BIOL 213 Lab Handouts

BIOL213LABHANDOUTS

Youareresponsibleforallofthe informationcontainedwithinthesehandouts.Labpracticalswill be directly related to the terms and concepts outlined in this document. You areencouragedtobringthesehandoutswithyoutoeachlabtoensurethatyoufullyunderstandthe material. Remember, spelling counts on lab practicals, so be sure to practice spellinganatomicalterms.

INTRODUCTIONTOANATOMYANDPHYSIOLOGY

Identify the following terms on pictures and models. Be able to correctly use anatomicalterminology.BODYCAVITIES:PosteriorAspect

CranialCavityVertebralCanal

VentralCavityThoracicCavity

Mediastinum LeftPleuralCavity

RightPleuralCavity PericardialCavity

AbdominopelvicCavity AbdominalCavity PelvicCavityDiaphragmSEROUSMEMBRANES:ParietalPleuraVisceralPleuraPleuralCavityParietalPericardiumVisceralPericardiumPericardialCavityParietalPeritoneumVisceralPeritoneumPeritonealCavityANATOMICDIRECTIONS:Superior/InferiorAnterior/PosteriorMedial/LateralProximal/DistalSuperficial/DeepSECTIONSANDPLANES:Sagittal/Median(Midsagittal)Transverse(Horizontal)

Frontal(Coronal)ObliqueABDOMINOPELVICREGIONS:EpigastricRight/LeftHypochondriacUmbilicalRight/LeftLumbarHypogastricRight/LeftIliacABDOMINOPELVICQUADRANTS:RightUpperQuadrantRightLowerQuadrantLeftUpperQuadrantLeftLowerQuadrantREGIONALANATOMY:AbdominalAntebrachialAntecubitalAuricularAxillaryBrachialBuccalCalcanealCarpalCephalicCervicalCoxalCranialCruralDeltoidDigitalFemoralFrontalGlutealInguinal

ANATOMICALTERMINOLOGY(CONTINUED):LumbarMammaryManusMentalNasalOccipitalOlecranalOralOrbitalPalmarPatellarPectoral

PelvicPerinealPesPlantarPoplitealPubicSacralSternalSuralTarsalThoracicVertebral

MICROSCOPES

TERMSTOIDENTIFYONAMICROSCOPE:EyepieceHeadArmStageCoarseAdjustmentKnobFineAdjustmentKnobBaseCondenserIrisDiaphragmRotatingnosepieceObjectives(4x,10x,40x,100x)StageClipCONCEPTS:1.Calculatetotalmagnification.2.Correctlyfocusonanobjectthroughmultiplelenses.

MICROSCOPESWORKSHEET

PARTI:ORIENTATIONONAMICROSCOPECollectaslidewiththeletter“e”onit.Placetheslideonthestageandusethecliptosecure.The stage should be in the lowest position possible. Make sure the letter “e” is facing youcorrectly on the stage. Position the 4x objective (also called scanning) and use the coarseadjustment knob to focus on the letter. Continue focusing on the letter using the fineadjustmentknob.Describetheorientationoftheletter“e.”Isitthesame,upsidedown,etc.?______________________________________________________________________________Whenyoumovetheslidetotheright,whichwaydoestheimagemove?______________________________________________________________________________Whenyoumovetheslideup,whichwaydoestheimagemove?______________________________________________________________________________Nowmovetothe10xobjective(alsocalledlowpower).Focususingthefineadjustmentknobonly(doNOTusethecoarseadjustmentknobatthispoint).Describetheorientationoftheletter“e.”Didanythingchangefromthe4xobjective?______________________________________________________________________________PARTII:MAGNIFICATIONSofaryouhaveusedthe4xand10xobjectives. Inordertocalculatetotalmagnification,youmultiplythemagnificationoftheobjectivebythemagnificationoftheeyepiece(usuallythisis10x).Whatisthemagnificationoftheeyepieceonyourmicroscope?______________________________________________________________________________Whenusingthe4xobjective,thetotalmagnificationis:4(fromtheobjective)x10(fromtheeyepiece)=40xWhatisthetotalmagnificationwhenusingthe10xobjective?______________________________________________________________________________Nowmovetothe40xobjective(alsocalledhighpower).Focususingthefineadjustmentknobonly(doNOTusethecoarseadjustmentknobatthispoint).What is thetotalmagnificationwhenusingthe40xobjective?Whathappenedtolightintensitywhenmovingfrom10xto40xobjective?

CELLMEMBRANETRANSPORT

CompletethePhILS#1labforOsmosisandDiffusion:VaryingExtracellularConcentration.I. SOLUTIONS A. Asolutioniscomposedof:

1. Solvent(water)2. Solute(molecules)dissolvedinsolventBiologicalmembranesareselectivelypermeable,allowingonlycertainsolutesthrough.

II. DIFFUSIONA. Diffusion:movementofmoleculesfromareasofhigherconcentrationtoareasoflower

concentration.Agreatexampleofthisisthediffusionofoxygenintocellsandthediffusionofcarbondioxideoutofcells.

B. Facilitateddiffusion:usesachannel(example–potassiumchannel).

III. OSMOSIS

A. Osmolarity:concentrationofallmoleculesinasolution. B. Osmosis:diffusionofwaterdownitsconcentrationgradient. 1. Isotonic:nonetmovementofwater. 2. Hypotonic:waterenterscellanditswells(itcanburstorlyse). 3. Hypertonic:waterleavescellanditshrinks(crenate).

C. Mostcellmembraneshavefewopensodiumchannels,sowhencellsareplacedinsolutionsofNaCl,somesodiumwillmove,butmostlywaterwillmovebyosmosis.

IV. GOALSOFTHELAB1. Placeredbloodcellsinsolutionswithdifferentconcentrationsofsodiumchloride(0mMto240

mM).2. Measurethecolorofthesolutionsusingaspectrophotometer.

a. Normalsolutions:510nmwavelengthreflectedbycellmembranes.b. Hypotonicsolutions:watermovesintocells,theyburstandlesslightisreflected.

Therefore,amountoflighttransmittedincreases.c. Hypertonicsolutions:waterleavescellsandtheyshrink.Therefore,amountoflight

transmitteddecreases.

V. DATACOLLECTIONCompletethedatatablebelowwithyourresultsandplotthedataonthegraphprovided.

[NaCl] Transmittance0 50 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

Graphpaperimage:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Graph-paper.svg

VI. APPLICATIONQUESTIONS

1. Whathappenedtothecarrotplacedinthesaturatedsaltsolutionovernight?Howwouldyouclassifythissolution?Whathappenedtothecarrotplacedinthefilteredwatersolutionovernight?Howwouldyouclassifythissolution?

2. Basedonyourdata,duringapproximatelywhichrangeof[NaCl]areredbloodcellslosingwater

andhaveshrunkinsize?

3. TheprinciplesofosmosisareusedintheclinicwhenadministeringIVsolutions.Forexample,

whichsolutionwouldyouadministertoapatientsufferingfromcerebraledema(hypotonicorhypertonic)?Why?

HISTOLOGY

Identify the following tissues (and associated structures) under the microscope and usingpictures. For each, categorize as epithelial or connective tissue and givemain locations andfunctionsinthebody.EPITHELIALTISSUE:Simplesquamous(nucleus)Simplecuboidal(nucleus,lumen)Nonciliatedsimplecolumnar(nucleus)Ciliatedpseudostratifiedcolumnar(nucleus,cilia,gobletcells)Stratifiedsquamous(nucleus)Transitional(nucleus)

CONNECTIVETISSUEPROPER:LOOSECONNECTIVETISSUE:Areolar(fibroblast)Adipose(nucleus)Reticular(reticularfiber)DENSECONNECTIVETISSUE:Denseregular(fibroblastnucleus)Denseirregular(collagenfiber)Elastic(elasticfibers)

SUPPORTINGCONNECTIVETISSUE:HyalineCartilage(chondrocyteinlacuna)ElasticCartilage(chondrocyteinlacuna)Fibrocartilage(chondrocyteinlacuna)Bone(osteocyte,centralcanal)FLUIDCONNECTIVETISSUE:Blood(WBC,RBC,platelet)

INTEGUMENTARYSYSTEM

Identifythefollowingstructuresonmodelsandpictures.LAYERS:Epidermis

StratumcorneumStratumlucidumStratumgranulosum

Stratumspinosum StratumbasaleDermis

Dermalpapilla Meissner’scorpuscle Paciniancorpuscle Sweatgland(merocrineandapocrine)Subcutaneouslayer/HypodermisHAIR:HairfollicleHairshaftSebaceousglandArrectorpilimuscleHairpapilla

SKELETALSYSTEM

Classifybonesaccordingtotheirshape.BONESHAPES:LongShortSesamoidFlatIrregularIdentifythefollowingstructuresonalongbone.LONGBONE:ProximalepiphysisDistalepiphysisDiaphysisMetaphysisArticularcartilageEpiphysealplateEndosteumMedullarycavityIdentifythefollowingstructuresonamicroscopicbonemodel.MICROSCOPICBONE:SpongyboneTrabeculaeCompactboneOsteonCentralcanalPerforatingcanalOsteocyteLacunaCanaliculusPeriosteumLamella

SKELETALSYSTEM

Thereare206bonesintheadulthumanskeleton.Identifythesebonesinbotharticulatedanddisarticulatedforms.Includemarkingandbonenamewhenapplicable.SKULL:CranialBonesFrontalParietalOccipital Foramenmagnum OccipitalcondylesTemporal Mandibularfossa Mastoidprocess Styloidprocess ZygomaticprocessSphenoid Sellaturcica OpticcanalEthmoid Cribriformplate CristagalliHYOIDBONEVERTEBRALCOLUMN:Markingstoidentifyonanyvertebra:BodyVertebralforamenSpinousprocessTransverseprocessTypesofVertebraCervical(7) Transverseforamen

Atlas(C1) Axis(C2) Dens

FacialBonesMaxilla Infraorbitalforamen Palatineprocess IncisiveforamenPalatineZygomatic TemporalprocessLacrimalNasalVomerInferiornasalconchaeMandible MentalforamenSuturesCoronal,sagittal,squamous,lambdoidThoracic(12)Lumbar(5)SacrumCoccyxTHORACICCAGE:Trueribs(7pairs)Falseribs(5pairs)Floatingribs(2-3pairs)Sternum Manubrium Body Xiphoidprocess

PECTORALGIRDLE:Clavicle Sternalend AcromialendScapula Spine Acromion Coracoidprocess Glenoidcavity Supraspinousfossa Infraspinousfossa SubscapularfossaUPPERLIMB:Humerus Head Greatertubercle Lessertubercle Intertubercularsulcus Anatomicalneck Surgicalneck Olecranonfossa Coronoidfossa Trochlea CapitulumRadius Head Radialtuberosity StyloidprocessUlna Coronoidprcoess Olecranon Trochlearnotch StyloidprocessCarpals(8)Metacarpals(5)Phalanges(14)

PELVICGIRDLE:Coxa Ilium Iliaccrest Anteriorinferioriliacspine Ischium Ischialtuberosity Ischialspine PubisObturatorforamenAcetabulumLOWERLIMB:Femur Head Neck Foveacapitis Greatertrochanter Lessertrochanter Lineaaspera Lateralcondyle Medialcondyle Lateralepicondyle Medialepicondyle Tibia Lateralcondyle Medialcondyle Tibialtuberosity MedialmalleolusFibula Head LateralmalleolusPatellaTarsals(7) Talus CalcaneusMetatarsals(5)Phalanges(14)

CONCEPTS:! Compareandcontrasttheskullofaninfantwithanadult.! Compareandcontrastthemaleandfemaleskeleton.! Identifybonesintheaxialandappendicularskeletons.

ARTICULATIONS

Classify articulations (joints) based on structure and function and identify examples of each.Demonstratevariousjointmovementsandknowkeyligamentsofthefourmajorjointsinthebody.STRUCTURALCLASSIFICATION:Fibrous

SutureSyndesmosisGomphosis

Cartilaginous Synchondrosis SymphysisSynovial Ballandsocket Hinge Condylar Saddle Pivot Plane FUNCTIONALCLASSIFICATION:SynarthrosisAmphiarthrosisDiarthrosisJOINTMOVEMENTS:FlexionExtensionHyperextensionAbductionAdductionCircumductionSupinationPronationProtractionRetractionLateralrotationMedialrotationEversion

InversionPlantarflexionDorsiflexionElevationDepressionMAJORJOINTSANDTHEIRLIGAMENTS:Shoulder Coracohumeralligament Coracoacromialligament GlenohumeralligamentHip Iliofemoralligament Pubofemoralligament IschiofemoralligamentKnee Anteriorcruciateligament(ACL) Posteriorcruciateligament(PCL) Patellarligament Tibialcollateralligament FibularcollateralligamentElbow Ulnarcollateralligament Radialcollateralligament Anularligament

MUSCULARSYSTEM

Identifymuscle tissues (and associated structures) under themicroscope and using pictures.Foreach,givemainlocationsandfunctionsinthebody,typeofcontrol(voluntary/involuntary),andwhetherstriationsarepresentorabsent.MUSCLEHISTOLOGY:SkeletalMuscle(nucleus,striations)SmoothMuscle(nucleus)CardiacMuscle(nucleus,striations,intercalateddiscs)Identifythefollowingstructuresonthemicroscopicmusclemodel.MICROSCOPICMUSCLE:SarcolemmaNucleusTriad Twocisternaeofsarcoplasmicreticulum OnetransversetubuleMyofibrilSarcomere

MUSCULARSYSTEM

Identifythefollowingmusclesofthebodyusingmodelsandpictures.FACEANDNECK:FrontalisOccipitalisTemporalisMasseterBuccinatorOrbicularisorisOrbicularisoculiZygomaticusmajorZygomaticusminorSternocleidomastoidTORSO:PectoralismajorPectoralisminorSerratusanteriorTrapeziusLatissimusdorsiRectusabdominisExternalobliqueInternalobliqueTransversusabdominisUPPERLIMB:DeltoidRotatorcuffmuscles: Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis TeresminorTeresmajorBicepsbrachiiTricepsbrachiiBrachioradialisPronatorteresFlexorcarpiradialisPalmarislongus

FlexorcarpiulnarisExtensordigitorumLOWERLIMB:GluteusmaximusGluteusmediusTensorfasciaelataeSartoriusGracilisAdductorlongusAdductormagnusQuadricepsfemorismuscles: Rectusfemoris Vastuslateralis Vastusmedialis VastusintermediusHamstringmuscles: Bicepsfemoris Semitendinosus SemimembranosusGastrocnemiusSoleusCalcanealtendonTibialisanteriorFibularislongus

MUSCULARSYSTEM

Definethetermsoriginandinsertion.Identifytheorigins,insertions,actions,andinnervationsforthefollowingmuscles.

Muscle Origin Insertion Action InnervationSupraspinatus

Supraspinousfossaofscapula

Greatertubercleofhumerus

Abductsarm Suprascapularnerve

Infraspinatus

Infraspinousfossaofscapula


Adductsandlaterallyrotates

arm

Suprascapularnerve

Teresminor

Lateralborderofscapula


Adductsandlaterallyrotates

arm

Axillarynerve

Subscapularis

Subscapularfossaofscapula

Lessertubercleofhumerus

Mediallyrotatesarm

Subscapularnerve

Bicepsfemoris

Ischialtuberosityandlineaaspera

offemur

Headoffibula Flexeslegandlaterallyrotates

leg

Tibialandfibulardivisionsofsciaticnerve

Semitendinosus

Ischialtuberosity Proximal,medialsurfaceoftibia

Flexeslegandmediallyrotates

leg

Tibialdivisionofsciaticnerve

Semimembranosus

Ischialtuberosity Medialcondyleoftibia

Flexeslegandmediallyrotates

leg

Tibialdivisionofsciaticnerve

Rectusfemoris

Anteriorinferioriliacspine

Patellaviapatellar

ligamenttotibialtuberosity

Extendsleg Femoralnerve

Vastusmedialis

Lineaasperaoffemur

Patellaviapatellar



Vastusintermedius

Anteriorandlateralsurfaces

offemur

Patellaviapatellar



Vastuslateralis

Greatertrochanterandlineaasperaof

femur

Patellaviapatellar



CONNECTINGCONCEPTS:Connect the skeletal, nervous, andmuscular systems to understand jointmovements in thebody.Forexample,thenervoussystemsendsasignalalongthefemoralnervetostimulatethequadricepsfemorisgroupofmuscles(rectusfemoris,vastus lateralis,vastus intermedius,andvastusmedialis). Contractionof thesemuscles pulls their insertions (patella/tibial tuberosity)toward their origins (coxa/femur) leading to extension at the knee joint. Be able to explainflexionatthekneejointandmovementsoftheshoulderjointbasedonthetableabove.

MUSCULARSYSTEM

CompletethePhILS#5labforSkeletalMuscleFunction:Stimulus-DependentForceGeneration.

I. MUSCLECONTRACTION

A. Musclescontractuponreceivingastimulusfromthenervoussytemattheneuromuscularjunction.Thisstimulusmustreachacriticallevelcalledthresholdinorderforthemusclefibertocontract.

B. Therearetwotypesofcontractions:1. Isometriccontraction:muscletenses,butlengthstaysthesame.

2. Isotoniccontraction:musclecontractsandchangeslength. a. Concentriccontraction:muscleshortens. b. Eccentriccontraction:musclelengthens.

II. MOTORUNITA. Motorunit:composedofonemotorneuronandallofthemusclefibersitinnervates.B. Motorunitrecruitment:withincreasedstimulation,moremotorunitsareactivatedtoincrease

musclecontractionforce.

III. GOALSOFTHELAB1. Dissectthegastrocnemius(calf)musclefromafrogandprepareforstimulationandrecording.2. Applyvaryingelectricalvoltagesandrecordmuscletensionasitcontracts.

IV. DATACOLLECTION Completethedatatablebelowwithyourresultsandplotthedataonthegraphprovided.

AppliedVoltage(V} MuscleTension(g)0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6


V. APPLICATIONQUESTIONS

1. Whywastherenomuscletensionresponsewhenlowvoltageshockswereapplied?2. Whatistheminimumvoltagerequiredtoproducemuscletension?

3. Whydoesapplyingmorevoltageproducegreatertension?

MUSCULARSYSTEM

CompletethePhILS#7labforSkeletalMuscleFunction:TheLength-TensionRelationship.

I. MUSCLECONTRACTION

A. Duringmusclecontraction,thinfilaments(containingactin)slideoverthickfilaments(containingmyosin)inwhatisdescribedastheslidingfilamenttheory.Actinandmyosinmakecontactatcrossbridgesinordertoslidethethinfilamentsoverthethickfilaments.Theamountoftensionduringmusclecontractionisrelatedtothenumberofcrossbridgesformed.

B. Changingthelengthofthemusclechangesthelengthofthesarcomeresandthisimpactsmuscletensionduringcontraction.

II. GOALSOFTHELAB1. Dissectthegastrocnemius(calf)musclefromafrogandprepareforstimulationandrecording.2. Recordmuscletensionatvariousmusclelengths.

III. DATACOLLECTION Completethedatatablebelowwithyourresultsandplotthedataonthegraphprovided.

MuscleLength(mm) MuscleTension(g)26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0


IV. APPLICATIONQUESTIONS

1. Whatistheoptimummusclelengthformaximummuscletension?

2. Atwhatmusclelengthcanthemusclelifttheheaviestweight?

3. Whenmusclelengthistooshort,whydoestensiondecrease(explainatthemolecularlevel)?

4. Whenmusclelengthistoolong,whydoestensiondecrease(explainatthemolecularlevel)?

MUSCULARSYSTEM

CompletethePhILS#8labforSkeletalMuscleFunction:PrinciplesofSummationandTetanus.I. MUSCLECONTRACTION

A. Duringmusclecontraction,calciumisreleasedfromthesarcoplasmicreticulumtoinitiateactinandmyosinbinding.Calciumbindstothethinfilamentprotein,troponin,whichmovestropomyosinandrevealsbindingsitesonactin.Myosinbindstoactin,leadingtothepowerstrokeandslidingofthethinfilamentsoverthethickfilaments.

B. Duringcontraction,muscletensioncanbefurtherincreasedifcalciumreleaseisprolonged.Increasingthefrequencyofactionpotentialsincreasescalciumreleaseinaprocesscalledsummation.

II. TETANUSA. Whenamuscleisstimulatedrepeatedlybeforeitcanfullyreturntoarelaxedstate,muscle

tensionincreasesinaprocesscalledincompletetetanus.B. Ifamuscledoesnotrelaxatallbetweenstimulations,muscletensionismaximumincomplete

tetanus.

III. GOALSOFTHELAB1. Dissectthegastrocnemius(calf)musclefromafrogandprepareforstimulationandrecording.2. Recordmuscletensionatincreasingstimulationfrequencies.

IV. DATACOLLECTIONCompletethedatatablebelowwithyourresultsandmatchthegraphspresentedwiththeappropriateterm.

Timeinterval(milliseconds)

(A)Summation (B)IncompleteTetanus (C)CompleteTetanus

Figure1:MuscleTwitch(Baseline) Figure2

Figure3 Figure4

V. APPLICATIONQUESTIONS1. Figure1representsbaselinemuscletwitches.MatchtheotherthreeFigureswiththecorrect

termbelow:a. Summation–b. Incompletetetanus–

c. Completetetanus–

2. Asthefrequencyofstimulationincreases,muscletensionincreases.Whathappenstocalciuml evelsinthecytoplasmduringthistime?

NERVOUSSYSTEM

Identify nervous tissue (and associated structures) under themicroscope and using pictures.Givemainlocationsandfunctionsinthebody.NERVOUSHISTOLOGY:Nervoustissue(neuron,nucleusofneuron,neuronalprocesses,nucleiofglia)Identify the following structures on the neuron, brain, and spinal cord models. Identify thecomponentsofareflexarc.NEURONMODEL:DendritesCellbody Nucleus NisslbodiesAxon Axonhillock

NodesofRanvierNeurofibrilSchwanncell Myelinsheath NeurilemmaBRAINMODEL:Cerebrum Frontallobe Parietallobe Temporallobe OccipitallobeDiencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Pinealgland(inepithalamus)Brainstem Midbrain Pons MedullaoblongataPituitarygland

CorpuscallosumCerebellumGyrusSulcusSPINALCORDMODEL:Whitematter Lateralfuniculus Posteriorfuniculus AnteriorfuniculusGraymatter Dorsalhorn Ventralhorn LateralhornCentralcanalPosteriormediansulcusAnteriormedianfissureDorsalrootganglionDorsalrootVentralrootSpinalnerveREFLEXARC:ReceptorSensory(afferent)neuronInterneuronMotor(efferent)neuronEffector

NERVOUSSYSTEM

Identify the 12 pairs of cranial nerves including name, number, sensory/motor/mixed, andfunction.Completethecranialnervetestinglabtoapplyconceptstotheclinicalsetting.

Number Name Sensory,Motor,orMixed

Function

I Olfactory Sensory SmellII Optic Sensory VisionIII Oculomotor Motor Eyemovement,pupil

constrictionIV Trochlear Motor EyemovementV Trigeminal Mixed Sensory:scalp,face,

oralcavityfortouch,pain,and

temperature.Motor:musclesof

masticationVI Abducens Motor EyemovementVII Facial Mixed Sensory:taste

Motor:musclesoffacialexpression

VIII Vestibulocochlear Sensory Hearingandequilibrium

IX Glossopharyngeal Mixed Sensory:tasteMotor:one

pharyngealmuscleX Vagus Mixed Sensory:heart,lungs,

abdominalorgansMotor:mostpharynxmusclesandalllarynx

musclesXI Accessory Motor Trapeziusand

sternocleidomastoidXII Hypoglossal Motor Tonguemuscles

CRANIALNERVETESTING

Withapartner,testforcranialnervefunctionbyfollowingtheinstructionsbelow.Recordyourpersonalinformationcollectedinthesectionsprovided.CNI:OlfactoryHave your partner close his/her eyes and close one nostril. Present one of the three scentsprovidedandhaveyourpartneridentifythesmell.Afteraminutebreak,closethesamenostrilandpresentoneoftheotherscents.Repeatforthelastscent.Nowclosetheothernostrilandpresentthesamescentsinadifferentorder.Besuretoallowabreakinbetweenscents.LEFTNOSTRIL RIGHTNOSTRILScentused Recognized(YesorNo)? Scentused Recognized(YesorNo)?Peppermint Peppermint Orange Orange Coffee Coffee CNII:OpticHaveyourpartnercloseoneeyeandreadthesmallest linepossible from left torightonthevisualacuitychart.Nowclose theothereyeandreadthesmallest linepossible fromright toleft.Recordtheresponsebelowandstatewhetheritmatchesthechart. Response Matchesthechart(YesorNo)?Lefteye Righteye CNIII:OculomotorHaveyourpartnersitfacingyouandlookstraightahead.Useapenlighttoshinelightintooneeye(comeinfromtheside)anddetermine if thepupil inthateyeconstricts.Alsonote if thepupilintheothereyeconstricts.Afteraminutebreak,usethepenlighttoshinelightintotheothereyeanddetermineifthepupilconstricts. Constricts when light is

presentedtolefteye?Constricts when light ispresentedtorighteye?

Lefteye Righteye CNIV:TrochlearHave your partner sit facing you. Ask your partner to follow your finger while youmove itinferiorly. Track the eye movement and record if it is WNL (within normal limits) or O(abnormal).

EyemovementLefteye Righteye CNV:TrigeminalHaveyourpartnersitfacingyouandclosehis/hereyes.Useacottonswabandgentlymoveitacrossthefaceononeside.Haveyourpartneridentifywheretheyfeeltheobject.Repeatontheotherside.Next,haveyourpartneropenhis/hermouthagainstresistancetodeterminejawfunction.RecordasWNLorO. ResponsetotouchLeftside Rightside JawmovementResponse CNVI:AbducensHave your partner sit facing you. Ask your partner to follow your finger while youmove itlaterally(totheleftandtheright).TracktheeyemovementandrecordasWNLorO. EyemovementLefteye Righteye CNVII:FacialHaveyourpartnersmile,blink,andsquint.ObservefacialexpressionsonbothsidesandrecordasWNLorO. FacialexpressionLeftside Rightside CNVIII:VestibulocochlearHaveyourpartnersitfacingyou.Strikethetuningforkgentlyagainstyourpalmandplacethehandleonthetopofyourpartner’sheadinthemiddle.Askyourpartnerwheretheyhearthesound(abnormal isalongoneside,normal is inthemiddle).RecordWNLorOfortheWebertestbelow. WebertestResponse

Nowusethesametuningforkandgentlystrike itagainstyourpalm.Placethehandleonthemastoidprocessofyourpartnerononeside.Whenyourpartnerno longerhears thesound,place theendopposite to thehandlenear theopeningof thepinna. If yourpartner can stillhearthesound,thenhearingisnormalinthatear.RepeatwiththeotherearandrecordWNLorOfortheRinnetestbelow. RinneTestLeftear Rightear CNIX:GlossopharyngealHaveyourpartneropenhis/hermouthandsay“ahh.”Checkthatthesoftpalateelevatesandtheuvulastaysalongthemidline.RecordasWNLorO. SoftpalateanduvulaResponse CNX:VagusHaveyourpartnerswallowandaskifthereareanydifficultiescompletingthisaction.RecordasWNLorO.Note:thereisoverlapintestingforCNIXandX. SwallowingResponse CNXI:AccessoryHave your partner elevate shoulders (trapezius) and turn head side to side(sternocleidomastoid).RecordasWNLorO. ResponseTrapezius Sternocleidomastoid CNXII:HypoglossalHave your partner stick out his/her tongue. Determine if tongue deviates to one side(abnormal).RecordasWNLorO. TongueResponse

SPECIALSENSES

Identifythefollowingstructuresontheearandeyemodels.EARMODEL:Externalear:

Auricle/PinnaExternalacousticmeatus

TympanicmembraneMiddleear:

AuditorytubeAuditoryossicles:

Malleus Incus StapesOvalwindowInnerear:

CochleaSemicircularcanalsVestibule

Vestibulocochlearnerve

EYEMODEL:Externaltunic:

CorneaSclera

Middletunic:ChoroidIrisPupilCiliarybody

Internaltunic: Retina Foveacentralis OpticdiscOpticnerveAnteriorcavity

AqueoushumorPosteriorcavity

VitreoushumorLensSuspensoryligaments

Identifythefollowingmusclesassociatedwiththeeye including innervationandfunctionsforeach.EXTRINSICEYEMUSCLES:

Muscle Innervation ActionSuperiorrectus Oculomotornerve(III) Moveseyesuperiorlyand

mediallyInferiorrectus Oculomotornerve(III) Moveseyeinferiorlyand

mediallyMedialrectus Oculomotornerve(III) MoveseyemediallyLateralrectus Abducensnerve(VI) Moveseyelaterally

Superioroblique Trochlearnerve(IV) Moveseyeinferiorlyandlaterally

Inferioroblique Oculomotornerve(III) Moveseyesuperiorlyandlaterally

COWEYEDISSECTION

Identifythestructuresbelowbyfollowingthedissectioninstructions.Structurestoidentifyinthecoweye:

• Cornea• Sclera• Iris• Pupil• Anteriorcavity• Posteriorcavity• Vitreoushumor• Choroid• Retina• Opticnerve• Opticdisc• Ciliarybody• Lens• Suspensoryligaments

Dissectioninstructions:1)Thecoweyeyoureceivewillhaveseverallayersofconnectivetissue,muscle,andfatsurroundingit.Youwillneedtocutawaytheselayersbeforeyoucanbegindissectionontheeye.Becarefulnottocuttheopticnerveontheposteriorside.

Anterior Posterior

2)Onceyouremovethemuscleandfat,youwillbeabletoseethesclera,cornea,andopticnerveclearly.

Anterior Posterior

3)Carefullymakeacoronalcutthroughtheeyedividingitintotheanteriorandposteriorcavities.Usethescalpeltomakeasmallincisionandthenusethescissorstocutaroundtheeye.Youwillneedtogothroughall3layersoftheeye.Becarefulwhenseparatingthetwopartsasyouwanttokeeptheretinaintact.Youwillbeabletoseeandfeelthejelly-likevitreoushumoratthispoint.

4)Carefullyremovethevitreoushumorfromtheposteriorcavity.Youwanttoavoidtheretinadetachingfromthebackoftheeye.Theretinawillappearasalightbrownthinlayer.Youcangentlypullbackontheretinausingtheforceps.

5)Asyoupullawaytherestoftheretina,youwillnoticethatiteasilydetachesexceptatonespot-thisistheopticdiscorblindspot.

6)Next,youwillseeanirridescentlayer.Thisiscalledthetapetumlucidumandisusedtoaidinnightvision.Thisisoftenfoundinnocturnalanimals,likecatsandcows,butisnotseeninhumans.Theglowofcat’seyesseenwhenalightisreflectedintothemisduetothislayer.

7)Thedarkpimentedlayerunderneaththetapetumlucidumisthechoroid.

8)Movetotheanteriorportionoftheeyenow.Carefullyremovethevitreoushumorwhilekeepingthelensintact.Next,slowlypullthelensawayfromtheciliarybodyandnotethesuspensoryligaments.

9)Fromtheposteriorview,theciliarybodyisnowvisible.

10)Fromtheanteriorview,thecorneaisvisible.Cutawaythecornea(youwillneedtogothroughseveraltoughlayers)toseetheirisandthepupil.

11)Nowtakethelensandcarefullymakeamid-sagittalcut.Youwillseeseverallayersthatlooklikeanonion.Youcanpeelawaytheselayersofthelens.

LabClean-up:

! Alldissectedpartsshouldbeplacedintheplasticbagsprovidedbytheinstructor.! Dissectiontraysandtoolsshouldbecleanedwithsoapandwaterandthendried

thoroughly.! Labtablesshouldbewipedwithdisinfectantspray.! Glovesandpapertowelscanbedisposedofinthelabtrash.

SHEEPBRAINDISSECTION

Identifythestructuresbelowbyfollowingthedissectioninstructions.Structurestoidentifyinthesheepbrain:

• Frontallobe• Parietallobe• Temporallobe• Occipitallobe• Cerebellum• Gyrus• Sulcus• Longitudinalfissure• Pinealgland• Superiorcolliculus• Inferiorcolliculus• Olfactorybulb• Opticnerve• Opticchiasma• Optictract• Mammillarybody• Midbrain• Pons• Medullaoblongata• Corpuscallosum• Thalamus• Hypothalamus• Lateralventricle• Thirdventricle• Fourthventricle

Dissectioninstructions:1)Thesheepbrainyoureceivemayhavesomemeningesstillattached.Carefullycutawaytheselayersbeingsurenottodamagethebrainintheprocess.Placethebrainventralsidedowninthedissectiontrayandlocatethefollowingstructures:frontallobe,parietallobe,occipitallobe,longitudinalfissure,cerebellum.

2)Nowplacethebrainonthelateralsideandlocatethefollowingstructures:sulcus,gyrus,temporallobe.

3)Nowplacethebrainonthedorsalsideandlocatethefollowingstructures:olfactorybulb,opticnerve,opticchiasma,optictract,mamillarybody,midbrain,pons,medullaoblongata.

4)Withthedorsalsidefacingyou,carefullypullapartthecerebellumfromthecerebrum.Thiswillallowyoutolocatethefollowingstructures:pinealgland,superiorcolliculus,inferiorcolliculus,cerebellum.

5)Withthedorsalsidefacingyou,gentlyseparatethetwocerebralhemispheresalongthelongitudinalfissure.Youwillfindawhitebandoffibers,thecorpuscallosum,thatallowscommunicationbetweenthetwohemispheres.

6)Nowtakeascalpelandmakeamediancut.Yourcutsshouldbesmooth(don’tsawthetissue).Youwilllikelymakeseveralcutsasyouworkthroughthemediansection.Carefullyseparatethetwohalvesandlocatethefollowingstructures:corpuscallosum,opticchiasma,thalamus,hypothalamus,thirdventricle,pinealgland,mamillarybody,midbrain,pons,medullaoblongata,cerebellum,fourthventricle.

7)Notethelateralventriclenearthecorpuscallosum.

LabClean-up:

! Alldissectedpartsshouldbeplacedintheplasticbagsprovidedbytheinstructor.! Dissectiontraysandtoolsshouldbecleanedwithsoapandwaterandthendried

thoroughly.! Labtablesshouldbewipedwithdisinfectantspray.! Glovesandpapertowelscanbedisposedofinthelabtrash.

BIOL 213 Lab Handouts

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