APOLLO AND JUPITER DISOWNED ?THE STORY OF THREE REPUBLICAN MONEYERS

George Halabi *

SYNOPSIS

This article tells the story of three Roman Republican moneyers. The three had their name inscriptions placed side by side on their coin series. This is unusual. In most cases the nameof one single moneyer normally appears on coins of this period. The order of placing the name abbreviations on the coins, covers the six possible iterations. The coins are silver denarii with Apollo's head (identified by some as young Jupiter), on the obverse, and Jupiterdriving a quadriga on the reverse.

No agreement seems to exist in numismatic literature on designation of the obverse head noron dating. The several assessments range from 86 to 81 BC. The unexplained absence of the moneyers' inscriptions on a large part of this series, is intriguing. Where were they and what made them “disown” their patron gods and withhold their names ? Was it done willingly or were they dismissed or prevented from placing their inscriptions ? Did the unsigned issues precede or follow the signed ones ?

This article presents some interesting aspects about these coins, the questions, anomalies and circumstances surrounding them and their three moneyers.

THE ROMAN REPUBLICAN MONEYERS

The moneyers' issues extend from ca. 206 to 41 BC. They were followed first by the imperatorial then the imperial issues. The denarii produced in a span of some 165 years, provide a wide range of varied and interesting types. Moneyers were entrusted with the tasks of producing coins; controlling the minting process;establishing coin types and inscriptions; and managing the whole operation. Three persons were appointed yearly for this function. They were called “tresviri monetales”, basically mint masters or mint magistrates. Whether appointments were by selection or election is not clear. Some sources favour selection; this, they say, would have better suited consuls and political leaders in promoting relatives and supporters to a position leading to a politicalcareer. Others argue for election.

In the republican period, mintage, in addition to its monetary/commercial function, was used for propaganda as a promotional tool. This was more pronounced in the imperial---------------------------------------------------------------- *Member, American Numismatic Society; Member, American Numismatic Association;

P.E. (Professional Engineer); Fellow, ASCE; Fellow, ACE.

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period. Early in the republican period coin types mainly portrayed Roman gods, heroes, national ideals, and aspirations. This gradually shifted to portray ruling classes, their clans, ancestors, and feats. In the first century BC the shift continued, with greater emphasis beingplaced on the individual himself, his merits, deeds, and accomplishments.

The republican moneyers, in devising coin types and inscriptions, appear to have aimed at promoting their mentors, ancestors, clans, and ultimately themselves. The mint was, in effect, utilized as a promotional centre, generating propaganda through coins. Before addressing the subject of the three moneyers, few examples of propaganda on coins are presented below.

EXAMPLES OF PROPAGANDA ON COINS

Following are some silver dinarii minted between 125 and 41 BC. They demonstrate variouspromotional aspects. Photographs are included in the Appendix under Items C1 to C8.

Item C1. Man. Acilius Balbus. 125 BC. Obv. Helmeted hd of Roma r. within laurel wreath, BALBVS behind, ROMA below, monogram below chin. Rev. Jupiter and Victory in galloping quadriga r., wheel below, MN·ACILI in ex.(Cr. 271/1; Acilia 1)This coin depicts Darius' defeat at Pydra in 168 BC. The moneyer's ancestor was then commanding the army and leading it to victory.

Item C2. T. Didius. 113/112 BC. Obv. Helmeted hd of Roma r.; monogram behind, mark of value below. Rev. T. DEIDI inex., battle between two men, each holds shield, one attacks with whip, the other withstave or sword.(Cr. 294/1; Didia 2)This alludes to T. Didius himself who in 138 BC was sent to Sicily to subdue the revolt of theslaves.

Item C3. M. Herennius. 108/107 BC. Obv. Hd. of Piety, r., behind PIETAS, letter under chin. Rev. R. M. HERENNI to left ofAmphinomous carrying his father.(Cr. 308/1b; Herennia 1)This coin commemorates the two brothers Amphinomous and Anapias of Catana who savedtheir parents from the eruption of Mount Etna, carrying them to safety on their shoulders.Piety on the obverse reinforces their brave and selfless deed.

Item C4. L. Cornelius Sulla. (84/83 BC) (but most likely 82/81 BC.)Obv. Diad. hd. of Venus r., Cupid in field r., below L. SVLLA. Rev. IMPER, Jug and lituusbetween two trophies; below ITERVM.(Cr.359/2; Cornelia 29)(Minted in gold and in silver) 2

This interesting coin, in all probability, is minted after Sulla's victory at the Colline Gate battle, in 82 BC. It is intended to mark his second acclamation as “imperator” and also hiselevation to rank of “Augur” (high priest/interpreter of the gods' words ). The Jug and lituus signify this priesthood; the trophies, his victory in the East and the Colline Gate.

ItemC5. Faustus Cornelius Sulla. 56 BC. Obv. FAVSTVS, diad. and dr. bust of Diana r., wearing earring, necklace, pendants, and jewels in hair; crescent above, lituus behind. Rev. FELIX, Sulla seated left on a raised pedestal; before him Bocchus kneeling, offering olive-branch; behind, Jugurtha kneeling with hands bound.(Cr. 426/1; Cornelia 59)The moneyer of this coin is the son of Sulla. The coin is in honour of his father. It shows victorious Sulla with two figures beside him: Bocchus in submission and Jugurath in shakles.

Item C6. P. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus. 50 BC.Obv. Hd. of consul M. Claudius Marcellus r., triskeles behind. Rev. M. Claudius Marcellus carrying trophy into temple.(Cr. 439/1; Claudia 11)This moneyer (possibly a quaestor of 48 BC), honours on this coin his famous ancestor (holder of five consulships and hero of the Second Punic War). The triskeles alludes to his conquest of Sicily in 212-210 BC. The spoils from his conquest helped avoid state bankruptcy. The reverse commemorates the wealth won in 222 BC when, as consul, he defeated the Insubrian chief during the conquest of Cisalpine Gaul.

Item C7. Man. Acilius Glabrio. 49 BC. Obv. SALVTIS Laur. hd. of Salus r. Rev. MN ACILIVS – IIIVIR VALETV, Salus standingleft, leaning against column and holding serpent.(Cr. 442/1a; Acilia 8)The portrayal of Salus and Valetudo on this coin records the claim that it was the Acilia clan (moneyer's family) who introduced the first physicians into Rome. Item C8. L. Staius Murcus Imp. 42-41 BC.Obv. Hd. of Neptune r., with trident over shoulder. Rev. Male figure r., holding sword and raising kneeling female; in background, trophy; in ex., MVRCVS IMP.(Cr. 510/1; Statia 1)Marcus was a legate of Julius Ceaser in 48 BC and also one of three commissioners assigned to deal with the Pompeians at Oricum. In 44 BC he went to Syria and defeated Bassus in Apameia. The reverse alludes to the his victory and capture of Apameia.

As seen in these few examples, coins were discretely but effectively used to advertise the merits and achievements of the moneyers, parents and ancestors. 3

THE COINS AND THE THREE MONEYERS

The silver denarii of this series all have identical types but a variety of inscriptions. They shows Jupiter and Apollo ( identified by some as young Jupiter), the revered gods of the Romans: Jupiter, the father of the gods, the Optimus Maximus (the best and the greatest), conservator, liberator, conqueror, victor, etc.; Apollo, the sun-god, god of prophesy, interpreter of gods' words, patron of arts and music, the protector, etc.

Unlike coins where promotion and propaganda are evident, this series depict the two gods. It acts as a potent reminder of the gods and their attributes. Perhaps a hint of propaganda is evident in the inscription, publicising the moneyers' names. Perhaps a discrete reference is there to the benevolence of one of the moneyer's ancestors who placed a statue of 'Jupiter inquadriga' in the temple, as mentioned later. But it seems that the absence of any inscriptions(unsigned/an-epigraphic/ anonymous) on a portion of this series perhaps detaches it from its publicity associations. The types are:Obv. Head of Apollo (some say young Jupiter) wearing wreath, looking right, thunderbolt below.Rev. Jupiter driving galloping quadriga, right; holds reins in left hand and thunderbolt in right; (see below for reverse inscriptions).

Photographs are included in the Appendix, Items C9 to C14.

The inscription, beneath the quadriga, is one of the following iterations:GAR / OCVL . VER (App. C9)GAR / VER . OCVL (App. C10)OCVL / GAR . VER (App. C11)OCVL / VER . GAR (App. C12)VER / GAR . OCVL (App. C13)VER / OCVL . GAR (App. C14 - photo not available)Additionally a control letter ( Latin alphabet) is often found (in conjunction with inscription) on the reverse upper field.

As mentioned, a portion of this series was minted unsigned with no inscriptions and no control letters, (see Appendix, Item C15).

The six inscriptions are mutations of the moneyers' abbreviated names, said to be: GAR for Gargonius or Garvilius or Gargilius; OCVL for Ogulnius; VER for Vergilius or Verginius.The reason behind the way the names are ordered is not clear. It is possible that the foremost name (on top) is that of the moneyer under whose authority that particular coin batch, with that particular inscription, is minted.

Not much is known about the three moneyers. Crawford (1974) states: “Gar is surely the orator C. Gargonius of Cicero, Brutus 180, Ver is probably M. Vergilius (or M. Verginius), TR. Pl. 87 (the order of holding the offices of Tribune and moneyer is no obstacle); 4

Ogul(nius) is not otherwise known, although his association with Vergilius is perhaps reflected in a letter inscription...”

Referring directly to Cicero (106-43 BC) and his text of Brutus as translated by E. Jones (1776), the following passage mentions Vergilius and Gorgonius (names in bold for clarity):“As to Titus Aufidius, who lived to a great age, he was a professed imitator of both; and wasindeed a worthy inoffensive man, but seldom spoke at the bar. His brother, M. Vergilius, who when he was a tribute of the people commenced a prosecution against the general L. Sulla, had as little practice as Aufidius. Vergilius's colleague, P. Magius, was more copiousand diffusive. [180] But of all the orators, or rather ranters, I ever knew, who were totally illiterate and unpolished, and (I might have added) absolutely coarse and rustic, the readiest and keenest, were Q. Sertorius, and C. Gorgonius, the one of consular, and the other of equestrian (? quaestor) rank.”

Broughton in his 1952 book The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol. II, also refers to M. Vergilius as a Tribune of the Plebs in 87 BC who: “Instituted proceedings against Sulla at Cinna's instigation.” These passages provide some useful hints:---M. Vergilius was a tribune of the people, in 87 BC.---As a tribune, he commenced a prosecution against general L. Sulla.---This he did at the request/instigation of Cinna (one of Sulla's enemies). ---Had little practice speaking at the bar,---C. Gargonius was an orator ( illiterate / unpolished / coarse / rustic, all per Cicero),---Was of the quaestor rank (public official supervising state finances and audits).---Vergilius and Gorgonius were both contemporaries of Cicero

Another bit of information relating to an ancestor of the third moneyer, Ogulnius, comes from Grueber (1910) who, referring to H. Willers, who, in turn, refers to Livy, says:“In BC 296 the curule aediles, Cn. And Q. Ogulnius, prosecuted several persons for violating the usury laws, and with the money accruing from fines, executed many public works and statues, amongst which was Jupiter in a quadriga, which was placed in the temple of the god on the Capitol.” Platner (1929) also states: “The entablature was of wood, and on the apex of the pediment was a terra cotta group, Jupiter in a quadriga, by the same Etruscan artist as the statue in the cella This was replaced in 296 B.C. by another, probably of bronze.”

A “curule aedile” is an elected official (normally two); duties: care of temples and public facilities; law enforcement, imposing fines; quality of provisions, weights and measures; organising games and functions.

Seyffert (1891) speaking about Jupiter's temple in the Capitol says: “In the pediment of the temple was a quadriga, the attribute of the god of thunder...”. Seyffert also says about the temple: “After its existence for 400 years, the ancient temple was destroyed by fire in B.C. 83, it was rebuilt to its original plan but with increased magnificence (B.C. 78).” 5

Platner (1929) also says: “The first temple was burned to the ground on 6th July, 83 B.C...The rebuilding was taken in hand by Sulla”.

Mention of Ogulnius' ancestor (furnishing the statue for the temple), establishes links to themoneyer, the coin reverse type, and the honouring of an ancestor. In addition, references tothe destruction of the temple in 83 BC (6 th July), is of interest in that it may have been a serious incident generally lamented, and possibly commemorated on the coin series.

THE QUESTION OF THE OBVERSE HEAD AND OF DATING

A quick review of relevant publications and other sources, reveals serious dating and obverse head identification uncertainties. In brief: Cohen (1857) dates the series to ca. 84 BC. He calls the obverse head “young Jupiter”.

Babelon (1885) dates it to ca. 81 BC. He calls the obverse head “Apollo Vejovis”. Babelon allocates the unsigned portion of the series to his 'Sixth Period 89-54 BC'. He argues that itwas not minted by the three moneyers but by the Fonteia family.

Rolland (ca. 1890) dates the series to ca. 81 BC. He calls the obverse head “Apollo Vejovis”. Like Babelon he allocates the unsigned portion to his 'Seventh Period 89-54 BC'., but avoids Babelon's reference to mintage by the Fonteia.

Grueber (1910) dates the series to ca. 84 BC. He calls the obverse head “Young Jupiter”. He comments, based on hoard evidence, that the unsigned coins were struck in much greaternumber.

Crawford (1974) dates the series to 86 BC. He calls the obverse head “Apollo.”

Sear (1988) this series is not addressed.

Seaby (1989) dates the series to ca. 86 BC. He calls the obverse head “young Jupiter (or Apollo Vejovis)”. The unsigned coins are not addressed.

Sear (2000) dates the series to 86 BC. He calls the obverse head “Apollo”. He says: “This monetary triumvirate is unusual in that all three moneyers' names appear on each issue. There is also a much larger anonymous issue with identical types (see no. 266).” Under no. 266 which he calls Anonymous, 86 BC, he says: “Although obviously connected by type with the signed denarii … the reason for this exceptional late issue of anonymous coins is unclear”.

British Museum (Online Research Catalogue at britishmuseum.org) dates the series to 86 BC. It calls the obverse head “Apollo”. It presents 28 coins with moneyers' inscriptions and 14 coins without.

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These references give various names to the obverse head, in brief: Cohen “Young Jupiter”; Babelon and Rolland “Apollo Vejovis”; Grueber “Young Jupiter”; Crawford “Apollo”; Seaby “Young Jupiter (or Apollo Vejovis)”; Sear “Apollo”;BM Online “Apollo”. Considering the name first, only Cohen and Grueber identify the head as “Young Jupiter”. All others identify it as Apollo excepting Seaby, hedging his bets with a dual identification. Grueber, in fact, justifies his choice in a footnote:“The head on the obverse being very similar in treatment and style to that on the coins of Mn. Fonteius, Babelon (vol. I., p. 532) has identified it with Apollo Vejovis, but Mommsen (Hist. mon. rom., t. ii., p. 452) describes it as the head of young Jupiter, which, taken in conjunction with the type of the reverse, seems the more probable identification.”

Referring directly to Mommsen's 1860 book, Geschichte des Roemischen Muenzwesens, indicates that he allocates this series (no. 229, p. 601) to the period 667-673 = 87- 81 BC.He refers to the obverse head as: “young head of Jupiter with oak- or laurel wreath, thunderbolt below.” He offers no explanation as to his choice of Jupiter in preference to Apollo.

Perhaps the presence of the thunderbolt (Jupiter's attribute) on the obverse is a reason for this choice. Interestingly, though, Mommsen, in describing a coin of Mn. Fonteius (no. 221, p. 591 { = Crawford 353/1a}) with almost exactly the same head and thunderbolt, says: “Young head with thunderbolt; beside AP = Apollo.” But according to Crawford, the head on coin 353/1a is described as Vejovis (or Apollo) with thunderbolt below, and Roma monogram below chin. (See photo in Appendix Item C16). Mommsen's numismatic wand magically creates an “AP = Apollo”, and Crawford's, a “Roma monogram” !! A case of earnest guesswork is evident. To avoid this, one perhaps needs to look into the prevalent customs and traditions.

Republican coinage has a large number of similar heads (sometimes with thunderbolts), all positively identified as Apollo, mostly with youthful features and pleasant aspect. In the period 210 to 72 BC some twenty odd silver coin series show the head of Jupiter on the obverse. Not a single one has a young head of Jupiter. Jupiter is invariably depicted as dignified, bearded, mature, projecting stature and strength, the Optimus Maximus. It is extremely unlikely that the three moneyers (Gar / Ogul / Ver) intended, or for that matter even dared, to defy tradition by portraying a head (say a young Jupiter) other than the one traditionally acknowledged of Jupiter. It is therefore reasonable to consider that the head is almost certainly that of Apollo, despite what Mommsen or others may have postulated abouta “young Jupiter”.

THE DATE QUESTION

The references mentioned earlier are not agreed on dating of this series. They give dates between 81 and 86 BC (Mommsen even goes further to 87 BC). There are very few 7

sources to rely on. It may perhaps be useful to look at the historical context of the 10 years between 90 to 80 BC. Below is a brief outline:

--91-88 BC: Social wars--88 BC Sulla elected consul (with Quintus Pompeius Rufus).--Sulla prepares to go to the East for the Mithradatic wars.--Intrigue against him started by a tribune Publius Sulpicius Rufus.--Consulship given to Marius. Sulla returns to Rome.--He puts thing in order. Rufus is killed. Marius flees to Africa.--Sulla goes to the East. Victorious at Chaeronea (86 BC) and Orchomenus (85/84 BC).--Meantime Marius plots his return supported by Lucius Cornelius Cinna.--Both declared consuls in 86 BC. Maius dies leaving Cinna sole consul. --Cinna sends Lucius Valerius Flaccus with army to the East to supplant Sulla. --Flaccus' assistant Fimbria plots against him and takes control.--Fimbria's army deserts him and joins Sulla.--Cinna then raises another army against Sulla but is stoned by his troops.--In 83 BC Sulla returns to Italy.-- The two consuls, C. Scipio Asiaticus and C. Norbanus raise armies to stop him.--Various battles fought during Sulla's victorious march to Rome.-- In Nov. 82 BC the two sides meet at battle of Colline Gate, outside Rome.-- Sulla victorious over the Marian, Cinnan and Samnite parties. --Sulla then becomes master of Rome. --End 82 start 81 BC appointed dictator by Senate, ratified by people's assembly.--End 81 start 80 BC Sulla resigns position and reinstates consular government.

One pivotal date is Sulla's second acclamation, IMPER ITERVM. Martin (in paper published 1989), discusses this subject and the coins issued on that occasion. (For the silvercoin see Appendix Item C4). Martin convincingly demonstrates that these coins were issued for a short period between end 82 and early 81 BC, in commemoration of Sulla's second victory (at Colline Gate) and his Augur-ship (high priest position). The date for these coinsgiven by Crawford/Seaby/Sear is 84-83 BC; by Mommsen/Babelon/Rolland /Grueber 82-81BC; Cohen links date to Chaeronea (86 BC) and Orchomenus (85/84 BC). It appears that the date of Mommsen/Babelon/Rolland/Grueber, matches that of Martin. The date of Cohen/Crawford/Seaby/Sear seems to have a backward shift of 2-4 years.

Considering the three moneyers again, the mintage dates range between 81 BC (Babelon/Rolland); 84 BC (Cohen/Grueber); and 86 BC (Crawford/Seaby/Sear). Excepting Grueber, it appears that the same parties (Cohen/Crawford/Seaby/Sear) have a backward shift of the same order, compared to the others.

In one of the major hoards (Monte Cardruzzo), thought to have been buried in 82 BC (during the struggles of the Sullan and Marian parties), 4 coins were found bearing the moneyers' names and 194 coins without. It follows that the series existed before82 BC; and possibly its issue ended in that year.

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It is recorded that one of the three moneyers, M. Vergilius, who, as tribune of the people in 87 BC, prosecuted Sulla at Cinna's request/instigation. It is possible that Vergilius and his two colleagues were assigned by, and owed their allegiance to the Cinnan and Marian parties; hence opposed to Sulla. Concerned about what would become of them, as Sulla wasmoving with strength against their mentors, they possibly decided to relinquish their jobs atthe mint and seek refuge. It is also possible that, having left the mint, coins continued to be struck in large amounts to defray the war costs. But their inscriptions ceased to be used pending appointment of new mint-masters, possibly not before Sulla's victory of November 82 BC.

Recalling the fire and destruction (on 6th July 83 BC) of Jupiter's temple (as recounted earlier), the possibility exists that the reverse of the coin series (Jupiter in quadriga) was perhaps adopted not only to honour the ancestor presenting the statue to the temple, but also in commemoration of the fire. On this basis one may venture a hypothesis that the minting of this series started in the summer of 83 BC and terminated upon Sulla's victory in November 82 BC.

CONCLUSIONS

This paper presented some aspects of the interesting coin series of the three moneyers Gargonius, Ogulnius, and Vergilius. It addressed the use of coinage in the republican periodfor promotional purposes, and outlined the historical context during the relevant 10- year period, 90 to 80 BC.

The fact that part of the series was signed by the three moneyers whilst a large portion was left unsigned was discussed. The uncertainty prevalent about the attribution of the obverse head (Apollo v. young Jupiter) and the dating of this series were also discussed. This has helped to form a view that the head is most likely that of Apollo; and that the minting date ismost likely in the period 83 to 82 BC.

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APOLLO AND JUPITER DISOWNED ?THE STORY OF THREE REPUBLICAN MONEYERS

REFERENCES

The writer is greatly indebted to, and acknowledges with much gratitude the following references. Without the valuable help and assistance of these references, this article would not have been possible.

A. Publications

***Babelon, Ernest, Description Historique et Chronologique des Monnaies de la Republique Romaine, Vol. II, Paris, London, 1886.***Cicero, Brutus, a History of Famous Orators, translated by E. Jones (1776), at attalus.org.

***Cohen, H., Description Generale des Monnaies de la Republique Romaine, Medailles Consulaires, Paris, 1857.

***A Companion to the Roman Republic, edited by N. Rosenstein, and R. Morstein-Marx, Oxford, 2006***Crawford, Michael H., Roman Republican Coins, Vol. I, Cambridge, 1974.***Broughton, T. Robert S., The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol. II (99 B.C.-31 B.C.). Published by the American Philological Association, New York, 1952. ***British Museum, “List of Roman Republican Moneyers”, at britishmuseum.org/research.***Greirson, Philip, Numismatics, Oxford, 1975.***Greuber, H. A., Coins of the Roman Republic in the British Museum, Vol. I, London, 1910.***Hollander, David B. (Columbia University), The Management of the Mint in the Late Roman Republic, 2003, at: ancientworlds.net.***Macquarie University, “Introduction to the Office of Moneyer in the Roman Republic”, at: humanities.mq.edu.au ***Martin, Thomas R., “Sulla Imperator Iterum: the Samnites and Roman republican coin propaganda”, Schweizerische numismatische Rundschau, Band 68, 1989, Zurich.***Mommsen, Theodor, The History of the Roman Republic, Abidged from the History by Professor Mommsen by C. Bryans and F. J. R. Hendy, New York, 1911.***Mommsen, Th. Geschichte des Roemischen Muenzwesens, Berlin, 1860.***Platner, S. B., (completed and revised by Thomas Ashby), A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, London, 1929 ***Plutarch, The Parallel Lives, The Life of Sulla, Loeb Classical Library Edition, Vol IV, 1916 , at: penelope.uchicago.edu.***Robinson C. E., A History of the Roman Republic, New York, 1932.***Rolland, Henri, Numismatique de la Republique Romaine, Paris, ca. 1890.***Seaby, H. A., Roman Silver Coins, Vol. I, Third revised edition, (revised by David R. Sear and Robert Loosely), London 1989.

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***Sear, David R., Roman Coins and their Values, Fourth revised edition, Seaby, London, 1988.***Sear---as above--- but Millennium Edition, Vol. I, 2000.***Seyffert, Oscar, A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, Mythology, Religion, Literature & Art, 2nd Ed, London, 1891.

B . Coin Depositories

Ancient Coin Search Engine: (acsearch.info).

Archive of Ancient Coins: (coinarchives.com).

British Museum, Collection online, (britishmuseum.org).

Data bank of Greek, Roman and Byzantine Coins: (wildwinds.com).

Roman Coins Database at: davy.potdevin.free.fr

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APOLLO AND JUPITER DISOWNED ? THE STORY OF THREE REPUBLICAN MONEYERS

APPENDIX ( Denarii pictures are enlarged for clarity; denarius coins are about 17 – 21mm in dia.).

Item C1. Man. Acilius Balbus. 125 BC. Item C2. T. Didius. 113/2 BC.

Item C3. M. Herennius. 108/107 BC. Item C4. L. Cornelius Sulla. 84/83 BC (date most likely 82/81 BC).

ItemC5. Faustus Cornelius Sulla. 56 BC. Item C6. P. C. L. Marcellinus. 50 BC.

Item C7. Man. Acilius Glabrio. 49 BC. Item C8. L.S. Murcus Imp. 42-41 BC.

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Item C9. Coin signed GAR/OCVL.VER Item C10. Coin signed GAR/VER.OCVL

Item C11. Coin signed OCVL/GAR.VER Item C12. Coin signed OCVL/VER.GAR

(photo not available)

Item C13. Coin signed VER/GAR.OCVL Item C14. Coin signed VER/OCVL.GAR

Item C15. Coin unsigned. Item C16. Apollo on a Fonteia (Cr. 353/1a) coin.

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