد ذ ستتتي ةأدتتتت ذيم ةأ تتتم تتتم جييتتتو بجتتترة ةأ دتتت دثتتت

ةستذثي ةأيستذ نتا ةأي نتم دتر دت م ذ تي ةأدتس ت ةأرتة دش ب اتت 55بقتت يثتت أل ةأذتتتة أجييتتو ذ تتت ةأي تت ةأ يي يتت تتم جييتتو بجتترة ةأ دتت دثتت

ي ي يم ةأرتة في ت د أ ذت تتت ب اتتتت ةستتتذثي ةأيستتتذ ةأيتتتت ا دتتت م 1-بيتتت تتتم ةأنتتت ا قتتت يم

ت جيم ةأف ستتف ت ةأد ذ ستي ةأدتت ذيم ةأ تتم ذ تي ةأدتس ت ب تم يثتت أل ةأذتتة أ يذتي يتت يتتم ةأرتة تت ك 55ي يتت يتتم ةأرتة ت ك ةأ يذتتت جيم ةأدتتت ذيم ةأ تتم دثت 25 دثت

تتتم ةل تةو دي يتتت ب جييتتتو ةأيثتتت ي ةأيلذدتتتت فأتتتم ذ تتت ق ي ذتتت ةأجتتتس ت يتتتم ةأف ستتتتتف ت ي يتتتتت يتتتتم ةأرتة تتتت ك ةأ يذتتتتت جيم 25ةأ يذتتتتت جيم ةأدتتتتت ذيم ةأ تتتتم دثتتتت ي ي يم ةأرتة ت ك ي ت ت دت أ ذت يتم يت 55 ةأد ذ سي ةأدت ذيم ةأ م دث

بلتتتتت ب اتتتتت جييتتتتو ةأيثتتتت ي ةأيلذدتتتتت ل نتتتت ةأيستتتتذ نتتتتا ةأي نتتتتم دتتتتر ةأيسذ ةأيتت ا ةأينت ديم دذ تي ةأدتس ت فأتم ريت ذتتة ةأف ستف ت ةأد ذ ستي

م ةأرتة تتت ك يتتت ب اتتتت ةأيستتتذ ةأيتتتت ا يتتتو ذ تتتي ي يتتت يتتت 25 تتتم ةأجتتتس ت دثتتت ةأدتتتس ت ب تتتم يثتتت أل ذتتتتة ةأ يذتتتت جيم ةأدتتتت ذيم ةأ تتتم تتتم ةأستتت و ةأد ذ ستتتي تتتم

ي ي يم ةأرتة 55ةأس و ةل تةو دث ب جييتتو ةأيثتت ي ةأيلذدتتت فأتتم ذ تت ق ةأ يذتتت جيم ةأف ستتف ت ةأدتتت ذيم

دي يتت ب ةأيستتذ نتتا ةأي نتتم دتتر ةأيستتذ 1-ةأ تتم تتم يتت ت ةأنتت ا جيتتر ةأيت ا ةأين ديم دذ ي ةأدس ت فأم ري ذتة ةأد ذ سي دا ي ت ت دت أ ذت

ت ب اتت ةأيستتذ نتا ةأي نتم دتتر دت م ذ تي ةأدتتس ت 1-بيت تم ةأنت ا قتت يم

0

م تم ةأ يت ت دي يت ب يث أل ذتة ةأ يذت جيم ةأف سف ت ةأد ذ سي ةأدت ذيم ةأ تسد ةسذثي ةأيسذ ةأيتت ا يتو ب دت م ذ تي ةأدتس ت تسأت ةأيستذ نتا ةأي نتتتم دتتتر يتتتو ذ تتتي ةأدتتتس ت ذ تتت ق ي ذ يتتت يتتت ت عتتتسة ةأنتتت ا يتتتم ةأف ستتتف ت

ةأد ذ سي ي ت د أ ذت محتوا األوزاء النباتية المخت فة مل الس ريات: -سادسا

دد يث تتت ةأيثتتت ي ةأيلذدتتتت ذ تتت ق ةأستتت تي ستتت 1- تتتم ةأنتتت ا جيتتتر ةأيلذرأتتت ةأ يتتت يتتتو ريتتت ةأستتت تي نيتتتت ةأيلذرأتتت دي يتتت ستتتد ةستتتذثي ةأيستتتذ نتتتا ةأي نتتتم دتتتر دتتت م ذ تتتي ةأدتتتس ت ب تتتم ريتتت تتتم تتت يتتتم ةأستتت تي نيتتتتت

1-مي ي يم ةأرتة ي ت د أ ذت بي م ةأنت ا قت ي 75ةأيلذرأ ةأ ي دث تتت ب يث تتت ةأيثتتت ي ةأيلذدتتتت فأتتتم ريتتت ي ذتتت ةأستتت تي ستتتد ةستتتذثي ةأيسذ ي نا ةأي نم در يو ذ ي ةأدس ت ةأيتت ا يتو ب دت م ذ تي ةأدتس ت فأم ب م ري م ةأس تي ةأيلذرأ نيت ةأيلذرأ ةأ يت تم ةأذت ةأم عتسة قت

ةأيلذرأ ةستذثي ةأيستذ نتا ةأي نتم دتر ب ات ةأ ذ ذ ق ةأس تي يو ذ ي ةأدس ت ةأس تي نيت ةأيلذرأ ةسذثي ةأيسذ ةأيت ا يتو ذ تي

ةأدس ت ي ت د أ ذت د أ ستتتد أتتتا تةو ب جييتتتو ةأيثتتت ي ةأيلذدتتتت فأتتتم ريتتت ةأستتت تي ةأيلذرأتتت

يتتم ةأرتة تت ي ت تت دتت أ ذت دي يتت ي يتت 55، 25دثتت 1- ةأ يتت تتم ةأنتت ا جيتتر سد ةستذثي ةأيستذ نتا ةأي نتم دتر دت م ذ تي ةأدتس ت ب تم ريت تم ةأست تي ةأيلذرأتتت ةأ يتتت تتتىم ةأيستتتذ ةأيتتتت ا يتتتو ذ تتتي ةأدتتتس ت قتتت ستتتد ب تتتم ريتتت تتتم

يتتتت ي يتتتت يتتتتم ةأرتة تتتت عتتتتسة قتتتت ب اتتتتت ةأ ذتتتت ر 25ةأستتتت تي نيتتتتت ةأيلذرأتتتت دثتتتت ي يتتتت يتتتتم ةأرتة تتتت تتتت ةستتتتذثي ةأيستتتتذ ييم نتتتتا 25ةأستتتت تي نيتتتتت ةأيلذرأتتتت دثتتتت

ي يتتتت يتتتتم ةأرتة تتتت تتتت 55ةأي نتتتتم دتتتتر ةأيتتتتت ا ةأينتتتت ديم دذ تتتتي ةأدتتتتس ت دثتتتت تتت ب 1-ةستتتذثي ةأيستتتذ ةأي نتتتم دتتتر يتتتو ذ تتتي ةأدتتتس ت بيتتت تتتم ةأنتتت ا قتتت يم

يتتتم ةأرتة تتت ك ةأيستتتذ ةأي نتتتم دتتتر نتتتا ي يتتت 25جييتتتو ةأيثتتت ي ةأيلذدتتتت دثتتت ي يت يتم ةأرتة ت ك فأتم 55ةأي نم در ةأيتت ا ةأينت د جييثت دذ تي ةأدتس ت دثت

ذ ق ةأس تي ةأيلذرأ د ل تةو ي ت د أ ذت يي ت ة ةأيستذ ةأي نتم دتر يتو

2

دت م ذ تي ةأدتس ت ي يت يتم ةأرتة ت ك ةأيستذ نتا ةأي نتم دتر 25ذ ي ةأدس ت دث ي يتت يتتم ةأرتة تت ك تت ب دتت قم ةأيثتت ي ةأيلذدتتت فأتتم ريتت ةأستت تي نيتتت 55 دثتت

ةأيلذرأتتت دتتت تةو عتتتسة ةأنتتت ا عتتتسة قتتت ب اتتتت ةأيستتتذ نتتتا ةأي نتتتم دتتتر دتتت م ذ تتتي 55، 25ةأدس ت ةأيسذ ةأيتت ا يتو ذ تي ةأدتس ت ب تم يستذ أاتسه ةأست تي دثت

أرتة تت تتم ةأذتت ةأم يتت ب جييتتو ةأيثتت ي ةأيلذدتتت فأتتم ريتت ةأستت تي ي يتت يتتم ةةأ يتتت دتتت ل تةو تتتم عتتتسة ةألنتتت ب اتتتت ةأيستتتذ نتتتا ةأي نتتتم دتتتر دتتت م ذ تتتي

، 25ةأدتتس ت ةأيستتذ ةأيتتت ا يتتو ذ تتي ةأدتتس ت ب تتم ريتت تتم عتتسه ةأستت تي دثتت ي ي يم ةأرتة م ةأذتذي 55

سد أ ست و ت ستدد جييتو ةأيثت ي ةأيلذدتت ريت ةتت تم جييتو بي د أ عتتتتسة قتتتت ستتتتد ةأيستتتتذ 1-ةأستتتت تي ةأي تتتت ت تتتت ة تتتت أل ق ي تتتت ك تتتتم ةأنتتتت ا جيتتتتر

ةأي نتتم دتتر يتتو ذ تتي ةأدتتس ت ب تتم ريتت تتم تت يتتم ةأستت تي ةأيلذرأتت ةأ يتت دي يتت تتم ةأستت تي نيتتت ةأيلذرأتت دثتت ستتد ةأيستتذ ةأيتتت ا يتتو ذ تتي ةأدتتس ت ب تتم ريتت

ي يتتت يتتتم ةأرتة تتت تتت ب تتتت ةأ ذتتت بم جييتتتو 55ي يتتت يتتتم ةأرتة تتت بيتتت دثتتت 25ةأيثتتتت ي ةأيلذدتتتتت قتتتت ستتتتدد ذ تتتت ق ةأستتتت تي نيتتتتت ةأيلذرأتتتت ةأ يتتتت دي يتتتت ستتتتد ةستتذثي ةأيستتذ ةأيتتت ا دتت م ذ تتي ةأدتتس ت ب تتم ريتت تتم ةأستت تي ةأيلذرأتت تتىمةستتذثي ةأيستتذ ييم ينتتا ةأي نتتم دتتر ةأيتتت ا ةأينتت ديم دذ تتي ةأدتتس ت قتت ستتدد

تتت ستتتد 1-ذ قنتتت تتتم عتتتسه ةأستتت تي ي ت تتت دتتت أ ذت دلنتتت ةأنتتت ا قتتت يمي يتت يتتم 55، 25يث تت ةأيثتت ي ةأيلذدتتت ذ تت ق ةأستت تي ةأي تت ت تتم ةأستت و دثتت

م دتر يتو ب دت م ذ تي ةأدتس ت ت فأتم ريت ةأرتة دي ي ب ةأيسذ نا ةأي ني يتت يتتم ةأرتة تت تتىم ةأيستتذ ةأيتتت ا يتتو ذ تتي ةأدتتس ت 25ةأستت تي ةأيلذرأتت دثتت

ي يت يتم ةأرتة ت ي ت ت 55 ق ب فأم ري ةأس تي نيت ةأيلذرأ م ةأس و دثت د أ ذت

بم جييتتو ةأيثتت ي دلنتت ي ذتت ةأستت ت تت ةأجتتس ت ب اتتت ةأ ذتت 55ل نت دثت 1-ةأيلذدت ق ستد ريت ةأي ذت ةأست ت تم جتس ت ةأنت ا جيتر

ي ي يم ةأرتة بم ةسذثي ةأيسذ ييم ةأيت ا ةأي نتم دتر ةأينت ديم دذ تي ي يت يتم ةأرتة ت تم 55، 25ةأدس ت ق سدد ب م ري م ةأس تي ةأي ت دث

3

ب جييو ةأيث ي ةأيلذدت فأتم ذ ت ق 1- سد أ ن ا ق يمةأذتذي بي د أي يتت 55ي يتت يتتم ةأرتة تت ةأستت تي ةأ يتت دثتت 55، 25ةأستت تي ةأيلذرأتت دثتت

يتتتتم ةأرتة تتتت تتتتم بيتتتت تتتت تتتت ب اتتتتت جييتتتتو ةأيثتتتت ي ةأيلذدتتتتت ريتتتت تتتتم م ذ تتي ةأدتتس تك ةأستت تي نيتتت ةأيلذرأتت يتت تت ة ةأيستتذ نتتا ةأي نتتم دتتر دتت

ةأستت تي ةأ يتت ي تت ة ةأيستتذ ةأيتتت ا دتت م ذ تتي ةأدتتس تك ي ت تت دتت أ ذت ي يتتت تتتىم ةستتتذثي ةأيستتتذ ةأي نتتتم دتتتر ي يتتتر ةأيستتتذ ةأيتتتت ا ةأينتتت

25 ياي دذ ي ةأدس ت ق سدد ب تم ريت تم ةأست تي نيتت ةأيلذرأت ةأ يت دثت ي ي يم ةأرتة 55 سأت ةأس تي نيت ةأيلذرأ دث ي ي يم ةأرتة

ب جييو ةأيث ي ةأيلذدت فأم ري ةأس تي ةأي ت تم يت ت ةأنت ا ي ت تتت دتتت أ ذت عتتتسة قتتت ستتتد ةستتتذثي ةأيستتتذ ةأيتتتت ا يتتتو ذ تتتي 1-جيتتتر

ي نتتم دتتر يتتو ةأدتتس ت ةأريتت ةل تتم تتم ةأستت تي ةأيلذرأتت دي يتت ستتد ةأيستتذ ةأذ تي ةأدتس ت ةأيستذ ةأيتت ا دت م ذ تي ةأدتس ت ب تم ريت تم ةأست تي نيتتت

تتتتت ب ةستتتتتذثي ةأيستتتتتذ 1-ةأيلذرأتتتتت ةأ يتتتتت بيتتتتت دلنتتتتت ةأنتتتتت ا قتتتتت يمةأيتتت ا دتت م ذ تتي ةأدتتس ت ةأيستتذ ييم ةأيتتت ا ةأي نتتم دتتر يتتو ذ تتي ةأدتتس ت

يتت ت دي يتت نتت ذ تتت ةأستت تي تت ةستتذثي فأتتم ريتت ةأستت تي ةأيلذرأتت تتم ةأةأيستذ نتتا ةأي نتم دتتر يتو ب دتت م ذ تتي ةأدتس ت أتت بيتت ريتت ةأستت تي نيتتت ةأيلذرأتت تت ةستتذثي ةأيستتذ نتتا ةأي نتتم دتتر يتتو ب دتت م ذ تتي ةأدتتس ت دي ي ذ قن ذ ت ةأس تي م ي ت عسة ةأن ا ةستذثي ةأيستذ ةأيتت ا يم ةأسي د م ذ ي ةأدس ت ةأيسذ ييم ةأي نم دتر ةأيتت ا ةأينت ديم دذ تي ةأدس ت ي ت د أ ذت م بي سد ةستذثي ةأيستذ ةأيتت ا دت م ذ ي ةأدتس ت ب تم ريت تم ةأست تي ةأ يت ي يتر تم سأتت ةأيستذ نتا ةأي نتم

در د م ب يو ذ ي ةأدس ت

التر يب الداخ ى لألوراق و الساق و أعناق األزهار: -عا ساب

4

-ب يث ي ذم تثا ةأي نم تثا ةأي نم ةأي م ةأنت ا جيتر ةأتتم ب تتم ريتت تتم نتتف ةأ تقتت ذشتتتي ي س، ةأتتس ة ث تت دتت ته تتم نتتف 1

ةأ تقتتتت ةألتتتتتتي ةأذتتتتم ب تتتتم ةأ ا يتتتت ةأتتتتم ريتتتت ةأي نتتتت بيتتتت تتتتم ةأنتتتت ا ب ات يث ي ذم ةأي نم ةأي ت تتثا ةأي نتم ةأي ت ةأتم ب تت 1-ق يم

ذ يت فيج دم أ يث ي قت ة ث ت سأتت بيتت س تم ةأنتف ةألتتتي أتا تةو سأت ةأي ن

يثتت ي ذم تتتثا ةأي نتتم نتتا ةأي نتتم ةأي تت ذتت ب تتت ةيج ديتت تتم ، ةأذتتتم تتت بيتتتت س 1-جيتتتر ذ يتعيتتت تتتم ةأذت يتتت ةأتتت ةل م أ ستتت و تتتم ةأنتتت ا

يتذد تت دتتدثم ةأنتتف ةألتتتتتي أ ستت و دثتتم نتتتف ةأي نتت دي يتت تتت يثتت ي ذم تتتثا ةأي نتتم تتتثا ةأي نتتم ةأي تت ب اتذتت ب تتم ريتت تتم يث تت ةأنف ةأذشتي ي أ س و، دي ي بقنتم ة لفت م تم ةأنتف ةأذشتتي ي ت

1- سأت م ةأن ا ق يم م يث ي نا ةأي نم ةأي ذ يث ي ذم تثا ةأي نم تتثا ةأي نتم ةأي ت أايت ذت يتةس ةيج ديت س

قت ب عتسه ةأنتف 1- م ةأنف ةأذشتي ي ل ت و ةلرعت ت تم نت ا جيتر ةأتتم ة لفتت م ستتد ةأذستت ق تتم ذ تتت ةأيثتت ي ، دي يتت ب يث ي تت نتتا ةأي نتتم

ست ةأذشتتي ي ل ت و ةلرعت ت ةأتس ت م يذ ة ت س يتو ةأم ة لف م تم يث ت ةأ ي ريتت ستتد ةأذستت ق د أذتت أم ة لفتت م ةأي نتت أذ تتت ةأيث ي تت دي يتت تتم ةأنتت ا

يث ي نا ةأي نم ق ذستدد تم ت ع ب تم ة لفت م تم ت 1-ق يم ستد ذست ق ةأنف ةأذشتي ي ل و ةلرع ت سأت ت م يذ ة ت س يتو ت ع ب دتت

أارع ت أذ ت ةأيث ي د أذ أم ة لف م ةأي ن

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