P. Hárshegyi - K. Ottományi, Imported and local pottery in Late Roman Pannonia

© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2013 DOI: 10.1163/22134522-12340040L. Lavan (ed.) Local Economies? Production and Exchange of Inland Regions in Late Antiquity (Late Antique Archaeology 10 – 2013) (Leiden 2013), pp. 471–528

ImpOrteD AND LOcAL pOttery IN LAte rOmAN pANNONIA

Piroska Hárshegyi and Katalin Ottományi

Abstract

In Late roman pannonia, local pottery was produced in small, local centres, but on a more limited scale than before the 4th c., in the region. A dense network of pottery workshops operated at the time of Valentinian in the Danube bend, which was an important section of the limes. In most of these examples, pottery kilns, situated in villae and rural settlements in the hinterland of the province, manufactured only one pottery type. the larger workshops, situated in more favourable geographical positions, produced not only coarse ware but glazed and burnished wares, as well. Local artisans tried to imitate the decreasing amount of imported terra sigillata, metal and glass vessels, by adopting new techniques and decorative elements. Imported pottery now consisted of only a few types, such as: African red Slip ware, small numbers of amphorae, lamps, occasional Argonne Ware, and some eggshell type cups. It can be shown that in parallel with the increasing pro-duction of hand-made, coarse and burnished ware pottery, imports ceased in the province around the second decade of the 5th c. A.D.

Introduction

the main aim of this paper is to give the reader a basic idea of the volume of trade and local manufacture of pottery in the pannonian provinces from the end of the 3rd to the beginning of the 5th c. A.D. Our knowledge about local and long distance trade is very fragmentary in this Late roman period; the published material is only accessible largely through interim reports and catalogues of individual excavations. No comprehensive pub-lication exists concerning the Late roman pottery of pannonia, although É. Bónis published some short articles in the 1980s, and there have been some longer site reports that analyse the material from limes forts.1 the

1 Short articles: Bónis (1980); Bónis and Gabler (1990). Limes Forts: Intercisa/Dunaújváros: póczy (1957); Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Grünewald (1979), Gass ner et al. (1993), petznek (1998–99); Ad Statuas/Ács-Vaspuszta: Ottományi (1989).

472 piroska hárshegyi and katalin ottományi

Danube bend area is particularly well-researched.2 the research situation for the inner fortresses and towns is different, as it is often the case that the pottery is not published in detail, even from sites where large excava-tions were taking place.3 the older publications on villa sites were mainly interested in the masonry structures, but thanks to more recent work, the material from several vici and villas has become better known.4 many more Late roman cemeteries have been published than settlements, but often without a detailed analysis of the pottery.5

the finds of imported wares are very scattered, their rarity and unique state are underlined in every publication. A general overview, which interpreted these imports, was published in the manual of Archaeology of pannonia (pannonia régészeti Kézikönyve) by D. Gabler in 1990.6 In his publications he described most of the African red Slip ware finds in pannonia.7 Lamp finds in Late roman contexts are very rare, and were given the collective label ‘early christian’ by D. Iványi, writing in 1935; she grouped them together as the ‘Iványi XII type’. In a few cases, such as at carnuntum or Vindobona, the more recent typology of Hayes was used, but in those places, as the lamps were often in a very fragmentary state, a more precise grouping couldn’t be done.8 In the case of ampho-rae, research started mainly from the 1980s with the work of m. Kelemen, t. Bezeczky and O. Brukner.9 At the same time, the reason for the appear-ance of imported Argonne Ware—a pottery group first recognised in the

2 Soproni (1985); tokod: Lányi (1981b); Leányfalu: Ottományi 1991; cirpi/Dunabogdány: Ottományi 1999; Budakalász-Luppacsárda: Ottományi (2004); Visegrád-Gizellamajor: Ottományi (2012b).

3 Keszthely-Fenékpuszta: müller (1979), Horváth (2011); Savaria/Szombathely: Ottományi and Sosztarits (1998); Arrabona/Győr: Szőnyi (1984) and tomka (2004); Vienna-Leopoldau: Friesinger (1984).

4 e.g. Aquincum/Budapest, Kaszásdűlő: Zsidi (1991); Komló-mecsekfalui út: Katona Győr (1994); páty: Ottományi (2007); Biatorbágy: Ottományi (2008b); Vicus teuto/Budaörs: Ottományi (2012a).

5 Lányi (1972); Keszthely area: Sági (1960); Intercisa/Dunaújváros: Vágó and Bóna (1976); tokod: Lányi (1981a); csákvár: Salamon and Barkóczi (1970); Somogyszíl: Burger (1979); Ulcisia castra/Szentendre: maróti and topál (1980); Aquincum/Budapest, Gazda-grét: Zsidi (1987); Solva/esztergom: Kelemen (2008); Klosterneuburg: Neugebauer-maresch and Neu gebauer (1986).

6 Gabler (1990).7 Gabler (2012a); Gabler (2012b).8 carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Alram-Stern (1989). Vindobona/Vienna: Neumann

(1967).9 Kelemen (1987); Kelemen (1988); Kelemen (1990); Kelemen (1993); Bezeczky (1987);

Bezeczky (1994); Brukner (1981).

imported and local pottery in late roman pannonia 473

region at the end of the 1970s by D. Gabler—has not been answered.10 the corpus of material in pannonian contexts consists of only a few pieces, which is simply not enough for a proper interpretation of them. the same can be said about the thin-walled (eggshell) cups, which were collected by K. Sági in 1960.11

pottery and pottery production, in the southern part of pannonia, has been tackled in only a cursory fashion since two major works in the 70s and 80s provided attempts at a comprehensive analysis.12 the situation is better for pottery like glazed and burnished wares. É. Bónis discussed the production of glazed pottery, and the typology of the material in the Danubian provinces has been formulated by t. cvjetiċanin.13 Several con-ference volumes and exhibition catalogues have been published as well.14 When A. Alföldi first looked at the burnished ware material, he believed it was from the Hunnic period.15 Later, it was thought to be characteristic of the foederati groups, who settled in the province in A.D. 380.16 However, detailed examination of particular types showed that while the forms and design of burnished ware could be found in Late roman pottery, there was no connection between the two.17 Hence, various foreign ethnic groups may have influenced the appearance of burnished ware.18

Handmade pottery has been looked in some detail in the neighbour-ing Germanic regions, and a typology of Late roman pottery kilns has been put together by Henning.19 In pannonia, É. Bónis looked at the pot-tery production centres, and Vikić-Belančić has collated the workshops of southern pannonia.20 those kilns which have been found in the last 20 years, though, have only been published in short excavation reports.21 Detailed publications of the extensive rural and urban excavations of the last few decades are still lacking, making one of the important tasks for

10 Gabler (1978).11 Sági (1960).12 Brukner (1981); Vikić-Belančić (1970); Horváth (1999); Jelinčić (2011). 13 Glazed pottery: Bónis (1990); Bónis (1991); see also Arthur and Williams (1981);

Gassner (1991); Nádorfi (1992). typology: cvjetiċanin (2006).14 Bánki (1992); magrini and Sbarra (2009).15 Alföldi (1932).16 Soproni (1985); Salamon and Barkóczi (1978). 17 Ottományi (1982); Ottományi (1996). 18 tóth (2005); Vagalinski (1997). 19 Handmade pottery: pollak (1980). Kilns: Henning (1978). 20 Bónis (1990); Vikić-Belančić (1970). 21 Ottományi and Sosztarits (1998); Kern (2000); palágyi (2004).


future research—the formulation of a Late roman pottery typology for the province—a very difficult project.

Before we begin, a brief word on the forms of the kilns themselves that were used to make this pannonian pottery, is worthwhile. A simple form of pottery kiln was used in the early roman period, originating from the La tène D tradition. It was a circular kiln, whose grate was supported by a lateral (e.g. Balatonaliga 1st kiln), or a central mud block (e.g. Balaton-aliga 2nd kiln, csorna). this kiln type was modified with other stone or brick elements from the period of the High empire. the central column which supported the grate was built either from stones luted with mud (as at pilismarót-malompatak), or from bricks (as at tokod). the grate could also be supported by four brick stands (e.g. Szombathely-Fő tér). the grate itself could be a perforated adobe table, or constructed from radial positioned clay sticks (e.g. tokod, carnuntum), or mud bricks (as at Szombathely-Kőszegi u.). the walls and dome were constructed from mud bricks, and later from bricks. Double kilns with a common stokehold are frequent, as seen at Bátaszék and pilismarót.22

Imported Wares (map 1)

African Red Slip Ware (Terra Sigillata Chiara)

terra sigillata vessels arrived in huge quantities from the workshop of Westerndorf into pannonia at the beginning of the 3rd c. A.D., but this production centre perished after the Alemannic invasion of the region. trading routes and trade itself became insecure. the other terra sigil-lata workshop, at pfaffenhofen, which was closer to pannonia, served the Danubian limes, albeit with lower quality products, until A.D. 259/60. this situation prepared the way for the appearance of North African red Slip ware in the pannonian provinces after the middle of the 3rd c. A.D., through the Adriatic trading routes. Due to the distances between its pro-duction sites and pannonia, the cost of these vessels was probably very high, which could explain the small amount of finds of this type in our region.23 After coin circulation ends in pannonia in the 380s, ArS finds are very important for dating Late roman contexts.

22 Bónis and Gabler (1990) fig. 24.23 Lassányi and Vámos (2011) 160; Gabler (1988) 30.


map 1. Distribution map of Late roman imported wares and lamps in the pannonian provinces.

the earliest north African terra sigillata find from pannonia was found in Vindobona/Vienna, and dates to the middle of the 2nd c. A.D., another from carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg dates to the second half of the 2nd c. A.D.24 these finds can be regarded as private items, and hence cannot be taken as proof of a direct trade link between North Africa and pannonia. Another important reason for their appearance could be mili-tary movements, in connection with the marcomannic wars of marcus Aurelius. A vexillatio of the legio III augusta from Lambaesis was stationed in the Danube bend during the war.25 It could also be significant that Septimius Severus, born in Leptis magna, and commander of the legions

24 Vindobona/Vienna: Hayes 2 and 3 forms, see: Donat (1999) 211. carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Hayes 34 bowl, see: Jilek (1994) 391, Abb. 9.40.

25 mócsy (1974) 194, 230; Di Vita-evrard (1994).


in pannonia, was proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in carnuntum in A.D. 193. the number of ArS vessels begins to increase in the archaeo-logical contexts from the second quarter-middle of the 3rd c. A.D.26 the c1–c2 wares were produced in central tunisian factories, for example at Henchir el Guellal and Sidi marzouk tounsi.27 ArS reached the pannonian markets most probably via the Adriatic, Italy and Noricum until the early 4th c. A.D.28 It is very likely that these imported vessels arrived with other, probably agricultural, goods into these provinces, for example grain.

terra sigillata chiara c ware is found in contexts dating from the sec-ond quarter to the middle of the 3rd c. A.D., but is rare in pannonia.29 pannonian terra sigillata chiara finds dated to the 4th c. A.D., like Hayes 45 large bowls, are published from carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg, Aquincum/Budapest and Babarc roman villa.30 A Hayes 46 large bowl also came to light from this site.31 the Hayes 50 type large dish is the most frequent type in Noricum and pannonia.32 Fragments of this type are known from Savaria/Szombathely, Vienna-Oberlaa, Visegrád-Gizellam-ajor, Nemesvámos-Balácapuszta, Balatonalaki-Ságpuszta, Nagykanizsa-Inkey kápolna, Ad Statuas/Ács-Vaspuszta and Intercisa/Dunaújváros.33

26 Gabler (1978) 123; Gabler (2004) 147; a Hayes 31 dish found at páty, dated to the beginning of the 3rd c. A.D.: Gabler (2007) 259. Also fragments from Intercisa/Dunaújváros: Gabler (1988) Abb. 4.9. Hayes 44 and 45A type bowls and Hayes 49 type plate from Vindobona/Vienna, dated to the first half of 3rd c. A.D. and a Hayes 42 dish fragment dated between A.D. 220–40/50: Donat (1999) 214.

27 mackensen (2006) 110–21.28 the trade route can be traced from the findspots, from Aquileia to emona, and

in Noricum. For this and a detailed bibliography, see: Gabler (2012b) 129; modrijan and milavec (2011) 125. For the date of this horizon, see: pröttel (1996) 110.

29 Hayes 171 fragment from Vindobona/Vienna: Kronberger (2009) 59. Hayes 45 plate from Intercia/Dunaújváros: Gabler (1988) 36, cat. No. 20. Hayes 48A plate from Nagy-kanizsa-Inkey kápolna: Gabler (1983) 29, 32. Hayes 173 and Hayes 174 type jugs from Aquin-cum/Budapest: Hayes 173 type: Lassányi and Vámos (2011) 156, cat.No. 7; Hayes 174 type: Lassányi and Vámos (2011) 157, cat. No. 12; topál (2003) 83–84, Grave 30/6. Hayes 173 and Hayes 174 type jugs from vicus teuto/Budaörs: Gabler (2012a) 443, cat. No. 249. Fragment from Zalabaksa roman villa: redő (2005) 301, dated A.D. 250–60.

30 Hayes 45: Hayes (1972) 65 dates these variants between A.D. 230 and 240–320. carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Hayes 45A (C ware): Gabler (1988) 34, cat. No. 1, without a precise date; Gabler (1982) n.21, Abb. 2.3. Aquincum/Budapest: Gabler (1982) 322, dated between A.D. 360 and 420. Babarc roman villa: pintér (2007) 104, cat. Nos. 29, 31–32 and Hayes 45A cat. No. 33.

31 Hayes (1972) 65, dates it to the last quarter of the 3rd c.–first quarter of the 4th c. pintér (2007) cat. No. 30.

32 Hayes (1972) 73, dates the different variants to between A.D. 230/40 and 400. Gabler (2004) 147.

33 Savaria/Szombathely: Gabler (1982) 316, n.30, Abb. 1.5; Fülöp (2004) 145–46, cat. No. 25. Vienna-Oberlaa: Adler-Wölfl (2010) n.619. Visegrád-Gizellamajor: D. Gabler and


A Hayes 50A piece from Vindobona/Vienna has been discovered, and a Hayes 50B type vessel was found in carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg.34 Again at carnuntum, a Hayes 42/51(?) type dish, a Hayes 52B small bowl with an applied boat decoration, and part of a Hayes 55 (?) dish with an applied representation of the goddess roma/constantinopolis was unearthed.35 Hayes 53A bowl fragments with an applied motif of a hind (?), and another with leaf decoration, are published finds from Vindo-bona/Vienna.36 Numerous fragments of Hayes 52B and 53A dishes also came to light in Siscia/Sisak.37 It is worth mentioning that these products, albeit sporadically, reached the Barbaricum, close to the area of carnun-tum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg.38

terra sigillata chiara D1–D2 was manufactured in the north tunisian pottery centres, from the middle of the 4th c. A.D.39 A Hayes 56 plate, a unique, relief-decorated example, came to light in carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg (circe-plate).40 A sherd from a Hayes 58 (?) flat based dish is known from carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg.41 Hayes 59A plates date from 320/340 to 380–400/420 A.D.,42 and pieces are known from Salla/Zalalövő, Vindobona/Vienna, carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg,

K. Ottományi (pers. comm.); dated A.D. 320–80; 4 sherds of different plates were found in the destruction layer of the fortlet. Nemesvámos-Balácapuszta: Gabler (2004) 138, cat. Nos. 146–47. Balatonalaki-Ságpuszta: csirke et al. (2006) 34, Nr 4.2.4. Nagykanizsa-Inkey kápolna: Gabler (1983) 30–33. Ad Statuas/Ács-Vaspuszta: Gabler (1989) 465. Intercisa/Dunaújváros: Gabler (1988) 35, cat. Nos. 15–18; 37, cat. No. 40.

34 Hayes 50A: Ladstätter (2007) n.230. Hayes 50B: Ladstätter (2007) 256, cat. Nos. 2–3.35 Hayes 42/51(?) and Hayes 52B: Hayes (1972) 78, dates it to between A.D. 280/300 and

the early 5th c. mackensen (2003) tab. 2, dates them to between A.D. 275 and the early 5th c. Hayes 55 dating: Hayes (1972) 83, dates it to between the second half of the 4th–first half of the 5th c. the so-called ‘roma dish’: Gabler (1988) 34, cat. No. 7; Gabler (1988) 34, cat. No. 8, probably dates to the second half of the 4th c. A.D. Gabler (1988) 34–35, cat. No. 9, dates to the last third of the 4th c. A.D.

36 Hind? decoration: Hayes (1972) 82, dates the A-variant A.D. 350–430; mackensen (2003) tab. 2, dates them to between A.D. 310/20 and 430/50. Leaf decoration: Gabler (1978) K114–115, dated to the second half of the 4th–first third of the 5th c.

37 makjanić (1995) pl. 72.38 Hayes 45 fragment from cífer-pác and a small sherd from Bratislava-Dúbravka,

see: Kuzmová (1997) 45, cat. No. 13/45, cat. No. 16a/24–26, dated to the first half of the 4th c. A.D.

39 mackensen and Schneider (2002) 125–30.40 Hayes (1972) 91, proposes an ovarall date-range of A.D. 360–430. Groller (1908) 71–74;

Hayes (1972) 90–91; Gabler (1998) 365, dates to the end of the 4th c. A.D., more likely between A.D. 360–90.

41 Hayes (1972) 96, dates it to between A.D. 290/300 and 375. rauchenwald (1996) 166, cat. No. 318, dates it between the end of the 3rd c.–third quarter of the 4th c.

42 A.D. 340 date: mackensen (1993) 399.; A.D. 380–400 marks the end of the production: mackensen (1993) 401.


Gorsium/tác, and Sopianae/pécs.43 the Hayes 59B type is of the same date, and fragments are known from carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg, Vindobona/Vienna, and Aquincum/Budapest, with possible Hayes 59 plate fragments from Savaria/Szombathely and matrica/Százhalombatta.44 From the beginning of the 5th c. A.D., African red Slip ware could not reach the territory of the province of Valeria any more.

the distribution of the ArS types that date to this period, demonstrates very well the chaotic situation along the Danube bend: this is the period of the Hunnic invasions, which led to the surrender of Valeria around A.D. 425. and the transfer of Pannonia Prima to the Huns in A.D. 433. For this later period of imported wares, only a few scarce finds can be listed: a Hayes 61A dish fragment was found at carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Alten-burg, with Hayes 61B dishes being known from carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg, Sirmium/Sremska mitrovica, and rittium/Surduk.45 A Hayes 63 dish is also known from carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg.46 Hayes 73 fragments have been published from carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Alten-burg and Vindobona/Vienna.47 Hayes 89A and 91A fragments are known from carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg.48

For the later 5th c. A.D., a Hayes 69B dish from Sirmium/Sremska mitrovica, and a plate fragment with ‘A’ style decoration (el mahrine I.2/ 1–2), from the legionary camp of Vindobona/Vienna, have to be mentioned.49 It is also worth noting that a fragment of a Hayes 63 type terra sigillata

43 Salla/Zalalövő: Gabler (1977) cat. Nos. 106, 243. Vindobona/Vienna: Gabler (1978) K112–113a, dated to mid 4th c.–early 5th c. Adler-Wölfl (2010) n. 619. carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Gabler (1988) 35, cat. No. 10; rauchenwald (1996) 166, cat. No. 319. Gorsium/tác: Gabler (1982) 320; Bánki (1990) cat. Nos. 125, 103. Sopianae/pécs: Gabler (1982) 320.

44 carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Gabler (1982) 320, Abb. 2.2. Vindobona/Vienna: Ladstätter (2007) n. 230. Aquincum/Budapest: Gabler (2012b) 128, 7.13. Savaria/Szom-bathely: Gabler (1982) 332. matrica/Százhalombatta: Kovács (2000) 36, cat. No. 10: without date.

45 Hayes 61A at carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Ladstätter (2007) 256, cat. No. 4. Hayes 61B: Hayes (1972) 107, dates it A.D. 400–50. the Hayes 61 A and B type vessels appeared at the end of the 4th c. A.D. in the Southeastern Alps: modrijan and milavec (2011) 127. Hayes 61B at: carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Grünewald (1979) taf. 11.4; Grünewald (1986) taf. 2.3, dated to the beginning of the 5th c. A.D. Ladstätter (2007) 256, cat. No. 7. Sirmium/Sremska mitrovica: Gabler (1982) 322. rittium/Surduk: Brukner (1981) t.50.12.

46 Ladstätter (2007) 256, cat. No. 8.47 carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Ladstätter (2007) 256, cat. No. 9. Vindobona/

Vienna: Ladstätter (2007) n.230.48 Ladstätter (2007) 256, cat. No. 10; Ladstätter (2007) 256, cat. No. 11.49 Sirmium/Sremska mitrovica: Gabler (1982) 322. Vindobona/Vienna: Adler-Wölfl

(2010) tab. 386, Ke2785, t.96.


chiara D vessel was found in the tiszaföldvár Sarmatian settlement.50 the precise date of the small sherds of the ArS vessels is not always clear, but it is worth mentioning these finds so as to get a good idea of their distri-bution. these include: Hayes 45A and B plate fragments from Savaria/Szombathely, Gorsium/tác and Vindobona/Vienna.51 Also, Hayes 45A plate fragments came from carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg.52 Other finds include: Hayes 45, Hayes 50 and Hayes 53 (?) fragments from Brige-tio/Komárom-Szőny;53 Hayes 45A and Hayes 50 plate fragments from Aquincum/Budapest; Hayes 50 plate fragments from vicus teuto/Budaörs; Hayes 50 or 59 plate fragment from páty; a Hayes 50 plate fragment from campona/Nagytétény; a Hayes 50 or 48 fragment from matrica/Százha-lombatta; a Hayes 50B plate fragment from Siscia/Sisak; and Hayes 45A and Hayes 50 plate fragments from Salla/Zalalövő.54 Some unidentifiable fragments were recorded from Vindobona/Vienna, Gorsium/tác, Inter-cisa/Dunaújváros and Gerulata/rusovce.55 Unidentified, undatable, frag-ments have to be mentioned as well from: Siscia/Sisak; carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg; cirpi/Dunabogdány; Ulcisia castra/Szentendre; cam-pona/Nagytétény; Érd; and Intercisa/Dunaújváros.56

50 Gabler and Vaday (1986) 67–69.51 Savaria/Szombathely: Gabler (1982) 316, dated to the second half of the 4th c. A.D.

Gorsium/tác: Gabler (1982) 316. Vindobona/Vienna: Adler-Wölfl (2010) 276, tab. 386, Ke2468 and Ke2985.

52 Hayes 45A: Grünewald (1979) taf. 11.1; Kandler-Zöchmann (2001) 96, cat. Nr. 610, dated 230–350; Hayes 45 A/c (?): rauchenwald (1996) 166, cat. No. 317, dated second half of the 3rd–mid 4th c. A.D.

53 Beck (2004) 248, without further dating.54 Aquincum/Budapest: Hayes 45A: Gabler (1982) 316; Lebegyev and márton (2003) 154,

dated between A.D. 230/240 and 320. Hayes 50: Gabler (2002), cat. No. 8, dated to the sec-ond quarter of the 3rd–first quarter of the 4th c. vicus teuto/Budaörs: Gabler (2012a) cat. No. 250 and 251, dated to the second quarter of the 3rd–early 4th c. A.D. Small fragments with unidentified type: Gabler (2012a) cat. Nos. 252–53 are dated to the mid 3rd–early 4th c. páty: Ottományi and Gabler (1985) 201. campona/Nagytétény: Gabler (1988) 35, cat. No. 12, dated to the early 4th c. A.D. matrica/Százhalombatta: Gabler (1988) 35, cat. No. 14. Siscia/Sisak: makjanić (1996) cat. No. 92. Salla/Zalalövő: Hayes 45A: Gabler (1989b) 456, cat. No. 115; Hayes 50: Gabler (2005) 36, 46.

55 Vindobona/Vienna: Gabler (1978) K115, second half of the 4th-first third of the 5th c. Gorsium/tác: Bánki (1990) cat. No. 126, 103; Bánki (1990) cat. No. 359, 125. Intercisa/Dunaújváros: Gabler (1988) 36, cat. Nos. 23 and 26, dated to the beginning of the 4th c. Gabler (1988) 36, cat. Nos. 22, 24–25, 27–39. Gerulata/rusovce: Varsik et al. (1996) 218, Nr. 17, taf. 2.

56 Siscia/Sisak: Vikić-Belančić (1968) 517. carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Gabler (1988) 34, cat. Nos. 2–6; rauchenwald (1996) 166, cat. Nos. 321–22; Kandler-Zöchmann (1997) 109. cirpi/Dunabogdány: Gabler (1988) 35, cat. No. 11. Ulcisia castra/Szentendre: Gabler (2012b) 129. campona/Nagytétény: Gabler (1988) 35, cat. No. 13. Érd: Gabler (2012b) 129. Intercisa/Dunaújváros: Gabler (1988) 36, cat. Nos. 19, 21, 24–25.


Some fragments from the imitations of north African sigillata produc-tion are also known in the pannonian provinces from this time, but their places of origin are not known. these include: a Hayes 45 imitation from Ad Statuas/Ács-Vaspuszta, and imitations of Hayes 45, 59B and 61B from Keszthely-Fenékpuszta.57 Unidentifiable pieces were recorded from car-nuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg and Sirmium/Sremska mitrovica.58 Imita-tions were also found in Höflein (Bruck an der Leitha) and Dombóvár.59

North African Lamps (Iványi XII = Atlante VIII/X)

the Iványi XII type lamps are imports into pannonia from North Africa.60 their shape is oval, and the motifs on their shoulder and on the disc are very variable; examples include: a chi-rho, mythological or biblical scenes, busts, rosettes, palms, running animals or vases.61 these are rare, unique finds in pannonia, and can be dated from the middle of the 4th to the early 5th c. A.D.62 Hayes I/Atlante VIII lamps, in turn, were produced in central and northern tunisia from the middle of the 4th c. to the begin-ning of the 6th c. A.D.63 Fragments of this type have been discovered in Savaria/Szombathely, Vindobona/Vienna, carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Alten-burg, Ad Flexum/mosonmagyaróvár, Arrabona/Győr, Brigetio/Komárom-Szőny, Vetus Salina/Adony, Intercisa/Dunaújváros, Szekszárd; Siscia/Sisak and mursa/Osijek.64

57 Ad Statuas/Ács-Vaspuszta: Gabler (1989) 470. Keszthely-Fenékpuszta: Gabler (1988) 37, cat. No. 41; Horváth (2011) 601; Gabler (1988) 38, cat. No. 42; Gabler (1988) 38, cat. Nos. 43–44.

58 carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Bónis (1942) taf. XXI.24. Sirmium/Sremska mitrovica: Brukner (1981) taf. 66.25.

59 With further bibliography in: Horváth (2011) 602; Groh and Sedlmayer (2002) 181–85.

60 Alram-Stern (1989) 51.61 Bonifay (2004) 371–415.62 Szőnyi (2002) 44.63 Hayes (1972) 313.64 Savaria/Szombathely: Iványi (1935) cat. Nos. 973, 986. Vindobona/Vienna: Neumann

(1967) 24, cat. Nos. 257–58. carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Iványi (1935) cat. Nos. 979, 982, 1173; Grünewald (1986) taf. 10.16; Alram-Stern (1989) 51, cat. Nos. 572–81; Ladstät-ter (2007) 257, cat. Nos. 14–15. Ad Flexum/mosonmagyaróvár: Iványi (1935) cat. No. 971. Arrabona/Győr: Iványi (1935) cat. Nos. 969, 989; Szőnyi (2002) 43–44. Brigetio/Komárom-Szőny: Iványi (1935) cat. Nos. 977, 990. Vetus Salina/Adony: Iványi (1935) cat. No. 970. Intercisa/Dunaújváros: pongrácz (2006) cat. No. 452; Iványi (1935) cat. No. 972. Szekszárd: Iványi (1935) cat. No. 980. Siscia/Sisak: Iványi (1935) cat. Nos. 978, 981, 988, 993; Vikić-Belančić (1968) taf. 10.40. mursa/Osijek: Iványi (1935) cat. No. 983.


the production of Hayes IIA/Atlante X form is likely to have begun only around the end of the 4th c., and continued up to ca. A.D. 520.65 this type is known from carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg, Baden bei Wien, Brigetio/Komárom-Szőny and Siscia/Sisak.66 the Hayes IIB variant was produced in north tunisian centres from the second third of the 5th to the 7th c. A.D., but has not been found in the pannonian provinces yet. A pre-cise typology cannot be easily formulated in every case, as their state of preservation is very poor.67 A small fragment from Intercisa/Dunaújváros, and another from Vindobona/Vienna, can be identified as Atlante VIIIB = Bonifay type 43, on the basis of its shoulder decoration.68 these were pro-duced very probably in Henchir es-Srira, in central tunisia, and are pres-ent in early 5th c. A.D. contexts.

A piece from Aquincum/Budapest came to light from a late antique cemetery, but its precise context is not known.69 A very similar lamp was found in carthage, grouped as ‘Atlante X group D2 variante A’, and dated to the end of the 5th to the beginning of the 6th c. A.D.70 this seems to be a very late date for the Aquincum lamp, if the recorded findspot is correct, because it is unlikely that such an import could have reached the middle Danubian area after the beginning of the 5th c. A.D.

It is not surprising, that the Iványi XII type lamps have a very similar distribution to that seen with African red Slip ware (terra Sigillata chiara) vessels. probably the same trade route can be drawn for both of these rare finds, through the Adriatic and northern Italy.71 It is assumed, though, that north African lamp imitations were manufactured in ravenna and Aquil-eia, from the middle of the 5th c. A.D. to the middle of the 7th c. A.D.72 yet, such imitations may have also have been produced in pannonia.73

65 Hayes (1972) 313; beginning of this type from ca. A.D. 400: mackensen (1993) 159; pröttel (1996) 79. production of Atlante X tardif/Bonifay type 70 ends around the end of the 7th c. A.D., see: Bonifay (2004) 415.

66 carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Iványi (1935) cat. Nos. 1171, 1175; Alram-Stern (1989) 52, cat. Nos. 580, 582–83. Baden bei Wien: Iványi (1935) cat. No. 985. Brigetio/Komárom-Szőny: Iványi (1935) cat. No. 994. Siscia/Sisak: Iványi (1935) cat. No. 1172.

67 e.g. from cibalae/Vinkovci and Sirmium/Sremska mitrovica:Vikić-Belančić (1968) 517; rubright (1973) No. 50.

68 pongrácz (2006) No. 451; Neumann (1967) cat. No. 258; Bonifay (2004) 358, fig. 201.7–8.

69 Iványi (1935) cat. No. 984; Nagy (1938) 66, fig. 31.70 Bonifay (2004) 401, fig. 221.29.71 modrijan and milavec (2011) 130–31. examples from poetovio/ptuj and emona: Subić

(1975) taf. 5.19 and 21; Iványi (1935) cat. Nos. 974–75, 987, 991–92, 995–96. From celeia/celje: Lazar (1997) taf. 1.7.

72 pröttel (1996) 107. nn. 21–23, 108.73 Alram-Stern (1989) 51; a piece from Aquincum/Budapest: Zsidi et al. (2009) cat.

No. 1335.


Argonne Ware (Argonnen sigillata)

these are very rare finds in 4th c. pannonia. they arrived from workshops in the Forêt Argonne, between reims and Verdun.74 Officinae are known or are believed to have existed in Lavoye (e and Z kilns), Aubréville(?), Avocourt, pont-des-quatre-enfants, Les Allieux-Vauquois, Vauquois(?), La Verdunaise and châtel-chéhéry.75 the workshops in the Argonne-zone started producing this sigillata type around A.D. 320, and continued until the 6th c.76 It is questionable whether these workshops were the continu-ation of the east Gaulish terra sigillata production, for example at Lavoye, or whether they were newly established.77 these workshops manufactured plain and so-called ‘rädchensigillaten’ vessels with roller-stamped deco-ration.78 the most frequent type is the chenet 320 bowl with stamped motifs, but also plates, cups, beakers and jugs can be found. the eight groups of known stamps had varied ornamental or geometric motifs in squares.79 the variations of these small stamps creating a muster, which can help us date the vessel more precisely. Various imitations of this ware are also known.80

the distribution area of Argonne Ware is very wide, and consists of the regions of modern southern england, France, Belgium, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, western Hungary and north-ern Italy.81 the findspots are usually roman military sites.82 the published fragments from pannonia belong to the chenet 320 type bowls, and have been found in Vindobona/Vienna, carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg and Keszthely-Fenékpuszta.83 We should also mention a small sherd from the Barbaricum, found at Nitra-parovské Háje, in a Germanic settlement,

74 Bakker et al. (2005) 171.75 Lavoye: chenet (1941) 24; Hübener (1968) 245–48. Aubréville(?): chenet (1941) 29.

Avocourt: chenet (1941) 31–32. pont-des-quatre-enfants: chenet (1941) 32; Hübener (1968) 252. Les Allieux-Vauquois: chenet (1941) 35–38; Hübener (1968) 253–56. Vauquois(?): chenet (1941) 38; Hübener (1968) 248. Verdunaise: chenet (1941) 38–39. châtel-chéhéry: chenet (1941) 39–41; Hübener (1968) 252–53.

76 Gabler (1988) 24; Gabler (1998) 364; Bakker et al. (2005) 171.77 Bakker et al. (2005) 171; Gabler (1998) 364.78 Gabler (1998) 364; Bakker et al. (2005) 171.79 Hübener (1968) 257–68; Bakker et al. (2005) 172.80 Bakker et al. (2005) 173.81 Bakker et al. (2005) 173.82 Bakker et al. (2005) 174.83 Vindobona/Vienna: Gabler (1978) K116; Gabler (1988) 38, dated to middle of the 4th

c. carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Gabler (1988) 38. Keszthely-Fenékpuszta: Gabler (1988) 38.


north of Brigetio/Komárom-Szőny and dated to the second half of the 4th c.84 A small sherd from the roman villa at Hosszúhetény, which was published as Argonne Ware, does not fit into this classification.85 Argonne Ware perhaps had some influence on the decoration of locally made, pannonian, lead-glazed pottery, and inspired its motifs from the mid-dle of the 4th c.86 examples of this local ware were found in Quadrata/Barátföldpuszta roman fortlet, carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg and Vindobona/Vienna.87

Thin-Walled White Fineware (Late Roman Eggshell Ware)

these thin-walled, fine textured, whitish-grey cups with a foot ring made of pipe clay, and sometimes decorated with brownish paint, are very rare finds in the pannonian provinces. Finds, which belong to this group, and are dated to the 4th c., are known from Intercisa/Dunaújváros, Keszthely-Dobogó, Bacincum/Batina (Kiskőszeg), tamási and Brigetio/Komárom-Szőny.88 two cups can probably be cited here as similar finds from Bosnia-Herzegovina, from graves at puticevo and rogatica.89 the vessel from Brigetio/Komárom-Szőny, and its parallel from puticevo, have elon-gated bodies. these have been described as the products of pottery work-shops in trier or cologne;90 however, they are now thought to originate from elsewhere.91 their fabric is very like that of the North Gaulish (Gallo-Belgic) White wares, and the shape of the first variant of thin-walled pipe clay cups resembles that of the Barkóczi 35 type or rütti Ar 98.c type glass cups.92 the elongated body form of the second variant is also a long-lasting one; it can be found in glass in the 1st c. A.D. (Barkóczi 32 type),

84 Kuzmová (1997) 31.85 thomas (1964) taf. cLXXVIII.7; Gabler (1988) 23.86 Gabler (1988) 28.87 Quadrata/Barátföldpuszta: Gabler (1988) Abb. 9.1–2, Abb. 10. carnuntum/Bad

Deutsch-Altenburg and Vindobona/Vienna: Grünewald (1979) taf. 69.5; Gabler (1988) 29.88 Intercisa/Dunaújváros: Alföldi (1957) taf. XX.17. Keszthely-Dobogó: Sági (1960) 212,

Abb. 42,22. Bacincum/Batina (Kiskőszeg): Sági (1960) 246, Abb. 58.13. tamási: Sági (1960) 246, Abb. 64.11. Brigetio/Komárom-Szőny: Sági (1960) 246, Abb. 64.12.

89 puticevo: truhelka and patsch (1895) fig. 28a, with elongated body. rogatica: Fiala (1897) taf. LXVII.3, from a grave dating to the 4th c.

90 Gabler (1990) 199.91 We are very grateful to Dr. constanze Höpken (Universität zu Köln, philosophische

Fakultät, Archäologisches Institut) for this information.92 Fabric: NOG WH 01 or NOG WH 03, see: http://www.molas.org.uk. Shape: Barkóczi

(1988) 73–74, see especially: cat. No. 71.b, taf. LXXII, dated to the second half of the 4th c.; rütti (1991) 79, dated to the 2nd c. A.D.

http://www.molas.org.uk/


and also in later contexts with a somewhat taller variant (Barkóczi 43 type), which date to the last third of the 3rd–4th c. A.D.93 A unique ex-voto terracotta with the same paste, is known from grave Nr. 2. at Gödre-keresztúr, depicting the goddess Juno Lucina, which dates to A.D. 341–7594 there is a theory that the person buried in this grave, as well as the other nine people found in the small cemetery, arrived from the rhine area in the early 4th c.95

Amphorae

Very few amphora finds have been published from this region that can be dated to after the time of Diocletian, and only scattered finds can be found along the pannonian limes. the decline in trading activity is par-ticularly perceptible in the amphorae, when we compare its volume with earlier periods.96 However, some amphora types, which appear around the time of the marcomannic wars, and are present in 3rd c. contexts as well, could also be dated to the beginning of the 4th c. these are the Kapitän II, and the Zeest 90 forms, from the Aegean/western Asia minor area, or the Almagro 51 type from Lusitania.97 Some forms undoubtedly arrived in pannonia in the 4th c. A.D.: Spatheion 1 (Keay 26) fragments were found in Vindobona/Vienna, and a sherd of this date was unearthed in Sirmium/Sremska mitrovica.98 these vessels arrived from North Africa, most probably from tunisia, with their contents likely to be olive oil, wine or fish-based products.99

Other north African amphora sherds are also known from 4th c. A.D. pannonian contexts, although usually they are found in a very fragmen-tary state, so their identification is very problematic. the fragments from Keszthely-Fenékpuszta were dated to the second half-end of the 4th c., and

93 Barkóczi 32 type: Barkóczi (1988) 71–72, see specially: cat. No. 65, taf. VI. Barkóczi 43 type: Barkóczi (1988) 78, cat. No. 86, taf. VIII.

94 Burger (1968) 14, 27.95 Burger (1968) 27.96 Bezeczky (1987); Bezeczky (1994); Kelemen (1987); Kelemen (1988); Kelemen (1990);

Kelemen (1993); Hárshegyi (2008).97 Kapitän II: Hárshegyi (2004) 116; Hárshegyi (2008) 173–74; Gabler et al. (2009) 63.

With petrographic research: menchelli et al. (2008) 255–61. Zeest 90: Hárshegyi (2004) 116–18; Hárshegyi (2008) 174; Gabler et al. (2009) 64. Almagro 51: Brukner (1981) taf. 163.80, identified by t. Bezeczky: Bezeczky (1994) 165, n. 41.

98 Vindobona/Vienna: Bonifay (2004) 125; Bezeczky (2005) Nos. 105–106. Sirmium/Sremska mitrovica: Brukner (1981) taf. 163.79.

99 Bezeczky (2005) 66.


were identified as peacock-Williams 35 forms.100 Fragments of Almagro 54 (Lr 4) type amphorae from the 4th c., produced in Gaza/Ashkelon to transport its famous wine, are present on a few pannonian sites.101 these include a fragment from the legionary camp at Aquincum/Budapest, a piece from Gorsium/tác, and another at Sirmium/Sremska mitrovica, which can be dated to the 4th c. A.D.102 the finds from Keszthely-Fenék-puszta are very likely to be from the end of the 5th c. A.D. or later.103 An Agora G199 type fragment from Sirmium/Sremska mirovica should also be mentioned here, although nothing is known about its context.104 this type comes from cilicia or paphos, and was most probably used for the transportation of wine (passum cilicium).105 It was produced some time in the first third of the 4th c. A.D.106

Lr 1 is a long-lived type with many variants, and was produced in sev-eral centres on rhodes, cyprus and cilicia from the middle of the 3rd to the 7th c. A.D., for wine transportation.107 the only pannonian finds of this type that have been published are from Sirmium/Sremska mitrovica and can be dated typologically to between the second quarter of the 5th–6th c. A.D.108 Amphorae of later date are known only from a few Avar elite graves in the carpathian Basin, but these are not the topic of the present paper.109

the amphorae trading route was similar to that of the other imports of the 4th–5th c.: they arrived via the Adriatic, from Dalmatia or northern Italy.110 Spatheion (Keay 26) type amphorae are also known from poet-ovio/ptuj and Fluvio Frigido/Ajdovščina.111 A Keay 35B type, produced in the Zeugitana region, and used for transporting fish sauce, is known from

100 Horváth (2011) Abb. 2.4.–5. 599.101 piéri (2005) 110–14.102 Aquincum/Budapest: Unpublished. Gorsium/tác: Unpublished. Sirmium/Sremska

mitrovica: Brukner (1981) taf. 161.56.103 Kelemen (1993) figs. 1.11–12.; Horváth (2011) 597, Abb. 2.1–3.104 Brukner (1981) taf. 157.27; Bezeczky (1994) 169.105 Anemurium: Williams (1989) 90–95. paphos: Daszkiewicz et al. (1997). majcherek

(2007) 23.106 rauh (2004) 330; reynolds (2005) 564.107 piéri (2005) 69–85.108 Brukner (1981) taf. 164.86–88; reynolds (2005) plate 4.109 csiky and Hárshegyi (forthcoming).110 modrijan and milavec (2011) 139–58.111 poetovio/ptuj: Bezeczky (1987) plate 12.313. Fluvio Frigido/Ajdovščina: Vidrih perko

and Žbona trkman (2005) 282–83; tonovcov grad: modrijan and milavec (2011) 143–44.


poetovio/ptuj, and dates to the 5th c.112 Lr 1 amphorae were also widely distributed in modern day Slovenia and in northern Italy.113 the Almagro 54 (Lr 4) type is also known from poetovio/ptuj, on the north Istrian coast and in northern Italy.114

Local pottery production

the circumstances of pottery production changed in the Late roman period. the large workshops in the urban centres of the High empire, which supplied the whole province with bulk goods, had mostly disap-peared. Small, local workshops, not only in towns and camps, but also in larger villae, vici, and around fortlets and watchtowers, took over produc-tion (map 2). their role was twofold: on the one hand they manufactured coarse ware used for cooking, while on the other, they tried to make up for, and imitate, the decreasing volume of imports with local material. metal, glass and terra sigillata vessel types were reproduced using new techniques and ornamentation. these new decorative elements and tech-niques became popular in the second half of the 4th c. A.D., and evolved separately from those of the imported wares. An example of this new type of fine pottery is the glazed ware, which imitates the metallic glow of metal vessels in different colours. Glazed wares formed the greater part of the tablewares of the second third of the 4th c. A.D. Another surface treat-ment, which became fashionable from the beginning of the 4th c., was polishing. Burnished wares, with glossy and matt decoration, increased from the last third of the century as well. Variants of the same vessel types, but with different surface techniques, were made in the small, local pot-tery workshops.

Local pottery was only distributed regionally. It can be shown that, for example, in the Danube bend, a string of small officinae—connected to various military buildings in the Valentinian period—were erected. their distance from one another, and also the radius of their consuming

112 Bonifay (2004) 135; Bezeczky (1987) plate 12.312.; Keay 35A variant finds from modern day Slovenia, see: modrijan and milavec (2011) 144.

113 modrijan and milavec (2011) 150, with detailed bibliography.114 poetovio/ptuj: Vidrih perko and Lovenjak (2001) taf. 1.3. North Istrian coast: Vid-

rih perko and Župančič (2005) figs. 7.7–9, 8.5–6, 10.18. North Italy: Aquileia: Bueno et al. (2012) 163. Around Venice: cottica and toniolo (2012) 199. modern day Slovenia: Vidrih perko (2006) 106. Tonovcov grad (with further bibliography for this region): modrijan and milavec (2011) 153. Emona: Vidrih perko (2006) pl. 83.5.


map 2. Late roman pottery workshops in the pannonian provinces.

territory, varied between 5 and 10 km, and sometimes 20 km, which meant there were many similarities in the characteristics of these products.115 the distance between the glazed pottery production centres of tokod and pilismarót was approximately 20 km, for example.116 the next nearest pro-duction site for glazed ware was in Visegrád-Gizellamajor, approximately 4 km east of pilismarót. Leányfalu lies approximately 20 km to the east of Visegrád-Gizellamajor, and between these two lies the camp of cirpi/Dunabogdány, where there is probably a third workshop. Glazed and coarse ware production can also be argued to have taken place next to the Budakalász watchtower, half way between Leányfalu and Aquincum/Budapest. (map 3)

Less evidence is available for burnished pottery production sites. On the military sites of pilismarót and Leányfalu, the production of this ware is detectable, but between these two sites, in Visegrád, it cannot be proved.

115 Ottományi (1991) 45–48; Ottományi (1999a).116 Between these two places, there is the military camp of Solva/esztergom, where no

evidence for pottery production has been found, yet.


the production centres for coarse ware (tokod, Visegrád and Leányfalu) lay 20–25 km from each other. In the hinterland of the pannonian prov-inces, in modern-day county Zala, in rural settlements, kilns for coarse ware were discovered at 10 km distances from each other.117 Along the southern shore of Lake Balaton, two pottery kilns, at Balatonalmádi and Balatonaliga, were documented, which are 25 km from each other.118

In our review of Late roman pottery production within the pannonian provinces, we will look at: the glazed ware, which imitated imported pot-tery; the polished and burnished wares; and the largest surviving group, the grey coarse pottery. At the end of the paper the relatively scarce finds of hand-made or slow-wheel made vessels will be discussed. the distribu-tion of these regional wares was very different in the Late roman period, and also varied for brief periods within the 4th c.119 In all cases, the house-hold, coarse pottery was found in the highest quantities, with the number

117 Horváth and Frankovics (2009) 28, 42–43. rigyác and Letenye: round kilns with radial grids found, but are unpublished.

118 palágyi (2004) 55–56; Bónis (1994).119 Sometimes decorative techniques are mixed, like inner glazed dishes decorated with

horizontal burnished lines on the outer surface (Grünewald (1979) taf.68.4), or the rim of inner glazed mortaria are painted: Ottományi (2011) fig. 3.1; cvjetiċanin (2006) 23, LrG 1. Dish with painted horizontal rim: Bónis (1991) Abb. 1.1.

map 3. pottery workshops of the Danube bend in the Valentinian period (after Soproni (1985)).


of finds continuing to increase at the turn of the 5th c. A.D. Among the finds from the Late roman military camps, watchtowers and inner forts, from the time of constantius II/Valentinian up to A.D. 430, 51–67% of the finds belong to this coarse ware type. the polished ware comprises a rela-tively high percentage of the finds as well (12–23%), while glazed pottery is somewhat less frequent (5–13%) within these contexts. the proportion of the burnished ware is very variable, depending on if it was made locally (5–27%) or distributed within a smaller region (1–3%). the percentage of hand-made and slow wheel-made vessels is usually between 4 and 10%.120

On those sites where roman continuity can be seen into the 5th c., at tokod, Visegrád- Gizellamajor, Biatorbágy -FS.9, and Savaria/Szombathely- Fő tér, much more grey coarse pottery has been found (72–82%), while the percentage of burnished ware (6–10%) and glazed ware decreases (3–6%), and is similar to the proportion of hand-made vessels (3–10%).121 Some typical sites can be discussed in more detail, like pilismarót-malompatak or Savaria/Szombathely-Fő tér, where burnished wares were manufac-tured, and where this ware was found in higher proportions (27.6% and 13–19%). However, in the vicinity of the military watchtower at Leányfalu, burnished material makes up only 6% of what has been found, compared with the locally made glazed ware, which makes up 19% of the material. the high quantity of glazed pottery in Budakalász-Luppacsárda (46.5%) suggests that this ware was manufactured at this site, although no kiln has been found.

Glazed Ware

Lead-glazed ware is a common discovery in Late roman contexts in pannonia.122 manufacturers perhaps tried to imitate imported vessels, to compensate for their recent decline. Dishes with flat, horizontal rims had antecedents among African red Slip ware, and jug forms originated from glass and metal types.123

120 Ottományi (2008b) taf.7.; Ottományi (1991) 44, taf. 3c; Ottományi and Sosztarits (1998) 148, tab. 1; Ottományi (1999b) 362, fig. 2.

121 tokod: Lányi (1981b) 85.122 For the origins of glazed ware in the early roman period, and for a summary of its

transition into the ‘High empire’, see: Bónis (1990) 25–29 and Gassner (1991) 36–40. 123 Detailed publications on the pannonian material: Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Alten-

burg: Grünewald (1979) 67–74; tokod: Bónis (1991); Leányfalu: Ottományi (1991) 14–23; Gor sium/tác: Bánki (1992); Budakalász-Luppa-csárda: Ottományi (2004) 268–72; vicus teuto/Budaörs: Ottományi (2011); Keszthely-Fenékpuszta: Horváth (2010); Horváth (2011) 602–14. conference: magrini and Sbarra (2009).


1. Forms and Decoration ( figs. 1–2)All the forms of the glazed ware are typically roman.124 Several of them were in use for four centuries, and were manufactured with a new sur-face treatment from the 4th c. Among the forms, the traditional mortaria can be mentioned. Its rim became simpler with a narrower collar, with a thinner and steeper body, in the 4th c., and its decoration also changed. Sometimes the rim was still painted, but the glazing of the pebbles proves that the original function of the dish had changed with time. this is the most frequent form that is found, together with jugs, among the mate-rial from settlement sites.125 However, bowls with inverted or ribbed rims, and bowls with a biconical body with horizontal or ribbed rims, are also found.126 Narrow-necked jugs with a straight or curved rim, is a frequent form found on all findspots from the middle of the 4th c. to the begin-ning of the 5th c. A.D.127 cups with three handles were also present in the material.128

the other forms of glazed ware are also typical Late roman types, copying metal and glass wares: like cups with a horizontal rim, or shallow bowls with a horizontal rim, which is a long-lasting form.129 their rim is sometimes wavy; on the latest variants, cut decoration with wavy lines also appears. cups with handles originated in the eastern mediterranean (skyphos), with only glazed, two or three-handled variants known from

124 For a recent typology of glazed forms, see: cvjetiċanin (2006). For typological tables of forms for pannonian products, see: Arthur and Williams (1981); Bónis and Gabler (1990) 182, figs. 31.1–7; Bónis (1980) figs. 66.20–25, figs. 67.1–15. Vessels found in cemeteries, col-lected and grouped: Nádorfi (1992) tafs. I–II.

125 Arthur and Williams (1981) fig. 30.1; Bónis (1991) 123–42; cvjetiċanin (2006) LrG 1–18; Horváth (2010) figs. 4–5.

126 Inverted or ribbed rims: Ottományi (1991) tab. 1.5–8, 2.11–12a; Bónis (1991) Abb. 15.3; magrini and Sbarra (2005) tav. XXX–XXXI.1; cvjetiċanin (2006) 57–63. the forms of coarse ware also appear in a burnished and glazed variant in the 4th c. Biconical body with hori-zontal or ribbed rims: cvjetiċanin (2006) LrG 28–31; Bónis (1991) Abb. 9/10. A common form in the material of the watch-tower at Budakalász-Luppacsárda: Ottományi (2004) figs. 1.2–4, 6–7, 2.2–6.

127 Grünewald (1979) tafs. 64.8–9, 65.4–8; Arthur and Williams (1981) fig. 30.3; Ottományi (1991) 18, taf. 17.17; Groh and Sedlmayer (2002) 241, Abb. 146.1169 (in the camp of Favianis/mautern in Noricum: A.D. 350/60–420); Nádorfi (1992) taf. I.

128 cvjetiċanin (2006) 86, LrG 143; Horváth (2011) 612, Abb. 6.12–13; Ottományi (2011) fig. 4.2; Bónis (1980) fig. 67.9; Nádorfi (1992) 50, taf. II/ 4a–c (coins dated A.D. 341–63); magrini and Sbarra (2005) 49, tav. XXXVI–XXXVIII.

129 Horizontal rim: Horváth (2011) 609–11 (with further analogies); Ottományi (1991) taf. 21; Bónis (1991) 143. Sometimes stands on high foot, e.g. from Leányfalu and tokod: Ottományi (1991) 16, taf. 10; Bónis (1991) Abb. 6.8. Shallow bowls with horizontal rim: Arthur and Williams (1981) fig. 30.2/32; Ottományi (1991) taf. 11–12; Horváth (2011) Abb. 4,8–9.


Fig. 1. Glazed dishes. Budaörs (1, 17) (after Ottományi (2011)); Leányfalu (2, 4, 9–10, 14) (after Ottományi (1991)); Visegrád-Gizellamajor (3, 5, 7–8, 13, 15–16) (after Ottományi (2012)); Budakalász-Luppacsárda (6) (after Ottományi (2004)); tokod

(11) (after Bónis (1991)); páty (12) (after Ottományi (2007)).


Fig. 2. Glazed jugs, beakers and pots. Budaörs (1, 5–7) (after Ottományi (2011)); páty (2–4) (Ottományi (unpublished)); Leányfalu (8–12) (after Ottományi (1991));

Budakalász-Luppacsárda (13) (after Ottományi (2004)).


pannonia. these are decorated with dense rouletting motifs, and were present in the pannonian provinces from the first third of the 4th to the beginning of the 5th c.130 Jugs with funnel rims are known from settle-ments that date between the second half/end of the 4th to the beginning of the 5th c.131 these jugs appear in graves dated, by coins, to A.D. 320–30, and remained in use until the beginning of the 5th c.132

two-handled jugs with a collared rim and glazed surface are rare finds,133 and mainly occur on sites where they were manufactured locally.134 A unique piece from Visegrád-Gizellamajor is a glazed flask.135 Glazed mugs and pots are also rare finds, occurring primarily in production centres.136 the spectrum of forms found in settlements is wide. Glazing appears both on tablewares (dishes, plates, and sometimes beakers and cups) and vessels for preparing food (mortaria, strainers).137 this diversity had been lessened by the beginning of the 5th c., and only a few basic forms remained in use. Among grave goods, tableware was commonly found, mainly jugs.138 their decoration can indicate a chronology: the earliest vessels have a prominent crescent, or horseshoe-shaped decoration. this

130 Bónis (1980) figs. 66.23, 67.7; Bánki (1992) 42–43, Abb. 6; Nádorfi (1992) cat. No. 68; Bónis (1991) 131–32, Abb. 10, Abb. 18.2; Ottományi (2011) figs. 2.7–9, 6, fig. 3 (coins: A.D. 351–75).

131 Grünewald (1979) 70, Abb. 83.3; Ottományi (1991) taf. 17.18; Horváth (2011) 613, Abbs. 6.9–11; Friesinger and Kerchler (1981) Abb. 8/1; cvjetiċanin (2006) 59–60, LrG 80–82.

132 Lányi (1972) Abb. 38.17; Nádorfi (1992) 45.they are often decorated with an attache at the edge of the rim and the handle, imitating the glass, and bronze variants. It is also typical on the burnished wares.

133 Bónis (1991) 135, Abb. 8.13, Abb. 27; Ottományi (1991) 19, taf. 20.29, taf. 16.9. (two-handled jug with cylindrical body); Ottományi (2004) fig. 3.4, nn. 37–40; Nádorfi (1992) 50, taf. II/ 2b; cvjetiċanin (2006) LrG 127 (second half of the 4th c.); Liesen-pirling (1998) Abb. 3.1–4. this form is the imitation of glass ware produced along the rhine.

134 tokod: Bónis (1991) 135, Abb. 7.1, 17.1–5. Half of the glazed jugs from the watch-tower at Leányfalu had collared rims: Ottományi (1991) 17–20, taf. 17.14, taf. 32.63. In the fortlet at Visegrád-Gizellamajor, jugs with collared rims appear among glazed, burnished and coarse wares: Ottományi (2012b) fig. 13. they also appear on sites in the pannonian plain, where there was commercial activity with the Barbaricum, e.g. Apátfalva: Vári (2011) fig. 3.

135 Ottományi (2012b) fig. 8.2. parallels can be found at Krefeld-Gellep: Liesen and pirling (1998) Abb. 3.6a–b.

136 Glazed mugs: Lányi (1972) Abb. 40.8; Zsidi (1987) fig. 12/92.1 (with coins dated to A.D. 335–61.); Ottományi (2011) fig. 4.1. production centres: Leányfalu: Ottományi (1991) 20, types 28–32, 39b, 42, 50a, 60, 63. Among the finds from Visegrád-Gizellamajor with a so-called Leányfalu type, ribbed surface, is: Ottományi (2012b) fig. 11.1. Its form, paste and thin walled body resembles coarse ware, with squashed or poured glazing at Budakalász-Luppacsárda: Ottományi (2004) taf. IV.1, 5, taf. VI.1.

137 Grünewald (1979) 70, tafs. 36.6 and 65.14–15, 66.2; Ottományi (2011) fig. 2.5 (with coins dated to A.D. 355–61).

138 Bónis (1990) 35; Nádorfi (1992).


ordered decoration appears mainly on beakers, mugs, vase-form vessels and one-handled jugs.139

the later productions were decorated with incised, wavy lines and cuts by the late 4th–early 5th c. the latter occurs on dishes with horizontal rims, on the shoulders of one-handled jugs, and also on pots with a biconi-cal body.140 rouletting is typical on three-handled cups in the earlier period. the intended ‘Faltenbecher’ body type is rare, but is sometimes combined with a stamped and applied mask-decoration, like on a unique piece found at vicus teuto/Budaörs.141 polished lines are visible on the body of a mug found in the Sarmatian Barbaricum.142 the colour of the glaze of these examples does not suggest any date but it can signify a par-ticular workshop.143 However, sometimes there is a connection between the colour and the form.144 Its brilliance or baldness can be the result of use.

2. Distribution and WorkshopsGlazed ware occurs mainly in the pannonian and Danubian provinces, and in the south-eastern Alps area (Noricum, raetia, Dacia ripensis, moesia).145 Outside this zone only scattered finds are known. Very similar glazed

139 Grünewald (1979) 69, taf. 64/14–15; Arthur and Williams (1981) figs. 30.6/30–32; Ottományi (1991) 20–21; Bónis (1991) 133–35, Abb. 16/7, 26/1–3; Szőnyi (1984) 345–50, Abb. 6.

140 It is a strong feature among the finds from Leányfalu: Ottományi (1991) 21, taf. 10–12, taf. 18.21, taf. 20, taf. 21.33; from Visegrád-Gizellamajor: Ottományi (2012b) figs. 9.2, 7, 9. It is typical for coarse pottery found in both places, just like in the fortlet of tokod: Bónis (1991) 144. From a house in Intercisa/Dunaújváros, which burned down ca. A.D. 430: Bóna (1993) figs. 67.7–8. In Late roman cemeteries e.g.: Zsidi (1987) fig. 5, grave no. 15, fig. 7, grave no. 34; Vágó and Bóna (1976) 140, taf. XVII/2–4.

141 ‘Faltenbecher’ type: On dish with horizontal rim e.g. Visegrád-Gizellamajor: Ottományi (2012b) fig. 7.4; Brigetio/Komárom-Szőny: miklósity Szőke (2006–2008) 163, t.II. coarse ware jug from Leányfalu: Ottományi (1991) taf. 18.22. vicus teuto/Budaörs: Ottományi (2011) 270–73, figs. 5.1–2.

142 csongrád-Vendelhalom: Vári (2011) fig. 5, Kat. 7. 143 Ottományi and Sosztarits (1998) 155–58, n. 63. the products of tokod display a light

yellowish-green, or light olive green glaze; those from Leányfalu are green, those made in Savaria/Szombathely-Fő tér are greenish-brown. But the workshop of Favianis/mautern (Noricum) can also be cited here, with its olive green-mid brown glazes.

144 On the Late roman settlement of vicus teuto/Budaörs the colour of plates with inverted rims are yellowish-green or shiny brown: Ottományi (2011) 274. Light colours are also typical on cups with rouletted decoration, and on three-handled vessels. Darker colours often appear on dishes with horizontal rims. the incised and stabbed-decorated jugs are typical of the later period and were produced with green glazing. the yellowish-brown glaze is typically found on dishes and jugs, and dark green glaze appears mainly on mugs and pots, in the material from the watch-tower at Budakalász-Luppacsárda, built under Valentinian I: Ottományi (2004) 268–72.

145 Grünewald (1979) 67; cvjetiċanin (2006) figs. 21–27 (distribution maps).


pottery was also manufactured in Krefeld-Gellep and in northern Italy, in carlino next to Aquileia. Several theories have been put forward in order to understand the appearance of these vessels in this wider region, includ-ing the movement of troops to the rhine region and then into Italy, or a single workman moving with the troops, etc., but none of these are con-vincing. the products from the workshop in carlino are likely to have a strong resemblance to the eastern Alpine and Danubian glazed pottery, because of its geographical position: it is just west of Aquileia.146

Glazed ware can be found on almost every Late roman site in the pan-nonian provinces.147 the distribution of certain forms (like mortaria) has been seen as defined by military movements. It is true, that these were concentrated in military centres, but they are also found in towns next to internal roads, and in civil settlements as well. they are rare finds in poorer cemeteries and on rural sites. It is more likely that their distribution was connected to the spread of roman culture and eating habits, rather than the presence of the troops. Several of the workshops were located next to or inside military camps, fortlets and watchtowers, with only a few found in towns, rural civil settlements or villas. However, many workshops have been discovered in south pannonian towns and cities, which are all eas-ily accessible by river. this all suggests that the main trading routes that helped the distribution of glazed ware were the Danube and the inland roads. Glazed ware was also exported to the neighbouring Barbaricum, on the other side of the Danube, where, in some cases, it had been manufac-tured as well.148

146 Bónis (1991) 144; Liesen and pirling (1998); magrini and Sbarra (2005) 71–72; magrini and Sbarra (2009) 29, plate 1.

147 cvjetiċanin (2006) 177–79, 258–60, fig. 23. pannonia prima: 36 findspots, Valeria: 45 findspots, pannonia Secunda: 23 findspots, Savia: 5 findspots. thanks to the large surface excavations of the last few decades, the list of findspots keeps growing. examples from Valeria: Ács-Öbölkúti-dűlő: Fűköh (2012) 166, settlement; Biatorbágy FS. 9: Ottományi (2008b), settlement; Biatorbágy-Budapark: maróti-repiszky (2008), cemetery. Budaka-lász-Luppacsárda: Ottományi (2004) 268–72, watch-tower; Budaörs-Kamaraerdei-dűlő: Ottományi (2011) and Ottományi (2012a) 258–62, vicus and cemetery; Solva/Esztergom: Kelemen (2008) 82–84, cemetery; Páty-Malom-dűlő: Ottományi (2007) 200–202, settlement, Ottományi (2008a) cemetery. Komló-mecsekfalu út, roman villa (not the same as the Nr. 55. Komló-mecsekjánosi roman villa): Katona Győr (1994) 72. Visegrád-Gizellamajor: Ottományi (2012b) fortlet; Mágocs: Gábor (1998), graves; Szakály: Gabler and Ottományi (1990) 174, settlement. pannonia prima: Balatonlelle-Kenderföldek: marton-Serlegi (2007) 143; Csorna: Szőnyi (2001) 140.

148 Friesinger and Kerchler (1981), 264–65; tejral (1985) 118–22; Krekovič (1991) 150–51; workshops at, for example, Wien-Leopoldau and Nitra-parovske: cvjetićanin (2006) 260–61. It could have arrived at Sarmatian sites through commercial links from the workshops along


Glazed ware probably had more production centres than is archaeolog-ically detectable. It was manufactured together with the traditional, pro-vincial roman coarse ware. In the later period, they are often found with burnished ware produced in the same workshop.149 there were a series of manufacturing centres along the limes,150 these were: carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg, castra ad Herculem/pilismarót, cardabiaca/tokod, Visegrád-Gizellamajor, Leányfalu, Aquincum/Budapest and Intercisa/Dunaújváros.151 there are some possible workshops at: Vindobona/Vienna, Arrabona/Győr, Ulcisia castra/Szentendre, Budakalász-Luppacsárda, and vicus teuto/Budaörs.152 Workshops in the pannonian hinterland include: Gorsium/tác, Savaria/Szombathely, the area of Keszthely-Fenékpuszta (?), Komló-mecsekfalu út roman villa (?), Balatonalmádi-Vörösberény, and

the roman limes, for example from tokod to Jánosszállás in the Sarmatian Barbaricum: Vári (2011) 105–108.

149 For a summary of the pannonian workshops, with a detailed bibliography, see: Bónis (1990) 29–33. review of workshops of glazed and burnished wares: Ottományi and Sosztarits (1998) 181–84; Horváth (2011) 605–606; palágyi (2004) 51–56. In the neighbouring provinces: glazed and burnished wares were also sometimes produced in the same work-shops in Noricum, see: Favianis/mautern: Friesinger and Kerchler (1981).

150 Workshops can be reconstructed, not only on the basis of the existence of kilns or wasters, but also based on certain unique vessel forms that are discovered, and their quantity.

151 carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Grünewald (1979) 79; Bónis (1990) 33. castra ad Herculem/pilismarót: a firing pit, firing channel and blistered glazed pottery came to the light from the ruins of a house next to the wall of the fortlet, see: Bónis (1990) 30. carda-biaca/tokod: Bónis (1991): pottery kilns and wasters. Visegrád-Gizellamajor: Ottományi (2012b) 384. the glazed wasters are unpublished. Glaze drops on coarse wares support their production in the same workshops. Leányfalu: Ottományi (1991) 42–44: the existence of a workshop could be suggested by the presence of wasters and unique vessel forms. Aquincum/Budapest: Bónis (1990) 26, fig. 5 (Óbuda-téglavető, deformed glazed jug). Inter-cisa/Dunaújváros: Bónis (1990) 33; Bónis (1991) 140, Abb. 27.2 (waster).

152 Vindobona/Vienna: cvjetićanin (2006) 258; chinelli (2009). Arrabona/Győr: póczy (1957) 75–76: local workshops believed to have existed on the basis of typological groups: Intercisa/Dunaújváros, Savaria/Szombathely, Arrabona/Győr, Aquincum/Budapest. A work-shop producing anthropomorphic glazed ware can be argued for in the west pannonia region: Bónis and Gabler (1990) 182, figs. 30.7–8. Ulcisia castra/Szentendre: Wasted, over-fired shed of a jug from a grave, which could be a local product: maróti and topál (1980) grave no. 82. Budakalász-Luppacsárda: Ottományi (2004) 271: the ratio of glazed ware is very high (46.5%), and often types of forms that were glazed elsewhere remained undeco-rated here, producing vessels typically with splattered, poured glazing. they were, very likely, products of a local workshop. vicus teuto/Budaörs,Kamaraerdei-dűlő: Ottományi (2012a) 375: coarse pottery with spotted glazing. probably glazing was adhered during fir-ing. In another case, two vessles had stuck together during firing. they demonstrate also that at Budaörs, glazed ware was manufactured locally in the second half of the 4th c. A.D.


Várgesztes.153 South pannonian workshops have been found at: Sirmium/Sremska mitrovica, Siscia/Sisak(?), certissa, taurunum, cibalae/Vinkovci, mursa/Osijek and poetovio/ptuj (Noricum), and also at emona.154

3. DatingGlazed ware appeared in large quantities in pannonia from the second third of the 4th c. A.D., with mortaria belonging to the earliest group of glazed products in the region. According to some scholars, it began to be produced in the late 3rd-early 4th c. A.D.155 Among the material from the Arrabona/Győr fortlet, e. Szőnyi dated the mortaria, and the brown glazed beakers with horseshoe-like ornamentation, to this earlier period.156 Glazed material appears in small quantities in the camps along the limes in layers that date to the period of the constantinian dynasty, as at Ad Statuas/Ács-Vaspuszta.157 the finds from the vicus at Budaörs are of a similar date; the earliest glazed dish found there can be dated, with coins, to the period A.D. 321–37158 their early appearance in pannonian

153 Gorsium/tác: Bónis (1990) 29 with further bibliography. In the layer of the palatium, wasters were found; in the house No. XIII of the artisan quarter, a kiln and residues of glaze slag were discovered. Savaria/Szombathely: Bónis (1990) 29. In the Járdányi paulovics romkert, a Late roman pottery kiln and some glazed ware were found in 1974. Its precise date is uncertain. the other kiln was excavated at Szombathely-Fő tér is described in: Ottományi and Sosztarits (1998) 155–58. the workshop can be dated to the second third of the 5th c. Glazed, burnished and coarse ware production in the same workshop found in Szombathely-Szent István tér: Bíró (2004) 87–88 (wasters from coarse ware and glazed jugs, dated to the first half of the 4th c.). Keszthely-Fenékpuszta (?): Horváth (2011) 606. Komló-mecsekfalu út roman villa (?): Bricks were found with glazing on one side (with coins dated to A.D. 351–75.), in addition to that, more than the half of pottery finds were glazed, and were often decorated with unique motifs, with glazing on both sides: Horváth (2011) 606; Katona Győr (1994) 72 (lead smelting furnace), 77 (glazed vessels and bricks). Balatonalmádi-Vörösberény: palágyi (2004) 51–56: the vessels from the last firing were left in the 4th c. kiln. they contained glazed, burnished, polished and coarse wares. Várgesztes: rescue excavation conducted by Julianna cseh (pers. comm.) in 2002 (pottery kiln with glazed and burnished ware vessels). It could have supplied the inner fortress at Környe with pottery.

154 Bónis (1990) 30–32; Vikić-Belančić (1970) 30–31. In Siscia/Sisak and cibalae/Vinkovci workshops are only a possibility: cvjetićanin (2006) 259–60. Neviodunum is listed among the workshops in Bónis’ paper; cvjetićanin does not support this, and, according to the opinion of Vikić-Belančić, this could be an early roman workshop.

155 e.g. poetovio/ptuj: cvjetićanin (2006) 23; carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Gassner (2009) 52–53.

156 Szőnyi (1984), 346, Abb. 4.157 Ottományi (1989) 538: the 7.5% of glazed pottery can be dated to the constantinian

era, ca. 30% to the middle-second half of the 4th c., and another 30% to the Valentinian period. Only 3% of the glazed finds belong to the beginning of the 5th c.

158 Ottományi (2011) 276.


cemeteries is supported by coin evidence as well.159 Glazed pottery appears in graves from around the second third of the 4th c., according the termi-nus post quem provided by the coins, becoming a common feature from the time of constantius II. Because of this, on most sites this pottery is generally dated to the second half of the 4th c., as at carnuntum/Bad-Deutsch Altenburg.160

the peak of the production of this ware may have been the second half of the 4th c., as it is still common in layers that date to the time of Valentinian. this type of pottery was still in use in the first third of the 5th c., as it often found in the latest destruction layers of inner forts and settlements in the region.161 Finds from cemeteries can certainly be dated to before A.D. 375, thanks to the presence of Valentinian coins in the same graves,162 but the continued use of glazed pottery after this is likely, as, although coin evidence disappears after that time, this does not mean the cemetery was abandoned. Also, glazed vessels often appear together with grave goods that can be dated to around the end of the 4th c., such as burnished ware, moss green glass vessels, bone combs, or crossbow brooches decorated with pelta motifs. this is seen in only a few cemeter-ies, however.163

the production of glazed ware ended before burnished ware first appeared. It was more typical in the western parts of the province.164 It

159 Nádorfi (1992) 45–51.160 Grünewald (1979) 72–74; Friesinger and Kerchler (1981) 264–65. 161 Occurs together with burnished ware in destruction layers of the camps and fort-

lets along the Danubian limes, e.g.: Ulcisia Castra/Szentendre: Ottományi (2006); Visegrád-Gizellamajor: Ottományi (2012b); Ad Statuas/Ács-Vaspuszta: Ottományi (1989) 537; Intercisa/Dunaújváros: Bóna (1993) 237, fig. 67; Matrica/Százhalombatta: Kovács (1999) 65–67, figs. 12–15; Campona/Nagytétény: Kocsis (2000) 93; Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Grü-newald (1979). Inner fortresses, eg.: Keszthely-Fenékpuszta: Horváth (2011) 605. Vici, e.g. Budaörs: Ottományi (2011) 276. rural settlements, e.g. Biatorbágy: Ottományi (2008b) 167–68.

162 Nádorfi (1992) 52.163 csákvár: Salamon and Barkóczi (1970); at the south-eastern cemetery of Intercisa/

Dunaújváros, grave no. 157: Vágó and Bóna (1976) 12; Intercisa/Dunaújváros: Grave no. 35: póczy (1957) 72, Abb. 38.16. cardabiaca/tokod: Lányi (1981a) grave no. 48; Solva/eszter-gom, Bánomi-dűlő, grave no. 149: Kelemen (2008) 60, 140; Somogyszíl, grave no. 148: Burger (1979) 2, 17.

164 Glazed and burnished ware came to light from the 1a-1b phases, dated to after the abandonment of the camp of Arrabona/Győr. Only one sherd of glazed ware is known from its 2nd phase, together with larger quantities of burnished and hand-made vessels: tomka (2004) 390–91, taf. 1–5. In the layers dated to after the 380s in Scarbantia/Sopron, glazed and burnished wares occured together in the earlier phase, but in the later one the burnished ware can be found together with the black, shiny Germanic type pottery: Bónis (1991) 143–44. Glazed and burnished sherds were found together in the second occupa-


continued to be made in the eastern half of pannonia until the 430s, or the mid 5th c., though in small quantities.165 When glazed ware production in the tokod fortlet ended is uncertain.166

4. Ethnicitythe use of glazed ware is clearly a feature of romanisation. consumers of this imitation of the expensive imported vessels, could well have been soldiers and the richer members of the middle classes.167 African red Slip ware also often appears with glazed ware, indicating that the same social class was able to buy both.168 Glazed pottery is usually found in the richer graves of Late roman cemeteries in pannonia, often together with coins and crossbow brooches. the question is: who is using this ware by the time it begins to be found alongside burnished material, and in layers that date from after the roman period? could it belong to ‘barbarian’ troops or non-romanised peoples?

Polished Ware

the polishing technique became fashionable again, after the early roman period, at the beginning of the 4th c. A.D. the surface can be totally pol-ished or burnished with horizontal and vertical lines. this decoration appeared on traditional roman vessel types like dishes with everted rims, dishes with a conical body, or one-handled jugs and mugs.169 their dat-ing value within this century is low; only by the paste of the pottery and

tion level (turn of the 4th–5th c.) and under the third level debris (first half of the 5th c.) of the northern fortress gate of Keszthely-Fenékpuszta. Among the material within this third level, only burnshed ware came to light: müller (1979) 138–45, taf. VI. 5–6, fig. 18. In the camp of Intercisa/Dunaújváros, in an adobe house built next to the wall, and burned down around A.D. 430, glazed and burnished wares were found together: Bóna (1993) 236. the situation was similar in Visegrád-Gizellamajor, where these two wares were found together in the last destruction level: Ottományi (2012b) 377.

165 Savaria/Szombathely-Fő tér, pottery workshop: Ottományi and Sosztarits (1998) 158 (coarse ware: 72%, burnished ware: 23%, glazed ware: 5%).

166 the end date of the Late roman cemetery was the second half of the 5th c., sug-gested by V. Lányi. Several glazed vessels were found (Lányi 1981a). É. Bónis dated it to the beginning of the 5th c., as, according to her, the early christian motif, which supported the dating of V. Lányi, had appeared on earlier vessels. thus, the chronology is uncertain: Bónis (1991) 145.

167 Ottományi (2011) 277.168 campona/Nagytétény: Kocsis (2000) 93; Visegrád-Gizellamajor, fortlet: Ottományi

(2012b) 385; vicus teuto/Budaörs: Ottományi (2011) 277. 169 conical body: Friesinger and Kerchler (1981) Abb. 57. forms V–VI.


the quality of the polishing, can any groups be discerned. this surface treatment was also used on hard-fired pottery, similar to coarse ware.170 polished ware in still use in the early 5th c.171 A separate group in the 4th c., with shiny, dark polishing, consists of jugs with high handles and mugs; some of which made on a slow-wheel.172 this shiny, black, polished surface is typical of the latest group of this ware, dated to the turn of the 5th c., and is a technique that also appeared on the new vessel types of this period, like bowls with biconical bodies, jugs with collared rims and jugs with ribbed surfaces.173 A larger, two-handled, variant of the jug with a collared rim was used as a storage jar.174 the burnishing technique was often applied to these new forms as well.

Burnished Ware

Any continuity between the burnishing seen on early roman vessels in the 1st c. A.D., and that seen on Late roman types cannot be proven in pannonia. However, both the forms and motifs that were popular in the late antique period, were also present in Late La tène pottery. this decorative treatment had been used continuously in the neighbouring Barbaricum, where roman influence had not diminished the La tène tra-ditions.175 Its reappearance in Late roman pannonia can be explained by the settlement of peoples from the Barbaricum in the province, and by the arrival of newcomers from the Steppe region (e.g. the carpi).176 the distribution of burnished ware is too wide to be explained by the pres-ence of only one newly settled group.177 Different peoples are likely to have arrived for nearly a century, in more than one wave, allowing this ware to steadily take over from roman pottery types. the provincial

170 Visegrád-Gizellamajor (wasters were found): Ottományi (2012b) fig. 5.4.171 Ottományi (2009) Abb. 3.11; Ottományi (2012a) fig. 275 (in a burial, dug into a roman

pit). 172 tóth (1994) 134–36, Abb. 8; Horváth (2011) 639–41.173 Ottományi (2009) Abb. 4.5.174 Ottományi (2009) Abb. 5.1–2; Ottományi (2012b) fig. 13.1. 175 Bichir (1976) 77–78. Among the Sarmatians, they could be a sign of Dacian influence

or a rediscovery of La tène traditions: Vaday (1989) 33–35.176 ‘Barbarian’ settlement: tóth (2005) 375–82. Sarmatians in Lussonium/Dunakömlőd:

Kiss (1994) 253; Favianis/mautern (in Noricum): Groh and Sedlmayer (2002) 313–21. Steppe peoples: eastern Gothic-Hun-Alanic foederati, the Gothic tribe of the marosszentanna-csernyahov culture, etc. Summary: Ottományi (1989) 530–36; Vagalinski (1997) 38–40; Horváth (2011) 625–28.

177 Ottományi (1982) 88–119, taf. XXVI–XXVIII. the number of findspots has became more numerous in the last few years, but no recent summary is available.


pannonian population seems to have been influenced by the new arrivals, with local ‘roman workshops’ starting to produce these burnished vessels, but retaining the traditional roman forms. this new decoration became a general trend by the late 4th and early 5th c. in pannonia, and in the entire carpathian Basin.

Sub-groups can be identified according to form (traditional, roman or new),178 arrangement of motif (individually or in frames), surface treat-ment (matt grey or gloss black) and quality of the paste (well-prepared, coarse, hard-fired, roughly finished).179 this grouping allows for a degree of chronological separation as well, but the borders between the sub-groups are not very sharp. Vessels produced with different techniques may be present in the same contexts.

1. Group 1: Middle to Second Half/End of the 4th c.Forms: traditional roman types with a new surface treatment: bowls with inverted rim, bowls with a conical body, pear-shaped jugs with everted rim, one-handled mugs, and sometimes pots and storage jars with wavy line decoration on their neck.180

motifs:Horizontal stripes (particularly on plates), vertical lines, stripes (on the neck/shoulder of jugs and mugs), wavy lines and zigzags, sometimes tri-angles and reticules. motifs cover the upper third of the vessels, without a frame.

Dating:Burnished ware appears sporadically in the 340s in the first phase of the fort at Heténypuszta, and in the destruction layer, dated with coins to 355,

178 For basic types of the pannonian production see: Ottományi (1982); Bónis and Gabler (1990) 182, fig. 32.

179 three groups: Ottományi (1991) 36–37; Ottományi (2009) 430–34. two groups: tóth (2005) 380–82.

180 Bowl with inverted rim and conical body: Groh and Sedlmayer (2002) taf. 28/433, 435, 459: Favianis/mautern camp fifth phase (dated A.D. 280–360). elsewhere, datable to the end of the 4th c.: Grünewald (1979) taf. 72–73. pear-shaped jugs with everted rims and one-handled mugs: Ottományi (1982) VII. 7–8; Friesinger and Kerchler (1981) 256–28, Abb. 57, forms II–III (dated A.D. 350–450). pots and storage jars with wavy line decoration: Ottományi (2009) Abb. 6.4.


at Ács-Vaspuszta.181 It appears in small quantities in the fifth phase at the fort at Favianis/mautern, in Noricum (dated A.D. 280–360), as well, and became abundant by the end of the 4th c.182 Burnished ware frequently appears with glazed ware.183 Fragments were also found in the cemeter-ies near Keszthely, at Nagykanizsa, Intercisa/Dunaújváros and Aquincum/Budapest etc., all in layers that date to the second third of the 4th c. A.D., by coins.184 these coins only give us a terminus post quem though; these vessels could have got into the graves at any time in the mid-late 4th c. coins of Valentinian appear in contexts containing evidence for burnished ware production; such coins could be in use up to the end of the 4th c.

Findspots and ethnicity:Fragments belonging to this pottery group mainly came from Late roman cemeteries and fortresses. they spread and became fashionable due to foreign influences, but are found mixed together with objects produced by the local population. Settled ‘barbarian’ populations can only be iden-tified, perhaps, in the south-eastern part of Valeria; elsewhere they can only be detected sporadically.185 Workshops for burnished ware existed at: Balatonalmádi-Vörösberény and Balatonaliga (?).186

181 Heténypuszta: tóth (2005) 378. Ács-Vaspuszta: Ottományi (1989) 514, 518, 525–30, figs. 120/1–a–b–c, 125/28, 134/6, 135/4a etc.

182 Groh and Sedlmayer (2002) 313–21, cf. Gassner et al. (1993) 104. In the first phase of the ditch of the camp of Favianis/mautern (dated to the mid 4th c.), glazed ware was found, but no burnished ware came to light. In the next layer above this, dated to the late 4th–early 5th c., both wares were present. When it ceased is debabatable.

183 Horváth (2011) 628; Arrabona/Győr, Scarbantia/Sopron, Visegrád-Gizellamajor: Bónis (1991) 143–44; tomka (2004) taf. 1–8.

184 Ottományi (1982) 155–56.185 Settled population: e. tóth connected its presence to the settlement of the carpi

in the southern part of Valeria at the end of the 3rd c. A.D.: tóth (2005). But the appear-ance of this surface treatment in the A.D. 330/40s cannot be interpreted as caused by this historical event, as it happened 30–40 years earlier. Nor could this be the case in the north ern part of Valeria, along the Danubian limes, see: Ottományi (2009) 430–31. Sporadic population: e.g. Sarmatian influence can be detected among the material from Intercisa/Dunaújváros, Lussonium/Dunakömlőd, from the camp of matrica/Százhalombatta and from the Late roman cemeteries around Keszthely: Sági (1960) 79, 188, 206; Kiss (1994) 253; Kovács (2000) fig. 78/1.

186 Balatonalmádi-Vörösberény: palágyi (2004) 55–56: last third of the 4th c. (polished and burnished pottery, vessels decorated with horizontal and vertical lines). Balatonaliga (?): tóth (2005) 378, connected it to the settlement of the carpi. However, the workshop could also date to the late 4th–early 5th c., and a parallel can be found with the finds of the csernyahov-culture and the pottery kiln at ternitz: Bónis (1994) 175.


2. Group 2: Last Quarter of the 4th c. to the Beginning of the 5th c. A.D.187 (fig. 3)Forms:the forms of this later group can be seen in the earlier, traditional ves-sel types (dishes, jugs and mugs), as well as being applied on new forms. Dishes with inverted, thickened rims and dishes with a conical lower part, with burnished horizontal lines and sometimes with a reticule motif on the inner surface, are traditional types.188 Burnished decoration is found on the neck of so-called S-profile bowls (wave or reticule motifs), also.189 Jugs with a funnel rim appear, with burnished decoration, imitating the painted and glazed forms.190 pots with a biconical body are another com-mon form of this later group, as well as large storage vessels decorated with stripes.191 Bowls with a biconical body, and jugs with a collared rim are also typical forms, which originated from the east.192 the latter appear frequently in two-handled, large-scale versions, too (fig. 4).193

motifs:194An increasing amount of reticule and pinewood ornaments can be seen in this later group, and murga-type motifs (vertical wavy lines or zigzags sep-arated by vertical bands) appear. Decoration is mostly ordered, in lines, or framed by ribs and incised lines.

187 e. tóth dated the second group to after the end of roman rule, A.D. 430–50, but the third group was not separated in his paper: tóth (2005) 382–85.

188 Grünewald (1979) taf. 71, 74.9; Groh and Sedlmayer (2002) the sixth phase of the camp at Favianis/mautern; Friesinger and Kerchler (1981) Abb. 2., Abb. 57, forms II–III and V–VI.

189 Ottományi (2008b) 156–57, fig. 14.5; Horváth (2011) 630–31, Abb. 18. 190 Decorated with vertical stripes and reticule motif: Ottományi (1982) 9, table XXIX;

Ottományi (1991) 29–30; Ottományi (2012b) fig. 12.4, 6.191 Grünewald (1979) 77, taf. 80–81; Ottományi (1982) taf. XI.1–5; Ottományi (1996)

104–105, Abb. 11–15; Ottományi (2009) Abb. 6.1–2. 192 Bowls with biconical body: Ottományi (1982) 62, taf. XV.1; Ottományi (2008b) 157–60

(with detailed bibliography); Friesinger and Kerchler (1981), Abb. 43/5; Gudkova (1999) 149 (csernyahov culture); Horváth (2011) 631–33. Jugs with collared rim: this is the so-called murga-type jug: Ottományi (1991) 28–29, taf. 15–17 (Leányfalu); Ottományi (1999b) 347–48, e.g. VII/4 (Dunabogdány); Ottományi (2012b) 382, fig. 12. 7–8 (Visegrád-Gizellamajor); tejral (1985) Abb. 16/3, 8, Abb. 15/1a, 2, 14/1, 2, 5. etc. Starting with D2 phase (A.D. 400/10).

193 At vicus teuto/Budaörs: Ottományi (2009) Abb. 5.3. and 8; Visegrád-Gizellamajor: Ottományi (2012b) fig. 13.2; Vienna-Aspern: Friesinger and Kerchler (1981) Abb. 26.

194 the motifs of the first group were still in use on the vessels belonging to the second group. precise dating is not possible, but the change in the proportion of ornaments, and the reduction of vertical and wavy lines without framing, can support a chronology.


Fig. 3. Burnished Ware/ Group nos. 2–3. Intercisa/Dunaújváros (1) (after Ottományi (1987)); Ulcisia castra/Szentendre (2) (after Ottományi (2006)); pilismarót-malompatak (5) (after Ottományi (1996)); Leányfalu (3–4, 7, 11) (after Ottományi (1991)); Savaria/Szombathely, Fő tér (6) (after Ottományi and Sosz-tarits (1998)); mosonszentmiklós–Jánosházapuszta (8) (after Ottományi (1987));

Visegrád-Gizellamajor (9–10) (after Ottományi (2012)).


Fig. 4. Burnished Ware/storage vessels. Budaörs (1–2, 6) (after Ottományi (2009)); Ulcisia castra/Szentendre (3) (after Ottományi (2006)); Visegrád-Gizellamajor (4)

(after Ottományi (2012)); pilismarót-malompatak (5) (after Soproni (1985)).


paste:the great majority of products are still well-prepared, but vessels with rough surfaces, similar to grey coarse ware, had already begun to appear by the end of this period (the early 5th c.). examples of this are found at Visegrád-Gizellamajor and Leányfalu.195

Workshops: these have been found at pilismarót-malompatak, Leányfalu, and Balatonaliga.196 there is some degree of uncertainty, but local produc-tion can be said to come from carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg(?), Savaria/Szombathely-Kőszegi utca, Visegrád-Gizellamajor, and Keszthely- Fenékpuszta.197 Local production can also be argued to have taken place on sites (towns, cities, fortlets, inner forts) where hundreds of fragments are found, some of which are decorated with unique motifs, e.g. those found at Gorsium/tác, Intercisa/Dunaújváros, and Scarbantia/Sopron.198 An analogy from Favianis/mautern (in Noricum) might be of interest here, where very similar products were manufactured.199 In the neighbouring Barbaricum, for example in Vienna-Leopoldau, Nitra-parovska, Velké- Nemcice, Sándorfalva-eperjes, and crvenka bei Vrsac, local workshops were also detected.200

Findspots and ethnicity: this later group of burnished wares are usually found in the destruction layers of Late roman forts and watch-towers, and also in graves, where we

195 Ottományi (1991) 34; Ottományi (2012b) 383. 196 pilismarót-malompatak: Soproni (1985) taf. 43–50; Ottományi (1996). Leányfalu:

Ottományi (1991) 43: no kiln was found, but the unique motifs suggest a local workshop here. Balatonaliga: Bónis (1994) 14, fig. 6 (very deep, incised-like burnishing), dated to the late 4th–early 5th c. tóth (2005) connected it to the carpi.

197 carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg(?): Grünewald (1979) 79. Savaria/Szombathely-Kőszegi utca: Ottományi and Sosztarits (1998) 178: only wasters of coarse ware were found, but fragments of burnished ware with the same paste were found around the kiln. Vise-grád-Gizellamajor: Ottományi (2012b) 384: wasters of coarse ware, fused glazed ware frag-ments and wasters of polished pottery were found. Wasters of burnished ware were not found, so to understand its production we can only refer to the paste, that is similar to that found on the course ware, and their unique decorations. Keszthely-Fenékpuszta: Horváth (2011) 606: there is no archaeological evidence for pottery production, but a workshop next to the fort can be argued for.

198 Ottományi (1982) 28–29. 199 Friesinger and Kerchler (1981) Abb. 2–14.200 Friesinger (1984) 127–54; summarising with further bibliography: Ottományi and

Sosztarits (1998) 182–83.


find roman and new types of grave goods, such as bone combs, earrings with polyhedron ornaments and moss green glass bottles.201 this ware was used by military troops with ‘barbarian’ elements, civil settlers who lived next to forts, and the mixed population of rural settlements and vici, at the end of the Late roman period in pannonia.202 this new pottery tradition was established by the now settled ‘barbarian’ peoples, like the eastern Gothic, Hunnic and Alan foederati communities, as well as by the Vandals, who passed through pannonia, and the Swebi, along with the remaining, local, romanised population.

3. Group 3: First Half/Second Third of the 5th c. A.D.203Form:Far fewer forms for this group are known to exist. the bowl with a biconi-cal body was usually decorated with a reticule, or murga-type motifs, and jugs with collared rims are almost the only form of jug found in these later contexts.204 the jug with vertical ribs on its body was already a frequent product of the roman workshops in earlier periods, but a shiny, black-glazed variant became moretypical in the first half of the 5th c.205 How-ever, it is not always possible to draw a sharp line between the dating of these two groups.

201 Late roman forts and watch-towers: Favianis/Mautern, sixth phase (A.D. 370–450): Groh and Sedlmayer (2002). Visegrád-Gizellamajor, top layer: Ottományi (2012b) 337. Graves: Ottományi (1982) 155–62; Salamon and Barkóczi (1978).

202 Bóna (1993) 236–37, fig. 67: a house within the fortress, next to the wall, but built in a different orientation, and demolished in A.D. 430. mixed Late roman products of glazed, burnished and coarse wares.

203 Its dating is similar to the second group of e. tóth, but he lists the vessel types and decorative motifs of our second group, as well. the burnished ware of the late 5th c. will not be discussed in this paper, as it goes beyond the roman period.

204 reticule decoration: Ottományi and Sosztarits (1998) 161–63, taf. IV. 6 and V.1–5, Karte I (distribution map); Friesinger and Kerchler (1981) Abb. 34–44 (ternitz: end of the 5th c.); tejral (1985) 141 Abb. 24. Jugs with collared rims: typical of the Hun period, in the graves of the mid 5th c.: Bóna (1993) figs. 23, 42, 69 and 110.

205 Ottományi (1982) 48, 51–52, taf VIII.11, IX.15b, XXV/10; Horváth (2011) 635–38 (last third of the 4th c.). In graves of the Hun period: regöly, Lébény, pölöske. these graves were associated with both German and Alanic tribes, but some of the jugs can be con-sidered roman productions due to their quality: Bóna (1993) 243, 17, fig. 20 (with further bibliography).


Decoration:reticules, murga-type zigzags and stripes, and firs with descended twigs are common motifs found on this group of burnished ware.206 the bur-nishing was mixed with incised or picked decoration, as well.207 Glossy black polishing and burnishing appeared, that J. tejral called murga-type pottery in the moravian area, and dated it to the middle of the 5th c.208

Workshops: Workshops for this group have been found at Savaria/Szombathely-Fő tér. this kiln was dug into an already abandoned roman building, and pro-duced both glazed and burnished wares. the forms and decorations of the vessels, the statigraphical contexts, and a 5th c. gold coin, also confirm that an artisan quarter was still functioning, even in this period, in the southern part of Savaria/Szombathely.209 there has been argued to have been an active workshop of this date in mursella as well.210 the quality of some vessels is a bit coarser than average, and this may be due to the fact that these vessels were manufactured by ‘barbarian’ craftsmen, who had settled in the province.211 Workshops of this period are also known from the neighbouring Barbaricum.212

Findspot and ethnicity:Findspots include: kilns dug into the roman layers (e.g. Savaria/Szom-bathely); houses (at Intercisa/Dunaújváros, Scarbantia/Sopron, Arrabona/Győr); pits (at Ad Statuas/Ács-Vaspuszta, Visegrád-Sibrik domb, matrica/Százhalombatta, vicus teuto/Budaörs) and from graves, with grave goods

206 Bóna (1993) 262, fig. 24. (Dunaszekcső), fig. 72. (Lengyeltóti), fig. 73 (Füzesgyarmat), fig. 114 (Bakodpuszta).

207 e.g. at Ad Statuas/Ács-Vaspuszta, from a 5th c. storage pit: Ottományi (1989) fig. 122.19. Leányfalu: Ottományi (1991) taf. 3.19. vicus teuto/Budaörs: Ottományi (2009) Abb. 6.4 etc.

208 Glossy black polishing and burnishing: Ottományi (2008b) 164, fig. 15; Intercisa/Dunaújváros: Bóna (1993), 236–37, fig. 67/11. Dating: tejral (1985) 122, Abb. 12, 15, 21 (it had been produced in mušov for example).

209 Ottományi and Sosztarits (1998) taf. IV.6–8 (burnished vessels with dotted glazing).

210 tomka (2001) 166, fig. 5: considers the vessel from the grave at Kisárpás, from the Hunnic period, as a local production of the Mursella workshop.

211 Bóna (1993) 244, fig. 23: the jug from Győr was made by a roman artisan, while the other jug from Dör was made by a ‘barbarian’; fig. 69: the ‘barbarian’ variant of a murga-type jug.

212 e.g. peigarten (also produces coarse ware): Kern (2000) taf. 3/1; mušov: tejral (1985).


dated to the Hunnic period.213 the manufacturers and users of this later group were the provincial population and the newly arrived eastern eth-nic groups, who came into the region after roman administration had ended.214

Coarse Ware

this product was used for daily cooking and the serving of food. It was present on most sites.

1. Forms215 these are similar to the types seen in glazed or burnished wares. the diversity of the forms is smaller, however, compared with the earlier imperial period (fig. 5), but consist of: dishes with inverted rims (the rim becomes sharply undercut towards the end of the 4th c.); bowls with coni-cal bases; one-handled jugs with narrow necks and variable rims; jugs with trefoil rims; mugs with ribbon-shaped rims, with or without handles; and small cups with everted rims and tight, flat bases.216 Other forms include: pots with everted rims; storage jars; and lids with straight or undercut rims. Some new forms were added to the traditional, former roman, types (fig. 6) at the end of the 4th c., such as bowls with an S-profile, bowls with a biconical body, jugs with a funnel-shaped, collared rim, and the so-called tokod/Leányfalu-type mugs and pots.217

these pots, fired in a reduced environment, were mostly grey, and almost totally displaced the oxidised, light yellow-brick red variant of the ‘High empire’. At the end of the 4th c., a whitish-yellow, thin-walled ver-sion appeared.218 Its paste is either well-prepared, micaceous or granular, with small grits. the quality of the material increasingly deteriorates, into

213 Kilns, houses and pits: Gömöri (2001); Blay (2012); tomka (2004) 390–91; Soproni (1985) 44; Kovács (1999) 65–67; Ottományi (2009) 435–36. Graves: Bóna (1993).

214 tóth (2005) 385–86: connected this late production to the Sarmatian tribes arriving into Valeria from the pannonian plain. In the western part of pannonia this type is not a sign of any ethnic identity, as it was used both by the provincial roman population and by the newly arrived peoples.

215 A summary of the forms is still not published, but see: Ottományi (1987). Only certain material from major sites was published. For finds from settlements, see: póczy (1957) 80–87; Grünewald (1979); Ottományi (1989) 497–523; Ottományi (1999) tab. VIII–XII. tables of the material from cemeteries: Lányi (1972) Abb. 37–44 south pannonian: Brukner (1981).

216 tóth (1994) figs. 6–8.217 Lányi (1981b) Abb. 1–3, 8–15; Ottományi (1991) 7–14; Horváth (2011) 614–25.218 Ottományi (2012b) 378–80, fig. 6.


Fig. 5. traditional roman Grey coarse Ware. Budaörs (1–3, 8–9, 12–13) (after Ottományi (2012a)); páty (4–7, 10–11) (Ottományi (unpublished)).


Fig. 6. New types of roman Grey coarse Ware from the end of the 4th c. A.D. páty (1) (after Ottományi (2007)); Budaörs (2) (after Ottományi (2012a)); tokod (4–5, 8) (after Lányi (1981)); Visegrád-Gizellamajor (3) (after Ottományi (2012)); Budakalász (6) (after Ottományi (2004)); Leányfalu (7, 9–11) (after Ottományi

(1991)).


a rough, gravelly variant, toward the end of 4th c. the latest group, that dates to the late 4th–early 5th c., is well-fired, thin-walled, and made of a granular paste.219 this is typical of the pottery production of the Danubian provinces in Late Antiquity.220 Such quality even appears in the Barbari-cum, where local workshops manufactured it as well.221

2. Decorationpannonian coarse ware is generally undecorated. Sometimes a line on the shoulder, or on the body, articulates the surface of the vessel. more rarely, combed decoration appears on the shoulder of pots and storage jars. Wheel marks are typically found on the body of mugs and pots, and sometimes on dishes with an S-profile, produced at the end of the 4th c. cut and incised wavy-line decoration also appeared on coarse ware in this late period. It is likely that potters tried to imitate fine pottery from the available, local material.222

3. Workshopsthe same local workshops that manufactured glazed and burnished wares, also made this ware. the smaller workshops often produced only coarse, kitchen ware, though. Workshops connected to military supply, in tokod, pilismarót-malompatak, Leányfalu and Visegrád-Gizellamajor, along the Danubian limes, produced variable forms of coarse ware in the late 4th–early 5th c.223 Workshops situated in the hinterland of the province (kilns in rural settlements and villae) manufactured only a few, basic types, for example at: Balatonalmádi-Vörösberény, Balatonaliga, Bátaszék, Sávoly-

219 Lányi (1981b) 73–87; Ottományi (1996) 78–94.220 So-called ‘Horreumkeramik’ has a granular paste and was well-fired. Some forms of

pot, and their incised wavy-line decoration, are similar to the products from the pannonian provinces, but is distinguishable by the stamps on the base and the combed decoration: Gattringer and Grünewald (1981); rodriquez (1997): passau, traismauer, Klosterneuburg.

221 Kulcsár and mérai (2011): workshop at Üllő. For workshops in moravian territory, see: tejral (1985) (Jiřikovice, Kyjov etc.).

222 tokod: Lányi (1981b) Abb. 3–7, 11–13. Leányfalu: Ottományi (1991) types 15.2, 17, 16, 18, 22 (jug with ‘Faltenbecher’ technique), 23 (mugs). Intercisa/Dunaújváros: Bóna (1993) 67, figs. 1–6, 9. According to tejral, the incised wavy-line decoration, that appeared on roman vessel types, reflects a foreign, Germanic taste: tejral (1985) 140, Abb. 19/7, 7/6 (Jiřikovice, Velké Nemčice).

223 Kiln at cardabiaca/tokod: Lányi (1981b); kiln at pilismarót-malompatak: Soproni (1985) Abb. 6–16; Ottományi (1996); wasters at Leányfalu: Ottományi (1991) 42–43, taf. IV.1; waster at Visegrád-Gizellamajor: Ottományi (2012b) figs. 5.3–4. Similar dishes also manu-factured in Favianis/mautern (Noricum) in this period: Friesinger and Kerchler (1981) Abb. 8.13.


Kerekeskút, and csorna.224 Workshops of this ware are rarely found in larger towns, cities and forts, but more may have existed.225 evidence for coarse ware production in the mid 5th c. is only found at a few sites.226

Hand-Made Pottery

As a result of the deterioration of the technical conditions, and the opera-tion of many small local workshops at the same time, the quantity of slow wheel-made and hand-made pottery increased in the second half of the 4th c. this indigenous technique was constantly used, although mainly on rural sites, throughout the roman period in pannonia, but was over-shadowed by uniform roman mass production from the middle of the 2nd c. A.D. Slow wheel-made and hand-made products increased after the breakdown of the roman pottery industry in the second half of the 4th c. the local forms—dishes and plates with inverted rims, small cups with conical bodies and pots and mugs with everted rims—were mixed with new barbarian variants and decoration, as we see on Suebic pots, and on vessels with oblique ribbing, or with incised and cut decoration (fig. 7).227 Such pottery was produced from rough, gravel paste, and was also made with a polished surface. It was very likely to have been manufactured locally, but it is rarely found with kilns.228 the increase in hand-made pottery reflects the changing taste and ‘barbarisation’ of the population along the Danubian limes, at the end of the 4th c.

224 Balatonalmádi: palágyi (2004) 51–56, fig. 16 (mugs); Balatonaliga: Bónis (1994) pots; Bátaszék-Kövesdpuszta: roosner (1977); Sávoly: Nagy and Szabó (2012) 309 (situated in pannonia prima, 10 km from Keszthely-Fenékpuszta); csorna: Szőnyi (2001) 140: coarse ware from the kiln, glazed pottery around the site. In western Hungary, in county Zala, two Late roman pottery kilns were excavated during the construction of the m7 motor-way at Letenye-Korongi tábla and rigyác-csikény-dűlő (unpublished). For the preliminary report, see: Horváth and Frankovics (2009) 28, 42–43. Findspots with kilns along the Drava river: Virovitica: Jelinčić (2011); Bilje: Horváth (1999) 226.

225 Savaria/Szombathely-Kőszegi u. (wasters and kiln): Ottományi and Sosztarits (1998) 175–79, taf. VIII; Savaria/Szombathely-Szent István tér: Bíró (2004) 87–88 (waster); ciba-lae/Vinkovci: Bónis (1990) 33 (kiln); emona, Sirmium/Sremska mitrovica: Vikič-Belančič (1970) 30–38; carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Grünewald (1979) 79 assumes, on the basis that similar forms were produced in glazed, burnished and coarse wares, that were manufactured in the same workshop.

226 Ottományi and Sosztarits (1998) 147–55, taf. I–IV. In the neighbouring Barbaricum, e.g. at Jiříkovice, similar dishes were manufactured: tejral (1985) 116.

227 e.g. Leányfalu, Visegrád-Sibrik domb, Nógrádverőce: Ottományi (1991) 51, taf. 5a., 35; Soproni (1985) 46, taf. 13; tomka (1986) 480: Suebic pottery, for example from Győr, csorna and csót.

228 Ságvár-Ali-rét: tóth (2005) 371: one-handled mug, a so-called ‘Dacian’ type, from the kiln, together with 4th c. pottery.


Fig. 7. Hand-made and slow wheel-made pottery. Keszthely-Fenékpuszta (1, 7) (after Ottományi (1987)); Visegrád-Gizellamajor (2, 4, 8) (after Ottományi (2012)); cirpi/Dunabogdány (3) (after Ottományi (1999)); Ságvár (5) (unpublished); Budaörs (6, 9) (after Ottományi (2012a)); Leányfalu (10–11) (after Ottományi

(1991)).


conclusion

Under Diocletian (A.D. 284–305) the provinces of pannonia Superior and pannonia Inferior were reorganised, and new provinces were set up. these were: pannonia prima, Savia, Valeria and pannonia Secunda.229 One of the most important roman colonia, poetovio/ptuj was transferred to the territory of Noricum mediterraneum, but retained its significance as an important trading link between the Adriatic, Noricum and the pannonian provinces. the borders between the pannonian provinces (for example on the territory northwards of the Lake Balaton) are not clear, but it is very likely that the boundary between pannonia prima and Valeria followed the 3rd c. border between pannonia Superior and Inferior.230 the civil-ian population of the pannonian provinces moved closer to the forts and fortlets from the second half of the 4th c. due to the continuous barbarian attacks from the pannonian plain, and from the northern Barbaricum.231 Gradually, these incursions into roman territory, helped by the Huns and their auxiliaries, meant the forts and fortlets of the Danube bend, and even the inner fortress of Gorsium/tác, were given up, and the province of Valeria had to be evacuated by the military sometime after 425.232

the aim of this paper was to collate and understand the real volume of the imported, and locally manufactured pottery and trade in this tur-bulent period in the pannonian provinces, from the end of the 3rd to the 5th c. the distribution of African red Slip ware, Late roman amphora types and also north African lamps, support the hypothesis that the Amber route, and the routes next to the Drava and Sava rivers, became the main military and civilian trading pathways again in the 4th c. this era can be regarded as the final prosperous period in ancient pannonian history.233 the continuing strong connection between pannonia and the north African provinces, and the eastern part of the later roman empire, is clear from the finds.

pottery from those places can be explained by some military activity (e.g. movements of military troops) but also by the political and commer-cial relationships between members of the provincial upper-classes.234 the

229 mócsy (1974) 273, fig. 59; for a summary of the political and military situation after the tetrarchy: Kovács (2004).

230 mócsy (1976) 32.231 Kovács (2004) 119.232 Kovács (2004) 120 with further bibliography.233 mócsy (1974) 297.234 reynolds (1995) 106–12; modrijan and milavec (2011) 139.


introduction of the annona and several administrative reforms enhanced this process,235 for example, imported pottery from North Africa, could arrive as a secondary cargo with grain.236 the appearance of very rare Argonne Ware and Late roman eggshell vessels, from the Gallo-Belgic region, has been interpreted as movements of small groups of the civilian population, but more evidence is needed to verify this. Direct imitations of these imported wares occurred in small numbers in pannonia, but their place of origin is still unknown. Imported wares into the pannonian prov-inces ceased around the early 5th c.

trade, such as commodities transported in amphorae, was largely car-ried out by the roman military, most probably officers of high rank, but also still by civilian elites in the 4th c., as in earlier periods. the steady dis-appearance of these consuming groups made any ’luxury trade’ unprofit-able, meaning no state-organised supply of olive oil or wine was available (or needed) in most of the pannonian region from the late 4th–early 5th c.

the smaller, local pottery workshops supplied isolated communities, like villages, vici, rural settlements, or watch-towers. these should be regarded separately from the larger pottery centres, which were found at important road junctions and river crossings. Settlements at these river crossings usually had better commercial connections, and they were generally linked to the military, for example to the forts along the limes (e.g. tokod), or were connected to inner fortresses (e.g. Keszthely-Fenékpuszta).237 At these sites, alongside African red Slip ware (terra sig-illata chiara) finds, imitations of the imported wares can also be found.238 A similar pattern of finds is apparent in provincial capitals, which had favourable geographic positions and extensive trade links, such as at Sirmium/Sremska mitrovica, Savaria/Szombathely, and Sopianae/pécs.239 In Savaria/Szombathely several pottery workshops came to light, which produced coarse and glazed wares and burnished wares from the early 4th to the mid 5th c.240 No workshop of this period has been discovered in Aquincum/Budapest—the military headquarters of the province of Valeria—however, although glazed pottery waste fragments have been

235 Fulford and peacock (1984) 256–57., reynolds (2010) 74, 81. 236 Bonifay (2004) 479.237 At another important findspot, in Keszthely-Fenékpuszta, there is no clay quarry,

and therefore no local pottery production can be argued for. However, at the nearby vil-lage of egregy, potters settled here, because of its good quality clay: Sági (1960) 232.

238 Bónis (1991) 147; Horváth (2011) 601. 239 Bónis (1990) 31. 240 Bónis (1990) 29; Ottományi and Sosztarits (1998) 178–79; Bíró (2004) 87–88.


found. Nevertheless, it is very likely that pottery took place in the villa estates around the town. these local production centres supplied a terri-tory with a radius of ca. 10–20 km.

the locally manufactured pottery of Late roman pannonia can be divided into four main groups. Glazed ware appeared in large quantities in the pannonian provinces from the second third of the 4th c.; its forms are traditionally roman (mainly storage vessels), and imitate metal, glass and African red Slip ware dishes. Its consumers were from the romanised middle and upper classes, both from the military and the general pop-ulation. the second main group is grey coarse ware, which is the most numerous find both in settlements and cemeteries. Its quality decreases steadily towards the end of the 4th c., and its paste becomes more gravelly and rough.

the third group contains polished and burnished wares. polished sur-faces appear on vessels in the early 4th c., while burnished decoration becomes fashionable in the second half/end of the century in the region. Initially these techniques were used on traditional roman forms, but new, interregional types display them by the late 4th–early 5th c. the polished surface technique is clearly a foreign, ‘barbarian’ idea (carp, Sarmatian and eastern Gothic), but both polished and burnished wares were also used by the remaining romanised population as well as the new incom-ers, until the mid 5th c. the fourth and final group of locally made vessels is hand-made pottery. the increasing amount of it indicates the decline of the traditional pottery manufacture centres, as well as changes in the composition of the population. It also shows increasing non-roman cul-tural penetration from the second half of the 4th c.

the causes of these changes in local pottery production, due to the increasing ‘barbarian’ influence, can be characterised in a number of ways. On the one hand, it was the result of the impact of neighbouring tribes (the Quadi, Sarmatians and Suebi), whose products could come into the province in peaceful ways, such as by trade or marriage; although there is also evidence for settled ‘barbarian’ groups in the region at the end of the 4th c. Another factor was the arrival of new peoples from the east that appeared along the limes at this time.241 these new ethnic groups brought with them new vessel forms and production techniques. this is

241 tóth (2005) 370, with further bibliography for the east Gothic-Hun-Alanic foederati tribes that settled in A.D. 379/80; Soproni (1985) 48–52; Salamon and Barkóczi (1978); cf. Kovács (2000) 129–47.


shown largely by the increasing number of hand-made vessels, but also the renewed fashion for burnished decoration, at the end of the roman period.

Lots of similarities can be found in the Late roman pottery of the Dan-ubian provinces, both in the west and south-east, in the 4th and 5th c. A.D.242 this is due to the fact that a major trade course, the river Danube, links them all, as do several inland trade routes. the glazed pottery is the earliest group in this late material, and appears sporadically from the early 4th c. (as at poetovio), but the peak of its production is around the second third of the 4th c. Its spectrum of forms varies depending on the region, for example in raetia almost only mortaria are found. Although this Late roman pottery is mostly found along the limes, leading many scholars to relate it to the military, the same types and forms also spread to the pro-vincial interior, both in military and civil sites and cemeteries. So-called ‘Horreumkeramik’—very granular, hard-burned pottery, often decorated with incised or cut decoration—appeared at the end of the 4th c., and was used throughout the 5th c. polished and burnished decoration became popular only in the later period throughout the Danubian region.

All these wares appeared not only in the Danubian provinces, but also in the surrounding Barbaricum, such as Sarmatia and Suebia. Glazed ware only reached these groups in small quantities though, as imported or donated commodities. these groups also manufactured roman coarse ware vessels in their own pottery workshops. the roots of the polished and burnished wares can be found among these eastern tribes. the limi-nal nature of the Danube faded, in socio-political terms, in the 5th c. A.D., so we begin to see similar pottery types appearing on both sides of the river. the only difference that remains is that in the Barbaricum more hand-made pottery was used, while in what had been pannonia, glazed and coarse wares remained in use.

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank péter Vámos (Aquincum museum, Budapest), Zsolt magyar (University of Kent), and michael mulryan (University of Kent) for their help.

242 that is: pannonia, Noricum, raetia, moesia prima, Dacia ripensis, Dacia mediter-ranea and Dardania.


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List of maps and Figures

map 1. Distribution map of Late roman imported wares and lamps in the pannonian provinces.

map 2. Late roman pottery workshops in the pannonian provinces. map 3. pottery workshops of the Danube bend in the Valentinian period (after Soproni

(1985)).

Fig. 1. Glazed dishes. Budaörs (1, 17) (after Ottományi (2011)); Leányfalu (2, 4, 9–10, 14) (after Ottományi (1991)); Visegrád-Gizellamajor (3, 5, 7–8, 13, 15–16) (after Ottományi (2012)); Budakalász-Luppacsárda (6) (after Ottományi (2004)); tokod (11.) (after Bónis (1991)); páty (12) (after Ottományi (2007)).

Fig. 2. Glazed jugs, beakers and pots. Budaörs (1, 5–7) (after Ottományi (2011)); páty (2–4) (Ottományi (unpublished)); Leányfalu (8–12) (after Ottományi (1991)); Budakalász-Lup-pacsárda (13) (after Ottományi (2004)).

Fig. 3. Burnished Ware/ Group nos. 2–3. Intercisa/Dunaújváros (1) (after Ottományi (1987)); Ulcisia castra/Szentendre (2) (after Ottományi (2006)); pilismarót-malompatak (5) (after Ottományi (1996)); Leányfalu (3–4, 7, 11) (after Ottományi (1991)); Savaria/Szombathely, Fő tér (6) (after Ottományi and Sosztarits (1998)); mosonszentmiklós–Jánosházapuszta (8) (after Ottományi (1987)); Visegrád-Gizellamajor (9–10) (after Ottományi (2012)).

Fig. 4. Burnished Ware/storage vessels. Budaörs (1–2, 6) (after Ottományi (2009)); Ulci-sia castra/Szentendre (3) (after Ottományi (2006)); Visegrád-Gizellamajor (4) (after Ottományi (2012)); pilismarót-malompatak (5) (after Soproni (1985)).

Fig. 5. traditional roman Grey coarse Ware. Budaörs (1–3, 8–9, 12–13) (after Ottományi (2012a)); páty (4–7, 10–11) (Ottományi (unpublished)).

Fig. 6. New types of roman Grey coarse Ware from the end of the 4th c. A.D. páty (1) (after Ottományi (2007)); Budaörs (2) (after Ottományi (2012a)); tokod (4–5, 8) (after Lányi (1981)); Visegrád-Gizellamajor (3) (after Ottományi (2012)); Budakalász (6) (after Ottományi (2004)); Leányfalu (7, 9–11) (after Ottományi (1991)).

Fig. 7. Hand-made and slow wheel-made pottery. Keszthely-Fenékpuszta (1, 7) (after Ottományi (1987)); Visegrád-Gizellamajor (2, 4, 8) (after Ottományi (2012)); cirpi/Dun-abogdány (3) (after Ottományi (1999)); Ságvár (5) (unpublished); Budaörs (6, 9) (after Ottományi (2012a)); Leányfalu (10–11) (after Ottományi (1991)).

P. Hárshegyi - K. Ottományi, Imported and local pottery in Late Roman Pannonia

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