Application of Biodegradable Nanohydrogels in the Cultivation of Wild Guava

E-ISSN: 2278-3229 IJGHC, December-2014 – February -2015; Sec. A; Vol.4, No.1, 71-80.

International Journal of Green and Herbal Chemistry

An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences

Available online atwww.ijghc.com

Section A: Green Chemistry Research Article CODEN (USA): IJGHAY

71 IJGHC, December-2014 – February-2014; Sec. A; Vol.4, No.1, 71-80.

Application of Biodegradable Nanohydrogels in the

Cultivation of Wild Guava

Ramesh Vundavalli1, Srinivasa Rao Devarakonda1, Mamatha Nakka3 and Suresh Vundavalli2

1Department of Biochemistry, Acharya Nagarjun University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India-522510

2Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjun University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India-522510

3Department of Humanities and Sciences, Guru Nanak Institute Technology, J.N.T.U Hyderabad, Ibrahimpatrnam, Telangana, India

Received: 22 December 2014; Revised: 08 January 2015; Accepted: 16 January 2015

Abstract: The desertification is very huge problem in the dry land region of world and compromising the agricultural development. Aspired by these factors, could come from the use of synthetic material with superior water absorption and retention capacity under thigh pressure and temperature to produce the Superabsorbent polymers (SAP’s). The present research aimed to the establishment of biodegradable Nanohydrogels for sustainable to the wild plantation of and cultivation of guava in the different soil fields and also evaluated the various factors such as growth of plant, leaves and stems elongation, micro elements supplementation and its wastage reduction were examined and evaluated. The present research findings have revealed that the guava plant has shown enhancing in size of the leave is by the application of Nanohydrogels Nbp-1 enhances the growth of leaves and elongation of stem.

Keywords: Nanohydrogels Nbp-1, Biodegradation, Superabsorbent polymers, Nanoclay, Water retention, water absorbency, Guava, Stem elongation, leaves and growth of the plant.

Application… Ramesh Vundavalli et al.


INTRODUCTION

Nanotechnology is a science that bonds with substances of nanometer size starts from 1nm to100 nm for at least one dimension. It inhabits the central position in the nowadays technology because of connection with amongst others science are physics, chemistry, genetics, information and communication technologies, and rational sciences. Hence, the current definition based on physical size, should be complemented by adding a limit of the specific surface area1-5. The Nanotechnology has good exposure in food and agriculture division and also advantageous to develop the new functional materials, products, new methods and instrumentation for the safety of food and bio-security6,7. The Royal Society defines Nanotechnology is the design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanoscale7.

Environmental challenges includes climatic changes could able to influence the cultivation of agricultural fields. Due to the demand of the market, to ensure the increase of agriculture production and distribution. Worldwide market only 10 percent of the (more than 800) Nanotechnology-based consumer products are currently available, those are belongs to food-beverages and food-packaging products meets the population of the world reach about 7.6 billion in 20208. The nanotechnology productivity and scope of applications have been increasing in the present market. The nanodevices are the new solutions in the field of plants and food science, it offers new approaches for processing of raw materials to enhance both the quality and quantity of plant yields 9. Agricultural farming still used for the production of foods for human welfare. Some of the most developing countries mainly depends on the agricultural faming for their economy10-15.

The present research studies inspired to overcome the agricultural cultivation practice in dry lands also by using Nanohydrogels as an alternative technology to instead of supplying the water for irrigation. Because water is a solitary factor in the cultivation fields of Agriculture. In the dry, semi-dry, rocky soil, sandy soil and without sand cultivation practice is now encourageble. The present research findings also has scope in different areas like diagnostics, edible vaccines, MRI scanning, imaging technology, probing in the radiology department. So the present study only focused on improvement of cultivation rate by replacing the water resources by adopting this Nanocomposite clay16-24.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The Silver coated nano-clay composite cross-linked polyacrylamides polymers were developed in the Department of pharmacy, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Ibrahimpatnam R.R. Dist, Telangana during 2009-14. Silver coated hydrogels were synthesized by polymerization reaction with 8% acrylic acid, 1-5% acrylamide, 0.1% potassium per sulphate as initiator, 0.12% N, N-methyl bis-crylate as cross linker loaded with 10% clay at 65ºC reaction temperature in presence of nitrogen gas. Before polymerization reaction 10% of Silver nitrate was added for the formation of Silver–coated SAP. The dried polymerized sample was further crushed in a heavy wooden mortar and made into a fine powder. This product was tested for water sorption properties for agriculture purpose.

Modification of Hydrogel: Nanostructured clay is used in three forms: as a powder, aqueous suspension and in jelly consistence. Encapsulation is carried out as follows: Silver nitrate is added to the water at 65°C under stirring, subsequently the clay is added and finally, after perfect homogenization, 1 g of dry hydrogel is added. It is allowed to stand for 10 minutes to produce solid SAP and filtered by using a Buchner funnel. The filter cake is transferred to a china dish for drying. This procedure is repeated with number of samples coated with different composition of mixture.



Table-1:

Sl.No. Hydrogel Silver nitrate (g) Clay (g) Water (ml) Type of clay

1 Nbp-1 9.8 0.2 250 Red clay

2 Nbp-2 9.7 0.3 250 Black clay

3 Nbp-3 9.8 0.2 125 Sand clay

4 Nbp-4 9.5 0.5 125 Mixed clay


6 Nbp-6 9.8 0.2 125 Red clay


8 Nbp-8 9.6 0.4 125 Red clay


10 Nbp-10 9.8 0.2 125 Red clay

11 Nbp-11 9.6 0.4 250 Black clay

12 Nbp-12 9.6 0.4 125

13 Nbp-13 9.8 - 250 -

14 Nbp-14 9.8 - 125 -

Determination of Degree of Swelling: 250 mg of prepared Super Absorbent Polymer is transferred to a glass beaker containing 250 to 300 ml of distilled water or 50 ml of 0.9 wt% NaCl solution and allowed to stand to examine the degree of swelling of the polymer. After the polymer attains the equilibrium swelling state, it is filtered with the help of 30μm filter cloth or a paper filter and is weighed. The degree of swelling is then calculated from the ratio of weighed-out sample to weighed-in sample in g/g. Each determination is carried out three times with ±5% of accuracy. The product that is prepared in accordance with Nbp-1, a degree of swelling results is obtained as 300g/g in distilled water and 47 g/g in 0.9% NaCl solution.

Testing of Nanohydrogelsnbp-1: In the department of pharmacy of Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Ibrahimpatnam R.R. Dist, Telangana, where testing of wild guava plants (10 days old plant kept as control) in the university premises and also utilized the university herbal garden soil. The cultivation fields were to create about 150 cm depth of planning soil (Miller, 1979)24. Both the plants (control and tested). 0.5g (equal to 75gm of hydrogel) was mixed in the soil and kept six triplicate samples (Miller, 1979)24. There were six control samples that contained no polymer in the soil. Series of water supply required to adopt the methodology. Each plant received water according to the schedule in Table 3. Each plant in the pot was measured from the soil level to the top of the highest reaching leaf after 5, 14 and 35 days after planting. The measurements were made when appreciable difference was observed in the plants. The heights of each plant, shoot elongation and stem elongation were averaged and the values are presented in Fig: 2 a, b and c. The plants were picked and weighed 35 days after they were planted. The results reported in Table 3, 4 were the total plant mass25.



RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The water holding capacity of soil with Nanohydrogel Nbp-1: Nanohydrogel applied in the guava cultivation fields, where 10 days old guava plant kept as a control. The comparative study of both tested plant and control were shown as 7.3% and 3.4%.respectively. The nanohydrogel Nbp-1 soil has outstanding permeability and good holding capacity of water. It has the major advantage of the conventional coated slow-release and it has excellent absorption capacity and storage capacity of the rainwater or irrigation water up to 160 to 180 times to the actual capacity.

Table: 2

Sl.No. Number of days after planting Amount of water per day (ml)

1 0 1000

2 3 800

3 5 500

4 10 300

5 15 200

6 20 100

7 25 0

8 30 0

9 35 0

Table: 3

Sl.No Dose of SAP- hydrogel

Growth of Shoot (cm)

Stem elongation (cm)

No of Leaf per plant

1 0.5 gm 0.26cm 8cm 8

2 0.75 gm 0.35cm 10cm 8

3 0.97 gm 0.44cm 11cm 10

4 1.25gm 0.51cm 13cm 12

5 2.25gm 0.53cm 15cm 13

6 2.75gm 0.56 cm 18cm 13

Control Without SAP 0.25cm 5 cm 8

Effect of Potassium per sulphate Nbp-1 concentration on the growth of plantlet parts: The cross linking density due to the presence of ionic groups on the backbone of hydrogels as well as the macroscopic. Hence the optimal water retention by the hydrogel resulted 81% of water retention capacity with the 0.01 mg potassium per sulphate was used in the crosslinking. Fig.1: shows the result of starch Nanohydrogels Nbp-1. It was observed that when greater than 0.01mg to 0.05mg potassium per sulphate was used for polymerization, indicating that the complex does not have enough connections to create the appropriate sized void spaces for optimal water absorbance; while more than 0.05mg potassium per sulphate indicated that the polymer was over cross-linked and the complex had too many connections making the void spaces too small for optimal water absorbency.



Table 3 presents the optimal water retention of the five different hydrogels produced with 0.01 to 0.05 mg by weight.

Fig.1: Effect of Potassium per sulphate

Testing of Nanohydrogels Nbp-1: Nanohydrogel Nbp-1 has shown impact on irrigation management and the guava plant growth suggested that the application of nanohydrogel Nbp-1 affects the growth of leaf-area increase, shoot elongation and stem elongation improved the growth of plant. Evaluation of the nanohydrogel Nbp-1 is a complex of acrylamide and acrylic acid mixed with starch, cross linked with potassium per sulphate suggested that at maturity of the wild guava plant. The Nbp-1 nanohydrogel 0.5 g applied at the guava plant rhizosphear region has revealed good and encouraging growth in leaf area and improved growth. The continuous test growth period results found to be (5, 14 and 30) days of measuring morphological growth parameters with starch nanohydrogel Nbp-1 are shown in Fig 2 respectively. The guava plants without additive kept as control. Initially the soil was wet in condition and the guava plants were bit less healthy than control plant because of high watering condition.

After day 14 when the plant’s watering was reduced to 100 mL, the control plant with delayed growth was seen while the tested guava plants continued to grow at similar rates, suggesting that the control plants were dehydrated while the other plants still had moisture stored in the soil due to the hydrogels (Table No: 2). The Nanohydrogels Nbp-1 showed consistent growth up to the end of the study period. This again suggests that while the control plants were dehydrated with reduced watering, the plants grown in both 0.5gm (75gm Nanohydrogel Nbp-1) soils continue to receive moisture from the hydrogels. Throughout the study period, all plants showed an upward trend in growth for all planting conditions. The final weights of the plants after the study period showed that those grown in the amended soils grew much larger than the control plants. In comparing the plants final weights in both doses, it was observed that there was no trend on the effect of the hydrogels when doses are increased. The guava plants grown in the Nanohydrogel Nbp-1 increase by 48.5% in weight, hydrogels decreased by 42.9 and 9.1 %, respectively. There was no change in weight for those grown in both nanohydrogel Nbp-1 and the control. The variation in response to increased dosage could be explained by the effect of the molecular structure of the combination of the hydrogels/soil/water at different doses.



The ability of the larger dosage to store more moisture in the soil may have affected the plants in the nanohydrogel Nbp-1 due to excess water in the soil during the first 14 days. Hence the nanohydrogel Nbp-1 amended soil showed a better performance with the 0.5gm dosage. Fig: 13 and 14 showed that at the end of the experiment, plants grown in the nanohydrogel Nbp-1 amended soil appear to have larger, healthier looking leaves than the control plants. The further studies be performed to investigate the molecular structure of these hydrogels and their response to water absorption. Therefore, superabsorbent polymers with a complex of acrylamide and acrylic acid and starch and crosslinked with potassium per sulphate showed promise as an environmentally friendly amendment in soil. When there was no polymer amendment in the soil, the plants show signs of dehydration during water stress, for the purpose of retaining water in soil during irrigation. While plants growing in amended soil were healthier. Overall, the Nanohydrogel Nbp-1 amended soil at 0.5gm dosage. These results also suggest that soil amendment using a superabsorbent polymer composed of acrylic acid and acrylamide and starch can be an alternative to Nanohydrogel Nbp-1 for water retention during irrigation.

Fig.2: Effect of Nanohydrogel Nbp-1 on leaf growth size

Fig.3: Effect of Nanohydrogel Nbp-1 on stem elongation



Fig.4: Effect on shoot elongation of Nanohydrogel Nbp-1

Fig.5: Fig.6:

Fig.7: Fig.8:



Fig.9: Fig.10:

Fig.11: Fig.12:

Fig.13: Fig.14:



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* Corresponding author: Suresh Vundavalli

Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522510, India. [email protected]

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Application of Biodegradable Nanohydrogels in the Cultivation of Wild Guava

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