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I>AI.""· 1973 SPRING

....•.+ Indian and

Northern AffairsAtfaires indienneset du Nord

Contents

<lPI'il./,-l>' ""b-.inLC nmL GUEST EDITORIAL................................. 2

l>L-.i<l ~:>&\<r' THE MAMMOTH OF KUGALUK RiVER......... 4

<l-.iPI'",,/,-·-.i<l· ..........•...•....... BISHOP DONALD MARSH , . 6

~n' l>b J':<C POETRY CORNER................................. . 8

~<:>&\<r' <lJn' THE TREE MAN , , , ,.. 10

il.J>Lf AV<l?,.IL' WEEK OF THE INUiT............ 17

<l:><lL <lJ l>:>· BOOK REViEW..................................... 20

nm",,' l>b LbC':><r' LETTERS FROM OUR READERS................ .. 25

C""I'L<rl> l>:>r <l/'-J<l' ALBUM OF yESTERDAy 31

U,.Il>' l><rb:><lL WINGS OF MERCy................................ 34

C""I'L<rl> l>:>r <l/'-J<l' INUIT ART SHOWS ,............. 39

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l-ssued under the authority of theHan. Jean Chretien. PC. MP, Minister ofIndian Affairs and Northern Development©Information Canada. Ottawa, 1Q72IAN 0 Publication No. QS- 1346-01 O-H E-AlDesign: Century Art Studio, Montreal

Address: Rm 1021, 400 Laurier Ave W.Ottawa. Ontario K1 A OH4

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Publie avec I'autorisation deI'han. Jean Chretien. C.P.. depute, ministredes Affaires indiennes et du Nord canadien©lnformation Canada. Ottawa. 1972Publication AINC No. 05-1 346-01 O-H E-A1Presentation: Century Art Studio, Montreal

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Collaboration speciale ANIK

par Nicholas ArnatsiaqLe satellite Anik est une merveille. C'est en quelquesorte un gros oeil suspendu dans Ie del. qui regardetous les Canadiens. L'autre jour, lorsque fai tele­phone chez moi, a Igloolik, je me suis rendu compteaquel point cet appareil nous rapprochait. J'etaisconfortablement installe dans ma chambre aOttawaet je conversais avec mes parents. II n'y avait nifil. ni poteaux; nos voix, claires et fortes, jaillissaientdu satellite.

Qui aurait pense qu'un jour la television atteindraitles petits villages du Nord? L'ere d'Anik I'a rendupossible. 5i ce mode de communication a autantde repercussions sur les Inuit que sur les Canadiensdu sud, nous ferions mieux de nous y preparer. Nousne pourrons plus demeurer etrangers aux evene­ments qui se passent dans Ie monde. Nous serons

en contact avec d'autres valeurs et d'autres culturesdans nos foyers memes.

A qui incombera la tache de presenter des emis­sions inuit 7 Anous I L'inuit peut faire I'objetd'emissions instructives et interessantes. Nousdevons developper nos talents d'ecrivains, devenirdes photographes, des chanteurs, des comediens,des auteurs dramatiques et des realisateurs. Nosjeunes doivent apprendre autiliser I'outillage tech­nique de reception et d'emission. J'ai appris avecjoie que la societe Telesat Canada recherche desetudiants afin d'entreprendre leur formation dans cedomaine au cours de I'ete. •

Anik commencera bient6t adiffuser son messagedans nos foyers; nous nous devons d'en fairepartie.

Guest Editorial The Eye in the Sky

Anik, the satellite is a wonder. It is a big eye in thesky overlooking every Canadian. I realized how ithas brought us closer together when I phonedhome to Igloolik the other day. Here I was sittingin my room in Ottawa and talking to my parents.No wires between us, no poles. Just our voicesbouncing off the eye in the sky and coming in loudand clear.

Who ever thought of television in the smallcommunities of the north? The Anik era has madeIt possible. If it effects the Inuit the same as it hassouthern Canadians we had better get ready for it.It will be impossible to remain isolated from eventsaround the world. We will be exposed to othercultures and values right in our own homes.

•

Who will be responsible for putting Inuit contentinto television broadcasting 7Who else but ·us!Inuit content can be meaningful and beautiful. Wemust develop our writing talents. The script is thebasis of all programs, some of us must becomephotographers, singers and actors, playwrightsand producers. Our young people must learn tooperate the technical equipment needed for bothsending and receiving. I was pleased to learn thatTell;sat Canada are looking for students to begintraining this summer.

The eye in the sky will soon be beaming its'message right into our houses. We have to give itat least part of that message.

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The Mammothof Kugaluk RiverIn the summer of 1971. while flying over theKugaluk River about 100 air miles west ofTuktoyaktuk. a pilot spotted a strange curved objectsticking out from the eroded bank. The pilot. RonWells. returned with his son a short time later todig it out. It proved to be an eight foot long. one­hundred and fifty pound ivory tusk. They flew thetusk to Fort Good Hope where scientists from theUniversity of Saskatchewan were working on asummer project.

Doctor W. O. Kupsch. Director of NorthernStudies at the University of Saskatchewan was oneof the first scientists to examine the tusk. Herecognized it as the tusk of the long extinct hairymammoth. These great beasts were about one­third larger than modern elephants and werecovered with shaggy hair about fifteen inches long.Dr. Kupsch estimated the Kugaluk River tusk wasbetween 10.000 and 12.000 years old.

Remains of mammoths have been found in manyparts of North America and Asia. They were planteaters and as the plants dissapeared in the northduring the last ice age. so did the mammoth.

Mammoth 'skeletons have been recovered fromold peat bogs in Siberia. There is a completeskeleton of one in the Leningrad Museum in theSoviet Union. In other finds. well-made spearpoints have been buried among the bones. Thisindicates that ancient man hunted the giant animalsfor food. Perhaps they even drove the animals intothe soft peat bogs which held them helpless for thehunters' spears. There is a theory that family groupsfollowed the mammoth and other animals over theland bridge from Asia over 40.000 years ago. Theland bridge dissapeared as the last ice-age endedand the level of the oceans rose.

There have been larger tusks found in the worldbut the finding of any remains from so long ago isalways exciting. It gives us some idea of what ourland was once like. Vou can never tell when sharpeyesight will turn up yet another clue to our past.

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Bishop Donald MarshAjuqitUljijuak has gone from us.

Donald Ben Marsh who was elected as thesecond Bishop of the Arctic in 1950. died frominjuries received in a car accident early this year.He had just returned to his native England to begina speaking tour to raise funds for work in theDiocese. He was 69 years old.

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'Bishop Marsh came to Canada in 1923. Hestudied for the ministry at Emmanuel College inSaskatoon. When he graduated in 1926 he wassent to Eskimo Point. For the next 42 years ourland was his home. There are very few of us whodid not know him or have the honour of meetinghim on his many travels. He always spoke andwrote in our language.

Two of Bishop Marsh's great joys were thefounding of the Arthur Turner Training School atPangnirtung and the building of St. JudesCathedral at Frobisher Bay Last year the first fourInuit deacons graduated from Pangnirtung. Theywill be ordained in Regina thiS year.

A synod to elect a new bishop will be held inOctober this year. Canon Noah Nasook (Igloolik).Rev. Abelie Narpartuk (Sugluk). Archdeacon DonaldWhitbread (Frobisher). Canon Gardener (Pangnir­tung). Abraham Kownak (Igloolik). Arnakto1<(Frobisher). with Andrew Atagotaluk and B. Arreaknow at Pangnirtung·. will be delegates to the synod.

Bishop Donald Marsh is survived by his wifewho was his missionary companion since 1933.In March. at a memorial service held in St. JamesCathedral in Toronto and attended by members ofall governments and many old friends from thenorth. Mrs. Marsh extended thanks to all for themany expressions of sympathy she received.

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Poetry CornerIf A Seal Could Only TalkMother Nature brought me down 'here

To breed and multiply

Just the way my mother did

I am a mammal and I breathe. eat and sleep like anyone else

There is intention of me being down here

I never try to do human no wrong

I just live the life that was intended for me and my brothers and sisters

In the past. I was killed for food and clothing

It seems like that is what I am for

But as the years rolled

Some money hungry humans slaughtered me and my friends

Without a care in the world

And. I hate being skinned alive

Because I am a living thing with feelings

I may not show it but it hurts

I wish people would leave us alone

If slaughtering is in their mind

So whatever you do please bear in mind I too hurt

If you are going to slaughter me

Please let me die first

Because I am a creation that was created by your creator

N P Arnatsiaq

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Once before our time. there was a village inAlaska that was controlled by an evil man. In orderto be powerful and called a great hunter. he killedor injured the other hunters in the village. He wouldinvite a man to hiS tent and challenge them towrestle with him. Some who had wives ordaughters he wanted. he killed with a stone hammeror beat them with a rock. People never protestedbecause they all feared his power.

One old man lived in the same dwelling as theevil man. The old man was treated worse than thedogs and never shown the respect due his age. Theevil man beat him and made him do the housework.He forced the old man to wear clothes made out ofthe coarse grass used for wiping dishes and pots.One day when the old man was filled with despair.he went down to the sea edge. As he walKed alongthe shore he shouted as loud as he could for helpfrom the unknown. "If there IS any spirit that canhelp me. let him come now."

Just as the old man was calling. he saw a seabird hovering above a large tree that was driftingashore with the tide. The tree lay high on the shorewhen the tide went out. "I called for help." thoughtthe old man. "and all I get is more wood to chop."The old man walked away.

Although there was no wind. the branches of thespruce tree began to move. It was becomingconcious. It remembered the banks of a great riverwhere it once stood ..It remembered fishermen andkayaks passing by. It suddenly had an urge tobecome a man. With great difficulty the tree forceditself to stand up. The weight of the wet branchesforced it down again. Over and over the tree forceditself to stand but each time it fell. After ItS' finaleffort it fell upon a rock and split wide open. Anaked man stepped out and walked awkwardlyaround the shattered trunk.

The Tree Man had no idea about the ways ofhumans. His stomach growled and pained fromhunger. By instinct he picked up some seaweed andput it into his mouth. The pain went away. Theseabird. that had been watching him. flew down.The bird took on human form and began to speak.

"Tree Man." he said. "many times you let merest under your branches. Now I shall help you byteaching you the ways of men. Gather some grassand we will weave it into clothing."

The bird taught Tree Man many things andmany thmgs he learned for himself. He found thatanimals could not talk when he tried to speak tothem. He learned how to make a bow and arrowand was able to shoot the powerful caribou. Withthe caribou antlers he made himself many tools.He quickly learned how to keep himself dry andhow to make fire to keep warm. He learned howto save the meat he could not eat at once. and how

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to tan the hides of animals. He learned how tomake a tent and how to erect a snow house. Fromstray dogs he formed a dog-team to help him travel.

After the early snow had fallen the bird said. "Itis getting too cold for me to stay here. Do not gotoo far away. If strangers come, tie up your dogsand welcome them to your house."

During the winter the Tree Man lived alone. Hekilled many animals so he had an abundance offood and his shelter was warm. The walls and floorwere covered with fur. He had time to make toolsand dishes.

One night just as he was going to sleep. hisdogs began to bark. He want out and heard humanvoices. Q~ickly he tied up his dogs as he had beeninstructed. Three humans appeared - two menand a woman, whom he led into his s"elter.

All that night they talked and ate around thewarm fire. Tre-e Man asked many questions aboutthe manners and customs of people, for they werethe first he had ever seen. When he learned all hecould from them, he asked why they came to him.

"Something brought us." said the woman. "Mybrothers and I had to escape from our villagebecause the headman is cruel and greedy. Hewanted me for his wife and threatened to kill mybrothers if I did not go to him."

When the Tree Man heard the whole story hefelt a new emotion. It was anger. He asked thepeople to be his guests until he was ready to returnwith them. He was determined to destroy the evilman for them.

When everything was ready for the journey,Tree Man loaded his sleigh. With the two brothersfor guides, they set out for the village. In a fewdays they reached it and were welcomed bybarking dogs. They did not stop until they came tothe headman's house.

The cruel man recognized the two brothers andtheir sister, but he did not know who the big manwas. He did not invite them into his house. "Mydoorway is too small for you to enter." he said toTree Man.

"Then I shall make it larger." said Tree Man. Withthat he kicked down the door and part of the wall.

"You are strong." said the cruel man, "but notas strong as I am." "Would you like to wrestlewith me)"

"Gladly." said Tree Man, taking off his heavyouter clothing. He knew he had to be carefulbecause he saw the mighty stone axe thai the cruelman used for killing people hanging on the wall.He saw the old man who was a slave, hiding in acorner.

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"Kill the monsterfor us Tree Man!" the old slavescreamed. The cruel headman was surprised tohear one of his servants talking against him. Heturned to the old man. intending to hit him. butTree Man seized him and flung him to the ground."Do not touch that old one:' said Tree Man. "He is

my father.""You are strong. but one fall does not finish me:'

said the evil headman as he got up. "We will try

that again."Twice they grappled and each time Tree Man

threw his opponent down. The last time he held him

by the throat."Kill him '" Kill him '" screamed the people.The cruel man began to begfor his life. He

promised to give up all his wives and to free hisslaves. He promised to give up his dogs and hisfood caches. Each time Tree Man shook his head.refusing the offer.

"Do not release him". said the old slave. "It wasI who sent my birdpower to change you from atree to a human.

All the people came up to the cruel man andone by one told of the things he had done to them.He begged each one for help. promising themeverything. but none would listen. Tree Man boundhim hand and foot. Someone thrust a spear throughthe man's neck. They fastened cords to the spearand dragged the monster out of his house. Theydragged him over the rocks until his body cameapart. and then they threw his head out on the sea

Ice.There was much celebration in the village. There

was much laughter and story telling. There wasmuch feasting by people who had been hungry forso long. Families were returned to each other.Tree Man remained with them for some time. Hemarried the sister of the two brothers who hadfound him. Together with some other members ofthe village. he moved away. No one knows werethey went to this day. Before he left. he gave theold slave man a gift of furs. so many it is said. thathe had a new bed every night of his life afterward.

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The Prime Mmister of Canada. the Han. Pierre Elliott Trudeau welcomes the large crowd thatgathered in the National Gallery of Art for the opening of the Inuit Masterworks ExhibItion.- ,.". "" .. \.", Arnnn::l'N.<I:'IO who acted as hostess and interpretor.

WEEK OF THEINUIT

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Inuit from art producing communities of theNorthwest Territmies. Quebec. Labrador. Greenlandand Alaska met for a week of cultural events inOttawa during the week of May 14 to 19th.

Many of the Inuit attended the general meeting ofshareholders of Canadian Arctic Producers Limited.This company is the central marketing agency forarts and crafts produced in the NWT. Directors wereelected for the coming year. The Company agamdeclared a profit. This money will be used to increaseInuit equity in the Company. Over the past fewyears the value of art sold by residents of the NWThas increased to over $3 million a year.

On May 17th two outstanding artists were givenspecial recognition. The Han. Jean Chretienunveiled a 21 foot by 13 foot wall hanging made byJessie Oonark of Baker Lake at the National ArtsCentre. This was followed by the first showing of anew film called "Pitseolak: Pictures out of my life".The film was made on the book that she wrote twoyears ago. Both Oonark and Pitseolak were at theceremonies.

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On May 17th Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeauopened the Sculpture/Inuit Masterworks Exhibitionat the National Gallery of Canada. This exhibitionIS the final one for the collection of 405 piecesof sculpture. It has just been shown in Montreal(see article in this issue). It has also been shown inCopenhagen, London, Paris, Leningrad andPhiladelphia. More than 500,000 have seen thedisplay.

While in Ottawa most of the seventy artists stayedat SI. Paul University. They also attended a two dayconference on the fine arts of the north. Theydiscussed ways to keep up the quality of art andhow to protect It from imitations from other countries.Many interested non-Eskimo people came asobservers and to meet the artists. It was the first timeIn history that so many artists from so many placesmet in conference to discuss their problems.

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Four of the many artists who attended the Week of the InUit activities. From left to right they arefapilh (Port Harrison), Mossesie Kooloola (Lake Harbour), David Tukturdtuk (Eskimo Point) andPeter Kreeterdluk (Whale Cove).

Translator Ruby Arngna'Naa repeating the greetings of Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau atthe Ottawa opening of the Inuit Masterworks Exhibition. Behind Mr. Trudeau is Dr. WilliamTaylor, Director of the Museum of Man. who assembled the collection.

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BOOK REVIEW

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TALES FROM THE IGLOO

Edited and Translated by Maurice Metayer,Illustrated by Agnes Nanogak128 Pages, Price $4.95Hurtig Publishers, Edmonton

Tales from the Igloo is a much needed book aboutour people, The low selling price will ensure thatmany Canadians will buy it.

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Father Maurice Metaver is well known in theWestern Arctic where he has been a missionary forthirty-three years. He has written three books inFrench and English, including I. Nu/igak, Nuligakwas a muskrat trapper in the Mackenzie Delta,

The end pages of the book were created by Kalvakof Holman Island. The twenty-two stories in thebook are accompanied by thirty-two fu.ll colourIllustrations, The artist Agnes Nanogak works withthe Holman Island Co-Operative. The colours arevery bright and there is a lot of humour in thepictures.

Our myths and legends for many centuries pre­served the religion, laws, rules of social life andpersonal conduct History was recorded and thememory of great deeds passed on through them toour children. No tale would be remembered if it didnot entertain as well as instruct The story teller wasand still is an important person. Father Metayer hassucceeded in writing the stories without destroyingour feelings about them,

It is not unusual to find some of the stories havebecome fragmented. Scattered as we are in smallsettlements along five thousand miles of coastlinefrom Siberia to Greenland, it is a wonder that thestories are still known. Some of the stories are toldeverywhere in the world in different ways. The cleverfox in one instance fools the wolf into fishingthrough a hole in the ice with his tail and in anothercase, the fox loses his raven lunch through his ownstupidity.

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Another story about a blind boy who regains hiseyesight through the help of the loon, is an ancienttale that has been told many times in many places.It is well-known to northern Indians as well as Inuit.In Tales from the Igloo it is only a part of the wholestory. Dr. Henry Rink in his Tales and Traditions ofthe Eskimo published in 1875 produced the wholestory in full length from eight versions he collectedin Greenland and Labrador. Three of the versionswere handwritten by Inuit authors before 1828.

The traditional tales or rather traditional elementsof stories that migrated with the people out of Sibe­ria centuries ago are very apparent in this collection.The Legend of th.e Coppermine River contained inthe book is a localized fragment of one such story.The story is still told in full from Siberia to Green­land. In "Siberian Eskimo" the main character is agirl who escaped from a giantess who had made hera slave. While fleeing from her captor she cut of herlittle finger and cast it behind her. A river sprang upand the giantess could not get across. On the adviceof the girl. the giant woman began to drink up theflowing water. She became so bloated she explodedand from her body spewed many metal objects thatwere needed by the people. Her body became a hillthilt is there to this day. In the Eastern Arctic wehave all heard the story. In this case the villain is abear and his crime is stealing dead human bodiesfrom the graves. In order to solve the mystery of themissing bodies, a man pretended to be dead. Duringthe night he was seized by a bear and carried home·to the animal's house. The bear became very tired onthe Journey because the man kept catching holdingof the willows. The bear family wanted to eat theman right away, but the father bear was too tired andwanted to sleep first. Soon the whole family wasasleep and the man jumped up and killed them all withan axe, but he was not able to kill the mother bear.

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While the man ran as fast as he could. the motherbear chased him, By magic he created a river behindhimself that the bear could not cross. She demandedto know how she could cross the river and the mantold her to drink up the water. She drank and drankuntil she became so full she burst. The steam fromher body created the fog which still hangs over theland at certain seasons of the year, However. we donot know the name of that river,

The stories all have their hero elem'ent. and usuallyit is an orphan boyar someone who had an unfor­tunate childhood, He finally overcomes all and in theend is a great hero. provider and protector of hispeople, All are noble aims. then. now and tomorrow,It is a must book for school in the Northwest Terri­tories and for all school children in the south.

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Letters FromOur Readers

Manasje Akpuliapik is from Arctic Bay. N.W.T.He is a Canadian exchange student attending HighSchool in Holsteinsborg. Greenland. He wrote us avery long letter. part of which is printed here. Thebuilding in the photo is the student hostel.

Dear Editor:I am going to write about my stay here in

Greenland. The school that I am attending has aname like this - "Higskole". There are twenty-fourstudents attending classes here. There are twelveboys and twelve girls. My friend Joatha is theyoungest girl and I am the youngest boy. One ofthe students is a married man with a family. Thename of the place we are staying is Holsteinsborgbut in the Inuit language it is called Sisimiul.Going to school is fun here. although there is muchwork to do.

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We have two main teachers and we are reallylearning from them. One is the principal. Most of theteachers are Inuit. Sometimes we have differentteachers come in from the village. They teachspecial subjects such as singing, sculpture, typingand sometimes mathematics. Our school days andweeks are much like this - On Monday we beginat 8 AM and go through to 12. After one hour forlunch we go back to classes until 3 PM or later.When we have gym, we do not leave until 5 PM.We have classes on Saturday from 8 until noon.After that we areiree to do as we wish. On Sundaywe do very little unless someone starts some musicfor a dance, Every Tuesday there is a Greenlandstyle dance. They seldom do the whiteman's dancehere. There way is what we would call an Inuitstyle or rather like a square dance. They have allkinds of ways to dance. I try to join them and havelearned some of the easier steps.

When I first arrived in Greenland I could hardlyunderstand them when they were talking, butafter being here for about two months I couldspeak it quite well. All the students are taught toread and write Greenlandic.

At the school we have all kinds of subjects andsports. Right now (January) the ice hasn't arrivedyet. There are boats and even big ships on the sea.Ice has formed in the inlets that is thick enoughto use .

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One of the things that is different in a Greenlandschool is the food. We eat more Inuit food thanwe do in school in Canada. The Greenlander's mainfood is bannock baked with all kinds of things ontop of it. Sometimes in school we have seal meat.fish and caribou. Sometimes we have walrus. Nottoo often. but sometimes we have muktak orwhale skins. We never have polar bear meat here.The students are all getting fat from the good food.I am putting on weight. In Greenland you never gohungry.

Manasie Akpuliapik

(In the Spring of 1972. a group of Inuit from theEastern Arctic flew over to Oanaq. the most northerlysettlement in Greenland. for a visit and to renew oldties. About the year 1860 many had migrated toGreenland and intermarried with the people there.The dialect used at Oanaq is still very close to that ofBaffin Island.)

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Reading from left to right -In the front row is Qamaniq ofArctic Bay an<! Maktaq of Pond Inlet. In the back row is thecatechist from Qanaq, Arnakadlak from Pond Inlet. Paniaqfrom Igloolik and John Scullion from Pon"d Inlet.

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Dear Editor of Inuttituut:My name is Sula Kubluk from Pond Inlet. I am finallywriting to you about our trip to Greenland to a placecalled Qanaq. On our trip we had with us a priestfrom Pond Inlet R.C. Mission and the settlementadministrator as escorts. I believe there were twenty­'one of us who took this trip. The names of the Inuitwho went to Greenland are: Inuggu, Inuja, UpijuJa,Kangu, Sula, Qajak and the names of the youngertravellers were: Panilu Sanguja, Martha Alia. Pit­seolak Kunu. Tatinga, Pania, Arnakalak, Apia,R'angili, Ellie. Linu Liu, Jimasi and Aippili. FatherRousseliere and John Scullion were our escorts.

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I will try to explain about the trip to Qanaq. I didnot want to make the trip at first because I had notbeen feeling well and it was making me very lazy.Also I was afraid the Inuit of Greenland would notunderstand me. Anyway I decided to go along andwe left home around 9 AM and reached ourdestination about noon. As we were landing at theairport I began to worry that the Greenland Inuitwould not understand us and how would I answerwhen they spoke to me. Do I greet them in Englishor Inuit? Even with my worrying. everyone was veryhappy to land. As we stepped off the aircraft wewere met by Inuit and shook hands all around. Some

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Flying over Thule.

Inuit had come to meet us with dog teams. whichwas very surprising to see. It was like old times and itwas as though we were coming into a small Inuitcommunity. One Inuk came up to me and askedwhat my name was. I was very pleased to be able tounderstand his question. I guess they were worryingtoo whether we would understand. We were able tocommunicate after alii

We were at Qanaq for one week and I foundeveryone to be very friendly. I made new friendsevery single day while I was there. Each day newfriends came to take me to their homes to share ameal with them. Everyone was so kind that I reallyenjoyed my stay in Qanaq. The only thing I didn·tenjoy was a few people who had been drinkingbefore I met them and they talked too much. Otherthan that the visit was very nice. My hosts werea wonderful and very kind couple. His name wasMangaqak and his wife was Palika. They had ateenage son called Mitik. They were just wonderfuland I enjoyed staying with them.

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Sula Kublik who wrote this letter, Ukpiqjuujaq and Tatigashare a meal of maktaq.

I used to go visiting with Upiujuja. She and I wouldgo to the hospital for coffee. Once we had a rabbitstew at the Old People's Home which we enjoyedvery much. I found quite a lot of the Inuit therestill eat rotten meat and seem to find it delicious.It wasn't too much to my liking. Even their schoolprincipal was able to eat it. The Inuit at Oanaq live acombined Inuit and Oablunak way of life and theyseem very happy living both traditions.

The Inuit of Greenland do not use syllabics towrite like we do in Canada. Instead they use the newRoman orthography.

On our way back home we parted with the priestwho was leaving for his old home in France. He alsotook my son and adopted daughter with him fora visit to the Holy Land. My children saw manythings that none of us have seen. Among the thingsthey saw was the ruins of Rome, the old churchesand Pope Paul.

I will close for now.

Sula Kubluk,Pond Inlet. N.W.T.

"ALBUM OF YESTERDAY"

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These photos were taken by A. Stevenson duringthe annual resupply cruise of the "c. D. Howe" inthe summer of 1950. Pangnirtung, on the east coastof Baffin Island, has changed a great deal sincethen. it now has a regular air service betweenFrobisher Bay and other centres.

Everybody helps bring a year-long supply of goodsup to the H.B.C. post.

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1. Waiting for the missionary.

2. Posing with a pipe by the lUpik.

3. Mother and child with a friend.

4. Unloading supplies from the "C.O. Howe".

5. Everybody helps bring a year-long supply of goodsup to the H.B.C. post.

6. Young Women dressed to meet the visitors.

7. A sealskin rupik of the old style near theHudson's Bay Company whaling station.

8. A mother and son.

7

THIS IS A WORK Of fiCTION. ANY RESEMBLANCE THE CHARACTERS MAY HAVE TO PERSONS LIVING OR OEAO IS PURELY COINCIOENTAI.

WINGS OF MERCYby Markoosie.

The story thus far. Seeko. a young boy accidentlyshoots himself in the stomach while hunting with hisfather near isolated Baffin Island Fiord. He must beevacuated to hospital. This sets up a chain ofeventsthat touch the lives ofmany people. Norris Mann.an oil company pilot about to go south for the winterfrom Devon Island Base, volunteers to pick up theboy. On his way out of the settlement, severe iceconditions force the plane down over LancasterSound. The pilot is not sure ifhis distress call washeard. He is severely injured in the crash and theboy is unconscious. Mannik and Nurse Mooremanage to keep both of them alive in a make-doshelter. In the meantime the police organize an Inuitsearch party under command ofNuki. They takesleds loaded with kayaks overland in hope of findingthe downed plane. A Canadian Forces Search andRescue crew are called in under the command ofCaptain Mallory They locate the plane on an icepanbut cannot land. Thev drop supplies and a paramediccalled Doctor Poole. The doctor saves the boy byremoving the bullet. The ice they are on is not safeand is fast breaking up. Mannik finds a larger panand builds an igloo. They wait until the last momentbefore trying to cross the fast moving ice withtwo patients.

Continued from last issue.

They helped Norris onto the stretcher after he hadpropelled himself on his elbows through the openingof the shelter. Mannik told him to hold on as thedoctor and himself took hold of the handles. Theybegan to run. It was difficult to coordinate theiractions over the rough and heaving ice. Twice thedoctor had to let go of the stretcher as his feetslipped from under him or sank with the bobbing ice.Each time it happened Mannik pulled the stretcherlike a sled until the doctor caught up with him.At last they reached the stability of the large icepanand the welcome shelter of the new igloo.

"Go back for Seeko and the nurse:' Norris said."I can light the stove by myself."

The two men nodded and carrying the stretcherbetween them. recrossed the restless ice. DoreenMoore had the patient securely wrapped in blanketswhen they returned. They did not loose a minute inlashing him to the stretcher. Mannik cut the entranceof the igloo larger so they could carry him out.

"Stay right behind us, Nurse:' Mannik instructed."If you slip, just throw yourself forward. You can'tsink as easy that way:'

The nurse nodded and steeled herself for theordeal. She was travelling light. just her medical kitand some of the doctor's supplies in a pack on herback. She would need both arms free to maintainher balance.

The two men made good progress. Seeko did notweigh as much as Norris. This time their movementswere more coordinated and sure. Several timesDoreen Moore had to fight the panic rising withinher. If she stopped for even a second she could feelthe ice sinking under her feet. Suddenly she feltherself on firm ice. The figures of the two men withthe stretcher paused for a moment and she caughtup with them.

"We are at our new home:' Mannik shoutedabove the wind.

Soon they were all snug inside. Norris hadmanaged to light the stove and even had a can fullof snow melting for tea.

"I will leave you and bring the rest of thesupplies:' Mannik said. after he had rested amoment. "Be sure and save some hot tea for me:'Before anyone could object to his going out alone,he crawled from the shelter.

When Mannik reached the abandoned igloo hefound the ice ridges had crept right up to it. Thewrecked plane was sinking. He had just time tosnatch up the remaining food pack and a can of fuel.The strong wind was assisting the curmnt in moving

the pack ice. He ran at an angle to the wind, leapingand skipping as fast as his tired limbs couldcarry him.

"We have just lost an airplane and an igloo:'Mannik said as he crawled into the shelter.

"But no loss of life:' answered the doctor. "Fora few moments I thought you might have gottrapped."

"Lets hope for clear weather," Mannik said. "Withthe aircraft gone we will be hard to spot. At thespeed the ice is moving we are about twenty milespast where they last saw us. I'll prepare a fire now,but we can't afford to light it until we hear thesearch plane again."

"The weather is improving," the weathman saidas he looked up from his charts. Captain Mallorymoved closer to study the map as the weathermancontinued: "The report from Mould Bay says clearskies with the wind at fifteen knots and the tem­perature at minus forty. Isachsen is overcast but it iscalm. Thule is still out with the storm and has limitedvisibility."

"Good," Captain Mallory said. "How is ourweather ?"

"Ceiling is three thousand, visibility five miles, thewind from three-twa-zero and the temperature isminus thirty-five."

Captain Mallory nodded. "We will take off againin two hours."

"Are you staying until they get the people out?"the weatherman asked.

"Yes:' replied the captain. "We will guide theEskimo rescue team to the spot. I want to dropthem a note and a map of the site."

"You will have to get it translated and written insyllabics. Most of these people do not read Englishyou know. You should see Constable Coleman andget the help of his translator.

"Thanks," he answered, ''I'll do that right now.""Yes," said Constable Coleman when he heard the

request."1 'II get Panillo. He is our official translatorhere and I'm sure he would even be pleased to gowith you on the search."

"Great," Mallory said. "I have marked the crashsite on this map. When we see the rescue party,I can add their position and drop it to them."

Captain Mallory wrote out a message and handedit to the policeman. "Have Pan ilia translate that forme. We should be ready to leave in two hours.It would be good to have him on board."

"The wind is dying down and the storm will soonbe over," Nuki said as he went into his igloo."We should wake up the rest, feed the dogs and beready to travel again."

An hour later they started again. The snow wasstilldrifting and the wind still blowing but it wasgetting better. Some stars could be seen to thesouth. The open water of Lancaster Sound was notfar off. Already the banks of ice-fog could be seen tothe east. The ice they were travelling on was roughand made progress slow. Sealskins lines snappedagain and again. It was some hours before they cameto the open water, dotted with drifing ice-pans.From here they would have to travel by kayak.

"Two men must stay behind and look after thedogs:' said Nuki as they rested before unloadingthe kayaks.

Shinaak and Avingak were elected to stay behind."If we are not back in seven days, take the teams

and go home without us:' Nuki. "If we are not backby then there is nothing you can do anyway."

"What can we tell your people if we returnwithout you 7" Avingak asked.

"Inform the police and arrange for a search," Nukireplied quietly. "But we will be back. We will bemoving with the current quite a bit. If you follow thegood ice a little ways each day we can take theshortest way to the shore and hope to meet you."

The fourteen skin boats were unlashed from thesleds and arranged on the edge of the ice. Food andsupplies were distributed and stowed in the frailcraft. Nuki inspected each boat for damage andbalance before instructing his men.

"We will let the current help us as much aspossible. Try always to keep in line so if the leadkayak finds ice in the way we can all change direc­tion. Keep your partner in sight at all times. We donot want to hamper the search by having to searchfor each other."

"How will we ever find them in this darkness:'Shoyook wondered aloud.

"We have about six days," Nuki said. "In six dayswe turn back to the good ice. I hope we havepassengers with us, that is for sure."

Captain Mallory levelled the aircraft at twothousand feet overthe ice. All eyes strained for a signof life on the barren expanse between shore andopen water. The open water was clearly marked bya fog bank.

"They always travel along the shore:' said Panillo."They must be somewhere in this area."

They flew for half an hour and then made a widecircle back over the land to try another search of thestrip. The daylight had now come and visibility hadgreatly improved. They had not been flying thesecond sweep very long when the engineer shoutedand pointed to a spot near the fog bank.

"There they are! Those spots must be the rescueparty."

It had to be Nuki and his men. Mallory took theaircraft into another circle and lost altitude. "Prepareto drop the message," he ordered,

The big plane swept low over the figures whostood waving on the ice. The roar of motors scatteredthe dogs in panic. The weighted bag with themessage and the map plummeted to the ice.Captain Mallory swung into another long half-circle.

"Prepare another message, Panillo. Just say onthis pass I am flying in the general direction of thedowned aircraft." Panillo hurriedly wrote it out insyllabics.

Meanwhile, Nuki was reading the message fromthe first bag out,loud.

"This will help," he said, looking at the map."It takes some of the guess work out of our trip.They will keep a look out for us as far as possible."

They saw the aircraft again and saw the secondmessage fall before it disappeared over the fog bank.The message was retrieved and read.

"Time to go:' Nuki shouted.One by one the kayaks were set in the open water

and the men got into them. Paddles dug thechoppy water as they followed Nuki's lead.

"We are now over the spot where we dropped thedoctor:' Captain Mallory was told by his co-pilot."There is no sign of the crashed plane."

"They have sunk or are drifting out rapidly. We willfly a tight pattern, keeping as low as possible,"

"I hear the plane:' Mannik said. "Quickly, help melight the fire r"

Doreen followed him from the shelter, pushing thecan of gas soaked rags before her. The windblew out the cigarette lighter than Mannik held overthe can. He sheltered the can with his body, whilehe tried again and again. Finally it caught and theflame billowed up.

"They are directly below us I" shouted Panillowhen he saw the flame-a dim orange spot onthe ice.

The co-pilot noted the position before speaking."They are thirty miles farther east than the last timewe saw them. That means they are drifting at fifteenmiles per day. If we can get that message to therescue party it should help them."

Panillo prepared another message as the bigaircraft swung around into the direction it had justcame from.

"They are heading home again:' the doctor said."I think they saw the flame though:' said Mannik

as he crawled back into the shelter. If they haveour position they can guide the rescue party to us."

At that moment Seeko made a slight movement.The doctor pulled back the blankets and examinedhim. "He just moved his arms. That is a good sign."

Seeko opened his eyes and smiled at the threeanxious faces looking down at him. They had savedtheir patient. Without speaking they all wonderedif they had saved him for another fate.

"Time to eat:' said Mannik, breaking the silence.He opened some frozen bannock while Doreen wentout for fresh snow. She needed some hot water tomix with powdered milk for Seeko and to make tea.When all was ready they ate in silence. All werelistening to the sound of smaller ice cakes bumpingand grinding against their floating island.

Nuki and his companions watched the big aircraftcircling over them. Their hunter's eyes followeda tiny bag falling on a nearby ice pan. Quickly theypaddled toward it and landed, pulling their kayaksup behind them. Nuki recovered the message bagand read the note: "The downed party is aboutseventy miles east of you. They are on a large panand drifting at about fifteen miles a day. If weatherpermits we will check on them again tomorrowand try (0 contact you again. Good luck."

When Nuki finished reading the message heturned to Shoyook. "We had better eat here andbe on our way. It looks like there will not be manychances to rest with seventy miles, plus the driftto travel."

"It will be dangerous. We will not be able to seemuch at night:' one of the men said.

"I know:' answered Nuki, "but lives depend on us.We have no choice because we are their onlyhope. Be careful of loose ice. We can't afford todouble up if some one loses his kayak."

They ate as quickly as they could and pushed offagain into the freezing wind that quickly combinedwith the spray to harden their clothing and cover thepaddles with layers of ice. For many hours they wenton, avoiding as far as possible the dangerous ice.It was with relief that they came upon a stretch ofnearly open water. The kayaks formed into two linesand the speed of their passage quickened. Heartslightened as the work became easier. They travelledthat way for several hours, not wishing to stop,though hunger and thirst gnawed at them. Suddenlythere came a sound not of the natural elements.The sound rose above the splash of the paddles.

"What is that sound:' said the man nexUo Nukias he paddled up to him,

Nuki held up his paddle and together theylistened. The sound became louder and closer."Uugh, ugh, uugh, ugh, uugh ..." repeated andmagnified many times.

"Walrus I" cried Nuki. "We are going against aherd of walrus on the move. There is no ice closeenough for us to get on. It sounds as if there arehundreds of them."

The two men spun their kayaks around to warnthe others coming behind them.

"Walrus ahead. Pass the message and whateveryou do, don't shout or try to frighten them. There isno time to turn back and try to outrun them. Stayclose together. If anybody's kayak gets ripped orupset the man nearest must try to rescue him."

The little fleet faced the growing tumult of themigrating beasts. They waited fearfully, driftingslowly towards the herd with paddles out of thewater. Before they could see the big animals, theycould see the frenzy in the water ahead of them.Then they saw the herd, the giant bulls with theirtusks bobbing up and down, the cows crowdingclose behind them with their partly grown calves.There was not room for a kayak to pass betweenthem. Nuki felt his kayak raised out of the water asa big bull passed under it He expected to feel watercoming into the craft He fought the urge to shoutThe walrus dived to avoid the obstacle. The churningwater rolled over the kayaks. Death was alwaysinches away. Somewhere behind him Nuki hearda human scream for help above the roaring andsnorting of the dark mass of walrus. He had no timeto look behind. It took all his attention and skill tokeep his kayak upright

What seemed like a long time later, the herdfinally passed. Nuki turned to see if his companionswere safe.

"Any lives 10s(7" he cried."No," Shoyook shouted back. "Takiik lost his

kayak but Shapik was close enough to save him.""We have to keep going while weather conditions

are good," said Nuki, while the men brushed the icefrom their clothing. We will stop and rest laterwhen we find some safe ice."

Mannik did not know what woke him up from hisexhausted sleep, but he awoke with a feeling ofdanger. He did not disturb the others but creptquietly out The grinding of the ice floes and thedistant thunder of the shelf ice breaking off filledhis ears.

"Doctor," he said, when he crept back into theshelter, "I do not like the sound of things. I think weshould divide up the supplies and place them inseveral places in case we have to move quickly. Wemust take turns standing guard and watching fora possible break-up.

''I'll go out first" said the doctor.When he went out he could feel the cold air enter

his lungs and he coughed slightly. He looked up to

the sky and saw a few stars visible in the east Atleast the weather was holding good. He guessed thetemperature to be about forty below zero. Their ice­pan was about two hundred yards across and quite·steady. He walked to the edge of It and saw hun­dreds of smaller blocks bumping into it stopping fora moment and then floating away. The grindingaction of the smaller blocks were eroding their ice raftIt would only be a matter of time before it broke up.

The big aircraft lifted off smoothly. Panillo wasagain sitting behind Captain Mallory. This time theweighted message bags contained a few comforts.For Nuki and his men, cigarettes, instant coffee,sugar and canned milk. There was a pack of suppliesincluding medicine and fuel for the downed party.

Captain Mallory levelled the big planE! at eightthousand feet They flew for about an hour over thecloud shrouded land before descending to twothousand feet when they reached the shore line.There was good visibility when dawn came. Theywere soon over the kayaks. The rescue party was infairly open water.

"We will go look for Doctor Poole and his floatinghasp ita!," said Captain Mallory after they had circledNuki and his men. He saw the kayaks turn towardsafe ice.

In moments they sighted the downed party. Doc­tor Poole had lit the flare at the first sound of theaircraft but even without it the little camp wasclearly visible. They circled as the co-pilot wrote outthe instructions that the pilot dictated. They put themessage into the package and sealed the plasticcovering. After a wide turn th·ey came in low overthe ice pan and dropped it

"That is a small target" said Captain Mallory afterhe lifted the craft to a higher altitude. "I will circleonce more to see if they got it"

On the next pass he saw three people on the ice,all waving. It had worked again.

Doctor Poole opened the package and read aloudthe message: "The rescue partv is less than sixtvmiles from vou. TheV should reach vou in two davs ifthe weather holds. Thev know vourposition. Be backtomorrow ifpossible. Good luck. Captain Mallow"

"You hear that 7" said the doctor, turning to Man­nik. "Tell Norris while I see what we have in thedrop."

Meanwhile Captain Mallory was sending a radioreport to Churchill and Baffin Island Fiord. "Presentposition of the downed party is 74'08' North and71'10' West at this time. They are drifting on a largeicepan at between nine and fifteen miles a day. Sup­plies dropped successfully. Rescue party appears tohave lost one kayak. They are five-eight miles fromdowned party and appear to be making good time."

Various stations acknowledged his message. Inminutes it would be flashed around the world as anews item. Soon the families of all concerned wouldhave their hopes raised but still would have to waithelplessly.

Pan ilia wrote a new message in syllabics. "Thedowned people are fifty-eight miles east of you. Youare travelling in the right direction. We will be backtomorrow ifpossible. We will try to get a message toyour shore camp."

"Here comes the aircraft again," Nuki said as theypulled their kayaks up on safe ice. They watched itcircle and come in low over their position. An orangebag streaked down to them.

"Dead on again," reported the flight engineer."Practise makes perfect." said Captain Mallory,

"and we are getting practise on this exercise. Nowwe will go find ourselves a base camp and let themknow what is going on."

Before darkness fell again Mannik made a carefulinspection of the ice island. He did not like the lookof the sky or the feel of the rising wind. Instinct toldhim another storm was coming. He decided hewould not tell the nurse or the pilot. Doctor Poole

was changing the dressing on the pilot's leg and thenurse was giving Seeko some warm liquid with aspoon when Mannik returned. The doctor saw thegrim expression on his face. He did not have to askhim what the trouble was.

With the wind behind them and the current in theirfavour, the flotilla of kayaks was making goodtime. There was little ice to slow them down. Nukinoticed the clouds and the thickening ice fog. Theshort daylight was fast disappearing. Some of themen wanted to make camp on safe ice before dark­ness set in, but Nuki urged them on. In a few hoursthey were travelling in darkness.

"Solid ice ahead '" shouted Nuki above the risingwind as he turned to his companions. I can't seehow big it is. Pull up on it and rest while I try to finda way around it. It must be big because it is motion­less. Be sure to set a fire to guide me back to you."

The men scrambled onto the ice, pulling theirkayaks up with them. Their stiff limbs and emptystomachs needed the welcome break. Nuki paddledoff alone into the night. His heart was heavy and hislimbs weary. There had to be a way around the ice.

To be conrinued next issue.

Vi

Inuit Art Shows

Aipee/ee UsuilOk who held a highly successful oneman show of his sculpture at the Canadian Guild ofCrafts in Montreal in mid-March. He is from CapeDorset and is noted for the size and power of hiswhite stone carvings. After his Montreal show heflew to New Zealand to visit his married daughter.Last year Usuitok represented Canada at the Master­works show in the Soviet Union. He also doesmade-to-order carving for customers in southernCanada and the United States.

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At the end of January the 400 carvings in theSculpture of the Inuit: Masterworks of the Arcticshow were on display in Philedelphia. U.S.A Fromleft to right the Inuit ladies are Anooyok Alookee.Lucy Tasseor. Elizabeth Nootaraloo and HarrietRuston. All are from Eskimo Point except MrsRuston who is editor of Inuttituut. The inukshuk ondisplay is from Cape Dorset.

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In March the Masterworks display moved to the Museum ofFine Arts in Montreal. At the opening many young students

Nicholas P. Arnatsiaq writes to tell about a trip toMontreal for the Opening of The Sculpture of theInuit Masterworks show. Nick is from Igloolik.

Dear EditorAfter much impatient waiting a Voyageur Colonialbus finally pulled up in front of Centennial Towersat 2.30 pm and fifty-seven students crammed intoit. along with counsellors Mr. Reddick and Mr.Harnish and Arts and Crafts supervisor - MissLindsay. It so happened that more than wereexpected turned up. That left some of the studentsstanding and taking turns on the seats. After twohours we got to Fairview Shopping Center outsideMontreal. The students did some shopping andlooked around until supper time. Half the tables inthe restaurant were reserved for us. We had a goodmeal.

Right after the meal we looked around a bit more.then crammed back into the bus again. heading toMontreal and the Museum of Fine Arts. Twentyminutes later we arrived. Some of the students werein for a very pleasant surprise. Some of theirrelatives were already in the Museum. They hadcame in earlier from Levis. Quebec where they had

who attend schools In Ottawa attended. ThiS photo showsthe group in Ottawa JlJst before departure.

attended the annual meeting of the FederatedCo-Operatives of New Quebec.

An address of welcome was given by the Ministerof Indian Affairs and Northern Development. theHan. Jean Chretien. Tagak Curley. President ofInuit Tapirisat of Canada welcomed us in Inuit andEnglish. There were many well-known personalitiesfrom the north in the crowd such as Alex Stevenson.Robert Williamson and James Houston.

It was my first time at an opening of such size.The big room where the people were gatheredsounded like there were thousands of sea gullssquawking. After all the walking and standing thestudents were pretty tired and sleepy. It was10 o'clock when we went of the museum to waitfor the bus. When it came there was a mad race toget a seat.

On our way back to Ottawa a few of the younggirls could be heard crying after seeing theirrelatives from Levis. The trip was quiet and most ofthe students were sleeping when we arrived inOttawa just after midnight. We were exhausted buthappy and thankful to all who made it possible forus to take some part in the work of our people.

Nicholas P. Arnatsiaq

Our cover is from a print called "Children Playing", The artist isTommy Novakeel of Pangnirtung. N.W.T. The stencil was made byReposee Alivakpuk. An exhibition of the work of these and otherPangnirtung artists opened in Vancouver at the end of March.

Photo credits Guy Mary-Rousseliere.IOM

Letters from our Readers: Father RousseliereManasie Akpuliapik

Inuit Art Shows in the South: Canadian Guild of CraftsJoseph Marsella