THE PETROPOLIS OF TOMORROWEdited by: Neeraj Bhatia & Mary CasperCopyediting: Neeraj ghatia & Mary Casper with Carly Dean (LO,G Chapter)Graphic Design: Neeraj 8hatia & Mary CasperTypeface: Adobe Caslon Pro, UniversProduction: Nÿria SabaePaper: On OffsetPrinting: Pdnted and hound in the European UnionPublisher: Actar Publishers & Architecture at Rice

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Neeraj BhatiaCasper

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THE L 0 GIS TICAL

Carola Hein

has been a critical agent in shapinggeographies urban, rural, and

physical infrastructurefor production sites, along networks

3tion, and through intangible,lational flows of the finances, people,

ideas that sustain it. 2-hroughout the

:ntieth century, as oil developed intosingle most dominant natural resource,

companies and states sought to assure

from the production

to the refinery and, ultimately, to thea result, dynamic, multi-

and interconnected petroleumscapesPort cities are the quintessential

where the physical presenceoil infrastructure--storage tanks, pipelines,

facilities--overlaps with oil-related

strative and cultural functionsJ As

has transpired, colonial systems havesucceeded by corporate entities that

the corners of the earth bynetworks--physical and intangible--

oil.

According to many sources, including the Internationalÿoil has already peaked2 While new sources continue to besuch as those offthe coast of Brazil, they are less accessiblediffiodt to exploit than previous reserves.Tile world thus tienge of accessing

conscious consumption patterns and renewable

and contemporary research on these interconnected network

port city nodes can improve our understanding of the forces

shaped our current environment, the challenges we face in theend of oil, and the strategy necessary to redevelop these oilthe postoil society.

Oil and ships have long been intimately connected

by way of river transportation and later by ocean• In the i860sÿ ÿbeginning of petroleum extraction in Western Pennsylvaniÿbulk boats carried oil down Oil Creek and the Alleghen

burgh refineries and consumers.3 While these early barges Were

replaced by rail transportation, water transport still remainedpensive on the Great Lakes. Seafaring ships carried

along the coasts and across the oceans• Standard Oil

for lamps in China as early as the 1890s, owned its owrThis fleet also cÿ

ports in Asia.4 Refineries needed rivers for industrial processes, fi

ing and wasking, for dumping unwanted products, and for thedrinking water to

a key figure in, if not the defining framework of, the earl

cape. Proximity to the port, as the transition point betweenland-based infrastructure, contributed to the location of olJ

as well as other petroleumscape infrastructure• It is

cities as keyfuture notions nf design.

Global Oil Geographies and Controls

The growing demand for oil in everyday life--initially for lampslater as fuel for cars and ships--sinnlarly expanded theof oil. Because petroleum production sites were located far from sJ

consumption, maj

govermnents, expanded their distribution networks,fleets, and established ports in Indonesia, Russia,South America.

'][he histop

networks that linked disparate oil regions

Canal was a major lynch pin. For safety reasons,

forbidden the shipping ofoil tttrough the canal. In 1892,Company, then run bythe SS Murex, to carry

Bangkok--a quicker and cheaper connection between Russian till

s oil company) agreed that the Samuel brothers would ÿ+utor of bulk oil east of the Suez, and so they set up the Q+and installations in fourteen ports from the Bay of Ben- ÿ++

. In 1907, the Shell Transport and Trading Company united ÿ++yal Dutch Petroleum Company to create Royal Duteh Shell, ÿ ++

g Dutch interests in Sumatran petroleum with the capacities ÿ++*ÿ , , +b trading company headquartered m London and working m ++ +7 .... ÿ ÷d Asia• The Suez Canal remained a major transit point for the ÿ+

any, ÿvhich owned thirty-eight petroleum tankers at the time ÿ ÿ ,

+• . +

he identification of new global transportataon routes, the ++ +foil prospecting under,cored development in oil-rich regions• ÿ+++

d British Petroleum (BP) to form Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields ÷++*ract Egyptian oil in 19113 Early on the Shell Transport and %+' + +2ompany had rightly understood petroleum as not only a good +%sported, but also a fuel that might replace coal.The company + ÿ +bought land in Suez to provide for the construction of related ÿ+ÿ

;'Ihe company also built the first refinery m the Middle East, +++• • 9 . . +a" Refinery, m Suez m 1913. The presence of oil m the loca- + ++

inch a key infrastructure far away from the Britisb heartland +++ÿ• . , e +:d the desare of the Brmsh government to better control th ++

reginn in support ofoil corporations.'Ihis was even more ++*

iÿmtas the British government decided to convert its entire fleet %1leum transportatmn vessels the same year, further enhancing the + ÿ.,

• + .i;ance of the region. ,,

npanies also intervened in the restructaÿring of ports and of cities. '+ÿ

urs added facilities for storing, refining, and refuelling higher +++ÿ• . +

!s ofoil. Cities created offices and housing for od workers and %*• • , 1- +

tstrators, expanding the coastal urbmnsm for oil.'ihe North Ger- +%rt city of Hamburg, for one, emerged as a centre of the German +%

'.urn industry in the nineteenth century. The city has had its own + + ÿharbour in the Veddel area since 1870, and in 1890, the ÿ+ÿ

mnn Company, a local leader in oil trade, established the Deutsch +ÿanische Petroleumgesellschafi (DAPG) with partners in Bremen +++e United States• Over time, the city developed into Germany's top +++ÿ

y centre and eventually processed oil from abroad, further tying ++ÿ• . . +

a global logistical networks. Off compames with reflnerms m the ++,rlal Ruhr area and in other parts of Germany maintain headquar + +the city today, highlighting the importance of coastal networks ++ÿ

Y. +++ÿ

++ÿ

e s colonial empares and the subsequent postcolomal ++oincided with the expansion of the United ++ÿ:s and related restracmring of global networks + +ÿ

structure. As oil became more important to +%

oil-rich countries natlonalised oil reserves and ÿ.+ÿ

++++++++ÿ+++ÿ+++++v+++++++++.++++++4.+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++v++++++++++ÿ++++++++++ÿ++++++

!+++++++++++F+++44

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_ÿ 28.7

27.9

792

28.2

86.9

jor Trade Movements (2009)trade flows worldwide (million tonnes).

Unit ed States

Canada

Mexico

South & Central Amerlca

Eurepa and Eurasia

Middle East

Africa

Asia Pacific

21,0

new wealth to create

former colonial powers had to leaw

their home count ÿ'ies and remained involved, where possible, in thecolonial oll business. The entanglement of global oil companiescolonial oil exploration and t

including new ports in exporting

of Nigeria. Royal Dutch Shell (as &hell D'./lrcy) discoverecin 1956, and Nigerian crude,

19583°The petroleum industry sparked urbanHarcrout and the

Abuja in the centre of the country, as well as the growth of theLagos, through which consumer

country,n The impact of petroleum explorations thus extendsproduction sites to locations ofadministratlon as well as to places

new development and investment of oil funds, provokingGÿllÿA Iÿ ÿf

115.7f

iiI

1.5

/

2"

wJ ÿ,".%

presence in oil-rich countries led to uncontrolled

development more often than carefifl planning. Occasionally,with the technologies necessary for extracting and

• ÿ utilised architectural and urban

n their new locations.'Ihe British government sup-

drÿ, before World War I. The Anglo-Persian Oil Company de

1 in [ran as a refinery site between 1920 and

located at the end of a pipeline in the Shatr-el-Arab area• Laidtown to negotiate soclal and ethnic tensions, housing

; the spaciousarrack-like

for locally recruited workers and with the locally administered townRÿr,h ÿn ÿ,ÿomnlÿ ÿf rnmnÿnv invnlvement in the overall

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++++++++++++++++ÿ++ÿ++++++++++++ÿ÷+++++++ÿ++++++ÿ1ÿ++4+++ÿ+++++++ÿ++++ÿ÷++4ÿ+++++÷ÿ+++ÿ+ÿ++++ÿ÷+ÿ+++++++ÿ++++ÿ4++t+

design of a town appears to be a rarity, though a comprehensivein conjunction with local interests, has the potential to provideinfrastructure, housing, leisure, and other facilities for localand create long-term settlements for oil workers.

Jebel Ali in Dubai, provides another example of a port city built iicontext of oil, which the Sheikh built to compete withemirato and to secure oil profits. He used foreign ideas andfor engineering, planning, and architecture

pany towns)new scale?3 As the arehitoctural historian Stephen Ramos has

out, the city is not a hodgepodge of different ideas, but rathercarefiflly composed development.14 Public entities and private oilests

tives--to contribute positively to the process of planning thescape• The opportunities to do so continue to increase as

oil transport impacts more of the globe via logistical waterways.

Oil Sites to Build Postoil Cities

countries have already begun using oil money to build postoilannual revenue from oil and gas (8325 billion in 2006) affords

Gulf countries a fiÿaancial foundation from which to reform theirrebuild cities, and invent new urban futures,a6 Virtual

of oil are inscribed in these developments, whose new wator-, tourism, culture, and leisure activities

being built on reclaimed land in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Qatar, andeconomically and establish

a leader in energy preservation and waste reduction, it also has0 prove its commitment to sustainable development through

Network Logistics and Urban Development

Geographic location, combined with political stabilitinterest, can elevate select ports and cities to key roles in thetroleumscape, even if they don't have access to the

The critical role of shipping andwill likely continue into the filtore. (

continues to occur primarily via ships. Evenalternative to shipping--are often linked to

on OPEC oil and to bypass Russia, several petro-actors

United States, various European companies,company2002, in order to transport Caspian oil to the

port of Ceyhan. From there, ships will transport theinternationally. The interface between hard infrastructure

soft infrastructure (mobile logistical routes) createscritical nodes that are directly or indirectly tied to oil.

by the opening of the Suez Canal, which shortened travel times b

Europe and Asia. Founded as a shipping post by the British EastJCom

the Far East.ts Although international oil companies had been

since the lg90s, it was primarily after independence in the 196(1Singapore emerged as an international business centre anery hub, especially with the construction of Singapore's first oil Jon Pulau Bukom in 1961. Thanks to its location near one of the

points in global sbipping, the Malakka Strait, itsformer British colony,tions to its Asian neighbours, Singap

projects in the Dubai and Abu Dhabi,• more impressive, are the recent megaprojects in Saudi

.]here, the world's single largest supplier ofoil plans to use oil

the economy, create jobs, attract foreign investment,

ightyof its revenue from oil, is engaged in 420 major projects includ-

economic cities worth over $283 billion and covering 430 million006 and 2025, each

to mÿdmlse regional strengths and host various culturalOne of these, the King Abduilÿh Economic City will include

a financial centre, a residential zone

an educational development for 15,00018 These new petropolises are diversifying their programmes toof an urbanism that extends beyond the life of oil.

• infrastructure and many of the instaliations for oil' become obsolete,

pe for redevelopment. The plans to do this often inscribe therole ofoil urbanism into postoil waterfronts• BP Park in Sydney,

920s to transfer fuel from inbound ships to

some of the gigantic rigs in the Mexican Gulf andbeen reenvisioned as hotels, wind farms, and

tourist attractions, or publicsuch former petroleum sites stand as memorials to the industry, its

and its technologies. Sites that resulted from early petroleumsuch as the Newtown Creek in Brooklyn, where oil spills

have seen cleanup and eventually, rebuilding.r sites, such as the lower Philadelpbia waterfront and its centenary

now finding their way back to the drawing

[. Several of these former petroleumscapes have an embedded

yet

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Conclusions

Logistics favour partictflar nodes in a complex network that arefioilt to predict. ÿle confluence of politics, economics, and

produces nodal petroleumscapes that are often far ftom sites ofÿextraction or consumption. National and corporate interests in

traction have been critical in creating and implementing newnetworks, new ports, and petroleum-related facilities around the

Furthermore, they have determineÿ

administrative facilities. Oil irdrastructurÿ-and its related

refineries, and pipelines--occupies prominent space in hathoursthe world. In both growth and decline, changes to

and requirements and by extension, to the ports that smÿce them,had major impacts on cities, from the utilization of the,

ties. Some of this inftastrucmre, such as

and shapes later user patterns; others, such as shipping networkspear with little trace. Some of the abandoned areas can be reusedother activities, often liberating centrally located city s

manifestations, oil redevelopment will underscore the pervasive

of the petroleumscape and its presence in major ports and cities.

"Global Landscapes of 0il," NewGeographies2 [2609), 33 42, and Carola

(kondon: Rout*edge, 2011 )., Agency, "World Energy Outlook: Executive Summary 29107 (2010}, 6.

rail and truck, Petroleum Panorama," Oil & Gas Journal 57, no.5 (1959): 652.Schoff, The Porl and City of Philadelphia

International Congress of Navigation, 1912) and Sherman Cochran, Encounter-;e NetWorks: Western, Japanese, and Chinese Corporations in China. 1880-1937University of California Press, 2900), 1243.

Sellers, "Petropolis and finvironmentat Protest in Cross-National Perspec

versus Minatitlan-Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz," Journalof

7 History 99 (2012): 111-123..and Jan Luiten Van Zanden, A History

iButch Shell(Amsterdam: Oxford. University Press, 2667}, 40.

The history of shipping, which is entangled in the historÿthe ninetenth century,

oil-related facilities have been primarily built by

the service of their corporate interests and not in connection

regional or urban plans. Even under colonialism or state,

comprehensive planning approaches have been rare. Petroleum hpaid little attention to the potentially supplemental or future uses 6these projects, including betterand long-term settlements for localWhileproduce is often colonised by a second production of uthanism Icould more holistically designed in its initial conception.

irospection and extraction in Egypt see : J. S. Royds, J. E Mason, and D. B.

gypt" AAPG Special Volumes 24, No. 8 (1975): 1419 1436.h decision to invest in the canal may have been inspired by the discovery of theI field, as cited by Bam i A. Kamal, "Overview of the petroleum industry in the

1869-1950)" The Leading Edge 24, No. 8 (August 2095): 818-822. According to

gypt, the ownership ratio between Shelland BPwas fifty fifty in 1911:;" ShellEgypt NV, accessed June 19, 2012, www.oilegypt.com/webprol/oil/

• In 1937, when the Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields Companydiscovered

t of fins Gharib, Shellowned 32.2 % of the company according to Stephen How

I Bami A. Kama!, "Ovengew of the petroleum industry in the Middle East' 818 822.

see atso: Kairn A. Klieman, "U.S. 0il Companies, the Nigerian Civil War, andaacity in the Nigerian 0il Industry," Journal of American History99 (2012):

Petroleum interests are again shifting the locations

ture, leaving spaces that will require redevelopment and entering iareas that will be forever transformed. Exploration andfacilities move further out to sea, creating yet another dimension irelationship between water and oil. These transformations

opportunities for comprehensive planning

executed by private companies--some connected with national

ments. As we become more aware of

produce spatial templates, which linger beyond thei:extraction and are most evident in port cities, the

logistics requires greater considerationthe corporate and governmental players that contrccoastal city in anticipation of broader cultural needs ademocratic intervention or public input. []

"Investment in Port Systems: A Case Study of the Nigerian Ports,"

i of Transport Economics and Policy 15 (1981 ): 201-216.k Crinsen, "Ahadan: planning and architecture under the Ang!o-Banian Oil Company,"

: 341-359•

"Dubai's Jebel Ali Pert, Trade, territory and infrastructure," in Port Cit-

ed. Carola Hein (kondon: Routledge, 2911)

of Southeast Asian Architecture 1 (1996[

n M. Turner, "Beyond oil: Reappraising the Gulf States," The McKinsey

2907), accessed July 16, 2012, www.mckinseyquartedy.com/Beyondoilhe Gulf States 1£62.

,, see: Emaar, "King AbduHah Economic City: Opportunities for all in01 the future," www.kaec.net.

uthority, "Key Sectors," accessed July 16, 2912,

ghp.;" Topos.• European Landscape Magazine 52

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v + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ÷ + + + ÿ + + + + + + + + + + + ÷ + + + +'+ ÷ 2÷ ÷ + + + + F + + + ÿv + + ÿ + + ÿ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ÿ + + + + + + + + + ÿ ÷+ +- ÿ ÷ + + ÷ + + + + + + + v ÿ + + + ÷ v + + + + + v + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ÿ + + + 5+ + + + + 4- + + + + + + + + + + + F + + + + + + + ÷ + + + + + + + + + ÷ + + + + ++ ÿ ,4_ ÿ÷ ÿ + + + + F + + + + + + + + + + + ÿ ÿ + + + + + + F + + ÿ + + + + + + + + + F + + + + ÷

Neeraj Bhaÿa Is an architect and urban designer from Toronto, Canada. His work resides at the Fares el-Dahdah, Professor of Architecture and Director of the Humanities Research Center atintersection of politics, infrastructure, and urbanisna. He received his Master's degree in Architecture !iRice University, studied ÿt the Rhode Island Schoul of Design (BFA, '86/BAtch '87) and at Harvard

and Urban Design from MIT where he was studying on a Fulbright Fellowship. Prior to that, he GSD (MAUD '89/DDes '92). He recendy co-edited Roberto Burle Marx: The Modernity of Landscapeattended the Umverslty of Waterloo where he obtained a Bachelor of Envaronmental Studies and (2011) and partlcapated m Reason andEnwronment (20ÿ1). His current research focuses on Lucio

....... , * . . , ,a Bachelor of Architecture. He has practtced with Elsenman Architects, Coop Hlrmnelblau, Bruce Costas 1957 Brasilia Pilot Plan project and, wxth Alida C. Metcalf, the social and architectural his-Mau Design, OMA, ORG, and Lateral Office. Neeraj has previously taught at the University of tory of Rio de Janeiro.Toronto, the University of Watorloo, Ohio State University, Cornen University, Rice University,

and as presently an Assistant Professor of Arcbitecture at the Calikbrma College of the Arts, where ii :lLama Ghosn is an Assistant Professor of Architecture at the University of Michigan. Prior to join-he is also co-coordinator of the URBANlab. Neeraj is a co-director of InfraNet Lab, a non-profit !i ing UM Taubman College, Rania has held toaching and research positions at Harvard GSD, MIT,

research collective probing the spatial byproducts of contemporary resource logistics, and founder of ÿ' and Boston University. She received a Bachelor of Architecture from American University of Beirut,The Open Workshop, a design office examanmg the project of plurality. He is co-author of Pamphlet ÿ! a Master m Geography from University College London, and a Doctor of Design from HarvardArchitecture 30 (Princeton Architectural Press, 2010), co-editor of Arium: Weather 4 tlrchitecture (with ii GSD. Ghosn's research explores arcbitectalre's geographic project particularly as it relates to territorial

Jiirgen Mayer H., Hatje Cantz Publishing, 2009), and co-editor of Bracket [Goes Soft] (with Lola systems. Her essays have been published in Thresholds, Bracket, and Perspecta. She is founding editor ofSheppard, Actar Publishing, 2012). the joÿtrnal New Geographies and editor-in-chief of the issue Landscapes of Energy (2010).

Mary Casper is a Master of Architecture candidate at Rice University. She earned her Bachelor of ÿi Carola Hein is a professor at Bryn Mawr College in the Growth and Structure of Cities Depart-

Arts with Departmental Honors from Vassar College m 2006, where she majored m Sociology and ÿ:! ment. Her current research interests include translmsmon of architectural and urban ideas alongRussian Studies. Her senior thesis, an ethnography of domestic labour, documented the community ÿ international networks, focusing specifically on port cities and the global architecture of oil. With anof quilters in Gee's Bend, Alabama. Mary's architectural interests focus on the research and design !!ÿ Alexander yon Humboldt fellowsbip she investigated large-scale urban transformation in Hamburgof social space and the evolving public realm. Mary previously contributed research and design to !ÿiÿ in the international context between 1842 and 2008.th ............ :ye exhlbltaon Next North with Infranet Lab/Lateral Office and assisted in the publicatmn of the ,ÿ:

Design for Reuse Primer with Public Architecture. She served as co-editor-in-chie f for PLdTJournal, ÿ Garth Lenz is a photographer whose work has appeared in major pubIications including, Time, GEO,overseeing the publication of its 2.5 and 3.0 issues• She has collaborated with Situ Studio, Inter- The Guardian, Esquire, The New York Times, and The Christian Science Monitor, among others. He has

loopÿArchitecture, WW Architects, and JohnstonMarldee. Mary has been awarded the Dorothy received major awards from the Prlx de Photographie Paris, the International Photography Awards,K. Evans and the Louise Hart Van Loon Fellowships for Graduate Study, the Morris R. Pittman ÿ and Social Documentary Net. His work has been exhibited at the Power House Arena and ApertureTraveling Fellowship, and the Gene Hackerman Prize• (ÿ Foundation in New York, at the G2 Gallery and Annenburg Space for Photography in Los Angeles,

• • p _m • p if! at the BanffMountaln Film Festival, ,,and the Capital Building in Washington DC. He is one of sixty., • , • ÿ, i, iÿi photographers to be named a Fellow of the International League of Conservation Photographers.

Luis Callejasis an architect, former founding partuer of Palsajes Emergentes, and now director of LCLA ÿ Btlrbara Loureiro is a Geographer from the Federal Fluminense University. She has developed a

OFFICE. His practice stands in the intersection between the fields of landscape, architecture, and urban- ÿ! technical career in environmental permitting and corporate social responsibility within the oil andism, oriented toward new forms of public realms through environmental and territorial operations, iÿi gas sector, focusing on the impacts of the energy industry on aquaculture.

• +ÿFelipe Correa is an Associate Professor in the Department of Urban Planning and Design at Har- }ÿi Clare Lyster is an architect, writer, educator, and founding principal of CLUAA, a research and designyard GSD and the cofounder of Somatic ColLaborative. He is also cofounder of The South America ÿfirm in Chicago whose work explores the design of space at the intersection of architecture, landscape,Project, a network of affiiliated researchers who examine issues of fast-paced urbanisation within {;i? and infrastructure. She is Assistant Professor of Architecture at the University of Iilinois, Chicago.