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BELL RINGER• Define appeasement as it relates to World War II.

Causes of World War II1. Underlying Causes of World War II

a. Nationalism (Review from WWI): extreme pride in one’s nationality or countryb. Imperialism (Review from WWI): taking of land/propertyc. Militarism (Review from WWI): building weapons or a strong military

Causes of World War II1. Underlying Causes of World War II

d. Fascism: a political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorialleader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition.

Causes of World War II1. Underlying Causes of World War II

e. Totalitarian Dictatorship: leaders who control all aspects of societyi. Each dictator took advantage of economic problems by:

1. Promising simple solutions to their nation’s problems2. Rebuilding national pride (often using propaganda)3. Providing scapegoats (targets for anger and blame)4. Absorbing power, taking away individual rights, and crushing opposition (1 party; 1

ruler)

Adolf Hitler in Germany

Causes of World War II2. Fascist Germany

a. Dictator: Adolf Hitler (Der Fuhrer or the leader)i. Nazism is German Fascism

b. Goals:i. Nationalism

1. Wanted to rebuild Germany2. Preached vengeance against (4 Hates):

a. Democracies (a weak and undisciplined form of government)b. Communism (a threat to Nazi growth)c. November Criminals who signed the WWI Armisticed. Jews (the source of all evil and problems in Germany)

Causes of World War II2. Fascist Germany

b. Goals:ii. Nationalism

1. A desire to unite all people of German ancestry (Blood and Language)2. “Lebensraum” ( a desire for more living space) needed to build his empire called The Third

Reich

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Reichiii. Militarism

1. Defied the Treaty of Versailles and rebuilt the army2. Created the “Nazi War Machine”3. Built #1 military in the world

Benito Mussolini of Italy

Causes of World War II3. Fascist Italy

a. Dictator: Benito Mussolini (II Duce = The Leader)b. Goals:

i. Nationalism1. Wished to rebuild the ancient Holy Roman Empire

ii. Imperialism1. Felt betrayed by the Allies at the Treaty of Versailles Conference due to a promise of land

for joining the Allies that was not kept2. Wanted to control lands around the Mediterranean Sea3. “Mare Nostrum” = Our Sea

iii. Militarism1. Formed the Rome-Berlin Axis (alliance) with Germany in 1936

Hideki Tojo & Emperor Hirohito

Causes of World War II4. Japan

a. Dictators: i. Hideki Tojo: military leader and prime ministerii. Emperor Hirohito: political and spiritual figurehead

b. Goals:i. Nationalism

1. Japan wanted to be #1 in Asia2. Goal: Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere: name for power in Asia

ii. Imperialism1. To be #1 in Asia, they needed oil and raw materials2. Wanted China’s land (and others) to obtain oil and raw materials

iii. Militarism1. Built up the strongest military regime in Asia2. Soldier’s motto: “Death before Dishonor”

BELL RINGER• How did the Great Depression help Dictators like Hitler to rise to power? What techniques did he

use?ASSIGNMENT• Go to DHS Wolves website• Click on Teachers and click on Marie Dickinson• Once on my webpage, Click on the US History on the right of the page• Click on World War II on the right and then choose the World War II vocabulary review and start

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Click on World War II on the right and then choose the World War II vocabulary review and start working on the Quizlet Review.

• Remember to do Learn, Test, Match or Flashcards and change the options to remove the written answer.

Causes of World War II5. Others

a. Spain: Franco’s fascists won the Spanish Civil Warb. Soviet Union: Joseph Stalin took control of the communist nation*Germany, Italy, and Japan became known as the Axis Powers once the war began.

Francisco Franco of Spain

Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union

Causes of World War II6. Poor Decisions were made by the powerful democracies

a. France and Great Britain adopted a policy of appeasementb. The League of Nations would prove ineffective: lacked a militaryc. US: isolationism and depression kept our focus on US concerns; once aggression began we

claimed to be neutral

Causes of World War IIEquation:

Nationalism + Imperialism + Militarism = Aggression

Extreme Aggression = WAR!!!

Rise of Adolf Hitler

Young Hitler

Rise of Adolf Hitler1. Setting the Stage: World War I

a. Although an Austrian, Hitler join the German army in WWIb. Hitler was never an officer and was wounded in legc. Temporarily blinded by mustard gas; while in hospital he became convinced that his purpose in

life was to “Save Germany”d. On November 11, 1918, Germany agreed to an armistice – angered Hitlere. Hitler called those who surrendered “November Criminals”f. In 1919 Germany forced to accept terms of the Treaty of Versailles:

i. War Guilt clause: Blameii. Loss of landiii. Loss of $$$iv. Disarmamentv. Had to form a democracy: Weimar Republic

Rise of Adolf Hitler

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2. Rise of the Nazi Partya. In 1920, Hitler helps form the Nazi Party (German Nationalist Socialists)b. Beer Hall Putsch: Hitler and his Nazis try to overthrow the new democracy in a large beer hall

in Munichc. 16 of his men are killed. Hitler flees and is later arrested on high treasond. While in prison Hitler writes “Mein Kampf”e. Learns lesson: must destroy democracy from withinf. Served 8 months and was released

Paul von Hindenburg

Rise of Adolf Hitler3. Hitler Takes Control

a. In 1925 Paul von Hindenburg elected President of the Weimar Republicb. By 1932 the Nazi Party had become largest party in the Reichstag: 38% majority (similar to

Parliament or Congress)c. Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933 (2nd in Command)d. February 1933 the Reichstag burned down; blamed on Communisme. Reichstag responded by suppressing communists and others and passed the “Enabling Act”

which transferred its power to the presidentf. 1934 President von Hindenburg died and Hitler was declared “The Fuhrer”

Reichstag Fire

Reichstag Today

Rise of Adolf Hitler4. Prelude to the Holocaust and World War II

a. Anti-Semitism, or hatred of Jews, already existed in the hearts of many Europeansb. Nuremberg Laws were passed allowing government to legally discriminate against Jewsc. Examples of Nuremberg Laws:

i. Jews were stripped of German citizenship (could no longer vote)ii. Marriage between Jews and Germans was forbiddeniii. Jews were excluded from public office, practicing law, medicine, teachingiv. Jews had curfews, had to wear yellow star for public IDv. Allowed for open and legal terrorism against Jews

d. This led to a 3 step process:i. Development of Jewish ghettos in citiesii. Concentration Camps became sites of forced labor and murderiii. Genocide – mass killing of over 6 million Jews

Rise of Adolf Hitler4. Prelude to the Holocaust and World War II

e. 1938 Kristallnacht:i. The Night of Broken Glass – anti-Semitic riots in Germany and Austriaii. 30,000 Jews rounded up and taken to concentration campsiii. Homes, businesses, and synagogues destroyed

f. 1939 Hitler invades Poland and starts World War II

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g. He continued efforts to unite all people of German blood or Aryans under “The Master Race”

h. He called his empire the Third Reich

Rise of Adolf HitlerResult: Hitler used democracy to destroy democracy. Once he became “Der Fuhrer” he ruled Germany as a ruthless dictator and used his power to take over several countries and murder millions

World War II: The European Theater

Aggression in Europe

Italy invaded Ethiopia and took control in 1935

Spain’s Civil War was won by the fascists in 1936

Aggression in EuropeGermany1936: Hitler had rearmed and sent troops to the Rhineland1938: Hitler annexed Austria & demanded the Sudetenland1938: Munich Conference (Germany, Italy, Britain & France)

Goal: to stop further German aggression in EuropeResult: the Munich Pact gave Hitler the Sudetenland if he promised to end territorial demandsPolicy: “Appeasement”

March 1939: Germany took rest of Czechoslovakia (appeasement failed)France & Britain pledged war if aggression continued1939: Hitler and Stalin signed a “Non-Aggression Pact”

Aggression in EuropeUnited States’ reaction to foreign aggression

1935: passed Neutrality Act – no arms to warring nations

1939: “Cash-n-Carry” policy (purpose to aid the Allies)

War in Europe (Early Period)

September 1, 1939: Germany invaded Poland with blitzkrieg attack (WWII begins)

France and Great Britain declare war the next day

The Holocaust intensifies

“Phony War” Period (“Sitzkrieg”) – 9/39 – 4/40

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“Phony War” Period (“Sitzkrieg”) – 9/39 – 4/40

War in Europe (Early Period)

War in Europe (Early Period)Summer/Fall 1940: Battle of Britain (German Luftwaffe vs. Royal Air Force RAF)

June 1941: Hitler double crossed Stalin and invaded Russia through Poland

Big Mistake! Stalin used Scorched Earth military tactic

Harsh winter and lack of useable supplies resulted in over 1 million Nazi loses

Diplomacy was FailingAppeasement was ineffective when dealing with Hitler

Sept. 1940: Germany, Italy, Japan signed the Tripartite Pact (Axis Powers)

US Neutrality? Biased?1940: WWI destroyers given for bases deal with Great Britain1941: Lend-Lease Act – US became the “Arsenal of Democracy”1941: FDR and W. Churchill (Britain) agreed to the Atlantic Charter

Last Events to US Entry

1941: US attempted to stop Japan’s invasion of China

Sent ultimatum (warning)Issued a scrap metal and oil embargo

By August 1941: Indo-China fell to Japan

US began a full trade embargo against Japan

Japan responded by:

Sending a negotiator to Washington DCPreparing for an attack on the US (decoded message)

December 7th, 1941: Japanese Attack on Pearl HarborUS Pacific Fleet was based at Pearl Harbor in HawaiiAttack was meant to cripple US Fleet so couldn’t interfere with Japan6 aircraft carriers and 353 Japanese planes attacked in two waves2,403 died (1,177 killed on the USS Arizona)US declared war on Japan the next day…”Date that will live in infamy…”Germany and Italy declared war on the US on December 8, 1941 (Tripartite Pact)The US was officially in the war! (Isolationism was over)

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The US was officially in the war! (Isolationism was over)

Key Nations at WarAllies: Great Britain France Soviet UnionUS

Axis: Germany ItalyJapan

The European TheaterName given to the fighting that took place in Europe1942: Britain stood alone against AxisGen, Dwight Eisenhower – Supreme Allied Commander of the European TheaterAllies first invaded through Sicily and up into ItalyMussolini was overthrown and killed Eastern Front: StalingradNazis were fighting the Russians in Stalingrad (8/42-2/43)One of the bloodiest battles in the history of warfareNazis are defeated: turning point of the war for the Allies

The European TheaterWestern Front: D-DayGeneral Eisenhower planned D-Day for June 6, 1944Allied invasion across English Channel into Normandy, FranceLargest military invasion in historyAllies success allowed them to push further into France

European TheaterBattle of the Bulge

Hitler’s last major offensive

Allies were pushing from the West (from France), South through Italy and from the East(Soviets)

Germany was surrounded

German SurrenderHitler committed suicide before he could be captured

Germany officially surrendered on May 7, 1945; following day is known as VE Day

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Now the Allies had to figure out how to defeat Japan

World War II:The Pacific Theater

The Pacific Theater1. Setting the Stage: Aggression in Asia

a. 1931: Japan invaded Manchuria (NE province of China rich in minerals)b. 1937: Japan invaded China who was experiencing a civil warc. Japan needed raw materials especially oil to be #1 in Asia

The Pacific Theater2. Attack at Pearl Harbor

a. Japan had hoped to cripple the US Pacific Fleetb. Several carriers were out to sea when Japan attacked on 12/7/41c. Japan also attacked Guam, Wake Island, Midway Islands and the Philippine Islands on the same

dayd. Once the home front mobilization hit high production, Japan truly did awaken a sleeping giant

The Pacific Theater3. Doolittle Raid

a. James Doolittle led a raid on Tokyo with B-25 bombersb. Helped boost American moralec. Showed the Japanese were not invincibled. Inflicted little damage to the city

The Pacific Theater4. Island Hopping

a. The Supreme Allied Commander for the Pacific Theater was General Douglas MacArthurb. The US adopted the Island Hopping or Leap Frog strategy moving from island to islandc. The fighting in the Pacific was difficult for several reasons:

i. 100 degree heat – humidity caused jungle rot and diseasesii. Many islandsiii. Japanese motto “Death before Dishonor”iv. Kamikaze attacks: suicide attacks damaged 300 ships and caused 15,000 casualties

The Pacific Theater5. Key Victories for the Allies

a. Battle of Midwayi. Japanese hoped to use Midway as a base to neutralize Pearl Harborii. Balance of power in the Pacific shifted towards the allies

b. Battle of Guadalcanali. The Japanese advance was stoppedii. All momentum shifted to the US

c. Battle of Iwo Jimai. 20,500 Japanese killed and 6,000 US Lives lostii. Put Americans within striking distance of Japanese home islands

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The Pacific Theater6. Possible Options for Finishing off the Japanese

a. Invasion of Japan which could cost over 1,000,000 Allied soldiersb. Use of the Atomic Bomb (secret)

The Atom Bombs and the Decision to Use Them

The Atomic BombsThe A-Bomb Projects

1939: German scientists split uranium atoms, creating a nuclear reactionMay 1942: FDR created a secret $2B A-bomb program – Manhattan Project

600,000 workers and world famous scientists contributed Albert Einstein – German refugee (Jewish)Enrico Fermi – Italian refugeeJR Oppenheimer – American Jew (scientific director)

Dec. 1942: the US program successfully created a nuclear reactionThe actual bombs were constructed in a lab in Los Alamos, New Mexico

Upon FDR’s death (April 12, 1945) even Truman was unaware i.

Harry S. Truman

Meeting at Potsdam, Germany

Trinity Test

Pres. Truman relied on advisers, but Truman made the final decisionOver 70 project scientists & Gen. Eisenhower advised against using bombsThe decision was based on:

Saving US lives and $ and shorten the war by 12-18 monthsThe fact that conventional warfare had not forced a Japanese surrender, despite high casualtiesEstimates that Japan still had 4 million soldiers ready to fight and dieGaining an upper hand on the Soviet Union in the post-war negotiations (The Soviet Union was scheduled to enter the war against Japan on 8/8/45)Preventing its future use by using it now (deterrent)

Truman never questioned or apologized for his decision

The Defeat of Japan in 1945August 6: Little Boy was dropped from the B-29 bomber nicknamed the Enola Gay, exploding 2000 feet above Hiroshima (100,000 died)August 9: Fat Man was dropped on Nagasaki (100,000 died)August 14: VJ Day (9/2/45) Japan signed the unconditional surrender!

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Result: the Allies had won World War II. The war literally ended with a bang and no country has used the atomic bomb since Nagasaki. Peace would be short lived,

however, as tensions with the Soviet Union were on the rise which would begin the Cold War.