Baron Cuv ier’s Histor ical Blogs ofBaron Ramad

word, it is in the details of an agitated life that we shall findthe necessary commentary on the most learnedof his

'

worka.

You will not be astonished then to hear me reca l the event s

of general h istory in wh ich M . Bamondtook a part , andof

wh ich he hadbeen the v ict im, because they are almost al waysthe even ts wh ich were the cause of his discoveries.Fromh is very infancy, fromhis, origin itse lf, we perceive in

some degree the germof ivhat h e hadbeen. His father, Pie rreRamond, t reasure r ex t raordinary of the wars in Alsace , wasoriginally: fromthe south 6!WEisen t raut , be longed to a German fami ly onthe Rh ine ; and it was part ly the persecu tions exercisedagainst the protestants, andpmly1he melancholy devastat ion s wh ich the French armies commit tedat the two se izures

pf the Palat inate in 1674 and in 1689, which hadfi xedt hese two t amilies in Alsace ; as that unitingin himself thelively and ardent nature

'of the inhabitants of the Sofi tb,

moo ameng thethe recollection

governmen t,l

an

it, even when , as it rarely happens, it ismonarch so penetratin so well informed,

i g l

of such greatness ofmindas Louis XIV. u

jvvhich relate tobled the sonsnort h

The various branches oflaw were litt le less than an amusement to amindso act ive, -andhe foundt ime to studyNatural

nevertheless, how hemakes theseandhow he shows themto be fal lexercise of the highest powers.

‘

what h e had seemin notes on th

fe ta-

ea

nstnrdde ls Sain ts; tradu’

ites de l’

Anglais,pme pays, pu lc tn ducteur. 2

,We know that

near hima xfi ithfuluagen t to

andi t'isM nBamOnd whom,

Several timemhe sen t ah imto

wa s the hope of penetrat ing into some of the amthis singulanm nmppet redt o possess ? W es l: W W W

alone, » eg o-able pedhaps in'so youngmm'

i that ’hémmbe

W W W Ebgggffim sam 7

W W GBMM W M mbém? Te these gmssonq“ remnant, W e ems ; but this mush as cen t imthat M .

new confessedthat 5 &1n cf the most intimate ,

hismiracles.

things ; buttheconv ersa

the

W M W WmW fl «men fromhimammof the

J with W he fi orlted, We shouldat least . belie“ :

ms W W W him mm tomyst iQis or

w hee) ; n ew m edfmmfi thaws was in the 1mymd hi? M MM 1thewammomn ew!) witbfl h ich h e

W W W ism" times:more himto be a‘mmwho

.

W e ek-M em'h iaW W ,

W M M F‘F Uf

M M havethe most con tempt ible , he had the inconceivable

m acqqimion ofdiamonds ofpgreat value; and the 89 “W m hle folly p fde livering t hese diamonds to hispre tended coadjmocs. Amin ister who had been long his

sn eer by Magm a“ with Lbs

st." h ia ttue facade whahadW hite »

8 Baron Cuvier’s Histori cal W cm W

to h is t rial, wh ich would have furnished to h is pérmother pretex ts for completing his ruin. In “ 70 116!e

in spite of h is keeper, in obtain ing possession ofhis papa-aw e

W i th regardtothat the diamondsnal bel ievedto be charged with returning themto the queen.

For th is purpose it was necessary to trace them, aud it i u

soon foundthat they hadpassed in to England. hf. Ramondresolved to go there instant ly. In vain didthe hfinin er , finCardinal’s enemy, who hadgot not ice ofh is design ,

‘

fi u

rest h im on the road by a Lettrc de Cachet . He oh

tained secre t informat ion of it fromM. de Malesherhes , and

h aving taken a circuitous route, he'

arriv edmfely in Enfiand.The nature ofhis en terprise, as he h imself said, put h int in

communication wi th the most degradedbeings oh both side i ofthe channel ; but he also found in the society ofmen of ifi .

nour frequent opportuni t ies of escaping fromthis pestiferousatmosphere, and of see ing England in the most favourabiepoint ofview. An account of his journey was wr itten, anddoubt less it wouldhave possessedall the in terest of that Wh ichh e performedin Switzerland and the Pyrenees ; butman-m.

nately it was carried06"

fromh imin 18145 1 3 we M pre

Bymeans of his sagaci ty and exer t ions, M . Ramondsuc

ceededin establishing, by the clearest test imony, how and bywh om the diamonds were carried off and sold in L ondon.

Th is was themost comple te just ification of the Cardinal in the

principal point of the afl'

air ; but in order to rouse his couragemidarrange hisdefence , it became indispensable t hat he shouldhe made acquainted with these discoveries. Detainedin theBast ile with the most r igorous secrecy, nobody was permitted

w ho tried, andhe hadth e pleasure of seeing the Cardinal abdCs

“

fieed fiomeva y chn gmmd of h ringing dmto eat on those who had involvedthis unfortw

m cm m w mbgswm am 9

nat e prinecin°

so ahont inalale a labyrint hs But while this de

cision abw lvedhim in the eyes of the pablimh gave only a

new virulence to the hatred with which he was persecuted.

At first confincd in -his Abbcy os haise-Dien , in the mostruggedmoun tains ef Auvergne, he ismeceived there by the

monks only with wmockmpect ; the dmdedminister is stillthere, and the prior is bis lieutenan t. Spies

’

heset the ex ile :

Thu er igou rs didnot begin to suhside till the distnrhances in

1787 made the gov ernment . reflect on its posit ion ; and so

difi cnh is it to t enounce a hadcmm that it is always with a

slov s t sp th at we return to iustice. The Cardinal was not t-e

cafled,°but he was pemit ted to retire into another of his

Abbeys n . & h moufiem Tom a rich eoun try, wheve he

M M who hadm hecome less necew y tohim,

M wh ieh he had loog desired to compare with the

Alw andit was dnring rthat j oumey that he commsed hisM nemonM it which appeacedat the heginning of lflBQ"

It is neithec less animated nor lessmtellectual than his Ob

M glacien and on the equilibrium of hent andcoldwhich

pmerve their limits. Th e people who inhahit the vt lleys

were aiso the obj ecwduhis study. He inspires us with sym

pa thy for those persecuted races ltnown under the name of

M ad he mqmm into tbeir origin. Bn t what is par

m ot h ia G eneral Thw ry d Mountains aa well aa his

some years aflerwarda during his comptflsory residence in the

”M enu h imdms la Pyrénées, pour servir demite ades ob0W lesfl p

es in¢réu dsnl one traduction des le twa de Cmm é vol in svo Paris Belin, 1789.

<be ehoeemfmelychyvthe comm and

the considerat ionof the laws against

mmmen'

sc'

ep'

ifiowbish it was

M i laa‘

géagemw Lof'

izhéfiafisisasafaris;which kmW ow sus hi,mansions wasww '

affin itiesam

of) wemean. Bot hams one t hingw‘maké a

‘propos'

ifiohandanother to éalhulate the read“ armTh e stoimfir debateM M ‘1OOH3 1M qti'it e cont rary W the v iéws'fifmm wanmbkw in “ In plgéema éésolmion, the‘

sfeotrofi wlfich lwaa confined b‘

ring) back the king tdconnz

asaowwho meld swe'mm; she '

pfmyw

’

ho’

Wishedtodestroyt

'

of'M.Déieésai't : 2minsi

su‘

pponed'thisl'detn

'

andx ms answerseared-wasmass;mow meme

l2 Baron Cuvier‘sHistorical Blogs M W

on other occasions, it wss rsisedin n in. E x haustedbym iety,andthrown into despair by the fruitlessnm of hir efimmhewas tsken ill, underwent a poinful operation, andm n dueed

to so slarming a state that his phydciansmnde himset ont lmBareges some daysbefore the18th ofAngust. E s t imat e-copedfromthe first dangsr ; but the vengeance of the triumphantfaction was not slow in pursuinghim. He ssw this hhnselffl nd

ing himselfon themilkandbh ck hreadof the shepheuh . Ar

restedat h st on the l 5 th Jmuary l dthmwn int o theprison at Tarbes, it was owing to the ingu iious humanity ofa scldier who knew his repu tat ion, that he was not immedintelydraggedbefore the revolut ionary tribunal.M. L omet , a dist inguished officer of engineers, who was

chargedwith the estahlishment of the hospi tals of the army d’

the Pyrenees, pretendedthat he required for this q to

omtsult a person wel l acquaintedwith the coun try. He was

thus permi t tedto confer with M . Bamond in his prison, andto carry to h imsome rel ief. L omet even solici ted his liberat ion fromCarnot , but he j udiciously repliedto him, he is too

W ak in bsing forgottm. There was also a strangers

usedin his favour by M . Monea ier, an envoy fromthe convent ion, who hadbeen chargedwith br inging to Paris those whomthe triumv irs hadproscribed. He foundsome pretexts {orgdelaying h is departure, and this gainedfor him the 9th Thermidor . His life was then safe, but st ill he was uot liberated.

He was not dischargedfromprison t ill tht h November, andhe came out of it deprived of everyth ing. In his prison hehadalready been in a great measure supportedby the lnbours

of a sister, who, with admirable courage, hastenedto his relief,anddevotedherself to his fate

.

W hen once free , he resumed,either fromnecessity or taste, that kindoflife which previousto his arrest he hadledfor his safety, andthis precarious condition didnot terminate t ill 1796, when he obtainedthe situa

t ion of professor of natural history i n the cen tral school for

the upper Pyrenees, wh ich was establishedat Tar-bes

M . Remand fil led this situat ion for four yum—the happiest perhaps of his life. The youth whommisforttme had

Baron Cuvier’s Historical s iege ofBamn Ransom}. 18

thrown in to’

this small town , formed an interest ing audience.The saute eloquence wh ich dist ingu ishedh imin the World, andin the tribune animatedh im in the chair. It part icularlyiaspiredhimwhen he traversedwith h is pupils those finemountains whose wonders he expounded to them; and when byth eir assistance be explored themwith new care , not even a

stone escaped him, and not even a plan t was neglected. He

ascended th irty five t imes the Pic du llfidi of Bareges ; and

, to ascendthe peak calledchain, be resumed, and suc

ceededin the att emmin lm. It was fromth is kindof life

that/ a contemporary poet , in a laudatory poem, denominatedhimnmeavant chamoia.To these repeated jonr twys we owe the thirdwork of M .

M end, which , under the too limited t it le of Voyage

W M ,‘present s in real ity a general theory of the

chain of the Pyrenees, equally new and important for geology.By an arrangemen t opposite to that wh ich is observedin all

other great chains, the flanks of thesemoun tains present veryEv she lls : i t is on ly the summits which abound with the

debr is of organized bodies, and hence numerous object ionshad been drawn against the laws which Pallas and Saussure had recognized in the structure of mountains. M.

M oodfound indeedcalcareous beds ofshells on the summitoffi e chain ; but a lucky observat ion showed him that thestrata of these calcareous

'

beds of shells dipped to the sou th,

and in an ulterior surveyhediscowred the schists sndth e gm.

nites which run beneath the calcareous strata. Returningfarther to the north he snw these schists andgrsnites arranged

the calcareons smta resting in parallellines on the granites andschists ; bnt these lsst lines were the

lu st elevated of all. Hencefmt h orderm in his opinion,again established. The granite fau na, as every where else, theax is of the chain ; but there is a singular inequality of level

Voyage cu Mon t-Perdu, et dans la porno sdj acen ts de Nantes Py.renées, par M. Remand. Paris, Bella, 1801, 1vol. Bro ; et Voyage an

Sommet do Monte- Perdu, extrait da Joumolda fl ina . Boo-sage, 1803,broch. in Bro.

y . Baron Cuvicr‘

sHistorical Elogs oj Ic RamW alnsmllswml mmif the north accl imation,

M e themost terrible revolut ions . ‘i‘ M

swan in'vain il

’

.w aM Ramona; in themse tsosminaylmM W andimpressiveforms.thoselmbedsnbishswevmout intqwnlls, which bendin to amphfihfiairefls wh ich formt hensalmisto terraces, andwhich tboot up Into turrets where rbehands ofgian ts seemto have appliedthe line andthe plummetflrlmaginanommwemalways ammntedh is style , bu tmplsceofmisleading him, “ it does somany Others, it is a pbam

seems but to giee themt the readermq '

e wmpletelyto the spoty and toplace before himwhntever the authm' isitems ofw as.

h1t t h is trav els among the Pymees that we owe ribtsubson ic newphnts mbich M Barnonddiscoveredn bumlfie

views omthe gegetation ofmountains, undon the enmpgrim of the.zones witbz the c limatesWhich, almdy begnn by Lmsaeus i has becomes) surfing.under the pen

ofHumboldls M addie, andMirbeli :de a th,

j ect of such inte rning W eb b i .

M‘

. Remandrhimsclfattachedamt/value imbu e qmmThey-formedh is earliest andnew studies ; W e Shemt ime before .his death .heirepnhlishedctbem in an “ wadedformmmMemoimmthe l’ggwofiomfmflcdu fl idi, whichwas the Just of hismrlcss th More snimstedfi andsnllosnorepicturesque (” Milli-9 .NW .”M mlhc otber obj ecmd his

firm !) his i style ash es gnmn tol sbe.lih ighest eloquence.

Everyiperson admired in see efourM icmeet ingsme diar ime.inedi tes

'ilesMensa : Bid/i ris as} Sciences, No. 41andi s,

An viii.‘1'Memoirs stir ls Vegetation du Pic dumidi do

des Sciencei, ls toJan. et le 13Mars ! It is prin ted"in theM emoirs of the Academy.

is tex plainedby t he deh nir ofaomelt osofmhut . Man

Ems7beingingt h'

ere his flopits, thniagsmmM 3110!“ knowing

i ts/t he fbi‘

rds t and t nsebwaft hwvafleysv i od returns to i t pere

That same atdmmrwh ioh he ihadihfasedrinto his style, animsedalw hismode ofi speakings anditmas cnot lessmam-

eat ingto beenhimread(his Pbductinhs, thaw to .he

_preset1t at .thosea nthemcons cientiousimwhiohoh emadeh is idm onginal by

W aves originatl sifll. “ Ma y a t ime did.ho'

pt oduoe

this effect among ourse lves, when about 1800he retugnedfirom

t he foot of the Pyrenees. -Tbé man who was soon to t al‘h ve

ah the Rpm power, andw ho wa'

s thén n ften pmsent at our

hadlnmsoonev lheardh imthan. he fe lt how importantM ‘be itb'

at taeh tin such

raise a rm ;addZMJ-Bamondgappdnwdw the aegisim

h i s sit uae'

onuwhficho sapamtedz him'onlyu for

his behavedlmmmimt He was not, about

that he was do ti'a mamW a rsaw‘fiBOt iflJ t hough ts,

tmhea amh id-t hat 'zwh atevpr Ev ese his seat itnents, he

t om M uffi n web momefieotdaliyscon-the ominds of

« then .mTool Ivdot itorpenhtratief the flimsy veil -w h ich

‘

in VOLLiv. (if the Jim!“ «in H uman ct flinch ‘

t

16 Baron Cuvier’s FW EIogs fi Bam -EmSteel) who was soon compeiledto qt tit Puris. It was wilbed

also to remove h im, hut a viea -president of the legislat ive

body oouldnot be treatedlike a fion ign lady.» The planmasde layed t il l his t ith e was finished, and in lBOQ he was ap

pointedto the prefect ure of the Puyde Domq in ter-ma whichleft h imno choice, and hence he was in the habit of aayingthat he was a prefeot by L etmde Cachet .

It was perhaps to this circumstance asmuch as to his goodsense tha t he owedthemefigmen veWM mdwhich his fel

ing h is ofi oe to a oess. W e know that in his depat theyst i l l retain an honourable reeollection 05 the ftn nquillitywh ichindividuals enj oyedat a time when somanyprewmwere found

that which really interested the public; andhe has’

left a fine

views of himby whomhe was appoiuted, h e foundgh imselfatthe headof a oonntry the most clamw in geology, of that

Auvergne where a'arters of all W oflam1u all d1

rwfioug—bamlrs of aufom unfiold to the natmslist in theclearest language, the history of volom and it s epoch s

during hundreds of cent ur ies anterior to all human history.

hadmade the admirahlediaoom-

yofc themensnratiomofheights

Baron Cuvier‘s Histor ical Elogc ofBam Remand. 17

Themercury is supported in .the barometer by the weightof the atmésphere z in proportion as wc ascend, thc columuof air which pcesses upon it diminishes, it falls in tbe tubc,andif the air were everywhere

'

of the same density andt hesatue temperature, noth ing wouldbe easier than to know byits fall how high we had ascended: Bu t it is no t so. The

air beingelast ic, the super ior compresm the inferior st rata, and,in proport ion as we ascend, the densi ty andweigh t . of the airdecrease in a geometr ical progressio

n. Themercury then fal lsless for an equal heigh t , to proport ion

as this heigh t 13 taken at

a higher elevat ion ,—a secondvar iat ion, wh ich , if it were th e

colyone, wou ldoccasion on ly very simple operat ions. It wou ldhave been sufficient tomul tiply the difference of the logarithmsof the observedheigh ts of themercury by a number which expressed in met res the elevat ion , which , at a given posit ion,at the level of the sea for example, corresponded to a de terminate fal l of the mercury. But we shou ldst il l obtain fromthisrude resu l ts : the difl

'

erences ofheat both of the air andof. the

mm'cury ; the difl’

erences in the humidity of the a tmospherethe decrease of the force of gravi ty ar ising fromthe distance

to wh ich we are removed from the centre of the ear th, andeven fromthe increase of the convexity of the globe towardsthe equato r, are so many circumst ances wh ich it is necessaryto take into account if we wish to arrive at any precision .

The late M.de L aplace hadin troducedall the operat ions whichthese circumstances require in to a general formu la, which wasa r igorous expression of them, but the applicat ion of which

presupposed the posit ive determina tion of the coefficien tsbelonging to each , and part icularly the principa l coefficien t ;bu t in h is first trials he had fixed this coeflicien t too low,

so that all heigh ts calcu lat ed from the formu la were he

neat h the real heigh t, as given by trigonometr ical measurement s or by levelling. M . Remand} availing himselfof someheigh ts measured accura tely by geometers, and hav ing made

Mémoires sur h formule bu ometfique de le Mecaruque CM et les

distribu tion de l’atmosphere qui en modiflen t les propriétés, angmen tésdune instruction elementaire et pratiquodest inée Aservir de guidc dans

l’

rpplication do barometre alamesure dos h su teurs ClamoB t -Ferrand,1811, in t oo.

n ew su ms. von. 11. no. 1. JAN. 1830.

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

andare of a less variednatu re .

of grani te, or are deposi tedin

n Auvergne thosehis own disposal

e 24th August 1815 , hewi th M . L echat , one of

English claims,—a de li .ry todefendthe in terestswhose posit ion enabled

him, were of such use,000 francs of rentes , wh ich hadbeen votedof th is part of our engagements, the com.

“ filaments ex ecu tésdamladeportement du Puy~de~ie Physique de ce t te por t ie de In France. Th is tl e?

moir was rendto the Inst itu te on the 7 th August 1818.

as al

ear Par is, with t he viewcat ion ofhis son, andto

researches in Physics, Geology and

his l ife were also to formone of the

and th is woulddoubt less not haveBut , during t he invasion of1814,

deuce, all thematerials which he hadin one day by the Cossacks - of the

$0 Baron Cuvier’s Historical Blog: dBaron Remand

mission ofwhich he was amember , hadonly to payfrancs, andyet, in spi te of th e reduct ions andnumerous rej ect ions wh ich he hadto pronounce , no complain t was addressed

to the respect ive governments. The late M. L e Due de R ichel ieu declared, that it was th e most successfu l of all the commissions of liquidation, andt his enl igh tenedjudge ofwhat helongedtodelicacy andnationa l honour, hastenedto request theKing to appoint M . Ramond counsel lor of state on the ordi

nary ser vice. He was raised to this situat ion on the 14th June

1818. The public, aston ish edto see himobtain so late a re

cmnpence , to which his talen ts andhis serv ices seemed to ca l lh im, was st il l more surprised to see him lose it before threeyears hadexpired. Since 1822 his name no longer appearedin t he list ofact ingcounsel lors, andsoon after , it was struck ou tof the number ofhonorary counse llors. W hat was the cause

of th is ? Nobody, I be lieve, knows any thing of the mat ter .

Th ismuch , howev er , is certain , tha t his removal is one of thosewh ich have made us the more desire andbless the ordounancewh ich shal l prevent the repe t i t ion of it in future.

M . Ramondsupported this last disgrace as he didthe ot haevents to wh ich h is lot hadexposedh im. Neither the ga ie tyofhis conversat ion , nor the forcible energy of his expressionswere afi

'

ected by it, One wou ldhave saidthat age increaaedt he ardour of h is discourse andof h is affect ions ; andev en in

h is lastmoments, his sligh t proport ions, his keen temperament,the v ivacity ofh ismovemen ts, recalledthe pain ter ofthemom) .tains,at the same t ime that themanner in wh ich be character izedthe personages who appearedin the hori zon ofpol it ics, or uponthat of science and l iterature, announced the man, who, inlearning to judge of h is equals, hadavailedhimself ofall thephases ofan adven turous life .

A chronic inflammat ion of the in test inesmade h impass hislast days in acu te pain . He died on the 14th May 1827,leav ingbeh indh imonly one son by h ismarr iage wi th MadameCherin, the widoweddaugh ter ofour respectable colleague M .

Dacier. His place in the Academy has been fi lled by M .

Ber th ier , engineer of mines, so celebrated by his numerousanalyses ofminerals.

of a New S team-Engine, (Sac. 21

of a New S team-Engine without (1

mmSco'r'r , Esq. Communicatedby

ume of the Edinburgh Journal of Science,267, the following not ice was given : That

a steam- engine was made and wrough t

of two ingen iousmechanics, (brothers of thewho carry on a smal l foundry near Haddingted to wi tness th e rapidproduct ion ofsteama boiler. The plan appeared to themveryfromdanger , and the exper iments so as

afterwards commencedmoun ting an th is plan , andofa power sufficien twas added, that when fin ished, if it

of the engine wou ldbe

engine without a

brothers at h is spare

the difi'

erent par ts, he

fever, wh ichmade h im

low temperature is forcedby a pump iaplaced over a fire, every stroke of the

the temperature of the whole body of thedev ise a generator by wh ich water of a

be forced into it without lowering the

ater . In const ruct ingy fiat circu lar patterns

y its circumference, the other pat ternPlate 1. represen ts the one, andFig. 2

pat terns were made twenty-one inches

Mr Scot t's Descr iption of

in diameter, exclusive ofthe project ingpart s. The spiral grcac .

edpat tern was one inch and three quarters in thickness, and

the plain pat tern one inch anda quarter thick, as also werethe project ing parts of both pat terns. The spiral groove Wasout half an inch in depth , half an inch wide at bot tom, and

seven- e ighths ofan inch at top. The ridge between the groove.was left halfan inch in breadth at top, andsevemeigh ths ofan

inch at bot tom. Fromthese two pat terns iron casts were taken.

The faces of.

both t hese castliron plates were made tru ly flat,anda very smal l chiseled groove was out along the middle ofthe ridge between the grooves, anda corresponding ch iseled

groove was cut in the inch andquar ter thick plate. Thesetwo plates were then cementedtogether by means ofwel -

e.

parediron cemen t , part of it filling the ch iseled grooves inboth plates ; the project ing parts a, (1, e,f, g, It , Figs.

1and2, were bol ted together by screw bolts, five -eigh ths ofan inch square, made of the best iron ; in all fifteen bol ts, asmarked

.

by the smal l square bol t holes in F igs. 1 and2;of Fig. 1being all, except that marked

(a, one anda quarter of an inch in thickness, wh ich

W ofhalfan inch be tween the project ing parts of th e twp

plates, for the more effectually screwing the pla tes

r . These two plates when thus joined formone-half of the generator , as there is ano th er half

every respect similar to be placedperpendicu larlyone described;as represen tedby Fig. 3, placed inhalves : These flanges are strongly sec screw

to each of the halves of the genera to

twelve inches in h eight andfour anda half inches iwith a bore up its cen tre ofone inch ands quarter in diame ter

of the generator answ to

placed in a furnace, J ima

support ed in the furnace by.

by Fig. 5 and 6, built intoproject ing parts of the gene ra

is the fire place, A

escapes by the pipe 8, that leads to the cylioder of the engino.Tha pipe

-T is the one that conveys part of the escape steamfromthe cy linder into the ch imney. Th is generator works asma ll h igh pressure engine, of wh ich the following is a short

The i rame of it iS Oa Bt -iron , of the formof thp upper part

ofM r Moudslay’

s portable engine with its paral le l mot ion.

The fpistoG Of the cylindcr is six inches in diamstesg and thelangth of the eylinder permits the piston rodtomake a stroke

ofsevemecn inches. The steamis permit tedto enter the cylin

der a l ternamabove and be low the piston by means of a

spriq s lide valve wrough t hy the engine, andhas a stroke ofoneM me-eigh th ofan inch. The axis of the fly whee l crmks,M is fi re inches anda quar ter squsre ; tli e roundedparts two

N m ekth inches in dimeter. The fly is seven'

hundred

weight, andsix feet in dininete r In the steam-pipe that leadsfrom th e generator to the cylinder, there is a three-way cock

m used, with a hranch p roceedi ng h omit to the hot wellby wh ioh the nteammay be permitwd either to

fi t ne ss , or by onesthmdturn of th e coek into thc

hot well of tbe engmg. This dame-way w ek answersmrstopping or start ing the engine. As t hece is no spaee io tln

'

s

kindef.generator , as in conunmi engine boilers, for the steamto wadense or ex pand,

'

the common th rot t le valve is not appliéltble to th is kindofgenerator ; bu t in place ofih a spcingw

mm w ifimw in the steamp pipe between t he t hree

w pcock andgenmtor, with a himch fmmit mmtmieatingWith t he branch pipe that leads be tween the th ree away coolt

W ho;wolf This slide valve is raisedandlowwedagain “ a

means of centfifiml bdls, »

w a s eyrméer in to the'

ch imney, i sm s. a branch to t he

be t we ll ; in this-brmch there is a coclt by wh ich flio csmpe

Mr Scott’s Description d

rature of the water in the hot well is regulated. The fhrcing

pnmp is wrongh t by the engine, and supplies theo

gmerntor

with water fromthe hot well. In a side vessel that commenicates with the hot well, there is a forcing pump wronglrt byhandfor start ing the engine. Into this vewel addit ional wata '

enters to supply the engine , andwhere the height of th e Win the hot well is regulated. As the engine is in tended to

work difl'

erent kinds ofmach inery, eitber together or separate

ly, difi'

eren t powers are requ ired.

To produce these severa l powers, there is a shor t branch fromthe steam-pipe near the generator, that reaches to a conv en ient

place, where s steel guardsafety valve is placed. On the lever

of this safety valve, the safety valve weight is to be hung at di

v isions markedon it answer ing to the power re qu ired, anda

corresponding length of stroke is also to be given to the for

cingpump of the engine.The engine was first public ly t ried in January 1828 before

it was connected with machinery of any ltindr but that it

considerable pressure was appliedto th e periphery of the flywheel, when the engine made eighty-eight double strokes permmute.The engine was lately tr ied connected with grinding and

tm'ningdathemach inery, andat the same time j it wrought cast

iron rollers hruisingbleas for fire. Although thefleas were veryirregularly fed into the rollers, yet the engine continuedt omake sixty-four double strokes per minute. A greater numbermight have been obtained; but fromthe irregularmanner thebleas was fed in , there was reason to fem'

that the main axis

On the bot tomandsides ofvessels that have been long usedfor boiling fresh wat a

'

, a calcsreous crust is general ly formedmore or less in thiclmess.It is proposed, ifit shal l be found t hat t he spiral groun d

generators are liable to be incrus ted in this mann er, that a

W eight cistern be placedsomewhat higher than the genera.tort Thise istern is to be connectedwith the upper par t of the

generator hya pipe andstop-cock. There is abo to he a branch

pipe h e M am-pipedose to the under part of the gene

rater, with a part icu lar stop-cock, that when open, it shall‘ cu t

ofl'

the commun icat ion between the generator and the sidevdyes. L et this cistern .be fil ledbrimfu l with water, andtheM at the botwmof the gmerator left open . If the cock of

the sistern be openedthe whole water of the cistern will escapeth rgqugh the generator ; andif the time it takes to eecape be

observedby a pendulumor swps econd watch, the repet ition

of.this ex periment at any t ime will show if.the passage through

the generator be con tractedsince last experimen t. Shouldit

be found to be so, it is then [n'oposedto fill the generator with

dilutedmuriat ic acid, taking care to cu t off the communicat ionbe tween it and th e slide valves. After letting it remain in the

generator a sufiicien t time, it is .then to be wasbed ou t with

c istern be filled brimful.it will serve to ascertain if the pas.sage be clear , by observing

' tbe t ime it takes to passi

through

the generator. Repet it ions of these ex periments will undoubt.edly free the generator of all calcareous mat ter. But as

none of the strong acids act on the crust formedby sea water,it is therefore proposedto proceed in the same manner

'

with

dilu tedsulph uric acid, taking care never to give t ime for muchcrust to formby sea wat er, so that by the di lutedsulphur icacidpart ly acting on the iron, it shall effect the removing of

an imperfect crust producedfromsal t water the generator to

be always thorough ly washed ou t with warmwater.The length of t ime that th is engine has been in construct

iug, gave ample t ime to dev ise immovemen ts. Several wereproposed, but few of themwere though t of in time to be introducedwithou t makingmaterial al terat ions on the partsmadesuch as improvemen ts in themanner of construct inggeneratorsofgreat er strength , but ofwhich it is unnecessary to lengthenthis paper with a descript ion. However, one th ing may bemen tioned, as it wouldaddto the improvemen t of the engine.In place of working the ,

escape steam sl ide valve by the im.

mediate act ion of the cen tr ifugal balla, .it was proposedthatth e axis of a bevelled whee l shou ld be turned by the machinery of the engine, andwhich is to turn other two bevelled

wheels on one axis. These two lastmen t ionedwheels are neitherof themto be fix cdto thc ax is, but both to slip roundfreely

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pract ical resufit andutility. A pnper'

W hen young it is a very pret ty and ornae

t atminsma nz e ofconsidemhk magufinds.

Worthy ofmuch praise. The bark containsaffordedus themeans of converting the seal

with very goodeffect . The leather has an'

know not the neme ; hot there are

numerous specimens of it in fruc tification andseeds. Around

the summit of the trunk, andon some of the laiger branches,are frequently a congeries ofm ge cob uredglobu lar smoothfungi ot

’

the size ofa small apple. W hen mature it opens onthe surface, anddisplays a hinieyn eombed cel lular st ruct ure.

The fungi are slimy, muci laginous, andinsipid. W here t hesefungi are at tached to the tree it becomm extremely knot tedandtubeecnlated, forming s very large hardknob. The wood

at Staten Land,of its leaf gives the u sual charmof autumnalJam-mgrandiflam , or Fuegian rush, appearsin t roduced to your no t ice from its valuableare such as to induce me to hope that the into our own coun try will prove bothcis l . It makes most beau t iful andexcel lentingly strong, durable, and elegan t . The

Fuegian basket procuredat Cape Horn fromwh ich I have depositedwith Captain Fost er ,

be turned to many pum as th

by nomeans inelegsnt. It grows in

to our own rush , which it may very

not be irre levan t to men t ion, that the stemof th is rush ismysweet , andwhen dry it resembles coarse hay. How far it can

in any way be rendered available as fodder in cases of

gency, mu st be left to proper and competen t judges. The

ashes of the rush are very alkaline.

I.ammuch indebted to th e Hort icu ltural Society for tworeams of brown paper, for the preservat ion of seeds andplant s.I have not been negligen t of their interest in this respect, “

have gatheredmnd preservedevery seed and plan t that camewithin my reach . Theyare in an ex cellen t state ofpreserva

t ion , andhave been given to Captain Foster for forwarding tothe Admiralty. Among the more tmmediately useful onss l

beg to enumerate the Bsrben'

cmicrophyfla, a free andcopious

S taten IslandandCape Horn .

anda grape, of a pleasan t andagreeable fiavour, fit for tarts,

puddings, or table use. It may be cu l tivatedwi th advantagein our gardens as an agreeable varie ty and pret ty li tt le bush.The Ch loris melloidea, andAndrosace apathulata or Fue

gian Auricu la, are flowers of considerable beauty and in terest,wor thy of the gayest parterre. The seeds of these were very

The elegan t myrt le - like shrub Arbutus aculeata cannot besufficien t ly admired. It is a most pleasing evergreen , andcanno t fail of being a general favouri te. It is very hardy

,

and bears its berries through the win ter. I have sent someseeds of the celery of these regions, its it appearedto be a far

more vigorous andluxurian t plant than our own and, should

i t improve on cul tivat ion equally with ours, it will be an ao

quisi tion . It is very large andfine, equal to our cul tivatedcelery in many cases.

The Balsamplén t of Staten Island forms e legant cushionl ike knolls, fromthe leaves ofwhich a fragran t resinous juiceexudes, hav ing verymuch the propert ies ofcopaiva. It con

cretes naturally in to a solidresin ; and, shouldit. assimilate incharacter to copaiva, it wil l prove an admirable addition to theMater ia Media , as be ing capable of administrat ion in the

formofpil ls, whereby it wouldsupersede the late at tempts toobtain the resin ofcopaiva.Th e coral- l ike berries ofHamadryas contain a goodcolour

ing

.

pr inciple analogous to Annot ta. It is not alteredei therby acids or alkalies. If the dye shouldbe of the least valuethe plant wil l thr ive on waste hogs andmoors. I couldenu

met ate the part icu lars of other plan ts. Th e sea-weeds of

Stat en Islandare really gigan t ic. I foundone with very acidproper t ies, which I thought rather an anomaly ; and others

W h ile on the subject of plants I may introduce Shet land,naked, bare, anddest itute as it is even ofa vestige. A shredor two of a most diminut ive moss, requiring almost a micm.

acopic eye to discov er it, is very scarce and rare, being foundon ly in very few spots. A lichen iden t ical wi th the one on

the hills ofCape Horn, as the specimens at tached to the ir t espective rocks wil l show, comprise the botany ofShet land, ex .

30 Captain W ebsta 'on the Natural hm “ , d-c.

oepfingme wa-weeda of which there is a paucity. A smflparencbymatous

'

one yie lded a very sgreeable mucih gegummbig andwith sugar wmddformno badj elly for a des.aert in tbese regions ofdesolatiou. Of the red snow and theAw amdmtrallg l will leave others to spealt , having seen nei.

then- the one nor the other , though much in tere stedrespectingthem. I have sent the bott le with the red snow water , such

as it is ; bu t I think ours is a fallacy. The gedlugical speci.

0

are numerous andatnple . They are done up in separmbags for their respectiw places. I have a singuhtr andun iqueone fromShet land,

i

wh ich I reserve fer tile honour of preaem,

ing to yourse lf. No other trace of a similar kind cou ld befound. It is most beaut ifu l, though rare. I have de livered

papers on the geologtml structure andformation d t he diferent

places to Captain Foster. It is quite unnecessary to say any.

th ing more . At Staten IslandI observed ext ensive beds of

graph ite or black lead.

Th e collect ion of she lls is goodas far as our opportun ifia

permitt ed, though we found but few. The Teredo g igum

orgig'anma is very abundant at Stat en Land, andmakesaw.

ful de struct ion upon the t imber .

0

It is wi th con siderable pain I have to speak of birds hav

ing failedcompletely in that department fromwant of roomandconvenience for drying, with a fatali ty at She t landof th e

low of our col lect ion by a snow storm. In a t en gun br igcrammedwith ten months” provision andan unusua l quan t i tyof stores and instrumen ts, no one can rat ionally expect muchin the way

of natural h istory. There is a total wan t of ac.

commodat ton ; not a partic le of room, especially where the

a nd sole object s of the voyage are mathemat ical andmph ical. I have endeavouredtodo away thing that wasinmypower, and have invest igated the anatomical st ruetnreoi seals andpenguins, with whomwe have been associatedformany mon ths. The great peculiarity of struct ure in this am.

phibious bird is i ts great and excessively distended jugularveins being near t wo inches in diame ter. Imerely manifonth is one poin t respectin the anatomy of the penguin , to as .

sociate Wi th the p igious and enormous abdtnminal vei '

nour ‘he sea leopardor leopardine seal of Jameson,

Mr Forbes’s dcwripfimq

’

a w lm er.

wh ich you will scarcely eredit to be teventmn inches in dismeter. That an animal offive or six cwt. andof seven or eigh tfeet in length , shouldhave a venous sinusof seven teen inchesM eter, stretching fromhypochondrinmto hypochondrium,

seems incredible -

unparal le ledas it is, such is the fact. The

skins andheads offive are sent home. There are someminorarticles put up in bot t les, and the soft part s of the seal whichM anor Jameson has erroneously characterized. In respect

t o the preservat ion offish , didroompermit me , I intended tohave communicatedamode wh ich I have found to answer extremely wel l in the preserving of themwhole without the use

of bot tles, and so that t hey are perfect , comp let e, anden

t ire spec'

nnens. I am ext remely happy to say we have lostno man since the Chant icleer has been commissioned. I couldhave communicatedmuchmore but I amafraidI have alreadyt iredyou with the subject , andhave only to solicit the forgiveness ofm intrusion . W ith the most gratefu l estimation of

your lti and the best andmost sincere wishes of theheart for your h appiness, permit me to subscribe myse lf yourmost respectful andobligedservan t ,

W . H. B. W x ss'rna .

H. M . S . Chan ticleer ,Cape of GoodHope, Table Bay, 27th July 1829.

A31. I ll a - sh am of a new i nfluenza” . ByJame s D.

Pom s, Esq. Communicat edby the Author.

Ammo thew ious ccntriwanoes proposedfor themeasure ofthem or velocity efa current ef air, it is surprising howfew seemw hm bfi for their ofiect the separation of the

“ da t ive influence of the wind, submissible to rigorous calcus

“ tim, unh cumbered with the efl‘

ects of frict ion ondtbe loss

ofpower sus tainedt hrough accumulatedmechan ical construcM before anymalt which couldbe subj ect edto st rict calM on was obtained. or th e dynamical methods h itherto

that of the equilibration of t he aerial current by aoolu‘ n

'

nftluidseems t he most une x cq t ionable, andoft hosc

definedfrommastery properties, the time ofcool ing,measur

edbya thermomewr ph cedmthcm is the most phflo.

”

fi t the determination , however precise, of the “ Wthe windat anymomen tfis oflit tle importance tometeorolou ;

andit is not till we can obtain some geneml negister of the

state of the windin the abaence of the observer, hy amachineof sufficien t simpl icity to be general ly adopted, that we can

hope to raise the ph ilosophy of the windto that inlportaneewhich I amdisposedto th ink it deserves w holdin atmosphe.

quisition than the presen t , when the anemometer is the mostneglectedofallmeteorological instruments. A regis ter of the

force or velocity of the wind in the absence of the observermust of course include the register of its direction . An in

strument for the last purpose was cont rivedby one MichaelL omonosow, as I foundlong after the cont rivance I have now

to descr ibe was formed; but for the former andmore impor tantobject , no plan , as far as I know, has been proposed.The pr inciple ofmy anemometer occurred

.to me several

years ago, and I sketched the idea of an instrument much inits present form but hav ing lately addedsome improvemen ts,andfinding, after much occasional considerat ion, no funda

men tal defect, nor any not ice ofa similar contr ivance, I havebeen induced to draw up the following seen

th e principles to th e test of theory.

It is surprising that among the numerousing surfaces to the windandcompu t ing itshave been proposeddseems to have thoughtsurface to the curren t

M Forhes‘s dacripfioa a new Anmm ter .

m it has the advan tage of self- registrat ion . W e shallfirst consider the theory of t he deflect ion , then the met hodemployed to put it in pract ise. Br iefly then, th e principle oft he instrument is to asmaén tltemcamr s g‘ths vdodg qflhe

Mfafl at cer ta in in tervals , through

Th e inv estigat ion is similar to that of th e simplest case of

resistoh ce in troductory to the theory ofproject i les, fon t is the

same whether we consider the sphere (for we shal l suppose the

falling bodies to be spherules) moved through th e air by a

proj ect ile force equal to the veloci ty of the wind, or the windit self rush ing upon the sphere in a state of rest wi th that velocity. In th e former case th e resistance wouldbe consideredas producing an ex t inct ion ofmot ion exact ly equal to the produc tion of motion in the lat ter . That is, ifA B, Fig. 8

Plate I I . represen t the velocity of the windin anymoment oft ime, the body being first exposedto it at A, and the res istance of the curren t to its state of rest makes it move in . thesome time through A C, it is the same as ifwe suppose the

air in a stat e ofrest , andthe body at A projectedwi th a veloci tyA b, whe n, th e resistancebeingobv iously the same as before,the space moved th rough will on ly be A c, since b o= A C.

It is obvious tha t the sph ere, whe nexposedto the resistanceof th e air and th e ac t ion of gravity united, wil l describesome curve, as A a b c. But we have not , as in the case

of proj ect iles, to compute the resis tance on the per iphery of

the cu rve, wh ich when at righ t angles to the wind is whollyincon siderable , but merely the effort of a constan t resistancealong th e ordinates a a , Bb, & c. Th e quest ion is thereforeresolvedin to the simple case of resistance in a rect il ineal courseco ordinate with that ofgravi ty , iden t ical, in fact , wi th L ib. ii.

of the Pr incipia , and of wh ich also a very ex tended

0 the presen t case, may perhapsbe not unacceptable to sonic

Th e terminal velocity of a falling body in air is that finall imi t in which the accelerat ion of gravity is bdanced by the

s aw snare s. VOL . 11. no. 1. JAN. 1830. c

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relative densityofair ; we have r in poundsw

144 x 4

e

i f :ad’

lbs. andsubst itut ing$2 for a, we have1

21,

2 4928; 315 417°

W h ence to obtain a unit of resistance, put ting v anddequal

lto 1respect iv ely, we have R

'

37 5m And we have by

the equat ion already found to Jig-v

i, since R varies with

the square of the diame ter of the bal l. Hence also 2 a 15L et us now endeavour to apply the principles thus obtained

to themeasuremen t ofveloci t ies andspaces in amediumresistingas the square of the former , since we have already shown , that,by finding the efi

'

ec t of resistance in re tarding independen tmot ions, we shall have no difficu l ty in apply ing it to the simpleefi

'

ect of resistance upon a body at rest . Since the velocity thusres istedmust be in a state of perpe tual flux , we must findit s re lat ion to the re tarding force by some theoremof variablemot ion . It is th is j ; dv =f dt. Now, since the resisting force f is measured by the differen t ial of the ve loci ty n,

that different ial must be proport ional to v’. Now th is is the

charac ter ist ic oflinesdrawn fromthe assymptotes ofa rectangular hyperbole to the cur ve, such as E F , G H , AB, Fig. 1.

Plate I I. For le t the abscissmD B, D H, be denotedbyr , and the corresponding ordinates by y, then, from the pro

pet ty of equali ty in the rectangu lar spaces, we have the equation toy a

’; a being a constan t quan t ity. Hence the difi

'

e

ren tial is wdy-f- y dw z flanddy z — ‘Z—d—f

. But sincex

{7 z dy _yyd.r

in wh ich do: being a constant difiiera:

cat ial, (for , as we shall presen tly see , the abscissa increase uni

formly,) anda’ a constant quan t ity, d3;must vary asy’, which

is property of the velocit ies resistedas their squares.’

Ra ce, therefore, ifwe draw a line A B , wh ich shal l repre

sent the initial v eloci ty V, andone at right angles, B D cor

responding to the t ime a, or the t ime of ext inct ion of the velocity V,

when um'

formly resisted, the parallelogramthus formed

See note tom ai n s de Motn corporumquihus resist itur in

daplicetsmtiw a veh eimum.—Jesui t’s Edit.

Mr Forbes’s descr ipt ion qfa New M om .

will represen t the quant i ty 2 0, and hav ing thus obtaineda

scale for the measurement both ofw locity'

andtimc, we msydescr ibe th e rectangu lar hyperbola A G E, bas ing C D , DB ,

i'

orming port ions of i ts assymptotes. The abscim D B , D H,

8m. wil l then ex press the t imes, (increasing uniformly? and

the ordinates B A, G H , 8m. the corresponding retardedr elop

ci ties. Hav ing thus obtainedameasure ofthe t ima andcc

locities, the un ion of themor the areas A G H B, A E F B,

St e. represent the spaces described.

But since the hyperbo lic areas may be eitpremedby th emtural or Napierian logarithms, from the equal ity of th e rec

tanglé A B CD I G H D, wh ich is the modulus of the

hyperbol ic logarithms, or 1, and is he re equ ivalen t to 2 0,

the difference of the hyperbolic logari thms of any two cedi

nates wil l express the area intercepted between them, andits

measure wil l be obtainedin terms of2 0 .

Bu t in th e case wh ere the veloci ty is not that of a proj ect ile, but of the impu lsive medium, the velocit ies wil l not bemeasuredby the ordinates, bu t by the difference be tween t hemandthe init ial veloci ty ; and the spaces not by the hyperbolicareas, bu t by the difi

'

erence be twixt themand a rectangle dcscr ibedby a uniformveloci ty in th e same t ime. That is, putt ing S space moved ov er , and t the t ime ofexposure toresistance : B F, A B be ing as formerly V, and 8

we have

8 : V i—{hyp log. (e f t)— hyp. log. e }Qav t 2 a hyp . log.

3

Or for common logarithms sub6

stit ute2

; for 2 a , M be ing the modulus of the common sys .

tem.

Having thus given a solut ion of the problemof the ex tentofdeflection occasionedby a curren t of air under any circumstances, I proceedtodescribe the instrumen t which is in tendedtoshow its effect . It is represen tedin Plate I I.

'

Fig. 2. Fromtheflat boardC D, ofwhich the figure represen ts a section , risemoiron suppor t s G E andH F,

which shouldbe as thin as is cons isten t with strength in the direct ion as righ t angles to the v iewmt R ising fromabove these mthe way t here shown,

is t ! indsai l A, which must have a cap andvane

Mr Forbes’s descr ip tion (y a NewAnemometer.

“ W eed in the figureflo shew one side fromthe windand ex pose the other to its foree. On th e a x is of the sai l isthe pinion a; wa king into the wheel 6, wh ich turns the endlessscrew 0. By t hese two t ransfers of power any requireddiminution of velocity may be produ ced. The box B containsa nmber of spberules to be dmpt at short in tervals bymeansd amechanical contrivanoe, and in the course of their fall are

ex poaedco them ung force of the wind, which deflection ismeasured bymeans of the circulart he boardC D, of which a horizonta l plan is given in Fig. 3,di et ing by the distr ibut ion of the cav ities that both the

direct ion and velocity of the wind will be measuredat once,

b SQ gdividedinto eight , or as many poin ts of the compass asmaybe dedred, and in to th ree or more measures ofdeflect ion.

It is th us apparent , that, in the est imat ion offorce, the results

are wh olly indepmdent of anymechan ical friction, since all

the wheel- work connectedwith it ismere ly employedfor dropp ing the balls ; wh ich is thus con trived: The bot tomof the

box B is composed of several par ts, a section of wh ich is

given in Fig-4 : the cent re part Q is the real bot tom, andis at

tacked to t he sides. It has the th ickness of one of the balls,and has a cylindrical. perforat ion q, of the same diameter

, as

W eedaimin Fig. 5 , which is a horizontal sect ion of the

same. U ni tedby a common ax isg (Fig. which passes freelythrough the cent re ofthe bot tomQ , are the two plates P andR ,

the hor iz on tal surfaces of wh ich are represen ted at Figs. 6and7, and in to the edge of the former works the endlessc (Fig. 2, ) by which the plate

s P and R are slowly turned

round, being on a common ax is, so fixed that wh ile the aper

ture r covers the cyl indrical hole in the plate Q , it is closedbelow by the stop p in the plate P, and the reverse , so that it isobv ious, that , as soon as the cav ity q is insulated above, thebal l wh ich was received through the open ing r wil l drop,which will be repeated once every turn , the recurrence of

which may be variedat pleasure by the number of tee th in thewhee l- work.W emust, however, observe that the number ofpe lle ts drap

ped into the circu lar rings in Fig. 8, even shou ldthese r ings becalcu lated for spaces corresponding to equal incremen ts of

velocity, will not be proport ional to the t imes during which

t he in

fromfal lenso regulatedas to ind

accumulated in theming, in the first place, the appliesto the instrumen t .L et us assume the spherules

diameter , andthat they have the den sity of wat er,heigh t they fal l through is four feet . Sincefoot , andsince a cubic foot ofwater weigh s

x S

the weigh t of a spheru le WW

— E

W e have seen that by the Newtonian theory R

pound, andby the formula already explainedu z ..

“3

E. Hence then,

L ogarithmR,

4’ .04 inches, log.

Resistance to vel. 1.

L og. W .

Diff. log. u’

g 32 log.

20 37. 38 feet. log.

Wiggo in it ial ve loci ty, or the

the ex tinguish ing

the expoofssss.

of expo.

Jgé. andM the logai

being z: Q M & c. we have all the data

equat ion .

0 5

2dlog.

log.

Finally ; V t 40 x feet

Amoun t ofdeflect ion, 39 84 feet .

have j ust supposedis perhaps one of themostpract ice ; it is besides curious, as showing the

he densi ty isthan wou ldthe he ight of

or we have a 1

t ion is easily al tered to the presen t case.

2dlog.

102 0

8'

174log.

40 x fee t .

Deflect ion feet .

migh t be turnedou t ofwood. Perhaps even dry peas

A greater space ofe x pocure than in this lu t cu e

ever , be desirable, that the windmigh t hm ,an

action through the machine.Suppose, in the first case we have calcu lated,

sity of the spheru les was doubled, it migh t bethat

inches, the ve locity being the some .

2 a log.

m 2 log.

2 o n 18 7812

V log.

1. 2 a at log.

e

j- ‘log.

inches, having a specific gravity of 2, (wh ich might easily bemade of some permanent composition approach ing this dwsity) be selectedas the standard, (or , what is them hav inghalf the diameter , or inch. anda specific gravityvof édwmay compute for it the spaces corresponding to equal increments of velocity, and if we div ide the ordinary veloci ties of

wind into three classes, under 20, under 40, and under 60

feet per second, corresponding to abou t 97 and41milesan hour, we shal l have a sufficien t il lustrat ion for our presen t

purpose. Such a computat ion once made for any instrumen twi ll regulate the breadth of the spaces for the reception of

the bal ls, wh ich , as we have remarkedabove, wou ldnot be in

the ratio of the velocit ies, were they equally divided.

MrEerhesEs dm

2amM

edlog.

log.

V! 20 X 0 5

Deflect ion feet .

W e have already got the deflect ion wh en V 40, feet.

Put. V 60

2 a in log.

V log.

6 log.

6z:

e I log.

8 +log.

6

1.

1.

We have th us obtained

V : 20 corresponding Defl.

V : 40

v z 60 asooO? which the seconddifl

'

erences are nearly constan t .

I have taken occasion to remark, t hat, al though the spacesbe thus proport ioned to t he actual velocit ies, th e number of

balls contm'

nedin each circular ring will not correspondto theblown wi th the indicated

distr ibut ion of the spherules depending on

a sail , which wil l be proport ional very nearthe squares of th e velocit ies, the numbers inwill ofcourse bear that relat ion, and, takingvelocity as a standard, those in the second

M

2dlog. 94 6607

log.

60 x

Deflect ion feet .

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inj ovder, wh ich may easily be done, by having a water - t igh tt caae for that sma ll part of the instrumm E x perience wil lshow how tn the theoret ical principles above laiddown are

rigorously accurate in pract ice . The Newtonian resul t for Rhas requiredsomemodification to coincide wit h the ex per iment al resu lts derived from proj ect iles ; but it is probable, that

a few part icular velocities, may‘

appear requ isite.

Hooss , October 26, 1829.

Ar r . V .—L iat of the Number gf Patents grantedfin In.

vmtimrs in Engbml,fromMayear 1675 £0 1829, inclusive ;also a L ist (JPatcnts in firm1815 -1829.

A Select Committee of the House of Commons was appointed

lead; and, considering their great regnlarity ot'aurfi ce andperfect nafl

ty of siz e, l amdisposedto think that thc tinall qm t ity of the defleofion

might be overlookcd; for when the velodtics are considcrable, the dcfleotions fimndfor former cases are in t’sct too large fiir oonvenienoe, andit

probablywouldnot be adviaahle to reduce the spaceofex posnre helow threem'fimr feet. L et ns see, therelbre, what wouldbe the amoun t ofdeflec

in thc first ex ample given ahove, the density of the shot bctng as

11.37 to 1, andthe dhmetei as l to 1, or being l -mth inch . V = 4o

Q a log.

Q a dm 9 -896“

V log. 9 a 4m

e tog. M log.

e t == lag.

‘f

log. 003912 edmamt

19.t 01 log.

Vt

Deflection, th at about 11inches.

m m m m 1615 10 18”

lin t asma i,’

to mmme’

evidence cn the importmt mbyeu‘

of “ M u for Inventiona,”

andmuch valuable informa tion

periodaot‘

the session preven tedtbe Commit teo fromrepor tingmly thc nunuwa of the evidence but at the aame time reoommending earnest ly to the Home to resume the inquiry cady

t ir e talent ofv onr count ry will yet be prot ected from t boae

mercemymdunpi incipled invaden , who, witbout hesitat ion

A comm ofs the w gmts ofpatan ts in themt reigns is not unworthy of invest igat ion. Th e busy act iv i ty

of our own t imesmuchmore tban doubles what was reginfledas an era ofgreat commercial act ivity andmechan ical inven t ionin the reign ofGeorge I II . andassumes a very h igh and loftycharacter wha compared with the reigns of two preoedingmonarchs ol that name. The reign ofAnne afl

’

ords the lcaat

numerical average, and the annual increase of paten ts soon

after the accession of W i ll iamand Mary is not unworthy of

attent ion. The number gran ted in 1825 ,—a year so repletewith interest in history of speculat ion and adventurous en ter

priz ea of all kinds, wil l not be looked at by the ph ilosophicobserver ofmen and things; wi thou t the deepest fee lings dastmishmen t andregret .

Char leen . 1686, 3 1698, 8

1675 , 4 1687, 6 1699, 4

1676, 2 1688, 4 1700, 2

1677, 3 Wm. & Mary. 1701, 1

1678, 5 1689, 1 Anne.

1679, 2 1690, 3

1691. 20

1681, 5 1692, 24

1682, 7 19

1688, 7 1694, 9

James I I. 8

1685 ; “ M s

t flNML Ibunubgpmmnatfihnn lW671a> 1829.

7

14

9

5

I I.7

12

8

11

1781, 9

8

6

8

6

175 0, 7

8

175 2, 1 6

175 3, 11

175 4, 9

175 5 , 12

175 6, 3

175 7, 9

175 8, 14

10

I I I .1760, s

1761. 14

1762, 9

1763, 20

1764, 14

1765 , 14

1766,

1767.

1768,

1770,1771,1772,1778,1774,

1775 ,1776,1777, 8

8

8

81

8

8

8

8

83

8

8

?

List of Patents in force.

1815 , 5 3

1816, 118

1817,1818, 180

1820, 98

1821, 108

1822, 118

1823, 138

so

1779, 88

1780, as.

1781, 34

1782, 39

1788, 64

1784, 46

1785 , 60

1786, 5 9

1787, 5 4

1788, 48 .

i s

68

1791, 5 7

1792, 84

1793, 48

1794, 5 5

1795 , 5 0

1796, 73

1797, 5 4

1798. 77

1799, 82

1800, 96

1801, 104

1802, 105

1803, 74

1804, 60

1805 . 95

1806, 99

96

95102

1810, 95

1811, 115

1812, 1191813 ,

143

1814, 94»

1815 , 99

19816, 118

1817; 99

1818,1819,George IV.

1820, 98

1821, 108

1m 113

1823, 1&

1824, 181

1825 ,131

1827, 148

1828, 15 2

1829, 37

Tot . 5 5 39.

Tot . 185 5

Dr Bremter on a newm-iee qf

These tables were preaentedto the Commitwe byMr W .

”

H. W 54 9 , the edi tor of the Repa-tory ofAm.

Average annual gran t of Patents in the difi rent reigns,adopt ing the nemstw hole number

Char les I I. 5 George I. 7

James I I . 4 George I I. 8

W illiamandMary. 8 George I I I. 61

Anne. 2 George IV. 136

W e conclude this statemen t by an accoun t of the numberofPatents obtainedin England, France, andAustr ia, as published in the Polywchn ieclic Jaltrbiiclter

”at Vienna,

commun icatedto the Commi ttee by Mr Hawkins.

Yearly average. 15 2 182

Average in Englandfrom1818 to 1826, 138

Pmmoor ii , October 21, 1829.

Ai r . VI.—Ou a new ser ies ofperiodical colour s p roduced

by the grooped surfaces of metaHic andtramparent bodies .

ByDav in Bas r an, L L .D. F.R S. L . andE.

In the year 1822, when I receivedfromMr Barton some v er yfine specimens n t

’

his Iris ornaments, I avai ledmyse lf of t h e

opportun i ty ofperforminga series of exper imen ts on the act ion

Readbefore the Royal Society ot'London, May21, 1829 , andsligh t lyabridgedamtbe Pm. Tram. 1829, p. 801—816.

periodical colouri pmdw edbyn vedsuzfizca .

ofgroovedsurfaces upon l igh t. As the subject m ma oer

tain a tent new, many of the resu l ts which Iiobtainedsca nnedto possess considerable in terest , andI acw rdingly communicatedto the Royal Society ofEdinburgh 8 genera l account ofthem»

,which was readon the 3dof February 1828. Thm

terruptiom, however , of professional pursuit s preven tedme ,bu t at distant intervals, frompursuing the inqu iry ; andhav

ing found that M. Fraunhofer was act ively engaged in the

very same research , with all the advan tages of the finest apps.rains andmaterials, I abandoned t he subject, though wit hsome reluctance, to his superior powers andmeans of invest i

gation. During a v isi t paidto Edinburgh by the Che valierYelin , a friendof Fraunhofer’s, anda dist inguishedmemberof the Academy of Sciences of Munich , I showed himthe

general resu l ts which I had obtained; and as he assuredmethat the phmomena wh ich hadprincipal ly occupiedmy at ten

t ion hadent ire ly escapedthe notice ofh is friend I was thusinducedto resumemy labours, the resu lts ofwhich, in relat ionto one branch of the subject, I shall now submit to the cousiderat ion of the Society.W hen a flat and pol ishedmetall ic surface is covered with

equal andequidistan t grooves, we may characterize it by therelationof two quant ities, one ofwh ichm,represen ts the breadthofeach groove , or ofthe surface that is removed, wh ile the othern, represen ts the breadth of the in termediate space, or of the

original surface that i s left . If the image of a candle i s seenby redex ion fromsuch a surface , the trace of the plane of re

flex ion being paralle l to the grooves, we observe the colourlessimage of a candle in themiddle of a row of prismat ic imagesarrangedin a l ine perpendicular to the grooves. The colourless image of the candle is fm'med by the original portions "of the metallic surface, wh ile the prismatic images are formedby the sides of t he grooves 777. Th is may be demonstratedocularly by increasing m, andconsequen t ly diminish ing 77 t illthe lat ter nearly disappears. In th is case , the intensi ty of the

pr ismat ic images rises to amaximum, while the ordinary

The memoir of M . Fraunhofer was read to the Bavarian Academy ofScience- oa ths 14th ot

‘

June 1893 ; audhas n0 relation to the subj ect ofthis paper.

Dr Brewstex- oa a amn ria ql

lours, depmd entirely on the magnit ude of

number ofgrooves and in tervals that occupyand the laws of these phenomena have beenminedbyM . Fraunhofer .

In the course of

ous that it was not owing to any accidentalcimen in wh ich it was men dist inct ly w en ,

obaa ve that the wh ite image reflectedfromof the stee l was itself sl ight ly coloured;with the angle of

Hitherto I had

mena. The ordinary image of the aperture , as formedby t hespaces a , was crowed in adirect ion perpendicu lar to it s lengt h,wit h broadcolouredfr inges varying in their tint s fi om90° to0° of inc idence .

'l bis remarkable effect I observed in various

specimens, having from5 00 t0 10,000 grooves in an ineh .

In a specimen with lOOO gmoves in an inchg or in wrhich

m+ n = .1000dth of an inch , no less than four completeorders of colours were deve loped, as shown in the followingTable“

90 00 Br ill ian t blue.

Ye llowPink 76 20 PinkJunct ion of pink and Junct ion of pink aad

blue 75 40 blue 5 8 10

W hi t ish ye llowYe l low

Th ese colours are obviously those of the reflected rings int hin plates. By turn ing t he stee l plate roundin azimu th , theva y same colours are seen at the same angles of incidence, andthey suffer no chanfge ei ther by varying the distance of the lu

minous aper tu re, or the distance of the eye of the observer.I now examined various other specimens which possessed

the same property. In some there were three orders of cc

lours, in others two, andothers one, wh ile in some only one or

two t ints of the first order Were deve loped. These differentefi’w ts are more minu telv detailedin the following Table.

Na ofgmvu Orders andportiomot’

ordcrs of cob urs dcveloped

factu a l"up to 0

°ct

‘

incidcncr .

5 00 C i tron yellow of the first order.625 Ouc comple te order , and up to reddish ye llow of the

secondorder. Colours very dilu te .1000 Four comfle te orders of colou rs.1000 One complete order, togethe r wi th blue green andyel

lowish green of the secondorder.

125 0 One complet e order, together with blue and bluishgreen of the .second order . Colours exceedinglyfain t anddilu ted.

2000 One complet e order, together with blue green and

greenish ye llow of the secondorder.

One comflete order , together wi th green isho

yellow of the secondorder.

One cornplete orde r, toge ther wit h gambogeyellow of the secondorder

One comple te orde r, together with the fu ll. biueof the secondorder .

G amhoge yellow of th e first order.s aw sn are s, voi . 11. NO 1. JAN. 1830. n

Pinkish yellow.

Pink redW h it ish pinkGreenYellowReddish

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be the reflectedimage of the rec

spacesmanda b, a’ b’, M b", 0

"

it , o n, v’

v’

, Ste. being the v ioletaides, and r r , r

’H, St e. t he redsides of these specvra. Thenin th e

l st speetrnma b, the violet rays are obht eratedat mat an

incidence of “ fi end the redrays at n at an incidencet he intermedia te colours, blue green, being obli terated at ih

termediate points bet ween us andn , andat angles of incidencein termediate between 74° and In the

2dm ma’b’, the v iolet rays are obliterated at m’

at

an ioeiderxce ofW fiO’, andthe redat n at 5 5 ° 4-5 fi la t he

3dJmect rum a” b”, t he violet rays are obliteratedan imal

andthe redat n”at 41° And in the

4th spectrum a’"

the v iolet rays are obl iteratedatW’

and themedrays at m’” at 23°

Another simi lar moccasins of obl iterated t in ts takes p laceon s ll the pr

'

umatic images at a lesser inc idence, “ shown rtt

p r y/ V the violet being obliterat edat e , andthe redamen d

the in termediate colou rs at intermediat e poin ts. In th is

is shownmore clear»n is a par t of one of themgg the green space, bb the blne,The line of obliterat ion mn in bea

ginning at mobliterates the exm violet at m; so that thecun e of iflummat ion o bmf ig fl , is j ust afiectedattremitym. The line advances in to tbe spectmm, and at the

Violet 18 obli terated, as shown by the nowh in the curve ; at e

s por tion of the green andblne t at h a port ion of th e redand

greemandat n the ex t reme red.

v . v . m v - m “ V “

for the t ints never e n t irelydisappear, andthose obl itera tedat

each line m n forman oblique spectrum contain ing all t he

prismat ic colours.The analysis of these curious and apparen t ly comp l icated

phenomena becomes very simple when they are examinedunderhomogeneous il lumination . The efi

'

ect produceddn redsligh t

is represen ted in F ig. 19, where A B is the image of t he restmgular apert ure reflected from the faces n of th e steel, amlthe four images on each side of it correspond wi th the pr ismat ic images. All these n ine images, however, consist ofho

mogeneous red l ight , which is obliteratedat the fifteen shadedrectangles, wh ich are the minima of the new series of periodi

cal colours wh ich cross both the ordinary and the pr ismat icimages. The centres p, r , t , a, v, & c. of these rectangles cor.respondwith the poin ts markedwith the same let ters in Big.

9, andif we haddrawn the same figure for v iolet light , t hecen tres of the rec tangles wou ldhave correspondedwi th 4,

M y, 8m. in Fig. 9. The rectangles shouldhave been shadedoff to a accurately, but the only ohgect

of the figure is to the eye the posit ionandrelations of

the minima of the periods.If it shouldbe practicable to ra nove a st i ll greater pomon

of the face s a the first minimump , Fig.19, wouldcommence

11, where the law

edfrhnr the perpendicq at which these minima occu r in the

a treme rays.

Posiuon of the minima in redlight .

First minima, p,Secondminima r ,

Thirdmin ima,

Position of the minima in v iolet ligh t .

First minima, 81so 74 as so 5 7

Secondminima, 66 20 5 7 4-8

W hen the stee l wi

th 1000 grooves is exposed to commonl igh t, andthe inciden t ray is very near the perpendicular, the5 th , 6th , 7th and8th prismat ic 1mages are combined into a

mass of whi tish light terminated external ly by a black space.As the angle of incidence increases, the 6th , 7th , 8th , and9th

images are combined into this mass, then the 7th , 8t h , 9th ,

and l 0th mages, andso on , the black space wh ich terminatesthis mass recedingfromthe axis or image A B, Fig. 10, as the

obliqu ity ofthe incident ray increases.H‘av ing coveredthe steel plate wi th water andoil of cassia

in succession , I found the angular distances of the black space

to be as fol lows at the same incidence .

12 28

17 15

,2122

The sines of which are inverse ly as the indices of refract ionof the fluids.

Phenomena analogous to t hose above descr ibed take placeon the groovedsurfaces ofgold, silver , andcalcareou s spar, St e.

Dr Brswsmou a newmia q

I was desirous of

groovedsurfaces ofdifl'eren

ow ly impossible to procuce o

bodies in wh ich the gnoovestance andmagnit ude ; but I

systemof1000 grooves upon tin, realgar, andThe fol lowing resu lts were ohtaincd with Tbeing those upon A B, Fig. 10.

W h ite 60 0 2djunction ofpinlt

Yel low. bluePink. Blu ish green .

l st j unction ofpink and Yel low .

blue 76 20 Orange .

Green ish blue . Ph i lt .

Yellow. 3djunct ion ofpin

Pinlt .

First minimumof red

SecondThe fol lowing resul ts were obtainedwith

W hi te 90 0 YellowYellow 80 Brigh t pinkink 75 30 2d junct ion of

l st junct ion of pink andblueandblue 73 10 Bluish green

Blue 72 Ye llowBluish green 70 15 PinkMore andmore pink .

as in th e steel.

The fimt limit ofpink andblue was atThe M ah moudorde rThe of pink andblue was at

In thme experiment s the tin gave near ly the same resu l tsthe steel ; bu t in the realgar and th e isinglass, similar t in ts

were producedat a less angle of incidence than in the steel.The minima of the per iods were exh ibited very 611e on the

isinglass. andwere producedat simi lar angles of incidence .

In a specimen wit h 1000 grooves upon isinglass, the th ird

pink , or t hat seen upon st eel at was the highest ; but afterdrying, the pink descended to ye llow, and subsequent ly to

If the isinglass is remcvedfromthe steel when it is still soft,t he edges of the grooves get roundedandlose their sharpness,andon ly one prismat ic image is seen on each side of the ordinary image , as in mother- of- pear l .Themass ofwh ite l igh t is fin ely seen in the impressions taken

upon t in , but nev er appears upon isinglass.The preceding experiment s do not aflbrdany precise data

for determin ing the influences of refractive power. The 'real

gar and th e is inglass give fewer periods of colour so as to in

dicate that, ocean'

s par ibus, a diminution of refract ive power

produu s a diminu t ion in the number andorders of colours, orcauses the min ima to be developedat a lass incidence. This

dr ies, andconseqaent ly increases in refract ive power, theESTmin imal! in number, andthe min ima are producedat

cidences. The modificat ion of the t in ts by a change of refrac

tive p ower is here masked by the influence of other causes,

numelfi an inferim'itymthe sharpness of the impression to thatof the original surface, anda rounding of the narrow spaees n

subsequent ly produced by indurat ion. In the specimen of

isinglass, th erefore, already men t ioned, which gave the firstlimit of pin k and blue at nearly the same angle as the steel,

it is probable that t t. wouldhave developedthe same limit at agreater inclinat ion had the impression been as sharp as the

orig inal.In th is uncer tainty I conceived that the influence of a vari

able refractive powm' wouldbe best obtained by placing differeat flu ids on the surface of the grooved steel ; and upon

us ing alcohol andoil of cassia my expectat ions were fulfilled.

The fol lowing were the resu lts :

Dr Brewswr on a m m-ia y1"

No.0!”mm “ mm mg fi a m , w .mmot qfi n

W it ter. Ting:

312 No colour, Alcohol. Time ofYellow.Oil ot

‘

cau ia. Fain t reddish yellow .

Citron yellowoffirst order.

W ater. Fain t pink of secondorder .

Alcohol. Dittomore pink.

Oil of cassin. Bluish pink, “W ater. Pinltish red, secondorder.

ofAlcohol. Brillian t pink , dit to.

Wonofcast ia. Greenish blur. th irdorder .W ater . Yellow of secondorder.

125 0 8m“Alcohol. Yellower.on of cas ia. Yellowish pink.

Greenish yellow rater. R

pmred, secondorder .

of secondorder.Ofllcn

o

hf

nl.

l G blue.“ 1

W ater. Dilute green .

9600 secondAlcohol. G reenh h wh ite, resendGala .

9"3. on ofcassia. Brigh t w hose yellow.

1. W ater . Pinki

sih‘ged, fi

rs t order .

Alcohol. Redof6m

Oil of casein. Br igiiin

blue, secondor“W ater. Pale ellow.

Bluish!

“ fAlcohol. v ow with tinge MmOil ofm in. Yellowish pink,W ater . G reeninh whi te of secondom.

F“

F“

,Alcohol. Yellowish white.Oil ofcossia. Brillian t gamboge yeflow.

I obtainedsimilar resul ts with grooves imme rsedupon wax

so that we may now safely draw the conclusion that more orders of colours, and consequent ly h igher t ints at a givencidence

,are deve lopedby diminish ing the refractive power of

the groov edsu rface .

The influence ofrefract ive power on the tints of the ordi~

nary image being thus determined, it became in terest ingt o as

certain its effects on th e obli terated tints of the prismat ic imm»

ges. As these tin ts never appeared un less when that of the

ordinary image exceeded the blue of the seemidorder, I tookth e specimen with grooves, wh ich had for itsmmmumt in t a blue of the secondorder, but wh ich exhibit ed no

obli terated t ints in the prismat ic images. Having placedupon

m m pfin m m .

it a filmofoflofw ssiml raisedthe blue to a gamboge yel low,and I found that the fluiddeveloped the phenomma ofoh

literated t ints on th e first prismat ic image . Owing to the

great breadth of the spectrum, the dist inct separat ion of the

colours wh ich composedit, and the great length of the l ine of

andr emarkable that I have ever witnessed.

Hitherto l had ex amh ed the minima in the prismat ic images as symme trically re lated in position to the minima in t heovdma ry1mage, as shown in Figs. lOand l l ; but 1n studyingsome specimens in which the spacesmwere very btoad, and

the grooves or spacesmcomparat ively narrow, I was surprisedto observe obliteratedt ints on the prismat ic images, while the

ordinary image was en tirely free ofcolour . This took placein two specimens, one of which had812, andthe other 625

grooves in an inch The em u were here far too wide to

produce the new tin ts, andso were the spaces m; but uponapplying the microscope to the grooves m, I saw that theywere formedby two or more grooves ploughedou t by the cut

ting poin t so that mh space mactua lly consistedofsmal lerreflect ing spaces, wh ich were sufliciently minu te to produce

Al though in these specimens, there fore, when mis nearly

equalto n, we observe a beaut iful coincidence between the po

sit ions of the minima on the ordinary and on the prismat ic

are separate phenomena, anddepend, when the grooves are

single, on the relation between mandn .

The preceding observationa relate solely to rays reflectedfromgroovedsurfaces ; but in consequence of the almost perfeet transparency of isinglass in th in plates, I have been ena

bled to examine the transmit ted t ints . The colours whichare thus seen on the ordinary image are extremely bril l ian t,but they seem to have no re lation whatever, either in numberor in qua lity, to the reflected t in ts. In the specimen whichgave by reflect ion th ree orders ofcolours, those seen by transmisgion were only the following.

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M W W Q M W .

1. A specrmen w1th lOOQ groos es ex btbtmdno colours on

th e ordinary image eithee by rcfleeticn or transmission. The

prismtic images ofa candle were very €a1nt , and th e fourthcculdscarcely be seen .

z Another spcchnen of IOOO grooves gsve hy reflection

cne pd odof colours fromwhite at great incidenm thw h

yellow up w purple at a vertical incidence By transmissiona liede ydlowwym seen at a great incidence .

a A thirdspecknen of LOOOgmm which hadheen a fine

” impression, W e hy rcflecfion two orders ofcolourg the

the second

limi t nearly at a ver t ical incidencg a desp pink appearing at

By tratm ission the'

u inglaas gave a hhdshm at the

pmp lc to yellow, which was themas imumt in t .In all these specimens the colours remaimtlmsame in all

M W M M c h all these impcession s hadbcentaken m amuoh inj ured, I nesolvedto grinddown i ts mrfacehy aa pdt hing powder, and to ohcerve the changes wh1ch took

place. As the efl'

ect of th is was to increase the spaces n , the

cclohrson the ordinary image scon disappeared. The pheno

mencn oft be obliterated tin ts m no longer seen , the mass ofiwh ite ligh t disappesred, andfiacmthemunding of the edgese f

Such cre die leadingphenomena ofthis new andremar kableclass ofpericdical colours ; but though their ge neral Is l and

the circumstances -upon wh ich they dependseem to .be pret tyclear ly shown in t h e preceding ex perimmt s, yet I fieel great

That they amnot owing to the difl'

raction andin terfierence of

the mysmflectedfi'emtwommm p f the surfaceamconsider.

eras narrow slits or aperturcs, is obv ious ; for in that case

they wouldbe sfl'

ect edby the distance of th e luminou s obj ectmd th e dis tance ofthe eye , andt he colouu wcu ldfom-handa

so D e ma m n fi a ofM M Qe .

duo- n that one reflect ion froma plate of cilvery arc. in equi

valant in its act ion to a given t hickness ot'

a crystallicadfilm,andthat the tints descendin the scale by ina eai ng t h e a ngle

of incidence as if the equivalen t filmhaddiminishedm thick

ness. That these colours are prodnced by the inw ffierenes

of two pencih , one ol'which sufl

'

ers reflection later t han theother, cannot he doubted; bu t whet her these two poruons mreflected within the sphere of reflect ing act ivity, at such dis.

mocc as w prodnce colours hy their in terfa ence; or wbether

the one is reflect edin the usual manner , while the othe r is notreflectcdnll 1t has penetrateda eerta1n th1ckneu flf the pohfi

edmemh it is not easy to ascertain .

Ifeither of

analogous effect shouldhe producedwith common light , thatghthe in tensity of the interfm'ing pencils migh t in t h is u se he

If we suppose that the spaces a are cmaller than the disu nce

to which the reflect ing force extends, the rmovalof the metalfrm the adj acen t grooves must diminish the reflect ing fm'

ce

of these spaces. That th ls mthe mse may, we th1nk be in

ferredfromdirect ex periment . At the separating snrfaee of

the ateel anda fluid, we obm e a cer tain change in the act icn

of the steel surface, wh ich can be ascr ibed tomother cause

the surface. Now it is manifest fromex periment that the diuu tion ofthe spaces n has en cfly the wme efl

'

ecg t he eolonrs

not only being renderedbfigh ter by each of theae caum but

the minima beingproducedat greater angles ofincidence.

Sinee in a systemof grooves with only 812man ineh, oil

of cassia developes colours wh ich didnot prev iously ex ist, itis evident , that , ifwe hadfluidsofmuch h igher refractiVe power,colou rs wouldbe producedwhen the spaces a were much lar»

m and when the flnid approached in refractive demity tothat of the me tal, we should witness the periodical colocrs

withou t anygrcoves at all omthe reflecting surface ; so that

the phenomena w’buldt hen become ident ical with those whichare developedat the separat ing surface of transparen t bodia .

W e can scarcely, therefore, avoidthe conclusion, that theremoval " Me 811m fromthe grooves, whether t hey are

made on meta l or on transparent bodies, diminishes tha ct ive power of the intermediate spaces. On the hypot hesis ofemission, th is abstract ion of the reflect ing matter may be re

gardedas equivalen t to a diminut ion of the density of the sur

face ; while on the undulatory hypothesis, the eflect may be

in its density or e last icitymin is the ex tremi t ies ofa number

Ar r . VHF - 071the Mullet: ofEurope. By Bares Cnv t s s .‘

Tan fishes named rgc'

yM by the Greeks and Muller by the30mm are without con tradiction those Which have beenmost celebrated in the wri tings of the ancien ts for their exce llence as foodandfor the beauty of the ir colours ; and it waswith regardto these fishes that Roman luxury occupied i tse lfwith themtcst solici tude.

The name W ith , wh ich is applied to the mu llet in many

parts of Italy, is not the on ly reason for supposing that themullet was the was, of the Greeks. Pliny translates thistermby Mulle r, quot ing a paw fromAristot le , where it isa id that the Trigla spawns thr ice in the year. The 111u

of th e Romans may be safely regarded as the rouget-barbct

of the French (Malia: barbatus , L in ) ; for Pliny charactsrizu it dist inc t ly by the double heardor cirr i ofthe under j aw,and by its redcolour. Th is heardis also ment ionedin twoplaces byAtha mna.The name rely» ) has been derivedfromthe triple spawn ing

at tribu tedto these fishes, andthis name in its turn occasionedthe species to he dedicated to the t riple Hecate or to Diana,summedrgiymc, (triple-eyed) fromwhence, by another ofthe induct ions too habitual with the Greeks, the Trigla haveacquiredthe repu tat ion of being an t i-aphrodisiac.

The nameMedias has, however , been referredto another ori

gin. It is derived, say some, from the colour of the flsh t e

sembling that of the sandals worn by the Alban kings, cal led

FromPHt’

t tm‘

re Namrellc dc: Poisson , par Baron Cuvier at M. Valen

n’

ennea, vol. iii. Paris, 1829 .

Baron Cuvier ou W t fw

worn hy the consula were mnsmittcddownwards a s wthe impumldreas.Though the G reeks bomdof- thc ex cellence of thmmmin t lw aomn writers themnllet is ofteaermcu ioned,end in mere ex pressive terms. Among tbe flm mm

ke t from a great distance, and no e x pence m M M

procure it. The value of Mu llets was est imated by as ;

weigh t , and2lbs being, according to Pliny, the greatest weightgenerally attainedby t his fish , it wasmddM Wha lmfit hhsize as amagn ificen t dish, although the Roman pound was a

thirdless than that ofFrance . Mart ial mentions th e purcwof a mul le t of this weigh t among the sacrifices wh ich /wtress ex actedfromhim; and, in spealt ing ofwsumpmmter tainment which he declined, he says

Nolomih i poms rhomhum, mutlumvc bilihm

A mullet of 8 lbs. weigh t was regardedas sn/

obj ect ommirat ion ; and the same author represen ts one of “ h e.“ as an

Addi x tim mh ummis heremillsma ntis,

U t bene ca nares, Calliodm, acme!Nec bane cmnasti. Mullus t ibi quat uor animusL ibrarum, cceue pomp: caputque foil.Ex clamare lihet, non est h ic improbe, non es t

Piscis : homo est . hominem, Calliodore‘

routs.ii

relates the h is tory ofamul let presen tedto ISMpounds anda hal th is P15 99fi1ical

,sen t it to the

one wh icli was soldfor 6000 sesterces

Mart . l. it . so. 81. On this passage Cur ler has theM owihgmbough t fourmnllcts smda writer who knew th ism eny (w

ba tedthese verses ta rsh ai ; a

cost him 1300 mterces3’—W e have lookedin to seme ot‘t he W

tu rmeric, andwriters who have borrowedh is ate andfind theseerrors conw wi th ffi thful adherence lo the origl dihtalte.

BumCuv ier ca ste Mallets ofEmrops.

wh ich weighed nearly fi lbs. Asiniusbough t one for 8000 sesterces (abouttime ofCaligula. But the dem t of

ept mu llet s in their

Columel la,surv ives ofmany thousamis.It wou ldbe difficu l t to explain why Hort ensius, as relatedby Varm, took so much t rouble to preserve in h is ponds fisheswh ich themeighbouring seas affordedin such abundance, wereit not known that one of the refinemen ts of Roman luxurywas, to have themin art ificial rivulets under the ir tables, andto see th emdie in vases ofglass, that they might observe the

brillimt colours of the mu l le t underwen tlet ters to At ticus,thy Romans ; and

ing colours of the dyingmullet . Nothing is finer , it is said,than an expir ingmullet. The efi’or ts wh ich it makes againstdeath spread over all its body the most br il lian t red, whicham terminates in a general paleness ; bu t in th is pas

sage fromlifie to deat h , howmany shades of these two coloursare in t ermingledf—It has been saidformer ly, that noth ing isbet ter than a mullet taken among rocica. To-day they saynoth ing is finer than an expiring mul let —Handme this vase

you in an ad'

airbut my own eydie M ore me.

i n l'

y, mm Ag ain 5 had taugh t

die in the f of its -

f a : be made of

mullet was the most deliciom

ed, for Macrobius assum us that in hisabove 2 ih . weight , but that the

mer ages were unknown . A t pram

mwere often

prices of for.

Those ofProve

Baron Cuvier on tt ullera q uropc.

mon thm the other on part icular coasts, but it also inbabits

the Mediterranean ; andit is probable- that to this speciesmayhe referred themn llets of l s. we ight ofwh ich the Romansmade somuch account. Pliny says expressly that these largemullcts were foundch ieflyin the northern andwestern ocean.

The smal ler species is themost esteemed, as it is also the mostbeau t ifu l fromthe lustre of its colours. Th is was withou tdoubt the species which was kept in the fish-ponds of the R0

mans, andwhich was brough t living under t heir tables,‘

- ia

shor t, the Malina bae to wh ich C icero alludes.The Surmu l le t , orMulle r em ulator ofL innmns, is brough t

tomarket at Paris in themonth s ofApril andMay. On the

coast ofL a Mancha it is not rare. Pennan t says that it appears also in the mon th ofMay upon the Devonshire coast ,

andthat it is found t i ll November. B aymen t ions that an

indivithmlW this species hail been taken at Penzance in Cormwall. In propor t ion sa we ret ire to the North the species be

comes more rare . I t is as such that it is cit edamong the fishesof the Baltic and

South ofEurope, on the c ontrary, the surmullet becomesmore

plent ifu l. I t ismuch u sed at Bordeaux andBayonne, whereit is namedM au andbarberifl. Cornidemen t ions it amongthe fishes of Gal icia under the names of barbo andaalmomte.Inmany places o f the Mediterranean i t ismore -

common thanthe o ther species, part icu larly upon the coasts of Sardinia. It

abounds in th e lagunes ofVenice, where it is cal led tr ia ; itit is denominatedstraglia at Nice ; Brunnich has descr ibed it.at Marseil les unde r the name of ranged, andit is probablethat Forskal, when he assures us that the Malina barbatmis

common anddespised at Constan t inople, speaks only of theMn amvnuletw . Its flesh is, according to Get ti , he ldin lessesteem than that of the M . barbah a , so ce lebrated on the

coasts of Provence ; bu t the Par isian s notwithstanding knowwell how to appreciate it . The general length of the surmullet ia abou t a foog hu t they are foundfroml 4 to l 5 inches

long»Th e true Mu l let. or Mullua W hats“

,L in. is at once dis

t inguished from the former by th e forin of its head, wh ichnew se ams. VOL . 11. s o. 1. u s . 1880. a

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O63. CW M quod florempre cipué a als o

bra, quoadfructuma dl . iu tratadesumpti , habttus f

mm oasmmnu r a r a . Tab. 11'

md12.Fou l s obovatis, obtusimmis, villcsis.Provenit 1n con valle magma, Kubbu dicta, re

gni Manila},

r iani Hindustaniie , Sil let et Tippen cont ermin i ; in imper ioHumanis t) , et ad cramTenasserimusqne ad Tavoy, inter

gradumx x v. et x iv. latitudil is meridionalis. Ipse observan

jux ta r ipamainistramIm addi fiuminis ad Prome ; in pm

viocia Martabanimad urhemMartaban, adKogun flaminis

taomatm'i a fine Martii admedia an.

Nomen vernaculum Munipurensibus Kim: HormonicW e vel z it-t i.

An on masts , ramosa et nmh rosa, trunco robusto , cort icesordide fusoo, rimoso, ligno ponderoso, cmnpacto, e fusco

w e ,vilicri varietati l igni Swietenia Nakagomi, hand

absimili. Baot ou crassi, cylindrici, grisei, v illosi , a lapsu

foliorum cicatricibus maj usculis, frequen tibus notati ; nove lliW fi llosi. G w n a ax illares et terminales parvmmvatz ,

fights , squamis paucis, cor iscais, M ans ion) dilabescent ibn s.

Puma versus ramor umextremitates approx imata, sparse, pa.temia, decidua, obovata, obtuse, raré subretusamunc oblongn

cuneat a, deorwm, valdé at tenuat e, baai acuta, in teger-

rims , sub.

cant imm mmomntibus ; venis numm'osis, pmminulih ret iculatie. Parl ou rs brev is, nudus, v illa ins, crassus, basimtumeacene,

m anila . In t onascsmumhaudvidi; flores eliqoot dalap

Par ana 5 lanceolata,uninervia, pobescent ia,tats , persisten tia, t r ia

t iore, al terotumpropriol - spornmfundo locu l i orto, secu s anapice incurvato. STYL U S

pubescens, deciduus. 87 1

hypogynus nul lus. Pam

paten s, lax a, r illosa,

oblongis, nutan tibus,

foliorumdelapsorum.

auras cicatricibus brac

oblonga, obt usa vel paul

pubescen tia, ruberrima, furfuracea,convex iuscula, subt t

‘

ts cl

v enismediis in fasciculumcollect is 1

ultra basin in unguembrev issimumt ran sverse decumben s’,ceum, lmvlat tfs bjus

cula, ad

dens, commissurmcotyledonumadprem, basi subbifida,’

spice

inclin es et obt usa. Pomona minute, occulta, lanceolata.

The iirst t ime I met with th is very interest ing t ree was at a

small village below Emma, on the river Irawaddi, where a fewhad been planted; and on my re turn fromAva, I found itagain in abundance on the hi lls surrounding the fi rst -men t ioned.

town ; bu t in both instances the t rees were without anyfructiSta t ion. In the Mar taban province I had the sat isfact ion of

seeing the tree in great numbers 1n March 1827, on a smallacclivi ty r is ing behind the town of Martaban. They wereloaded with bunches of red, nearly ripe fruit , but were not

very; large ; few on ly e x ceeding t bir ty fee t in he igh t, with a

W W II]: measur ing not more than fou r or five fee t in cir

cumference. The leaves haden t irely fal len off, and strewedthe ground in every direction. At Neya ti, a village on the

At tm r iver, behindthe mili tary stat ion at Moalxheyn, I alsoobl en eda few trees : and last ly, on the Saluen river towardsKogun. Hebe they were ofgreater dimensions than themjustmentioned; one of thembeing forty feet mhe ight, with a stemMelee feet long and eleven in gir th at four fee t abov e the

ground. One ofmy assistan ts brough t me fru it - bearing spedm m Tavoy on the Tenasserimcoast .

L took with me to Bengal a large quant ity of ripe fruitsofthe

'

Varn isho tree, which germinatedfree ly and produced up.

words of 5 00 st rong andhealthy plants, Out of several individuals, which I had with me on board the ship in wh ich Icame to E urope, I succeeded in preserving only one l iv ing

plant , wh ich was presen tedto His Majesty’s garden at Kew

byahe East India Commy. Subsequent ly several other plantshave been forwardedfromthe Calcut ta garden to England.Before leav ing Bengal I hadan opport unity of iden tifiying

ou r tree with the majest ic Khe u, or Varnish~ tree ofMunipur,

a p rincipality m Hindustan, bordering on the N E frontier

w as of Si llet and Tippera. Mr George Swinton , chiefSecretary to the Bengal G ov ecnmen t, (to whoae ltindness I

produce of thisa ndother useful t rees of Indii ,) ohtainedforme a supply of ripe fru it s from thence, which differed in no

respect fromthose I had seen at Martahan . They vegetated

70 Dr W allich‘

s M gr fi cmm flm

Munipur, had the goodness to furnish the {a llu r ing partien

fifléfiwl In“ , the1

known to attain a mad! "1"

before throwing out any branches.As longm ss the year 1812, the Imw n i l “ th,

lat ter pu t ofmat h ag period11am

mprocure S im“ dried8 1 w

h ere subj omsome ofhis

Ihave diwove reda sort of m;

11m prov inces. It 1s w rablc in 1

oh , ghee (clarifiedbat ten )mat.h ey, “

is eyed to Bil let for mic by the ha ms W 005 “

Game“ ? wi th hm ando

ther Obj ects of

or (In 811mm Varnish Tm.

w atch in a nort her ly -and easterly direct ion to .

the same as

be anydonh t ;varnifi - trsc of

nakedun til t he mon th of May,see its flowers andfruit . Dur

lasts for five menths, fromthe

nfter coming in contac t with the

injury. I havestat e andas it is

been afiectedbyen tire ly withom

72 Dr Vi'allich’

s Account gft hcm m ” W

Carey, who residedAmong the people whandMahomedans, no

quen t ly touchedofmy assistants,duringt wo dnvs.

the coldest water. He considers itto

~

handle. One ofh is servant s was

In the neighbourhoodof Fromvarnish is extractedfromthe tree ;

at Martaban , owing, as I was told,andpar t ly also to the circumstance

people in tha t part whose business i

they are renewedas

is reckoned to prod

anal ly, a Visa be ingits pure state it is soldat Prome2c. 6d. the Visa. At Martahan,when I was there, the drug was “ nailed. at Q Madmssrupmper Visa ; it was of an inferior quali ty, andmixedwithwmumoil ; an adul terat ion wh ich is oft en practised.

The ex tensive use to Which this varnish is awfied,mthat it must be a very cheap commodity.t it le ofhouseholdfurniture destinedto cont

is xlacqueredhymeans of’

it : At awillage clnse to

the Irawaddi, cal led G naunee , where t his -

sort of

tity1of the drag -most be conFinally, 1he beautiful Pal i

the Burmas on ' ivory, palmwi th this varn ish , in its nap

s as a siee or glue in'

the 131-

cease d

being requ ired than to besmear thevarnish, and then immediate ly te apit is considered how very ext ensive lythe Burma nation.

‘

it being amongofdevotion andpiety

'

to con t ribute to

as to see thetree wh ile in flower, ort in th at sta te. Bu t the examinat ion

some decayedold flowers, which I foundenabledme to establish it in to a perfect lyA fiewdays before I left lndia I obta inedhut mt hout any fruit , ofa secondepectes

have aidedme in complet ing the, generic

those which formthemall in having

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i nm mM M : af tlu Fay‘

g‘

Napu rs

M y’

uidsn he so mueh eelehu udJapm lacquw orm.

fi gu n ll u that of SinmandTonquin ; a lt hough Lameimt eeprel ants th emnish of the two last eonntria as h

'

dngthe pmdt tce of a difl

‘

eren t tree. Mr Jack adds, that under

the sn ide S avage in the W w , pu t of

Emphios‘

s m m h gim but hy s aingtdn miswke them is conj ectnredto be a flmaadia ; ma damin the fin t

M at the ume worh the l rbw Vm ieia is madp w

w a h in t dm n ont by that mthor. As thene ex ists a t nee

w a llodhyW illdenow, Profeu ot-Deeandolle hu changedthe

name to R. W . The coincidence of th e Burmesenaxne of l ldaamhm ud ith dn t of the Japan Vn nh h

tree is vemarlu hle.

ART. IXn - Pw Notion q‘

the Bay qfNaples. ByJa ms D. Fon t s, Esq. Commun icatedby the Author.

No VI.—»On the Distr ict Of the Bay ofEgo.

Nullus in orbe sinus Raiis prmluce t ammnis.Hon. 2pm. i. l .

‘

Subj ectum, stragcmque suam,man tama,minaciDespicit kapu to, « Rogue in litters regent.

of t he localit ies in the Bay of Naples, by the discussion in towhich we enteredin the last number of these Not ices, unonthe curious suhj ect of the Temple of Serapis at Pozzuoli.

tflmmh smw w nu mhyofmamofmm nmyho fiundin his lifie hm mL etmm.

1 retiremw t, in whifi tha t

J Probable that they belong to a mdit ion of

£ 4 1 , andhOld

f x , OfM i “ dethe

1' Gcoéagioal M mm'

ou , N”

.8. vol. ii.

No VIm Dictrict qfthc Ban q a.

energies ofnatuve, ex ci tedin amanner which t tzhe ocular 'testi

mony ofgeological facts showman have been ranch more frequen t on th e surface ofour globe ; andby e levat ing our ideas .

Gf the m l vacate “ of the scale of nature‘

s operat ions, when .

sh e occasiOnh lly astonishes the inhabi tant s of t h is now peace

fnl earth , exhibit ing so many t est imonies of a less qu iescent stat e, tenches us to en large our concept ions of her emhowelledagencies, andgives us some data for t he assumptionof hypotheses, which wou ldot herwise be groundless and fan

This new moun tain appeared on the 29th of September15 88, and th e following detai ls of th is remarkable phenome.non are drawn fromcontemporary or immediately succeedingwrite

'ra ’ t The ne ighbourhoodofPozzuoli hadfor two yeat's

pmiously been perpetual ly disturbed by eart hquakes, butth ey only beeame alarming on themth and28th of Septembet 15 38, when not less than twen ty shocks were experiencedin many-four boars. At lengt h , between one and two hoursof t he nigh t (countedfromhalf an hou r after sunser) of the

29th , symp toms of a more unpreceden tedphenomenon manifestedt hemselves ; a gu lf opened between the li t t le town of

Tripergola wh ich once existedon the sit e of the Monte Nuovo,and the Bat hs, for wh ich it was mu ch frequented. Th is village w as of considerable si ze ; it con tained a hospital forthose who resortedthithm'for the benefit ofthe th ermal spr ings,andwe find it recordedby an eye- wi tness of the catas t rophe,tha t it lbadno fewer than three inns in t he principal stree t .The crack in the earth approached the town wi th a t remendoas noise and began to discharge pumice ls tones, blocks ofM elwd lava andm md with water, and oeca

sionslly

flames btn‘st forth . The ashes fell in itmnense quant it ies at

Naples, andPozzuol i wasdeserted by its inhabitan ts ; indeedthe shower extended to a distance of th irty miles, audit haseve n been al leged that there were traees of i t in Calabria, 160

Falconi , 1M ? Incendio di Possum“ , Sec. 1ss8a—Toledo, M y »

ma te del Tar-remote dc! Nam M onte. Napoll Germ. Han a -Andtheauthor i t ies quoudfln the oldworks of Ceramic andSarnelli.

7: Mr Form.a ,“ Nsfim ofifi smsw

of the idea

iI}

g r ;

motmtain. The great of the h il l was thrown up in .

“ of the nme in wh ieb thh phm w ome ga-plu sh

m. u n m e t/n ann y”

hslf bcfore mnw t e t lw noin was tremendonst n dthc qw ant i;

ty d stones eonsiderable ; this paroxysm, hom es-

em of

“ M a dm the two following days the hmmqu ieg ex cepting the dismimal of a lit tle m ke. On the nex t

day, Sunday the fith 0ctober, several pemmagain ascended

about half the moun tain, ho t being overtaken by anothererupénn at the ssme honr as that of the 'fomth day, some of

by t be aones wh ich fell. 'This‘

erup tion mu m mified

this r emarltable ex plosion . Smoke cominmd to fit fir

some t ime, “ at length relapsing in to the phase of quies

m amodw n tm sulphmbegan to be generated.

Sneh beingwh istory of its format ion , let us u ke a view of the

general W e andprcsent condit ion of this nemarkable hill,wbieb cppsars to be for tunat ely preservedmuch in its originalstate, unlikemost of t hose volcan ic product ions resembl

'

mg it ,wlfich'hu isg been raisedfrombeneath the oeean, soon fe ll a

prey to the degrading influence of it s waves.

TbeM enteNuovo is situat edat 1; Englishmiles W .N. W .

of tbemn oPPozmoli, andit s hase e x tends to the very edge

of the show of t he Bay of Bajon rhere the sand is st ill ex

vm'imtsly statedz and, badwe not now j ust ds ta for foundingour fia iisiofl, M igh t

hbe rathsr at a loss fromthe mass of

conflictihg opinions which mnet‘

ever prevail in the judgmentot hé gh ts tiytbe q e . Sir W illiamHamilmn‘ has statedt heheigh t at a qnafler of a mile , and the eireumferenee at threemiles, and in this ex t ravdgant estimate he has actuallybeen c

follon d hynne ofour most popnlar lc mrs 1n a lote smallwork on Geology.1

' In older t imes, when precision was unattsinable , exaggerat ion was to be expected; and accordingly,we find it by one au thor calledIOOOpaces : and by another

Cmyi W , i. 49. Fol.Edi t.

1» Brando‘

s G eolq y. 1399.

1Giacomo di Toledo.

a mile higlt ' Of all wn teu of the lu t oenmy l z l lmdwtformed t he most moderate estimate , byputfing itw er

three hundredFrench feet but an eminent “ sha m e .

gist , Pini, has lately set the quest ion at t est by de terminingduheight very accurately by the barometer , as we l l Wmany other remarkable e levat ions t n the sou th of l tdyot Hefound the height of the summit of the Monte Mom ma — be

4 l8.0 Paris feet above the level of the bsy, = WThe formof the hill is that of a tr uocatedcone. du b.”

may be oonsidered as about 8000 feet in stream “

nearly a mile anda half; § md the mnmdomwMmatedat a quarter ofa mile in circumferenee , is, viewedge of a crater ofver

ygresM pmM w

tude of the bil l ; a circumstaDce confirmatory MWfact we once took occasion to observe in the de scrip tioumfVesuv ius, that the magnitude of craters is « Immanu e l- ll,in the inverse ratio of the sise of tbe volcano. Humiltw ob.

served that the crat er of the Mon te Nuovo is “ W e!”

h ill is high , andthis singu lar fact is subsumiallym firq mthe measurmnen ts ofPini . He founditsdepth i

'

rqmth e sau

mit to be French fee t, English. Who bumis therefore only 19 feet above the level of themThe geological struc ture of the bill requires bit -t im

planat ion . W e have already remarkedthat it consists enfin lyof ejected fragmen ts loosely aggregated, andWitbom‘ pyeap.

pearance of the eject ion of lava. Fromthe qt n ntityo f n ata l

producedby the eruption, it is h igh ly probable that the bug'

s

of the hill oonsists ofTufa, fland, in fact, from its ext remeproximity to the sea, ita appearance mayM ech anismin the light ofa snbmarine erupt ion ; andperhaps itmmder

ance of that actua l attrit ion of superincumbeut water which

Cnpacciol

1' Voyage ea Rob‘

s, vii. 85 8.

3 “ M M Societa IMM volt ix .

Daubeny on Volt a/tor, p.

“ Sir W illiamHamilton actuallyma idens such a reli ef ! yellowishcolour , andloss aggregated than that ofPausilipo. Cam. Phhg. Esp. Pl.

fl No. Vt—DW ‘

ofae BayMq a.

M ut edmost of the craters of the Campi Phlethe ex ception

'

of a v ery few, if any others reallyts componen t part s are scoriformanddisj oin ted, the

some specialens of this

it passes, andalso into

and figures a vein or

is 1510t soli tary ex ample of such volcanica few days or hours may elevate an en

t is very remarkable that all such ex plo

been completely submarine. The effect

a hil l, but ofthe accoun ts

likewise in the

in t he Greciants. The larger

anc ien t ly calledThera, and now Santorin i,account ofPliny, was itself raised from the

and from its structure and appeacance it

probable that it was so at an ear lyper iod,has mixed his narrat ive withform it much resembles the

epth at one side perfect ly resanbling a crater,

at one side with t hem. The whole structure

Geological N. S. Vol. ll.

VOL . 11. no. 1. JAN. 1830.

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It y of thet yem-

tbemouhtfiu hadin height, and five miles in circumfienthitlgs remainedmuch the same for a coaJuly

cl ’l'l ln he ialandwas six miles in cir

e rapideleva t ion of

enormou s fromth e

island, merely theIn 1708 °Father

paroxysmsmay ye t have in store

diligen t observer of the eflécta,causes ofvolcanos, in th is com

1811, of the Islandof Sting year, andM Wang;

name. TheM !)

pumice took, place at the Islandof

a very lofty volcanic u s in th

the Mal“ v hadits top blown of

year, mdreplaced by a lake

43. andfromthe length of t ime W t l‘l

93 event of the kindoccurredby the doctrime of chaoses to

N‘lfies the en igma “ 5 the Solfatara in the13m in Imbia) in (he of the Mon

Nu VL—Diatr ict office Bay qfa iya.

16th . Else 18th has already passed over; distinguished only

W antednumber ofe ruption s'

of Vesuvius in the

latter part of it, wh ich , by giving ven t to the erupt ive force ,mayhpechaps have checked the disposit ion to any irregular ef

al e hae cbeen a subj ect ofsomedispute, whether or not t he L ncrine L alce waafilledup by

o the erupt ion of the Monte Nuovo,t her its destruct ion was owing solely to the decay of t he

W m Julian Port, by which it was unitedto t he Mediterranean; forminga large port ion of the harbour. Bot h causeshm e

probah lyscon tribut edto the effect . The bulwark ofAu

gustus has obv iou sly sunk under the prophetic Debemun morti,” of Ho race, ando ne fragment alone, namedW h eaten-us di Porto Giul io,

”remain s to mark the labours

of rega l M e ss ; but besides, s ince the junct ion of the

L ucrine L ake was art ificial, when the protect ingmole was removed, the ent rance was probably again closed, or at least thechangeaofmela tive level of the sea and land wou ldprobablydetach it ; and since t he Monte Nuovo now appears, by all

accounts, to standso directly on its si te, as to give rise to the

conject ure, that the Lucr ine owedits e x ist ence'

to the crater ofa

pro-ex istent volcano, it seems also probable, that it was almost

ent irely filled up by that explosion, the miserable marshwh ich now alone can be iden tifiedwith it ,more than deservingthe w h ither; of diu stm'ilis palus

” which the Roman poe tapplied to it in its prime val state . Though contemporaryaudtorsdo not ex pre ssly men t ion the destr uct ion of the L a

crinc L ake in 15 88, we th ink there is some roomfor confirming the adea. Giacomo di Toledo, as quoted by Sir W il liamHamilton, distmct ly says, that the communication of LakeM emo with the sea was h indered by the erupt ion, whichm idonly be through the L ucrine Lake ; andt herefore leadsus to the idea, that the lat ter was not en t irely separated at

that per iodfrom the Mediterranean , ti l l the elevation of the

plain in which it lay, which we have already consideredto bedemonstrated. Besides, Capnccio, who, from the old date of

hw wrifingsdmdthe best means of informat ion, speaks of t he

lago L ucr ino in Peacock ?”

the h is

foundthe ex tremedepth to be from100 to 102mahoal fmmabeuctortyfeet fromthe bmk.ancient ideas ef the pesti lent ial influence of theof Lake Avcrnusy [ confess that I never saw

disbel ieve the fleets, suposmg themon ly a little

and sh rouded with

poetry. Avernus is indeednow open andsmiling t no nat uu l

symptoma ttcw conspire to nemind the classic traveller ot’

the“at ri Janus B itis s

”

the birds now fly untroublodover its once

lours, where we ooght to findStygian shades,moumful sounds,andflit t ing ghostss Verymuch is to be iurputcdta cthe chnuge

ofmen’

sminds, fi t a t andnature ha s done much to change

the chmmfirenge t hrm msmdcfone anda halflas we have abcve

given from1 CouldCaptain Slqi th xhn c fcundit in ththoms insteadeffect ?

Avernus undoubtedlyis,m idproduce the pest ilent ial efl’ccts

described, ahdunder the confinemen t of the bushy anddampfol-en s, which at one t ime shrouded the now peaceful banksof the h kg might eafily he accumulatedin nox iom strata.

M . Bury St V incent informs us, on the testimmyofan olderwr it er, that in an eruption in the Islandof L ancerote, about acent ury ago, vast streams of de leter ious vapour were emit ted,dest ruct ive ofanimal l ife, andhe observedseven or e igh t birdsapproach ing one of the streams, .fall as if asphix ies,

”—a case

remarkably in point ; andSir W ill iamHami l ton te lls us, thatdur ing erupt ions of Vesuvius, he has picked up dead birdsfrequen t ly on the mountain. It is impossible to suppose that,wit hou t some foundat ion in truth , the ancients cou ld have

giv en the appellat ion which signifies without birds,”

(fromthe Greek word Such e tymologies, however they maybe in terlardedwith fables, ough t not to lose the ir due weight inthe interpre tation of natural facts ; andthe Roman poe ts, wh ilethey appeal to the original der ivat ion of the name, obviouslygive us to understandthat the cause st ill ca sted. Thus L n

Principio, quadAverna vocantur, mm idah re

Impositumest, quia aunt svibmcontraria cunctis

E regione es quodloca cumadvenére volan tes ,Remigii oblite pennarumvela remit tun tHedpitcsquc cadun tmolli cervice profuuIn terram, si forte ita fert natura locorum

Dc Ber ta-l Nat. vi. 140.

Respect ing the chu ge which we now observe, the classicwrit ers have not left us in the dark . W hen the Jul ian port wasmade, the dark overhanging woods ofAvernus were cut down ,andthe purifying waves of the ses admitted by a canal into

its once impure andStygian waters. Thus transformed, Avernus bore no longer its original character, andthe change whichwas wl'ough t upon the character of the lake was eiqn

'essedby

the prodigies which are recorded to have happened. The

these sacrilegbus alterat ions ; and the statues placed M gthe Once sacredg

'roves, gave symptoms of terror and super

as Mr Forhec’

c PM Notice: am: Bay GIN-ply .

cy, nbmrdas thcymay he, M m é e lm thcmof such a renl chcnge ; and we have thc ex pra c lclfimoydSilius Italicuo, a writer of the first cen tury, v hmpn

'

nbnhlythc h kc much ra embledits preae nt coudifion

[lic olhn populh dictumm m mSago-W a khrm u u w h mmmtm ;

Kt fon nidntus volncri, lcthale vomeS’ufl

‘

uso virus cmloSm. Ir an. lib. x ii.

Lake Avernus, through the mediumof the Lucr ine , cornmunicat edwith the Bay ofBaja, near the foot of the MmNuovo. In pursuing a westwardcourse

the Bay, we findabout two- th irds of a

Lake Avernus, an object of very consideis the Smfcdi Tr itoli, or Baths ofNero,thermal spring in the Bay ofNaples, andof wh ich I gave abrief andimperfect description some years ago in this Jour nal.The der ivat ion of the name is somewhat doubtful ; it may,however, he not improbably referred to the Greek wordTgwm.

as, from the efficacy of the vapour- bat hs in tertian fevers .

That they are actually the Baths ofNero, we have very goodreason to believ e , since the v il la of that tyrant was certainlyin that neighbourhood, and these S tufe, as they are ca l led, so

pre eminen t as to deserve Mart ial’s facet iou s contras t of theirv irtues, with those oftheir royal owner : Qu idNerone pej usQ uidthermismelius Neronianis P” The on ly accurate accountandplan of the singu lar passagesprings, and which are cut ou t

far as I know , in a small

s o. VL—Dewsa ofwmw sm

va lid» who w he n sepf the vapour-baths, andthe nccessityof

part ly undre ssing, which is abundant ly enforced by the en

ample ofthe M ode h imself, together wi th h is tales ofwonder,m to have al layed the curiosity ofmany visi tors, who, inthe ir books, have given us idle tales of danger . It cannot be

den ied that a first wisit is a lit tle startling j n these subter

ranean dwellings of Pluto, andthe supersaturation of the air

wi th aqueous vapour gives it a pecul iar andst ifling fee ling,and perhaps there are

o

few'

who have not 'felt'

some dispositionto ret urn after advancing thirty or forty yards. The passage

is norm, perhaps not three feet wide , andon ei ther handn iche s cu t ou t in the tufa where pat ientsmay lie exposedto theforce of the steam. At a distance of six ty paces fromthe

t ime withou t much inconveni ence The poolformed seemedto liave accumulated in s pas.

cu t to a greater length , since the water rose to

its slan ting direc t ion. From the confusion of

themoment , andthe apparen t unnaturalness of a spring hot.can bear, I oput my finger into it,

‘

but ra

with a sensat ion nothing short of the heatI heldin my handamercurial thermometerI dipped in to the wring, andM ug off

the ligh t of a torch carried by our guide ,

I had to beliege, however, fromprevious observation,

Tha cdnfi hé cm fi'omthe rhmurerncn ts ofnulithh. Inmypapermt ten

wd

st aun c h the rcloac of 1826, a few weeks after visit ing t h esein this lr rwl, I es timated thc distance to the com.

mcnccmcn t thc dctccn t at tbrty yards, and thc dcsccnt imlfat asmmhmore ; thm perhapodo not diflh much fiomwe oix ty pm givcu in thetex gu lcast it is no tmore tbanmigh t have bcen ex pcckdficmthc u gue.ness ofmy observation under such circumstances.

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No. t in- names gt’ the Bay e'Beia

beet gimmnt hy t he steam, and to the want - of evaporat ionfirst the body, th e air be ing in a state of sa turation wi thmo istn re l Aua the general phenomena experiencedat the Stufe diTr itohn re similar to those obw ved in the cases of art ificialex per imen t. The inflammat ion of the skin where exposed to

them is remarkabley and gives those who merely see thegu ide return from the bot toms mt idea ol

'

extreme tem

perature. The s treaming ofcondensedmoisture fromthe body

bas liltewise the appeamce of natural andexcessive perspirat ionamwhich respect, however, as I have remarked, peopleare mytdifi

’eren t. In my own case, the perspirat ion was con

siderable, independen t of condensed vapcnr. The extremenarrowness of the passage, andthe nearness of the approach

to the subterranean sou rce of heat , preserv e in these singularand obscu re grot tos the most regular and intense temperature; so t hat it is more insupportably hot at the t urn of the

last M anny paces from the spring, than over the verysteamas it risesd

'

romthemater i tse lf. The water is brackish ,but seemsmonderfu lly li t tle mixedwi th advent it iousmat ter.Piotr boiledJin it has no disagreeable taste. I regret that Ihave no analysis to give of its cont ents. According to the

customof the place, the guide takes some water in a pai l fromthe spring andputs fresh eggs into it , anch can yingthemtot he

fonr tminntec vnryp leasmt ly boi led. On leaving the baths,I

felt t not the s l igh test disagreeable effect fromalmost intale

diate ex posttre to the open air be tween 5 0° and but , on

the cont rary, on rte- embarking at the foot of t he h ill, ex perienced a delightful sense of warmth over my whole body.

After th is simple statement, which may give some idea of

these bat hs, it will perhaps afford the reader some amusemen tto quo te the prevailing opinion s exp

ressedmtours andg uide

abou t twenty ofwh ich , pret epding to descr ibe the spot ,

L have consulted, ofwhose authors, it 1; ev1dent that not abovetwo< or three erer reachedthe thermal spr ing,’ some procwd.

Of themllowing an then , Braidsk. Swinburne, Ferber, Eus tace, L ahmde, Starks, Orlofl’, dorio, Camccio, Semelli, Ferrari, Hamilton , Romsnelli, Galan ti, Sou lavie, Reichard, Matt hew'

s, Tenors, Vasi, G instin innl,and the authors of the Voyage Macrame,

”

only Breislak.Sarnelli, (or

Ir est SIgrandes

“ 5h;

says 0171003, 9

Bananelli, andperhaps the authors of the.

Voyage,”

can he infermd to have reached the hot spring It is not even ale

to byM anu al, andmany other write s I consulted upnn

m ot of the Stufe di Tri toli,

MM " : m Nq ilu , v. 343.

98

(Non y penetre, ma le cbemimqui a une pen te trés mi.

pide , est etroit et glissant, et taut la chaleur de x lenb tincnp

chard, in h is larger work upon Italy, has addeda'newly in.

ven tedfeature to increase the hommOf the place , and, ns he

M t go wmemmhimaflfi wmmh bly put upm hmhy the egg—boiler to enhance the merit and risk of hio'servi

M a dcfiu am aa bouiaaml”

One of the guide books pubhshedin Naplesmymf‘ G li uo.

W mch’

é quasi bollent e . vi en tranc essi quasi nudi,adia das mmut1mono tut t1grondan t1di sudore, ew lla faemainflammatmcome se fossemusciti da un forno. Ch1pmnon e

mancar le for zae pee andar piu avanti.” Bu t a still more inex ctssahle perversion is by an au thor ofleaming andsome cne.dig t thoogh living within a fewmiles of the spot , seemsnever to hav e formedexperimental ly just ideas on th e subj ect .t tm m n fomfiere,” says he,

“non farsi trasporm

dalla sconsigliata curiositit , dic alare per quelle tortuose grott e

lo vita.

”

1'

These au th ori ties, se lect ed frommany others of the samecharacter, show sufficien t ly the mistaken nodone which havebew '

so long circulatedfromhandto hand. The ve ry simfledw iption ofBreislak is the on ly one I have seen depr ivedof«

thismyst icism; bu t though he is obviously one of the few an.

than who have gone to the bot tom themselves, he hasonot :given us any lively descript ion of the appearances or phe

nomena. In fact , the quackery of guides and guide- booksseems to have deterredour nat ural observers from inspect ingthis cur ious spot , so near approached to tha t surprisingfocus wh ich has main tained its intense temperature so manycentur ies, With flmabat ed vigour, wit hou t any indicat ion ,direct or indirect, of that mysterious fuel by wh ich it has

Ferrari. 1“ De Jorio, Gm'

da di Pomoh’

, 138.

the strongma n-ions ol Pliny

writer! semmhavc vidted thm stova

f Or , v. 832.

I L ih . x x x i. fl.

ll Sarnd v ii, 1688.

N o. VIF -Dh tfict'

oft“ W WW‘

95

If we deseend to the sbore belew tthece hndmwe . findthe

Buy odTBaj t em dedwith i hem of vifimwlmh onoe be

longedto wealthynomcnsydispming wiflt the waves the pos.

edth is npotmtheir choeen f

re treat ; and, gmdedhy the handof

M end the records ofeM sicanfiquity, “ may traoe the

d or tensius.o

But here it is not our object to M ell on

mth er to am arlmble fect which thece ruins'

preeent. Manyof t hemm bufltmthe nyle d the opuc rsfieudatim, in whichM W W ‘M invest the ex terior of the wallm M as usual, of the eommomstone of the coun t1

-

y,wh ich is here the ordinary friable tufa Th ey were imheddedinmmr formedof Poz zuolm of di e finest descriptionfi - h eement wh ich tnkes its name fromt his vicinity, andtheremn hnble fact isg thnt where ex poeed to the weter, the reti

monum t ofit s dmahflity, andthemasses of huilding presen t

is dug in t he immediate neighbourhood, namely. just beh indthe threet anples at a sgbenring the names ofVenus, Din a,

andMe w ry. It has thema pole grayish colour, considerably

deep t edof the Campagna dim To noth ing have t hearchi tect tmh emains ofi tshemncien t Romans been so mueh' iadebtw for t hdr durabi lity all to this invaluable product ion of

volcmicw tmtées ; andawant ofat ten t ion to th is circumstancehas superindoced the most nnfotmded supposit ion regardingthm o employed by the -Romans to harden theirmortar,at lmtfl en appliedto bliildings in I taly.Byemminingmerely theoret ical descript ions of the Poz zuo

lang we phouldnot perhnps findit easy to separate it fromthe

ordinary tufaceous format ions roundNaples, with wh ich indeedit hns been too much confused, which migh t lead readers to

1’ See this Journal, No. x vu.p 30.

96 Mr Forbes“.PM M ic a at q MNapIa .

the gmt to was cut out of the m e (natu ral. Hm dim.cult the mineralogiu l characters may he to separatefi tbe addifl

'

erence exis ts. The common tufas of tha Bay of Naples

are conaisten t , homogvencout , capcble'

of beint land c hid.

led, and, though°

porou s, appear to have no pu t icular act ion

upon water capable ofmaking themappl icable as cements.

w tbe i ed w the'

last degree, quarrie’

dr at her like W Mscone, andoaemising a Very w orkable power of adhesion,when appliedto thepurposes ofacemen t.

'Jl‘

he limits towhichImust reonfine myselfoblige

'me to do lit tlem'eremmupon the remarkable proper t ies offi os znolana, which. seems todeservemore atten tion fcempt acticel chemifi s thamit hfl yet

Th e ancien ts were wel l acquainted with‘

its value.andit is

the “ Arena Fossiu5a”

of V it ru vius, but also called by himpu lv is Puteolana W hen it couldbe pmcmed, as in the

neighbourhoodof Rome andNaples, no less than th ree parts

of it were‘

usedto one of lime. Its intrinsic yalue has Mduly appreciatedin various parts ofEurope ; ti t imthegrmtunder taking ofbuilding the Eddystone L igh thouse, Mr 8mcon employedno less than an equal quant itywoflPoaz uohmmixedwith lime, for the mortarIt is remarkable that difi

'

eren t

been usedfor the same purposesis quarried in great quant it ies at Andernach on ’the £ 519 9,and

‘

transportedto Holland for bu ilding under water a A sf

milat‘ kind ofi rock, which is called trans or w u ss, (andknear lya ssimilated to the pumiceous conglomerates of Himgary,1') is found at Cohlen tzd

‘andmigh t prelmbly be ap

propriated to the same purposes. I t acema to haye themimportant characters ofi the grey POW Bay of

Vitruv.mawa qs.

Danbenyon m anp 17l

Annala da Minimi z e. soc:inm mm me amcmm m w the atiuth o!

’

France is, or migh t be, appliedto similar pm -See Soulavie's edi

tion ofRamilmn's W orks, p.

chemortarmde owhh thismmfial is a emious aubjmof im(p i t y. m yfi ofh gmmitmmoffi

no GOpai t sfild ileu w O of wgillamus matmr ;am a tw mflm D h u we hu e j ua remmkedy bamh to tha t da hriwle. It has a apecific grav ity of

w difiusibie in water unlew 'hea hmd. It dnes no t ef.

t hneids. W hen hot it is magnetic. Th e irqamane Kirww iagenieusly supposes it s peculiarity to ex ist

inéu pummdm efic fincm, bywhkh it h renderedeapable

oféewmposing fthe water with mhich it is unu t andwh ich ,tbmfiora aoceunts for it s rapidahaorptioo of that fluid. The

clay eonuihutcs gm tly to give it a plast ic tenacity, and. ac~

cordiag t o this theory, the pr incipal t of the lime is tofavour chemiccl action and solu t ion by its evolution of heat .This nmoeition is rendered the more pmbahlg by tbe cin

cemeteries, that the ba t imitat ion of Pomuolana mortar wasM byMr Sm ton to comist in mi x ing granu lated parthCh o of lhe ap nks of imn iromforges with the other ingre.

M d cameot .‘ Thismay also lead to some oonclusiomon the criginl l cause of the difi

'

erences observedbetween the

ly interl tratifiednear their surface. The ingredients are un,

doubtodly nhnoet the same ;

M an dy part icles into the fu mof a mek, and is itaelf

W adinw anmide ina pable ofrepeat ing the opmtien ;

wh ile. in the other, the volcanic sand, fresh frnmthe igaems

foeug was pmbl blydepofi cdhy the erupt ion of some ncigh.botuing volcano, jmt as the hflh produeedhy submu ine ac.t ion, were emergingo

fromthe wavec f Thismight, I think,ex plain moct of the pocu liarities of this singular subatame,

mam mm w pm mast he bmugh t hu gimrit e to several pther imitntiona of it. One hyM. Deh hsye-Dumgxxymsecuredsome years by paten t in France. —Aan. dc: Mina , n viii. 884.

t See Number l . ofdleseNotices.new saunas. VOL . 11. no . r. JAN. 1830.

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too M r Forbes's M m:m of tlu Bay q Napm.

w tms it is zso Engliah fau bug d M J ml is

gu ilt height s striking appearanoe. The mllym ln vmd

with a crust whieh is of great hardness, and has bea m .

deredby W’mloelman aododrm as a pmafiar hindofm ;

but thism ao verthmwn by the obsern ti n ofothw amrs,

M M W of it dinnniahea regularly to t he tnp efi tbe

chambers, “ M k M M ya tme atm umlu iQ 'in

incmflation found in the chambms calledth e “ 8et tcmthe Batbs d Timmn which is so handtbat l wM y in breaking it with a amall hammer , andw hich fmthc flpdoubt eddeposit ion of v ater. The following are the

constituent par ts of the coatiog of the Pi cinaW rahile :

Muriate of lime, 5

Mariettaofsoda, 11

Carbonate oflime, 75.

Alumina, 5

8

l

mor e

Promthe Piscina M irabile '

fwe commanda viewm'the hfareMono, which appears ancien tly to have const itute-ti the fimous Port of Misenum. From

piains which form th e mythological representation

mysian fie lds ; and, however th ey may fal l ushort ofM a

poeticimW ationmight desire, theymust at e dear to the

some singular si tcomto Comeidie, dug but df

t anypcculiar physical fact, my limits do not ahlow

“ a ll . .They were probably pri ons.

No. VIM ofthe Boy ofage

Devcné re locos le tos, et amoenn vire ta

answ er- amBa d man

The citation of th is passage not ssry inusuat es a ctaaiana

but enables me to make a remark , wh ich I believ e isThe “ lurnen purpureus

”of

ave consideredit merely as anI have, however, hadoccasionat Naples the most exquisite lyredglow of our sunsets, bu t

the colour of a sky fi'm

t ion : ‘The same ofthe sky in imputable t o the resistance of

the atmosphere to the '

rays of light; by wh ich the red rays,mov ing with mostmomentum, pan a t tirely through , wh ile theblue are absorbed andreflected by the dense medium. The

red tints of sunset and~sunrisc are owing to the am uiation

of thc 'ctmoqflteric stra ta through wh ich the rays mmpai l ,

those having the greatest momentnmican ‘

red l igh t observed by divers under

t ingewh ich I obW eda t t les even

afi nity with th is cause. The mom

passage , escaped, anda par t of the

momen tumof any, ev en found t heir

his Elysian

even under tha gen ial climaw of Italy. W emayscify the poe t even to the letta , andmfute t hewone, who, though no philosom, was disposedtounder the colour ing of a warmsndclam

'

ml imw

Eustace.

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S.325 35fi.

’

S i.76 9, 11,8

60 9, 7,36

30 7g 6,

7,

7 , 7,

45 5

9, 8,

9,10,10,

9, 15 ,10,10, 7,

9,

9, 8,

12,6, 1

9, 7,

11,7

9, 7, 11,2

10, 7,

9, 8, 12,10,9, 7,

of reciprocating engines millions of lbs.

weight- liftedone foot h igh by the consumption ofena busheLof

W att’s rotatory double engines employedtomovemaehh d'y.

37,

$ 3

104 M . Sztvnrt’

s Resea rch “ on the W flflmLength of

fi nal Vor, 24. 6. 8. 12.

27. 5 . 13. 21A

5 .

Average dutyof routory engineo, 17.8milliona.

Watt’

sdouble eugines.

Him “ ) mel tedme tals have been regarded as th e Wsubstances Wh ich approachedmost to them ax imgenelty. They have been regardedas assemblages ofan infin ite number of small crystals united toge ther wi thou t order,and as it were by chance, andit was never even conjecturedt hat in anymass ofmetaL there cou ldbe differences of elas ticityandcohesion as great , and perhaps ogreater , than thew

which are obser vedin a fibrous body like wood.

Ei perience neverthe less shows, that circular plates ofmeta l,

had belonged to a fibrouslizcd. Thus, ifwe seek tomake th emproduce the mode of

division wh ich consists of two lines, crossing each other atrig)! angles, we shall soon discover that their in t imate strue

t ure is not'th e same in all direction s ; for this mode ofidiyi

sioh cannot establish itself

somet imes by a quan t i ty almost impercept ible, andsomet imesby a third, afmrtbfaodeven a fifth . Plat es of gold, silv er ,c uppa , aincyeastp imn, forgedor laminat ediron, tin, lead, his .mu th , stee l , an t imony, anda great number of al loys of t hesedifferen t 5 11 such as brass, be l l-metal, 8m. appeared to

Translateda: l ulyg ridgedfromthe 4111a Cl in ic, ” IN S” .

ms radi an“ by their Aw ew’

e properties.

teeofwood,of elast ici ty

h th e same

s of a crystallized body, though each of"

vibrate as if they belonged to a hody of

modes ofdiwtision of a circular plate of

to the fom of the crymls,if a hody ismguhtrlyorys

of th e same diameter and

plane, andto see if theirr, and emit the

to the ax is of

taken betweenthe ax is, andwere con tainedexamined, I found, 1. thatGet of plates were far fromaccompan iedwi th the sa ne

division of the first se t of

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mu ch onlys hy their solidgangles. If “ aw thatO t he

have w snfi cient ly correct idea of t he semh regular crystalheut imofia mass of lend. Ax ialogons results were oh tt inedzwkh

W fifla md zinc ; but the crystnlline sym s are more

s h is s natural consequence of th is structuce, that the dif

to he grw ten in proporfien to the smnllness oE/ G

the diameter ofthwdmnlu plata employed to show them; for t he number

numerous as their diamemrs are lcss considferable . This isM a

t the w The in terval between t he two sounds of a

M of M tin , or z ine, from twelve to fifeeen cen t imetresin diameterfi s seldommore than a semia-tone ; wh ile this imm al is frequently a fmi rth in plates of the same snhstances,

when their diameters do not exceed three or four centimetres.For the mme reason, amass ofmetal ex amined by the samepnocem, will appm in general to possess a regular strncture

in prop rtion to the smallness ot’ its dimemions.Although it appears to be snfi cieri tlay established, that fnsedM ore en “ emblap of crystals arranged regular ly, “

which are ohserved in crystallised bodies ; bu t , though thismm is edlfimdt mq l shall endeavour to give an idea of

the progressal hav e msde in it .L et u

s tshe two circular plates of woodof eqnal thicltness,

comtaining in their plme the ax es of greamst md least elas

M mkes qibce in metals. The pm'

grese ot'

t he phmomenon

tho same asin each ef the ph tes u ken sepamtely, that is, that

108 M.

i s, in t wh one of the

contain anyof the axes

ofthemou ld, whether o t

to have any influence

of elasticity sufficien t ly great town ie?ndcrgone lhls change ta emit only onenodal systemcomposedof.two lines

detemninate posi tion. It wou ldbe

ing.walling, andannealing,distribut ion of elas t icity inappear to be of a kind to

of homogeneity. The cir

hrass, dimin ished to three

and of.place, but the soundsst ill sensibly at the same dis

3 to produce analogous efl'

ects,

crystalline systems being con.

pla te, sndaccompan iedwi th the same sounds,suppose thot the whole d this plate ofmetalrq nlarly th roughout its whole ex tent.

betwe en the two sounds ofeaah of its circular

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mon thc'm l ooms happens that a body which at first

W a lly sounds du ll an'ddimcn lt ' to obtain , ends by vi

h rat ing witb such facil i ty and energy that it bursts in pieceswith t he slightest agitat ion . Hence it seems to follow, that , inth e i act of solidificat ion , many of the part icles were canght andM imposnions which they afterwards tend to abandon, andthat they do not at ta in a sta te of equi libriumt ill aft er a longtim [ifb r r ex ample, we formmamoulda circu lar disc of

su lphur , and t ry to make it soundimmediatelyafter i t is cold,we shall not succeed; but at the end of some days we mayehcit from it some du ll sounds ; if we then de termine the

number of vibration s obtainedby anymode of division, and

then lay the disc by for one or twomon ths , we shal l findthatit wil l sound with ex treme facility, and that the number ofvibrat ions 18much greater , the sou nd being raisedmore thana tone . It is wel l known that sulphur wh ich has been me l teddoes not recover when it is solid the propert ies wh ich it previonsly possessed, bu t it was never conjectured that ent iremmtha andperhaps even a longst period, was necessary for

Ae r .XIL—Ou the Efi cts of the action of Coldon Animals,“ ex h ibited in their Hy/bmvwsion and L sflthagy. ByM

Ft oon nzt s,’

Member of t he Academy of Sciences.‘

Evans pers on is aware of the importan t funct ion which isperformedin th e economy of the universe by the unequal distribut ion of heat . It is this which determines cl imates ; it isupon this that the seasons depend andit is fromth is that clima tes and reasons derive tha t infinite var iety of an imal andvegetable product ions by wh ich they are charact erized.{ M l

-deft that an animal or a vegetable may live,—iaorde r

tlmt either ofthemmaygrow andreproduce—a certain degreeat temperature is necessary ; andthis temperature varies foreach species of plan t or animal,- _sothat , in passing fromone

place to anot her , we have a new t emperatur e , consequen tly a

Th ad.

“ th e public sit t ing of“

th e Aiademyon the 1sth June 1829,andmash ednon: the RevueEncydofldiqwc, September 1829,p.

M. Flourens on t q"

Even in the same cl imatereturnwith the seasons, bringalong

scan t , the differen t regions of the atmospbwa hw e o aeh ca

climates and the seasons, and be tween cl imat es and w as

and their temperature , t hat a celebrated W M “ s i s

Humboldt , has foundedthe L aw: of the Gn gmplt iemtion Q PIanu audAm

'mah ; and similar relat ions Myonda doubt the ext ensive influence which (W M

cises over l ife andorganizat ion.

Bu t , as will be proved by the following ex per imentg nchnot only on organiu fion andlife talten collsctivdy, thas eold

funct ion. It produces in each of these organs or 0 & 4 t

funct ions a specific efl'

ect ; andit is for thc purpose ofdem.

min ing some of these effects upon animals that the fo llowing

One of themost remarkable efl'ects ofcold, andthat of wbich

or lethargy in wbich some of tbe m afia of our climdes,l ike themarmot for example, pass the season of cold.

Ifwe coneeive to onrselv es animals that have hecome esld,senseless, immoveable, rolled up into a bal l, spending from

t hen w onder that th e animals subject to hyhernat ion Mno respecn at least in noth ing suflicient tb account fow t he

to themandnot subj ect to byhernation - that ,beside the dors

mouse (Myoams glir, Desm.) the garden dormouse (M. nach oandthe common dormonse (M t oceHams

-im,) Et c. whichthy

s

bernate, are fonndflier atnhemonse, the squirrelfl odt wemyanimals ofthe same kindwh ichdo not hyhernate—tbat, on the

mm qfcw masm .

bog and the hal f in the Roda ’ttia, as th e dorx

'

nouse, hamster,marmot ifwe, in short , consider that while in our climates itis dur ing winter that animals become le thargic r—in the torridzone, which bas also its sleeping animal, the tmrscfi t ia onlydu ring the great est heat that i t sleeps ; if we consider all these

points, we shall have bu t a fain t idea of the curious details,the singu lar effects, and the difficul t ies almost insolvable, of

ly have been ex pectedto arrest'

the at tent ion of physio logists,amid

'

the mechanismof it being so obscure, it ough t part icularlyto have heen the subj ec t oftheir speculat ions The ancien ts,wiho explainedmuch landobwrved li tt le, have left us on th issubj ect, as on so many others, me re ly words ; and, as—Fon tene lle remarks, these words have no other meri t but that ofhaving been longmistaken for th ings.

”

”The two first na tural ists t hat studied this subject were

t ler and Spellanz ani ; but it was par ticularly abou t the be

ginning of the presen t cent ury that the Academy of Sciences,having made th is great phenomenon the subject of a double

pr ize; the emulat ionof ph ilosophers speedily collectedfromall

quarters an infinite number of valuable facts and observat ions, and that there a

ppeared in Germany the works of

M HeroldandKafn , i n I taly that of M. Mangi li,’ andin

France those of MM. Saisay , Prunelle, & c. The fol lowingex perimen ts, whichmay be regardedas a con t inuation of them,weremade in the south ofFrance on th e [amt or garden Dormouse, (M . h itch , Desm.) an animal of the si z e ofa rat , wi th a

grey fur on the back , wh i te under the belly, having its eyes encircledwith a black band, and its tai l tufteda t the extremity.Mlle brat l ives on frui ts. It 18 par t icu larly fondof fishes,

pears, apr icot s, & c. wh ich al lure it in to our gardens, andeven

into our houses. In win ter it retires in to holes, ,where it zhy

bernates, and where we'often lind’ several lying beside and

An abst ract ofMangili’

s observat ions, andof the labours ofEnglish aswall as offoreign na tu ralists, will he found in the copious andvaluable artiele on Hrs s nu an oa, by th e Rev. Dr Fleming, in the Edinlmr-gll Encycbpedr

'

a ,vol. x i. p sss- oos.

—Ed.ne w se ams . von. 1t z

'

no. 1. Ja n . 1830.

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The circula tion is ne'

arl'y in the same state as lthe respt rw

t ion. At firsts t hew ia no pulse in thesar teries of the hmhaIfwe open a vein or a n artery, there is eit her dischargednobloodat all, or only a few drdps of a h lackish ohlood. If we

me nt s.It is known that animals hm the power ofproducing a can

tain degree ofheat which consti tutes their proper temperature,and that th is'ternperat nre is nearlyw Cent igradeFahr .)mining the Mammal ia, andvaries v ery h t t le o ih them,at la st-wit h in the limits of the tempefet nre which corresponds

to difi’erw t regions of the globen Among the hyhernat ing Mammal ia, the animai heat is also88° in tha n king stat e, but in the lethargic state fal ls quitesudden lr w , (41

° Fahr.) (39° Fahr e) or even (37

°

M y andn ext to tho almost complete ex tinct ion ofciremlation’atnd respirat ion , nothing is

'mere astonish ing than t he

variat ions of th is animafheat, whose uniformit y hndregular ityappw s to be one of t he most general laws of the ent ire

'class

to W hinh these animals belong.I come now to the en ema] condit ionsoflethargy.Obldis, at least in our chmatea the first of these eondit ions.

W hi le the'vrartn season , indeed, lasts; these an imals do lnot .beucome let hargic ; when the cold seasen begins, then let hary

During their lethargy, too, we see themalternately ntii'pid

or mak e, aw arding as the temPeri t ures inks or rises ; andit

is not tth e rise of temperatur e only which awaitedM . A

sudden diminut ion of temperature, wh ich , if it hadffonndthemM M have made themtorpid, w akes themwhen it

i t requires, tHerefore, a oertain andnonstantdeghee efoold,in ot her that lethargy be pmtlncedandmaintained. Next to

excitat ion, and, if we consider the faculty of th e animal toproduce heat , and also, that it is ch iefly by mot ion that it is

modnced, we shall then see that these twO eondit ie ns; v iz . the

M. Flourens on themen of

wan t of ex citation , act in near ly the same manner, the firsto

bydiminish ing the ext ernal heat , and the second, by pr e vent ingthe in ternal heat fromde ve loping itself.It has been saidthat l igh t andthe presence offoodare 5 08

t i le to lethargy , bu t, according tomyexperimen ts on the Icrat ,these causes have li t t le or no influence .

I now come to the internal or organic condi t ions ; nad ir iaimportan t to det erminefi rst , on what organ, or part icu larganiemodificat ion , lethargy depends ; andsecondly, what is themechanismof th is phenomenon.

On both these points, however , we possess osnly conject ures,and, wi th respect to t h e first , there is scarcely an organ to

which these conjectures have not been successively applied.

The two organs wh ich have been par ticu lar ly sele ct ed, are

the mccpbalon and the thymus ; - the encephalon, to which

physiologists have long been in the habit of referring whatt hey cou ld not otherwise explain ; and the thymus , a glandu lar body, situated in the fron t of the neck, andpenet ratingto th e hear t , andto wh ich the mode of its developemen t Ma particular claimto performthe principal part in let ha rgy.This organ, indeed, is in the h ighest degree of enlargement

at the momen t wh en the animal falls asleep. It col lapse-satthe t ime when it awakes, and amongst the mamma lia it disappears almomen t ire ly at the adul t age , andis onlydeve lopedin the flaws, the state bfwh ich, in the womb of the mother,approx imates it by so many poin ts to the state of the tmpidan imal .These two conject ures will deserve to be submit ted to ex .

perimen t , part icular ly in the presen tday, when the e x peeimentalmethodhas local izedso many other phenomena, andwhen,to speak only ofmy own experimen ts on the . encephalola, it

has succeededin det ermining adist inct organ for th e sensa t ions,an organ for the movemen ts of locomot ion , an organ for the

mot ion s of reproduct ion, andhas even founda poin t to whichit is sufficient for any part to be at tached to live, andfromwhich it is suflicien t that it be detachedtodie, andwhich thusconst itu tes the central and v ital part of the animal economy .

I therefore supprw ed, in succession , the differen t parts ofthe encf

“ i

m in differen t leve ls. The snpprmion of some

the act ion q oldon Am‘mals.

of thempreven ted the animal fromfalling under lethargy,and the suppression ofothers appearedeven to hasten it .The resul t was similar for the thymu s. andits suppression

rat her acce lerated than retarded the act ion of lethargy . Ihave, besides, constan t ly observed, tha t whatever debi litat est he animal has the same effects upon it as these suppressibns.Amongmy b rats the youngest andweakest always require a

less degree of coldthan adults in orde r to beconw torpid.

These experimen ts show that it is neither'

in the encepha lonnor in t he thymus, that the principle wh ich determines le thargy resides. Those which follow seemto show what is the mechan ismof th is phenom .enon

The carot ids having been laid bare in a le thargic lerot ,by an operat ion which migh t be supposed to be painful, bu twh ich the an imal scarce ly fee ls, I foundthat t hey didno t beateven after the operation more than nine or ten pulsat ions in a

minu te. Son1e t ime afterwards, str iv ing more andmore to

awake, and the respirat ion renewing itself, they heat 20, th en30, then45 , the1i 100, andlast ly 110 pu lsat ions in a minu te ,when the respirat ion was perfect ly re established.

Th e brat being then exposed to t he action of cold, I ohservedits respirat ion grow weaker and weake r by degrees, andits carot ids at M t bes t 100, then 65 , then 5 0, then 30, th en20, andfinally 8 or 9 pu lsat ions per minu te , when t he pulse.

tions were again quite ex tinguished,’and the animal qui te le

It Was now interest ing to determine if the art ificial suspenrespirat ion wouldnot bring about the same resul ts as

ich hadbrough t abou t lethargy.

Th e respirat ion was now art ificial ly suspended in a Zerot

awake ; the bloodof the carot ids soon became black, and thenumber ofpu lsationsmore andmore reduced: At t he fourth

minute there were on ly thirty- two ; half an hour later there

were nomore . The heart alone bea t 8 or 9 pulsat ions, whichwas precisely the number wh ich I hadfound it to beat in the

preceding (n ot in perfect lethargy. By suspending the re

spirat ion in this exper iment , I hadreproduced the state of cir

cu lat ion in lethargy, ormore exact ly, I hadreproduced the le

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W astioa Cold oa Am'mala.

wanderingme low temperature, andthe northern exposure of

th e place where they were, that it.was the cold alone whichhadproduced these pulmonary inflammations.This wiolent effect of cold11a young birds recalledto mewhat 11hadobservedsome yearahefore to seve ral an imals lubj awedtodifferen t ornament s .

1‘

t Operatedupon during the h ue se asonfliut

completelymedof the ir wounds, though weakened, almost

l

The approximat ion of these effec ts of cold upon differen tanimals, i ts action sode terminate and so constan t utfin t he re

spira tory organ, the difl'

erenndegrees of ch ronic or acu te in,

m mwhich were produced under my own eyes,mademe feel tha t I hadat last inmy hands a di rect methodof ia

Jm at first desirous of determin ing if, .

cases, coldalone was sufiicien t to dete rmine pa1was then suuuous to haunt, ifin those same cases it was suf

ficien t. to avoidcoldin order t omoidth is disease ; andfina lly,Im mx ious to see if this malady, begun under th e- influence

ofia ooldtemperatumcouldnot be curedby the sole etfect of

Itmnot he ex pectedthat I shouldhere give an aceeunt of

au the ex periments t hich l made on these t hree poin ts ; h ut

W lhe eiromwuces ofone of them.

n ew beginningmf 0mmwas.Iovproc ttreda broodof

” W arm“ abou t a mmh old, When the first

W eatherm e omJ put six ofnheut iu a place in which

ofdebility and consumpt ion, and'

the

ays rema ined smal l andweak.

M. Flourens on thewas of

There remainedsix ch ickens out of the twen ty- three, wh ich

gave me the most immtant results.

I left themat first in the common yard till~ they gave evi

dent indications of ph thisismore or less advanced. I t hen tookt oem to the mild and constan t temperatu re where I had

placedthe six alreadymen tioned. Two ofthem, which cer tm'

nlywouldhave diedin the first or secondday afterwards if I hadleft them in the cold, after hav ing made a slight .recovery,

perished, one at the endof five, and the other at the endof

n ine days. I foundthei r lungs in a state ofcomple te suppu

rat ion and inflammat ion .

The oilier four resumedbydegrees their vivaci tyandstrengt hthey recovered completely ; andin April 1827, when I gavethemall their libert y , they were as well as those which hadnever quit ted the warmtemperature .

It remainedon ly to be seen what was the actual stateo f thelungs of these four ch ickens, andwhat was the state t hroughwh ich theyhadpassedduring the eviden t signs ofph th isisw hichthey had ex h ibited.

I fou nd in th e lungs of themall t races of former changes,more or less deep, bu t st il l cured.

One of these healed lungs preservedin spi ri ts I have shdwnt o the Academy, andone of the lobes presen ts only sunk dc

pressedvesicles, cicatrizedinflammations, andext inctt ions,—a test imony no less au t hent ic than consoling of the complete cure of adisease wh ich , fromthe number ofvict ims whichit carries off, renews every day the sorrows ofdomest ic fife ;Th is last exper iment shows clearly what is t he kindof m.

fluence which warm climate exercises over pulmonary comsumpt ion ; andit is in promoting the cicatrizat ion of the lungsaffected by the coldof our clima te, that the gen ial temperatures of the Sou th produce the good efl

'

ect wh ich physicianshave long obw rved.

Fromthese observat ions it wil l be seen how far the influenceof temperatu re, or more part icu lar ly that of cold, ex tends bothover the animal economy in general , andover the respiratoryorgans in part icu lar.W e see also how much advantage may be derivedin the

Mosa ic-wof Coldon Animali .

illustration offlvhuman pathologyfromthe st udy of the discu ss

of animals ; andhow wrong it is to neglect or despise them.

The ex perimen ts'which we have descr ibed show that we

my fornu as h wflmflmorhidphenomena of all kinds, andat

p leasure, and that we may stop t hem when we please after

they are formed.W e may th erefore exci te anddevelops in animals the dif.

feren t maladies which are observedin man, and, wha t we can

no t do upon him,we can st udy them upon themin all their

act ions, in all their phases, andin all their degrees, under the

comparat ive act ion ofmedicines the most v iolent andthe mostdiversified.

Bufl'

on has said that of an imals didnot ex ist the nature (ifTh is is

ticularly true of the na ture of his diseases, andit won] no

doubt be worthy of a~ nation wh ich has se t th e first exampleof so many other useful inst itut ions, to set also that ofa similar and truly experimen tal st udy of the ev ils which afllict

humanity. It would be worthy of h er thus to realise the

wish of a great physician ,—of Baglivi , who, in the 17th

century, proposed establishmen ts in which the diseases ofani

ma ls migh t be st udiedwi th the v iew of illustrating andbring.

ing to perfect ion the st udy of the diseases ofman . In or

der to forman idea of what may yet be done mmedicine byexper imen ts on animals, we have only to look at what has already been done i n physio logy.

Is it not fromthe experimen t s of Harvey, Hun ter, Haller ,Reaumur , Spa llanzani , andBichat , tha t t here has arisen all

those discove ries, not less admirable than unexpec ted, of the

circu lation of the blood, the course of the lymph, th e property of the nerves to transmit sensibi li ty, the property of the

muscles to con t ract , the act ion of the gastric flu ids in diges t ion ,andthe opposi te quali ties of the redandthe black blood, Sec.

I do not speak of twen ty discover ies made in our own days ;for it is wel l known that a discovery in order to be admiredmu t t be old, and to have, as Father Malebranche ex pressed

it, a venerable beard.

E very thing shouldmake us hope that the ideas wh ich wehave stated respecting the progress wh ich human medicine

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un itedj ogcthcr by a car tilaginous band.

at above three inches long.

The back pmof the h cnd,

th e breast of.each boy, being a continuat ion of the cart ilaginousterminat ion of ethe sternum, or breas t -bone , accompanied bymuscles andhloedw ameb , andenve loped, like everyother por

At presen t th is bmd is not

very flexible ; and, according to Mr Hunter, who has knownthe you tbs

flfor dx yw n tbe cartilaginmmm ce of the np.

pa part is mbecoming gradnally hardern he chmgc hsving beenconflidmtble with in the last four years. The twins have on lyme mvdeWhich h plawdabout the cenue of the banmeq .

distant t‘

romsboth bodies . Fromthe nature of the hand, “

them in'

whieh it grows fnomeach boy, it is impou ihlethat thq should be in any oth er posi tion i n relation to eachother, but side by side «like soldien , or coming up a lit tle to

fron t each other, thongh their natuml position is that offace toface. Thein auns andlegs are perfectly fisee tomove. There

mity seems in no way to incommodc eithen Each of them, whethet a-a iling, si t t ing, or moving, genmfly has his armronnd

the neck or waist of the other ; andwhen this is the case , you

observe that they are .perfactlywelhformedmdstraigh t . W henthey take t he armfromthis poeitionmo elose are they kept to

gather , that their shoulders cannot be held st raigh t ; and the

near shoulder of each bemg obhgedw obe he lddown or np to

In their ordinarymotions they resemble two persomwalt sing,more than any thing clse we knowof. In a roomthey seemto

roll ahou t as it were , .bn t wh en they walk to anydistanoe, theyproceedstraight forwardwith a gait like other people . As they

ocean'

onallyoftwo playful ki tt ens wi th their legs round each

Account of the 3 5mm rum,

out the appearanccof constraint andirltsomeneu . Thawheight of thcir countrymen is lcss than that ofEnropemgWthey seemrather short for their age, even j udging themi ythelr own standard.

'l'

hey are much shorter than t he mdinnryrun of yout lu in th is coun try at 18

'

years of age , mdare borh

ot'

the same heigh t .

they resemble theflat face wh ich isforeheads are h igh

anymanual art beyondrowinga boat ,andcl imb riggingwit h great facility.

loose green jacke t and trowsers, thwh ich is very convenien t, andal lowst ion, but does not show the formAlmos t all such dev iations asturn are offensive, bu t therethese boys to excite a singlearms twined round each other, as they bendabout , they look like a group of statuary.It has been stated that they never speak to

this is a mis take ; though , as they appear to

of commun icat ion more rapid than by wbe surmised that they do not use their

(t hey const itut e, we be lieve, the moat remever yet known, of two human bodies,parts, having hll their animal funct ionst inct ; all thw of locomot ion , and

each helongi ldn aelf; in short , of t

un itedtogether by amflilaginous band.

un itedandbound toget her by an inseparable l ink . They havethu s grown up almost tomanhood, and there is no reason whyth eymaynot live as long as the avcrage duration of human l itb.

W e see nothing, even in their formation, why they shouldnot be

able topractiae seveml of the arts of life. In their own countrythey are said to have caugh t fish , and probably thus to havesupp liedthemselves wi th sufi cien tfood. They are very strong,and were able to lift a gent leman of considerable weigh t with .

great ease . Strange as is their conformation , and helpless as

theymight appear, they are thus found to possess all the meansofprmiding for themselves.Agreat many curious ques tions arise on contemplat ing these

youths. Those connectedwith the science ofanatomy, - relating to the structure of the connecting band, and how it is keptalive , whether blood flows in to and circu lat es through it fromeach, and pm intoe the systemof th e other, whether it be,

composedofh one or cartilage, whether it couldbe safely (l ivid.edor not—thouglr the boys, it seems, do not bear with satin.

timé only camsolwe.

Those questions connectedwith the minds of the two you hs

arc perhaps of equal hnportsnce, and they can on ly be set tled

by,con tinucdobsemtions. Fromthe reports ot

'

Captain Coflin

andhis companions, the boys seemafihcted by the m e pas.

sions, resen t the same insu lts, and are grateful when'

ei therreceives a benefit . Theym afi

‘

ectedto a oertaiae x tenaby the

same paine. A shor t t ime ago one of themhad,a toothach ,

md the other was obsmedmbc at thc same dme rcsdesa 'mduneasy ; but though thus sfinih rly afl

'

ected, it is obvious that

one will does not sway themboth ; both have a separate powerof voluntarymotions but they are so.accustomed to move inun ison, that the sligh test indicat ion s!

"

s wish seems to operate

cmchemboth , andthey move as ifthey hadbu t one will. W e

presume th is is the resu l t al together,of habit. W hen they

the poverty of their pummtbeyw uldbemfieredto roll abouton the gronnd, j ust like two young an imala and their movements being under no con trol, wouldalways

'

benasmuch influenced by the will of'oue as of the ether ; and- the inconve.

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unitedW hya w flagm band.

the impuh es of the weaken gifi ng fup his own choicee andaprd.

ferfingme course int i m y the oth en The inferior brother

then playfullyleans against the other for Ms mpporW the

one pats the cheek, or presses the forehead, or adjhsts t he shirt .cellar of the othe dn sarch a way as betrays the kindliest fi emrgsin eaeh, andthe tenderest aflection for oue another.

Thc b llowrng interesting report was drawn up byDr SamtielL Mitcbill, andDr Anderson ofNew York, andis dat edSepL

tember 24, 1829a In seem-dance with your request , we have the pleasure to

communicate the observatiensmade at our visit th is day tdtlre

W e find themconnected to each other by aband ex tend;ing fimn the pit of the stomach of each , made in the fol lowing

” $ d proceeding. fromthe lower part of

M i nu et -bones, is confinuommdforms a hard elastic

am m undthat j oins these boys. Th is cartilagi.

W ok concave at its upper part , becoming the upper

boundimofi ameal in the . band that commun icat es wit h theM W of both 'children ; fromwh ich the canal isM y l

’mu l by the con t inuedmembrane, and th e w holeis covered by common in tegnments .or skin . The band tlnfi

constitu ted is fromfour to six inches in leflgth y andabourmo

in thicknemis roundedat its part, andsharp at its nndcr

m ammidway at th is part a cicatrix b r scar, showingwhere was connectedthe single navel- str ing, or umbi licus, whichalone nom'ishedthese two children before birth.

.‘fl nt o the canal of this alnwst eylindrical hand, there is a

protrusion of viscera fromthe abdomen of t boy, upon everyeflbet ofi eough ing er other ex ercise ; and th is protrusion may

The sense of feelingon othc sltia of th isbandis ccnnected

wit ls each bofi h e fi r mthe.middlesofi ts la1gth fiomhw body;

t ion ; one cflt bemwas under a slight catarrhalufeverflwith j cengh ,but it hadno influence on the other .

‘fThere catt be nodonh but that if these hoys were sepmted

moder , they wouldexper ience muchtu t it has been urged bymany that

msis ten t with our ‘

principles and

msent . To this they are totally opposedafter the prot ect ion of a kind and

now he will take goodcare of them, and ifremto their homes again .

“ As they are so alert and vigorous, we1st ,

‘ in ten seconds, they can laya stou t ordinarywk

" ?

The following letter on the same subj ect has beew pubfisbedL the Times by Sir Anthony Carlisle , anddawd Novembert, 1899. a

“ Th e boys were dressedin the garmen ts ol‘

their m my, andno par ts of their persons er posodsav e the fion t aspect'

the lining bandwhieh eonneets themtogether, it h ingplaoed

m; presen ts a surface of natural ando healthy31it seems to include nn extension fromeach

rioh terminate the breaM rones The e n tire

ngers to pass freely behind i t, when the

M at thew

d'

death toone d’ the'

twins the lifo of t he remaining brother

infi t idnals T h whH

ofme hoymt hemgmvfiflw 87min amnutegthat of the one con the left w ; but as theyhadnot

before seen a stopwaM andwere nmch afitatedbyobmvin

'

gits movemen ts, i t is probable that moral excitemen t had some

an, apparently in equal goodM u el evidently unaccus

tamed tdpetty n sn-

aint s.

“ Thm h nothingdisgnsdngore ven indecormw in the w hW mofkhew m ompetmns ga d theydo nmm w be

regs dodu monstm finm tlwn alenda tmim h but one of

manyinstanees whieh happen to the whole aoimal creatm If

to the human race, the occasional appearance of unitach tfimdo

Ala/r . XIV.a -Contn'

bufioM to fltyt iml M WT. b the Fath of Germppah ia Norflt G oamJ

Tun: follrrwingdeacr'ipt ion of thc falls of G ersupM nn HW

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W ofmFalls of Gerwppab.

m .w .w RM ammn fi e

hov el ” , newer, the .strangmis so overwhe lmed-.wi th the im

mendty of the dread abyss, th at he requ ines some secondq to

collect himwh’ hefoee he gets mflcien t courage to make the

W e feele ss if hememlooking into the.hrink ofe ternity l m i lhe situatien in which he . is compelled to hesa d eh j oy tt Hless stfikinglyperilous ; he has also to

ing rdek at the very edge of tht inmense hu in , inw a deacen t

that the eye ean scarcely fi thomfi'on its profundity, andbeholds nfdleadful chasmhollowedout by the weight of the dashing tomnts, which cause to ascendfi-

cmthe whi te spray that

theyfi un below, volume of vapour which , rising into th e atmowhere,mingle with the clouds above the h ighest mountainsin the neighbourhood, and houyan t upwards borne, wou ldra

ther seemto be the smoke ofE tna’

s fiery-bowl , than the subtle

elemen t. The spectator sees the heaven ly bow,with all its

the salien t aqueous glohules athwart the ~surface of the un

fathomedgulf, in .the perfectness of the mundane semi-aneh.I should imagine the circumference of the crater , which

is shcpedlike t hormshoefi o he about a qw ter ofamile. In

fi'ont ofits opefn endmdesceh dingforestmqiestieally slopes dmfromthe moun tains, making the effect of the whole truly sublime ; and some fields at the top,

‘

to the left, give a singnlar

of fi ater .are hmleddown this stupendous pool, them “

rent fromthe edge oft hej iven alreadydescribed, clesr to the

bottom, in twn distinct column . At the nex t curve, 3nd 5 »

cing the positiou where we hadafi rd‘

s—eye vievv of the whole,another large mass is seen to he propel led headlong; then

m fim w

adant the hollow'

ehannel it has fm'md, M M ”ing its snrfico in it s dmcu tds huried in the héilmgdq th hnnion with the other. Amm gn tle rilh pu sing hmediimlyover the sccendfsll,makes a otriking vn iety to tlie mfln f ci.

round to a risingmmmd at t he wutlu ve

'

ct

poee in the g'

ew ul ou tlet. On the righ t

bulwarks of the western G h t uts, towering

tain the depth of this wonderfiil reservoirstrong twin e, to wh ich a weightdidnot succeed after

was t esort ed to, and

t my pmduct ,as l think it possible

2. On the Climate of thefl immalaya .

i“ W lmlyatfivedfi’flma fi ip thmugh the oldtrwg viz .

m ar,M I hadhopedwouldrewardme with eome con

men t ; hut l fi iled en tirely in myobj ect of embnghingmm m wmo foflymdmmy ofmm ermHowever, I hm obtained some [a rticulars in my journey,

cochlea,muscles, andpear l-fish , un ivalves, andlongcylindricalW on “ : which are most singular objects. I found them

in s hed of gran itebeing at the same

All the shells are turnedin to carbo

nate oflime, ’ andmany are crystalliz edlike marble. I cameupona fi lings at a height feet —are you not sur

M M human beings couldexist at such an elevat ion ? It

ww yet themiddle of October, and the thermometer on two

W was what it is at th is season of the year, I cansun

’

s rays fe lt oppresive, andall the streamswith ice during the nigh t, were

free andt u bing by Q o’clock . The finest crops of barley are

m mmdw h fip nmandsolar heat are the people indebtedfor a crop. The barometer gave for the highest field

feet of elevat ion ; this verifies the obsmvations, or ratherinfluences, on the limit ofcu lt ivat ionmthe upper course of the

Sutlnj , andI think it qu ite possible, andeven probable, thatcrops may vegetate at 16 and feet. The yaks and

shawl goats at’

th ia v il lage seemed finer than at any other spotwithin my observation . In fieg hmh mmarrdanimals appearto live on and thrive luxuriant ly,mspi te of those speculat ions

All sh ells are composedofcarbonate oflime principally. In the caseof the porcellanous dividon, i t is combincdwi th a lit tle, andin th at of the

motherbcfipeafl shells, with abou t one-fourth ofanimalmuch—En.

”

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M an-M offlmm }

(with w hitei spom'in thefl iddlemfmhich Was a email pool (if

M M'

thc fizd'

July, the party rose at 3 olclock

M ermameterm e t 30°'

Fahr . andthe sky clear. They

got upon the snow; ande x perienced the dificu lties anddébi

ascen ts. Toiwards its s ummit Elbrou tz present s a seriesmf

the'

meen t. MM. Kupfl'

er, Menctrier, and Meyer, wer

'

e so

exhausted, that they resolved to rest for some hours, but dur'

.

ing this delay the snow had grown so soft by the heat of the

sun, that it became necessary to ret urn, lest the bridge of snoww hich crossed them shouldb emdted. M . Z enzflwho

h ad gone on withou t stopping, reached the last platformof

snow. The causes wh ich rendered the return of the partynecessary prevented themfromadvancing, audou t offifteen

or t wenty persons, Comd s andfi rcamms, who at tempteditoa Circassian of the

nucl e ol Kriflamwho, hiepired by th e rewardwhich G eneralEm a n uel hadofered, set ofl

'

va'

y early, and availed him

The ilescent was ex tremelydlficult fromthe cause alreadyuremioned, andat seven o

’

clock in the evening they reached

tlifir camp on the bnnks of tbe Malkn .

Height ofthemineral spr ings ofKoustantirogorrk, 1800é — d the iimit of snow, M 400

ofmefifirfit swtion ofmoks,d—b —oFflle stdtion ofM . Z enz ,

of the 600

Th e temlierature cf the air at the limit of snow was 9°6'h ken with amiu nmetcr.

In rdflmm omtbemm q

5 49m .) At

fun erary 1000 feet of elm tion ; a resu lt which M . Kupfi r

1 as'

il le W W ! l.

of a

nuclemwh ich gives amnch weaker decmw mde efi u

m .XVH Amauoj'

am om m mtbeM

M MW RM TW . By thc Right Ho»

nourable L oaoOx n a rt frowu , M .E. Communmatedby tbt

R am mt difierent inmvale dufing the lu t three yma,

trieda variety of e x periments on the coustruction of apeotila

for large reflu x ing te lescopes, perhaps some of the results

which él have arrivedat may not b e unim fing to themIn making these experiments, I have had two cobj ects mm , M to ascer tain v he ther

'

t t was pract icable to removeany of the defects known to exist in the large ureflw tmg tab

scopes h ither to constmot ed; mud «w ordy, to simplifydbeprocess necessary for the manufactu re of goodreflect ing te lescopes of ordinary dimensions, so abat the ar t migh t b e no

longer amystery, known to bu t few individuals, andn ot t o beacquiredj but after manyyears of lahorious eppren

ticeship.

A.general statement of.the ra u lta ofmy experiments wil lenable tbocex who are at dl cnnvemnt with the usu rf tale »

scopsa tq decide how far l may have succeeded in e ffedmganythinguseful.

t-psopose toavoidasmuch as passable entering imo detail.W ith in the limits newsw 'ily

'

pma'ibedfor a single art icle ma

per iodical work, it would be impoesible to do so with anyad

the difo

occur in combating the cont inua l chi nge ofwthe tquelity of themetaLfi'

u n nh e ex pu iimof so laige a sarface to t he action ofthe

to ennefl it . Hemaldthen fi dthat ths specuhimm ldflymW W m ccol.mless the alh ymdw ce ofm less

M M The nmprm is tc gfindthu pcw lnm,

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large specu la so as to give themas accurate a flgnce as smallones. imsmenty fw t teloscopq whieh l helieve has heen ad

W he thc best reflecting telescope ever comtmcted, wasseldamusedw it h a power ahove zoo; andl helieve the sameohsm'mion Wmapply with eqnal correctness to the forty foot

telescope.

The defects, therefore , common to all very large specu la

h i therto constructedmay he thus stated: a defect ive memllic composit ion ill suited eithe r to receive or retain a polish,or to show obj ects ol

'

their natural colour and brilliancy ; a

want of suflicien t st ifi'

ness in proportioa to theirweigh t to ena

h legt hemto retsin their figure wit h ths t gmnt degu e ofex act

viating the two first defects. Having hsd some eXperience in

precaut ions employed in that process might be transferred

might thns he pmcucable w prew nt h rge specnlmcast of the

highest metah from cracking before they were finished. It

also occurred tome that large specula migbt possess snfficient

stifi icss withou t any addit ional weigh t , were they cast th in,hut with a deep rim round themconnected by ribs of equaldepth . A spe

culum, fifteen inch es diameter, wss accmdinglycast with a rim round the edge two and a half inches deep,and ha lf an inch thick, and with two ribs ot the same depthandthicltness as the rim, intersecting each othm'at the cen

tre of the bach ot the speculum._

Th e composit ion employedwas the hest speculumme tal. As soou as the mets l hadbecome solid, while still red hot, the sand was

‘

entirelymov edfromthe fonr cavit ies at the hack hetween the rihs

redhot iron vesseli

upon a bedot woodashes, and the m at

ofgthe vw elfl lao redhottwas then pu tpmthe whole Vin ita .

in a redhot oven and shut up there. In

hours themetal was perfect ly cool. It

one and similarly tres ted, hut the composition was n little

lowered. It also cracked, hu t not somuch. A th irdwas cu t,

the composi t ion being s. lit t le lowm'than that of th e second;

it slsomet with a similar l'at e. A fomth of a st ill lower compoaition was defect ive in casting, hu t .did not craclt ; the fifth

t urnedou t wel l. The fourth andfifth were of the same compasition. Themetal has a slight ting

'e ol

'

yellow ciearly pa sspo

hie when comparedw ith me tal of the hest composition. hdoes not talt emo h igh a polish , andismore snbj ect to tsmishThe me ta l , howe ver , was much h igher than that of Sir W il.limi Herscbd

’

s twenty-foot telescope.

U pon the whole, . the resu l t of the above-mentioneda perimentsm hynomcans sntisfactory. I foundthat l couldfnot

cast a speculumof the moders te dimensiona of fifteen f imwithou t reducingthe composi t ion considerably belowmtfigb

est stsudud. It was also quite evident thmme comp dtiesshoddhe still lower for s metal three feet diameter ; mch s

me tslmigh t indeedhave heen made of one sthirdt he weig twhich wouldotherwise have been necessary, hy casting it h ltethe fifteen inch metal with e rimand ribs at t he hack ; butS till the defect in the quslity ol the metal wou ldh ave re

mained, wh ich ap to me to he a decisive obj ect ion to

the const ruct ion of such an inst rument .After several frui t less at tempmto combat t his dificolty

'

ex periments we re tried to ascertain whmher iuwvou ldhe practieahle to cast specula in .difl

'

enen t pieces, andto unite themthget her bywinning the surfaces. This was found to be prsc

ucsbh bmh wu sbandonedk rme foflowmg pmw ioh lthiakm pedectly succemful.

.An alloy of sinc andcopper csn he formsd, which Will ex

than speculummetsl, according to the proport ion of the in.

gradient s. Ex pa immt s wmmde andit was fbundthst cop

per Q Q- a and.z inc l wouldgive imalloy possessing th e ne

gairoti property ofgiving. ex psM ons and con tract ions wi th a

W idt thie emy a qaeeu lumm éast fifteen inehe'e’diflméw i

v ith a rirnz andr ihe fibtilar to the one helore dercfibedwbmirr every ru peot thinn er,—not hali de wfiglmfi rm tu rbadupooth

'

aed flat at one ridem unued; ‘SiX pieeeo of the

h lghest spe'

eulhmmet'

al we re then pu pa edone quartd ofrsn

mm, andfit tedw es tomakq when pu t tW a oom

plete eimuler disc fifteen inches diameter r dieee were theirarranged on the

'

flat t inned surfi ce o fi the hm epeeuluni ;

ti l th e tin m h fuM md till every'

pnrt ofzt heunder fides

dndédges ofthe speculummetalwaspeefectly tinned. A'

r light

pressure m then un iformlyW md, andthe temperature gm;dual lymducedti ll the t in

'

hm e solid. W e then hada ipe

culum composed of zinc and eop'

per platedwifit specu lummetal one quarter: ofan inch RM

'adhering tdit as firmly in

every pert'

as if it hsdh emwe piece ofmetal.‘ Th is mas]

was gmundmdpdished hy the mdchihe desm-ibedia ai/for.

nte r numher o f tt ourM I. It has a fncal length of tbelié

fire edgc, it h asfourteen inches anda halfclem'eper ture. It

far surpaseee tha other me tal in the brillieney endwhiteness of

the hnagmas was ofcourse tobe ex pected. In other respect t

it is the ume as they both bear disfinctly it power of fifloat a print edpape

’

r , or at the cut strme pinn acles of a churchdistant ebout SOO yards.

° There can be no mistske es t o the

M ss l mke use of single lenses. On ly one favourable

heefi brought to sttch a state as to render the insuvtfmenttolerahlym ageahle. The new moon wedon that occadeu

W edmth powers fi'om80 t0 600 end very pa febdy

tartan veryctengnine egpertsn’

dmsofi t r pom upon t he'mfi

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my u u s e »

;‘

Imthe ma llatt icm 3 M dI was W myse lf (hmacquain tedwith the precaut ions neces ary to insure the p ro

ofan alloy of zinc a

ndcopper in the due

0

re, lity that the many

The p lishmg apparatus bed in N00

was oomplet edabout that t ime. It hmsinee undu .

ing bu t ? believe the practice is to work the specu lumt il l it

14l LM W M W W

haemes warin, and the poliah’

er is almoat dry' ; M i me

munieate nfine polish without thismode’

ofpreéeedingt Fromthe ex perimen ta wh ich I lmve tried, I have l ittle doubt but

a pol isher nearly dry, 8

portioflal to'

the time itmust bc finishednpon a moist polishan . U ndl vérydat elyl

had not found owt a method of commun ia t iag a vcry fim

An ti lle s polish as can be desiredcan now ha given to :

me tal of any temperatune which we may fix upon above thefree z ing point. Both theory and pract ice lead to th e qmeconclusion, that it is desirable to polish a speculuman ; that.

pemture “ nearly as possible the same as that at which ‘

it is

to be afterwards used, part icularly if the speculumis (si lag eo

In t he preceding account, I have endeavoured to give a ge

neral out lin e of the difienent obj ects which I- have at temptedto effect, andI have, as far as was in my power , conveyedmac

'

cu ttate ida of t he degree in which I conceisie I have been

successful. Further exper imen ts shall be t ried, and th e spi

cnla a lneady completedshall be subjected to the severes t tests.

ShouldI th en feel sat isfiedthat specn la obta inedby theae plosew are as perfect as l hove

‘

venmredman ticipat e, I shallt hen hav e the pleasure of placing some of themin the handsof the able andpersevering obsecven of the present day, -v hmt hey will be fairly t ried, and, ifflmy have meri t, will

'

cu'mnlynot temmn idle.Themmination of the hw emcommencedby the late Sir

lit tle doubt but that diwoveries wi l l mu l tiply in pnopontion as

the telescope may be improved,

It is perhaps not ato'

omuch to expect , that the en e is not

In distant mheti data will be collected sufi cient t'

a afl’ord as

m idsigh t into tbe constmotimofthe material universe

W m ofmma l { M 0 4

0

.

A s'r . XVI.—Nofice of some rda ss ess sfMadam ByC.Hs tmmyMt D: Communicat edby the Authors (See

t h is genus ever known to have eisited th is is land was shotskirts of the city on the 3do

’

fNo

in my possession. It answers’

in

stage between the first year and

minck . It was in goodcon

stomach fu ll of putr id flesh andmaggots.For abont a fortnight before its arrival the wind ’

had been

blowing so'

st rong as to dr ive the '

gulls close in 'shone ; a ndit

eithercsme to es fromthe cmst ofAfficmm‘more pmhablyfrdmTw erifi

'

e ,

’

if, as I have been informed, it breeds and is

(c elhm) and Ps alms, (Fursbaffle ). Bowdich men t ions the 'F . E salan ; but , as I

'

havenevet‘either seen or heard of it , and as he omi ts the F. tin

imncuhu , which is so common that three or four at a . t imemay constant ly be seen over the skin s ofi the town, it is pro

bhbly a sl ip of the pen , and the kemel; not'the

hea led by him. He also ca lls our manta a newspecies deagle , & c ;

” bet‘I suspect that his

‘

ohservetions of the birdwere very superficial, and confined pmhablyt o a single and

yonng i ndividual , for‘I' have had at difi

'

erent t imes at leasteight specimens (two ofwhich were living) of both sexes and

varioe s ages—have shown it to two or three sportsmen ands

coup le hf goodpract ical ornitho logists,‘

and comparedi t withthe deocript ions of at least half a doz en sathons, and ett

cannot (and I fain would) exal t' it above the common bu

mfd.” It , however , -seems doomed tomisrepresentation . In

an amusing l it t le work (Rambles in Madam) it is called a

vul ture.” Now th is for a desu ltory rmbler” too ima

m u m m mn ch M bn t W y his “ wmmseams , von. 11. no t . JAN. x

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Dr M ekon on tbafl’ivda qfl ladt im.

m m . The on ly spooitnen I have met witlh oft his bird was in Janu ary ISQQ; during M en umsuaflysevere for this cl imate, and after a continuance of north west

winds.

Tundra m da. Common and abundant . Bowdicli says

some th ing about its differing fromthe European species, byhaving the beakdark brown , andmere ly edged h ith yellow : bu t he surely must have been deceived by a h en or

young coclt , for it is ce lledby the Port uguese, par ex cellebce,o merlo combeco .amarello,

”

(with the yel low beak)Sylvia mbwula. Common, and the rohin Of England in

every respect.The 0“ meadow t itling

”ofFlem

mg; and “

pipit larlfi of Bewicltn hut not the fiflark of

Pennan t , al though Fleming gives the lat ter as synonymouswith his meadow titlingf

M at omic, (Tern ) Is seen on ly fromaut umn to

spr ing, andneit her sings nor soarsu Answers ba t he essent ialohm ter ot

‘

ehe d. M ar imba“ , but has not the habi tof that bird. W il l be describedat some'fuuwe dine.

Cw ulw Piaanus ? (Turn Brownwhlaclt crested? t h roat

tawny ; neck andbmst wh it e ; wing-covers t ipped with a

wh ite spot ; pr imarie s andW edgedmlyn t t heir t ipswit lu ame ; tail (of ten feathers) nine andwhalfinches long ;

two lateral feathers one- th irdshor ter than rest , andoblqwhite the low thicdOi their length 3middle all'hlh ck ; rést

W with wh ite ; iris chestnu t ; bil l black ; legs brom blaclt ;

lewd: csix teen, breadth twen tyktbree inches. Shut on 2ot h

Echo-um? 1828, st ya Bay, about a league west ofFunohal,dilcinga pw valence

‘of north winds. An other was in company,

M W.

(30 the 15 th August was, a secondspecimen,difi

'

ering only in having rum remiges, was killede t thc Praseres, about ten leagues fur ther westwardon t he same line of

coast . The sex vras not in eidier caselastM e-ds

Marcy/toga Aflv‘

cana, (Tm) This birdwas sh ot in De

cember 1m in a gandeo in the sitys audhadmore the appeanaw e of one which had em bommfinemmwmoughthat cou ldnot be ascertained) t han M themasz

Upupa epops, (Tem.) Not unfrequen t lymet with , but never

Dr Heineken on the Birds ofMadeira.

but does not ment ion the epops . The former I bs ve not me t

Merops op ium. Of th is, one example, bu t no part iculars.Hinmdom tica. An occasional (some saypa

-iodical) v isitor. Certain ly never know to buildhere .

our on ly partr idge .

Colombo Turner . Accidental . Not known to bu ildh ere.C. Evie—C. woos ? Stat ionary. Also 0m in sma ll

numbers.G raem e: crspitam, (Term) The on ly indiv idual rema n

bored here was killed 4th November 1827, near the Prayaformosa. The windhadbeen northerly for some time .

Ciconia n igra. This birdwas killedon the 9th of the minemon th at San ta Cruz. Seen occasionally

'

before.

Arden cinema. No note of th is bird. Not unfrequent lymetW ith , bu t never breeds here or remains (escapes long.

Arden minuta. Occasional ly driven on the island.

var iabilis, (Tem.) -T. cinerea Frequent visi tors, and'in

moderate numbers, bu t not known to bui ld.

Scolopaa: major . A winter visitor , but doubtfu l ifperiodi,cal or occasional probably the fo rmer .

Gaflimdo chloropw . One example here, and another at

G allimda crew, (Tem.) Do—Killed, August 1829 , near

Funchal .Fuh

'

ca atra. Occasion al ly. The one wh ich I have was takenin a poultry yardin the city. Th is, fromits appearance, is ,I have no doubt , the bird wh ich the natives cal l “ Freira”

(Nam) although (goodCatho lics as they are theiragneernent

is by no means conven tual on the subject .Lama argcutata s, (Tem.) Our on ly stat ionary gu ll.L ama tr idactylua, Dur ing t he winte r of 1828—9, which

was unusual ly severe for th is climate , many were seen in

the bay and caugh t with books, knockeddown wit h stones,

& c. Towards the east point of tbe island l am told that a

few are often met with.

no

S tem n igm. One example this amtumn—S . Hirtmdocommon, and I believe stat ionary.

Proccllaria Anglorum. A specimen was procuredandst uf

fedduring the summer of 1828 , but as I was fromhome Iknow no part iculars about it . At the same t ime wi th the kitt iwaltes a youngUSula alba was caugh t at sea wi th a hook. Lisbon has, Ibe l ieve, been consideredh ither to its southe rn limit.Procellaria pafim , (T erm)

'

Arrives here in spring; breeds,dqui ts in autumn .

Procsllaria pelagica. One example dur ing present cuminer.Full one inch longer andnear ly fourmore in breadth than commonly stated. I have not, as far as I remember, men tidnedhere any of those birds already not iced ei ther m th is or theZ oological Journal, or such generally known anduniversal lydistribut ed ones, as the common ow1, wrens, wagtails, chaffinch , goldhoch , linm't , & c.

, wish ing to confine myself'

to

t hose ei ther pecu liar to us, or not known to belong to the

island, or differing in the ir economy and habi ts from theircongeners elsewhere. The majority are only occasional andaccidental v isitors, and n ine in ten perhaps are dr iven over

fi'omthe coast ofAfrica. Of those 1n this paper markedwell as of alldescr ibedeither mthis Journal or the Z oological,as probably

'new, specimens h ave been sent to the Z oological

Socie ty. W e have at least three specres of tbe Vesper

tilio mystacinm, (L eisl.) Plcootus comme nts, and

Dianna Ccsloni i, (Savh) The lat ter is, I have l i t t le doubt,the D inops of Savi, al though I amdoubtful about the species,andamunwi ll ing to describe it fromon ly one specimen . Ifind that Temminck considers that genus synonymous withthe Dysopes, I llig. andMulossus andNyctmomiss, G eofii, andI amthe m e conv inced of its gener ic iden t i ty fromthe dif

ficulty I found in de termin ing to which of th e four it bestansvvered. Bowdich says The bat (wh ich ?) is more thanspecifically dist inct , & c.

”

has clusters of orange war ts on

1? Th e Vesper-cilia M ml have neflver met with , and, f’romth e grest

number ot’ geuera andspecies, and the eont'

usion st ill ex isting regardingthem, Igive the specific names of those which I have seen rather doubtingly especially as I have hadonly single specimans.

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w m m q w mmM Th is h e comeives to he c w w law d mture, “ch immlfimsdf the honw n of the dim em He oonoeives

th ae imtr-th is pnovedby the {chewing ex per iment :L et a plnt e of z inc he solderodt o a plate of copper at t wo

edges. Hold the ph te cl’z inc in the hand, and touch the

under plntc d'

a dslicate electric condcnser de cendenu teur a

hmes d’

or) wit h the copper plate , whils t amoistenedflnga isapplied to the upper pla te of the inst rument . Remove the

upper plate of the inst rumcnt hy its insulatinghandle, andtheslipoofgoldlu fmill be foundto diverge. Takingfo r gmntedt he t rut h of the ex periment, the conclusion which Vol tadeducedfromit by uo means fo llows u a lg itimate inferenee. Dr

W ollsston has shown tbat a gdnanic efl'

ect is produeedhydis

simih r me tals wi th the ma'

mt air of the atmospbere act ing “a wennml agen t andan imperfect conductor.

'l he same £act

ism dby the e lect r ic column ef De L uc.~ The platc of

W ham mpart ially ox idised by the oxygen of the ntmosphere, elect ricity is generatedor set at l iberty

,and the film

“ M uir in con tact with th e two metals, acts as the h id

conductor in an ordmcy voltaic arr angement If thc com

p madplat c be qqntedwith elech ac cemen t to ex clude the che

inh al a tion of the air on the z inc, I wil l venture to predicttha w da idedelectric efiect mll take place. U nt il t he sup

pm d i w dm thw ry show bydirect e x periment that anW M M e pfice wit h thismodificatmnof the apm we must view t he whole ol

‘

tha’

r remmng as founded

00 41m Hav ing th us shown that Vol tamdhis h llowers hme oma ’loolt edwhat appeu s tome to be

drew wm c h hadiu urbmced ebct cic q odthmamin dle

m mm em ww unfounded. l his will

w m e em wm w e

Esta {M g powd im h m hgnu a qnw fityd

M oundssulphn t ic'acid, E x

placedon di e sa rfiamo f the flaida

picce ofgddlu fg which was connectcd witlmone of the cups

ofladeliu te p lm Is then plceeda dmd platine foil

in the fiuid below the gold lel f, n d~ceennect ed it with the

othec amof tlie instmmeat sm ly u y elecmmagmtic ef

feet was produced. Hav ing removed

water contain ing condensed chl

magnet ic efiect was produced. A simiby using ni tro-muriat ic acid, orcal led, insteadof the ch lorine .

meter in bot h u ses turnedmudoes when zinc was subst itut edfor the plat ina. Having t ried,conduct ing powers of the dilutedcon taining ch lor ine, I foundthat

powerful conductor. W hen the

peatedwi th discs ofand platina, I foundduoedwhen

periment clearly proves that thmerely as a conductor to the e lect rici ty ex

nary electro-mot ive force , since in the first

generfl edis greatest when the conduct ingis least.'E x r . 11.—Hav ing made a smallin to two equal compartmen ts by a dt roduced into one of thema disc of

other an equal disc of soft copper.

nectedwfi lledwi tand the needle t urnedroundas it does when the -

place of the

hardcopper was suppl iedwith a disc of zinc. I th en poureda l i t t le ni trou s acidinto the chamber con tain ing the hardcop

per, andobservedthat the effect was diminished. By addinga l itt le more acidthe needle turned roundseveral degrees inthe opposi te direct ion . This experimen t complete ly

.

ova

throws the assumedprincip le that the galvanic eflhct increases

wi th the conduc t ing power of the fluid in terposedbetween the

metall ic plates, since by increasing the conduct ing po'cn ofthe fluidthe efl

’

ect was diminished, and hya propa increasewas completely destroyed. It is a cur ious fact , t hat if ni tric,su lphuric, or mur iat ic acidhe used insteadof t he nitrous, there su l ts will be qui te the reverse.

Having thus, I t rus t, sa t isfactorily shown that the electr ic

theory is foundedon false principlcq, Imball nowweq lhm't ly

theory ofgalvan ism.

3. Dr W ollaston assumes that posit ive electneityp is set at

liberty by the combinat ion of oxygen wi th one of the metals.Th is principle is frequen t ly true, bu t in many w as it is

totally false. Th is will be renderedobviou s by the following

Eu ..III.—Immerse two equal discs of zinc, connectedbyw ines with the galvanomete r, into the chambers of the rectan

gu lar box forme rly used, and fi l l both compartments wi thwri ter ; no act ion will of course take place. Pou r a litt lemlphat ic, ni tric, or ,

muriat ic acids in to one of the chambermmconsiderable galvan ic effect will be produced, and the needlewill turn in the same direction as it does when copper is sub.

st itutedfor the plate of zinc immersedin the chamber con tain.

ing the water alone. This agrees wi th the chemical theory.Again , insteadof the above acids use nitrous acid, and the

needle wil l turn round in the opposi te direction. The same

thing holds when discs ofcopper or iron are employed. Th isis complete ly at variance with the chemical theory, since thatp late .

is negative , or corresponds with copper in the standard

bat tery, on wh ich the greatest chemical ac tion of the fluid

takes place . The fol lowing e x perimmt is also hostile to the

generally receivedtheoryEXP . IVe

—Hav ing taken two pieces ofblock tin, I cu t thesurface ofone of themmto ridges by means of a thwedfile,mthat the surface was doubled. W i th these two piecesI formeda binary combination, andimmersedthem1n dilu tednit ro -mu riat ic acid; a very considerable e lectromagne t ic effeet was produced, and the needle turned round11) the samedirect ion as i t does when a plate of z inc is substitutedfor the

plane disc in the standard bat tery. It is obvious t hat theremust be a

.

tgneatoer chemica l act ion between the acidandthefurth eredplate than t he other, andye t the furrowedplate ear.responds wi th copper in the standardbat tery, on which the

“ chemica l act ion takes place. The results obtainedmt he

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Dr Henry on W Magneaitc g‘

Ahgiésey.

e completely ain tigh t."The ac idis now to

t he water by tfrequen tly'

invert ing and shdlt in

If the copper and zinc cylinders be connect ede ter, the bat tery will con tinue to act for a

wi th the same energy as if the Whole had beento th e air. ‘As there is no roomfor the dis

of hydrogen, the oxygen of the water cannot

combine 'wit h the zinc to convert it into an ox ide ; nevertheless chemical act ion goes on, and the zinc is dissolvedin theacid. Front th is e x perimen t it is obviou s that the oxidat ionof the zinc and the combinat ion ofnascent hydrogen with the‘

electr ic ’fluid, as Dr Bostock supposes, has noth ing to do withthe prodnct ion or transfer of the electricity wh ich appehiilatthc eurface of the zinc. Themetal is st il l, howe ver , dissolved}

or reducedfroma solid to’

n fluid state , and as'its capacityfor whine has undergone a change, may not its capacity forthe elect ric fluid have also undergone a

'certain ch ange ?

Hence it 1s possible that t he true theory ofgalv iinismmay bemore int imately connected with that of laten t heat t han has

ya w supposed. Since the z inc is dissolved without the

assistance ofoxygen fromthe wate r, it appears that the atoms“ t he soldhave cumbincdwith the pare brilliant atoms of‘themetal, without the n ecessityof themetal being first convertedto an oxide.F rom the short V iew that I have taken of this in terestingmbjéct , it appears that the elect ric theory 18 qu it e u nfounded,and

‘

tliat the chimics l theorywill requiretombracc the facts containedin the last experiments. ThisI shal l not , however , attotnpt at present ; asmyobj ect in th isptrper is rat her t o

’

demolish old fabrics andcol lect newmaterials, fromwhicli hmore substant ial edificemay bemised.

Aa'r . XVII I.—ou the Magma} dimmed in 4MBy W ILLIAM HENRY, M . F

311. S ., in . Contained j n

a L etter to Dr Hi ne si i 'r , dated5 th Dec.

WmI showedyou, a few weeks ago, a specimen ofmagne

site wh ich Thad foundin th e autumn of1828, in Anglesey,

Dr Henry on the Magnet ics yaw

you though t that this ‘new locality deaerved to he the aubjm

ofa notice in one of thc scien tific j ournals ; and I M Mfore, the following short account of it for insert ion in thatwi th wh ich you are associatedAt a short distance from the Parya me tmtain (I beha veS. W . andwi thin a mi le of it) there is s low h il l composedofgreen serpent ine , which is probably similar in its W mother bills ofabou t the same elevat ion, which are seen to M

no great distance . The serpent ine is t raversedby narrowmintfi l ledwith a mineral , wh ich , on fi rst view, struck me as resemblingthe hydrate ofmagnesia discov eredbyyours elfin She t land.It is ofa green ish wh ite colour ; a foliawdstruct ure r l

transln.

cen t a t the edges ; rather soapy to the touch andsoft enoughto yie ld, not easi ly however, to the nail . Its specific grn hy(twice taken) is On chemical examination it wasfoundto diffe r essen tially fromthe She t landhydrate, which , according to Dr Fyfe

’

s analysis, is th e prom- hydrate ofmagnesia.The Anglesey mineral dissolves very slowly in pret ty strongmur iat ic acid, with an escape ofcarbon ic acidgas, the volumeof which, from100 grains, may be reckonedto be equwalent

to about 19 grains. The solu tion , howev er , is not commeven when assisted by heat ; from5 4 to 60 parts rema iningundissolved, andwhen a small fragment has been used, it pne

serves its general form. The dissolved part min isteria l“en t ire ly of carbonate ofmagnesia andcarbonate nfW rite

proport ion ofabou t 28 of the former to 12 of the lat ter Boththese carbonates must , in the mineral, be anhydrous ; fame

duference, that can be countedupon, is foundbetween thaloaasustainedby a white heat, andthat efi

'

ectedbyeolu tion in acids.The insoluble por t ion I have not .had t ime to analyze but

it appears to me verymuch to resemble common ta lc. Th ismay have con tainedcavi t ies, which may have been afterwardsfi l ledby‘an infi ltrat ion ofmagnesi te . I throw th is out , how,ever , as a mere conjecture.It 13 probable, that , if the rock were openedou t by blast ing,much finer spec imen s migh t be obtained than any I possess,which are small andsomewhat weathered. It is not unlikely,also, that the chromelox ide of iron wou ld be foundon the

same spot .

HumqfMechanical v enciam, 411.

A m. XIX—HISTORY OF MECHANICAL INVENTlONSAND or PROCESSES ANDMATERIALS U SED INTHE EiNE AND U SEEU L ARTS .

On W Appfiwfion of Swamw q q royblg

THE destructive ravages of wh ite ants, when once they findthe ir way on board the vewels in India, have long been the

bme of that descr iption of property, aggravated too by thesecrecy wi th wh ich their operations are frequen t ly carr iedon ,

andby the absence of allmeans of prevent ion. Property of

acknowledged value, to the exten t at t imes of above a lac of

rupees, has become , on the presence of th is destruct ive anima lbeing discovered, ahnost valueless ; since h itherto, when once

known to have infesteda vesse l , no instance, we be lieve , hasoccur redof their ever hav ing been wholly extirpated; thusnot only att aching a suspicious character to the v esse l , but occasioningcon t in ued, andsomet imes very heavy andexpensiverepairs. Indeedit is scarce ly possible even to trace the ex

tent cf the evi l with anydegree ofcertainty. A sh ipmay un

dergo a very heavy repair ofdamages occasionedby the ants,

and every possible means may be adoptedwi th a view to as

certain the ex is tence of further damage, wi thout success ; ye t

a v ery few weeks may show another part of the vessel to beinfested to a great ex ten t, rendering necessary a yet further

It may reasonably be supposed, that such dest ruct ion of

property would not be permitted to cont inue, without someat tempt s at a remedy of thw e , themost effectual have h i therto been th e applicat ion ofextreme cold, or sin king.The former of course cou ld only be carried in to execut ion

by sending the vesse l infested to a cold cl imate, there to be

laidup for a win ter. Independent of the loss occasionedbythe non-employmen t of th e vesse l , the remedy hasnever been,we believe, complete. A stop has

'

been pu t to their ravagesfor a t ime , bu t a re turn to a warmcoun try has shown that the

annuals hav e not been effectual ly destroyed either they havemerely bcen reduced to a state of torpidity, or if the l ivinganimal has been destroyed, the eggs have not been deprived

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pmdin mch haadg woald'appear to have beeamanaged'

the detail with the utmost care aaxl’

at tendomafl'

ording

tn ct fromtheir able s-din terestingR epeat s ”

1. W e had the Honourable Company’s Steamer Irrawaddy mooreddongside the Invest igator ; andhaving fittedtwo leedpipes furn ishedwith stopcocks to the headof the 1s,mwaddy

’

s boiler , bymeans of a new manhole cover, weMthe pipes int o the Invest igator, and put themdown the feteandsites hatchwayt into the hold.

2. W e had, in the meantime, closedthe s euttles of the IR’vestigator

’s s ides, as well as all the hatches ; moreovern the

stemand gallery windows, andthe entire front of the poop ;boring at the aame t ime a hole in each gallery celk toalloythe st eamto come up fromthe ho ldin to the cuddy.

'

3. W e alao fitteda pipe, having a stopcock on it, to the

h atchn y, wh ich was openedoccasionally to observe thest ate of the atmm, in case ofdanger, fromit s over-pnessure.4. These preparatims be ing made , wa hedthe fires of the

Irrawaddy’s boiler ligh tedat 11A. it . on the 7th ultinwumas

to let on the ateamat noon the same day ; by six o’

clock thesam evening,

<the steam began to showi tself at t he scut t les,and at the hatches ; and the poop and upper deck began to

fee l hot . W e t inned the steaming for forty~eigh t hours,hy which time e whole of the decks and sides even to theout side copper, close to the water’s edge was so heated, as to

be acu t ely touchahle by the hand.

5 . On opening the batches to ascertain the nesult of the

operat ion, we were pleasedto see the effect ualmanner in wh ich,

the penet rat ing heat of the steamhaddestroyed the vermin .

Themrhite an ts appearedreducedto a substance l ike soap, and,the encllmoaches and rats to a soft pulp, eapable of beingl

6. The putr id smell ot' animal decommsitiou w e ea st

the codcf twen tc u r hours, but did not cont inue ahove a

7. The pain t on the beams and sides was shrivel led, and

peeledofi'

, and> the lu ther which comed the ring bolts in th e

caddy, was i n verted into charcoal.8. We hm purpae ly delayedsending in our

, Beport, till .

we couldascértain tbe efl'

ect of the oteamingaéni the a tflking;

me t hadhemdhw hed the operadm wouldin fit t tfl e hmhad to he confined to a sh ip aho

nt to undetgmu pair imdoelo

W e have, however, satisfact ion in be ing ahle to repbrt , that

that the steaming a ship for .the dest ruct ion o? vermin seems

perfect ly feasible , e i ther afloat or in dock, whe ther'

ahoumu ndergo repair, or to proceedto sea. The M y circ tunétanee

demanding at tention in the lat ter case is, that thv ahipwflflrequire new pain ting. a

9. Al though-th e de struct ion of vermin hy steamiligmay he

ream-ted to under all ci rcumstances, yet the steam’ing of vesselsin dock,previous to the ir undergoing theirmualqh inquenn

l

ial

repair ofcau lking andcoppering,'

will he themost definable10. In addition to advantages already not ified; the fiaciliity

of int roducing the steamfromhelow, and the ah sem of e’

on.

densation by the water, in contact wi th the whole surface of

the immersedbot tom, when afloat , will enable the steamto ef

feet its object in one - th ird less time.

11. The presen t :e x perimen t having enabledus to ascer ta inan afi cient and simple me thodof steaming -

ships, to dest voyve rmin , we beghere to recordour opin ion, that

'

in allma ximly large sh ips about to he steamed,mtmg

bemc

ough t to be taken ou t , as also all projectmandeat heads. The whole of the hammock sta tions andeat

ternal birthing shou ldfurth er be taloen awa'

y, and the ship beclearedof all lumber, andar ticles like ly to sustain inj ury from

12. For large sh ips, where the unmasting'

weuldh e lahoeie

one, we conce ive tha t long bags made of pa int ed canvass;

migh t be put ove r the mast heads, andnailed to declt ,'

andthe

steam admit ted into them. Pa'

mted canvas also might betackedwi th wooden batt ens to the deck , and to the odtsfi e,

enclosing t he sides all nonnd, and this might h e ex tended to

hawse Chocks, quarter galleries, and to all parts which it wou ldbe inconven icnt to remove.13. By lift ing the ahip

‘

s - pumps about three feen one of.

themmay he fit tedas a sal'

ety steam'valve, and the othen'

as a

ofproecaaes in the F ine and U seful Arts .

with the lower part of the hold. The steampipes shouldheJung mugh to in troduce the steam in to the hottomof t he

hold, as otherwise the steamandheat wouldbefor a long t imein tercepted fromthe lower parts of the vessel

,by a st ratum

of air.

M Such of the steamers as may be in tendedto be usedfor

steaming sh ips, migh t convenien t ly, andat small ex pence, he

prov idedwith a spare boi ler manhole15 . The whole apparatus for steaming couldeasi ly be trans

ferred to any one of the steamers, and wou ld then be availa

ble for any ship. Independent of the manhole cove r, the partswou ldmerely consist of two pipes ofcopper (fi t tedwith stop.

each ) of five inches diame ter , together wi th a stanai safe tyvalv e pipe, andan air safe ty valve pipe, for the ship abou t toundergo the process.

‘

16, In steaming ships afloat , it wil l obv ious ly occur to hang

them on w the vemel w be steame th and then so to s e

cure the two, as to preven t the cross mot ion their being semi

rate lymannedwould cause, to the injury of the steampipes.For steaming sh ips in dock it wil l be requisite to have a boilerw t 80 near to the dock , as to admit of having pipes fittedforthe eonvoyance of the steamto the sh ip.

wi ll be requisi te, when the s has beenv admit tedint o a shipflvhe ther it be afloat or in dock, to have a canldroa

of boiling water ready to kil l insects which may try to sca pe ;

andit will he requisite to have a few persons in attmdance,to shu t up places Where steam shows itse lf, as wel l as to at

tendw the su te of the pipea andof the operat ion .

18. W e come now to the considerat ion of the vast impor tance to shipping in tropica l cl imates, which this successful ex

per imen t of steaming of ships, to destroy White an ts, bas indi

cated. The speedy riddance of rats, cockroaches, cent ipedes,and scorpions , would alone be of.immrtance. The waste of

many by the two first 18 very considerable, andfumigat ionin frequen t ly employedto get ridM am: smoking ia dangen us, inasmuch asmany ships havew burned1n the pri;

cess, bu t although smoking kills ratas it t will not kill coek

roaches nor an ts ; ne ither has it th e sl ightest dest ruct ive effect

Par tial ew denaation , snch as in th e oase of thE lhvfi tigatorJ ed to the

fi-acture of tbe npper deek pillm, wmi ld hy these valves

‘

be efi'eactually

n e w game s. von. 11. NO. 1. JAN. 1830.

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Ar r . XXr ~ ANAL YMS ° OF SCIENTIFIC BOOKS AND MEMOIBS.

I . 13: Ar t icle Sn t r- t tmx th Publishedin Vol. xvi ii. Part I. of theEdinbu r

gh Encyclopedia. Edi tedby Dr Ba sws raa.

Tu t . publication of this able andcomprehensive ar ticle is likely to awakengru t degree ofat tention to th emuch - neglectedar t ofship- building, embracingas itdoes so wide andsogeneral a view ofa sulfiect so in timately connectedwith the welfare ofour belovedcoun try. The au thor of the paper

most properly observes, that in no periodof th e world has the subject ofnaval architecture hadh igher claims on public at ten tion than the presen t,and to our own coun trydn par ticular, it is an art of such tramcendant impor tance, that nomeans shouldbe let} un tried to give it eateryperfection ofwh ich i t is suscept ible. Nor is it only in a commercial point of view that

sh ip- building is valuable toman, since by the en terprise that for tunatelycharacterizes themodern navigator, the ocean is become one of the h igh

medaot‘

civfliaation,—pmhaps the h igh est and, therefore, in th e success

ful cultivation of the various arts connectedwit h navigation and.coan

merce, everylover of h uman improvemen t must feel an in terest propontionate to the influence which they are now un iversally allowed to exerciseon t he improvingdestiny ofman .

Naval architecture, con tinues the au thor of the paper, may be con templatedunder three capital poin ts of view. F ir st, as regards the means itaffords for the purposes ofwar secondly, as it relates to commercial enterprise and speculation ; and, th irdly, as it is connectedwith h uman improverrSen t , the enlargemen t ofgeograph ical knowledge, andthe extensionof the blessings of civilizat ion. The cultivation of the first is unfor tu

as tely renderednecessary by the peculiar condition of the world, andperhaps the secondandthirdare in some degree assistedby it ; but it is tltesuccessful advancemen t of the lat ter that renders th e st udy of naval ar

ch i tecture most pleasing, and elevates i t to a rank with those art: wh ich

minister so essen tially to the happiness andwell being ofman.The au thor of

’the ar ticle under consideration has con ta nplatedh is sub

jcet in the most general poin ts of view. Omit ting the earlyh istory of thear t, th e materials for which are abundan tly supplied by Chamoclt andoth emh e advances at once to its leadingandessen tial elements, andconnectsin a comprehensive form the labours ofBouguer andEuler , with those ofAtwood, Tlhapman , and Seppings. Sh ip- building, though an imperfectar t , hasmanygreat andcelebratednames connect edwi th its h is tory. As

Dofi -Yard has also communicatcd to it a great impulse. It cannot now

problemto contemplate al

fa given men in amrankmm, M that th ey rice to the

empire demda, with out any can a provisionbeing a on the part of

the public, war t hey c5, have any in mathematics; p e

chania , or in th e n ienee or tha n ofsh ip- building."Th edeath blow to

2slyimperfectmmW , however, f by the establishmentof the

thq are employedlW Wehwc rm w tk t the author 08

ofahip ofim , ascertaining their diaph cements, the cen t ees of gravity ot’

their diaph canemmandof the wholemau es ot’

the ahipo andthair eqn j p.‘M M red u heta ogermmhodiea To thia is added the mos ten et andacenn te inqdriu oonnectedn i th the stability, bmh aooordin“

di e inven igation ofAtvood. Compafiwnam ah o intfimM—the qu li.ties ofknglish ahipsm oompu edwith those ot

’

a k reign hnild—their n

M y the M md to prodnee in their nlt imate applh -tion th emost peb

Emit u not to thsoryonly, continues our au thor, that their at ten tion is

directed. The pn ctietddetails of the art receive s large propostion of their

att enfion . They sre efi ctmfly tangh t how to lnyofi'

ships in their prac

a mmu ofme w rlt in the progreu of the hnflding. The sdae nnd the

line are pot in to tha‘

r hsnds, like the humble operative at the dock-side,anda vigilmt practical -hip-wrigh t ex aM iea into th e minu test de tails ofthdr dnty.

investigat ing the proper ties of themidsh ip section—estimating the powerand inflnenoe ot

’

the sails, or endeavouring to catch a ginnpse of th e deepandrecondi te laws that regulate the reslstance offlu ids,—they turn in theafternoon to the pu ot ical de taila of their art—ia shaping and adjus tingfirnheu—filh ng up the componen t parts of Soppings’ diagonal framingbolt ing together the timbers ot

‘

his circular stems, andobserving in thosenumerous cases which the eye oi

‘

rheumatic intelligence is in general so

ready to coach, the actual application of rules wh ich occupied theirmorningmongh ts. W hat else, our au thor asks, is necessary to make a completa andpc -fi ct sh ip-wrigh t ? Themembm ot

’

the college have the ampleat and best theories con tinually hethre them, and the most enlargedpn cdee to exmlify

ftheir spplication»

Omsn thor, however, closes thi| part of his paper with sn ailmonition,wh iah v ill nog we hope, he ne§ ectadin the proper qnsrter. The at ttdies

the tertn wh ich

marks their ra idcnee has expired. Nwdamh iiaclure is aj mbu mum” ,

andrq n irea the nndividedman . Not the devotion ofa thn n hnt of

a iifi o'msecra'tedw itapnrmit ; year afier year , with unwesricdaosl,must

he devotedto its in tereata; snd the cosdial andnnin te rrnptedpnmit ofi ts

labourer in other depqr tments of the ar ta.W em M howem, that onrmthor, not t ithsmding his ehlemdvigmms deanw of the odlegg has not neglecteth omnaider the oondition oft hemltingmen. Among themanyopen fim wh ich adocb yud

pre sen ts, u ys hq theremnst he aome few at leaat deaerving ofa he tmme,than to spendthe long termd their iives in a perpetml atats of nnou fingM gm thwgh w rfi ngM GM u hnmhloahip-wrighmyet demv

ing fromtheir talen ts to riae to command. ‘l‘he great ohj ect , asyat he nn

thor, in a well n gnland eommnnity, ir tomooun ge alriliqr wherever it

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167

au thor has followed the M ps ot‘

Chapman , that ingeniommemthongh

pou essingmuch less theoret ical skill than Euler, Bernouilli, Condorcet , or

mvem hen -sailing through the waves, beingmore likely to have at tained” more cons isten t with truth, than those laborious, but too often spe

cu lative tfi rmmpmducedby them e-men tioned illustrious men . And

ga there is every th ing about the u sisunce offluidg to invi te the en ter

ng adop tedthe invmtigations ofChapman, hascircumstances of a ship, anddeduced the area

is equivalen t to that of the veasel when moving

devotedto the soils ofsh ipsmigh t, wi thmuchin its infancy, andtherto enjoyedthe

ia a vea el ofqni to a difl’eren t clm ftoma fin t-rate of tho pm idw m

each magnificen t ch ip. as the Britannia, the Princ c or uth e S t

magnificent , “ exh ibiting themigh tiest combination ofW om en

atmoted hymen , bu t in fu ture q will dovelope enerp'

ea mm taviflc

than any exh ibitednt St V inoen t or'l‘rafi lgu . The Begu t of low m

coma-

actedin the reign offlenry the Seven th , can bear ao poa ih lo campafison to th e aegen t ofefioo

‘tons, oomtmetedin the reign ofw ¢e

Fourth . Spain waa thc firet nation that incm dmsidmbly the dimsiona of her difi ren t claam of sh ips. and France M lowéd h u m blewi th be t ter mcceae. In later timee the Amerieamha e modem glu t

steps in this importan t inqtfiry ; andwe rej oiee to flnd th at our own cx

collen t naval admin istrat ion h ave not loot ngh t ot’

the subject . M ore

manyadvantages reen lting t‘

romth e enlargemen t ofmedimm mIt enablea them to poaeeu gm t s tabili ty, and therehy to w t y o great

preu of sail, with a comparatively small body immen ed in the wat er :thus giving them a gues t moving power in proportion to the radia ncethey ex perience, and thereby increasing their rat e of l oifing. l en g th ,

menaiona alao in proport ion to the number of gamgin fine qnar tmmthe men ln action . [ t enablea a finer formto he given to ah ipo belowmewater, so that theymay have a gooden tmnce form d, anda olean t un afi

to themdder, and tohave the formbeet calcalatcdto prmnt gromt latet alresistance “ ) the water, wh ich preven ts the sh ip frommakingmuch leeway.

The only ohiect iomto th is increase ofdimension is the ex penee ; and

pou ihly there are some limits beyondwhich it can not bew ried. W e ave

persuaded, however, that th is limit haa not yet been attained, andwe a r

neetly preaa its consideration on our naval engineemW e wea-e glad to perceive that the an thor of the papec had includedin

his inqu iry the masterly tables of Chapman , part icularly those derivedfiom the celehratedwork of t hat au thor on Ship: of the L ine; Chapmanappears to have combinedmany rare and important qnalifieu Wi thempa n n ing the profoundmathematical knowledge that distinguish“ m e

of th e con tinental writcrs'on sh ip- building, he m enabled to commhh i.cafe to his scientific in vestiga tions adonble value, fiomthematicalw eet

h e gave to them. Themethodhe pnmedwaa cleu ly that tmgh t byonfimmor tal Bacon ; and the anccecs that attendedhia h houu iaman ifu fi n

h ia writ ings. The w riter ef the ar ticle hu many jmiiciomandvery im

on the namerical coefi ciente h e emnloye to oonnect th e various olw ena

of hmnqnir w -aw la gtb wirb the hmdth and the dimmag—die ingenious formula he e lnployc for deducing the “ ment or

flotation,—the exponent of themain sectional atom—the momenrof at »

primitive and fundamental eiemen t on which th e whole inqn irydependr.Thm iswmcthinga eeetfingly lngmim inmpmm

’aut empt todedm

t dem n oM ip Mmme weigh t ot‘ the gone, and the diatance

of their common centmot‘

gn vityfiomthe loadwater line. Thunde

n oting the uumbCr Ofgtms by A, he findsthat thc number ot

'

the crewmay be representedbythe weiglu of the ceew byand theirmechanical sheet by 15

In likemeaner h e repreaentaby the formula AS, the provisions fi r1; months, andwata ' for half the time. Th e displacemen t he likewiseconnects with the weigh t of the guns, andascends fromthence to the atebinmy,—to the areas of the loadwater section.andof themain motion of the

mu ch—to the position of the cen tre of gravi ty of the vessel, andeven to

the movement of the sails —th ua connect ing every cloth ent of the sh ipwith the primi tive clemen t assumed.

There are some, we can readily imagine, who will deny the possibi lity of

tracing all the elements ofa ah ip to a primi tive elemen t, andto such we

would recommend the among and forcible observat ions of the au thor of

the article on th is most impor tan t point , and also the diligen t study ofChapman

’

s Tables. W e readily gran t that the coefficien ts and eatponen ts

nimble ; but we quite agree with the author of the article, that a digcst ofthe properties ofsome of the best ships of the British Navy, conductedac.

en ding to Chapman's principles, wouldbe productive cl

~mos t importan tresults. In no subj ect , aays onr anthor, is there gmter roomk r the ap

plicstiomof the most rigid principles of the inductive logic. Millions of

ships hays been constructed, bot only here and there a successful examplehas been ofibredfor our con templation , as if tomod: the implicit obediw cewe W in the practice of an d arch itecture, to uncertain andill-defined

One of th emost impor tant andvalnable portiona ot'

this paper is that

devotedto the arching ot‘

sh ips In every poin t of view in which the ge

neral problemot'

arch ing can be con templated, it will he fouodto involveconsiderations of the h ighes t impor tance to naval arch itecture. Owing itsorigin to thoce peculiari tiea of formwh ich the complicated conditions of

stowage, stability, veloci ty, andp encrai t ailhlgqnali ties render necessaryit haa been agreat omect with the naval enginesr to prem e to the floaing veaael unimpaimed thoae eaeen tial pmpertiea of formwhich he en

desvouredto hnpan to her in the proceas ofbailding. Constructedas shipe

are ot‘

timber oi‘ the most varieddimensions andfomafi diapoaedin di

rections of somany difl’eren t kinds.andsubjectedto strain! so changeablein direction andquan tity, itmay be fairly said, thsg ncx t ta them'iginaldetermimfiond the bu t formthe skfll andin temgence of the ah ipobnih ler

maybemeasuredby the degree in which the mdency to amh ingmaybe

Todiscover the law, observes the wri ter of th e paper , which influencesa sh ip, whether laden or unladen, when M og qitieacsnt ly in water, "

may suppose the vmel to hedividedin to vertical flwfiomofan indefinite

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low pu'tl rof tbe hhimmuat amount tomore than one- third eu nuch “

themean vdue nfm fmmer, being eqnin lent to looo tom, w ting on a

leven ofone foot in flengthmmk the emimn h ing fromthe unequal difirtrihut ion ot

’

thevweighmdé tbe diaplacement , amounts, wheee it ia greata qdhmk about fi dbetm the head to 5 960, iu a acventy- & ur gnn

than t his cx actly indhemiddlc, and throughou t the afbermoat halfof thekngth i t is no where wnverwd into a tendency to

“eag,

"

or to becomc

Tomrect thm u rims dterafiomof h mhas been the gn at ohiect of

M of their aceurecy and truth.

(Ta bc coufiauedJ

I I. The History qfl amb, Vol. l .—Fu t u .r Ia aaw , No. 7.

Ar no diatan t perioda history ot‘

in secta would have been regardedaa

only calculated for those investigatora of science whose leisure and pecu.

Ber t-ete fit ted themfor pan ning or unders tanding what in the ex es of

themultitude migh t seem to be totally valueless, or at best but an idleamusement. W ith the ex ception ef th e Bee and the Silk Mothmndamothemlittle waa popularly ltnown ot

‘

the manners and ins tincts of thoce

countless myriada oi'

living atoms wh ich crowdevery coun try? and still

leu of the powerful agency of the insect tribea in the general ceonomy of

nature. This agency, which is now becomingmat ter ofdaily observation ,

wae aeldomrecognized.except when the ex cessive reproduction ofparticu

lar apecies in certain regions destroyed the labours of the husbandman ,andproducedfamine andpest ilence. Facts, however, have been graduallyaccumulat ing in the writings ofen tomologists, wh ich tend to show that

th is, themost numerous class of animated beings, exercises funct ions innature not less importan t than many oth ers whose relative hulk precludesour regarding their existence with indifference. The whole tribe ofmonmcioua anddirecious plan ts owe their fertility to the agency of the insecttribes ; and it’ at ten tion h ad been earlier directedto theeeminu te beings,many arts of bu t recen t inven tion migh t have been perfectedages betbre.

It has been remarkedby a celebratednaturalist , tha t the hornet : composedtheir dwellingot

'

a species of paper, fabricatedon principles ex actlysimilarto th oee now pract ised, long before themanufacture of that iuvaluabie ar

ticlc waa stumbledupon by h uman ingenui ty ; theTen thredinea, cr a wflimcu t the bu nchca of trees with their aerrated instrumen ts before t hem m used in the arts ; and their- small bu t powerful organ hasstill this advan tage over themechanics

’

tool, that it combines the properfict ofa rasp andfile with that ofa u w. The W ood- boring Bee andthe

Ichueumons are possessed of sa apparatus for- boring, fi-

emwhich ever:

hnman ingenuitymay improve their implemen ts dest inedfor similar purpeaer ; andt he Tennes d

’

Africa htdldin au incrediblysbor t spacc of timedr eflinga offrom twelve to fifieen that high , upon wh ich the pick‘ axemakee no imprefi m-n -ummunen ta he more wonderful, and five times

172 Analysis ofW Books andMemoirs.

ln ga , than the bmatu l pymmida of figypt , wbcn thc i iz aof the animal istaken into conddmt ion. And when t o all th is ia added thc wonderful

meehan iamof their minu te organef -the evideucea ofdet ign ia t heir atm

susceptible of so mmydifi ren t sa nctions in such an atomof mattu ,

h eigh tenedh is admiration of the Supreme ln talligence fi r beyondwhi t th econtemplation of the structure ot

’

themoat gigantic an imals could inspire.

The History of Insects in the Fau rt r L tau av , fromits popular

form, it calculated to spread a taste for the emdyofen tomology amongreaders towhomthe detailc of tbemore scien t ific naturalists might at fimpossess no at tract ion . A similar work on Insect Architecture , in th e L i

broryofEn ter tain ing Knowledge, will aid the volume hefitre us iu spread

ing a taste fi r scientific infimnation st ill wider ; andwe hailwith pleasu rethe ex

'

ertiona of those learnedmen who. by works such as th e presen t ,ahow how much maybe done ihr science by simplifying its detaiia ao u to

ex t endits range. The lnstitu ticns for the ins truet ion ofworltmcn andtheir

w has demonsmted that am t pordon of phydu l wiem h it h erto

abut up in volumer deatinedfitr the learued,mly he plaoedwithin the reaehofordinu y readers, audmueh that ia genemlly ueet

’ul in connection witb

the artaof life , successfully taugh t even to the unlet teredmechan ic. The

L q'

U nfal Knowledge led the way in th is comm-

y in plaeingM ee wi th in th e reach of t he poor ; and the numerous Mow in

m ér, andPreeia of all the t ciences aml arts wh ich teemfiomthe prca

inm a compressed formand low price, show' that an “ tw o,

md, we hope, a happy ehange haa taken place in regard to the du ire ot'

scienfific inat rnct ion. The wr iters ofmost of these popuh r treatiae tan,

in both coun tries, aremen of known talen t , vemnt in the suhj ecta uponwhich they write ; and, wh ile inatrnction “ conveyed to th e masa oft hecommunity in a simple andin temgible fitrm, themore leu nedare sat iafled

that the'materials are the result both ot

‘

ex tensire recdh g'

and chum

Amw g the aciences thus thrown open to all clm uatnral flistory haa

longappearedto us as that breach wh ich , beyondeveryother, is calculat.ed not only to captivate the young of both w x eg and to impeove thei r

powm ofobsermfi onmdmsming in a high degm but tn open the waymate -acm fiflpursuit of the other eciences. All themamiala ofmmerce and the arts are derivedfi omohj ccts with which it is the bmineuofnatural hletory to mahe ua acquain ted; all ~the convenience- Induce“ .

aitiea oi’man are suppliedfi

'omthe same nource ; and the moralmda cy

ofauch studiea ia ao palpahly eviden t , aa tomake it matter ofm ide thet

agenen l knowledge ofex ternal nature h ns not ere now formedpafl oft he

elementary inmuction in achooh fitr the young:

Bu t tb return to the h irtory af loat-eta in thewlumcnow'

betbre ua. No

systemat ic plan eeems to be adopwdin'

the arn n’

gement of thcordmwhieh

volume commenoea withmamwmw m mmn mm

the Dragon- fly, on com

on tha.

of the living insect is the tfih e

y wellmer it fromtheir voraci

demoiselles,'fiomthe slim

elegance andgraceful ease of their figure andmovemen ts. Bu t , although

their brillian t colouring, th e beauty of their transparen t andwide- spreadM may give themaome claim tc th ia denominat ion , yet they seareelym ldhan receivedit hed the irmurderous instincta been observed. So

they are (sayaReaumur) warriorsmore ferocious than the Amazons.hover in the air only to pounce upon other inaeeta, which thcy crush wi

their formidable fangs ; and if they quit the banks of the rivulet , wheretheymy bem in numbera dufing an eveningwflb it is only to purmeandaeize the bu tterfiyor moth, wh ich seeks the rhelter

’

of the ha lge.

The waters are th eir birth -

place ; their eggs are protruded in to this

M nm in amaas which reaemblcs a cluster oi’

gmpea. The larva

wh ich eomea ou t of theae egga is aix -footed. The onlydifi ranee between

theM amdnympt tat the latter hu the rudhnen ta ot’

wing pach d

up in unall eaaes on each aide ot’

the inaect .

In th is latter state it is suppoaedthat the creature lives at the bottomof

the water for a year . It ia equally voracious then as in ita perfect state.

la body ia covmd hybita ot‘

leaflwood, andother ioreign mat tm, ao aa

to M it a cmnpletedhguiae, wh ile ita vie-ge iaconeealedbya prominen tmark, which h ides the tremendous apparatua ot

’

aerratcdteeth , aud l ervra

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ren ts are brought about by a power wh ich the insect pou eu esnf infiatingi ts body and head. Th is last organ, ultimately destined to become fixedand solid, is at th is per iodcapable ofcon traction anddilatat ion, lilie s

The besdandcorslet beinge x posed, theW aredrawn out fromtheirn ymphine cases. At th is periodevery par t of the insect is soft. After

having prot ruded itself thus ihr, it hangs wi th its headdownwards, andremains motionless, so ns to lead the observer to believe ths t the efi rts

wh ich it bu t hi thertomade bad exhausted i ts strength , and that it had

t hus perishedin the act ofbeing born . However , it remains in this posi

t ion j ust so long as to permi t its body andlimbs to be hardenedanddried

by th e air, and then reverses i t , forming an arch th is enables the insectto dritw out its tail fromthe mask.

W hen it has jus t cas t 06‘that tenemen t in wh ich it hadtill nowexisted,the body of the libellula is soft , has not at tained i ts full length, and the

wings are still folded. i t remain s, therefore. tranquil andmotionless tillth ese importan t operat ions have taken place, wh ich are finished, sooner or

the proPer direct ion, andfor this purpose bends it fiomtook a wrong foldat th ismomen t , theywould thr ever

retain the deformi ty. Provision is eveu made to preven t the wings fi'omcoming in con tact wi th each oth er ; for, ins teadof being all in the samehorizon tal plane, as they subsequen tly are, they are perpendicular to the

insect , andthus rangedside by side.”

W e have only to add, that the volume is got up, like all the other

volumes of th is popular Family L ibrary, in a style ofgreat neatnesa, h ighlycredi table to the publisher, andtha t th e wooden cu ts bywhich th e subjectis illust rat ed, possess all the sharpness ofcopper engravings.

Il l. Element : of Practical Chemis try, centpr is iag a ser ies of ea'per t'

rnes ts

in every depar tment 9] Chemis try, with direct ions for perfi rmr‘ag tha n,

andfor the pr eparat ion and amt/it al ics (if the most impor tant tests andmage n ta. ByDAV ID Boswau . Rem, Experimen tal Assistan t to Pro

‘

fessor Hope, Conductor of the Classes ofPracticalChemistry in the U niversityofEdinburgh, l vol. 8vo. 5 5 2 pp.

Tn s author of the presen t work has been advan tageously known to the

public by an excellen t popular Treatise on Chemistry, tn ‘2vols. wow , and

by a pamphlet u plans tory of h ia improvedscsle of chemical equivalen ts,in wh ich hydrogen is taken as a standardof compsrison . Since the pub

In this advan tageous position, with the use of th e fines t materials, “perhaps thcmoat magnificeu t chemical apparatus in Europg, M r Reidhasenjoyed the best opportunit ies of acqu iring aa therough knowledge of 4“the processes andman ipulations ofpractical ch emistry. Thesemeans ofintbrmation, indeed, appear in various par ts of the present treatise, in whicha great mass 0? t informat ion is well arranged, condenaedwithiamoderate limits, andconveyedwith much clearness ofconcept ion andperspieu ity of language.

The immediate object of the presen t work is to describe a systematicseries of ex perimen ts, wi th such minu te directions to the student as can,not fail to enahle h imto performthemhimself, and thus to acquire, alongwit}. a knowledge ol

’

the subject , habi ts ofuloaman ipulat ion in the various

Operat ions ofchemistry. Mr Faraday hadpreviously publishedan admirable Treatise on Chemical Manipulation ,markedwith th e talen t andinge

uni ty ol that celebratedchemist , bu t amore elemen tary anddetailedworkwas s till wan ting for the chemical studen t.This dealderstumM r Reidhas well supplied. The work is dividedin

to two parts, the first of wh ich embraces a comprehensive andarranged

series of experimen ts on th e various chemical bodies wh ich the materialworldcon tains. The secondpart comprehends several importan t subjects,with which the studen t shouldmake himself acquain ted as he proceeds

with the experimen ts, wi th adescription ofmiscellaneous apparatus, and

other general topics andmethods, wh ich require to he studiedbefiore he

commences the individual experimen ts.The mllowing gsneral wiew ot

‘

the plan of the worlt will enable the

rader to formsome idea of i ts con tents.

Part I. Division IP Sfmple Substances.Class 1. Simple subs tances not metallic, andtheir combinat ions.Class I I. Me tals and their combinations wi th non -me tallic enh

stances. andwith one another .

Division l l . Vegetable andM ineral Substances .

Par t I I. Class l . Description of an improved sliding scale of ChemicalEquivalen ts. I I. M iscellaneous Apparatus. l l l . Scales andCcmen ts. lV. Blowpipe. V . Test Apparatus. VI. Elec tr ici tyand

Galvan ism. V l l. Galvan ic Bat tery. V I I I. Acidemet ry and.

Alkalimetry. 1X. Method of measuring Specific Gravities.X. Tables of W eigh ts and Measures,

-correspondence betweenthermomet ers—fleet ingmixtures.

There is one peculiar ity in this work which, we are persuaded, will beequally useful to the student, andto time whomayuse it as awork ofcon

3

mm am ianmm The

m m m mmdwi th a oeriezofdingmmsmonatrucmd

on e ne tr ph nfi or t imbling the reoder to

t ifia oh fifi rent muted-da requiredih ‘t

e

a periinents, the nature

An'r . XXL—PROCEEDING S OF SOCIETIES.

M November 1829.- At ageneralmee tingof th e Royal Society heliumMonday the esdinstan t, the followingMembers wereelectedOfi ce-Em.

Par ame ter .—8ir Walter Scot t , Bart .

s mm a—Rfigbt Hon . LordCh ief Bi ron , Dr T. 6. Hope,The Hon. Lord G lentee,

H. Mackenzie, Esq.

S r cnnu nr .- John Boh icon, Esq.

S z cm u rz s to r a t Ottoma ns Me x r rnoe—Eev E B. Ramsay,Dr J. C. Gregory.

Tn ason em—Thomas Allan, Esq.Cpmn onF Jmes Skene , Esq. Ass t t ‘

ra n'r .

- John Stark, Esq.Coon sz u ou P James Hun ter, Esq. S ir Hen ry Jardine,

Professor Jameson,Sir W illiamHamilton , Bar t. S ir DavidM ilne,Rev. Dr Brun ton, S ir G. S. Macken zie, Bart .

Dr Dun can,Captain n.mu, n.N. Professor Wallace.

followingcommunicat ionThe formationofsonndexplainedon a new principle ; with some obsor

reopectingtlle trimmer iri wh ich sou nds are impfendon th e organ

d ire-mug. ByMr Jon i .3u wm , M. R ColL Sur. London.

2. M mg’

tflf‘m wszzb

fl

wmt qflk U sgfid

'dmin

miJuili 17, teem-mic Annual General Meeting of the Society ofArts

wu beldin the buildings ofthe Royal Inst itu tion, Mound—a s L’

An v

c hrdrcnny, Eiq. M ,V ice -Presiwem, in the Chuir.

m t aper: of the Prime Commit tee havingbeen readandapprovedof,the ‘M ili tar proceeded dieliVef tlie pi

‘iu t to tlie'mooessfu l candidates,

in terms of tfist repoi t andof themisma qmmmfl, in the following or.

I. ToMinin g “ cu n t , M aple clockumlmachine- «waiter, Edinburgh ,W BM M Lm u l s, 15 3. for biedesm'iption andrelative

dn wing of ametbodof ou t ting screws.

n ew mums. von. 11. no. 1. JAN. 1829.

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Proceedings f ake SocietyOf U sefidArts.

M r G ona’

s av laidupon the table a copy of h is Plan For the Improvement of Edinlmrglt ,“ No. was refi t-reti re an

‘

o'

pen commitme‘ to

Mr Caawr oan ofCartaburn thenmovedthe thanks of the meetingteMr

L’

Amyfor hls oonduct in the chair, which mot ion was carried by aecla

The M imi then in timated, that the Society wouldnow

till Wedna day, 11th November next , when it wouldmeet againnext Season .

Priza for Session 1889- 30.

1. For the most useful inven tion , discovery, or improvement, a medal.85 sovereigns,

2. For the next inmer it ,8. For the third,

5 . For the dfih ,

6. For the sixth ,

Nov. 11, tees.—1. Adescription oi’an Anemometer, for measuring the

velocitfiOf the wind, inven ted by Mr At e x a nn s a M ‘Cot t , Cupar Rife,was read, andamodel of the inatrumen t exh ibitedto the society.9. Am ught iron- wire Bed- bot tom, inven tedbyMr G r o ss : W a nn a,

wired-t ramLeith Wynd, was exhibit ed, anda descript ion read.

8. Aqaeeimen suit anddescription of Safety Garmen ts for preservat ionfromdrowning, inven tedby Mr Ane x an nen Mau ree n , Eglin ton Street ,

Glasgow. were read and. exhibited, th e garmen ts consisdng of a jacketand t rowsers of cot ton cloth , wi th piecea of cork sewed betwix t and the

h Adetaileddeaeription anddrswings ot‘

an immve dmode of thrmingTops andDies for cu t ting metal screws, of wh ich a notice

'was ibrmerlymade to the society on 20th February 1828, by JOHN Ben son , M .

Secafi . were readandexhibited.5 . Nov. 95 . -John M ‘Clierh Esq. of Maryfield, Edinburgh , andW il

On the recommendation of th e CounciL the following gen tlernen were

Capt. Henry‘

th terfi . P. R. S. ; Capt. Franeia Beuufi rt .R. N.

Am oun t Royal ;" llev.W . Pearson , L L .D. R R. T. l o

binaon,D.D. F. R. S. Armagh ; Professor Hamilton , °

Astronomer Royal,Duhfin ; Dr Roget , SecretaryR S.

'London ; EdwardSabine, Em., Secre

W BJ SV W ;'

John Barrow, a ., Secretary Admiraltp r Fara

day, Royal inst i tu tion, London ; George Poidet tr Scrape, a s, F.R. 8.

Castle Cgmbe, Wdte ; Dr C. R.Goring, Lambeth ; Mr Pritchsrkl, S trand,London ; 'Dr lleinelren, Funchal, Madeim; {Mr Smith35 ur

'

geon ,R ingw

aie; B r Hancock,America;James Mather, Esq.

, South - Sh ields.

reada not iee ofmobmu ti n offllo

mm0013608 3 ! Alexandria, wh ich is recordedin Strabo, andwhich i nitc h ing spoken of by lhc l nthmms

gndchmcten ofpointcdambit f d the iufincm d M

poiu edmh upon the other members of ht fltfinmthmugh v bkh inl u

w mm mmmm ummm wmmw{m s of the fiothic h m mmmmw mfi M fim m d

these styles to the othez, which took ph oej n 303W himem w dmM W made in Germn y bymm cfi am tm whinhmy he M Ecrb G n-m Ofmk nyh zbe M oan

m fiven inm z dctafl, mdibm remn kodthag nmmtheu , the immM of thcflyfi n bmm w of n mnohm u mmmW md

’mm uyh u M Qofmem mW W W dw eommunia tedhyMt MM fi St John

'sM e,

maceonn t ofi ho gmwmm w x mmm d w wm

61:1w e

Ai t‘. x x nm m lNTBL LTG ENCE.

I. nx wm tw osormr.or n os.

I; Mr FM'JM m c mFliw-G bu fi rm w

W A pombyMr Fomdaywasmdot the RoyaISOcietyon thc wthm , givingo ohwt ocebunt ofi he a pefimemsmode nt thoex pi boet o obtainm e pu fi et glm fior optiml inmm at The

” m mm dbymfing, thnt , althongh glm hadbeen bmnght t omm w dmmm yet for optical instnmmmi tm far fi'ombeing perfect. This fact wu too welh known ; andit w n

M a m -tuna , tht t the fimodm pe mku (u rm wW M wM aW M fi the cirmmferm of fow wda

M a h mm fiow mmw fin ym m m fi

M inchu in the lu t wn ym The wont ofm imxamn dglass fi r optiml instrumen ts wu n much felt

,that, in 1825 , am ines

W W tomat o a perirnents, in older a ifan improvementwith} u made. His majesty’s governmen t afterwards ordemd everyM ty to be givenn ndetotedn hot tho a penoe inomed in the a pa i

men ts ahouldbe pnidou t of the u'eomry. A fufnw e hodbeen tmctedinwho N eon Glass W a ltz , and subsequently one at the Royal Institution,whe a tbe n ps lmen ta htdbeen w fied on widl the mu teot 'midtfity.The pnper now read was in tendedos a summu yof theae proeeedinp .

pm w nmdy o pwfact M the fanlmso longwmph inedofn is of the

remediedto n greot q tent. Thempetfiact homogeneomgh u ohminedby th eoe ex pa imm wagfonndtom

Thema wen t in tominw detfi lm The ex perimen tsmm’

ll

8 . Tm l arg'e F’

ru ch AW ic Obj x t- G la mmch ud by l l r

Sona r—At ameeting ot’

the h tronomh d Sodety, heldon the 18th No

m u m uu zmafiannounced th t t he hndmceeoded inM two of fi e h rga t ofim-glm c that hod ever been made.One of themis nmly tweh e inoheo ia diameterfi he otba h abon thk

w inch es. The fin t of thet e ohj ect - glasses m moun tedas a tela cope

at the Royal Observatory “ Ru i n ed the Pu nch governmen t had ex

pended-L SOD Smung in the putohase of a sundfmig so ooloou l are its

binging than M W in to the coun try, not onlyfive fi'omex amino.

tion at the CustomHouse, bu t also free flow all dn ty.

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Z oology.

He hu obtainedbromiue in am em Mmone‘

ofi the Che-hine

br imopringe fmdhe is of opinion that it is not abn nt fi'omonyofi'

the

English cprlumhich oou tain much common h lnmept that oi’lh oio

w ieh in Wm’

oet terehire.

Our wuntrymnn W Mumyseems to huve pmededDr Daubeny in these

W m mmmdw mm mthemina al n m ofifiheh

the brine tprings at lngeotrie six mon ths ogo. See hie Mmmol bq'

Emm m m qf c

‘tm sce mp m Amt . 4 PM seymandOewh t'r lsei) .

maple in nlbumen by ex posing to o coldd Bf Fahrfl mdu thwdem m mm m solu t ion of wbite of egg. At tbe end

month the mass became th icker , andyielded a membranous Fneh woflr,W ool“ , wh ite,m luoent, insipidandinodoromandeu ily reduM WW Thu murie tic md is tbe beat eolvent of itg andwhenm m , i t beoomeaofnn opeque whm, artddepooits a powder of a

m high dagree ot’

tenecityH—See du de CIu

'm. Va n ia

the hides of the tubein very‘

thin pletes hnfinga

pe tite—Ann . dc Claim. Tom. xlii . p 76.

Il l . NATURA L HISTORY.

z o'

onoov.

‘

9.Mac; of the appeam oc of F’

u/z hadw ere. in erfmardt t o

;By Joss r u E.Mon a—In th e eoumof the lest

tch to be cu t of hirge dimen sions, on a line oi'

tnyfiimuwthe line was a plane, ten feet shore the level

.

of thedigit

bou t-ing river , andat least onemile fromit, at the nearest poin t 6 the

e porfion of th e ditch beingdone , the worlt was in terruptedbymin fi rar twelve days , when the work n am ed, on examin ing the per

M » .I dammed that the rain water wh ich hadfilled the ditch ,

thus recfi'tlyon tmon teined hundmds offish, consist ing of two kinds of

perch wh ich are common in our waters, the “sun perch ,

”andth e “ jack

perch g”

themud dz e of the formu is fiomfi x w twdve it he h t

mm irmn wn wfifieen inehee long, those in theditch were fioin h ur

to seven inch en. Bywhat possible means couldthese fish have been transportedso far fromtheir native waters ? There is nowater commuuieafionon the surface to conduct themthere , th e elevation andexten t ofthe plane

in rep rd to the rim utwflymhiflt the idu t the em ii‘

w u

wamm wuld not hu emfi ndto n pidamm momh phmm l h tdheu om mme odj nou q of the linem“ M mmmm mow w withmtmA oin ih r ooounrence o tbw yeero egot l witnen edmthe nme fi rmga

amh p diteh mt w bm ln dg w a line eqmlly uneonm with

anyriver, pond, or other M oe-water , there were, under verydmih r cinm m nmm w oh wh ich aflbrdedfinew ng wmymIn adit rywhicb l hm, l hn e entemd, that t evaul of tlu n wmud n twdve infi es h kfl mdmu the fimm w mwM a uldt ly heve ex oeedede tbr tnigh t.

W hile on the subj ectd’myoteriousmtuml wfll in troduceu l ca teh ely

as pou ible, l oomwhere she reoonciled t nimoh of the cnldeot l ndmu tmeagre habi ts, to the enJoymen t of the warmth andlux uriee of the humanstonmch flbr thm fi ctg though not pen omfly convm with flieml

h i ve the authority ot’

omedicd gen tlemen ot‘

unque-t iounble W W, »

vouch for their rigid truth . lnmply tomq uect to be infonnedot‘

the

account .“ On my arrin l l ibund that che (the petien t) h tdpukedup

two groundpnppieomndwn labouring under e viola t t gich M With

pain , and syncope : the firstm deudwhen ej eoted, the seoond w ai ve

when l arrived, ondran nbout the room; theywere about th ree h icheebug.She intbrmedme, th t t on the rood thot morning ahe hod thrown up tvo

othm Theme occurredin th e summer, ondhodmode gmduelfi'omthe first op ril, and as sh e deecribed it, with a peculil r

‘zz :

andfi equent sensation of something moving in her stomach ; wi th sligh tpain -rid lou of appen te, wh1¢h increu edt ill her illnea . She wu ttbout

twenty yeou ofngtmtndhndenj oyedgood heelth . Her etn hdoonfinedh

er in the swnmp, du ring the win ter sndspr ing, the huflfi'om, constan tly drunk swamp waterf

bThe phyl iciln

adminieta edon em in ques t ofmore puppiq bug heingdimppoinhid, he gnvemopiate ; she m relieved, finally, undhus been rinee in health.

Theee enimsls have sinoe boen thown tome : they ore not the ground

celled. Thq resemhle it va ymuembutm en /ilydistinguiobedfromj t. y belong to the ume genua, (lnoertt

their habituda too, are

zpenfiallydifi rent. The geclto is foundin houeee andmmph ces ; then lemander in w lddsmp phm sndshededswampg andby themefi ns ofmm ; theoe onimals, thmgh miporoug ht tch their eggs in the bellylihe the viper, endproduce sbout fifty s t a birth . The infi renee is

irresisu that the pat ien t hodfin lfer t draugh ts ofswamp water,a perhape thonsonds of th ede tnidfi lt in iheir nu cent, ormoet

Ar r. KI IIL—CEL ESTIAL PHENOMENA,Emit January 1mto Apr il to, 1930. Adapted to the

'M ¢r idion ofGreenwich , Apparen t Time, en emies the Eclip seq uprl

‘er

’

r Satellites,

which creme-It in

'Mean Time.

N . B.—The day begins “ noon, andthe ooniunetions of the Moon and

stan u e given in li igh t Awemion .

n . n .

18 M 2119 13 33

10 43

21 916 3816 88

28 10 24

MARCH.

Firet Q uarter.

‘ 1't3 43 35

2 t

3 12 1377 340 ”

10 010 - 1 16 31

11 l1 30

W 2O 2!)

“

iii i ii ”17 18 1 69

More.

In. lb 6 b

3 15 20 36 28 9

3 0

3 2 20 17 28

2 62 20 8 22 8 13

2 41 10 5 0 21 “ 12 41 0 5

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made u Kmdal h t Sept M andhlwm . 187

The bt rometer has generally been much deprmedduring th ismon th ,nnd the mean ia aeldem to much below the average. T he weather hu

been uncertain and subj eet to suddeu ohmgu fi'om the prevalence ol‘

showm wh ich’

have oiben occurredveryunex pect edly. Though the thermome ter hu not ye t been ao low u the fi'eez h ig point in the valley, the

h igher grounds have fi equen tly been eoveredwith hoar fi'oat in themorninga. Theduan tity of rain for the year is atill below the averege. Thoughthe moet pren len t windhu been

'

the wes t, we have had frequen t winds

October .

Max imumon the 27ih ,Minimumon the 5 th,

2tim height ,

Thermometer.Maximumon the 3dand5 th ,

Mean height,

Q uant ityofrain, inches

Number ofn iny

Abou t the middle of themou th , or fi'om th e sth to the 28d, we had

very heavy rains. On the 14 th , inches were measurm, which fellwith in the preceding twen ty- four hours, th e greatest quan tity taken at

once within the last seven years. The highest flood known for the last

quarter ofa cen tury succeeded the heavy rain on this day. The thermome ter has been bu t three time.below the freezing poin t during themon th ,and the barometer has been mos tly h igh . On the 7 th snow was observedon the neighbom'ing h illa ibr th e iirst time this season. At half past t eu

o’

clock on the evening of the 2oth , the Aurora Borealis was observedinfive distinct streaks of ligh t parallel to each other, the lowest t 80

'

above t he horimn, andcroasing themagnet icmeridian at righ t t ngles.

Mn imumon the 17th.M inimumon the 4th ,

Thermometer.Maximumon the i3th.

Mininmn on the 1sth ,

Q uandtyd umw mchu .

Number ofminydayr, 16.

Fromthe beg'mning ol

’

themon th to th e M th the weether m wet and

unset tled. Since that t irne, though very lit tle rain-

has M emit hu been

dull, cloudy, endmore frosty. There hae been more unit’

ormity in therneM ological appmaneea of tbismon th thon iagenerally the oase at th is

EDINBU RGH

JOU RNAL OF SCIENCE .

Aar . I. -A Visit toBarrett’

s -r. ByJan e F .W . Jonx sron ,

A. M . Commun icatedby the Au thor.

Anton e the elder chemists of this age, who, taking up the

sc ience of chemistry in its youth , have pres1ded over and

gu ided1ta advance tomanhood, Davy,W ollas ton , andTh

son in our own country, Gay-Lussac 1n France, andBerze lius

in Sweden, have deservedly at tained the first rank . Many

men tal research —wh ile Dalton , standing almost aloof fromexperimen t, has s t onee, by the more force of thoughgcon

oeivedanddigested a theory ofchemical combination, wh ichman ipu lat ion, by its pat ien t in vest tg n

ons, is every day cm!

firming,—securing to h imself, thus, in the history of the

science, a place, perhaps h igher, cer tainly apart from that of

hismore labor ious contemporar ies —yet st il l 1n our t ime mostchmists look up to one or other of those men as the most at

Davy’s career was a br igh t anddazzl ing one ; pity h is sun

as he l ived, hearing to hisgrave the honours andrewards of

indefatigable devot ion to science. Of those who yet remain tou s, G ay

-Lussac has run undoubtedly a brilliant course ; buth is star has been periodical , andhas burnedoccasional ly witha fliokering

'

andunsteady ligh t . He is a learnedandsltilfu l

New scams, von. 11. n o u . n an . 1880.

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MrJohnston’

s Visit to Berselias.

M i l incl ined to corpulency. In a man of

y perhaps, ye t naturally. locks for

has none of th is, - nothing either natural or assumed to dis

W himfmmothsr everyrdasmw. He hu aotbing ef

pretem m vegor si l gnh rity t hout bil y so that his plain.m dcew froma fellow- traveller ofmine whomhe allowedmeto in troduce to him, the observat ion, I would never havethought h1mthe greatman hemsaldto be.” He has nothingeven ofthe hardstuden t 1n his appearance and, on afirst 1a.

W mm ldm ely wppoae he was tbeme lier

selius ofwhose “ myings anddpings’i he hndheardsomuch.

He 18 ofan ascendingly .pleasing disposition, andgentlemanlymanners ; and, on a longer amumntance, one cheerfu lly fallsmr with ihs emeral opinwne t hax if he difl’er at aflfmmother

meta it is in bringmore amlple HissRenBOn to Bf-rw gers

mdmdcuhdymiowmemifl alwayfi W t ; M frt is

kindness tomyself, I migh t perhaps have been suspectedof

ex presstngmyselfwo stmugly as to his amiahlemanne rs, hadI no t been continuedin myopimonothm as well Swedes as foreignemwhq /mct in th e coursecfmtour. You will find

an exceedingly at ten t ive andamiable man .

”

secretary, andin the buildings be longingmwhich hehas lfism mrfivawh bwm , has late ly. purchassds largermdmm wmmeclim h oumandsn thiagsm in theaet ofremoval at the tmlenume ofmy visit. I came therefqre nt an in.con venimt tim t forseeingBerze lius, andfor profiting byaccess to h is h horatory. His former lahonatory was dis.mandad, aodh is .new one st il l in a state of imperfect ion, so

that what he couldthen findtime todomaschiefly in the way(li mi t ing. S till he with great kindness set about getting hislaboratory inmder,mmrdtbat ws sh9uldmk¢a semfexM amba w hishlyflamdns way ofsivins me theoppormmtyfor whicll l hefilm fiow holmof fieeing hismode ofeper

'

oting, and, if possible, .of picking - sp ammingthatmight hereafter be u seful to myself" In the course of

192 Mr Johnston‘is Visit toBerzchm.

these ex perimen ts he was open with everything, anx ions to

of precise results, and in the most familiar way to mmacquainted wi th all the lit t le contr ivances exper ience 1311shown himto be usefu l 1n the prosecu t ion of analyt ical invatigat ions. Come,” he wou ld say, wh ile this process is

going on, I wi ll show you two or three litt le things that youmay findit conven ien t to know .

“

Andit was the same everyday ; so that , independent of the instruction I gained, the t imealso passedmost pleamnt ly. And then , when we were not

engagedin the laboratory, he would show me his mina -als or

h is preparat ions, ofboth ofwh ich he possessesmany rar ities,ar point out tome the resu l ts of foreign chemists on some subj ect we had been tal king of,- o r assist me in translating the

passage if I found it obscure,—or himse lf translate wholepages tome froman author I cou ldnot understand.

Berzel ius used formerly to have pr ivate working-pupils, a

pract ice he has now discon t in ued. Their number , however ,was always smal l so that in the whole of Sweden there are

only e igh t or n ine who have enjoyed that advantage , and in

Germany there mav be asmany more. He is always willing,however ,

’

to rece1ve vuntors into h is laboratory, and to teacht hem those resources which his long experience has madeknown to him.

It is in teresting to learn the first steps ofan eminent man inh is own favour ite t rack . Berzel ius hadgone to U psa la to

st udy medicine as a profession, andamong other branches, ofcourse appliedh imself to chemist ry. Afzelius, who is st ill a

professor in U psala, andh is adj unct, Ekeberg, hadcharge of

the chemical prelect ions and experimen ts. It was then the

custom, as I bel ieve it st il l is at U psala, Stockholm, L und,andCepenhagen, t hat , besides th e public lectures, the st udentswere permit ted to at tendthe laboratory andoperate, ~under cer

tain restrict ions. At that per iodeach studen t cou lddemandan operat ion once a week . Berze lius, like the rest , wen t tothe laboratory soon after he had commenced his chemicalcourse, andaskedfor an operation. The first that was givenh imwas to formcolcothar of vitriol, (crocusmar t is,) by h eating sulphate of iron in a crucible. W e ll ,

”says he , every

Mr Johnston’

s Visit to Berselius.

« s ervant can do this. If th is be all I am to learn, I mey newe l l stay away.” Oh but,

”repl iedAfzelius, your next

operat ions wil l be more difi cult.”

Accordingly, when he

asked for a second operauomhe was instructedmprepare

caustic potash , by burning cream of tartar in a crucible.

This so disgustedme,” says Berze lius, that I vowed Iwou ld never ask for another operat ion. Still I fre quen tedthe laboratory, and at the end of three weeks foundmyself

so, andAfzelias couldhave turnedme out . Yet I was allowedto return andoperate, and break much glass, while Ekeba g, especially, was exceedingly annoyed that I never askeda single quest ion ; for,

” he adds, I liked be t ter to seek forinformat ion - from reading and think ing and experimenting,than frout men, who, havmg li t t le pract ical experience themach es, gaveme, ifnot evasive, at least unsat isfactory answersregarding phenomena they had never t hemse lves observed.

”

Chemistry at tbat time was at so low an ebb, that nobody

t hought ofstudying it for i ts own sake. Yet 1n th is way, led

on by aa increasing interest in the pursuit, didBerzel ius, wh ileat U psala, lay the foundat ion of that h igh name in th e chemical worldt o which he has since at ta ined. Th is short accoun t

,

which I hadfromh imself, th rowsmuch ligh t on the sou rces of

h is dist inction. In that ardour and perseverance which ledhimon, figh t ing single handedwi th all his difiiculties, we see

a sure foundat ion of future eminence—in h is cont inued e x

per imen ting the origin ofthat ex tens ive knowledge offacts and

phonem e for wh ich be is now so remarkable—d i nd in hisbeing driven thus early to his own resources, t he commencemeat of those habits of s low -thinking which pervade all h is

chemical writings.Afte r leav ing the un iversity, he was appointed assistan t to

Sparrman , the same who had sailed wi th Captain Cook ,andwho was at that t ime professor in the School of Medicineat M iche lin. On the death of Sparrman m1806, he suc

ceeded to his chair . At th is t ime there were on ly three porfessors tn the School of Medicine , so that the loaddevolvingupon each was very great The profession of Berzelius in

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he m ldsay,“ unlessyou personally addreu them1 reading

blis peu oml appemnce seems w promise yet a long con tinw

m of his vfluable life. -He is troubledat t imes by the gout ,and by n disease mcmbling the tic dmdoumux , which af

is t hat of goodbealt h . Noman living has done somuch forchenfisay as he bu done md noue can turn to bet ter pur

pose what ever yea s may ye t be spnred to him. The loss

which Englmdmtained so latdy of three of her most mnent scient ificmen in the shon w of six monthg makes ustremble for the lives of those wdho are still left to us abmad.Though

'mgood healt h , and spparent ly stmng, BenzeliuswmpHns of the approach n f age. For two or three years he

has been unahle to reodwelIM c ctacles, andbe spcaks

of a chmge in his memory.

mding of wsfienfific paper made me mcstcr of its conten ts,now Imust readit twice 3md while formerly I knew what

m in a eryegfl

i

ass aroundme though they stoodfor monthsunlabel led, a mast label eaeb, or I immediate ly forgetwhat it confi ne.

”Ifenytmmv has a right t o retire fromna

tifl fifi it is Bérzelins but t his fortnnately for science he cans

it will only be with his life that he cm cease to be aetive.

syntptoms ot'the q rm h of old age, he retire this winter

fmmtbe dutiescfpmfa sor in favou r of his assistn r Mo

sander , science, it is to bc hoped. will only gain by the ar

rangemen t. His time will be more entirely at his own .disv

possL tmdh is chemical investigat ioni more u ndisturbed. He

sfill rétainsme ofi ce of Sccrew y to the Acadmyof Sciences,andbas '

apartments anda laboratory in th e buildings which

belong to it. For motber yw he remains titular profesm,

t n he proposes to resign the dt le a lso to Mosandw “ He

is bet ter qutflifiedfor thc ofi ce than myself,” says Bermliush e

has 'also spent his yon th h an apothecu‘

y’s drop, andbeing, as

196 Mr Johnston's Visit to Ba ndi t“ .

professor of pharmacy, the curveyor andcontmllec of all the

apothcearies in the kingdom, it is betta' he shouldknow all

Berzelius is a man of incessant application , being employedalmost every day for twelve or fourteen home. Ye t for alhh e has done ss an exper imen ta l chemist he doea not work in

ed in writing hedoes not work in it formomh s. If in writing.

as he has been much lately for the new edit ion of his ehemist ry, he meet with any subject which seems darken than usual,he qui ts h is pen, be takes himself to his labwatory, and there,fromsix or seven in the morn ing w perhaps wn at nighg he

con tinues his invest igat ions day after day t il l he has removedthe obscur ity as far as possible to his own sat isfact ion, whmhe returns again to h is writing. This was the case with hislate experimen ts on Indigo, wh ich were undertaken solely for ,

the new edi tion now publish ing at Paris.For this al ternate writ ing andex perimw ting the arrange

men t ofhis aparunen ts is admirably adapted. A su ite of threerooms on one floor formhis laboratory and study, wh ile hisdwel ling-house is above. His study is h is sit t ing- room, in it

he receives his morn ing v isitors, and, being unmarried, he hmfew calls to leave it ; wh ile his apparatus being all arrangedat

the distance of a few yards, he can at any t ime commence sseries of experimen ts without the loss of a single momentThus he is enabledto husbandhis t ime, andby turning everyhour to the best advan tage to make themdoubly valuable.His library, his wr iting- table, h is rea gen ts, and his furnaces,all are collected in to one conven ien t space, uni t ing toge therthe records of old invest igat ion andthe means of new disco.

very.Perhaps I shall not be though t t iresome if I attempt a short

descr ipt ion of th is in terest ing local ity. The stranger in Stools.holmbends hiswayalong theDrottmng Gate s , themost fashionable part of the ci ty, t i l l he comes to the n sbw hmantl the

cross street calledKyrko GM at the headofwhich stands thechurch ofAdolph Freder ick. The corner house in this street

is Westmamka be set , the large building lately purchasedhythe Academy. Entering fromDrottning Gatan, he a ccede

197.

two short flights of stairs, when he finds a door facing him.

If he knoclt he may rcceive no answer , or at most a simpleKomia ;“ his safest way therefore will be to enter. and, lest

he shouldbe afraidof int ruding, he will ohear a li t tle bel l giv.

ing not ice of his ent rance. The roomin which be now finds

h imse lf, he will immediately discover, by various significan timplements which stare him in the face on every side, to be

part and parcel of a chemical laboratory. I .s uppose himto

be m e thingof s chemist , an amateur at least, fromhis tak ingthe paina to follow all these direct ions ; but shou ldhe not , orshou ldhe be of de licate nerves, he neednot run away at thesigh t of these chemical tools, in apprehension of the varioussweet sme lls which often render laborator ies so at tract ive to

strangers. They are here all careful ly got ridof by ven t ilation, and even though he see processes going on , h e may yet

proceed boldly forward. On h is righ t hand, wh ile st i ll nearth e door, h e wil l see , carefully adj ustedby the window, ameccurial trough of stone , with 100 pounds ofmercury dazzlingin the sun. On his left, a trap staircase leading to th e floorabove, and near it some of the viler apparatus, such as conv

taiu water andother slope. Going forward, le t h imde via te a

l it t le to the ld’

t to avoidcoming in con tact wi th a table whichstands between the windows, and projects to a. considerabledistance in to the room. If he stop amomen t at the endof

this table, and cast h is eye to the r igh t , he wil l see near the

secondwindow a small porcelain table wi th raisededges, and

probably some glasses standing upon it, denot ing that someexperiment is, or has been lately going on, wh ile against thewall on on e side of the window, he will observe a small oillamp by Knigh t, of Foster Lane, burning probably with theSp rugflaaka suspended over it, and on a shelf on the otherside various lit t le con tr ivances for facili tating thedisposition of

apparatus for the purpose of ex periment. Bringing back his .

eye over the blowpipe, its huge lamp and its fragments of

glam, he may glance in passing at the sand'bath and heat ingarrangements. He wil l see here no buil t up or briclt furna

ces ; these are well enoughmr essaying or for carrying on che

mica] invest igat ions by wholesale, a is,somewhat the fashion

now a days, but they are too vulgar implemen ts for the pur

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th e labour ofweighiog'much : eachm is divided into t en

W mh mm fi m h efim fimmmngmg yw r

are likewise int endedto abridge labour. They are ex act can !»

so that any of shem ay-be balanced almost immediately.

Open also those lit tle hox es, andin the more or lessminutepor tiomd gumlac a ttaobed to the weights, you will see ev i

dance of thht nioe adj ustment withou t wh ich - the indications of

arrangedsets ofdrawe rs andglmmes, containing apparatus,

the test er-def andneatness. That othee table beside ehemissfittedupfor r esenrohes with th emout h blowpipe, -

ou

wh ich Ber zeliu s has writ ten -ao able a ~work.Turn now to the left , andthrough another doorway behe ld

himwhomyou have sough t in vain in the t wo other apart

mea ts.m is Berze lius. He is busywrit ing ; h is table cover .

see t hat lit tle cabinet on his loft. i n the drawers of tha t l it t lecabinet are contained all hie ralest chemical substances -

and

W g’

his Rhodium, G uaima, Se len iumand their pre

parations ; his Fluorides, his'Sales ofLith ia , Yt tria, Thor ina,

M m other ehoice combinat ions to be me t with no whereelse, all ofwhich be will not fail te - show you—of some youmey even hope to become poesemor. Now you may walkh arde ned- int roduce yourself, secure of a we lcome recep

Every thing in Ba zelius‘

s laboratory speaks of neatness,

cleanl iness andorder. No bott les or dirtyo vessels scattered

about ; every - t hing is pu t away in its place ready to be laidholdof when wanted. His arrangement s for experiment areof - tbe simplest and neatest kind, and he lm many li t t le ma.

chines for facilitating these arrangements, the me rit of all

ofwhich he gives at ones to the lateex ecu tion at least is his own, for his

his own toolg make

purpose, andunequalledin the world. It ismade in winter,

andbeing hung up to dry in a frosty atmosphere, tbe waterfreem andmaltes it porous, so that while it is suflcien tly close

to reta in all undissolvedmat ter , liquids pass through with

great rapidity. Its exce llence, andthe recommendation of the

Swedish chemists, have brough t it into great request, andmuchof it is in consequence exported. It oontains no soluble matter , endleaves on ly 16000 0f its weight ofashes. The usualmode employed by Berzelius ts to weigh his filter, andafter

collect ing his precipita te to burn it, allowing1-6000 for the

we igh t of the ashes. A slight error here in the weight of thefil ter it wil l be seen cannot affect the resul t. He condemnsthe mode ofdouble fil ters unqualifiedly. It was formerly h isown way ofoperat ing, and he cannot bear that others shou ldfollow amethodhe has long given up for its inaccuracy. De

can tation he never employs, but collects always his precipitate son the filter . For wash ing themhe uses common ly the Spu dflaska (squirt flask) with warmwater . This is infinite ly bet terthan the flask with coldwater , inasmuch as it keeps up a con

stan t streamwithou t the trouble ofblowing into it, andat the

same t ime , serves all the purposes of the syr inge recommendedby Faraday. If the aperture be small enough, there is notthe sligh test risk of loss fromlit tle drops or sparkles flying ofi’.W hile on the subject ofman ipu lation, Imayment ion ame thodof pouring wh ich I learned also fromBerze lius, and whichhas many advan tages over the rod. It is simply to touch

the edge of tbe glass at the spot to be pouredfwm with alit tle grease. The endofa candle does very well, or a hit of

tallowmade into that shape, and coveredwith a small case to

prevent its soil ing the fingers. By the use of this precau t ion

liqu ids may be poured with ease even froma wide mouthedvessel without the loss ofa drop.

Mr Johnston’s Visit to Berselt‘

as.

Of Berzelius as a chemical ph ilosopher, there is bu t one

opinion . He un ites the three great requisites, pat ient ihdustry, clear th inking, anddext rous manipu lat ion ; and the

scient ific journals of the last twen ty years, contain ampleproofs of the able manner in wh ich they have been exercised.

In regard to some of h is pecu liar v iews, there 18 a dilierenceof opinion among chemists, but almost all that makes thempecul iar maybe tracedto his excessive cau t ion ,—a fau lt wh ich,in a science depending upon exper imen t, though it ant h ems

retards the acknowledgment of a t rue theory, will rarely leadto error . W hen he began h is labours at U psala, the wholescience was a mass of crude theories soldered together, whenever a flaw appeared, by some new fancy more ingen ious thanth e rest . These he foundto be the greatest obstacles in h isw ay, and hence probably it is that he has all his life long set

h imse lf against the spirit of theorizing, which , usurping the

p lace oftrue philosophy, hadbu ilt hypotheses upon hypot heses,andcalled the result a science. Even now he perhaps under.values somethi

ng too much a merely theoretical paper ; but

th is propensity i s at tended by one advantage, that when Ber.z elius adopts such a not ion , it is certain there are very good

grounds for it indeed.

In the North ofEurope he is bet ter known than in Bri tain,

h is name standing above that of every other chemist , and hisau thority on all subjects connectedwith chemist ryhaving l itt leless than the force ofa law. How high he ranks in Germany

,

in particular,may be inferredfromthe fact that,ma late History of the Devil, of wh ich so many are published in thatcoun try, one of the main inducemen ts h is Satanic majesty is

representedas holding out to a convert sti ll halfdoubtfu l ofsel ling h imself, 13, tha t he will make hima Bersdiw . The cause

of th is h igh respect is probably to be foundin their wider acquaintance with h is works, all his papers andworks being pub.

lished in German , either direct ly by h imse lf or through the

mediumof others. It is a pity that the professedly chemicaljournals in this coun try shou ld pay so lit t le att ent ion to those

publishedin Germany. The edi tors of these journals are indefat igable ; they permit noth ing tom pe them.

But besides h isdist inct ion abroadandamongmen of science

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work thosewho needto workn lways find t ime.

”

Anotbm'dayspeaking of a young English gentleman who had been int ro,

ducedto him, mdw whomhe hndpt omised le tters, but whohodgens withou t receiving themh

—“ I amsorry he should

not have called, for I had so lit tleopportunity of conversingwi th or paying himany atten t ion when I former ly saw h im;

he is young, rich , has plen ty of t ime, and with h is taste forseimes he might perhaps do something.

Thus honoured and esteemed, i t may easily be supposedtbs t Bernelius has many v isitors andcorrespondents. Besidesformal v isitors, his fr iends andcolleagues often drop fami l iarlyin upon him; but it is onlyin th e case ofpart icular individualst hat be intermits his occupat ions, so that he enj oys society andadvances his labours at one and the same t ime. His corre

spondence, which , part ly no doubt fromhis situation as secrs

tary to the academy, but chiefly from his celebri ty, is very

great, takes upmuch ofh is t ime. Th irty or forty let ters in a

week are no unusual quanti ty, but every th inggoes on quicklywith him. He composes andconverses at the same t ime, andis litt le interrupted in writing his papers, h is books, or h islette s, by the presence andconversat ion of hismany v isitors.A g unman who lately arranged his let ters, to ldme he hadupwatfls of QOOcorresponden ts, and these not in his own de

partmen t merely, but having among themsuch persons as

Madamede Steel, Goethe, Prince Met ternich , the min isters ofHis influence in Ber lin indeed is li tt le less

in his own departmen t than in Stockholm, and almost all theyoung p

rofessors connected with chemistry 1n the several 1nst itut ions in that capital, if they have not been direct ly recommendedby him, have at least been pupils ofBerzel ius.W hat Berz elin s is 111primate life he has general ly been alsoia hia publishedwrit ings —impar t ial ly judging, giving praise‘vheredne, andt reat ing wi th courtesy even those fromwhomhe difi

’

ered. In two unhappy in stances on ly has he brokenthrough those rules of established courtesy recogn ized in al

most all ph ilosophical discussions. To Dobereiner and to

Thomson h e has forgot ten all h is won ted urbanity. His t e

marks upon D r Thomson’s last work’ migh t wel l have been

He migh t have though t at the time he wrote themof Dr U re’

s cri

Mr Johnston’s Visit toBen efit-r.

spared, it heing hy nomeans usual in this countryfor chemmtodeclare each othcr unworthy ofcredit. Thmmay h e, “mdouht thm arq severd errors in a hmk profesoingmthe results of so great a number ofanalyses, hut these

eoqmrsther to have been pointed out singly than sweepinglym

this, the respcct due to s chemist who handediccteda wholelife to the advancemen t of the science , ought to have been an

ample t it le to due forbearance. Of Thomson‘s results, Ber.

zelius says first, that the methodemployedfor ohwmng t hemmay in some cases admit of very good approx imations, butthat it cannot at all be depended on for precise W e

weigh ts ; for, record, suppose we knew beforehandthe preciseatomic weigh ts of two bodies, yet unavo idable errors in the

weigh ing are sufi cient to prevent exact mutua l sat uration :

andlastly, that to have performedas they ough t, all th e and} .

see given, would have taken a l ifet ime. On these grounds.added to some errors he has found, he rejects the whole work,weigh ts andall,—ofcourse in favour ofhis own.

Berzelius himselfal lows ofDr Thomson , that he is an accu.

rate observer of phenomena, that he is moreover the mostlearned chemist in England, -the most fear less in “ PMh is opinion , regardless ofh igh names, andthe most willing todo everyman justice ; and that, hadhe confinedhintself to t heoffice ofa redacteur, he wou ldhave earneda high anddeserv

ed repu tat ion. Now, afte r all these honourable admissions,surely h is wr it ings are not to he repudiatedon accoun t of er

rors i n manipulat ion, in to wh ich th e theory be hm adopt edmay at times have ledhim; much less ough t they to be he ldup to scorn as so much quackery, and the veracity of theiraut hor calledi n question because h is exper imen ta l results happen in some cases to be incorrect . Chemists on the cont inu a,among whomBerzelius 18 every th ing, are shy ofM d

Thomson. They do say l l fait ses experiences un pen on

t ique upon h is own h linerslogy, puhlished in the first volnme of the

Q uartn lm na ld’

Sdmcr, andwh ich callcdforth so severe a note fromDulong in the Anna!“ dc China

‘

s. Th is cri tique,"

says Ben ding“ m oo severe u

-

to make me laagh .“ Didhe ex pect that sayingdtfllseverer things M nke Dr Thomson ring ?

cavalier t”

yet even they cannot tell whyBerselius shouldhave.t reat edhimwi th such enceetlingwant of respect . AtCopen

W I was led to believe there was some personal feel ingmi x ed up with this host ility ; but on talking over the matterwith

'

Berselius himself he assuredme there was not the slight.eat foundation for such an opin ion ; andhemoreover told me,w as th ing which be didnot authoriz eme to state, bu t which lam led to hope he may be gladto see thus pubicly ex preqsed, that he wou ld now wil lingly withdraw the offensi ve wordsbe employed in regard to Thomson s book ; andl may add,that he did not appear halfpieasedat the ir being r aked upmidrepublished in the Philoroyihiml Magaz ine .“ the lapse h ftwo years, andwhen every body else was trying to forge t them;Between Davy andBerzelius there was a personal dislike ,

arising first fromsome errors in the chemistry of. the former ,wh ich Dr Young induced Berzelius when in London to writeo ut for himconfiden tial ly, andwh ich , on the return ofBerzeliusto Sweden , be commun icated to Davy . These remarks of

fended Davy exceedingly, andh is irritation was carried sti l lfa r ther by a letter ofBerzelius wh ich appeared soon after in a.G ermen j ournal . Irritation on the part of Bers elius was ex .ci ted at a later period , when Davy was in Sweden. Hearingwhi le at Gottenburg that Berzelius was in the -sou th ofSwabden he wrote himdesiring he would not leave Helsinborgti l l a

,certain day, when he wou ld meet him. Accordingly,

B erzel ius, with Orsted, andI believe Brongniar t, were there atthe time, and waited two days beyond it, ti l l the two latterlost patience and set 03, and Berzel ius had h is hor ses i n h iscarriage when news was brought that the Englishman had at ,

rived. Andwhen they met , Davy s excuse was, that he had

foundsuch capitalfich ing by the way that he couldnot think

ofleaving it .” The waiting andthe excuse, conj oined with

t he bau teur wh ich i n later life made Davy forget most of hisoldfr iends, andhis oldfriends disli ke h im, were sufiicien t tocreate an unfriendly feeling ; so, after spend ing four hoursogether, they par

ted. “ Anydegree or Nmark of respect Iwas disposed to give him, .as agreat ph ilosopher, said Berzelius ;—“ it was a p1ty w see a mmd like his stoop to the de

mendofdeference as a mama? the world.” $ 5 11was DavyNEW snares. vor.. 11. NO. 11. APRIL 1830. o

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I have j udg dfrommy own feehnga, 1n supponng that even

t r ifles mnectedwith such a man wouldhave an intwést for

the cultivators, especial ly “ chemical science ; andshouldth is

me for teach ingmy countrymen to‘

rsgard himas'

eqnally amiable in private l ife as they have long considered himchafin

guishedin the chemical world .

M ement o, 4th January 1880.

W sy x w fi rm mBody fi'omghc

Acfioa q irc ‘.

Wmfincomhustt hle dresses of M. Aldiai consist of two gar

menmthe one being composedofa thich fahric of amianthns,mM mofwool rcnden dincommmhle h '

y impregnafionwifh s n line

'

snbsmme ; and the other of a fabric of ware

gauze, wh ich 18 placed without the first.i t is svell knowmfmmthe fine ex pe riments of Sir Humphry

emplae °intercept3 flammeven when it is impelled by a

greatfl

prewnmu in the case of an explosivemix ture, Thiscfect is produced by the eeoling of the flame causedby the

periénee'

a rise of tmmramre 'propoctiohal to the time that

This metallic garmen t , themass d which is vcry inconsi

derable, wou ld not ofi itself be'

fi cncious in defiending the

pregnatedwooflendress, opposes itself hy its thickness andits

cdnducting power to thearrival of the heat at the aun

of thé $odj 5 and along wit h'the meta llic gauz e it formetime which engh t to be snf

article is the substance of M . Gay- L ama’

s Report to the Ace.demy ScienwsofParis, prin tedin the l nu . c hnm’

e, t0ml ii p. 214.

one,'for theie cen

- be

wouldalone defend the

It is with these two

witna aedby the committee of the Academy.

t ional piece ofamianthus cloth on h is fron t,during two minutes andth irty- seven secondsany pain. The pulse of the first rose from120, andthat of the second from72 to 100.

This experiment, however, was on lymore imposing, viz . the passage of thefor a d istance of thirty-one feet.Two parallel ranges of straw andemiron rods, wereinches. When thenot

'

be endured at aun ited flame of the

the rows. At th is time, six firemen, sh ielded by the apparatu s of M Aldini, andfollowing one another at a short - disu ncmrnn several fimw in succession th rongh the burningspace, the flme ofwhich was kept alive.by M additions offuel . One of themcarrieda ch ild, eight years old, in an osierbasket, covered externally with wire gauze. The ch i ld hadonly a mask of the incombustible cloth . This ex periment,

minn te in conseqnen ce of the cries of the

Edda it h nmdifimh mmtain themmh thwmseconds or even more ; and though we do not thmlt lthat fi efiremen employed this method when t hey ran through thebmmgmges offlamg yct the shon spamofm rnecfl ar

‘

yto run over thirty- three feet rendered it possible tor themto

do itBnt if it is d

emonstratedby the ex periments wh tehw haflve

witneM , that 10 the greatest number alm andq n free air

respirat ion can be eifected without dangen it is great ly todie

feared that it will become very dilhcnlt in a narnor spk e

necessary to fnrnish h imwith a portable reservoiryor whmismore simple; with a spiral tube winding fromhis feet to his

mon th ? We know, indeed, that in un open andheatedapart

menn fresb air en ta s al ways belch ,whiie warmair mapsi

above, and consequently the firemen will thus hays morechances of breath ing freely. We insist upon this poin t, hecause We know that nothing

o

distnrbs respirat ion so ran ch esth ick smoke. We are of opin ion also that 1t wou ld bemain!to accustomfiremen to retain their brw th ,—an act which isacqu ired by divers.We have said t hat M. Aldin i employs in huh apparatus

amianthus clot h, andwoollen cloth rendered incombnst ible bymeans of a saline solu tion. We shal l now examine the advan tages of each of these snhstanms.Amianthus, or asbestus, is, by its nature, pafi etly ineodn

sou/ragemcnt , 1813, p. so that there can be no‘donh t

that thismineral is fit tedfor the difl’erent Operation s of sflnning andweaving. M . Aldini has also been ocmpied in facihmdng these ctperafim and he hu pmsenwdw t he wme

mission a piece ofamiant hns clot h nen ly six feet eight inchmlong, by five feet f0n r inches wide , Which is new ly n lu gc as

tha t wh ifi is prescrvedin the L iM of the Vatican. mcloth , however, must always be of too grea t value to receive

3

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V. - V 1Aldimhas egt 1! a

f

C O O 0g

“ W WW ph i lan

i

f

"

; iii “ tw o

Ew an By Ian Emma,

t i it;et imof U h st e

ofié

by him that itmoms in a W talcose ser

Dr Tunnel-ism M ow i q 'Wad.

Ac'r. HIM M antis “ of Wad. By Enm n

Tow ns , M D , F.B. S.E., Professor of Chemistry in the

As thc suhj ect of this notice has never been found crysts l

lined, and, fromits aspect t appears to want that definite con

stitut ion wh ich imparts so much intm'est to th c analysis of

most otherminerals, it has hitherto been almost en t irely ne

glectcdby chemists. I have myselfbeen inducedto e x amineit solely fromits being en timeu wdamong the ores ofmanganaco, to which my

'

s t tention has been much directed withinthe last two yeans ; andmywology for introducing it to thc

notice ol'

th e Royal Society, is its connection with the mayon the oxides ofmanganese, which was honoured with a placein the last volume of their Trwnsaotimis .

U nder the name ofW ad, or B lack Wad, are comprehendedseveral minerals, wh ich are distinguished by the fol lowingcharacters z—They are soft , l ight, and porousy more or lessearthy in appearance, of a brown colour, soi l by contact, andcon tain manganese. Though they agree in these general

each other hy physical proper ties, anddilfer essen tially in ches

First species. Wad fromU pton Pyne in Devonsh'

u'e .

For t his Wad I amindebmdto the kindness ofM r Kon igof the British Museum. It occurs in a curved tabu lar massabou t half an inch th ick, andmay be easily separated intot h inner lamina . It is easily broken , is considerably softer than

'

gypsum, andsoils when handled. Its colour is brown with'a

shadoofyellow, somewhat like that ofbismu th. The lustre ofafresh surfdce is consMemhlmmidrathermetal lic. The atret lt

is hmwn mdshining. h w nsist s of smaflscaly parficleg ar

rmgedtogetherso as twgiw t o a broken surface a fibrou s appen ance. It is very porous, and emits numerous air-bellswith a hissingnoise

'

when put into water. Its specific gravity,after heing ihoiledin watergt isw ‘t.

{ Readhehm'the fioysl Society ofEdinburgh , l st February 1830.

As themethod ofanalysis is preciselydeceased inmy former communion“ ,

sea to enter insanely into particu lars. M annh eimreadily is touristic acid wit h evolution of ch lorine, W ingon ly traces of insoluble earthy matter. The solu tion m ooni

plt tely flee fromhomi n id, in addition to manganese, cosirained on ly a sinall°quan tity of bai'yta. E x powd to c r ed

heat, alher being wel l dried at a ternpernture of 912°F., it

yielded per cent. of water, together with some oxygen.At a white heat it lost per cent ; namely, Im p !

water, and per cent . ofoxygen. The baryon, precipitoted in the usualmanner by su lphur ic acid, amoun ted toper cen t—According to th is analysis, 100parts of themineralwere resolved into

Red oxide ofmanganese,

mob

The essential ingredient ofdi emincrah inferu dfi t n vthese

numbers, appears to be a hydn ted perox idemfmmgane e,

consisting of 88 parts or two equ ivalen ts ofm mparts or one equivalent of water, -a compound which , to myknowledge , has not been absorbed in the minced kingdom.

W ere such a compbundquite pmm’

e analysisfsbonldt bh e

given the following proportions i—bBediox ide 79.12’

bq gen

and water 9 ;—that ia, u ther less water andM r

watermust of course be lookeidiar ; bea nse the t heat cffl fi?

cannot be ex pectedto disengage all dn hmdityfi bcfi l gh i

light earthy powder. Adeticiu cy in ofygen i s doombe e n;

which l shau show w bemcx identsluh nnnre is w t in imm'dinary state ofcombination , bu t is united with some o x ideofmanganese. W hat th t on de is, he

'

s not yet beén detes

mined with certainty ; butmthreeminerals in wh '

mh l i hmdetected a composition of this nature,—namely, in a W ad to

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216 Dr'

a nerk Chem’mlM 1] Wad.

andrfriable, and soils when handled. Its streak a'

ndc

powdei

( se afa reddish-bmwn colonr. It absorbs moist e re greediiyon being wet ted, and when put into water emits nnnienoas

globules ofair with a hissing noise. Its specific grawity,”

imi contsined air is ex pelled, i3 3.0% It separates resdilyint o paral lel layers, the natural Joinings being formed by t hatmata ot

'

hydrated perox ide of iron , w hich is largely and

in timat ely mixed with the wad, so as not to be sepafl ble

fromit.The Derbyshire W ad, whe

ndigestedinmttr1atic acid; lmes

a white residue, chiefly consisting of su lphate of l ini e, whichis interspersed in minu te crystals through the mineral. Itsquantit y is v ariable ; bu t tn the portion submitted to analysisit amoun ted to per cen t.The clear solution in muriatic acid was strongly colou redwith iron , and on the addition ol

'

sulphuric ac id yielded a

quantity of sulphs te of baryta, corresponding to 5 .40 0fpme

baryta. The liqu id was then exactly neutralized, and the "onprecipitated by benzoate of ammon ia. The filter con tainingthe benz oate of iron was put into a platinumcrucible, a fewdrops of n it ric acid andsolu tion of nitrate of ammonia wereadded, the paper after being dried by a sand heat was bu rned,and the residue ign it ed. By thismeans the benzoic acid andfi ltermay be decomposed withou t deoxid iz ing any of the perox ide of iron. The resulting peroxide, which was not in theslightest degree attracted by the magnet, amount ed to 5 3434per cen t.From the solution , thus freed frombaryta -and iron, themanganese was thrown down by potash , and a qt tan t itf ot

'

red oxide obtained equivalent to per cen t. ofdeutox ide .

—The solu tion also contained a trace of lime.Careful ly dried at andexposed to a red heat, i t la t

10.29 per cen t of water. No oxygen was ex pel led by thattemperature, showing that the manganese is nonfin a higherstate of oxidation than the deu tox idex h i p

-pears, accordingly, that this variety ofWad, besides oxide of iron and

water, contains a compound ofbaryta andedeutox i’

de ofmanga

ln'esen t in smal l quantity in the DemnshirmW ad

The iron containedin the Derhyshire’

W adie whoflysinethe

state d peroxide. The grounds fromwh ich I infen the e npifire '

absence of the protmdde it may not be superfluou s to

state, as the method appears to me fullymore delicat e t hanany in use. It is fonndcdon a fscc which I h ave else-thmadverted to for another purpose,‘ that t he forma tion ofil ’rus,sian blue from prussic acid by admixture with a salt 'of ironand potash , does not occur

'when the iron is strictly in itsmax imumofox idation. A veryminu te quan tity of the pro

mfiide however, gives rise to the p oduction ofPrussian hlne,wh i ch is rendered obvious by dissolving the precipitated oxideby asligh t ex cess ofsnlphuric acid—The Derbysh ire Wad digestedin dilute sulphuric acid in a c lose w e] yielded a yel

los t- coloured solut ion , which , when mix ed wi th prussic acid,precipitat ed by puns potash, and acidulated wi th su lphuric

acid, didmt give the least tint Ofblue.When th is Wad is ex posed to a whi te heat it loses percent. namely, 1m of water, andM 5 ofoxygen . The residue wasmuch comtracted, ofa blaclt colour , andwas powerful ly attracted on the approach of a magnet. I t is henceman ifest that the oxygen was derived as well fromthe peroxidebf iron as fromthemanganese. A similar change ensues whenamia ture ofpm'e

'

perox ide of iron andoxide ofmanganese isexposed to a red heat.According to the foregoing analysis, 100 parts of the Der

byshire wad were resolved into

Peroxide ofmm,

Insoluble earthymatter

99 86

final the Han , of which Klaproth has given an

e 3dvolume ofhis Con tr ibutions, appears to havethe prewding bu t it contained a

W swporfioml same ofmanganese andW in

d whmus WM by Professor Hausmann. It is a fiiable

mt hymbnam like the fonegoing abut the coiouf ol

in st reak and pod et- is darkw b

pomna and euniu -

a eop‘

mts meamof air - beusin towater. Its specific grav ity

'

ismo.

On ex posure to a red heat, afia beingdriedat

ox ygen gas. Its loss at a whi te heat amount ed

tion was free fromlime

tity of combined water,which it low at a wh itethis species of wad cons ists essefi tiallyof theends ofmanganeu , with wh ich amnall quandratedoxide, probably manganite, is casual ly

Letter to theBM W

Tnosn who have read Dr Hibbert’s admirablePh ilosophyofAppm

'itions, andhave appreciatedv iews wh ich he has taken of this remarkable class ofmentalphenomena, wil l peruse with double interest the very singu larcase of spectral illusion wh ich forms the subj ect of this paper.I t was communicated to me by the gentleman whose ladywas under its influence, and who was himself present du ring

ticnlars

pulous

faithful ly dev . The

Since th isingcase, wh icl

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that che was st rnck by the circumstnnmof heuing noMnor sound, nor feeling her clo thes ln

'nshed against , non ere a

any agitat ion in the air. The idea then arose for t he h

time into her mind, that it was no reality, but a Spect ral illu

sion, (being a person of sense and hahituated to m nnk ra

tionally for most things, the notion of any th ing supernatnral

m out of the quest ion.) She reoollected, however, yonn hav

ing mendoned that themwas a w r t of oopadmam mapplicable to theee casembywhich a genuine ghostm he dwt inguished fromone conj uredup by mere ly natural causes ;namely, the pressing the eye in order to produce the effect ofcaring double, when, accordmg to your assertion, a true Tartanean ghost wou ld be duplicated as .wel l 113 2v thmgt else ;wh ile the morbididea being, Isnpp

ose w impmssion on the

retina wou ld, cr ough t to remain single. [ amsorry, however, to say that the oppor tunityfor vefidyingyour theory wasunfavou rable. Before him was able distin ctly todouble her vision ,myfigure hadW es ted

‘

to the windopdisappeared there. The lady followed, shook the cu rta ins,and tried the window, being still loth to believedt was not ereality, so distinct andforcible was the impresdon. Finding,however, that there wasme n strual means of egress, she be.came convincedof having seen a spectral apparition , such asare recorded in Dr Hibbert’s work, and conmquen tly feit noalarmor agitation. The appearance lasted four or five th inness.I t was bright day- ligh t, andMrs is confiden t tha t theapparition was ful ly as vivid as the reality ; andwhen stand.ing close to her it concealed, Ofcourse.the real obj ects behindit. U pon being toldof thismyvirible appearance in the spirit ,

having been only audible a few days before, I was, as youmay

imagine,more alm'medfor the heal th of the lady t han for my

own approach ing death, or any other fatal ity the vision mightbe supposed to forebode Sti ll both the stories were so verymuch su n g-le ss ghost stories, the threecallsofthe plain tivevoice,each one louder than the preceding, the fixed eyes andmoornfnlexpression of the phantom, its noiseless step and spirit - likevan ish ing, were all so characteristic of the Wraith, that Imighthave been unable to shake off some disagreeable fanci es

,such

as amind oncedeeplys at uratedwith the paison ofnursery- tales

M a hogether banish, had it not been finr a thirdappu t

t ian, at who°

ss visit l my‘elfassisted a few daysmvsardr,u dwhieh l thh k isme keymmof the cammdsfing it asoomnlete as oouldhe wishnd.

lu t eppu itiwmt abomten o’cloek at nigha l was ait t ing in thc

when she ex claimed ‘ W hy, there’

s the oat in them ’xi

I repeated.‘W hy, on the rng to be sure, between sybnrf

aeli and the eoal- sea ttle.’ I hadthe poher in my handa ndl

M it in the dimction mentinned. ‘ Take om‘

she cried

ou t, take care, you are hi tt ing her with the poker.” I again

asleed hm' to point out ex act ly where sh e saw the oat. She

replisd,‘W hy, ait tingup there elose to your fect omthm go

she is loohing at me Thereare two cats in fi e honmone of wh ieh wpnt by th is name.They were melyfif even in the drawingmom At th is timeMrs bad ca tainly no idea that the sigh t of the cat

m m illum'

on. l ashedher to touch it. She got up for the

pin-

M andmemedas if she was pursuing some thing whichmun d away. S he followeda few stepg and then said,

‘ It

has gone unden that chair.‘

I toldher it was an illzusion , She

ed the roomall over, and £oundaoth1ng Thene was ardq

bmg on th eeh earth who wouldhn e hetmyedgreat uneasinesshad a cat been in the roow He was perfeatly quiet. Eh

fin the two eats. Theywereaboth found in the housekeeper

's

room. The mst superstieion s perw n eonld now donbt no

longa as to the real chm ter ofall these illnsm'yappearmces,and the me is so cmnple te that l hope there will be no re

m al fof t hem, oymptomatio as thoy of course are of a disor

densds tate of hody. i sm sorry so say Mrs as wellas myself, forgot to try in time the e crucia on

the cat.Mrs has naturally amorbidly sensitive imagines

tion , so strongly afl’ecung her corporeal impreu ions, that thenew se ams, vor.. 11. s p an . 1880.

an other-wise, wil l occasionally prodnee acut e twmgu ofMn

in theoorresponding psr ts ot her persom An w oonnt , £ormstance, of the amputation of su m , will produce an imat itanaons and severe sense of pain in her own m end so ot

'

other relatioas. She is mbieot to talk in her aleep v ith gtu t

fluency, to repeat poetry verymuch at leugt ln par ticuh rlywhen unwell, andeven to cap vorm for half an hour togn ther,

never failing to quote lines beginn ing with the final Mthe

'

preceding, til l hermemory is exhaust ed,“ She haa, during the last nx weeka been w nsidembly redw

cedandweakened by a tiresome cough, which has also added

to her weakness, by preven ting the taking of a daily ton ic, “wh ich she had been for some time accustomed. She hadalsoconfined herselffromth is cause to the house for some wesks,wh ich is not usual with her, being accustomed to take agreatdeal of air and exercise Her general hmlth bu not been

strong for some t ime past, anda long ex perience has p roved;beyond a doubt, that her il l heal th is attributable to e fi sorder

edstate of the digestive organs. These details are new -

yfor a complete understanding of this case, which strikes meas being one of remarkable interest, fromcombining th e chmacters of an ordinary ghost story with those of an indubitablei llusion ; as wel l as fromthe circumstance occurrmg to a per‘son of strongmind, devoid ofany superst itious fancies, andtobe implicitly relied on for the truth of al l theminute& detailsof the appearances. Indeed , I do not recollect any we ll an.

th en ticatedandrecen t instance of au ricular delusion like thefirst of those I have related ; though , of course, the warningvoices and sounds which have frightened so many weak petssons into their graves, must have been of this nature. Mrs

tel ls me, t hat about ten years ago a similar circumstance happened to her when residing at Florence , andin peafeet health.

,Wh ile undressing after a bal l, she heardca voice

call her repeatedly by name ,.and was at that time unable toaccount for the fact .January 10, 1830.

Sin ce sending this remarkable account to press, theEditor tranmit teda printed copy of it to Dr Hibbrrt, who unites with himin h is ophnon

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when hot or oold, provided the

Fromtitafl ic acidss well by

From the common metallic amides, among whichhigh specific gravity, itmight be ranked by its notcipitatedby sulphure t toddiydrogen .

The propert ies which itphosphate of yttria are th

pure astringen t taste. 2d,wi th warmwater becomes opaque,of the crystal line form. 84, Mostby boiling, andattach themselves

glass, like a white enamel. 4th, I

carbonic acid from the air wh ile

distingu ished fromtest, and by th is,—that

not thrown down by boiling, like aofyttria inmuriatic acid.Salt; Qf

'

thor'ium. The sal ts whichwith caltformers,’ as in the state of oxare distinguished by a strong andpureis not accompan ied by any thing of sour,whichmost resembles that ofq tann inresemble nearest the sal ts of z i rconium.

precipitated by oxal ic acid, and by thepotassium, of a wh ite colsu lphate ofpotash , wh ich is

open air as is the case with the os

The following are what Ba seline cal lst ine , iodine, bromine, cyanogen , fluor ine,

of the hydro- sulpho- cyanic acid—Tu neu r ou.

MM. Rain andMoser on the Magnet ic Imam, so.

thorina are deoomliosed by a redhest , and leave th e eaflh in

an isolated state; and they lose their acids more easily than

AR T. VL—Ou theMagnetic Influencegfths Solar l lays. ByMM. P. Ru ss andL. Moss !

Tan observations ofMrs Somervi l le, (published in th is Journal, No. viii. p. tended to confirmthe magnetic influenceof the violet rays. This action, .discovered byM . Morich ini

at Borne, anddescribed by h ima long time ago, had beencal led in quest ion by the natural phi losophers ofFrance, G ermany, and Italy. Yet the favourable result to wh ich MrsSomerville hadarrived, seemed to have so completely dissipatedthese uncertaint ies, that, upon that discovery, various theorieshave been started respecting themagnetismof the earth and

its annual anddiurnal variation. It cannot be concealed , thatthe magnetic action of the sun does not affordan easy ex planat ion of them. The labours of Baumgartner on the samesubj ect, —the observations ofMr Christie on the diminu tion of

the amplitudes ofa needle oscillating in the solar rays, wh ichseemto connect the magnetic action of the sun with a recentd iscovery,—and, final ly, an ex Peritmn t ofM . Z ant edeschi atPavia, about to be published, have induced us to communicate the resul ts and researches wh ich we have undertaken, toillustrate so important a poin t.In limiting oursel ves to a minute repetition of themet hodsdescribed by M. Morichini and his successors as the most fa.vota

'sble, we have, however, abandoned the methods which

they ,employed for appreciating the magnet ic sta te of the

n eedles, and for measuring its in tensity ; for anterior trialshadassured us that they were subj ect to errors almost unavoidable. The most certain method of j udging of the magnetismofa needle cons

'

mts in making it M llate ; and this isthe method wh ich we have employed. The needmwere of

soft steel. Theirmass was very small , bu t they pM en ted aconsiderable surface to the action of the light. W e were sat isfiedof the primitive state of these need les, as far as their

timc befiore using them; andit was by thismeans that fwe ob

tained decided resul ts. The feeble magne tismaf needlcsc f

soft iron perhaps never reaches a fixed state. On this accountwe have not given in the fol lowing tables the numerical resultsobtained with th is sort of needles. I t may be sufic ient hereto remark, that none of them, in the difl

'

eren t circums tances inwhich we ex posedthem, acquired, by the act ion of ligh t , a de

cidedmagnet im ; and that this migh t asmell be at t ribut ed

to the variations which that propert y undergoesan iron ,by all

sorts of influences even mechanical ones.W ith regard to the following tables, we mayadd, that thespectrum was almost always in its minimumof dev iat ion,(that is, the rays entered and emerged at equal angles funthe two surfaces of the pr ism,) which correspondo to its gra test in tensity -that the needles were placed upon a graduatedcircle, three or four feet from the prism; that the roommin most cases darkenedas lit tle as possible ; and that the lent

had an aper ture ot‘

l .2 inches, and a focal length of2.8 inches

Dates.Duration of

Time i

105 » w9; 11

9g 11

a; 10

9

92859

9}95

35

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m MM.

June 12,49

4s .s a s

13, b 5 4, .0

133

as s 5 8 BI

oxidated, 5043 .4

as .0

48 .0 4s .3

49 .4

5 3 .6

4-8 .s 49 a

66 .4 46 A,

In the experiment of June 12th , the medle was exposed

from832t0 12§ ; and in that with c, from9 t0 12§ ; in thatof the 23d, from9 to l i ; and in that of the 26th, from8§to lg.We have since employed halfpolishedwires, whose change

ofmagnetic condition is easi ly knownsufficien t number of oscil lations.

Duration ol’

oocillatiom

July 2,

gfffi o Solor flayc.

In al l these experimen ts the magnetismof the polished ex tremiryof the Wir‘e was NoM ex cepting with che needles c u d

g, in wh ich it was Sou th ; the focus of a lens wasdirectedup

on the need les dnring ten minutes, excepting in the ex perima i ts on the flth Julywith wi

‘

re d, when it m 95’

, andthhtwi th wire I, when it was on lyIn st -da ta shawme state of th e wires

action, “ fixed vertical ly the south pole below and the po

lishedhalfabove the trial needle . The following expertm made in thismanner on the 12th August :

Alone. Before the

Hour of day 9; h Duration ofoscill. sacs 4em10 40

‘

62 .0

10 5 0 $2 .0

12 25 m.5 w .0

M . Poggendorf recommended to us to extend our ex peri

ments to polarised light. For th is purpose we sometimes employed a blackened mirror inclined 85

°25

" to the inciden tsolar ray, and sometimes a prism of calcareous spar. Th e

observations on t his kind of l ight will be found in our memoir. Itmay be sufi cien t to state here, that it did not provemore efi caciOus than direct l ight on the production ofmag.

netism.

Fromthis analysis of our re searches we th ink we are j ustlyen titled to rqiectmay a dicwony, which,for cevmtcmymra,has at fij kren t times distu rbedscience. Th e smal l variationswhich are found in some of our experimen ts, and wh ich wehave not concealed, cannot constitu te a real action of the name of that wh ich was observed by M . Morich ini, Baum

in so clear anddecided amanner. These varianot always favourable to the supposed dis

covery—Ann. dc Claim

'

e.

M. Matteucci an t ler Mm q Icctficity

Ar r . Vi c—ow e 1M g ateway on M Putn

Amm substances, withdrawn fromthe influence of life,quickly undergo a change, andexhale fet id gas previous totheir destruct ion. Air, water, and heat, are the externalcauses which give rise to th is new order of compositipns.Water cont ribut es to it by softening the fibrec andby un itingitself to the products of putrefaction : bes t , when it ismoderate

,separates them, andby destroying their cohesion, d isposes

themfor new combinations : air exercises themost marked iaduenes by yield ing a part of its oxygen to th e carbon , thehydrogen andthe azote ofthe animal substances ; hence comesthe carbonic acid, water, carbonate of ammon ia, and the acetic acid

,wh ich are the principal products of an imal fermenta

tion. The animal fibre then sulfers this change, principallynt of the oxygen of the atmosphere wh ich combines

with it ; andconsequently, by taking away the action of the

.x ygen, we may, in th is respect, prevent putrefaction . Nothing, however, is more easy than to change the afi nit ies of

and, for this purpose, it is sufficient to change theirstate. Setting out, fromthese principles, Sir H . Davy

made h is fine and usefu l d iscovery for preventing the oxida.tion of copper wh ich sheaths the bulls of vesse ls. By thusconsidering oxygen as a body eminently electro-negative, wemay preven t its combination with the animal fibre by establishing in theman analogous electric state, that is, a state ofnegative electricityPersuaded from some experimen ts of M . Bellingeri ofTurin, and others not yet published wh ich I have myselfmade, that an imal substances, when they are pu t in contactwith metals, establish themselves man electric state

,I deter

mined to place some pieces of muscle upon plates of zinc,others on plates of copper, and I left others by themselves.In the course ofa day I perceived that putrefaction had alreadybegun in the pieces ofmuscle which were left to themselves,while no alteration showed itself in those wh ich were in con

tact with metals. I afterwards perceived that the products of

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M. Marh niaimacaw

Adm VIIIw—Mcmoir on an l ndgy whicb cmm w

M ay qf tlw «flats qf clwtr io cm-

rentp forwdto tramW e ekends/wavered by dka

'ew ficm By Dr

Er Mm a sm, Professor ofNatural Philosophy at Venice.

Ant on e the admirablemm with wh ich ligh t is endpvd,

one of the first is certainly the et tm rdinary rapidity with

which it is propagated; a prOpeI'ty which , combiningwith the

subtilty of its particles, produces very probably that other

facu lty, not lea astonish ing,mv irtue of which the rays cent seach other 11: their route without undergoing the sligh test al

W e know, that on placing the eye at a small hole, beforewhich is ex tended a vast space on which is disseminated a

numha 'and variety of obj ects, how distinctly they ave seen.

This ex perimmt clearly shows m what manner a prodigiW s

number of luminous rays may meet in a very small spacewithout ex periencing a sensible coll ision. A phenomenon of

the same ltind, and even still more surprising, may be producedhymeans of concave mirrors. Plcce twn toge ther in

moh a mann er that their optical ax es in termct each other

reciprocal ly, and pu t before one of themmy obj ecu a mdball for instance, in such a situation that . tha mirror reflectsthe image to th e place where its ax is meets with the ax is of

the other mirror. Place before the secondmircor a difl'erentohj ect , a green ball for instance, in such amanner that tfi

image ex actly st rikes the place where the ax es cmss each othehIf the observer then directs his atnen tion towards the fin tmirror, and looks along the ax is of it, he will peroaiwe t he

image of the redball ; direc ting h is eye th en towards the ax ic

d the wcondmh'ror, he wiflsee the image of the green ball

precisely in the same plm where he hadbefore peimn the red

bi ]. This eXperiment plainly chows the manner in wlfich

(moss each oth er reciprocallywithout u p rhm the slighmal teration.

Since then electricity is not inferior to light in the fl cility

of its pmpagation, will it alao preseut a phennrmnon analo

gous to that which we have descr ibed ?As I amno t aware that any one has dmwn a similar eon

clusion, andmade it an ohj ect of particular study, and-as Iconceive deo that nothing can now be comsidereduseless that

concern s the science of electrici ty, I have not looked upon it

as a trivial occupat ion tomake several e x perimant s, in m'der tdt ry if the effects of electric currents can he altecedwhen theyarc ohliged to traverse spaw s which are already crossed hyot her elect rical cumnt s.

1. Beginning with the most simple cases, those in whichtwo electric curren ts cross each other at nigh t angles, I tooka cube of wood th cee centimet res in the side, the four faces ofwh ich, in parallel pairs, were furnished in the ir centre witha scramfix iog a rectangular plate ofmetalmght centimetres ih length , and rather less than two cen tiinet res in

bneadth . Wishing, in my first experimen t, to pu t in opposit ion, two electric currents produced by two equal ehmentar

'

y batteries, I appl ied against one of the faces of the

cuhe a plat e of zinc, and against the opposite face a similacplate d copper , andl made themeommun icate by pressingnnder the screws wh ich fix ed th em, the ends of the excitingwire of a galvanometer. The two plates presen ted on the

se ine side of the cube a proj ection of about six centimetres.This pair being plunged to the depth of five centimetres inwater slight ly salted, the needle of the galvanometer deviatedtwe lve degrees. To the two other faces of the cube furnishedwith screws, I fixed in the same‘manner two similar plates, theone of z inc and the other of coppm, and I pu t themin coan

masticat ion by pressing under the screws which supportedthemthe ends of an exciting wire. The four pla tes stret chedbeyond the same base ofthe cube by an equal quantity. Thingsbeing thus prepared, I plunged the two pairs in the fluid abovement ioned, and the dev iation of the needle was again twelvedegrees. W e see by this e x perimen t , that the efltiect ef a pair

of plates upon the magnetic needle is not altered, when theelectric fluid wh ich it causes to circu late is forced to traverse afluid wh ich is crossedin a direct ion perpmdicular to its own hyan electric cim‘ent created hya pair ofplh tes

‘

equal to the first .

M . Mananrmon wn analogy

In place of a pair of plates communia tiq with the wiseof the galvanometer, I substi tuted another much more weak,formed like the preceding of two plates, equal in dimes .

sions to the first , one of timand the other of braes. I with

drew the exciting wire wh ich pu t the two other places in communication . As in the preceding experiment, I tried the electro-magnetic effect. I oh taM d a deviat ion of abou t threedegrees. I restored the ex citing wh e to the ainc andcoppw

plates, andrenewed the experiment. The effect was the m e.

The resu l ts obtained fromother similar experimen ts, in whichoppposite electric currents act, produced by two elemen taryVoltaic apparatuses, either of equal or differen t power

,by

employing fluids endowed with a greater or less conducting facu lty, presen t the same fact. With the intention of

crossing two currents, one produced by an elementary apparetus, andthe other by a compound apparatus, I removed fromthe cube the two plates of copper andzinc , put in communication by means of the exciting wire. I substitu ted two similarplates of brass. I made one communicate with the positieepole, and the other wi th the negat ive pole of an apparatus dcomma de tasm, of twenty pairs, in each of which the activesurface was about six centimetres square. The element arybattery in commun ication with the galvanometer, was formedof two plat es, the one of z inc, the other of lead, adapt ed totwo opposit e faces of the cube, in themanner already indicatemBas ing pu t the electric currents inmotion , by plunging the pro

j ecting extremity of the four plates into salt water, the needleof the galvanometer deviated Qen degrees. I suppressed thecommunication between the brass andthe poles of the appa~rat us dcouromte de tasm. I restored, “ usual , t li e commn icat ion with the pair of lead andzinc with the fluid ; the dcV iat ion was stil l the same.Instead of the compound battery of the experiment which Ihave described, I substituted another, also twen ty pairs, whoseplates had a surface nearly quadruple. I repeated the e x plaiment without changing the elementary battery, and I againobtained the same result.I raised the compound bat tery to 100 pairs, and in aw

ther ex periment to 200; andnevertheless, in causing the weak

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itodf, Iwhen three clectn c

on n

mlthe acedl deviated arm degrees a M ere

in communication with the wire of the galvanometer. Ifex pect.

quia , (the fi viatimwas five elm ) l

m. in um I had a cm of an appoi n t) ? of

fromfive to twenty-five couples to travm'se a liquid where twooth er curren ts, put in motion by the apparatus of 100 couples,intersected each other at right angles.Gt In order to force the electric currents to int ersect one

another under anglesmore or less acut e in traversing a fluid,I procuneda tube ofglass 11cen timetres in length ; the in terior diamet cr was l cen t ; one of its ends was closedby a plate

ofbrass, andthe other was supplied with a stopper of thc samemetal .l n tbe side of this tube, and io n directim paral lel to it saxis, three holes were made the first was separated cent.fromthe second, and the second fromthe third by the samedis tance. E x actly opposite to these, bu t on the other side,thme other holes were made. We shall call the one set Anter ior , to distingu ish themfromthe others, wh ich we shall denominate Posterior . All these holes -were clomd with smallplatw or rods ofibrass, t o which, as well as to the stoppeu and

the base of the tube were attachedsmall pieces of lead, to e‘s

tablish, if required, the necessary communimtions with thepoles of the M arisa. The apparatus being thus arranged, Ifilled the tuhe with aalt water ; I made the an terior band

which was nearest to the stopper communicate with the posi

t ive pole ot a bat tery of twenty couples, and the posteriorbmdneares t to the base with the endofa wire ofthe galvano

m . I put the other end in communication with the“

negatir e pole of them e battery: the needle deviatedfifteen de

gmas. When the dmuicwas broken, and the needle ceasedto < os¢ftllate, I restoredthe circulat ion at the same time that I

cate with the positive pole ofanother apparatns oftwenty pairs,and the anterior hand nearest to the base of the tube with thenegative pole ; the elect

’m-magnet ic efiect was still the same.7J I fme ed the £ urrent which run thnodgh the wire of

the gdsanome ter t o traverse in i ts full leugth the fluid c'

on

tained in the tubmat t he mme tiuw that the two other elecp

tric curnent s int ersected each other in the same fluid under

my w ut e mglee as hadbeen done in the preceding e x peri

men t. The resu lt was a dev iation of twelve degrees ; and

such'it was still, when I nepeatcd th is a perinmnt, after havingmpended the tvmcurrent s which l havemen tioned.

NEW se ams. vor.. 11. no. rt . a ran . 1830. e

M. Mai-ionisiman makgy

m these two ex pa imen tq whicb I have va ricd in seven l?

wamwe may conclude that the eloctric m umsect one another in a fluidat a very acute angle domwen one another, anddo not alt er the efiect of a thicd cnrwmwh ich crosses it liko themsel ves.8. Causing the eh caichy which aaven ed the flnidfinm

one e x tremity of the tube to th e otber, to pm th nougln t he

wire nf the galvanometer, l M at the same t ime aemnt he fluid three electric currents, in such a manner that theywene all perpendicnlar to tbe dircction wbich the curmnt qokwhich was to act on the magnetic needle ; in this casedheib

viation was twelve degrees.

it passed th roogh a liqitidin which one or two othe r electfic

currents moved in a parallel direction to the'

flrst ; bat onaccount ef tho small space of flnid to ba mn om andfllndistance ot’but flfi cent. which separat edthem, Bdidnot

'

can

hollow tube ofglamof 5 cen t. in the side ; one of the facee hnd

three holes fu rn ished with common met all ic bands, the (fis

tmce bet ween thembeing l cen t u hree otbec bolesdisposedl inthe same manner were on tbe opposite face. Havmgdiflcdthe tube with water, Imade the liquidbeatu versedwi & thu e

upon the galvancmeter . But whether them tother arm-

a rts

topm in the same .direction as it , or in a contmyonc, -thede

viat ion of the needle was nbvays equal tn that whieh is oh

tainedwhen the liquidis croM only by tbc elcctricitwaflhct s tbe magne tic necdle.

In simi lar experiments wve must take cane that the electn’

c

curm ts cf tbe Voltaic appamtus, not iatended to act upon the

galvmomemdo nct findin thewet ccondttctor which theymghtmtraverse, a pamgemoredifi cult than that pre& ntedto themby the bat tevy intended to act upon the galnanometu ; other.whe a pan of this dectricity thkes its course across the

batt ery sndconeequen tly changes its efl’ects.

10. Aft er tall, it may still be uncertain if the electric enoren ts which cross the m e conductor afi ct one anot her, or

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M .Marianini oa oumalogy, 8tc.

traversing a liqu id, or where other currents ci rculated, and

12. It is demonstratedby the prcccdrngthe conductibi lity of liqu ids for electricitythe invasion of one,

may perhaps findthese factsmore favourable to the theog gFranklin, than to that wh ich considers electricity asWof two fluids. (See note at the end .)My wishmwil l be accompl ished, if I have shown that whentwo or several electric currents traversedoctor crossing one another in any way,in the same direction, or some in the opposite directionIn;others, and whether they are producedbu l imia , one of these currents does not

action of the rest any sensible alteration. In

if I mistake not , a new and remarkablethe propagation of electricity, and that of ligh

Nor a or w e Aor aoa.

In t he examination wh ich I havemade of therender gal van ic apparatuses, constructed afterNovellani andWol laston,wh ich I have published in mym y on electrometric expmmeats, I have discovered a fact wh ich ismuch bet ter yx plain»ed by the theory of Franklin than by that of twa fluids.I t is this. If, in a battery of 2 pair of plates, the electromagative plate ismore immersedin the fluid, the effect is greaterthan .when it is the electro-positive plate wh ich pre sents thelargest wetted surface .

I may be p ermitted here to mention another fact wh ichequal ly supports the theory ofa single fluid.Take a sheet of pewter, or any other metal,

M. Martins andspasm to asbanana, so. a n

Sheen) Then j oin together hymehus 6Pamanometer wirethe plate of zinc with that of copper, andyou Wi ll obtain adeviat ion ofa few deg

'

rees. Plunge then the plnte of copper in

t heghtsswhich con tains the tail or band, andth e p late ofzincin the other glass, andthe effect will bemuch more

o

strifking.

It would he in v ain to endeavour to explain this fact bythe h elp of the theoryof twa fluids, since if, on the one hahd’,when the plate of zinc is pm. into the glass which holdst hehand, the passage is difi cult to fhe

'

vitreonsfluid ; oa t hs

other hand, when the copper replaces the zinc, andth e lat terth e copper, the passage is made diflicu lt to the resinous elect ricity, andeasy to the vitreous electricity. There is their noreason why the sheets are difi

'

erent . But in admitting theth eory of a sihgl

'

e fluid, we know how, in the first case, theelect ric fluid wh ich eatpands itselfby radiation in t he liquid findst he passagemuchmore difficu l t than in the second instance ;fromwhich i t appears, that the'

electrosmagnetic cfl'

ect , which ,as i s wel l known, principal ly depends upon the rapidity of th e

electric current, ought to be less in the first case, andgreaterin the second—(Ann . de Chimie.)

Ann IXa—Accotmt ofan Em rsimt to theDiamenddi-strict inthcgnnmmnn of Babia M MM Ghoracs in Braail. ‘

By MM. Man-

n os andSew .

Ta n district ofdiamondsisaliindof sanctuary into which iiis verydifi cult to penetrate. I t is surrounded with a cordon ofdragoonsplaced in picquets at fromfive to sixmiles fromeachother, who prohibit anyperson either fromentering or leavingthe district, without the special authority of the intendan t-gene

ral ofthe province who resides at Tej uco. In quitting the dist rict, every person , whether a native or a foreigner, is searchedin themost rigorousmanner. Not only are his baggage andhisc lothes rigorously exam

i

ned, but his person , as well as h is horseor hismu les. The dragoons are also au thorizedto detain tra

FromM . Spin andMartius's Tuned: in Braz il, widow/ten in 1817

- rseo, b, order qf lhe kh g q avm—ia, firearm Jnn ph I. tom. ii.Munich , 1828.

we MM Martius andSpix’

s un ioamfie

vdlexs fmt wmfou hom ifmeyhu emmmm chu

Havingarrivedat the Villa i n Pr inciyx . about firemile‘

l

Martins sent to Tej uco a government messenger, to requestfromthe intendant -general the necessary passports, s trength

received themthey set out, and iu a few hours reached theobj ect of their destinat ion.

The town of San Antonio do Tej uco is situatedinme ot

the most. fertile and deligh tful districts of Equal]. I t tu bech iefplace of the diw ict ofdiamona s well as the rel idence

of the intendan t-general ofthe Junta diam M i llpondof a procuratorsfiscal of the clown , two measure” , a iuw

men t ofdragoons of Minus who ltept the garrisou there, fur.

nished the men necessary for guarding the frontier aud io!ex ecut ing t he orders of the Jun ta. The ‘

popnlafion Of thetown is about 6000 sou ls.Tej uco owes its prosperity to the working of the diamondmines. It was at the beginning of the eighteent h cent ury thathere were foundin th is distr ict Wi l liamcanoes, to whioh ct

first no value was attached. An agen t of the governmmt ,who had seen at Goa rough diamonds, first recognis ed theidentity of these stones with the diamonds of India. Availit

gh imself secre tly of h is discovery, he col lected a great quanfityof them, and returned with his treasure to Portugal, afterhaving communicated his secret to one of his friends . Thelatter imparted it to the governor of Minas G heraes the governmen t was made acquainted with t he discovery and in

1730 the governmen t subj ected diathoud

to M ittsmountable difficulties ; and there was subst ituted in it.past » acapitation tax of from90 to reis (L. 5 , to L. 7, 108.

Sterling) for each slave employed in searching for diamonds.Ten years afterwards the limits of the diamond district weredetermined in amore positive manner, andthe right. of work

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MM. Ma dmandfipia’sm to the

years,mdfor a 'm dd ’ence b rmn yem. M m

to secure to the lnng the ex clusim ” W W W

dat ed at the time that zMM . Spix f cnd Mu se.M

It is in the gravel of the nvcrs thambedim dcnn fifouodfi:

and the labour oecessary for finding themismweekly fmmtwo to four francs for each slar e. An thwplw u

where they work are often far remote M i n , habitat ion,and in uncultivateddistr icts, the sh ves erect fior t hemsehrescabins of bu lrushes, and the diamondM pmva

'

dec t hemweekly with the necessary provisions The unn bw ofialaves

employediu this operation varies greatly. Io k775 it amomed t0 5 000. From that . time it bas conmnt ly dmmubedcand in 1818 it was little more thau 1000; In o rder to en

courage tbe uegroes to work, small ent ertainments m givu

themwhenever they found a stone of any conmdeu blc w aiaa .

W hoever found a disinond weigh ing above .175 qu tlotsfacarats, was purchased by the administration andw t at hbersys

If thc value of the diamond was inferior to tbc i price offi ce

slave purchased, he was kept k for the odminimtill be was completely liberated; and, on them “

value of the diamond exceeded his vdw h awhis liberty, a mmofmoney in addition.

The slaves are .wat ched by Feisom or mspecmmwbamo;for the most paru whit es, andwhose du tysit is tomt ke athewgroes work, to see that they deliver up the diamonds W h ié

they find, andto keep themfromex cessdu ring t heir holfim.

Otha ' superior inspectors have a cout rol ower thewmoeive the diamonds which are obtained, andwhich tbey pnt

into a gh'dle fix ed round their body, ti ll they are carried to

Tej uco. They direct also the necessary works for dramfrmn the rivers the moalbao, or gravel which contain s -who

In spit e ofdl thme precaudm tbere is a considmblemtraband trade iu diamonds. The diamOnd-mrcbemcalled

G rimpeiros, search in secret the gravel of the riversmnd

M u am m mw smfl ts gmm

tbegn vcl accumulatedmean t liem or wu bing-plaeeoa'

accessible ravines. The s laves 'M ployed'

by the administ ra

frequcntlyj ucceed. In the eeryface ob the W M

h w thegn . There are soma negm whomake it their husirmM ndou t of- the dist rict the stolen diamonda andimapite ofthe vigflanmd the seldim who guu d the fiw fim tbese amfulmemwbo km afi the cw tineh findmeans tomake thairway through t Ath ena time purchasers were readilyfound out of the dist rict , who concealedr the dh tnonds in balesofeotton or other mercbandise, andW ed fiaeir

The following is t hemethodofworkiag fw the diamonds.Wben a cermin quaut ityfi f the gravel or cascalhno in whichthex oceur has been u ken out of the river andpnt up in heaps,a ditch about two feet is made, andwaterwish cought into izt.

Them whose busineas it is to eu mine the caacdhw ,

6m.whh mcdhm He at fimt taltes eut of it the lm'geststones ; be t-hen plungce the disb into water

-

Aura. “ briskly,W ffomit all the gmvelfi ill there remains on ly sandW hom U he perceiv es in thia sanda brillian t stone,

h e u kes n ba weee his thumh andinside fingmj dw s fnomhisW un dfgoes to deposit it in a smdl vewel filledwith p irewaten andph cedoa a stool before the inapectom W henh e hmW Q M W M M hE wooden‘dish, stretches

W m andwparates his fingemto show that he has not

the ampwtnmsit t ing oppoflt e te the 'negm at the dismce

dM ,twdw feeg kecpmheit eyea en al l the ir motions to

The inspectors remit every night the diamonds x hat zhm

MM. W h ammam a .

bccn found to the adminim wbo M fivr ih fi

Theyaxe dividedinto twelve chm ormm 'ding t otheir

to tbe vthm ifirs dm mdwbiobwégh at hw t threemW ith regu drni thb diamw ds nf the dr ce bthw dm th y

m ble to inquire into the pmdnce of ecch year : andafter h

in a box with WO lockg of whicb the intendmp -ga leu l n nd

goong mw ry themto the gom or of vma Bing who forwards themto Rio Janeiro.The rivers wh ich have always farnishedthe grcatest numher

ofdiamonds, are the W W dud the fliem .

The first takes its rise in the Sérra do G wimf to thew meast ofTej uco, passes near this town, M

'aftervmds tahedit

nocth we st direction in clméng thc gmt forcstswhich ezmddalong them sn andfdls into the sea nw Parmesa n

-05mthis river that the glu tu tdiamondshAt -n found. The “

Bardo has it s source near tbem fmntier of thediwin anorth westw lydimM anddiseharget itself inw tbe MdGJ VdItar. Beddes thm fi dfivemthm h in themofTej nco a number nf bmdks which bfiag down dM Onds ;

M in or-der ma tmct themy t heir wam aremen turnéd

aside, in order to throw their diamondsdry.l t nppeM fi-omofi eial doeemem cot o W .

Sfix md l l afliug tbn dre weightwf diamM Nrniahet ythe district ofTejm frcrn t ife ya flm, the time Mmmh fmdM ondsm pu t nndér pi

-oper reguiamnfithe

year 1818, amounted tomamas carats However grdtthis prndnce may tppearg it seexns not to have been prudent ioml to the ex pt ncea of lnmgement ; mam wme vh t dmm flm tMW Wthe charge of it , andagain made over to indiflduals t hepfifilege nf fi atfi ing for diamdnds.

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St. Ives Consols,Lelant Console,

U nited M in es,

Hue] Beauchamp,Huel .Bose,

Pembroke,

East Crinnie,

EastHuel U nity,

Huel Hope,

B udProsper:

mi l l ions an tiofone bushgl of coal.

. ii

MW OM w fia-u mds inmh kgfflamman

“

HueIVor, 24. 6. a 12. 15 .

27. 5 . 12.5 . as 27.4

_

1s.9

Average duty ofrotstory engines, 17.9‘7mil l ions.l

Ths smmmer pu fing thmugh a high prm escspes

in to s W stt‘s single engine. All the other reciprocating engines

the IsleofMan ,from1826 to1829, indusivs. By Bonne rBr enn e r , Esq.Receiver-General of the Isle ofMan. Communicatedby Dr Hm s nr .

A general state of the westh er fromJanuary l 8fi6 toDenemher 1829. Thermometer (Fahrenheit) always out, on anorthern exposure. Taken at 9 o’clock a. and at 11o’clock r. n ,

8. E. W

l 19

G cnsrsl Msdium. 63} 88 81 11

state ofThermome tm', 75 70

30 24

Norm—W ith reference to the W o w, the prevailing point for thed. is taken. Ifmy rain , snow, or sleet , fi lls during the day, i t is

as a fitir day.

A former series oe S teuart’

s observations,from1amto 1895 , will

bemum] in Vol. 1. p. 281of th is Journal.

Months. h i nt.

January,

December,

60-11t d 60 48

Highest state ofThermometer,L owest,

a. It . Rain.Snow

64 61

8 10

113 107 87 147 9

Highest state ofThermometer,L owe

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can be determined only froma numerous

In a valuable paper, of which we proposecount, ent itled , On the Mm Temperature

M . Kupfl'

er has proj ected theby the ternperatures of springeludes that the ion-geothermalwith the isothermal lin es. Thiaition to that obtained by Dr Brewster, and therefore requiressome examination .

Fromthe sketch of the iso-geothermal l ines and isot her.

mal ones, as given byM . Kupfl'

er , iti s obvious that, as theyapproach to the Arctic regions, all approximationtdisappears. But th is arises fromthe imperfecfienthermal proj ection as given byHumboldt, who was nonp'oaaeased ofsufficiently numerous observations to give themmore correct ly. In tbe formule ofDr Brewster , verifigdhy the seamsrate obser vations of Sir Charles G iu ecke inw ¢nndpf

Mr Scoresby in the Amfic Sm andstil lmore strikinglyeonfirmed by the subsequen t observations made in the voyaw nf

Sir Edward Parry andSir John Franklin, the isothermal linesin Europe andAmarica quit one another entirely andsumuadtwo cold poles, one in America and another in t he Non -h ot?

Asia. New it is a most remarkable facg that the sAmerieanandEuropean por tions of M. Kupd

'

er’e ismgeothermal line0° B eaumur , actually separat e,mare clearly going roundthe two poles ofmax imumoold. This a flablemult not

on ly remov es every difficu lty respecting the apparen t want ofparal lelismof the two classes } ! lines in the

,Arctic region,but it affords an independent pmofp f the generahcorrectness

maximum s -mom» :

fi e following is the gmeral tahle given by M . Kupfliar.

We ha'

ve not converted the degrees ef Reaumur in to those of

Fibreuhe it, because it is the comparison of the two columnswithwh ich we are principdly concerned.

Heigh t inT

6? Recumur'medObservers.

Ofthe ground. out .air.

8. m Smith10 4 5 N. 9 0 .5 Q A Humboldt

summe Avg-d, i s 19 .6 20 .o

18 20.9 21.6 Hunter95 18 .8 so.5 Ferrer

18 .6 20 .O

28 30 N .4 17 .8

30 18 .0 18 .0

39 9 .9 9 .7 Mansfield

40 10 8 9 .9 W arden

4-3 10 .4 11.5 Cordier

46 9 .9 7 .7 Saussure

4-9 9 3 8 .7

Berlin ,5 2 s o a .1 s A

5 3 7 07 7 .6

5 4 7 .o o .s Dalton5 4 .80 7 A 7 .l

5 4 .30 6 .5 5 .O

5 4 .ao 3 .5 13 Kass.66 6 9 4 Id.

66 7 141 Playfli ir

5 6 .15 6 .s s .s W ahlenberg68 2 3 “ 0 3 Kupfl

'er

5 9 1.9 o .7 Id.

60 l .6 l 3 Id.

60 5 .s a s W ah lenberg

U w ec, . 64 2 .8 0 .6 Id.

Gw en-Finn, 66 1.o Id.

our author, that under thethe temperature of the ground varies according

tomama -Mish e a rd that in og'der to have n j ust idea of the

progress of this reciperatu reu ve must compare places situatedunder the same meridians. The

This'

i s also the temperature of sprlngs at the heigh t bf 15 00met , sothat thelow springsmust have their origin at a great heigh t.

n ew shares. von. 11. NO. 11. APRIL 1830.

it is less rapid in the former thanmthe latter case.fore uses 1“ of Reaumur for every 25 0mm B

tains the fol lowing tables.

M Meridian of0°

15 ° 0’ N.

30

43

46

£ 9

5 3

5 4; 80

5 6

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we admit t he result of the fothe space terminated by th is

equator, it is obviouslyor in

“

t he islands

greatcontinent.Ts the n

has a w e? tempmaturedep for thenearestmay hence be presumed,

m stress as

M. Kepfier on M oor/scrim! L ines.

perature of the interior offthe earth. The Tyrolese Alps present every where porphyry andtpyrox ene, of wh ich theirmasses are coniposed. To the south of the equator we have, under the amendmeridian,on ly one e bservadon , that ofCongoand, ifwe may be permit ted t o« draw a conclus ion, i t indicatesthat the warmest ise -geothermal line does not coincide with thet errestrial equator. To find a poin t in the former, we maytake themiddle of the distance which separat es the line at 203,and the station ofl Congo, where W ? is the temperature of theground. If, asmay be presumed, this equator runs paral lel tothe line of its temperat ure under the first meridian i isgreater t han that which has been calculated for the ground of

the terrestri al equator. It is smal ler under the 2d, 3di and4111 The temperature ofi the ise -geothermal equator will bemore equal than if th is l ine connected with the terrestrial equator, andwill nowhere deviate greatly from themean tempera t ure of thme regions.”

Mu Knpfi'

er next proceeds to show that h is systemof 180

t h ermal'lines w ands with some of the leading facts of physical geography; such as the progress of vegetation in difi

'

eren t

placess that of the polar ices, andthe distribution of terrestrial

The temperature of the says he, is connectedby different relations with the other great phenomena of our

globe. Weh lenberg has already remarked, that the existencein high latitudes of durable vegetables with deep roots, suchas trees andshrubs, can arise on ly fromthe ternperature of the

groundex ceeding that of the air. In these latitudes the periodsof veget ation appear to fol low that of the temperature of the

groucdalmost asmireh as that of the air. This is an observation which [ havem made in my e x cu rsien to the north ofth e fi ralian Ch ain. Inmiddle Russia vegetation commenceslaw man in G ermany, but the Oharvest takes place nearly atth em e t iw s, vis ia ly Farther to the nort h, till t he meantempemture is O? Fahr.) the harvest is later, viz. in An

gush e r evenmthe beginningofSeptember This epoch Wh ich

coincidesswith the max inmmof temperat ure in the ain is comM e lan in h igh latit udes with that of the t emperature ofthe ground.

“ Kupfier on h o-gwtamdmThe relatiot i whioh appeors to ex ist betv een the more normemien -geothumal lines andtbe limit of the polar ioesdon n u

also to fix our at tent ion . Thetle to the south ofthe limi ts ofthe ioe, excepting towards G rewland ; bu t we know that th is coun try waa not fiirmeriymroundedwith ice as it is at presen t . Beddeg tbe tempenmreof the groundcan only act upon masses of ice which deaceadto a certain dept h ; bu t those whioh are fouud in tbe k rm

fimw cannot be in this predicamen t, audit becomes eu y to

explain in th is way the influenoe ofs oontinent such as Gmland, on the limits of the polar ices. The removal of th e icsto the sout h west, which M r Scoresby has so well observedon the east coast of G reenland, demomm them ypoles g

“cdd in the Nortb q mefioa, audparfiaabfly h

Greenland ; at least I do not lmow how we can otherwil e a

plain a phenomenon so contrary to our ordinary idea s of thedistribut ion of temperature on the surface of the globe. th is

e v ident that if the coldest poin t of the polar sea ooinddd

w ith the pole, the coldest waters would formin the depthsdthe sea a current from north to south , whi le the m a t

would transport themselves to the surface fromsouth t omModified by the rotation of the earth , the first of wrent s would

‘

take a south- west direction, and the l econda

north- east d irection, M id as it is the superficial waters whichtransport the icebergs, th is transport ough t to take plaoe in inor th -west direction in place of the very oppodte direction

which it actual ly takes. But if the coldest poin t of t h is !»gion h at some distance from the pole, the surface current

ough t to direct itself to the south , or rather w the 300mon account of the earth’s rotation. We shall yet find, I think,e close relation between the phenommion of currents inmesea, andthe distribution of the temperat ure of the grow thBut th is distribut ion of temperature W M toma

m tw mmm ymm qmmagnetism. This would no doubt be the case, if it is true,

as I have t ried to show in another memoir, that t errests'ml

magnetismie sides azt the surfi ee of the globe. W e havedimt he choice bet t een two hypothem i either the ei rth shouldhr

considered « a t ». existing by itself, and then the inten

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gromdis as 6°.2. It is the same at Paris andM 'bmthe inclination difiers' litt le. At Paris the irxtensitydsmis 1.320 and the other At

'l‘enenfi’e the intensity is l am

and the temperature wh ilst at Naplest he one is kmand the oth er l 3°.

VVe tnay hcnce eas ily understandwhy the pole of infi i tgV0

is to the south of the pole of inclination . As the ta npmmneof the gronndgoes on diminish ing to the north the linesd

equal incl ination nearest the pole of inclination pass thi ng !»colder points to the north of this pole than to t he son th vt b ut

in these colder points, the inten sity, M g to tbe apu ncin

ples above laid down, ough t to he weaker than in the o thmW e oughg thereformto seek for the pole of int ensitfi th ot f is,

sou th of the pole of inclination ; andit is scmslly there whereit is found by the calculat ion of the last obserrntions ofi u r

Hansteen. The pole of inc lination is in 71° lat. and loa?

long ; that of intensity is in 5 6°of lat. and8o°of longs westw

Such is a very imperfect account of M . Knpfi‘s memoirs

as we find it in an abstract in the Bibl. Um y w here

the formu la, with the numerical values ofa andb, ar e unnc.

It i s obvious that M. Kupll'

er‘has not seen Dent-en sues

paper on the mean tempma ture of the esrth, vehere t lrefm e

which M.Kupfi'

er deduces for the iso-geot hermt l equator. Thewhole of M. Kupfl

’er

’

s valuable resu lts present the moststri king confirmation of the isothermal law of Dr Br ewsmr;communicated nearly ten years ago to the Royal M etr icsEdinburghfi hat the difstribu tion of temperature on the earthls

surface ismlatedtmfonr poles ofmax imumcold; two tomnorth, and two to the south of the equat on, andnearly re latedin posit ion to th emap et ic poles nf the eart h.

in the northe

Aar . XIIIa- Cmtr t’

lmfiw to Physical Geograp hy.

1. 4ecazmt gf tlq covmy ot amondrm rm. 1Letter fromSt Petersburgh.

IT i s not many years since the produee of die Russian goldnew amounted to only fortypud at the utmost. Th is quan.

t it y was raised, with great ex penee arid severe toil, fromdeep

pits. Who wou ld not have smiled then at the assertion , thatafter a short time, on an immense tract of soil, the richest goldbeds

,- stha t masses of sol id gold andplatina wou ld be found,

in quan tities so great, as have hitherto not been found in thenew world. Andyet this has happened. Russia is, in thisrespect, no t beh ind the countries of. the other hemisphere

,

which, fromthe discovery of America, were in some deg-methe monopolizers of t he preciousmetal. Russia has been thefirst to coin money fromplat ina ; ye t these count ries had anadvantage over her in th e possession n f the invaluable diamond. This she also now has ; the first Russian diamond wasfound on the 22dJune on the western side oft he U ral

,

at the Biszer gold- wash of Coun tess Puller, by a boy thirteenyears ofage, of the name ofPawel Popow.

The first well- grounded hint of th e probable exist ence ofdiamonds in Russia, is due to the Professor of the U niversrtyofDorpat, Maurice Engelhardt, who, on a scie txt ific j ourneywh ieh he made in the U raIin the year lm,

wrote fromthenee

abou t this remar kable obj ect to the rector of the university,St ate Councillor Ewen . In an extract of this letter

, Whichwas prin ted at the time (1826) in the Jour nal dc S t Peters.bourg, N0. M8; it i s said, among other th ings La sable deplatine de Nij ny-Tou ra appurtenant a la fabrique de lamu.

ronne Koush ra, otfre une resemblance frappante avec oelu i daBrazil , on l

‘on trouve ordinairement les diamans. D epres la

description de M . d’Escltwege (G eognostisches G emalde VonBrasil ien, W eymar, 18920 celui oi est compose principalementde galets d‘un hydrate de fer (le Brauneisenstein des Allemands,) et de j aspe, et ofi

'

re en outre une mu ltitude de petitespierres u es de d iverses couleurs e t plus dema

About avoirdupola.

W MW W

que d‘or. Le sable desmines de Nij ny- Toura ofli'e ls meme

melange, et la préoence de l’

bydrnte dc fer est l‘

numnt plns n .

marquable, que c’est dans cette breche qu’au Bréz ilon trouv e ls

diamant incrusté ; cc qui fait voir que ces deux minérnux nese trouven t pas par hazard ensemble,mais comma debris d’ummeme formation de inches.”As the abovementinnedsand strata (cables) ex tendformorethanq uare wems, andm fofl he most pnrbeovorcd withwood, M. Von Engelhardt couldnot enter in to any pnmcnh

w hes fordiamonds, which , probablyminglcdwith a quantity of other little crystals. could not W ho separa tedfromthe clayey sand. than by the operation of wash ing, andwhere, besides, al l depended upon s

'

happy acciden t of t ha

finder. But be communicated his remarks, and the opin ion,that doubtless diamonds were to be found ban , to the diractors ot

'

the Turinslty works, who were ready tomnke the neces

my preparations l'

or the diacovery ot’

the tren uee, h idden in

the lap of the earth . At the same t'

um he ndr ined than , “

the external quality of rough diamonds wou ld probably heli ttle or not at al l known to the ofi cers there, to send somefromSt Petersburgh , to serve as specimens at their sm h.

ings.The St Petersburgh Scien tific Commit tee fer thnmines or

dered the let ter of Professor Engelhnrdt to be prinbed in a

Russian translation, in the l l th number of the Jour ud j hrM SW . Iu the follnwingyear, byorder o£ the Finunce

Minister, an order was sent to all mine-d ire ctors at the hlralmountains, andalso to the Permmine administration, tomltea search for diamonds. Alsmin the yem' 1829, the direetor of

theW e” mines sent out a peculiar ex podiaon tomnltesuch researcheg which indceddid not dhcover dinmnodg hntone d the richest beds ofgoldsand.

In September of this year, finally, the finance minis ter gota report by Count Polier , then residing at the estates d’

his

lady, si tuated at the U ral, stating, that Baron Humbotdg on

most striking reaemh lanoe bctween the U ral and Brasihm

persuaded U ra l must con tain d iamonds. This opi

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lagm, who conceal tbeir

Some of themare usede x ist enee ofothers, their

fi ts are alwaysthey are made.

field

The whole of t he beam of the

purpose the W W W mustmarch“ . The roof appu rs to be tow ed

s t” chal k. In

fa t abovemwater, wh ile in oth ers i

th is u them°

manother, whoseand its int erior eleme n mush

twins no water. Sometime

it widens, and forms immetahlm, altars, thrones and

I t is on iyfin'

thé fodltlfiW aist themirage is visible ; therners ofMareo cfilfi tnhemflcou, or castles iii the

In the aeepflesert toW in n-dime herdsman andw as

lets through as s iegioosmfie stmm the picture ;wh ile about the plfinse t

'rthe G huinhul andJumna they term

it M r ,“ the erneh of t he quarter.

” Thisopt ical deception has beén noticedi

'

rofiinme reinotest timem The psophw

Isaiah alludes toi t, when he rays,“anfl the parched ground

shall become a poul,” whiehJ the critic has just ly rendered,and the 'rehrab shall become'real warm”

Q ifintn s Cur tius,‘M ing th

'emirage in the Sogdian desert , says, that for .

the space offour ht dfurlongs not a drop ofwater is to'

befound, andthemes heat ; being very vehemen t to summer;kindles'sn ch a fire in themds, that everything i s bin-

nt 'upl

There also arises such an ex halationl that the pla ins wear the.appearance ofawast anddeep seaf

fwhich is an ex act descripl

tion of'the cam oft he Indian desert. Bu t them and

chm the t ruemirage of (w ith, difi'

er from tha t illusion

called the secs-knit ; andthough the travel ler will hmten to it, :m‘order to obtain a n ight ’s lodging, I do not t hink he would

ex pect to slat e h is thirst there.When we Wit nemd th is phenomenon at first, the eye was

attracted by a'lofty opaque wal l of lurid smoke, which seemed

to be bounded by, or to rise from, the very verge of the hhri.z oo . By slow degrees, t he densemass becamemoremn spsrent , and assumed a reflecting or refiacdng power : shrubsweremagnified in to trees ; the dwarfkhyfe appeared ten rinseslarger than the gigan tic smh’

of the fiorest . A ray of lightsudden ly broke the l ine of con tinu ity of th is yet smoky hartrifi‘ ; and, as if cohehed by the enchant er

’s woody cast les,

obscured by magnificent fol iage. Every aceemion of lightproduced a'change imthemm ,

'which fromthe dense wal l ithat it first ex hibited, had now faded into a thin transparentW h isk er: into a t housandmasses, each mass being a hugelens until at length the too viv id power of the sun dissolvedthe vision

“

. cast les, towers, and fol iage , melted, like the tenchantmmofProspenov into thin air.

”

cinmtion the nativesknown to bemetallic.kindof soil. That th

dmtroys th is, whenever the anA h igh wind is al ike adversemostly be observed that it oovpen ance is a long line, wh ich

in the air .” I have sincemic scene in motion , andtiful.I t was at Kotah , j ust

the terraced roofof thelooked towards the low rangesou th - east, the h il ls appeared idulating or rotatorymovemen tbuildings weremagnified, and

mea t. Some minutes elapsed

andbdng carriedby a gen tle

ddmof the hfllg while it was iuelf imperoepfible,dppm in motiomBut M ongh this was novel and pleasing, it

splendou r of '

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4. Afaflher Account

Having already h idMm

cavern

m, xv.p. 351536

sage on the rigbt. The roof forrned a perfect mt tural arch ,one side more perpmdicular th an t he other, and the wholem encrustedwith stalactites. W e proceeded on in a west

andnorth-m direction : sometimes '

the passage was narrowand the 1606 low, then swelled into superb chambers, the roofmay feet high. In some places we wal ked along perfectlysmooth rock, in ot hers over soft mud, and in others again ,climbed over broken but huge fragments of rock . Here and

th ere we cunts upon'

water in rocky basins, andinmany partsthe rock was honey- combed by the action of the dropping water . The variety andbeauty of the shapes into which the stalact ite has formed itse lf exceed description . In one placea remarkable specimen like a pine tree, abou t twelve feet h igh,by one foot anda- half th ick , except here andthere ; however,it didnot sparlfle to the light, as I had expected, being covered with brown dirty coating, though in particu lar spots it wasvery beau tifu l . Altmwandering through numerous narrowpassage s andvarious splendid halls, soutetimesdescendingfifiyfa t , and sometimes u nending so a greater height, we were atlast stopped by a deep basiu of water. Here, as it was cting late, we tu rned , andfollowing another passage, foundourselves in our former track again . We had tied a string tothe rock at the cave’s mouth , and let it run off a reel as weadv anced, and three bal ls had alreadybeen expended . Therewe j cined the two str ings, and sorne of us remained, whileot hers, ret racing their steps to meet some of the people with

oil-pots, who could not descenda precipice, rej oin edus again

at the same spot. Numerous passages were left to the rightand left, and several singular fissures were apparent in the

rook at difi’erent elevations. ThemOUDtain appears to be per.

forated in all directions, like a honey- comb. In one placedaylgh t is visible through the roof at a great height . Wenow retraced our steps to the mou th of the cave

,wh ich we

reached at thr ee o‘clock. The thermometer outside t he cavestoodat 68", in the sh ade of the trees with which the entranceis surrounded; inside it rose to The air, however, wasnot chise or disagreeable ; indeed a free circu lation evidentlytakes place. I was, on the whole,much pleased andgratifiedby t he ex cursion . The cave is certainly a wonderful naturalNEW seams. von. 11. NO. 11. APRIL 1880.

Contributions to Physical Geography.

curiosity, andmuch resembles the drawings of the famous caveofAntipsrhs in the Levant . Its full exten t has not ye t beenascertained : tradition says it j oins the subterranean PMof the seraglio of Pekin ! We paced the distance, and tookbearings, and found we had gone nearly a mile beforemturned. An abrupt and deep precipice obstructs the roada

little beyond where we turned, and farther than th is has myet been explored. It wou ld be curious to follow it up, mdtrace out al l its ramifications. An open ing might very wbably be found on the opposite face of the mountain also toascertain the ex istence or otherwise oforganic remains in themuddy soil —Calcut ta Gov. Gas .

5 . Accoun t of the Bur ning Mounta in in Australasia, caaedMoun t M ugs” , near Hunter

's River . By the Reverend

Mr WIL TON ofParamatta.

The accounts which h ave already been given of th ismountain represent it as a regu lar volcano with a distinct crater,but Mr W il ton finds this to be amistake, and has fu rnishedus with the follovVing very interesting description of the phenomena which it exhibits, which he has published in the

There is,

” says he, no mouth or crater at al l , nor dw

such an opening lie between the peaks of twomountains whichthe blacks have cal led W ingen. That part of the MountW ingen, where the fire is now burning, andwh ich is a compactsandstone rock, comprehends parts of two declwities of one

andthe samemountain.

The progress of the fire has of late been down the northern andhighest elevation , and it is now ascending with grmfury the opposite and southern eminence. ,

Fromthe situa~tion of the fire having been in a hollow between two ridges cfthe samemountain, Mr Mackie was probably induced to giveto the clefls in the mountain the appellation ofa crater. The

fact is, the rock, as the subterraneous fire increases, is rent into several concave chasms of various widths. I part icu larlyexamined the widest of these. The rock, a sol id mass of

sandstone, was torn asunder about two feet in width, leaM gits upper andsoutherly side eitposedto vievv the part so torn

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w ofdisrnption similar to that wherc thc fi re is ot p a.

ml in wfidn, there are trecs grovmgofconslderablewwfi ch must have spnmg up oinee the periadwhen t he cfiir

which has lctelymfi redfromcombustion mu heen da tmyd,

and the trunkt ofmany m lying on the mdace ha lafmsaw ed. [ ascended the highest summit of the mount ] ,which is above the present andmore recen t scene ofdeaolafi n,

andfound that imupper fidge md sidmto the ex tenc pcn

hapo l m g hadbeen , as it were steamd, many of the

aw eViident ly o

count, that forno appearance whatever , w e a few

getat im goingforward—not a pdtch,pmredto cheat the eye to thcmouthanda-halfbelow ; all rs wide, barren,riodofmy visit there were both trees

in sandstone was picked up, andinmountain I remarked the presence

Mr C lark on Cut t ing Scream.

pr incipal substances which afl’orda supply of fuel to the vo

racious appct ite of W ingen , I beg to observe that l fouud

fragments of that mineral in the bedon the KingdomPoas,about seven mi les from the mountain. The neighbouringm nuyimviden tly a coal formation. This mineral has beenfound on Colonel Dumaresk s estate, at St Hi llel's ; at M r

Ogilvie‘s, at Merton ; at Bengals, Captain Wright

‘s ; at DrBowman‘s, on the Taybmok ; at Mr Glennie s, on the Falbrook ; at Mr Scot t

‘s

'

on the W estbrook ; besides, in gneat

abundance, at Newcastle andLake Macquarie, on the shore,of wh ich latter local ity a va

'

y fine layer of excellent canneloutcrops frombeneath that of the common description .

“ Eart hquakes are, we know, of frequent recurrence in volcanic countries ; and if we refer to the almanack of the latehunch ted editor of the Sydney Gazette, we shall find thatshocks have been fel t in Australia several times since t he firstset tlement of the colony. In the years 1788, 1800,M 1806, such are recorded. And on the 8oth of Octoberof lastfyear, the sky being lur id, and the atmosphere sul try, alondreport, l ike the discharge of heavy ordnance, was heardat Paramst ta, Ea t and Sydney, in a direction fi'omnorth to sout h. A similar report was also heardat Paramatta about two years ago and I was credibly iaformed that a tremendous noise, resembling the sudden springing of e mine, was h otieedmthe neighbourhood, and fromthe ifirect lon of the bu rning mountain , previous to its dis

covery in l sw”

ARL XLYt—ab a cr ipfiou of a Method of (hal ting Scrm ,

with drawiflgw'of Mum s mploycd.‘ By Jan na

«Oman , steeple Clock andMachine Maker, OldAssembly$19 » ,a Commun icated by the Author .

funmethod of.

making screws which I amnow about to de

scribe, is the best wh ich has suggested itself in the course of

thirty yms eXpetience, and combines simplicity with great

”W M M d the M ety ofAt cothd was given tomtlrClark lbr th is communication andrelative drawings, 17th June 1829 .

The first thing to

L is a steel rod, on w

must afterwards be

wi th a comhcylinder is to

paralle l to itsas exhibited i

the body of the brass cylinder,each to its proper groove, andnuts G andI.This tap is in tended merely tomark the

frame represented by Fig. I , the ocastroeasily be understood by a l ittle attentionwhich Fig. 2 is a tophe cu t into the brass bushes AA, fol lowingthemarks made by the tap ; and in to theseinserted cu tters made ofplate steel, Fig 6.

The piece intended to be screwed must beas possible into a perfect cylinder ; andto reducem inequv

lities that may be left by the turn ing woh there must hemon the cyl inder 8 piece of lead eight or ten inchevlong, whichis to be sewn longitudinally through the middle. Themetalis then to be laid on an even surface or table, and ground inthe direction of its length by one of the leadaee tiom, unt ih it

The cutting now commences. The filmt ier ofe uttersmust

he brought pearly to a sharp edge, w as wmakemther adwpimpression , observ ing that they must he made to cut andnot

toforce, as in this case they will throw up what is termed dfalse thread ; and, if the diameter of the intended screw besmall , may lengthen the rod, and thus not only en large thethread, bu t probably produce a screw of unequal pitch.The second set of cu t ters will l ikely finish othe screwing

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M. Bert randdc Done“ Memoir o n the

by the screw G ; set th

made so revolve, and any N o of elme dM pla

tes bfw gh t W e? 3 if

0

cums cf0

M . J M . M i r na

Agriculture , Scienth e Geological sg

eu ty ofL OEdOD, St e .

It may not be amiss

Fromth e Annals ofthe Society q gn’

culiurr, Sciences,

were a poacd to view ifn a section whieh was replete with imm otion. It was evident thct the animals whose remain s were

place of the tufa and scoring in which they were imbedded ;andthat whatever might have been the cause which had in

over by rencwed torrents of basaltic lava. Hence, a sort of

M date om given to t he es istence n fthese annuals, aswfl as to the yolcanoes with which they we re contemporaneour. The ext raction, however, of the foesil bones Dr Hihha t fomd to he a laborious undertaking, as they lay tmme

alrwdymentioned, wh ich it was not easy to undermine’without such ex t ensive andeven hazardous ex cavations, as it mnot prndent for himto attempt withont permission of the pmprietor ofthe land. Cont ent inging away a few interesting specimens, among wh ich was a

pm't of the osfcmmof an animal of somemgnitude, and a

porfimofboue at tachedto a piece of alaggy hmltfi o which

ib hadmdhmdwhflema fluid smmhe was on ly inten t (particularly as he was obliged to immediately cross the Alps ofIt l l” ) tlmt the fur ther search after the animals thmesotomhedshould he entrustedto some individual residing in this coun

try, who, from the local advantages which he wou ld pmm th e best enabled to prosecm with efiect an investigation,

which was calculated to throw no incons iderable light upon

itself to h is mind. To M. Bertrand -Roux , therefore, (newM . Bertrand de Done,) the very able illustrator of the geologyof the Velay, he addremd himse lf, and not in wain ; as the

Br Hihhert of the Royalflow of lava -which lined

the road fromPuy to Sanges, near the vil lage of Saint-Prin t,

M. Bertrand dcDoue’

sM on Jhe

upon which thisflow repmrd Gn t ifieduwith n rfi

covery so unex pect ed, he sct himaelf to worlt , andehy rthe hdpof thc inhabitant s of a ncighbmu inmhouse mcceededin cfi

engaging c certain qm fitye f thm e but omfly aflfimctnredandmore or less friable.

U pon h is arriva l at L e Puy,DflHibher t didme thef tiénd.ly favour ofcoming to see me ; he showed me these bonet sto

which , with reason, he atmchedmuch value, em ccount of

the rarity offmgmen ts oforgnniz cdbodmheingmnmd in

volcanic rocks. Most of. them were st ill adhcm to thah

W hofi n such a state ofdeterioratiomthat it wou ldhavebecn diflcult to de te rmine themif we had been reducedmithe aole testimw ies of comparative anatomy. It was only byinductions drawn fromtha nge of the gmtt in wh ich they

disin terestedness which characteriz es the

described'

to me the placc where he hadgaged me to visit them, by assuringmerich harvest to be hopedfor.

I hast enedtocovery, though t ,

glectcd. Sowe dIt was not diflicu

portions of skeletons, of teethbones very well pre served.

But before examin ing to

as of the nature andextentbeen found.”

[The authois in this part

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M . Bertrmdde Doue’s Mcmoii- euw

frmn the same village ; while a thii'd, aw yc ed dei-able strean

of hasalt ic'

W ha da cendednearer to the Alhei” ,where,

'“

n

w vefing mcks of gneiQ it has forE cd a sort of platem,

advances towards the sou th as far as new With thedescription, therefore, of th is plateau , as connected wit h thedeposit of the fossi l bones, we shal lnarrative ]

This plateau is formeddmodamlam in large pfismfi c

masses ; it repom flmediawly upon the gneisg and in fiiis

place is'

not covcred ov er. It is evidcntly the remains ol a

flow ofh vmfhe lateral andanterior part l ofwhich have bcen

almost entirelycarfiedawayby the waters. Tracmof it hmheen rluite eifncednpon the left hank, and in order to fiad

tha n again on th is side, we must ascendas far as the bridgenewly erected on the road to le Pwy, M e we may detectthemin the bedof the stream. Bu t hm tfi s fiu t fiow, wh ichI regard as the most ancient, since the plateau of Saint ql

’rivat,

w wli ich it is atmehed, has gneiss for aM e ;—hcre, l aayt hisfirst fiow is coveredover hy a very e x t ensir e bcdof the scorie

of craters in a state of agglutination , (Piper-inc rongcun ,

li t-orig.Brechn coriacée, Nob.) which scpamt es it fromam d

flow,distingu ished by large inflected pri st ine, sometimu coupld

together,above which we still see one or m others, issu ing,

li ke the preceding ones, fromadj acent craters.

mdflaw foM alongwith the hedofm which it cowvertical eacarpment that follows the windinga of t hemfar as Saint -Prin t , andrhe confinuadowof which we obag 'weon the Other side of the vi llage, unti l we l l‘ltive ahove the bw ae

Besqueut, which ia diatan t framit ahon t OM etres.“ Some hones have heen ex tracted in this space of thebedief

the acorim, but in a very smal l number ; the ir principal site

being near this house in a part of the osoarpment which is opo

poé te di e piatmu d SainuPfivmfromwhich it da scpamad

hy a small valley, commonlydry.

At this point , the bedof

above the road ; hut its thickness is momcsnsidamhq or cit

is only at some paces fromthence , that we see issuing frombe low the soi l the first men t ioned flow,

wh ich is that uponwhich itm e. These scorim, wh ich con tain a certain quan.

t ityof crystals of black or greenish pyroxene , have moreoverall the characters of those to which we have given the nameof “

scorise of craters,” from the immense quanti ty of them

which volcan icmou ths hurl i n to the air. The ir blackcolou r isconcealed by an ear thy cemen t, common ly ofa brick- redcolour,rare ly yahow , wh ich 18 in a great measure the product of theirdecomposit ion ; and th is is somet imes so abundan t, that thebreech assumes an earthy or tufaceous aspect . Andwhen , onthe (solita ry, the seorimare early feehly agglut inated, we learn ,

fromthe perfect preservat ion of themost delicate oftheir vesielm, that they have sufl

'

cred no transport , andthat they are

st i ll upon the same place in which they fell .Th is bedis here covered over by a layer fromtwo to four

decimet res thick, ofgrayish volcan ic cinders, wi th fine grain s,feebly ag intinated, above wh ich reposes the second flow, wh ichis about fourmet res th ick. It presents here the same characters d

’

Structure and composit ion that it has exhibi ted abovethe br idge , where we first perceived it . L ast ly, a th ird flow,

the lav a.of which is wel l dist inguished from the lower ones

by a larger quant ity ofgrains ofpyroxene andof peridote , isimmed iate ly super imposed upon it .

It is fromthence , that , in a space of two square me tres,being fromthe higher portion of the bedofW there hu

been ex tracted, by the care of M. Derihier andmysel f, wel lcharacter iz ed remains ofmany an imals belonging to the ordersof cm-

nassiers, ofpachydermata , andofruminant ia .

”

[From the above account it appears, that the order of su

perposition , in tracing the rocks fromabove downwards, is as

Third and last flow ofBamltic L ava.Second flow, four metres th ick .G reyish Volcan ic Cinders two to four decimetres thick.Agglu t inated Sw riaaandTufa one or moremetres th ick, inthe upper layer of which the fossil bones were discovered .

Oldest plateau ofBasaltic lava.

G neiss.

Th is tabular view is give n for the sake of

These remain s consist ofbones almostteeth , the greatest part of whichto their maxil lary bones. Theyany order, lying cross- Wise the

posed to a hor izontal position.

ly fi lled by a reddish cemen t, whicht heirW to wh ich they adhe re.

do not appear to have been in any wthe lavas wh ich covered them. The

meters, with t he except ion ofsome parts ofdo not so readily suffer an encroachmen tcement .”

[The account of these an imals is accompaniedvery wel l executed li thographic represen ta tion: by

specimens thus found, wh ich were an

of the same town to the judgment ofReusseau, assistan t- natural ist of the

anatomy in Paris, the resu l t of thelows —Two molar teeth of the lowerRhinoceros

were con sid

ena of t he caverns, or ofthe l iving spot ted hyena of the Capet ion of other bones were referable to a

nate species ofCerv i, one ofwh ich was ofamagnitude ]

W e see by this enumerat ion, that such aofSain t -Privat as we haVe been able to explore , hasthe debris ofa considerable number of Cerviandages, of

there is no d

tached, and

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284 M Berunndde Done'r Memoir onm

th is place has M a n hu n t ofhym andthat tbe boneamh ichare thus accumulated are the remain s of such as t hey hadgnawed .

The nature ofthe superimposedmateriala again finstmctmin amanner no less sat isfactorily, how these animals have beenburied ; for it is evidenn that

'

it was byan ertmt icn poste riwmthat fromwhich the lavas andscoriz nnderneath have proceed;art . But this event is local andacciden tah b eingrin connect ionwi th causes the action‘

of whieh is onlymanifestedat intecvald,

by which is explained the dest ruct ion ofthis humorous popo list ion belonging to ancien t alluvial lands, of wh ich the speciesfound at SaincPrivat are incontest ibly a pact.

“.It is very likely, on the ot her hand , that at th e t ime offlié

erupt ions which covered these remains wi th fin der s andwithlavas, the carnivorou s an imals, to whomthe accumulat ion s!the bones was due , were not destroyed ; but thagflyingat t lle

approach ofthe fiery currents, they wen t in quest of some newretreats in placesmore or less cont iguous.Thus, the age of themost modern ofonr volcanoes is no

cessarily confounded with t hat in wh ich these races of animalsl ived ; andsince among their spoils, M d on the surface

of the globe, there has not hi therto been found t hose ar eas

own

ing, that consecut ive genera tion s of th em were the only witnesses of the las t conflagrat ions of the Velay.

Neverthe less, the absence ofall ancien t al lu viumabove thelast flows andthe scorifiedmat ters wh ich accompany t hem,fines

not author ize us to infer, that the general disappearance ofthese animals has even an approx imat ive coincidence with theepoch in which ou r volcanoes ceasedto be in action. t low

ish ferruginous sands, muddy or mica'

ceous clays, or beds ofrolledstones, separat e, it is tme , in the basin of L e Pny, u b

pet-iar tert iary or sedimen tary deposit s fromthe basalt s. These

of lava, and with more or less thick beds of volcanicmocciao (bmciolcs volcan iques, Brong) ; bu t they are alwaysw veredover by one mmow flowg or at least are tn be dctew

edon the surface of the soil in only a small number ofpoints,in which it is easy to recogn ise, that the super imposed basalticmasses have been forcibly carried thit her by the wat ers. Allt hese obmvat icn s induce us likewise to regardthese transport sedmater ials as having been exclusively derived fiomsurrounding rocks, and as having been transported and deposited nu

der the waters themselves of this basin. W e cannot thenawardto themthe name of diiuvimn in the sense wh ich wecommon ly at tach to th is word , except to dist inguish themfromnaww

'

am, the result ofactual waters.I have on another occasion (Description geagnostique des

Environs da Pay, p . 188, at mivan tes) explained the phenomena which in the circ le ofL e Puyhave appeared in sum ion

dur ing the volcan ic period, andto which we mus t recur, in hr .

der to include in cur calcu lat ion the format ion of these transportedmaterials. But ifwe nevertheless pet

-fist in wish ing to

consider themas having been caused by the invasion of thesea, which has dispersed the true diluviumover the su rface

of the plains, and caused so great a number of races of ani

mals then ex ist ing to perish , wemust be constrained to admit,th at a very considerable port ion ofthe basal t ic land ts ofa date

poster ior to th is great catastrophe. But 13 th is conclus ion ads

missible aft er the discovery of an tediluvian remains of an ima lsbetween the more recen t volcanic flows i‘ ot' is it not at least oh

l igatory upon us tosuppose, t hat some individuals among themhadescaped dest ruct ion P”

[These are some of the cbnclusions to which the hut hor of

to be stated,'htis arderence to tbe ~argument s which appear in

the course of thedim tatinn ,andwfi ch we have onlywithheld

on accoun t of the ftnterruption which they give to the main nar.

M t the M ution of the iat'

ei-al vsllies oonnected

with the Allier , amongwhich is that ofSainnPfivan is st ill to

this t ime, ev en th e direct ion of the cou rse of the All ier has not

exper ienced any remarkable change. Arguing then, as indeedhe has frequen t ly before done , upon the very remote an t iqui tymv seams , VOL . 11. no. x x . ar e". 1880.

‘r

286 Baron Humboldt ’s View of themidwife M s

of the valleys of the Ve lsy, he coticludes after the fdliowing

There remains, then , somedegree ofinccrtimde in esu hlish.

ing the chronulogtc relations between the epoch in which the

the existence of their remainti is in such corresptmdence withthe facts exposed in the commencement of this memoir , reht ive to the disintegration ei the ll rge basalt ic massesa of thebanks of the Allier, as to induce t ts to thmw far behindhistoric times the epoch in which our volettnoes ceased to be in ac

t ion .

”

[In a no te appended to t he foregoin'

g memoir, ~

s referenceis made to another impormn t discovery of fomil banes in thedistrict of th

'

e Velay. This is due to M . Felix Rohert, an

act i ve nat ural ist of L e Puy. He poin tsdot t t the place dtheir deposit to Dr Hihhert , and it wil l be described by himin a future Number of onr Jour nalj

Ax r . XVI.—Gmcral vi¢w of the Scimt ific researchss recen tlycar fi edon in tt assian Empii

-

e. In adisoourse pmnotmcedat the Extraordinary si t ting of the Imperial Academy ofSciences ofSt Petersburg, held on the 98th November 1mBy Baron At n x a nnna on He n sot n

'r

1r , in this soletnn sssmnhly, vhich evinces so nohle a desire to

hononr t he labours of human intell igence, I ven ture to s olidt

yent indulgeneg it is only to fulfil a duty whieh you have itn

after having trsvelledovsr’

the fteM crsst of the Cowdfllcnuandthe forests of the lower eqninox isl regionsf—when Im mestoredw sgi tstedEmpeg fter h t vfl fi r s W M e enq ed

the calmof nnmrcy and the imposingaspect ofmage fanib'

ty,

W e are to be able to lay before our

discourse of t isdistinguished traveller andpitHos t s w tsvour us th is early with a copyofit. It wasma caw»

tier of the Academy ofSciences.

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288 Baron Humboldt’s View of the Scientific R esearches .

must be acquain tedmith the simultaneous pregvess of.pn cti

gwet domain of scienee 'ongh t to refleet itselfin themdler

wbo wiehes to rise to the levcl of his nge ; and t ht t voyeges

undertaken to ex t’

end the physical knowledge of the globe,

the physiognomy of a given epochg—mdt hat thq'

ongh t tmbethe ex pmssion of tbe state of cnltivation at whieb the scienees

have progressiv ely arrived.In thus tracing the dn ties of thoae whc hm pumed the

same cawer with myself, t nd'

wheoe example has' often ronsed

my ardeur nnder difimlfieK I hnve noticed them ee of thct

small success which your generous indulgence has W e

honour by publicmfi'

rage

the command ofa greot menarcb, andhaving been nesistedbythe talen ts of two phi losophers whose labours Europe appre

cis tes, MM . Ehrenberg and Rose, Imigh t confine myself at

presen t to lay before you'

the homage ofmy warmmt grati tude,-Imight solici t fromhim,

who, though yet yonng, has daredto penetrate in to ancient mysteries, (thememorable sourcesaof

the re ligious and poli tical civil iza tion of G reece ) to lendmehis eloquence, that l migh t ex pressmore wonhily the sen timexmwi th which l sm impressed. But l know, G emIemen, that

eloquence wbich is not in accordsnce with the sincerity of the

heart will not be sufficient in this assembly. You havementrustedin this vast empire with the grent andnohlemmofgiving a gomral impulse to the cultivation of the sciencesand liwramrq to enoourage lshours cofnnectedwith the wmdstate of h umn kw wledgg and to stimulate nnd enlargefi he

powers of the minddn the fieldof the higha mothemfia mdofwmsfid phyfimmdin that of the h istory ofmtions i llas.tratedby tbe monummts of difl

'

eren t ages. Yonr viewsh l vgbemdimctedto the careerwhich is yet to be pnmed; u dthetribute of thanks which l now ofl

'

er your- the onlyone tndmd

take to cont inue faithful to the cultivstion of science, even to

the last hour of a life already advanced,—to ex plommture un

maingly,mdmfouowmthe rouw which yw md your ilina.

Tfi s eommuni tyofaction in the higheu tudiea,—the reeipro

continents, and in the vast extent of t he ocean, haye given a

rapidimpulse .to tbe physical seiences, in t he smnemanner , as af

M amfim to lettcra andtltefinem , whick not

to thc phyeical ondmathematical soiences which have mch a

W W oa mgvm qfimM ry audpubficm c

a’

ty ;—to the aeal of travellers, who, forced to penetrate into

unknown resgiomor to en mine the riches of the soih or to ob,

tain a con ect lmo‘dedge of ite sun-Face. To recount at first a

small part of what hu been done in the year which is about to

m is to render to the Sovereign a tribute which , by its very

W hile in the Oural, the Altai, and the Caspian Ses , the

M M MM .M Ehreuha gmndmyselflwere directed tothe geop osfio consfimfion of the somme relations between itselevations anddepressions indieatedby the barometer ; the vm

lafly thememse of the inclinafiomM of the intw sity ofth e

magnetic forces ;) the inte1ior tempera ture of the globe ; the

state d'

humidity of the atmosphm bymeans of a psychromeM instrument wh ich had never before been employedin a

distan t voyage ; the astmtmmical position of places ;‘tho geo

graphical distribu tion of vegetables, “ of several gmtmes of

M iliti a-male s who smiledat the dangers of the snowy

W ofElbomua andArmt.

Lenngratnh temyself in seeingsafelym edinto the bosomM AW ” h imfromwhomwe have derived themost

valuable notion s on the horary variat ions of the magneticm m,

m the scimeca owe (independen t ofhis ingenious anddel icate researches on crystallography, ) the discovery

290 Baron Humboldt‘s View of the scientific Researches

of the influence of temperature on the in tensityof the dean) .

ofCauessua, where, after the longmigu tiomot’

the human spe

des in the gmt ahipwmckof nafionsmdofih nguagmmdifi ren t races have takmrefuge. W ith th e nsme of thiamler is u sociatedthe laboun ot

‘

a phileesphc whe h s a tmmas the classical eoil d the earliesta ndmoat vena ibh w ee.

botb by the depth and the softness ot’ etemalmov . I amal

most asbamedto woundth emodestyofxa'

M er in add'mg tbat

M . Pamg themveUa ofArmg sustairis in the adences tbe

lustre ofhereditary celebn'

ty.

In the more eastem rogions of an empire, t’or ever illumi

ous by the labours ofmy coun tryman Pallas fpardon t ne, Gen

t lemen , for claiming foe ssia a part of that glm-

y which is

of the Oursl andofKoly‘

van , we have fiillowedthemore ueeentrou tes q M . L edebour, Meyer andBunge, andMM .Hofi

mm andHelmersson . The fine andnumerous F lora ofAltaihas already enriched the botanical establishment of

“ th is

Me

xta], which has risen almost as by enchan tmen t,seal of its dhe ctomto the rank of the first hot snical gardmafofEurope. The learned world expects with im;:at ience the publication of the Flora ofAl tai, ofwhich Dr Bunge h imself“able, in the vicin ity of Z me inogorsk, to show tomy fiiend,Mt

Ehrenberg, some in terest ing product ions. This was,wifimttdoubt , the first t ime that a traveller in Abysénia, in Dou ala,

Sinai, andPalest ine, hadclimbed themountains nfBidderdy,covmdwith perpetual snows.Th e geognost ic descript ion of the southern pfi t of theflufi l

was entrusted to two youngphilosophermMM.Hofl’rnm and

Helmerssou , one ofwhomhsdfirstmade known the woleaneés

of the Sou th Sca. This selecfion was due to an enlightan l

Comte de Cancrin , whose afi ctionate car’

e andpmdent'

acti

vitywill never be forgotten bymycolleagues andnryself. MM.

HelmerssomandHefi’mann , pupils nf th e celehrat edM N

Dorpat , have successfully studied, din ing two years, them

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ass Baron Hmnboldt’s 95 010 q

in to themthe

known. I t is

abn ducyma

‘

fmsgn nnamdinmemten ofwm »

aembly,) the in tellectual ricbes of a nation, the llaboura ofmm

either travel through their counu'y, or in soh tude psepare,by

Iflas we have provedby recen t ex amples, tbe vast e t tent ut

themoon, requires the concurrence ofa great numbcr ofobaerw

m me emu demma afm mn phymdom

speak of that immense scale on wh ich, fromL ivon ia andFin

landto the South Sea which washes Eastern Aaia andRusdan

America, wemay study, withou t going out df the empire, thestrat ificat ion andformat ion of rocks of all .ages,—tho spoils of

marine animals which the ancien t revolutions ofour ph net haveengulphed in the bosomof the earth,—the gigantic bones ot

‘

terrestrial quadrupeds whm congenm are loat , or live only in

the tropical regions. I will not fix the attention of tll is asscmbly on the aid wh ich the geography of plan ts and att itude “science scarcelyyet blocked out,) will some day deriwe fmma

more profound and specific knowledge of the climatmodtstn f

bution oforganiaedbeings, fromthe happyregions of tho (1hersoueeus andof Mingrelia,—from the front iers of Persia M d

N ay hadpossessed in the schoolbril liant epoch of the Arabs, (the first

scrvh ig and in terrogat ing nature by experiment ) the inet tomen ts which belonged t o the grcat age of G alileo, of Huy.

W W W “ ,we shouldhave now known , by compa

rat ive observations, if the heigh t of t he atmosphere, the quant ity ot

'

water which it contains precipitates, andthe meantmperaturc of placea have diminishedsince those times. W e

shou ld have known the secular changes of the electromagnet iccharge ofi our planet , and the modificat ions which my have

nfl volcaflc chmgw mthe mmpmuu e of the diflhren t strata

h om in ahort, the'variations in the level of the ocean, the

in thc equilibriumof its waters, and the relat ive fi'equency of

cerh inw indmdependmg ou the formandconditiou of the sur.

fines of continents. M Ostrogradslry wou ld have submit ted

rise, as he has recen t ly resolved with success one of the most

U nfortunately, in the physical sciences the civil izat ion of

Europe is not of remote date. W e are, as the priests of 8ais

said of the Hellenes, a new people. The nlmmt simul taneous

world, as the telescope,—the thermbmeter , - the barometer,the pendu lum, andthat other instrumen t, themost general and

than thirty lustra. In this confiict of the forces of nature, a

tiona do not wemto go bcyondcertain limits : They csuse the

whole systemto oscillate (at least in the presen t state of things,since the great convu lsions which have buried so many genera,t ions ofplants andanimals,) roundameau state of equilibrium.

Bu t the value of the periodic change is detcrminedwith a de

gree ofprecisioxi proportional to the iuterval which has elapsed

betweeu the ex t reme observations.

It is to scient ific bodies which are renewcdwi thout interrup

societ ies in Europe, in the two Americas; at the southern ex

tremity of Africa, in India, and in that Australasia lately so

mmn wemuu look formguh r obsa vadm wm and

to watch , as it wa e, whatevd is variable in the ccmmyofnaeture ' The illustrious authnr of thc l lm iqaam wtcu ex preasedverbally the same thaugh t in the beaon ofi the

Insnmmwbere adthe hipmness ofn'ttingwith himdl n'ag

resta of scicuce, of lettera,

In this noble communi ty

illustrious society. The

observa -

s with whomyourpoint out at present, and

The art ofnavigatiomthe studyofwhich,Whas assumed (under the direct ion of agrea

‘

t

ar t ofnavigation

out themention ofh is name h—Eu.

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tbr the second, viz, that of Siberia. Whencomparat ive precision ofobservat ionsmade bythe aidof the instruments ofBorda, ofBesselwe may be readily convinced, that Russia, byin the space of twenty years cause the most

at Kasan by the

the periodici ty ofthemagnet ic phenomena.

is not in an academy lilte yours, and underrules the destiny of the empire, that the inv

m m on in the Russian Empire.

in tewstéaefan immediate application tc the wan ts of social lifie ;bmwhen the sdmm without deviating from their noble and

cultmand th e arts of industry, (too exclusively called the use

M i t is the du ty of the natural philosoph er to bring for

ward the relations wh ich exist between the study andthe increaseof territorial weal th .

A coun try wh ich extends over more than 135 degrees of lon

git ude, fromthe happy zone of the olive tree to the climateswh ere the soil is covered only with lichens,may advancemorethan any other the study ofthe atmosphere , the knowledge of

mean annual temperatures, andwhat ismore importan t for thecycie ofvegetation, that of the distr ibut ion of the annual heat

over the difi'

eren t seasons. Add to these data, in order to ob

tain a gcoup offacts in t imate ly connected wi th one another, thevariablc pressure of the m

'

r, and the relation of this pnessure

tropics, tramforma tube filled with mercury in to a kind of

state of the air, and the annual quantity of rain , so importantto be known f

’

or the pnrposes ofagr imlm W hen the varied

inflex ion ef the isothermal lines shall be t raced by accurate va

riat ions, andcon t inued at least during five years in EuropeanRnssia and Siberiu —when they ahall be prolongcd to the

W estern Coasts of Ama im wher-e that ex cellent navigator,

Captain W rmgemwfll sw n rw dmthe science of the distribu

tion of heat at the surface of the globe, andin the strata ac

'l he governmen t of the U n ited States d? Nor th America,

deeplymmrestedmthe progress of poprdnfim andof the va

ficdcglmre ofmefifl plmmhas feln for a long timen he ad

vantages presen tedby the ex tent of its territory, fi'om the At

lmfit he Bocky nwnnmine fromL onisiana andF lorida,Where sugar is cultivated, to the laltes of 0anada. Memorolo.

n ibuwdover a grw number of poinmthe selection of whieh

has been the suhj ect ot‘

discussion, andthe annual rmlta, re

298 Baron Humboldt’s View of the W W

dnmdmamaflnmbu d fignm aa bhfi d by aM d

commi ttee who watch over the nnifiim tyofthe ohaermt immd

Swiss, p. Ibfl e ah u dymm mammohmI have discussed the genml canm on which the difi’mneed

climates in the same h nmda dmndg upon what a gneat ade

this fine ex amplc of the U ifited States mcy ba followedin fi eRussian empire.“ e are fortunately far fromthe epoch when philoaqfim

believcdthat they knew th e climate ofa place wh en tbey h cw

the highest and the lowest temperaturc dnring the year . An

na ethodJonndedon the choice ofhonmandon a la el

with the knowledge re cen tlyacquircdmpact ingthe M eans

of the day, the mon th , and the year, will repM mcient fl

choice of cdm m the p u ibifity d plmfing t hem fie

mulberrynemfirfitm the chesnut or the oah wi ll diu ppu r

in certain provincea ef the empire . To ex tendit tomemoet

ofmany of the young and wall educatedoflicera d'

the Corpt

fi Mineg—upon that ofmedicalmen, animated/ wh is t l ed“

me em wm mm mm mw mt hefi aticai studies creawminsnncnvemet fiir otder maple

edin refhrence to the eaten t of the empire, (ta -m ama

M andths study ot‘

the atmosphere which M at thewtime by the aid of lfi romtstrical measuremen t to a pedhct

h owhdge wme euMgmnmdme gmnd) d L plau

a thirdkindof investigat ion of a more

AM M M M M W fi the M M’

t he “

mms w m mw we n dmm wthe Baltic. m w m mm w wwformore than a centnry, andmehsuredb

‘

y the lahorious omtions of MM . Par iet and Eageiha slgmay be ranked amoag

termihation of themean annnal hafmnetric heigh t of the town

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300 Bacon li t W SW Rm cltea j a

owea the lmofledge to the impor tant work of Baron de May.

In these general viewa, which I submit to ynm .condde

rat ion, G entlemen , I have endeavoured to point on t some of

the advan tages wh ich the physical h iatory of the globe fmayderive thomthe position andex ten t of this empire. I bawa n .

plained the ideas which were deeply impressed upon meebya

sigh t ot the regions wh ich I have visited. It M ea n s

more suitahle to render puhlic honours to thoae, who, |mdathe anapicea ofgovernmen t, have

°

pun nedthe aame career “

myu lflandto draw attention to . what remains to be done forthe progress ofscience and the glory of yonr cmwy, thw w

speall ofmy own efl'

orts, andto condenae in to a narrow spaee the

separate the _line of no variation to the east of L ake BM

fromth e baain of the Caspian ;- of the valleymof Gymn a

the fi'ocen summits ofArarat . At tha c names we inw lum,

lyrevert to that recen t strngfig in which themoderafimof the

civiliz ation ofour ancestors. But it is not within t heae peace.fiil walls that l shoddcelebratethe goryofarma Thaw

smile npon my labours, appem to .me as the geni’

na ofo pa ee.

Edw in-aging. by his en mple, all that is true, gceat , ” (Legg

nerous ; he has heen pleased, from the dawn of liiwwprotect tbe stndy of the sciences which snengM M mdof let ten andthem which adorn the character ofnat iom.

Dr Hibbert owflwH istorymica Germs s aw . em

Aar .XVI I.—AdditiM CoMfi butions tomrds thefl iatmy (ifas W W W M Elk qf l reland.

‘

By S.

Hansen-

r , M .D., F. R . 8, E , 8m Communicat ed by the

th e Comm[ lanya rd of Aldrovandus ; the Irish iFoeail Elk

mechach ; mdt he Cervmfl cgaccros of Mr Hart ofDublin.

A s‘

the na'

me which is firat given to an animal ough t , to be reM neless a sulfident wason can be shown w the eontu ry,a priorityis dne to the appelh timmade use of, byAldrovan

duagwhichffmlthmn well as fmother reamng l shall pemiatW The neme of Corvus gigan teus pmpoeerLby Blumenhach is very

'

obj ect ionable, as it is only the h orns of the

animal which are gigan tic ; mdfor this reaaomthe tenn Ms

games, which chaa been used byfl r l iarg iamme n ppropriatq if it w uldbe pmvedthat the fiol llt of Irelandj s the

onlyz ltnown Corvus possessing horns of large dimensions,which I have some reason to doubt. The or iginal name of

most chM eristicM re’of this animal, wh ich is the memar

liable width of itawood.

In'

t his'

lpaper, i t is my intention to give n condensed v iewofiwhat isa ctmlly knownf relative to the histw yofithq rvua

Erm a , including ova l what is? less determined, in .oon

w specfing hM as a very late inhahitant of the wilds and

morasaea of the temperate r egiona of Europe ; my remarksbeing intehdedto serve as a aort d appendix to the geological

the laat ser iemOfi the Edinbmgh d of sm ma t the

become ex tmct . At the same time, I ough t to observe, that

imappearmce,'

wfi tten by Mr Hart of Dublin, who, froma very difi

’erent wfies of fm advoeatedsimilac views. This

methoimwhich l didnot see un til somemqnths aftemmypapernew se ams. VOL . u . no. n . a rau. 1830. u

309 Dr Hibbmoa ths flmw efi wmEw a n ,

was printed, con taina one of the beat anatomical accounts of

W hat is know- or unknown “ sanding this anin al l shall

now aumup smdwdiatiw tm1. M Cerm Eurycerw w fi emummyofmch w findM dW mficM .

W BMW M W HV~

mmflw mmmm

M aia M a t he w of stew s:

th ir afaian l at PW altdn inM But aince the Fmil Ger-rusof i relaadandtbe lale ofi hfan waa proved to har e e x iaedat

a vc ymmt he geologimot the Dfluvim Schml han

in widch he waa u igindlyiph u i to the very highmflu

v ial bedoe De la Beehe’

s late omder op erpoait im. But

that di ia u mm l is j uadfiahlq may be va yfainly doubted. Iammher of opinion that he ough t to again deamdmhitoldmociaM t he elephmt md the h ippopotamng or that

M omwmm a atw lngha mh andon thia pdm

t hat, in excavat ing the canal of Qumq, near Sara n, in fi e

forest of Bondi, the remaina of this Oen uam foundpre

eisely in the seme plaoa aa the hw ea of elepha‘“ On a

mnvé dana lu b nih es dn canal de l'

fluroq, pdadc 8evm,

dana la fort t dam ash: lieuea de l’arig préeiaén a t an

mem endmit que icons d’

e lephana, nnem aupét icurede

t out ce qui.en reate, pamisaent reaembler au oer£ h boia gigan

mg t hat t he Cm mryca -mor l riah elh so far fimmhetnga recw t npetm pommr of the aoil of Bum iamadedatodiapute du

ia genedagical distinct ion with all such suppnn drfa

M W M W J M W M M W

Rhinoceros, the Elaan otherium, the Trogontherinm, theMe

M dm the flegalonyx nhe Tiger , the Hyena, or th e Hip

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304 Dr Hibbcrt on the History oftbc'Ccrmu Euryceroa,

dras ; while 'hia equally painfu l researches, as s cosmop apher,

In the volnme beforeus sketchea of thecchiet'

tpwns of/Eu

ropem iNa spuwddongwithmaps d hs prminmmdgw

Nor is he leaa to he commendedfor the informatipn which “gives of the natural productionapf the conn tries he deaa fihea

Several of the animals which he haa represented, are duwn

with a very laudable ex actnesa and it is only in such of the

h is narratives partske ofthepopular fableaofthetimea inwhichhe lived: Hence, while speaking of the inta ior ofAfricaflrehasdescribed, though with lit t le confidence, thcmen whomwgreat bard baacanaedOt hello to descent upon,

Dogrow hcncath their diouldeu ;

an tl" in givinga pictureof the remoter tracts of Swth nd, be

Bu t ifan object ion lie against th e evidence ofMuns ter wi th

ma ss es -mm that theron s ”m ason: whatever t hat them in habitant the w ildii n rmarshes ot'

Prussia, he adds, “ Im mann re s u rssnmn h om er

r in sfsmmu . n o at a re ns rwri to rom tu r n, a s wa r.

li s ten : asmm “ mh M in u tes .

”A wooc ut se

ewes . M m md icswmmm number

or Fossil as qf‘

l rdtmd.

ofthe j am-ml, (See Plat e III. Fig, 9;) upon preciselydie same

presentation of th is cervus is very'briefl It may be given in

habmtque magn itudinemasini nu t mediocr is equi. U ngulmej ns dicunt h r prodem his qui caduco laborant morboget pellisest tamdura, ut nec confodi n

eque dissecat i posait . Garmejmdicitur esse ex nobiliori venatione. Colon au temsubrufiis en ,

non nizhil n igricans, habetque albicantia cram. Pigm‘ew buj us

This imiml l Munster compmes with other Cervi, hw w he

afterwards tt anslafied his rk into the'

G erman language, I

a posthumous publicat ion, part icularly as a few slight alterat ions oceur in the text of the latter, wlrich W y lie we ll to

o,In the pal

-t ot the volume whereinment ion iamade ofi this

which are to be found in Prussia. But when he comes to thet r ibe of the Cervi , he is ev identlymucb puz ala l in reconmlingth e different descript ions 'of themwh ich were published underas manydifi

'erent names: Commencing therefore with a tame

animal of this genus, he obm'

ves :‘fTh is land produces also

Bison te s, some G ermans cal l themDam or Damthiar, that

sumpt mat mey ham longmm'

d that tbe males hn e

horns 'at Augsburg amohg the ruminants, but they saymheyThia edition eontains in otiier par ts of the wotk verynninm md

M M m ofwmwm em 'Mym copy is nnfi rt nmtely impw cg so that l cm ot spéak pweinsly to iu

fromthe eating- rocmcf nmisemble inn , where it wu destined to the useoflight ing the pipel os rman smokersp—numerommnfilatedremfi s

ofbtba remedanddefuw mmmlythgmwedabousmthe bombf

noble animak colleetedfor theme oflvile hyems in onc of nr nnddl ndfi

fromwh ich I rmuedhimwith the lossonly of h is title-page.

m6 Dr Hibbert on t Hictovy af t/u Corvus ymoc,

are Elks’

ham.

” This same animal was pmbfl y notluugmmmmthe cmmm wdeu ,me hm offl ich, ia fie

prier Latin edition of the CW see n idto hm beme x ported fromEngland to Higher Germany.AM M finow-desrmmmusdm m m

h is nent atten tion to the cervus, whose hom preeinelymbla these of the fod ElkofIreland. The eccoun t hs elu edybeen given in themig

'

nd L ntitu fromwhich the G eman vu

“ (d wh ich the following is a trnndntiog ) lit tle df en .“ For thu land,

”he obu rves,

“

posaeases animah caliedm,

(M ) sndthese are as ln ge u an u s, or nmiddwhon e. Their hoofs ere goodfor the fnlling sickael q sndthe

skin is so bard that one cannot cut or steb thra ngk it . This

clining to bleck,md the lower perts of its legn are wh itish

that in the earlier , the animal is describedin theletter ofa becw

'

nish colour ; sndthat

the w thm states thnt he had the animalmi nim .

u more abundan t. But his queriea, w

solved, wm answered by e description of

thdr h ckg andwhen one lsys eny thingl

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those of the female. The

the observations os ron

serves, Q uan t aux bois,

cet te espece

des bois.” And to this opin ion , that .horns, after the manner of the reindeer ,for the fol lowing reason . He has observ

present differences in si ze and st rengthbe dependen t on difl

’erences of age ; for

much .more concave andmore ex panded than in thosemf theformer ; andon coniparing a single hos

-

n ofeech of thwmcimene together, that be longingother by near ly a six th in the 1

th ird in the breadth ; it is not therefore unlikely that the animal whose horns were larger and

Munster has est ima

much too h igh , witas his horns. His true heighlatedat abou t five feet to theofDublin is wholly free from

to say. The heigh t ofM'm.meMpper ex tremity of the-doe;

sal spine , has been given at six feet six inches. He cen ainlyappears in the portrai t published of himto be at his ntmoststretch. Judging also from the siz e ot

'

tbe creniumof the

animal, we are scarcelywarranbedin conceifingofhimas eith er

heing ao tall or so long as he is th us nepresénted. Cuvier on

this subject says, Il fau t remarquer qué la téte fossils na

suivpit pas pour la grandeur la monstreuse proport ion de'

son

bois : nu cont raire, les plus grandes tetes fossiles soot pluscourtes que des tétes ordinaires d

’

élan .

”

(038mm: Fender,vol. i v. p.Mu nster next speaks of the animal as possessi0g a figurewhich is every th ing but wel l proport ioned, aspers ing it underthe termfigwmdqformata. He is certainly represen ted inthe sketch as M ug a heavy, bulky trurilt , lit t le calcu

latedfor motims of celerity, W ith a‘

small head, and such im~

mensew as tomake his body appear compan t ively short ;which descr iption so we ll corresponds with the Cervi ment ionedby G iraldus Cambrensis as exist ing in Ire land duringthe 12th cen t ury, that It is impossible to resist the test imony,that he is actu

ally describing themin their liv ing'state. Ger- u

vos pm: n imia pinguedineminus fugere pre valentes, quan

toqueminores sun t. corporis quan t itate, pre cellentius efi'

erun

tur capitis et cornuumdignitate.

”

t iced, relates to the animal’

s skin andhair. The sinn is aaid

to be so hardo

as to he eut through or stabbedwith difi culty.

The hair 18 describedas of a reddish or brown colour, inoliaing to black ; the lower parts of the legs being wh it ish. But

themost remarkable trait in Munster’

s de lineat ion oflthe a tri

mala is the cimumstance of the neck and lneast beiingde- i

fended by such long shaggy hair as truly adds to theirfigm'a

dcj impm. This singular appendsge of long hair, by whieh

t hey are dist ingu ished fromalmost every other Corvus, givéssome weigh t to the conject ure of the Coun tess ofMoira, who,upon the occasion of a human body being discovered in a

gravel bedof Ireland under e leven feet of pest , wh ich owedits comple te preservat ion to being soaked in bog water,ceived that the u t ique garmen t of hair with which it was

810 Dr Hibbert a t the Historyorbi t Germ Eur-

yams,

M m th volmn d the l n hmbgb flfifl m)Such is thc aoconnt given by u umtcr of the animal’s gu n

ed fommdfigm fiomwhiohgmrden mm'hat we ltnow

te ch- a t . It mighg pafiaps he obj eoted, that th e hmunden of hfinnstcr

’B Eerwns do-oot pvoj ect suddendydown

w oven- them Ba l helieve it will be foundfi hat

M em nmonlym ud in oagmidesmthis n speot mongW r ol thio one c ea bne that fl em not iomof

this appearance are conveyed according to the posit ion in

whid the ha die dm n. In fi e pren nt h smeg the hrov

” m u m ble thow whieh m engmwd in the

m m ufier’s On emm Fon lIa , Plste 7. QplOQ Fig. i l t ought also to be recollect ed, that this antler

hn beeo k undto difler in dih rent hmvidu k mm e an

pomnt respeets. Thuq it hu heen seen vo divide itself into

two or thm pointg or to show no diwision ol thi kindat all.

But it m fi bemfdr to cfifidmwith mo much minnteam endm ity, a drawing, acoompaniedwith adh cription,made nearly three hundredyears agofluring the very inh ncyofienr knowledge of natural history, andat a tinmwhen the

ext inct , andthis forhearance is themore demandedas mact

ofj nm in a cu e where the essen tial andpermu ent chan c

M at the formo andfigure of the anhnal appear mbeM amb a degn e of accuracyandfidelityfi s to

‘

render

w h podbk that we should oonfoundthemwith those ofanyotha rm of Cervi then h own to be in ex istenoe. If, how

even nme sligh t discrepancies shouldbe insistedupon, Pamquite willingthnt Munstefi Oervmhe consideredas am ietyonly of the Cmmemyasm, or Fol 1k ofIreland, anslo

gu is to suchm iet ies as we findin the hrecdofhm ofdogs,(£ 5013 ,d or of hares.

‘

But l now procoedto nodce other circnmstances connectedwimtb mmu l flstqryofwem mw m,mfiisfil elk

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812 Dr Hibbert on the History of the Corvus Emyceror,

with in their range . The same writer also cornect ly remm'lts,that the lateral expansion of the ahorns is such, than should

occasion requ ire the an imal to use thw imhir ddencey theirextreme t ips would easily reach beyond the remotest par ts of

6. W Cm y/cm was lhemcimt inhabitan t of

It is doubtful if this animal dwel t far ther north ou tbe Cont inen t ofEurope than the coun try south of the Bdltic, wherehis place began to be supplied by the CM sires or Nor

wegian Elk. In Prussia, according to the test imony of

Munster, both th ese animals occurred ; th e habitat of the

more northern animal commencing where the other was ceasing.

-

W hether the Br it ish Islands were ever to beregardedas a similar join t habitat is doubtful . A soli tary re lic of the

Camus s lot s is said to have been found in the Isle ofM an,’

bu t as I could not learn, after much inquiry, that remains ofthe true

'Cehms aloe: had been either before or since found

in the Island, the rel ics in question, supposing that theyhavebeen accurately described, appear to be rather referable to

acciden tal circumstances. It is well known, for instance, thatin a very ear ly per iod theNorthern V ikingr, who,

whomthey invaded the irsionally brough t over theamong themthe Northern Elk, wh ich,Olaus Magnus, was domesticated and

Northmen as a beast of burden . W e h ave,

cal as well nae ther proofs to show, that certainat presen t exist ing in other early Norwegian

Tin’

s scceun t l pehlishedon the au thorityM- h M a ra pect—a

able suigeen and residmt et‘ Douglas, who h imself saw a pertim'of the

hm mdwnoeivsdit w resemble tbe yoodof the NomegianElb withwhich he was fimiliar, froma qwcimen of the ssme being in h iq eses

sion. Bu t on my visiting the ialandaflerwu ds, th eh orns, whatever theywere, which Mr Burman ffledin procu t ing, hadca t l inly fied; nor conidI obtain any n tisfactory account of themmsmch fossil rimm in g?nen lmrreptitioW ydispoecdof, to obviate th e psrameunt fleinn of peosession wh ich were set up for themby the superior of th emil. h

or Fou i'

l EIk of Irdond.

uBut ift he babimt d the Ga v m m h oundedw

the north nf. Europe by othe i Bult ic, I believe thu ivwemmbu linnt eqh en th e seuth ; for itf is overy doubtful to tneéwbea

sou th of the Alps. The horns referred to him, saidgto havebeen fishedout of the of which I a sltetch madefor me at Tudmare those of some species ofCervus,apparent ly undescribed. Brocch i s l igenic remains found in the north of

resemble the ancient moose-deer of Ireland, demands a re -eita

minat ion , andun til this is done, I must regardthe CorvusW as having inhabited such temperate regions of Europe as lie between the Baltic and the Alps, wh ile h is clnefabode was in th e Brit ish islands, andpart icularly in Ireland.

7. Tu mm which kdto the Ewfincfion mEm-opoof tlw

raced tM Ceriaw Eurycemr werc various, while flash -action

Some ofthese causes, though theymust be necessar ily ob

scure, Ishall endeavour to investigate.The first of these causes of ext inct ion was owing to the

Corvus W m being an object of th e chaos .

This came of gradual ex tinct ion may be traced for a longperiod of time. Mr Hart has rela ted, that in a r

’

ib ofdie an i

mal presen tedby Archdeacon Maunsel l to the Royal DublinSociety, he discovered

‘

an oval open ing near its lowest edge, thelongdiame ter of wh ich was parallel to the length of the

‘

rib, its

margin being depressed on the ou ter and raised on'

the innersurface, round which there was an irregu lar effusion ofcallus.This opening,

”adds Mr Hart , was evident ly produced by

a sharp poin ted instrument whi ch did not penetrate sodeep asthe annual’s death, but which fixed in thefor wme kngmofdmm w ; in fact , such an

efi'

ect as wou ldbemodumbyt be h eadof. an arrow remain,

ing in a wound'afier the shaft vmsMr Wh ittaker hm afled that the fossil Cerv es of Iceland andother places, acquired among ancient British h unters

Sl t Dr Hibbei-t on th w w w Emyceror,

the fi th n k wh ich he hu found in an Ifidi gloat-y a»

signifynot only an om, but a deer of the moosem Profes

m G oldM aga’

n suppi-er, M this flmmm knov n to

G ermmhmteu ol the oldel time under tbe name ofi the'

Sah ib ; u dhe quweo the h au ofmmdmt pom imv hieh

aM M k mdemfi y aM mdkmmma

mu ch n hM a och im anem-u cmdam aa

Smchu Umviae nndeinen grhnmen Schdch .‘

In Munster’

s t ime, we are informedhy himin the Gammaedit ion ofhis work, that the animal was esteemedgoodgame foreat ing ; but in th e L atin copyhe has laudedthe venationmo?strongly. Caro ej us dicitur ease ex nohfliori v enatioae :adding, that the booth were in estimtion for medicinal pubposes, being good for the falling sickness.

Regarding themode in which the an imal was hun ted and

diq iatehed, we have little or no informat ion. W a should he

hdtomspecg byme wmgfimm SchM that hem oon

that his skin was with difficulty cut through or stabbed. Mr

Hart has supposed that the Irish wolf dog was his naturalenemy : bu t M r Wh ittaker is rather incl ined to confine thefierce andflee t talents of th is individual to the pursuit of thereddeer ; fixing at the same t ime upon a huge L ancashiredog, formerly known under the name of the r ubbleW as

the ancient antagonist of the Brit ish moose deercf His argu

ments are founded upon the supposed slowness of themodemof the Cervus, andth e corresponding slowness ofhis pursuer ;upon the great bulk of the game, and the corresponding size

of the chacing foe ; upon the fierceness of the English moondeer, and the proport ionable strength of jaws man ifested by

.

the Kibble hound. The formidable armoury,”says this

author, which the segh carried about himin h is branchingant lers, required the segh -dog to be at onoe animatedwith a

I hm not hsdmoppwmn itywhfie wfi ting this psper ofcmmthem k om fessor G oldfn- alludodm;mmm armmt imto Mr James W ih on, in h is M M MM HM ,

&

The breedis, l believe, lost~ l t is celehn tedhy the poet Drayton.

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316 Dr Hibhert on the Hietm-

y qfflw Cémus Em ,

G ord’mn, irhioh e x isted in the house of 0neus Pompeias

“ G ordiani sylva memorabilia picta in doino rost rata Cn.

cervi palmat i ducen timix tis Britannia.”

In reierence to this quota t ion, I was lately ratha anxious

in t he in terior of the houses of Pimpen, a rept'esen

prevai ling in many other represen tations of indiv iduals as thisgenus. I think I was more successful in an ancien t sculpturod monumen t, ofwh ich aI remiu

'

nedat Rome.Fromthe exhibition of the

sembling the stag inthe fallow.deer in t hein size, andin othertr ibe of Ew e. Th

'

racter under wh ich Oppianedof known Cervi , he wasunder the apprOpriate t itle

Mr Bii tchardon the Aba -mtion ofa Diamoud'Lm 817

having contributed to the es t imat ion of th is raceof Cervi, isone that is su‘ict ly geological. I t is the gradual olilitera.

t ion of the ancient pools andlakes, to the sWM py ban ks of

wh ich they originally resorted. Most of these, b'

ydin t of theconstant operat ion ofatmospheric agents afiecting the disinte

gration ofrocks, combined with other , yet subordinate, causes,have, by the transpor ted materials of rivers, been gradual lyfilled up, so as to at length present a surface well adapted to theuse andabode ofman andwhen ou r Cervus was even tuallydeprived of the cove rt ofmorasses andth ickets, he became themore easy prey ofhis natural enemies, whether of the humanrace or of the lower anima ls. According to this view, then,which I hav e amply illustrated ma former essay, the d imiant ion . or ex duct ion of this very interest ing race of Cervi haskept pace with the obliterat ion of ancien t lakes, and the

drainage of ancien t marshes.

I have at length concludedmy history of the CW w ryceroa. But, as the validi ty of a favourite geological theory hasbeen involved in it, I wou ld merely h in t , that the object of thepresent memoir was not to determine a quest ion of th is nature,bu t one of zoological history. For the valuable services whichDr Buckland has rendered to geological science, I con t inue toen ter tain the same '

respect wh ich I have always done ; andIeven agree with h im, that illustrat ions of the Mosaic test imonyare to be expected from the study of the actual appearancesofnature . But with this general admission I would pausethe presen t essay will perhaps convey the informat ion, that suchillustrat ionsmust be sough t for amidst ph enomena total ly dififeren t fromthose, which geological commen tators on the holywrit have en tangled in the articles of their creed .

Ar r .XVIII—Inves tigation of the Spheri cal Aberration of aDimondLens . ByMr An nunw Pen m an ,

Hon . Mem.

Soc.Arts, Scot . 8m. Communicated by C.B . G oamo, M .D.

As the super ior dist inctness and efficacy of a diamond lensdoes not yet seem to be sufi cien tly appreciated by the public

new scams, von. 11. no. 11. u n i t . 1880: x

at large, owing nodoubt to the wan t ofa

in spherical aberrat ion with that ofgin s

of lower refract ive power, I have in the

voured to demonstrate in a famil iar and tangiblereal longitudinal aberrat ion .

Plate I I I. Fig. 8, represen ts a sect ion of two

They are both convexo-plane. The upper one Dof a diamomd lens of the sameapert ure wi th the lower one G ,

glass. F is the

rays : dandgthe space F d, wilmond lens, andgi llustration will, Ithe eyes ofavailed myself of the work ofM r Coddingtonspherical aberrat ion accord ing to an expressionin page 93 ofhis wor

l

k, which is as follows :(n 1)

a? (it l )i

n’

If we assume the refract ive index ofdiamondas a mean, (it ascends as h igh as

mula, executed in numerical computat ion,1

2, 5 ) (a, 5

nearly, or about ; of i ts own th ickness,that the aberration ofa glass lens of thesame posi t ion , is 3of its own th ickness.ofa d iamond lens will be considerablyone of the same power and aperture,compu te themrespectively ; andi t willproport ions given in the geometrical ildiamond 25 5 , while the th ickness of

In th e consu'uction of th e figure l hsve

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awake ; indeedher fingers were in active motion

mirror the figtn'c of a near relative, (at tbe time

gid. The dress was decidedly a ahroud, “ Mrs 4 - re.

markedeven the punctu redpat tern usuallyworltedin a pecu.

liar manner round the edges of that garmen t.Mrs - dcscribes herself aa aensible of a feeling lilre

what we conceiwe of fascination , compelling her for a t iine to

gase on thismeh ncholy appadt iomwhich was as dist inct snd

vividas any refleciedreality could be ; the ligh t of the candleson the dren ing‘ table appearing to sh ine fully npon it . Aftera fewminutes .she t urnednoundto look for the reality of the

formover her shoulder. It was not however visible ; and

Coupled with the previous il lusions I related to you; thislu t apparition becomesmore interesting than it wouldbe alone.In the first place, i tsmelancholy, and indeed horrible character , dist inguishes it fromthe othe rs, but brings it st ill n earer tothe iordinary stories of supernatural visi tat ion. At the Bank:

t ime, the possible cont inuance of such spectral appearances ish igh ly disagreeable, however firm the lady's nerves, and how.

ever sound her ph ilosophy .

2. Themind in thia case seems not so have hnd the remoteninfluence in raising or dissipat ing the illusion.Mrs is convinced there was no train of thought pre

viously pau ing thmngh her mind , like ly to have the oligh ta t

dealy saw with all the dist inctness ofrea l ity.

3. The forma illusionsmight be supposed Man ch u -mica,

the same shape andcharacter in which they hadbeen perce ivedby andstored up in themind. But in th is last case, there isa new combinat ion of ideas, which never entered the mind inconnec t ion .

Notice respecting Mr Cuti iber t’a E llip tic Metals, (3-0. 321

The union of the well ltnown features with the shrowdmnsthave been a pure efl’ort . of or

,ereation of the mind. There

seems, therefore, no room why, under the same di sposit ion of

the ner vous system, anymonstnous creations of the faculty wcca ll imaginat ion, might not be pmducedto the eyes andot her

senses, indeed, with all the qual it ies that const itute real ity, e xcept their enduranw , though this should hard ly be excepted,since thsre can be no neason why the appearancesmay notmdure, by a cont inuance of the cond it ions, for days e r imohths.I need lnwdly say that the relative whose ghost was

‘seen after

so diamala fashion , was at the t ime in perfect health. Had it

or death, as has no doubt frequen tly happened in other instances, our ph ilosophy would have hadto stand a severe tr ial.

fi rW ingMacs-w eapon. Communicated by a Correspond

ent .

M s J. Cnmsanr has succeeded in obtain ing perfect el lipticfigures for meta ls h aving an aperture equal to their siderealfocus or 5 49. The process by wh ich he efi

'

ects th is ismilar to that by wh ich he obtains t ru ly hyperbolic figures forthe mirrors of smal l G regorian telescopes, of only five inchesfocu s and three inches of aper ture . Many artists have at

tempted to figure sma ll metals having an apertu re equal totheir focus, but the true curve is so perfectly artificial, thatthey have h ither to been tota lly unable to at tain it. It remainedfor the unique and peculiar talen t of Mr Cuthbert , to ac

complish this inmetals ofhalf an inch focus, andhalf an inchofaperture, andW henthe ofan inch foot-i s, andthree -tenths

of an inch ofaperture - vcombinedwith an exce l len t pol ish.

When the scale ofoperation is so very contracted, we leave

it to those acquain ted wi th such mat ters to determine howsmal l an error must inevitably dest roy the figure of suchminu temirrors.Thesemetals are adapted to the Amician mtadiopt ric eh

gismpe, (the perfect ion of wh ich they consummate, ) by meansofplammirrors ofvoy cmall diammn wh o m -parent al)

Dr Knox’s Theory ofHermaphrodicm.

j ects are v iewed, lmt opaqne ones ai‘e observed byoperat ion of the unassisted e ll ipt icThe effect of th is instrumen t, so const i tuted as to

pmol’

obj ects, wh ich, so far as we

ofobjects are brough t out , wh ich havet ion of other inst ruments. W e shall ,give the part iculars of th is grand and

wh ich seems to surpass every thing yet

clumsy and

Aar . XXL—An out line ofDr Kaox’s theory

Par t I.—Theor_yof the gener ative argam,

gans resembled themale, andvice vma,

the same organs, on ly difl'

eren tlydevelopedwha t they were in the oth er .

In man it was said that the organswoman in ternal ; for in man the u terus

con ta in theovaries, n ow become test icles.

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Tomake th is exp lanat ion int e lligible, we must fi rst deter

mine what aremale andwhat female organs ; for in th e normnlstate certain male organs are always developed to a certain

extent in the female , and certain female organs in th e male.Thus, in woman the cl itoris is an organ essen t ial lymale, andinman the mamm are organs essen t ial ly female.The essen t ially male organs are the test icles, the w as: de

fermfia, the vesiculcz ssminales, the prostate, Cowper’

s glands,andthe penis.The essen t ially female organs are the ovaries, the Fallopian

tubes, the ut erus, the round ligaments of the uterus. the va

gina, andthe mamma .

If a greater or less number of the above kinds of organs beco ex isten t in the same individual , however analogous t heymay be , they cannot be said to be fundamen tally ident ical ;yet there must be some germou t ofwh ich the superfluous organs have been formed.The most rational opinion is, that the type of the genital

organs is, as has beenmentioned, hermaph rod it ical, that ia, theyat first commehend the elements of bothThe cause of hermaphrodism is thus explained in a cleard easy way.

The e lemen ts of bot h sexes being presen t , eithert he one

or the other, according to the regu lar coume of develop ment ,wil l come to perfect ion , thus const itut ing the male ser if themale organs are perfected, and the female sex if the m

Cases may happen anddo happen in which bot h sets'ofora

gans are developed to a certain exten t ! W hat has bcenmid‘ In snch casesAhe two setsoforgaas hsve not u yet been ohsen edto he

so fullydevelopedas to be fit fiir the permrmance ofboth male sndk malofimctlnns. Thin like the sterilityofhybridsfis probahlydependent onsqmedcep law of the organlzation. Yet in the case describedbyMr Thomu ,

and that examined by Dr Knox, there was nothing in the anatoniié'

alstructure which oould have w mwdommd orgmmme mmmmperfimung thdr fimet ions ; nay, the propensities shown by the animsl

Dr Knox’s M y QfHermaphrodlmn

above shows ,

posed, to the

fen -lemma “ ; mmbmw the simultaneous dcvclope.men t of two se ts of elemen ts oforgans,male andfemale, whichco-ex ist , but which in the norma l condit ion of the organsonly singly developed.

w y cormmction, to tkc rcap irM y orgms ; - themyqfthc rcap iratovym’

gam, rhowiftg themtoba at oncc puL

As in some animals both the male and female organs are

foundtogether, so also do we findin some animals two struc

one afie r the other , as in the tadpole.

It is hard to conceive how, if these two organs were ident i“ L .” ismppowd, theycouldexist at the same t ime in one iadiv idual, which they assured ly do in the Pro teus and Syren.

Here the principles, on which hermaphrodismhas been ex .

PM may be applied, and we may therefore say, that the

typa qf tbc rcq iram'

y orgmw ir da tbls s ifi c botfi puhnonaryaudbraachial ; W 'M ymw g

‘m mflm

Fromth is it fol lows, that lungs andgi lls, although analo

gous, are not iden t ical organs, and tha t they can no more bechanged into each other, than male in to fema le organs.

which have never been exact ly determined these are the boneswh ich support the gills, called by some M e nd by othershyoid bones . L ungs andgil ls are analogous, bu t not ident icalorgans, the e lements out ofwhich the gi lls are formed, are notthe same as those ou t ofwh ich the lungs are ; therefore, whenwe ana lyze the st ructure of the gills, and find the branchiala ches, we say th at they are organ s belonging essentially

‘

to

which m the rnlzjgct of'

ee amrm whanwmmw yin awof the probabilityof this.

are Mr Forbes’s pw Notice: q s ay (y'NapIa .

the gills . But as the type of tbe respiratory organs is bothlungs andgills, we must ex pect to meet , in some of those inwhich th e lungs onlyare developed, with elements more or lersm kablg of the gills. Now suebare the hyoidbonu , whieh

are in truth the hranchial arehes.

umem mwm,m ,w mmW 'w f M orew wbs n ufimamq’

tediluvian world: theyar emmoudtobc tlu rudin ada y

may we not ex plain the ex istenee of certain myeteriommgansfound in an imals, such as the supm enal cepsulee, thymusgland, & c. wh ich, as far as we know. have no funcu

'

ou either

in the embryo or adu lt state, by supposing t hat they are theundeve loped elemen ts of the type of a peculm stmct ure whichex istedin the t the an tediluvian world ; for we mayinfer from the peculiari t ies of the skeleton of those min ds,andmore part icularly.of the 8auria, that there hadbeen peculiarities in the soft part s to fit themto live on tbe eart h

’

s sur

face, wh ich, in all probabili ty, was differen t at that t ime fromWhat it is now. T. W. J.

Ar r . XXIIF - l fical Notices of tits q n apla . ByJm s D. Forums, Esq. Communicated by the Author.

No. VIL—Ou themm of Prw ida and1mTumPinchyta umt iemit durumque w hile

Emi t .

My last paper brought the reader to thq io di Miseno,which terminates the cont in uous stretch to the west ward of

the shore of the BayofNaples. It is, bov eva'

, vir tually prolonged by the two islands ofwh ich 1propose new to give some

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fence to the bay. From the poin t on wh ichplaced, there is a magnificent view of the who]Bay of Naples and that of G ae ta, -a view in

higher point s, such as the Camaldoli di Napoli,of the Island of Isch ia.

The nort h side of Procida is onlyhow the poin t of Misenum, and the

spending cocks has been remar ked byOn the sou th side Breislak thought hethe or iginal crater of project ion inwhich is at a short d istance from

merely by a low bridge of some length.poin t unden iably to some species of j

No. V i l a—Jelomk 99W and'

lrczh’

aa

cm t of l taly andthe islandof l sehia, es a glnnee at any tole

I can M ceive noth ingmore perfi ctly beaut iful than the

especially if under the enchant imnt of an l talian sunset .

There i s j ust that degree of symmet ry in i ts str ucturewhichis requisite wi thou t formality, and sufficient ruggedness to

relieve the surpu sirg verdure with which nat ure has clothedthe greatm

'

pert of'

the island. l’

l‘

he peculiar structu re of

the volcanic mass has given a peaked character to ahnost

gmding nat ure of the roil, the lapse ofcenmries, and the nc

t ion ef the waves and of earthqnakes, have prevented anything montaonous in the general configuration , andthe whole

meo,'

which const ituting, in fact , almost the whole of Ischia,

The ent ire surface ol’

the islandis so comple tely int ersectedwith ruggeddefla andbesti ewd with shiveredcrags of roclt ,the workmdoubt of thcu gréu handg which , according to

t radition , have here so often desolatedthe face ofnature, that

see'

nor vehicles of any kindex ist ; andasses (or ciuci, as inthe debareddialect of this island they are called,) form the

onlymode of conveynnce. Yet , generdly speaking, over so

mugh a foundadomnature has lavishedt he charms ofverduretc a degree seldoni met with even in l taly, and theremigh t befound many a sequesmred picture of retirement and naturallux uriance, upon which the eye of t he t rave ller , returned to

m gh to finrh ex cept within themcincts of this favoured

t ioi ied as the seat of the castle of l schia, andmany ahmpt

cut'

for copse, clot he almost every rising ground , some barecragh arite in the int erior of the island, andsome lava cm'

rents

of unbending ster ili ty, break the M slopes of the hi lls ;wh ile the rich mass of br ushwood wh ich wraps the enormou s

fianlxs op omeo to a great height abovewarped summit magnificent ly insulated to

blanched into a grayish wh ite hue, by'

tht nries. Pret ty extensive vineyards are ivoted, but such is the profusion of rockythe north side of the island, thatground , which is butorder to dispose of the stones, walls are

great numbers and of immense heigh t,rugged lanes between, which give the co

appearance. The general view froma

fort unately not much spoi lt by these

that any attempt to remohave, fromthe soft nature of the rock , beeninto wine ce llars.The circumference of the l slandofIschia

edge is eigh teen miles, its length fromwes tandits breadth fromnorth to south three.

of Ischia, andpmperly cal led Ctains 4000 souls, and the ent ire

who l ive almost en t irelyvineyards. ‘ Foria is the next

are very straggling. Most of these are

a good deal offishing is carried on : but

classes consists of driedfigs, which are

The quan t ity ofgrain is so smal l as tointernal oonsumwith advan tage, but owing to their ex pence, andrequire before fruiting, they have not yet been i

Siuno, Notiz ie dell’

[ cola ifh cht'

a.

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as: Mr soma t w u m q w flay vmquakes succeeded one anot her with fearful twidity, n dhur .

ing for twomonths kept the inhabitants in a state of constant

crater, ” we have observed, was not in Monte Em hut

the lava foundits ex it near the esstern side of the M yfl

no great heigh t above the seg froma point named still the

“ Campo del Arso.

”It is not very far fromthe town of l s

chia or Cehmandruns quite down to the sea at no gl-

eat dis

remarkable , andis a striking example of the danger of theorisingupon the dates oferuptions by the forwardnessnf the decom»

posit ion of their product s : during 5 00 years it has made lessprogress than some of those of Vesuviuswob bly wit hin the

last twenty. The length of the streamis a mile anda half,

when it j o7ms the sea, and its breadt h half s mile ; its colourvaries fromiron- grey to reddish-black, andis nemarkah le forthe glassy felspars wh ich it con tains. Spallana n i ” mat h ,

t hat it appears to have been produced under ext reme ly viokntheat fromthe fusion of some of the crystals of felspar ; in a

specimen wh ich I broke, the augt te was collectedi n crystallinepatches. Dolomieu relates that the eruption cont inued for twoyears, and is surprised at the want ofipumices here observed ;but pumice was discovered by Spallansani, who impu t es it tothe act ion ofheat on the hornstone, ofwhich , accord ing to him,the base ofthe lava is formed. The time dur ing which the erttp.

t ion andits accompan iments lasted , is one of itsmost remark.able features : the surviving inhabitants (many having been kl].ledby the catastrophe,) deserted the islandfor a long period,andactually did not ret urn t il l the year 1805 . The accounts

we have receivedof this eruption are hy nomeans verymfactory, and seem to be chiefly der ived froman old au thorV illani, who wrote a h istory ofFlorence.Since the fourteenth century, Ischia appears not to have

been the scene of any very str iking indications of volcan icagency, andwe are not even informedwhet her the for tnat ionof the Mon te Nuovo in 15 88 occasioned any correqwondingparoxysm. Earthquakes in that coun try, unless very vio len t ,do not produce much atten tion, nor are even pu t on record ;one, however, we maymention , fromits recent occurrence, as

M VIW W W W . s ee

wéll as un accoun t of thedamge which it aprodnced. Q n t he

EdofFebruaryIM at sleven o’cloclt in the forenoonsa viol'

ent

shock oi’

an earthquake was fe lt in th e nor th-eastern part of the

island of’

Ischia, which lasted four seconds, accompan ied wi than undu latory andvibratorymotion, wh ich produced great dova stat ion in the v illage ofOasamicciola, where it was principal lyfel t. Many houses were dest royed at the instan t, andothersso much shat teredas to be in danger of falling : twenty-ninepersons were buriedmthe ruina aodm y ot hers wounded:

—much font was en tm'tainedofgreacer convu lsions, but thesewere happily averted. The shock was fel t om almw t thewhole island, andappears to have commenced at the base of

Mon toEpomco, andst re tched through Om in la to L aeco,a vi llage to the westward . The air was st il l, and the c skycloudy ; for four days the barome ter hadmaintained its levelwith lit t le variat ion, bu t after the earthquake it fellfl hw ghapparent ly not to a gre at exten t . These part iculars are ex

‘flle connect ion of ear thquakes wi th variations of the barometer, ifsuch connection exists, is a curious subj ect of inquiry, for upon fewmatters of titct has there been such direct evidence both for andagaimt theconnection. Ilamboldt, whose means of in tim ation in Sou th Amer icawere extensive, men tion s (Pm. Nar r . ii. that no such connection is

observed in places affected by earthquakes, ye t con trary facts might easilybe adduwd. Damig the great ear th quake of Lisbon, the fill] , if I remember righ t , was very general. During the earthquakes in Calabria in 1788,it fisll tom s at Lyndon . (Phi l. Trans. The surprising deprasion in December 1821accompaniedthe eruptioo in Icelandandan earth

quake at Mayence. A similar phenomenon was observedas for north as

Nortn y during the firs t great eruption of V esuvius in andthe e x

mommy depression in February 1893 was perhaps connectedwith an

enhthqnl ltc felt at sea at the same period. (Ed. Pln l. Joan n. x.Though I cannot say tha t we have symptoms of th e sligh t lach ish earth

aflhcting the barometer in th is coun try anymore than on the spot,can be no doubt of the influence of the succeeding eruption of Ve

snx ius, March 21, on the bmome ter at Edinburgh . wh ich at tained a veryconsiderable depression that day, as the following observat ions proveMw h so, was, s} a .as soc temp. 5 3, 10 n . sa n s-os , s a.28.674

w e .a sse ss. March 21, 9 u .caste- os , tou . sense- seq s a .

8 a. 10 a. —5 5 . A tremendous earthquake occur

redon the el st March 1m in Mart in in Spain. I observed a considerablc depmnoo of the narcotetermar Edinburgh on the 2otb, afler wh ichit rose alniost an inch in tmmlhmhours. The shock feit at Copenhsgcmfl st August 1895), d m occas ioncdamost ex h'eordhmryrise of the barometer there. The mos t careful comparison of the state

new snares. VOL . 11. NO. u . a rn t t 1830. r

t racted froma let ter received from I taly shortly fi ber the

event, and1n no long t1n1e the account of a phenomenon ar

r ivedwi th which it haddoubtless a connection, the erupt ion

of Vesuvius on the l t ofMarch th e n ine year . The loca

lity of the principal shock, it is inte resting to observe, coin

cides nearly with the ancien t point of amimou of the Ischian

volcano, andfromthe direc t ion mwhich it reachedCasamiccio la, it may very possibly have originatedin the actua l Catnpodel Arso. It is interest ing to observe, that thie ear thquakewas the precu rsor of th is erupt ion, andthat insteadof be ing,as Mr Scrope in h is paper in the GeoIogical Trm acfiamsuspected, the int imat ion of the direct ion of vola n ic w er

gy to this its ancien t seat , it thus proved to be mere ly the

concomitant of its pamx ysmin its establishedpoiet d emission . Thus having briefly not icedthemore conspicuous un itsof the physical h istory of Ischia, we proceeddirect ly to givesome account of its constitu tion andproducts.

The great mass of the islandis composedofa rather friable

of th e barometer wi th the occurrence of ear thquakes is by L a Cot te inthe Journal dc Physique, vol. 66. Many of the shocks were extremely sligh t and at a great distance from the place of observat ion . But I

shall select at random the more conspicuous wh ich occurredduring the

space of only four years I shall classify the state of the barometer underthe heads of

G reat Elevat ion. G reat Depression. G reat V sfiaticn. Stationary.

24th Jan. 1775 , 8th and22dOct. 1776, 4 th Feb. 1776, 2otb June 1775 ,6th Aug. 1776, 7th Feb. 1770, 14th Feb. 1775 , 8111Sept.W ,

5 th May 1778. In Oct . 1777, 27th Feb, 1778 , 3oth Dec. 1775 ,18111Jan. 1778, 4111July 1777, 3oth Jan. 1776,18111Feb. 1778, m Sept. 1777, m Apra lng.as Apr. 1778, 91h June 1778,2oth Apr. 1778, l st July 1776,1a ca . 1778, mm 1776,3lst Dec. 1778, 6th Sept. 1776,

6th June 1777,15 th Oct. 1777,M at July 1778,

19828th Dec. 1718.

Here th e ratio of the times when th e harometer was afi'ectedtc when it

m not are as l’

l z l s, andthere was onlycne instance ofgreat elevafion to

three cf great depression . But had the obnervatioas iucludcda longer

period. ant1cnly the more notahle earthquakes, both thece rat ios would

probably have been much higher .

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ass Mr Forbesls Phyelcol Norica q Bag ofNoPka.

the nort h side of the island, characteristical ly green. Th is

arises, Mr Scrope supposes,’ froman admix ture cf chlorite,

and th is is ex t reme ly probable, since, as we shal l soon see ,

island. Near th e summit of the hill it ammes a more pure lywhi te colour.Monte Epomeo rises to a con siderable height above the sea

the common report is 1800 fern—but unlike such reports ge

nerally, this is probably underrated; others have stat ed it at

2000 and upwards, and Tenore, in his lately publish ed“ Basal rur la Geographic Physique rt Borom

'

que da Roya

cmme doNaples ,”

assigns to it an elevat ion of near 3000 fee t :

this probably is toomuch, bu t I amdisposed to think t hat itmust exceed2000. In the rocky mass wh ich forms the e x .

trema summi t is excavatedthe dreary abode of two her-mite,who reside here all the year. Th is cavern ofBolus, wh ich isexposed to all the blasts of heaven , consists of numerous passages andchambers with several outle ts, andcon tains a chapel.A pat h hewn in the melt conducts to the top, from wh omone of the most splendid panoramic v iews of t he Bay of

Naples is enjoyed; bu t the morning on which I saw it was

no t very favou rable . On the west ern side may be seen the

distan t islands of Santo Stefano, Ven totiene , andPenn ; the

Mon te Circe llo on the confines of the Pont ine marshes, wh ichis exact ly sixty English miles distan t ; the pri n t ofTerracina,andthe nearer one of Gaeta. S tre tch ing roundnorthwards,wemay leisurely trace the marshes ofL iternum, the place of

exi le of Scipio ; the sit e of Come , the lakes, the hi lls, thecraters of the Phlegre an fie lds, and the inden tures of t he irvariedcoast. The v iew is superior to that from the CameldolidiNapoli, on account of themore beau tifu l intermin ure of

sea and land, and themore complete comprehension it conveysof the features of the Bay, the topography of the Cape of

Miseno, the imular formofProcida, and. the commandingandvery pecul iar figure of the islandofCapr i, which r ises tothe eastward, beyond wh ich the adj acen t promontory ofMi.

nerva directs the eye to the rugged range of the Sorrent ine

G eological Trans . N. 8. vol. ii. He also states that it may perhapsbe owing to augite, (which he assigns as the cause in h is work on Vol.cow , p. but inmy Opinion th is ismuch less probable .

No. VIL—Islands of Presida and[ schist as?

h ills, andcarries it qui te round to the noble cone ofVesuv ius,relievedby the fine blue chain of the distant Apenoines. Add

to th is the shaming foreground wh ich t he spectator fromEpomeo enjoys. U ndoubtedly one of the most strikingpartsof the scene is the perfect ly map- like configurat ion in whichthe beau t ifu l islandof Isch ia lies stretchedbelow h im, as seenfrom th is insu lated poin t. The irregu lar t rending of its

shores, the profusion of vil lages wi th which it is studded, andthe rich mass offol iage which encompassesmost of them, presen ts a picture both novel andde ligh tfu l, andthough si tua tedat the ex tremi ty of the Bay, Epomeo undoubtedly affords oneof itsmost admirable points ofv iew.

Return ing to the varie t ies ofmine ralogical s tructure wh ichth is great mass of t ufa envelopes, the most important is thetrue or stony lava. Of this st reams occur in var iou s parts of

t he island, andseveral volcan ic cones are formedofmodificat ions of it. W e have already descr ibed the stream wh ich .

flowed from the Camps ddArm, and the others are almostequally steri le ; they contain general ly more felspars, whichare grouped in masses containing crystals, somet imes N o or

three inches in length. Of the origin of these , mineralogistshave much puzzled t hemse l ves, but we are obv iously as yet

qu ite ignoran t of the causes ofchanges observedto be inducedin manyminerals under the act ion of heat. Much might belearnedfromwhat goes onfrequent ]yin our furnaces, andconcret ionaryseparat ionsof component part smaybe observedboth inVolcan ic andtrap rocks. The lavas of Isch ia show no disposititmso pristh atic forms, and are ent i rely amorphou s. Theirmineralogical characters have been examinedwi th minu tenessby Spallansani,

’ bu t are so much alike, that they need not

long de tain us. They are frequen t ly porou s, and aboundinfelspar, wh ich appears to be in one formor other th e momimportant component of the island; in some rarer cases the fol,

spar is tingedred by oxide of iron , but more commonly theoxide is yel low , and confers its t in t on a great par t of the

lavas. There can be no doubt that this substance is derivedfrommagne t ic iron ore imbeddedin the solidmass, andwhich ,

Travels , i. 146, & c.

838 M r Forbes‘s Physia tl Notices gftks yn apla .

by disintegration,

'

andthe act ion of th e waves, forms th e mag.net ic sand which on some par ts of the shore abounds , and

which Spa llanzani no ticed to consist ofoctohedra or the ir frag

men ts. A similar sandwe havemen t ionedas occu rr ing in the

BayofPozzuol i, at the base of the Mon te Olibano , wh ic h has,beyonddoubt, a similar origin , and the lava of wh ich n earlyapproximates to t hose of Isch ia. So h igh does the felspa t hosecharacter of the Iaobian lavas some t imes reach , as to formbeds of undoubted trachyt e, wmasses, extending through theble locali ty is the Monte Taborre , be tween Casamicciola and

Ce lso, wh ich is composedof trachyte al liedto chukstone por

phyry.’ So much subte rranean heat st il l exis ts be en, t hat

fromthe fissures of the rock watery vapours at a tempera t ure s !49° 8 . 142° F. st il l rise .1' Of the age of the t rachyte ave

have no h istorical data for j udging, bu t, geologically con s ider.ed, it overlies a bedof clay undoubtedly not older than the

tert iary series, fromthe she l ls wh ich it con tains :Not a few other craters, more or less distinc t, appear upon

the island, andin de tec t ing themBreislak has shown h is u sualingenui ty ; but it would be to lit t le purpose to discuss t hemmoreminu te ly z—suflice it to say that we have some e xamplesofcine reous cones resembling the Monte Nuovo.

Among th e next most importan t volcan ic product s, t houghrather simple minerals than rocks, we must reckon t he in ter

esting substances of obsidian and pumice, wh ich, thoughmodifferen t in appearance and structure , are in timately allied”

t heir origin and composit ion Both of these substance s wehave seen to be rare product ions of Vesuv ius, nor haVe we

hadoccasion to ment ion the former in any part of

gre en fields, except in the crater of Astron i ; in

has been ov erlooked by many, or most au thors, yet i t occursin considerable abundance in one part of the is land, and inappearance is snfi cien tly remarkable to at trac tficial observer. Dr Daubeny mys, At Cast iglione

inn , Pp. 65 and864.

vol. x . of th is Journal, 964 ,

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doubt, ” to its position in aim.but onlyon that accoun t ofi rs

the move curious field for inquiry . There are fewmanga s,

perham, who have visi tedNaples withoutanufllbox es cu t ou t ofa substance termedthethough probably a smal l number of themhave thoug ht at

examining its na tur e , or inquiring in to its connect ion Witht rue lavas. and st i ll fewer may have pursued the ir inquiryupon the islandi tself. Th is substance. strange as it may ap.

pear, is nothing else than precious serpen t ine. W hmha thisbeaut ifu l mine ral. the undoubted concomitamof primstrata, be rea l ly indigenous to the volcan icmm of the islandoflschia.is certainly aquest ion worthy of inquiry. Yet though

i t is so familiar a substance at Naples, I have been able to findonly one single allusion to its existence among the many stand.ard andlocal works wh ich I have consul ted; and I fear thatmy own inqu ir ies , though of some value , wil l not th row muchligh t upon the subject , as, at the per iodofmy visit , I was up ,

awa re of the full interest of the inquiry. It is in Brocchh

gre at work alone , upon the fossi l conchology of the Subapemrinarange that I find this substance noticed. On the shores ofIschia.“ says he , are fou ndfragmen ts of th is noble serpen

t ine , which are cut at Naples into snuff- boxes, bu t we are not

assuredof its ex istence in the in terior of the island; I amnot

sure bu t that these rolledmassesmay have been tran sportedhy the sea, or left by vessels wh ich had used them for bid.

Var ious reasons induce me to (life! from this ableI talian geologist , as far as mymeans of infiormation of the no

currence of serpent ine in Isch ia extend. These I shallbr iefly state , wit hou t entering much in to those hypotheseswh ich would assume importance, could the ex istence of ser

pen tine in Ischia as a local ity be fully proved.In the first place, then, I myselfme t with th is serpent ine in

the interior of the island, in the bedofone of the smal l brookswh ich run down the north side ofEpomeo. I own, however,

Iquote th is hnportan t pan age in the original :“Sullc spiaggie d

'ls

cbia si trovano ciot toli di questa serpen tina nobile che si lavormo in Napoli per fu nc tabacch icrc ; ma u n non en

'

s te pu cer to nel intomodell hola : ne w poi se queimu si rotolati sieno statimportati ddmare mpore

t h i s a u lli che l ervii aero di zavorn .

"—Coact iologi a Subma

n im.

No. VIIl—Irlands ofProcidu and'

l schia. 8“

that it was cnly a smal l rolledpiece i n sti ll its origin cou ldnotnaturally be supposed to be fromthe coast . P erhaps, how~

ever, I shall neu tralise th is fact by stating another wh ich cau

dour requires me to men tipn. I piclced up a frsgment whichI have no doubt was the same subsu nce, (though I havenow lost it ,) on the shore of Sorrento, on the opposit e side of

th e Bay of Naples. It wonldbe easy to frame hypotheses for

namen tal work of the tealples and the villas 'of weal thy Ro

ehat the circumstance is a prmumptive argumen t tor ita ne

cidental occu rrence. But farther , I made part icular in.

quiry of an‘

inte lligen t gu ide 1n Isch ia as to themode of

obtain ing this substance, wit h which he was'

well acqua inted,andh is commun icat ions certainly never ledme to bel ieve thatits occurrence was limited to tbe coast , ormost abundant there.

I rather carried away the 1mpression that it was found in

sma ll quan t ity on the eastern side ofth e island, above the townof Isch ia, bu t that the pr incipal sou rces having been ex hausted, it was daily becoming scarcer, and now rarely met wit h .

’

Nor didhe appear at all surprisedat the locality in which the

rolledpiece, already alludedto, was foundat a great distancefromthe sea. Th e hypothesis ofbe ing transpornedby the sea,

the former case, shou ld it have been th rown in cornparatively

great abundance on the Isch ian coast , andon the neighbour ingones rarely, or general ly speaking, not at all. Andin the latterwe shou ldbe much disposed to quest ion how so large a quan

tityof th is beaut ifu l substance (andnone know bet te r than theI talians the value of serpent ine andits alliedminerals,) shou ld,beyond the ma nory of tradition , come to be difl’usedover the

shores of Ischia, not to ask where t ln'

s beautiful substance wasobtained; for must of th e esteemedgrcen oruamen tal stones ofI ta ly are not noble serpen t ine, bu t Dial lage and Saussur it e .

But it might be aslted, ifthese suppositions are to be abandoned,do t he known fact s connect ed wit h the const i tu t ion and pro

ductions of the islandwarran t the opin ion that it couldbe therefoundin situ PI answer, that in many respects they do : andfirst , as to its connect ion wi th volcan ic rocks ; next as to the

pan iculu suhstances sdmit tedto ex ist on the island, andmwhich it must be in connect ion.

Serpen tine at presen t is one of the most u nde t ermmdmembers of ou r geological arrangemen t. Dr Macculloeh,

in his work on the classificat ion of rocks, has admit t ed the

difficu l t ies at tendan t on its phenomena, and has indwdfale

teredin the last sheet , th e v iews which he had giv en on the

subject in the middle of the book ; but its connect ion withtrap rocks, in some situat ions at least, is undoubt ed. He

men t ions two instances in which a vein of gree n st one, r ising

through secondary limestone, (qu. of the magnes iumvsriety on coming into contact with that rock , m ad the

characters of perfect serpent ine, contain ing th e ch armtic minerals of asbest us and st eati te , wi th talc on i ts marginnext the l imestone, and the vein exhibi ted the mo st perfect

gradat ion fromthe trap in to the se rpentine.’ He has also

obse rv edthe in t imate connect ion of serpen t ine W i t h ho rnblenderock in the primit ive strata. I have myse lf studied o ne ofthe

most importan t phenomena connected with th'

m qu a t ion, in

Inch Colm, an islandin the Forth , where secondary gr ew stons,

secondary syeni te, and secondary serpen t ine, con ta in ing welldefin edasbestus andtalcose ma t ter, aremost inst ruct i v e ly combined. A dylce of serpen t ine in Forfarsh ire, ledM r L yell to

the conclusion of the igneou s origin of this rock ? andDr

Bank has observed simi lar facts on t he con tim t : I he hes

dist inct ly arrangedserpen t ine in h is classificat ion , unde r na

stratifiedcrystalline or igneous rocks.”

At the pre senvday,lit t le is required to enforce t he similis rity of substam comnect ed with trap rocks and those of volcanos. B ut lest itshouldhe thought t hat the un ion of serpent ine wi th t rue vol»

osnic rocks is not a necessary consequence fromt he analogyof

trap, we may add, that Sir George Mackenzie , in his wo rk onIceland, gives an accoun t of a volcanic amygdalo id

, in the

monnmin of Akkrefell, traversed by veins of serpent ine of

mone than a yard in th iclmess. Ferber considered, and it

Classification of Rocks, p. 24-5 .

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344 Mr

fromthe deep -seat ed hnses of -Apennines, wh'mh in difl'erént

this roclt in remarltable perfecfion.’ But it is undonbt tdlya

sian minerals are in any way inconsisten t with a volcanio ofigin.

canic a ywh te itself, is a magnesian minemi. I fieat ave

ex tendedtoo far these observat ions on the l schian serpentme,but I consider the snbj ect to be one of gmt interest at thc

presen t momen t. I will only add, that these masses of noble

serpent ine, what ever be their or igin , have an uncommonlyfinemineralogical character : when out th in (as they alwayom

a beau t ifu lly var iegatedstructure , with near ly black clouds ona fine deep grass green ground; it yields to the nail as usual.The substance we have next to not ice, and wh ich is one of

the most character ist icproduct ions of Ischia, is t he peculi.clay just al ludedto. Great beds of t his substance e x ist at the

north-eastern part of the islsnd, andit m asmuch usedby theancien ts as now for the manufact ure ofpot tery, fromwhenceindeed, according to Pliny, the island took i ts names} I re

gret that l hav e no analysis to olfer of th is earth. Brendan;however , tel ls us tha t i t consis ts ofalumina, cilia , a lit t lemagnesia andless l ime. It abounds near Casamicciola, and was

dug ou t by means ofsubterranean pi ts, being not mere ly used

on the island, but exportedfor the purposes ofmanufactureIts close analogy to thematerials usedin constrtwting theEs

ruscan vases, may be argued from the fol lowing ana lysis ofthese by Vauquelin : sil ica 5 8, alumina 15 , lime 8, ox ide of

iron M The Iaobian bedofclay underl ie: the t rachyt e ofMonte Taborre, andfromt he shel ls wh ich it cont ains, mum,

Brong'nisrt has given a ver

'

yfnll accoun t of the Serprminee and Diallage of I taly, in th e Annals: dc: M ine: fbr 1891. It is translated in Mr

De L a Bech e’s excellen t volume of Foreign Geological Memoirs.

t Pithecura, Plin iii. 5 .

I Commu te, ii. 908.

5 Hausmann on the Etruscan vases, Ed. Phil. Jour n . xiii . 46. Perhaps

the iron was derived fromamix tnre ofPoaznolana.3

a wemea hwdymm e at least as recent as the ter.

t iary series. It is calledCreta on the island.

Th is claymust be carefu l ly distingu ishedfromthe piet ra

aluminosa” or alum rock. The'

lat ter seems at one periodtohave been very abundant, andactually to have given rise to thefirst alum- work in Italy, though now so en t ire ly supersededbythat ofTolfa in the Boman states, to the rockofwh ich it bears

much resemblance It was fi rst wrought by oneBantolemeoPernix , in 145 9,andwas con t inuedfor a considerable time , andit isnot even ltnown why it was given up, but pmbably fromth e inmeasing scarcity of the rock which is now foundon ly ininsula tedmasses on the north side ofMon te Epomeo. Bre islak character izes the aluminous rock as a lava in a stute ofde

cmnpositionJmt I ammore disposedto consider it as real alumslate e levatedfrombelow pmbably the great abundance and

plast ici ty of the clay is connected with the occurrence of this

piet ra aluminosa.” Remains ofthe ancien t alum- works ex

ist at the spot called the Piazza dells Para,”but there the

material seems to be exhausted.

W e must not confound either of these substances with thatnamed Terra d’ l schia,

” which is merely an extreme ly fin epozzuolana, wh ich is much esteemedas a cemen t in nice oper

at ions , such as ornamen tal pavements.The occurrence of goldin Isch ia has been repeatedly assert

ed, but the report has been apparent ly der ivedsolely fromtheau thorityofSt rabo,who seems to have stateditmerelyfromthereport that the Erythrmans wrought that preciousmeta l whent hey were in possession of the is land. But though no goldhe

nomfound, andalthough the whole may probably have ar isenin a mistalte, the re is no ueed for ridiculing the idea, as somehave done, as ut ter ly absurd. Gold18 not so unknown in vol

:canic districts, as Andria asserts,

‘ and ts even there foundin abundan¢e, in one instance at bast on recordf W e

have likewise had occasion to men t ion the belief wh ich was

name ly in Vesuvius itse lfd W it h respect to Isch ia, howe ver,

Angus M iners“ , ii . 67.‘

l Breislalt , li. 188.

See th is Jour nal, vol ix . p. 206. anda. 136.

it can hardly be doubted that , m'

at M it does not there

ex ist.Ischh is mme cdebrated for notlfing than it s hW baths,

which are tnuch M ed by native physiM as m also

those steam- baths technically cal led S tufe” or ” over, whichhere abound. I tal ian au thors dwe ll w ith pecq sat isfactionon these topics, which are, I must say, pecu liar ly du ll tomostreaders ; I shal l the refore pass over the mere dew rip t iv em't

wi th more than usual brev ity. Most of the mine ra l 1mm:evolve carbon ic acid, andsome of themsu lphuret tedhydrogen.The mineral con tents have not, so far as I know , been accmrately stated, but the following are nearly the proport ions in

one of themost remarkable springs, to which I sha ll chieflyconfine my remarks, the G urgitello near Casamicciola. In

solidcon tents are to the wat er as 11 or uboa t a—half

per cent .’ They are approx imately composedof

M uriate of Soda 77

Murlate ofLime 15

Su lpha te ofL ime 5

Sulphate ofAlumina 8

100

This spring flows fromthe bedof clay describedchow an.

der the name ofCre ta, andfromit the water appears to deriveits sol idingredien ts. The temperature of th is spring, as givenby Siano andAndria, is 5 0°R. 144 5 Palm; by Brmslalt

— 185 5 F. I observed it on the 28th ofMarch 1887,to be 149

°F. anda smal ler st reamrunn ing neglec>t edfromt healluvialmat ter at a conside rable distance andnearer th e moontain Th is is by nomeans the warmest spr ing in Isch ia.Qisuo assures us, that in one , namedL e Petrelle, the t hermometer rises to the boilingpoint . Another isment ionedby Himi lton, as having a temmrature of70"R . 189%F. Othersoccur ofa variety of lower tempe ratures, and they are distrLbat edalong the base °

of Monte Epomeo at condderable fis

tances, andin various par ts of the island. All these are suik.

ing proofs of the preeminence which Isch ia holds among part inlly ext inct volcan ic districts, in its v icin ity to sources of in

Andr ia.

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the ma nornble ex psriments of “ t w e e “

ence of 16 per cent. d w arfi smsfim wThe remarkable ell

'

ect of this substance in promoting the aoln

tumOf silica in a state of finc division ofpartsg nnd espcch lly

at high temperatures suflicient lyex plcins why these depositiomshouldbe entirely confinedto count ries now or forme rly nndathe action ol

'

volcanos.

Other parts of Isch ia present specimens of the same mbstance. In the ex nnct crater ofCandLBereidalt fimndamu

three lines ' Besides st Vesuvius it occurs h t the rock df the

Solfau rmmdin the tufa at its bu e ;mth c hm Dr Thmpson was able to disoover some of thc triangnll r fncet ts of the

simidedpyramid. It is alsomet with at Ast rom. The sa

lymmplq as far as l lx nomof the detcction of silico as t

const i tuen t in the water of a spring in the Bay of Napleg is

in the G urgitello above described. Tenore '

lt claims the

honour of this discovery,made by h imin IM ] , and sincedisputed. It was not, however, published t ill 1816. 80mof the mineral contents of thc spring are snid to e x ist in the

state ofbiailicotss.

One other fact connectedwith the ish ndof lwh imandthat

a very in teres ting one, we have nlone w notiee. Neaa cco,

on the north side of tbe island, is a grotto or ca¥e rn , fomed

of loose bloclts ol lnva, fromwhich issues conmdy ar old

wind, wh ich m e first to have been observed by SrmmnnaHe (bandthe temperature of the st reamofair in March rmto be 45 9 5 Febrr , the ex ternal air being fi

‘fi t He dda,that he wes told that it was greatly cnlder in summer ; bas ilis hardly necessaryt o observe, that mis misukc ismmmilncircumstances constan tly rep utedby those who j udge on ly.”their feelings. And aa we nfigh t w ppmq it appw ‘ mhemuch th e reverse, for Bre islak observed the umwrc tnre of

the cavern to F. when that of t he air was

The difi'

erence of tempmture in both

Vol. ii. pfs ls.‘l’ Eu dm la flrogmpflb fl yrme du M M c dt t lt

I Saussu re, Voyage: damla Alp “ , 1414.

5 Companie, ii.

Nb . VIL—Isiwnds of Provisomadrm . 349

theseu ses is precisely gems.digress. came the phe

nomena ofthe‘

ice owes “ t he Alps and {beech} grot toes ofI talyrequiremuch elucidat ion , andin the still imperfect state

in some formor‘

other will be found to be almost th e solecause—nu opinion wh ich I have long enterthined, andwhichsome years age I endeavoured to suppert

" even in the veryextreme case of- Saussure’s ex periment at the Mont e Testaccio

‘

at Rome. Since writ ing t hat paper, I have hideedseen moreclearly the grea t discrepancies between au thors on the subjectof hygromet ry ; andit is not till I shall have foundleisure toin vestip te it more complete ly t hat I shal l be able to offer anydecisive opin ion . Meanwhile, however, no other theory butthat of evaporat ion seems feasible the hypothesis of Dr

Anderson, that oold air is conveyed hy crevice'

s frommountains

'

ol'

such a height that the mean temperature doesonot e xceedthat of the cold streamobserved, is not mere ly inapplia ble to the Mon te Testaccio bu t also to the presen t insthnce.

I> barre e lsewhere shown that the mean temperature of the

summit of Epomeo cannot be below yat ia themonth of

March , when the atmosphere had rat he r more than it smeansew n

-a ura, Saussure observed the -

grotto to be so'coldas

W . Ye t afia all, the phenomena of the'

cavern at L acco if

a lt en singlyu nifi t bemfiicieot ly well explainedby the knownfacts of evaporat ion . It is somewhat remarkable that the

m almon precisely that of themean t emperat ure of the place.On the tbeovy of Saussure , therdore, that there are spacions

mean of the plocegwe needhave no recourse w the theory of

emporadommmgmmmymind, a £ar more nat ural snppomt ion . wou ld be the free passage of v ent ilat ion through the

the influence of evaporat ion, wh ich , on the supposi t ion ofcon

finedandofcourse damp caverns, cou ldhave no place . Th isis also confirmedby the apparen t constancy of the dill’erence

In a paper publishedin th is Journal, vol. viii. p. 005 -216.

n ew scams. VOL . 11. no. 11. APRIL 1830. 2

of temperature in spr ing and

of18° in both cases is no very

scure, andwh ich, I conce ive,ducedto pract ical accuracy.

able phenomena of t

will, I think, sat isfy the reader that , by the hysuppor ted, all other cases on record will easilycluding the Grot ta del Ven to” in Ischia.

Ae r . u ln a - H ISTORY OF MECHAN ICALOF PROCESSES AND MATERIALS U SED

1. Notice of the Rock Crystal Watch q .

a Report to the Inst i tu te, by MM . Pl ox

M . Ba tma n does not propose to

ment into the art of watch -makingt inguished

the difiicul

au thor ascr ibes to the

stances the regularity of the motion

Humboldt, in describing the Peak of Tencriti'e, has

marks on th e theory of ice caves, bu t they are less appli

cool curren ts ofs in—Personal Nar rative, i. 164.

1In November 189 4, Dr Brewster proposedto construe

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somost adu ntage when plaoed'

high over a spacz not et ceed.

j eoted farther froman elevat ion thao ~along a lewel surface

and in the suppoced(elevated) simatioa, “ would keep sup

plant ing whot is constantly get t ing heatedby contact with theempanmj ust as water when poun d iMo the same vend is

man at a t ime, would suffice for an apar tmen t p f the dimer).sionsm tioned: but Dr Ranlt en suggests that two shouldbeemployed, facing in contrary direct ions, that eit her may hem tedtowhen um u genhle drnught stopo the o thcr. This

mum-

y, thar is is, we understand, coming inta more g nu-l l

m than might have been supposed, comfde fn g th e- simmerswith which people adopt new invent ions, however hed cial

x x viii. ptm3. 0m m ofmla

'

ng “ median.

teen taels of the forme r to four of the lat ten ; aft er pmn iet ingtht subhnr place tlwmin an earthen j ar, tbe out side of whicbmust he flu teredw ith mudandsalt to the th icknes of tlminches and a half; place an iron cove r otr flle mou th ofithc

j ar,'

and'let it be kept constantlymoist . Plast er- tbs sidet of

in m oron, wit h 120 catt ies of chancoal. L e t .th is be (la te

M y iu the morn ing, and the neat morning about them

aodwhen cold ln-a k the j ar iamiecq andtake out the m

tents. Pick w t the dlm and then u duce thfimt t o a finc

powda . 1n t thw be pomd into w large .jmfulh of watinAthen a a timc a thin cel ting is found on the surface of thc

M t h ifih h w efidly dhnmd fi md a perfion of th

watm' let ofi';fime a ll the w

This last

por t ion of the vermil ion is cnllcd the hu nt of Ma u ritian”

,

FromAsiatic Jou rnal, vol. xxvi ii . p. 326.

4. CMme Mnds gfmddo-g l ndige.

Imh érsefifty catt ies of indigo leavec in a M ofclesr water ,le t thm bgwu heddumimdex pooed to the air , a& a which

let t ha n he steeped in water for twen tydour hmim A smallj ar of burn t she ll ashes must then be '

added, and- the wholestirrednp with a bamboo. Clear efl

't he scum,

'

and throw in

half a cat ty of the powder of bumt mhide ; mix these, and

t ranspw ent le t it off, and ex pose the sediment which remainsto the open

'air ; if rainy weather render this itnpn cticable le t

a chm'coal fire be kindled round th e vat . W hen dry the in

digo may be taken out , when it is fit for immediate use.

The above quant ity shou ld yield upwards of two cat t ies ofindigo—PmmAsiat ic Jama al, vol. xxv ii i. p. 826.

a w of thc preparatioa meocmor am formdlesfromCastor Oil. By Mr J.

.Tm sn.

Nine years ago the fol lowing passage, fromfl randc‘s Ala

nna! oFChmirtry, suggested to Mr Tytlm' a course of e x

perh eot on the pmduct forming the subj ect ofhis pspermiz .

“nit ric acid, heatedin small quant itywithany.of the fat tymb

solubi lity in alcohol. Among - the vegeublc oils, th is changeismo'

st remarkably produced upon coco- nut andcasmr oils.

Q n mdi ig this, it occurred r Tyfla t hat oil so comsolidatedmight have sufi cient firmness to forma cnndle. After

prov’

edmode ofpreparingwhst he calls oleocere, the great oh

jes t being to ke ep up'a un iformheat, and prevent ing too

high s degree of‘

temperature. He thus describes the pro

mix eda quauztity of castor oil andnitric acid in one of those

China j ars which are employedto holdapreserves. . Then care

fu l ly stopping themuth to preven t’

the en trance ofvapour , I

plaedi thismthe boihng wamg and kept the v hole upon the

fire for abe ut an houmafher which I took it ofl'

, andset it byto cool. The efiect even u ceededmy ampu tat ion . It har

denedinto an uniformmass of no disagreesble colou r, ando!

very tolerable consistency. A fter a certain number of trials,

exper ience ts i igh t me ths t the best proportion fiormmmthe mbstances was eighty par ts ofoil to one of stmng fuming

with this receipt to prepsre a considersble number ofcsndls ,

By degreeg however , he begsn to ex pmencen naccountuhlevariations in the process ; for in spite ofiauh is pmng the oleo

the consistence ofbut ter. For a long time he concludedthesedefects to proceed either fromthe enmance ofimte ry u ponr

in to the j ars whilst boiling, or fromthe incred ng heat of the

wmther at the time. To remedy th is he took everyoprecsu.

ficn in sh utfing the jm andwhen the prow ss was ovm'

, placed

t hembehinda tat tie to cool. Sti l l th is m in no advan tage,andmany trials showedthat the hardeningof the oleocere was

amat ter of the greatest uncertainty.

Some t ime al'terwards, being placedinmore fsmun ble cir

cumstances for conducfinghis ex pefimentn hemptedsnotherplan, which we gi ve in h is own words “ J erecteda furnace

abou t four feet fromthe ground; on this was placeda largeiinn boiler to serve as a reservoir ; immediately sdj acent tothis first furnace, was bu ilt another furnace abou t half theheight of the former, on which was placeda ronndiron vm l

whose side was about ten inches h igh , andwhme capacitymsuch as to contain seven of. the China Jars alreadyment ionedIn the édg about two inches below the lw el of the topn fi the

jm was fix eda pipq so that the wat er migh t t ise to th is level

andnomore, whatev er shouldbe superfluous being carriedofl'

by the pipe. Having then a quan tity ofwat er to bcil both in

the rese rvoir on the copper furnace, andin .the vessel on the

lower, .and hav ing prepared a long copper syphon, I p lacedits short leg in the reservoir, anddirectedit s long leg to the

lower vesseh so that a perpetual streamof water sbould be

conveyed from the upper receptacle to the JW er. By this

contrivance, the water was pemtnally ltept bniling, and the

quan tity in the lower vessel was uniformf - it s loss'

was perpe.

tually supplied hy the s phomand its excess carriedofl’t by

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the pressure and the weigh t producing, by amalgam tha t glu t

35 7

ph eedneu ly in ths directiomofithe dingonah of tbs squ m fin nedbythe fmma midphnkingof ths sh imw thusmsolving the whole intofsrmsM of chmsfiowdimi

’

mfinsmbe mish tywdkismticfiame ade»gree ot

’sirength sndfinnneu nem bet

’

ore fouad.

Tho su thor of the papct hu dfi crlbal with gra t minutsneu them.

mmm e mme nmemms mmmm w mregret ths t our limitflwfll w W mmdflfi l theta ; bflt wemnnotmam monsh bmbdefly wmm iflw t d swpimium mfimmmmmym d h w ofw ammbk fww mmmnbm for fiigates to ships of the line ; thus provmg sstis a ily, thst a well comhinednumber of smsll timben msy be eqml,umw mw ds w the omsmnmdfrm tb sn inmmtennis formerly employed in our latge ships ot

'war. Noonemore than

Seppisgs hu more succsssflilly employed the admirahlemx imof thc h tehm iedmmdgold, “

thst a j ust economyofms tefidu houldhe one ofthefimomeeuwthe buflder

'

s s ttenfionfi nd this desirshle endis tc he obtainedonlyhy j udieioul comhinstions of themsmioh to be uscd.

"

Ga the qnestion ofthe swmof v —s fet t ile snhicct 0fdcbste smongour noble andgallnnt scamen, some ex ce len t observations sre sddedhy theanthor of the psper. W e wish , however, he hsdsttcnded to the fighnngm aime bow. W hy tbc stern nlomis to have its powmot

’

omwddelbnw incrmeds sndthe how to rcmain the same , we confo s we cmsee no reason f

‘

or. In trnth , fi'omour rivals on the ocesn hsv ing sdopied

our improvemen t: in the stem, the Otrength ofour bows is Vimmlly tliminished. An incremen t to the power of the ster

nsbsolutely bccomes s ds.m u mthat ot

‘

ihe bow, because our shipn. in byfar the mauon ty of

m ara the pursuers. But whst , we wouldask, is the obstscle in the

wgy ofstrengthcning the how ? W e donot mean itamcchsnicsl t trength,but its capabilities ot

'

fizh ting. W hy is somuch oloquence s udingenuiiyW ednmn the stern slone ? W hy sre we to be tormen tedcvcrlu bingly wi th dissertations upon its increased!strengthflhe shsence ofa poin t

of impmi ity, snd the power it possesses of hsving a gun to besr everywhcrc ronnd the circui t of the stern ? The sbsenw ofsll at temms on thestrengthening of tho bow is s defect in the psper. An at tempt , indeed,“ ma ladymade by s M r Blakc s t Portsmouthflo improve themt.

ing powers of the bow, andwe hesr ths t the ex psrimen t is to hs triedonmo vmdictive ; bug fiomwhat we have seen of the plsn, we aie not veryu nguins ss to ths result. A wide sres of improvemcn t is therefore open,andwe shall rej oicc to see it en teredby some onc. It is an imgrovemen tM wh

'mh will he fiiundmnch more in unison with the active feelinp of

our sesmen thsn the chmgw bsneficisl one nnqw fiomhly, wh ich the

highla pleseedwitb the h tsr alten tims Sir Rohert Seppings hu msdc inthe ater ii , and “ Admire the eloquense wi th which M e ey hu de

fended them; hut we wish to know why the bow has been abandoned?why ih ofi nsive powers hsve not bm incrmdu well as the stern ? W e

earnestly hope onr nw sl srchitects will not lose sigh t of it.

du bs“ of Scientific Books andMemoi rs.

su mm m wmnu bnm of th is'

interesting and copious

ma nn the h pphu fion of swsmto die pnrpom os vigsfim—map

“ unquest ionablyda fincdto impi rt s new chmcter tomvslm

asu ndeddedsupu ia i tyover an opponent mvigstcdbysails ; sndhmbottles thst h n c ly remsiuedundeddedmacwunt of the wmw ,

hsdthc poww of stw n t hen besn h owmhsve been entirely sccmpfled. M

'

M'mdhsrbours also, that were sonfi eredas secm by

M dcdby it . The q smmofwn fire wmmmh enfirélym m°

pa h sps the sten ncgun will sidthe work ofhuman destructiom AM

M md iummn ommthmbu nfifuflyobmm wmhom ,

sn ist themflda sndmore beneficmt pmpm of wmmm tnddhmthe ateps ofciviliu fion in to regiomnowdebu edbyglcmnandsdpeu timThus it is thst art u well'as nsturc tcnds to sn equilibrinmin sn ih

operations If the spplia ticn of steamto'

the purposes cfwu sem muly to ina esse the snmofhmnan cslsmity, so will the sumof h umsn hsppimss be mgmentedby the impnh e it will communicste to t he wholc

W e sre ex ceedinglyglad to see thst the an thor of theq

ptper w qt iw

a lly admi ts Jonathsn Hull as the flrst inven tor of the stcamo host , “

that to G rest Britsin the invcnt ion is due both in fiieory andmHe does full justice, however, to the inerits oe Fulton .

Some ofour resders perhsps remember, th st our neighboufl , the c b,

anx ious to know every thlng respecting the construct ion ef stesm- vesssh ,

sen t Msrest ier to Nor th Americs to rcport on the steamnavigu imof

that country. Much of thc impor tsnt matter of thst report is hrooghi

before ns in the srticle unda considerstlon . Copiousmhles of the lenp b,bru dth ,mddrsugbt ofws ter of thc Americcn stesm- bonts are gm ;w

ofa vessel imd the powcr of its engine ; the comparst ive proport imn d

velocities ofstesw bos ts ; the M cs of their huns ; the eqtfin lent sc

tion of the lnddlcs on the water, sndthe stemn on the piston : the eflecu

sn ide. Msrest ier’

s rulc, however, for finding tbe velecityof s stmn-hot t,

may not bc unscceptablc to our resders in th is age ofswsm.

N e oebt ify af a dccm-boat may be fi undby eflmdiag fi e u k m t gfW prodsd qf thefolbw ing qumtifi a : fl e ckitndr qffltc cofna a mcury ihe ctwmwifl n ypmt thc rqm qffle diamelrr qf the p it bmaeIn g

'

fl qf iu dmks, and the nmbrr q it b m€mf ia am wdiv iding thc remlt by the cubemt qfflwm q fi c bmdfl qffi e msél iu to ih dmg

'ht qfwatsr , theflsnl reu fi beingmulfipl£d by tkemumcoefli

’

ci'ml Thc sppha non of

'

thh rnle to n ine of nhe zhmu icmsteamm gave an crmr oflemfiim

llyth of the acmd vslne:

‘Mamtier objmmthemethod commbnly employedbf a fimt ing tbe

power ot’s steuno engine by the numba ofhom s ummaris ing

th w u offlr cdnaa mm mm widw wfi cm gf

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themanw mastmmoulykm n. M tho rfim dm am'hu .

nation begimwfiel the boocfit ofn pm omtunity io ofiemdfinmbu t meth odl ofa ecu tlng the deu ih ofduty,mdol throt ing iwh the

pn cficdopen uona'

of the chip-builder some ot thc gmmno’

gn aw

m amposi tion“ moag the natiomot

‘

thc eanh aom mng’

ummafinq win louc no opportunityot

’

impartingw i tm improrm thnthc enlargadex pefience ofmodcmtimu hu diu looed; mdtom e it.WW W mM ywm w t aM Mmduiumphantmdnmm ot themfiwal hm mdglu y th nm

IIF AW M M W W J W HW M W W

M Ph nu q'

tA t IM a k fi e M zflgv gmPlatoc ilhcm'

otic ftAc Gema. ByRon “ Kaa l vw , LL.1L

M M sva. Edinburgh, 1880.

To th e lom of flotany the uame ot Dr G revifle.

is well‘

knommflmsScottieh Ov-yptogmn ic F

'lora. unrivalled tbr accuu te

ofplan ts h itherto but li t tlemdiedin Scotland. andnot to speak ofhh other cont rihu tiona to pl

‘iytology, hate ph ced himin

the fin t rmk among firitiah botanista. m pmsen t volame, with iits élegant ph t eg is calculatedstlll further to ex t end h ia repu tafion, andspnada wider taste formarine botany. Thooc unmeroua individuah whb rix itomn a ahou o b r ha lth mmh x atlomwmfind th is work ot

‘

Dr G reville

a valuable guide to the submerged vegetat ion wh ich Mngea the rockyshom ofBr itain g and, hypoin ting out wonden in beau tymd strucmrewheu the unpractiaedeye seeamthiug uncommonJeadmany to obsex-iaandapprcciate the thouaand sourcea ofetfioymcn t whichmture hsi éo lihomily provided. Hu be wdedme coafem on inm mewum(lee , Ectocarpoidee , andConfervoidec of the F lora Emm i » )

‘

w'

flrevolmne, it wouldhave hemmore geoernlly usefixl, as nmnbe

°

n of thu emy beau tit

’ul plan ta are found in the mme localities as th e lnartichh ted

Alge . Th ese, however , may perhapa fiirmthe suhj eet ofa fh ture work.

In the in troduction Dr G reville gim a sligh t h is torical aketch of the

writen who have gone before h imin th ia hn nch ot‘

hou ny,fl n ou tlin°

e of

the geogn phical diatribu tion of the lnarticulateddkc ,- ond a tbw no

ticea on the cconomicalmes to wh ich theym applied”

The arrangemen t of the dlgc followed in this voiume in nr fin vme‘:

mdfiucfiflcaticn , w di& r fiomth e previomcla¢siflcifionfof bamW

U lvacec , and6iphonee . Theee ordmm compoaedot’

eigh ty- nh icgenm.

“ A nynopais ot‘

theoe gcum in the L atin tongueW e anmeraticn of dl the bet t

’

er kobwu spécieg with eil '

réthrencea,”

u

momma fi gmm m . emm a mmormmlum. Themoredetafledporficp of themk,

W mm m afl oflymm mdawmwmmaedFox - the use ot’dnr t’air snd imtel’figeflt connn'ywomen, as a

“

guide to

some of'the wonders of the fi reat b eepf’

To th e hdies, h1deed, h isrinebotanyis indebted, st Dr G revflle remarlcs. for much ofwhat is lmawuupou the subj cct ; sne s G rifi ths andMiss Hutch ins have reeeivedthe

higha t honour wh ich one bhtaniat can bestow on anotha , hy having their

names adoptedas gmeric appells tions.Though

“ individualsdo unquestionablyex ist ,”

ssys Dr G revillc,“ who

in the pridc of thcir ph ilosophyprononnce botany to ba a fi ivolous pursui t—ma p dfitlemsciencei whoae chiefkatu re is a lex icon ot

’barhu ous

terms—ar a pretty lady- like amusemen t it in flow becominga fivourite study and an elegan t recreation, withou t meeting with morethan an occaaioml sneer fiomthe clsss sbove-ment ioned, or a fi in t ej aculs tion fromthe msnon of th e oldschool, whomnembers to bave beentold in her early days, that young ladles, at least, were more profi tably outplayed in adding to the fimily receipt - book. andconfining th eirnatural h istory to indescribable performances in M irt h .

“

Qt Greviflemigh t hm added, “ a conclusive answer to all such observatiomregarding the ntility ol the study of tbe minu test obj ects in nature,

msde generally by pa sons mpremely ignorant of phy'

ficnl science, that

be secoumedunwortby the not ice ofsuch s being ss bt un . Andit is the

opinion ofa celehrs tedph iloaOpher (DugaldStem ) that“thc citternal

objects wi th which wc sremrroundcd, are so accommodatedto onr cspscit ies ofmj oyment , andthe

’

relstions which ex iet'

betweén'

our flame andth st of ex terml natnre are co numerons, in comparison of whst

'

we percaire in the case ofall otheranimals, as to au thorize us to conclude, t hat

it m ch iefly wi th a view to our happhm thst the arrangemcn ts ot’

this

lower worldweremade t

“

W e tdhe lm'e fiin hermmmn b thag iti addi

m e mmcenemn pm m m wimmémdyofm mno.

qnentlysct forth byDr G reViflcin his introdnctorypagea,mdwbich smdia ,

besides, m ay loadto the contrmplst ion oc uzhe glorj ormn m

migh ty being fi-mn whomso ineny wonflm emsnste,”

it wonidbe no

mmfionmmmhh ryw ddem in mrch of dtgwmdeon lhm'tomeet a fi ir cou'nwywoman occsslonslly,

L ike Proserpin wha ingflowa s,Barsclflhc t

‘

sirest flowm"

independent ly:however, at the in terest attachedto the digit as chiectsofnatural history—cr aswnttibutingtothe income ofcoast proprietors in

are used as food, eith er'

fi'omO

and vulgar-iv is stewed

, and

brough t to our tablea u a h tx ury, undet the name ot’

L aver fl—and “on

the southern indwel teru coasts ot l‘

relhndour own Chandra: cr iqm is

conv ertedinto siae for thc use of hous'

e-paihtera. & c. ; sndif l be not er

mucouslyinformedh is alsOwnsidereda amfiw x n fia andmtcrs into

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paniedCapt fi r Edward Parry in hts second voyage cfdlscnmy. h e

n o ,ofwh ich we bavc eigh t representatives in scoclaml, andt hirteinin d, increu e both in qnantityasd number oh p ciea aaw ap

proach the Equator. Thefl midce , in s grneral aenac, incrw e as we lesve

the poln zme a pecially in thc vsrietyot'spet ies. But tbe nmnflm

intowh ich they are separated, are ttronglymarked in their distribution.mmm m een the latimdes 5 5 ” and “ fl u id, acéofilingmh mommx , are rarely seen nearer to the equator th an M u rr

W ofsouth latitude.

ex clusively tmpical. Hypm mddu atkoplwmbelongaleo rather to the

tropical thmt he neigbboaring zones. It ie worthy of nofiee, tbet eom

Fb r idec than th e northern e fi ct that L amouroux th inks may be -

ao

counted fi r by the mferior ex ten t of the temperate zone in that hu nts

From the number of species known to L amoureux, he a lcnh wd

that tha Flor tdrc predorninate greatly over the Fecoidew ; tbe lat ter over

He ertimetedthenumber of epeciee known to botanists (including the articulatedAka ) tobe 1660, wbich is eer tainly considerably ex aggen ted. Th e total amonnt

leu t tive or eix thonn nd. lf th is be an approximat ion to tbe tru tb, we

cannot be edd to be well aeqmin tedwi th a fifih part of the mbaqneomvegetat ion of th e globe.

”

W e eonclnde with mongiyrecommendingDr Greville’

s work to the atten tion of British botanists. Th e accuracy of h is M m and the

beaut iful platee bywhich the generic charactera are exemplified, lenve nothing to be wiehedfor in theoe respecta. Onr onlyregret is , thet the priee of

the book, perhw| necemry to eover the nnavoidable ex penee of th e eoloor

eddgnm hadnot been semewhat lower ; for it is one of the efi h of h igh

pfieedbookg that th ey ere thns placedwith in the reach ofPew , andtheee

not alwaya tbe best qualifiedto apweciote their valne ; wh ile thonsande, towhom tbrtune has not been equally kind, are by th is means deprivedof

the opportunityot‘

cultivating intellectual pursuits, and thus pract icallyin terdictedfrommany of the noblest enjoymen t: of rational beings. To

this cause ch iefly may be at tributed the dew progress of th e li t toral

acienoee in th in di V ieion ot’ the kingdom.

Ant . XXVw - PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETtES.

l . Proceeding: ofthe Royal Soct'

ety

December 7, 1829 .—The following Gentlemen were duly electedordi

Jn rz s W AL KER, Esq. W . S.

W in n i e-BALD, Eng. M . R. I.A.

e nu w Amsu e , M . D., & c.

December 91. The following commun ications were read1. Ranarlcr on the Osteology andDen tit ion of the Dnngong. HIJ!

Q s A notiee regsrding some obeervedAnomalies in tlre flicnotnené of

the Atmosphere. By Sir Gnoua n S. Mac x sm ,Bar t.

The following (Meets of Natural History, fon'

nerly presen ter? to the

socie ty by Mr Sww ro u , andpreparedby Dr Knox , were exhibited:Craniumof the Dnngongendeast ofdo.

Skeleton of the long-armedGibbon.Boe, ond1M .

Two liz ards andan alligator fromthe Irawaddy.

new snare s. von. 11. NO. 11. an ". 1830.

366.

Twenty-mmcpecimm ot’

oph idh nmpfila .

Jm fi lm—Tho fl lowing eom nnia fimwu mdeObeeru tiomon the Structnre of the Sm eh in the Pel -nvh n lmu .

By Dr Knox.January [Be

—Sir G em : Ma n n a , Bu t. readthe first pu t of a

paper entitled, An Blncidetion of the Fundamentel principia ot't o-e

leuFebflmy l .—Cononrr. Plum: of theHon. E L Company’

Service

was duly electedan Ordinary Member.Sir G cono s 8. Mu s eum , Bert. concludedhis papa on th e Fawk e

mentalPrinciple-ot‘

Phrenology ; and the fi llowiog eommnnimfiou m

l . Bemrh ex planatory, d abnh r Bemltn of e MeteomlogiedJmunl inept e t Carliele by the late Mr W . Brr r , during twenty-fi n: yearsPart I. ByTh ou “ Ba n t u , M. D.

8 . Chemical examination of W ed. By Dr Rowan Tom a. See

th is Number, p. 218.February 16.

—Dr Kn ox renda paper en titled, Observat ion. illum

more perfect animals. Part L Obeern tione to determine the mde n d

The Secretaryreada letter addree-edto the flociety by tt u u m l

Au nm, in reference to his fire-proofclothing.

March l r - Tbe followingGen tlemen were electedordinaryMamba “J. T. G um - Cu re .Esq.

Ancmu w An son , Eeq.

Dr Knox read tbe con tinuation ot'

bis peper begnn et a fi rmeemPar t ll . On the L ew ofHermaphrodism, andon the type of

‘

the G ene

u tive 0mmin Animals.

1. Proceeding: of the Societyfor tlte Rem em t qf the U nfa i r-n ix

Scotland.

NW %, 1. An aecoun t ol rench Authogn phh M Minven ted by Pru ne s , Rue S t Honoré, Put in, was read, and am en

printed by it exhibited. Communicated by John Robi n , M sec.

9 . Obm atim on thcpnoper oonetruction of Pendnlnn ’l‘imo-bn puz.

u dpropu edimprovemenu in the comtmet ion ofPendnlm w ith teh fin

oketeh.were readandex hibited. ByW u mu L aw, L inlithgow.

3. An aeoennt of the ctme ot‘ DryBot in t imber, n dofamodefi pre

ven ting i t, wi thmimeno illurtn tix e thereof, m reodmd ex hihit ed.

ByJn mBe n r rr , A.M. Rec-tor of the Grammar School, Mofi t.

W Oe—l . An aeeoant of thedinoova -

y of the flm nen ledm

with the l? ndfi M dng fi emagmtk ith e w

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Cambridge PM hical M

February 8.

ByBons ur Bureau ,mill-wr igh t , Denny, In auhead.2. A description anddrawing of a new Cross-cutt ing Saw. By D i xo n

V an t an ca.Libberton, L anarltsh ire.8. Adesa 'iption anddrawingof an improved Indicator fi r steameo

gines, andof an Oil Test . By Joa n M‘Na non r , enginee r , Rober tson

4. Amodel, drawings, anddescript ion of a Horizontal Air Pump. ByJoa n M‘Ct msn , Esq.Maryfleld, Edinburgh , M . S. A.

Mr Rober t Kirkwood, engraver , was admit tedan Ordinary M ember .

February l‘

h—l . A model, drawing, anddescription of a new tree

Bridge. ByAn na W at son , smi th , M int , Edinburgh .

9. A model anddescript ion ot‘

Safety W indows firr upper stor iea of

houses. ByTn oru s Jon usr on , inkmanuficturer, Glasgow.

8. Adescript ion andengraving, anddirections for using an E x t inguisher

for females'dress on fire. By Tnou a s Jon x sr on , ink manfl aeturcr.Glasgow.Henry Tod, Esq.W . S. was admit tedan Ordinary Member .

February Q ,mam—The Rev . Professor Pariah, one ofth e V ice-Presi

A paper waa read by J. on the intb

gu npo whicb nn certain suppositiona can be efi tedof’

the general eqni

t ions of thcmotion of fluids ; andon the application of the reeulta to thc

solu tion of various problems. Among other cases Mr Chall is consideredthat of a streamof air issuing through an orifice in a plant , M Wagainst a plate placed near to tbe m'ifice. It appearr thn t the

’

tbmrygives in th is inatance a pressure urging th e plate towards tbe plmegmd:mis foundto ex irt by ex pa -imcn t.A paper was also readby th e Rev. L . Jenyns, on the Natw aclr

rubeta) ofPennant , con tain ing an accoun t ot'

ita habits, collected the

observationB of several individuals of th e species during a per iodofmmon ths ; and to th eee noticea was addedan enumeration of th e Reptfles

After themeet ing, Profesmr Henslow gave an account ot’t h e discoveries

recen tlymade with respect to M ormon andm ore r am! MWcat ion of these principles to th e explanation of the modernof M in

plan ts ; wi th some considerations on th e theory for the

Wthese phenomenad y M Poisson .

N ar ch fi—Acommnnication fromthe Rev.C.P.N.% MCollege, was read, containing an accoun t of a visit toMean t-”W ingen, a

burningmountain inM antis. See this No. p. 970.

Mr Coddington explained th e principle of amicroacopcnf a new and

simple constrnct ion, wbieh htd been made according W W

mr’ibed particular ly the zenith sector. the quadran t , the repeat ing circle ,the grea t declination circles ofTrough ton, and the circle of Re icbenbaeh 'acons truct ion ; andinst itut eda comparison bew een the two last asmadeclination instruments wh ich at presen t are principally used in European

An . XXVI.—SCIENTIFIC INTELLIG ENCE.

r. t ax man . rn l L osorn r .

OPTICS

Da r , Esq. R R. Sp -The following is an abst ract of Mr Faraday's papernu . thin in iportan t mhj ect. The au thor, being in trostedwith th e au

perin tendenee of the ex perimental pu t of the manufi cture of the glans ,conceives it to be h is especial du ty, at the presen t stage - of the inquiry,to giwe an accoun t ot

‘

what haa been done in h is departmen t ; ibral though the investigation is ye t far from being comple ted, he trusts

th at a decided step haa now heen made in the mannfacture of glaas

for optical pttrposea, and that it is dne to the Society, as well as to

the governmen t, to render an accoun t of the results h i ther to obtained.

Th e author begins this accoun t by a s tatemen t of the usual deibcts inci(la t to glass, wh ich des troy the regularity of its action on ligh t. Theseare, on the one hand, st reaks, s tride, veins, and tails ; and, “ the other

hand, minu te bubbles ; tha forma arising from the wan t of homogeneity—the lat ter fromthe in termi x tnre ofair. Of th ese, the first classofdefects cons titute the moat serious evil, as they in terfere with th e rectilineal courae of the rays ofligh t while tram the glass ; while the latter n e inj urious merelyflow the in tercep tion of the rays, and their dis

persion in all directions. The greater the difference in specific gravi ty ofth e- ingredien ts of the glass, the greater is the twdency to formatria whenthey arc h ived together : hence flin t glen , which con tains a h rge propor

tion ot‘

lesd, ismore liable to this defect than either crown or plate glasa.

After numerous trials of mater ials differen t from those which en ter in to

the compoei tion of the ordinary kinds ot‘

glaaa, horate ot‘

lead and silica

were fix edupon as the most eligible ; and as near an approximat ion s:possible to a defini te chemical union of their elemen ts was arrived at, by

previous to combination, in the greates t possible sta te of purity. The

oxide of lead was obtainedfromth e ni trate of themetal previously crys tallized. The boracic acidwas also selectedfromthe purest crystals affordedby themanufacturer , andcarefully tes ted to ascertain i ts freedomfromforeign mat te rs. The ailica employed was that offlint- glass - tnakers

'an d,

well washed andcalcined, andfreed fromiron by ni tric acid. i t was of

terwards combined wi th protoxide of lead. These materials were then

mixed, in the proportion of parts ot nitrate oflead, Q4.ot'

silicate of

lead, and62 of crys talliz ed boracic acid, andme ltfi togeth er in a separa tefurnace, adapted expressly for this preliminary operation , andof which a

minute deacription is given . A tray was then premreil of thin laminm0f

platina—all the apertures of which were carefully cloned by soldering

for conh ining the pulva iaedgh q which m to be subj eetedto th e findmelting in a ihmace oi'peculiar construction , vrhieh the author tums thefinish ing furnace. After numerous triala ot' subsunces fi r m mthe chamber in wh ich the fusion of the glasl containsdin the tnaym w

be conducted, reooursc was had to thematerials from'hich the Cocniahcruciblea aremanufactured, andvrh ich were obtained firm th e ltind

neu of the preddmh andwere ex presslymanuficturedtor w purpoae byMr M itcbell ot

’

Cornwall. In ordcr to preven t the reduction of any por

tion of the lead en tering in to the composition of the gass, a current of

fi esh air was in troducedby a tube, andmade to pan along the aurfaee of

the mmipulations neoem y fi r conducting these proeeu esmall their

stagea ; in some ot‘ wh ich , howevcr, the best methods oi’

prowedfig yet

remainedto be ascertained—evarist ions having been made u t he vu ylast ex perimen t , and it is ouly by stillmore ex tensive ci perienee t hat t heauthor ex pects the proper arrangunents wfll ult imatelybe set t led. Direc

t ions are given as to the occasional inspection of the glm during tlte prom themode of st irringbya rake ofpis tinafi ndthe ph n deviaa l by theauthor ofaccelerating th e disengagemen t andUn cape ofbubblee by throwing in to themeltedmaterials a quan tity of pulverizedplatinamix edwiihfi agmen ts of th e eame kindofglass. Thc glm wh ich has been oh tained

hy the mixture of the materials above-men t ioned, const itu tin g silicafid

borste of lead, has a specific grsvi ty of 5 .u , and higb refi active anddis

persive powers, and, perbsp9 , also very considerable refiecfingpower.‘ fi t

h aofwrmmmdinarygh u , bu t la s hable w bemnh hedh y su lpmn pom, u thq muauyex ist in dte am« phm ;mdalso lea actedupw

bymoisture than glee- in to which potash enters as an ingredient f it islikewise amuch more perfect electric than common glm—E il. G astric.

2. Ej ect «f light on L iquid » By M . Dnr aocn sn—Ou th e l0th ih

sfi k x , M ich cppear lo be onalagous, Mr m lo aw wth dhn h o confiaedw fim qfroh

'

dmlemks.On the 25 th January, the Institu te received fromM. Dutiochet aseem

communication relative to the influence of ligh t on thembtiofi W MHe hadestablished that a (iifl'erence of tetnpersture wasW W W

ligh t, ifwe tap 01580 th e table aswhich tht l tw i ligh t movement instan tly I’e- eittnhliehen th e cir

mbet ter ; but this « W ham mu ffi n

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Protomlphate ot non , w e“

Sulphate of zinc,

magneaia,Ammonia alum,

Soda alum,

One ot’

the veryfew known mineral wt tera ot' aSam mme lde of W ighg whieh ia, howeveraa the water of ltonnelymavinga apec. gravityot

'

lOO‘

L G and

awardingm mmEnghah pin t

Cryatalhaedaulphat e of iron ,Sulphat e of alumina, which can be obtained in the atate of

cryatallinedalum,

W W AMM MBM )Crystalliaedaulphate ofmagneaia,

Common aalt,

l t ia obvioua, that in the uae ofmch mmeral watera aamuat be exercised ; for wi th such ingredien ta they mayaerioua eflhcta upon thoee wbo uae themindiaereet ly.

of the lodida andBm ide of ailver, fromwhich he deducea

Atomof iodineDouble atom a n

Spec. grav. ofgaseous iodineiodine

lodic acid connata ofoxygen

998 16 iodineHydriodic “ dof

hydrogenAndita specific gravity by calculation being onlyren t fi-

cmGuy- Lama’

s experimental resultAtomot

'

bromineDouble atom

Spec. grav. ofgu eoua bromine = 5 .8984

“ id:oxygen,

bromineHydrobromic acid

M b” ,

And the spec. gran dm us hydmmomic acid -

z fldsu .

l t will be remembered that Dr Thomaon's number for iodine iaand that Balard

’

s two ex perimen ta gave ibr that ot’ bromine 989.6, and

wh ile l i ebeg's later ex pa

'imen ts gave for that ot’bromiuem8. Aadyrir qfo M eteor-{c Sloan—This stone fell in Macedonia, andwas

analysed byBeraelius at th e request oe Scheuer of Vienna, for a work

on me teoric stones wh ich he is preparing.l t waa.ofa grey colour. intermixed with round transparent species; and

with point s ofadarh or brown colour andmetallic lustre, ahowing it to bean aggregate of several diflhrent mbstances. Rubbed to powder, th e

’magnet aaparatedit in to two portions ; and the non-magne tic port ion treatedwit h acids left 62} per cen t. of insolublematter.The slug

-M “ : portion consisted ofh on.

Nickel, with a trace ofcobalt ,

Sulphur,

100

andwu amix tune ofnicheh imn, andmagnetic pyrites, hoth ofwhich the

Protax ide ofiron,

8

9

havh gfi em podfion ofohfing wimmh diflerenmmatme oaygmmth e hasea ia to that in the ailica, aa 3 : 9.

The inaolnhle port ion cousistedot‘

amix ture of the ailicatea of potash

protoxide ofchromium, andS par cen t. ofox ide of nickeL—M mt t‘

on:

ofthe Royal Academy q cieamn toekholm.

“ I. NATU RAL HISTORY.

u i u u t oor .

9. Analysi s q llophane fi -omF irmi ia tbew oa. By M. J. Gou .

L ea n n—The specific gravity was at 19° Beaum.

Alumina,W ater,

Su lphmic acid,

Carbonate ofcopper ,

374

As these numha 's agneed ill with the thex y ofdduitamoporc e

n pu wdthe andyfis wh hm ahdbbu inedthe fnnowing reaultn

W ater,

It consiata, thu efmmof two amms of bi-hydrate ot’.

dW md dM M M m dm wacid. It ranks next Halloyrilca—Aaa. do Chin .

is addrecaed to Dr Hibbert frmn Thomaa

linea to you on the

L a you predicted, it haa been fiound ln qumtity on tlu

Z OOLOG Y.

19. Obser vations on Sn ow . By M. Daavom .—On

her 1899, M. Bobineau Deevoidy commun ifollowing obaervations. 1. In a clayey and sandy

in open ing one of the largest ,he feundsix ybungleaadeveloped. 2. Having dissecteda viper , oneh din li

'ran ce the M w , bc fi n d in the

18. Amunq mother care qfvnitedm in

of twins by'

a corporeal hand, aa in the ex ample d’

now exhibitingm themetropolis, 18 a phenomenoncially i n the East, where lam w h en are, perhaps,other parts of the world.

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HuAngmt u . Fmou h iw lmptovement l in mappum wmdenn Flnidow tbe Propclhngw gifi ngMofion to M inu y of mmDescriptions. To nt on am W n u n u , oonnty ofMidtfle-u .

la Angmt ormlmM en t fi t he comtmcfion mdw t tingdovemor rem fin w bonh ingeoth fbr theme oq W ot h .

‘

l‘o lh z

tu mB x u u'Bnoox , coun ty ofYet} .

in; Dough. ToMom Poem, L inooln’s Inn.

90. Angmt 28. Fmemu in lmpxm eo t in tbe n tide eommoflya lM Sfick SealingW u . To Pu n mol arMammu iddle '

l‘mfie.

21. Septembex e. For eertain tmmm u hnl‘om koom flmwmingCloth . T o u u u lu n a r

-n on , Manchester.

M Smping, Swecping, Clu ning, findW atering St reet M mdotherW aye. ToJon u BOA“ andTn ou u 8mm, London“QSH Septemba ‘

l Fou n tain lmptovemenu on meohinfl y tbt kingLace, commonly called 80a Net . To Jon n Le n t s.Not t ingham24. September 18. For est-min lmpmv emenu ia hinwy for Pu

-

opel.ling Vessel: andgiving Motion to Mill: andother Mochinery. To W u.

L u u Poo» , dtyofLincoln.

25 . Septa nber 23. For certain Improvemen ts in Scum-Engines andinMachinery fiat Propelling t , wh ich Improvemen t: are applicable goother Purposes. To Eu u n G AL LOW AY, Burgh ofSont hw k.

A n. M IL—CEL ESTIAL PHENQMENA,

FromApr il h t, to July I“ , 1830. Adept “ ! to the M er idian q rm

which an gin a in M ean Wm.

N.B. -The day begimat noon, and the eonj unctiomof themoonmdSw i m given in Righ tAm don .

x .

n. n. a. 7 5 4‘5 8 31 47 15

6 7 45 18 45

6 12 8 19‘7 14 44

7 19 29

9 w mmm w 7

Q D9 3

N i ?15 18 47

21 19l l

1314

1713N 222

8

3

23

2

2

3

7'N.

JU NE.

12 34 as dz np pamw.

8m. 2128 48 Dd¢ I D5 9

'N.

APRIL .

6 24 18 18fl W

5 40 5

5 17 11 fl4 5 5 16 44

APR“ .

D.o I 0 I o I 0

5 113'

s. 3 318. 28 18 8. 22 25 8. 18 2611.7 1 5 8. 4 4 2142 2113 3 4811. 4 8 21 1 4 19 18 2818 9 7 3 43 20 16 17 18 2725 14 27 8 68 18 85 18 28

144 8. 18 36 & 15 8. 18 22K.

0 17S. l: 18 18124N. 18 133 16 18 175 18 18 0

JUNE.

1) h h h h h

1 88 38151. 7 4014, 13 78 22

917 18 178»

7 22 0.

9 48 13 2 22 17 18 28

13 20 17 115 1 10 68 23 87 17 18 22

19 1268 13 61 o 5 5 22 42 17 18 24

26 1 81 15 45 8 68 22 48 17 12 ne w

The preeediuggmben willmble anypam te am! the poeifim ol

the ph ucto, to lay themdown n odu fid glofi md todwtheir tima of rifiugcndl et ting.

Ar r. XXIX—Summary of M eteorological 063m nu de at Min December 1829, andJaaw y and February AM By Mr 81m g.

mut an t . Communicatedby the Au thor.

Maximumon the 31a,

Max imumou the h h ,Minimumou the 28tb,

Memheight ,

w am, zmm

Thh hu beeu a va yw ldmddrymmtt adit uot beeu fer therain wh ich fbll on the l l th , leth , and1sth , on which th t ee daysms

inchee weremu lmud, we ehou1d have hadbu t .249 inch for filemouth.There hmbeeu but six u iny dayt . Though hnw beeum aldays omwhich mow hu Mien, yet when melted quan tity hu beeum edymfi cimt w bemmuredby the gaugg amoun tingaltogether onlyto dM iuch . Tbe baromeeer hu beeu h igh tbrougb the whole of themonth , and the mean is gmter thm hn been tbe w e iu anymonth formet al yenn . Th e mem of tbe thcrmometer clecrly indicuta théme

rity with wh ich the winter has commenced. The cold dry wind; fromthe N. E.

, N. audE. have prmiledduring the greater pmof aevcnt eendayl . Themperuture of

’

the duys nndnigh ts hu fieqmdy been nw

ly equam efimeo not vt ryingm e than r or t ".

January, 1830.

Mu iinumou the h t ,

Minimumon tbe flln,

M 1

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INDEX TO VOL . 11.

S EW SERIES.

Au u u'r t ox ofa diamondiena, 317

A1humen, newAldini, M., h incombuatibie dron es

A13: Britannica , analyt ic of Dr Ore.

ville’a work on. 380Aliophanemualysie of, 173Amm emawouut el a uew one , 81Avemmh ke , aeeouut of. 88

nmunt of the district oi

'

the Bey5

Beequerel, M..on the denounpoaition ot‘

carburet ofmlphur hymen e1ectric

m mBertrandde Dme, M., on the fou i1boneaofSt Privat-d’Allier , 276

—on thoriua andin aa1ta, 223Bix

ida ot Madet r Heineken ou the,45

Caverns in Tuughin described, ass- ar

CM MI, 111| for worhingm 1 {gym-fl

m 321

1—ou themu11ets oi'Europe, 61Diamouddist t ict ot'Brazil ,mun ion to

Diamouda, aeeount of their diroovery inam en

Di

ssoud lens, on the abemtion ofone,

W3

5

7?on them ol iigh tm

1ndim383, thdr oonnec.of tbe bu ometer ,

Elbroutz , account of thement of.134

Faraday, Mr, on the maunficture of

1mmfi 1“

achromatic wim p“ ,nt -G or

ti! on, 181, 368Flour“ , M.

, on hybernatiou and1ethar.

Cornwall, 374

W MM M the ohM of,

eomw pmmuneed at the Ae-duny ofSt Peters 336

Hybematim animah , 111inoombusfible drealee ofmmmi de.

Fofl mk of lreh nd, hirtoryof tho, 801Fossil bone. of St-Privat-d’Allier dis.coveredin Bu alt, 278

Pumarole de-eribed, 847G alvanismmn the elw ioal andchmiealthmfiu ofi lfio

the fnlll ot'

, thocribed, 129Dr, on the “

go Britannica ,

G roovedmrfitoee, on the periodid oo

M M , notice oi’ hiamngneticyourney. ,

291mHennaphrodirmfltheory of Dr Knox a

Hibbcrt, Dr, iii-com m bonn inBan k in the peoviuoe ot

‘

Veh y, 278m me lfinwy of tbe Cm Bm-

y« 105 301

-

y ofmg‘

116m .

lea—am.

the Inland

1M—c t n n

w00tme, 188- 111 the

mam-wee

M a fl tptk m 1.mm 821

Mineral pitdx aim ed in Cornwall ,874

Curb on

M 81

t ydd mflw d the Ber et,5 ,

M d n aduain d 371

M on kmt ing

WFW

‘a m t d m

. r 10 3111111113, 8! ‘M by

M byw , WVOW h n

Tum , 913