The Danubian Lands between the Black,

Aegean and Adriatic Seas

(7th Century BC – 10th Century AD)

Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Black Sea Antiquities

(Belgrade – 17-21 September 2013)

edited by

Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, Alexandru Avram and James Hargrave

Archaeopress Archaeology

Archaeopress Publishing LtdGordon House

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i

Table of Contents

Principal Editor’s Preface ...................................................................................................... viiGocha R. Tsetskhladze

Message from the President of the Congress ....................................................................... ixSir John Boardman

Welcome by the Secretary-General ....................................................................................... xiGocha R. Tsetskhladze

List of Illustrations and Tables ............................................................................................. xiii

List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ xxi

Opening Lecture

Black Sea cultures and peoples ..............................................................................................3Miroslava Mirković

Section 1: The Black Sea Greek Colonies and their Relationship with the HinterlandGreeks, locals and others around the Black Sea and its hinterland: recent developments ...........................................................................................................11Gocha R. Tsetskhladze

Feasting and diplomacy in colonial behaviour in the northern Black Sea ............................43Ivy Faulkner

The Black Sea area in Xenophon’s Anabasis .........................................................................49Luigi Gallo

Hegemony and political instability in the Black Sea and Hellespont after the Theban expedition to Byzantium in 364 BC ...........................................................53José Vela Tejada

Femmes et pouvoir chez les peuples des steppes eurasiatiques .........................................59Marta Oller

The Bosporus after the Spartocid kings ................................................................................63Stefania Gallotta

Leuce Island as a part of the Pontic contact zone: constructing a sacred Topos ..................67Ruja Popova

Sinope and Colchis: colonisation, or a Greek population in ‘poleis barbaron’? ...................73Jan G. de Boer

Greek colonies and the southern Black Sea hinterland: looking closer into a long, complex and multidimensional relationship ............................................................81Manolis Manoledakis

Phrygia and the southern Black Sea littoral..........................................................................91Maya Vassileva

ii

Perception and the political approach to foreigners of the West Pontic Greek colonies during the Hellenistic period ................................................................................................97Alina Dimitrova

The Greek colonisation of Abkhazia in the light of new archaeological discoveries: the palaeogeographic, ecological and demographic situation in Sukhum Bay ................. 101Alik Gabelia

New data on the dynamics of relations between Greeks and Barbarians at the mouth of the Tanais river in the final stage of Scythian history (5th-3rd centuries BC) ............... 105Viktor P. Kopylov

Greek colonisation of the European Bosporus .................................................................. 109Viktor Zinko and Elena Zinko

The Cimmerians: their origins, movements and their difficulties ..................................... 119Ioannis K. Xydopoulos

Section 2: The Danube and the Black Sea RegionVerbindung zwischen dem Schwarzen Meer und der Adriatik durch Ozean und/oder Donau im Weltbild der archaischen Griechen ................................................... 127Alexander V. Podossinov

Between the Euxine and the Adriatic Seas: ancient representations of the Ister (Danube) and the Haemus (Balkan mountains) as frames of modern South-Eastern Europe ..................................................................... 133Anca Dan

Cultural Transfers and artistic exchanges between the Adriatic and Black Seas, 4th century BC ................................................................................................................... 153Maria Cecilia D’Ercole

Celts in the Black Sea area ................................................................................................. 159Jan Bouzek

Antonia Tryphaina im östlichen dynastischen Netzwerk ................................................... 169Victor Cojocaru

Wine for the Avar elite? Amphorae from Avar period burials in the Carpathian Basin..... 175Gergely Csiky and Piroska Magyar-Hárshegyi

Sur quelques inscriptions possiblement tomitaines .......................................................... 183Alexandru Avram

The ecclesiastical network of the regions on the western and northern shores of the Black Sea in late antiquity ............................................................ 189Dan Ruscu

Religion and society on the western Pontic shore............................................................. 197Ligia Ruscu

L’Europe du sud-est chez les géographes de l’époque impériale: continuités et ruptures ...................................................................................................... 205Mattia Vitelli Casella

Colonisation in the urban and rural milieu of Noviodunum (Moesia Inferior) .................. 213Lucreţiu Mihailescu-Bîrliba

Aquileian families through Pannonia and Upper Moesia .................................................. 219Leonardo Gregoratti

iii

The city of Tomis and the Roman army: epigraphic evidence .......................................... 223Snežana Ferjančić

The imperial city of Justiniana Prima as a paradigm of Constantinopolitan influence in the Central Balkans ....................................................................................... 229Olga Špehar

Empreintes et originaux: les monnaies avec monogramme BAE ..................................... 235Pascal Burgunder

The Roman harbour of Ariminum and its connections with the Aegean and the Black Sea ............................................................................................................. 243Federico Ugolini

L’Istros dans l’horizon géographique ancien: un aperçu historique sur les traditions et les connaissances géographiques concernant son bassin ........................... 249Immacolata Balena

De la mer Égée jusqu’aux Carpates: la route du vin de Rhodes vers la Dacie .................. 255Dragoş Măndescu

Section 3: Roman and Byzantine Limes. VariaWomen at the verge: Roman and Byzantine women on the Danubian Limes ................. 263Il Akkad and Milena Joksimović

Funerary images of women in tomb frescos of the Late Antique and Early Byzantine period from the Central Balkans ...................................................... 269Jelena Anđelković Grašar

Regarding the fall of the Danubian Limes with special reference to Scythia Minor in the 7th century ................................................................................. 277Gabriel Custurea and Gabriel Mircea Talmaţchi

Some East Pontic amphorae of Roman and Early Byzantine times .................................. 283Andrei Opaiţ

Some thoughts about Seleucid Thrace in the 3rd century BC .......................................... 293Adrian George Dumitru

Eastern Crimea in the 10th-12th centuries AD: similarities and differences .................... 299Vadim V. Maiko

Les Romains en mer Noire: depuis les villes greques au IIe siècle après J.-C. .................. 315Livio Zerbini

Castles made of sand? Balkan Latin from Petar Skok to J.N. Adams ................................ 323Vojin Nedeljković

Ancient coins on Bulgarian lands (1st century BC-5th century AD): the archetype of Dominance/Power–God/Emperor/King on a Throne ............................ 329Sasha Lozanova

Ceramics from the Danubian provinces on sites of the Chernyakhov-Sîntana de Mureş culture .............................................................................................................. 337Boris Magomedov

Section 4: New Excavations and ProjectsThracia Pontica: Apollonia, Mesambria et al. A comparative archaeometrical approach .......................................................................................................................... 355Pierre Dupont

iv

Old digs, new data: archaeological topography of the southern part of the acropolis of Istros during the Greek period (the Basilica Pârvan Sector) .......................................... 363Valentin-Victor Bottez

Stratégies coloniales et réseaux d’occupation spatiale gètes sur le littoral de la Dobroudja du Nord: les acquis du Programme ANR Pont-Euxin ............................... 371Alexandre Baralis et Vasilica Lungu

Rock-cut monuments in Thrace and Phrygia: new perspectives from the Gluhite Kamani project ............................................................................................... 387Lynn E. Roller

Deultum-Debeltos: archaeological excavation of the street spaces and structures, 2004-13 .................................................................................................... 395Hristo Preshlenov

The civic centre of Archaic Borysthenes: a new approach to localisation ......................... 403Dmitry Chistov

Changes in the structure of faunal remains at the settlement on Berezan island (northern Black Sea) during its existence .................................................. 415Aleksei Kasparov

Using, reusing and repairing pottery: the example of two small Bosporan centres – Tanais and Tyritake (everyday life, economic status, wealth and the resourcefulness of the population) ............................................................................. 423Marcin Matera

Excavation of Ash Hill 2 in Myrmekion .............................................................................. 431Alexander M. Butyagin

Lesale, an unknown centre in western Colchis .................................................................. 437Annegret Plontke Lüning

Recent discoveries at Tios and its territory ....................................................................... 441Sümer Atasoy and Şahin Yildirim

The rescue excavation of the Selmanli tumulus in Kastamonu ......................................... 445Şahin Yildirim

New findings on the history and archaeology of the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey: the excavation of Cıngırt Kayası ........................................................................ 453Ayşe F. Erol

On settlement problems in north-western Anatolia (Zonguldak region) from the 7th century BC to the Roman period .................................................................. 463Güngör Karauğuz

Achaemenid presence at Oluz Höyük, north-central Anatolia .......................................... 467Şevket Dönmez

New data about Roman painted pottery discovered at Cioroiu Nou, Dolj county, Romania ......................................................................................................... 475Dorel Bondoc

The cooking devices of Apollonia Pontica (Bulgaria): preliminary study of the specificities of the ceramic assemblage of this Greek colony ..................................... 481Laurent Claquin

The construction of Marcianopolis: local and imported stone production and the relationship with the West Pontic colonies during the Principate .............................. 491Zdravko Dimitrov

v

An architectural complex in the north-western part of the Chersonesian fortress belonging to the Chaika settlement in the north-western Crimea .................................... 495Tatyana Egorova and Elena Popova

Christian buildings in the fortress of Anacopia .................................................................. 505Suram Sakania

Appendix 1Programme: Fifth International Congress on Black Sea Antiquities .................................. 512

Appendix 2Summaries of papers: Fifth International Congress on Black Sea Antiquities ................... 518

Contributors/lead authors and contact details (published papers) ................................... 561

219

Aquileian families through Pannonia and Upper Moesia*

Leonardo Gregoratti(University of Durham/University of Udine)

During the last decades of the Republic, after Caesar’s reorganisation of the Roman territories in the north-eastern Alps, the colony of Aquileia, the most important settlement in eastern Cisalpine Gaul, experienced a substantial increase in the movement of goods between Italy and the regions north and east of the Alps. Aquileian and Italic tradesmen began thus to move along the well-known ancient transalpine routes, which had been used since prehistory times and through which amber from the Baltic reached the peninsula. Aquileian families gradually extended into the transalpine region their area of economic interest searching for new, unexploited markets for their products and new and cheaper sources of raw materials for their manufacturing activities.1

The colony thus became the starting point for any trade and commercial enterprise east of the Alps and for any attempt to extend in that direction the Roman political and economic influence. Very soon the Aquileian trade agents moved towards the Danube Basin and the north-western Balkan Peninsula where the Roman provinces of Pannonia and Noricum were gradually taking shape. The situation and the characteristics of the trade along the routes and regions east of the Alps in this early phase are perfectly explained by a passage in Strabo:

The merchandise from Aquileia is conveyed in wagons to what is called Nauportus […]; from here, however, it is carried down by the rivers as far as the Ister and the districts in that part of the country; for there is, in fact, a river which flows past Nauportus; it runs out of Illyria, is navigable, and empties into the Sava, so that the merchandise is easily carried down to Segestica and the country of the Pannonii and Taurisci (Strabo 4. 6. 10).

Thus the key factor was the possibility of using the rivers Liubljanica, Sava and Danube to move the goods easily and quickly to very distant destinations like the local centre of Siscia/Segestica, down the River Sava.

From Aquileia an important road led to the Danube Basin region. It crossed the Alps and headed eastwards, meeting the Liubljanica near the town of Nauportus, today’s Vrhnika. Nauportus was a Roman vicus which, according to Tacitus, was granted, an almost municipal autonomy.

* This paper presents the part of the results of a post-doctoral grant funded by the research project PRIN 2009 ‘Ancient Rome and the Transpadana’, sponsored by the Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research, <http://www.unive.it/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=119902>.1 Šašel 1981, 165-66; 1987, 149; Zaccaria 1989, 23.

At Nauportus cargoes were transferred from wagons to boats and conveyed down the Emona (Liubljanica) and Savus (Sava) (Tacitus Annals 1. 10; Pliny NH 3. 2). The archaeological excavations confirm the ancient writers’ descriptions of the town: on the right bank of the Liubljanica a large settlement dated between the late Republican period and the reign of Augustus is characterised almost exclusively by structures connected with trade activity on the river: docks, storehouses and tabernae.2

The few inscriptions found at Nauportus confirm the interest in the fluvial station of the Aquileian families,3 or of Italic families with strong connections to Aquileia. Most of the magistri vici mentioned in the inscriptions belonged to ancient and well-known Aquileian gentes.4

During the early Principate, the area under direct control of Rome expanded considerably beyond the Alps including a large portion of the north-western Danube Basin as far as the main course of the river. The military conquest and pacification of Illyricum, in AD 6-9, offered the Aquileian trading families new opportunities to expand their sphere of activity. Rufius Festus in his Breviarium Rerum Gestarum Populi Romani dates to few years later, precisely to Augustus’ last years the completion of the main road connecting Aquileia with Emona, the modern Lubljana, 25 km east of Nauportus.5 In a few years Emona took the place of Nauportus as the last Italic trading centre east of the Alps. Emona enjoyed an enviable strategic position, lying on an important crossroads, where the river route described by Strabo, running along the Sava and leading to Siscia, Sirmium and the middle Danube, met the Amber route which turned northwards, crossed Noricum and upper Pannonia to reach Carnuntum and the Danube, north of the Alps.6

Up to a certain moment both the land road and the river route to the Danube seemed to play an important role. During Claudius’ reign and even more so under the Flavians up to the start of Trajan’s rule, large military units began to be deployed closer to the frontiers of the empire. On the upper Danube Carnuntum arose as a military base in the early years of Claudius, while at the

2 Mušič and Horvat 2007a-b; Horvat 2008.3 Bandelli 1984; 1988. 4 CIL III 3776 = ILS 4876; CIL III 3777 = RINMS n. 1; Alföldy 1974, 112; Zaccaria 1985, 97, 100 and 112 ; Harding and Jacobsen 1988, 137-38; Šašel Kos 1990, 149; Zaccaria 1991, 62; Šašel Kos 1996, 83-88; 1998, 103; 2003, 15. 5 Festus Breviarum 7. Šašel 1975-76, 604; Mušič and Horvat 2007a, 267; 2007b, 171; Horvat 2008, 118; Zaccaria 2007, 315.6 Gregoratti 2014 (with bibliography).

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220

The Danubian Lands between the Black, Aegean and Adriatic Seas

end of this process, in AD 102/106 the new military base of Vindobona (Vienna) housed Legio XIII Augusta which moved there from Poetovio (Ptuj).7

A similar redeployment of the army units on the Danube frontier also took place in the same period also along the Sava and Drava, where military roads were built. Mursa, today’s Osijek, close to the point where the Drava flows into the Danube, became an important military base. Along the Sava the large Roman units were moved forward from the base at Siscia, closer to the Danube at Viminacium and Singidunum.8

If the military deployment in those years developed similarly in the two areas, a main difference between these regions consisted of the chronological gap in the process of urbanisation and Romanisation of the territories between Emona and the Danube, an element which seems to have considerably affected the commercial activity of the Aquileian families along the two routes. In the north, following the establishment of the Claudian military base at Carnuntum, the route was involved in the substantial process of urbanisation of the Norican sector undertaken by Claudius. On the ‘Amber route’ northwards new municipia like Celeia and Savaria arose, followed by Poetovio and Scarbantia in Flavian and later times.9 A series of Roman cities was thus established at a regular distances along the road. The Aquileian groups already active in Emona, were ready to exploit the possibilities offered by the new municipia. These families, as happened at Nauportus and Emona extended their trading area along the Amber Route establishing trade offices and sending agents into the new towns in order enter the new markets and to maintain commercial contacts with the military units at the frontiers. Members of the Caesernii, Atilii, Petronii, Cassii, Clodii Marcii and of course the Barbii are attested among the leading classes of the quickly developing centres by a number of inscriptions.10

In the east a serious attempt to urbanise the territory between the Drava and the Sava only came later, in the Flavian period. Neviodunum, today’s Drnovo,11 and Andautonia,12 10 km from Zagreb, two important stations along the Sava, became Roman municipia only in Flavian time and at the end of the 1st century AD.13 At Neviodunum the centre on the river closer to Emona some Aquileian families already active in the former Slovenian capital, are attested.14 The inscriptions mention a Tiberius Primus, a freedman of the Barbii.15 A Sextus Caesernius16 and an L. Caesernius Boniatus17 are also attested probably in the 1st century 7 Velleius Paterculus 2. 109-110. 1; Stigliz, Kandler and Jobst 1977.8 Fitz 2003, 90.9 Soproni 1990; Fitz 2003.10 Gregoratti 2012. 11 Ptolemy 2. 14; Lovenjak 2003, 93-95.12 Ptolemy 2. 14; Nemeth-Ehrlich 2003, 111-13.13 Mocsy 1974, 71-74, 129-30, 136. 14 Šašel 1960, 204-05; 1966, 120; Šašel Kos 1995, 230; Zaccaria 1985, 112-14, 134; Šašel Kos 1998, 104-05; 1999, 174-76; 2002, 130; 2003, 16; 2008, 698-99; 2012, 91; Gregoratti 2012. 15 ILJug II 1116 = ILSlov I 74.16 CIL III 10823 = AIJ 489 = RINMS 141 = ILSlov I 153. 17 CIL III 10802 = RINMS 127 = ILSlov I 22.

AD.18 In later times, between end of the 1st and the first half of the 2nd century AD, a couple of Annii,19 a couple of Titii20 and a few Marcii were part of the city’s society.21 Though limited in comparison with the ‘Amber route’ centres, the presence of Aquileian families in Neviodunum is the richest among the centres on the Sava. At Andautonia only a Caesernius Avitus is attested, master of Valens and Melania. Further down the stream in the Flavian colony of Siscia22 we meet only a T. Tullius from Tergeste.23 At Viminacium, made municipium only under Hadrian, Italic gentes are attested only much later in the second half of the 2nd century.24 A funerary inscriptions mentions the young L. Barbius L. libertus Nymphodotus and a certain Barbius Delphicus (AD 150-300).25 At Singidunum, municipium in AD 169, most of the well-known Aquileian and Italic names seem to serve, or to have served, in the army or are soldiers’ relatives.26

Some inscriptions demonstrated that the transportation of goods along the Sava always maintained a relevance in the commercial activity of region. Close to Neviodunum at Radeče near a point on the river, where insidious rapids made navigation very dangerous L. Servilius Eutyches, probably a freedman, dedicated an altar with his pilots in the hope of pleasing Adsaluta, a divinity responsible for a safe journey along the river.27 Downstream at Andautonia M. Iuventus Primigenius and his socii, his business partners, honoured the god Savus with the same hopes.28 In the 2nd century a certain L. Tettienus Vitalis, born in Aquileia, educated in Emona who died in Turin, north- west Italy, complains in his funeral inscription about the hard life of a merchantman. He makes explicit refe- rence to the River Po and to the Savi ira, the rage of the Sava.29

18 At Gradac/Metlika between Neviodunum and Sciscia a Sextus Caesernius Provincialis and a Caesernia Maxima are attested: CIL III. 10826 = AIJ 493 = ILSlov I 152. 19 CIL III 3928; CIL III 3898 = ILSlov I 77.20 Titius Atilius et Titia Accepta: CIL III 3932 = AIJ 247 = ILSlov I 38.21 C. Marcius Celer: CIL III 10805 = AIJ 249 = RINMS 129 = ILSlov I 35; CIL III 10809 = ILSlov I 30; AIJ 238; CIL III 3917 = ILSlov I 83; Migotti 2008.22 Mocsy 1974, 112-14; Harding and Jacobsen 1988, 146; Lolić 2003. 23 T(itus) Tullius T(iti) f(ilius) / Pup(inia) Terg(este) / Tert(ius): AIJ 575. The references to the Titii seem to belong to a much later period: CIL III 3968a = AIJ 559 (2nd century); CIL III 6476 = AIJ 561 = AIJ 562; Christol and Demougin 1986; or the inscription of a certain of a L. Marcius: CIL III 3988. 24 Mocsy 1959, 290-92. 25 CIL III 12660 = CIL III 14505; Other Italic gentes are the Baebii (IMS II 72) and the Cominii (CIL III 12661).26 Like Barbius Ulpianus cornicularius legionis IIII Flaviae Felicis (IMS I 6). Mocsy 1959, 292-94.27 AIJ 26; Harding and Jacobsen 1988, 121-47; 1989, 229; Šašel Kos 2008, 692; 2010, 245-46; other inscriptions in the same place dedicated to Adsaluta and the Savus river: AIJ 255. Dedication to the Savus in Noricum: ILLPRON 1875 = AIJ 27; ILLPRON 1859 = CIL III 11684; CIL III 5138 = ILLPRON 1941 = ILS 3907 = RIS 362; CIL III 5134 = ILLPRON 1950 = RINMS 110.28 CIL III 4009 = ILS 3908-3909 = AIJ 475.29 Have Vitalis. / L(ucius) Tettienus Vitalis, natus Aquiei(a)e, / edocatus Iulia Emona, titulum pos<u>it / ante aeternam domum Iulia / Augusta Taurinorum. Dicit: / quaerere cessavi numquam, / nec perdere desi(i). Mors intervenit; / nunc ab utroque vaco. / Credite, mortales, astro nato / nihil est sperabile datum / terras nec minus et maria / impuri aqu(a)e Padi nec minus et Savi / ira<m>. Quod optavi mihi tamen pervenit. / Perpetuam requiem pos<c>o: CIL V 7047 + 7127; Gabucci and Mennella 2003.

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221

L. Gregoratti: Aquileian families through Pannonia and Upper Moesia

As these inscriptions seems to prove the river navigation along the Sava never lost its relevance for the trade between Aquileia and Italy and the middle Danube. On the other hand the few scattered members of the Aquileian gentes attested in the centres of the area, suggest that the Aquileian merchant families, with the possible exception of the Caesernii at Neviodunum, never managed to establish a solid network of commercial agents like they did at Emona or on the ‘Amber Route’.

It is possible that in the last decades of the 1st century AD, when the state organisation of the urban settlements took place, the Aquileian families developed a different system of commercial enterprise based on the collaboration of local families rather than on the employment of Aquileian agents in loco. Perhaps the creation of the Roman municipia along the Sava proceeded too slowly only reaching its conclusion in later period, when Aquileia’s importance for the trade with the Balkans was already seriously compromised by Gaul and German traders which preferred to use the Rhine and the Danube as a sort of ‘highway’ to move their products into the Balkan provinces entirely skipping Roman Italy and Aquileia.30

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