AROMATHERAPY DIPLOMA COURSE

ASSIGNMENT ONE

INTRODUCTION

TUTOR TALK: To start we will give you a briefintroduction to this fragrant subject and look atthe history of the use of flowers, leaves, plantsand herbs.

Aromatherapy is a holistictreatment, the aim of which is toproduce a physical, spiritual,emotional, and mental sense ofwell-being through inhalation andmassage of essential oils.Essential oils are derived fromplants and are chosen for theirparticular therapeutic qualitiesthat are stimulating, refreshing,and sedative. Massage is usedwith the oils to enhance theireffectiveness. Aromatherapy is also referred toas the fragrant art of usingsocially selected aromatic oilsfor therapeutic purposes. It isone of the fastest growingcomplementary therapies in theworld and is recognised as one ofthe most natural and holistictreatments available today.

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Aromatherapy does not aim to treat disease. Its aim is torelease feelings of well-being, harmony, and improvedmental and physical health.

Pure essential oils are obtained from the bark, roots,stalks, leaves, flowers and resins of trees and plants.Early man more than likely chewed many of these toextract their medicinal benefits.

Later, man pressed certain plants and flowers and madethe extract into teas, until the process of distillationwas perfected. Sometimes the same plant is processed indifferent ways to obtain different aromatics.

ILLNESS IN MODERN LIVING

Due to the pace of modern living, each day sees a furtherincrease in the number of people suffering from theeffects of stress. Noise, air pollution, financialproblems, uncertainty about the future, contribute to thegeneral stress situation from which there is sometimes noescape.

Where we as humans are concerned, stress produces a stateof muscular tension - our hearts work harder, valuableenergy is burned up unnecessarily, we become fatigued andsometimes depressed. Consequently our resistance toinfection and disease is drastically reduced.

Since the causes of stress are here to stay, we can onlydeal with the effects of stress through theadministration of treatments, specially designed to relaxtension, restore vitality, and reduce the workload of theheart, nerves, etc. Such treatments nearly always include

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massage.

Of all the holistic therapies, perhaps aromatherapy isthe one that instantly connects us to our earliestprimeval links with all natural energy forces - theEarth, the Sun and Moon, the elements of wind and rain,the ebb and flow of tides, the animals of the land, thesea and the plants that grow upon the earth.

Each rock and stone, each grain of sand, each animal, andplant, has its own natural vibration and its own energyfield. When we use aromatherapy, we tap into thesevibrational energy forces via the essential oils.

ESSENTIAL OILS - THE LIFE FORCE OF PLANTS

As we use essential oils we are using the energy, essenceor 'hormones' of plants - their life force in fact. Theliving plants are interdependent for their survival onthe earth, the sun, the elements of weather, and theinteraction of animals, birds, and insects - perfectbalance of the vibrational natural world.

Minute oil glands produce the essences of plants in thestems, leaves, flowers, seeds and fruit, wood, bark andresins of plants and trees. This essence gives the plantits individual scent or smell, in their natural state,releasing this scent slowly into the atmosphere.

These oil glands can be encouraged to burst by crushingor heating and the resulting harvest of essences can becollected. A process of distillation can then extract thepure essential oils. When used in aromatherapy, theessential oils transfer their vibrational energies and

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medicinal benefits to the person being treated.

ENERGY FIELDS

Like all natural things we each have our own energy fieldand, within us, channels of energy. These energy channelscan become blocked in times of illness, disease, orstress. Treatment with the appropriate vibrationalelement has the power to unblock the channels, allowingour life-force energies to flow freely again, sorestoring or maximising our mental and physical goodhealth.

These channels of energy have been known by a variety ofnames - Chi by ancient Chinese, Yin and Yang meridians,bio-plasma and others. Nevertheless, vibrationalmedicines such as Aromatherapy, Reflexology, Acupuncture,and Colour Therapy each work in their own way to restoreour life-force energies to their balanced, harmonioushealthy state.

CHI

One finds continual references to the terms 'Chi' alsoknown as 'Qi' or 'Ki'. It is simply the Chinese word forbreath, but it also imbibes life force or essentialessence. The ancient Taoist masters spent much timeobserving the flow of this 'Chi' which they recognised asthe breath of the universe that moves through everything.Indian tradition describes this energy as 'prana'.

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YIN AND YANG

The term's yin and yang are used to illustrate thealternating forms of the creative force as it is manifestin the world. Yin represents the physical, emotional,cerebral, inertia and is symbolised by the square. Yangis the intelligence, energy, the spiritual and issymbolised by the circle. They are two aspects of thesame power, but in polarity as distinct from absoluteduality.

HISTORY

Nobody knows exactly where and when the healing art ofaromatherapy began. Nevertheless, it has its roots in therites and rituals of earliest mankind. By analysis offossilised pollens found in ancient habitation and burialsites of early humans, scientists have discovered tracesof plant that have known medicinal properties. At leastsome of these properties must have been evident to theseearly people, who would have made the discovery either byaccident or by observation. Early man would soon haverecognised which leaves, berries, fruit, or rootsencouraged wounds to heal or sickness to improve. Hewould also have observed which plants sick animals soughtout and ate. They discovered startling proof of the earlyuse of plants by Neanderthal man in 1975 at a cave site

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in Iraq. Scientific excavation showed signs of humanhabitation for 60 000 years and the discoveries therehave been some of the most significant and importantfinds to date.

At this site in 1975, the burial of a Neanderthal adultmale was discovered. The subsequent soil analysis showedpollen evidence that the body had been placed on a bed ofa type of woody horsetail plant and that it had beenburied with a wreath of flowers. The plants used for thewreath are all well known today and still used for theirmedicinal properties. They include yarrow, groundsel,cornflower, St. Barnaby's thistle, grape, hyacinth, andhollyhock. As several of these plants are known to havewound healing and fever reducing properties, it istempting to think that they were used for those sameproperties by the Neanderthal man, who, far from being alumbering cretinous creature, had now been shown to havebeen a thinking, feeling being as demonstrated by thecare of the burial ritual.

Early man would also have observed that the smoke fromhis fire could produce various effects. Some woods orbushes, when burnt and the smoke inhaled, can producedrowsiness, some excitement and others hallucinations.Little wonder that smoke and fire were considered magicaland formed an integral part of many rituals. They thoughtthat some wood smoke was beneficial and the 'smoking' bysick people was an early medical treatment. Fumigationwith aromatic plants and woods has been an acceptedmedical practice for thousands of years and is still usedin some parts of the world today. Until as recent as,

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early 20th Century hospitals in Europe burnt rosemary andthyme as a disinfectant.

Deliberate cultivation of plants began with Neolithic manand the plants cultivated included the poppy. It seemshighly unlikely that early man was aware of the narcoticeffects. The white spotted red mushroom (Fly Agaric),beloved of all illustrators of children's fairy tales,was another of the earliest substances used by man forits hallucinatory effects. Perhaps this explains itsconnection with fairies and magical tales. Thehallucinatory affects were evident in some of Alice'sexperiences in Wonderland! Lewis Carroll was known tohave studied the effects of Fly Agaric.

Evidence of the widespread use ofaromatic plant substances was seen inthe tomb paintings of the ancientEgyptians 5000 years ago. Plantsubstances were used not only formedicinal, but also for perfumes andcosmetics, in preservation andpreparation of food to enhance flavourand aid digestion. They were also usedfor their anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties to stave off illnessand epidemic. Some were even found tohave contraceptive qualities. The ancient Egyptians practised asophisticated level of medicine andmany of the plants that they used aretoday recognised as beneficial in the

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treatment of certain diseases. Theirsurgeons even developed techniques forsuccessful brain surgery. Evidence ofthis has been found on many mummifiedremains, which show clear signs ofskull surgery in which the bones ofthe skull had healed and knittedtogether some considerable time beforedeath.

They cultivated fields of fruits and vegetables andgardens of herbs. Plant substances were used extensivelyin pills, potions, pastes, ointments, infusions,poultices, powders, and suppositories. In addition, whenthe ancient Egyptian died, plant substances, bitumen’s,and resins were used in the most important ritual of all- embalming his body so that his Ba, or spirit, couldlive for eternity. The embalming of royal bodies and HighCourt dignitaries involved the removal of the internalorgans, which they embalmed separately and stored incanopic jars for later burial in the tomb. The intestinalcavity was cleaned with palm wine and all hollow parts ofthe body were filled with aromatics and spices. The bodywas dry-salted and left for 70 days. They then wrappedthe body with gummed bandages and prepared it for thefuneral procession to the tomb.

The famous Egyptologist, Howard Carter, who discoveredthe tomb of Tutankhamen, was profoundly moved when thesarcophagus of the king, who was 18 years old at the timeof his death, was opened revealing the dried well-preserved flower garlands draped around his neck. Thesewould have been placed in the tomb by the hands of his

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young widowed queen, whose footprints were still clearlyvisible in the undisturbed dust in the tomb. Threethousand years slipped away and, it seemed to Carter,that the young queen had stepped out of the tomb onlymoments before. He was acutely aware that he was,breathing the very air that had last been breathed by theancient mourners.

Although Tutankhamen died at a very young age. Many ofthe ancient people's life span must have increasedconsiderably if we consider the medicinal properties ofthe commonly used plants used by the Egyptians and otherancient civilisations - for example, the Greeks, Romans,and Mesopotamians. Noting how very familiar these plantsare to us today is interesting.

Consider this list:

rhubarbwatermelongarliccoriandercedargrapescumincypressolivesonionsthymemustard

juniperquinceangelicamarjorammintparsleyradishesleeksbaytarragongingercinnamonaniseed frankinc

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applesrosescarawayfennelsaffron

ensepoppyyarrow

As the Roman Empire expanded, their knowledge spreadwidely and probably arrived in Britain with the Romanlegions. In the 11th Century Arabia, Avicenna, the famouscourt physician recorded his use of over 800 plants inhis treatments. Historically, he is an important figurein the later development of Aromatherapy because he usedmassage and manipulation as part of his treatment. He wasalso largely responsible for the refining of distillationtechniques to derive oils from plants.

Medieval Europe saw the use of plants in infusions,pills, potions, pomanders and nosegays, which weresniffed as protection against epidemic and pestilence.The herbs lavender, sage, and rosemary were used widelyto scent linen and to protect materials against moths.Herbs were strewn on the floors of dwellings to perfumerooms and repel fleas, flies, and ticks. In times ofplague, bonfires were lit at intervals along the streetsin the belief that the smoke would act as a powerfuldisinfectant and would give some protection againstinfection. Although many uses of plants through thecenturies would have been extremely effective, some werenot and this type of fumigation during the times of thebubonic plague would probably have been useless.

Sometimes physicians must have hastened the demise oftheir patients through "overkill". On 2nd February 1685,

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Charles B suffered a convulsion whilst being shaved andcollapsed. His doctor prescribed that first they bleedhim and then cause him to vomit. They administered twopurgatives and an enema. They treated him with mallowleaves, violets, beetroot, camomile, fennel, linseed,cinnamon, cardamom, saffron, aloes, hellebore, andcowslips.

They gave him drinks of barley water, liquorice, sweetalmond, wine, absinthe, thistle, mint, rue, and angelica.The treatment continued with slippery elm, peony,lavender, lime flowers, lily of the valley, melon seeds,gentian root, nutmeg, quinine, and cloves. They rubbedpowdered beetles into his head and pigeon droppings onhis feet.

Not surprisingly, the king died a week later, afterapologising for being such "an unconscionable time as adying". We can only wonder how he survived for as long asa week! As aroma therapists we are very aware that "toomuch" can be extremely dangerous when we consider thepossible toxic side effects of essential oils incorrectlyused in untrained hands.

MODERN HISTORY

Towards the end of the 19th Century, as a French chemist,Professor Rene Gattefosse, accidentally discovered thehealing power of lavender essence, when he plunged hishand into a bowl of lavender oil after receiving a badburn. The burn healed quickly, without forming a blisteror leaving a scar. He then began many years of researchinto the healing properties of essential oils. His

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knowledge increased further when he treated soldierswounded during the 1914 - 1918 war and in 1928 he gavehis treatment the name "Aromatherapie".

His work was later extended by Dr. Jean Valnet, a Frenchphysician, who used essential oils to treat cancers,tuberculosis, diabetes and other serious illnesses. He claimedmany successes. Marguerite Maury followed him, a Frenchbiochemist, and beautician, who further developed massagetechniques and skin-care treatments using essential oils. Shecontinued to further develop and work in the field ofaromatherapy until she died in 1968 at the age of 73. Interestin aromatherapy has continued to grow and today, rightly, ithas a massive following.

FACT FILE: The human body, like that of everyliving creature has one prime biological function- to reproduce itself and ensure the survival ofits offspring. However this is only possible whenall the body systems work together efficiently tomaintain health and cope with outsideinterference.

TUTOR TALK: You have now completed thisassignment. Complete and return the question paperto the College for marking.

© Copyright Reserved

"It is the common wonder of all men, how among so many millions of faces,there should be none alike."

Sir Thomas Browne

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QUESTIONS ON ASSIGNMENT ONE

Q1. Explain in your own words what you understand AROMATHERAPYto be.

Aromatherapy is a truly holistic therapy, taking into account of the mind, body, and spirit of the person seeking help, as well their lifestyle, eating patterns and relationship. Aromatherapy has its roots in the most ancient healing practices of humankind, for the plants from which we now derive essential oils had been used for thousands of years before the technique of distilling oils was discovered.

However aromatherapy can help ease a wide assortment of ailments, easing aches, pains, and injuries, while relieving the discomforts of many health problems. Furthermore aromatherapy also acts on the central nervous system, relieving depression and anxiety, reducing stress, relaxing, uplifting, sedating, or stimulating. Therefore, both physical and emotional well being is restored. In addition the appropriate oils can have powerful results, both on the body and the spirit. "Fragrance Oils"“, Perfumes”, and other artificially made substitutes for Pure Essential Oils cannot produce these amazing result.

Moreover Aromatherapy does not cure conditions, but helps the body to find a natural way to cure itself and improve immune response.

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Q2. List five ways in which ancient man used plant substances.

The ancient man probably discovered by chance that some of theleaves, berries, and roots they gathered for food made sick people feel better, or that their juices helped wounds to heal. For instance the Egyptians were using aromatics 3,000 years before Christ for medicinal and cosmetic purposes, and to embalm their dead. We know from various papyrus documents some of the plants they used medicinally and the methods of use. They made pills, powders, suppositories, medicinal cakes and purees, ointments and pastes for external use, from a widevariety of trees and plants.

Give five examples of plants which were used medicinally by ancient man.

Here are the medicinal values of the plants that the ancient man used.

Yarrow: an astringent, insect repellent, and tonic Grape hyacinth: digestive stimulant and diuretic Marshmallow root: for sore throats and digestive problems Thistle: to rid the body of kidney and bladder stones,

and for gravel Cornflower: menstruation stimulant, uterine tonic and to

soothe tired eyes

Q4. What procedure is used with the oils to enhance their effectiveness? (1)

There are three main methods to enhance the oils effectivenessis through, Inhalation, bathing, and application.

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Q5. Give a brief description of Chi. (3)

The energy that keeps humans alive also permeates the entire universe, Prana or chi, (breath) flows in human bodies through channels called meridians. The vital life force energy consists of balancing heating and cooling components,

Q6. Give a brief description of Yin and Yang. (4)

The body works best when vital energy circulates around the body exactly as it should. For instance at this time, everything in the body is in balance between two different principles, Yin and Yang. Yin generally is assigned to relaxed, cool, passive objects or feelings. Yang is assigned to active, warm, and assertive objects, organs, and actions.

Q7. Who in 1928 gave Aromatherapy its name? (1)

The term 'aromatherapie' was coined by a French chemist named René-Maurice Gattefossé (1881-1950) who studied the medicinal properties of essential oils for many years whilst working in his family’s perfumery business

Q8. What was the name of the doctor who further developed the field of Aromatherapy, until present day? (1)

Dr. Jean Valnet is regarded as one of the founders of modern aromatherapy

Q9. When do our energy channels become blocked? (2)

Our energy channel’s become blocked due to imbalances within the flow of our energy (Chi) this is usually due to illnesses,disease, and stress. However treatments such as Aromatherapy, Reflexology, Acupuncture, help to unblock the imbalances and eventually bring balance (Yin & Yang) to the person’s vital energy.

Q10. List three types of Vibration medicine. (3)

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Vibration medicine contains highly specialised glands that arepresent in the foliage, flower, or other plant material. In fact, stalks, flowers, blossoms, and fruits have all been usedto obtain the plant oil. In the plant, the essential oil is part of the plants own immune system. Therefore as the oils evaporate, they create a barrier around the leaf or other plant part, and so reduce water loss through evaporation in the plant itself. Essential oils in essence appear to provide some defence against infection in the plant material, thus helping to strengthen its immune system and attract insects that are vital to pollination. The plants that contain essential oils are found mainly in hot, dry habitats. At certain times of the day, and particular times of the year, the essential oils are present at optimum levels, and this is the best time for harvest and distillation. Finally the amountof oil produced by a plant is also affected by the growing conditions, including the type of soil, the amount of sunlightit receives, and rainfall.

Test Submitted 23/05/2012 @ 11am

Ref: S51241

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Final Exam Submissions 

If you have just submitted your final exam you will normally

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get feedback from your tutor by e-mail within four to five working days. Successful students will then be issued with theaward in approximately 2 weeks. 

If you are registered on an NCFE accredited course, the NCFE certificate will be dispatched within 4 - 6 weeks. Both awardsare sent out by the conventional postal system. 

PLEASE NOTE: This is confirmation of receipt of your assignment, you will not receive a separate e-mail confirming receipt of your assignment. If you have not heard from your tutor within four to five working days please contact us immediately at info@stonebridge.uk.com so that we can investigate this further for you. 

We hope that you are enjoying the course and look forward to receiving your next question paper. 

Kind regards, ElearnukAdministration PASSEDASSINGMENT 2

Q1) what is the most important ingredient in Aromatherapy treatment? (1)

The most important ingredient is essential oils.

Q2) what substance can produce a smell of fear

The adrenalin substance can produce a smell of fear

Q3) Name the five main parts of the brain.

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The cerebrum, the midbrain, the pons varolii, the mendulla oblongata and the cerebellum are the main five parts of the brain. However three parts are called the brain stem; they arethe midbrain, the pons varolii, and the medulla oblongata.

Q4) briefly describe the cerebrum. (5)

The cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain and makes up the front and top part of the brain. Furthermore it is dividedinto two large cerebral hemispheres. The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex and is the region wherethe main functions of the cerebrum are carried out. The cortexis concerned with all forms of conscious activity sensations such as vision, touch, hearing, taste, smell, also control of voluntary movements and reasoning, emotion and memory.

The cortex of each cerebral hemisphere has a number of functional areas, Sensory Areas; gives sensation to the skin,muscles’ and joints.

Motor Areas; controls all the voluntary muscles of the muscular system.

Association Areas. In these areas association takes place between information from the sensory areas and remembered information from past experiences. Conscious thought then takes place and decisions are made which often result in conscious motor activity controlled by motor areas.

Q5) In what lobe would you find the motor centres? (1)

The motor centres lies in the frontal lobe.

Q6) where would you find the sensory centres for the trunk andhead? (1)

The sensory centres’ for the trunk and head lies in the parietal lobe.

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Q7) Where would you find the sight centre? (1)

The sight centre is in the occipital lobe.

Q8) Briefly describe the three groups of nerve fibres. (6)

The nervous system comprises of the brain, the spinal cord, and nerves which together form communication networks to co-ordinate the various actions of the body. The nervous system contains billions of interconnecting neurons which are designed to transmit nerve impulses. There are three types of neurons.

Motor fibres, these conduct impulses away from the brain and the spinal cord to muscles and glands to stimulate them into caring out their activities, controlling all the voluntary andinvoluntary muscles of the muscular system.

Sensory fibres; running from the base of the brain bringing impulses from the sensory organs all over the body

Connector fibres; these link sensory and motor neurones, helping to form the complex pathways that enable the brain to interpret incoming sensory messages, decide on what should be done and send out instructions in response along motor pathways to keep the body functioning properly.

However the nerve centres receive and discharge messages and areas association takes place between information from the sensory areas and remembered information from past experiences. Conscious thought then takes place and decisions are made which often result in conscious motor activity controlled by motor areas. Therefore the memory is stimulated when a similar stimulus is received again. The stimulus of smell can trigger off memory, therefore certain smells being very powerful.

Q9) where would you find the Olfactory nerve and what is its purpose? (3)

The sense of smell, of olfaction, is less well understood thanany other senses such as sight, hearing, touch, and taste

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(however the latter is partially connected with sense of smell). The olfactory nerve is the first cranial nerve, and isdirectly connected to the brain they have been described as ‘brain cells outside the brain’ because of this, the sense of smell is the most immediate of our senses. The olfactory nerve lies in the upper part of the nose. Equally the main body of each olfactory cell, several fine filaments called cilia extend into the layer of moisture (mucus) in the nose, and the tips of these filaments are equipped with receptors which detect the presence of any aromatic particles. Thereforethe neurons of the olfactory nerve control the inner responsesof our emotions and memories, as well as the body’s hormones.

Q10) Name two activities that the hypothalamus regulates. (2)

The Endocrine system and Autonomic Nervous system

Q11) give a brief outline why smell is linked to memory and emotion. (3)

A smell can bring on a flood of memories, influence people's moods and even affect their work performance. Because the olfactory bulb is part of the brain's limbic system, an area so closely associated with memory and feeling it's sometimes called the "emotional brain," smell can call up memories and powerful responses almost instantaneously. The olfactory bulb has intimate access to the amygdala, which processes emotion, and the hippocampus, which is responsible for associative learning. Despite the tight wiring, however, smells would not trigger memories if it weren't for conditioned responses. Whenyou first smell a new scent, you link it to an event, a person, a thing or even a moment. Therefore your brain forges a link between the smell and a memory. Moreover there is no clear explanation and it is quite mysterious how it works.

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Q(12) why is the relationship important between the brain, mind and body? (3)

The aromas are sensed and analysed in the reticular system of the brain stem. In this body system, emotions, memories, and attention are connected. In addition certain aromas can stimulate the hypothalamus, the part of the brain that controls the endocrine system and many body functions. Furthermore the hypothalamus may activate the pituitary gland,which produces hormones that can affect both the physical bodyand the emotions.

Hormones are potent compounds that influence emotions and behaviour, in addition to their many other functions. Therefore the power of aromatherapy can not only influence thephysical imbalances of the body, but also affect emotions and memory. To conclude this is the importance of the relationshipbetween the brain, mind, and body. Finally essential oils can directly affect the emotional states through the olfactory system, which makes it a uniquely holistic healing treatment.

End of Assignment 2

Submitted 06/06/12 @ 14:45

Test Submitted

Thank you for submitting a test paper for your course, it will now be passed to your tutor for marking.

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Students normally get feedback from their tutor within four to five workingdays. In the meantime you are more than welcome to submit the next assignment(s) for your course.

If you would like to provide us with feedback on how your course is progressing, you may do so by clicking on the link below:

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Final Exam Submissions

If you have just submitted your final exam you will normally get feedback from your tutor by e-mail within four to five working days. Successful students will then be issued with the award in approximately 2 weeks.

If you are registered on an NCFE accredited course, the NCFE certificate will be dispatched within 4 - 6 weeks. Both awards are sent out by the conventional postal system.

PLEASE NOTE: This is confirmation of receipt of your assignment, you will not receive a separate e-mail confirming receipt of your assignment. If youhave not heard from your tutor within four to five working days please contact us immediately at info@stonebridge.uk.com so that we can investigate this further for you.

We hope that you are enjoying the course and look forward to receiving yournext question paper.

Kind regards,

ElearnukAdministration

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MARKING SHEET FOR STUDENT ACTIVITIESCourse: Aromatherapy Level 4Module: Assignment 2Tutor TalkAll students are reminded to make copies of their submitted work as your work may not bereturned, as the college may need to retain this for internal quality assurance purposes. Thismarking sheet contains your tutors comments and feedback on the workyou have submitted. In line with the awarding bodies' marking regulations, each questionwill either be marked asOBJECTIVE MET (this means that the student has included all the necessary information in theiranswer to satisfy the Learning Objective. The tutor may or may not comment on the work) orOBJECTIVE NOT MET (this means that the student has not included sufficient information in theiranswer to satisfy the Learning Objective. The tutor will indicate what needs to be included in orderto satisfy the Learning Objective.) If the Learning Objective is NOTMET, the student will need toresubmit additional information for the answer in order to meet the Learning Objective. ALLLearning Objectives MUST be PASSED in order to progress.At the end of the mark sheet, the student will not be issued a grade, only a pass or fail gradeindication will be awarded. In order to achieve a pass grade ALL objectives will need to be met.Student Name: Hazel Rice Student Number: S51241Student Type: Online25 Recreation RoadLarneCounty AntrimUk BT40 1HAQUESTION GRADES:Question 1 Passed. Comment: Correctly stated.Question 2 Passed. Comment: Correct, when it is produced in the body it stimulates the heart-rate, dilatesblood vessels and air passages, and has a number of more minor effects.Question 3 Passed. Comment: Clearly noted.Question 4 Passed. Comment: Correct, when the 'brain' is mentioned to people it is actually the cerebrum thatthey are generally thinking about.Question 5 Passed. Comment: Correctly stated.

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Question 6 Passed. Comment: Correct, without this the body will lack awareness which could result in injuryand the inability to speak or even write.Question 7 Passed. Comment: Correct.Question 8 Passed. Comment: Well discussed.Question 9 Passed. Comment: Correct, this is also called the first cranial nerve which is the shortest of all thecranial nerves.Question 10 Passed. Comment: Correct, the hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes andother activities of the Autonomic Nervous System.Question 11 Passed. Comment: Correct, this system is also responsible for the flight / fight response.Question 12 Passed. Comment: Well outlined.OVERALL GRADING:Date Graded: 06.06.12Overall Result: PASSComments: Hazel, a clearly presented second assignment, well done! :Tutor: Natasha Beukes

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Assignment 3

Q1). What is referred to as the largest organ of the body? (1)

The skin is referred to as the largest organ of the body.

Q2). Briefly describe the skin.

The skin protects delicate organs in the body and provides a physical barrier to regulate body temperature, keep out foreign bodies, and retain moisture.

Most of our skin is about 2-3 mm (0.01in) thick and it accounts for about 20 percent of an adult’s body weight.

The outer layer of the skin is called the epidermis. Its surface consist of dead cells that make the skin waterproof, while cell divisions takes place in the deepest epidermis layer to create new cells that gradually move outwards and replace the outer skin layer.

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The dermis lies beneath the epidermis and has its own blood supply, as well as nerves and sweat glands, which collect water and waste products from the bloodstream then excrete outthrough pores in the epidermis. Furthermore beneath the dermislies the fatty hypodermis, which connects the skin to underlying bones and muscles.

Q3 Describe the functions of the skin (4)

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