AP II Exam 4 Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the 1)A) upper respiratory tract.B) internal respiratory tract.C) alveoli of the respiratory tract.D) respiratory mucosa.E) lower respiratory tract.

2) Exposure to ________ generally causes a rapid increase in the rate of mucus production in the nasalcavity and paranasal sinuses.

2)

A) noxious vaporsB) debris or pathogensC) unpleasant stimuliD) allergensE) All of the answers are correct.

3) Which of the following is false about the pharynx? 3)A) The nasopharynx is superior.B) Solids, liquids, and gases pass through.C) The oropharynx connects to oral cavity.D) The laryngopharynx ends at esophagus opening.E) It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems.

4) Which of the following is not a function of the nasal mucosa? 4)A) dehumidifying the incoming airB) warming the incoming airC) cooling outgoing airD) trapping particulate matterE) None of the answers is correct; all of these are functions of the nasal mucosa.

5) Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the 5)A) movement of the arytenoid cartilages.B) extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments.C) contraction of laryngeal muscles.D) movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of laryngeal muscles.E) extrinsic ligaments.

6) Tina is singing a song. At a certain point in the song, she forces a large volume of air out of theglottis and at the same time increases the tension on her vocal cords. The sound that she producesis

6)

A) low pitched and loud.B) medium pitched and soft.C) high pitched and loud.D) low pitched and soft.E) high pitched and soft.

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7) During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to itslarger diameter and steeper angle.

7)

A) right secondaryB) medialC) left secondaryD) left primaryE) right primary

8) The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because 8)A) the bronchi are also C-shaped.B) large masses of air can pass through the trachea and thus the bronchi.C) large masses of food can move through the esophagus.D) it permits the trachea to pinch shut prior to sneezing.E) it facilitates turning of the head.

9) The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of 9)A) moist cuboidal epithelium.B) ciliated squamous epithelium.C) simple squamous epithelium.D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.E) surfactant cells.

10) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle? 10)A) primary muscle of inspirationB) contraction increases airway resistanceC) accessory muscle of inspirationD) affects lung complianceE) accessory muscle of expiration

11) The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is 11)A) cellular respiration.B) pulmonary ventilation.C) internal respiration.D) breathing.E) external respiration.

12) External respiration involves the 12)A) binding of oxygen by hemoglobin.B) exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid.C) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.D) movement of air into and out of the lungs.E) utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism.

13) Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is 13)A) always higher in the atmosphere than in the lungs.B) directly proportional to the volume of its container.C) inversely proportional to temperature.D) inversely proportional to the volume of its container.E) directly proportional to temperature.

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14) Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is 14)A) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.B) greater than intraalveolar pressure.C) less than the pressure in the atmosphere.D) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere.E) less than intrapulmonic pressure.

15) If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs? 15)A) It remains constant.B) It increases and possibly damages the lungs.C) It increases.D) It decreases.E) It increases twice the amount of the increase in volume.

16) ________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratorycycle.

16)

A) Expiratory reserve volumeB) Inspiratory capacityC) Inspiratory reserve volumeD) Tidal volumeE) Residual volume

17) ________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume. 17)A) Expiratory reserve volumeB) Inspiratory reserve volumeC) Residual inhaled volumeD) Inspiratory capacityE) Enhanced tidal volume

18) Which of the following muscles might be recruited to increase inspired volume? 18)A) pectoralis minorB) scalenesC) sternocleidomastoidD) serratus anteriorE) All of the answers are correct.

19) If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of airexpelled would be the patient's

19)

A) tidal volume.B) inspiratory reserve volume.C) vital capacity.D) reserve volume.E) expiratory reserve volume.

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20) Henry's law states that 20)A) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and

the gas pressure.B) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial

pressures of the gases in the mixture.C) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.D) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.E) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional.

21) Dalton's law states that 21)A) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.C) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional.D) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and

the gas pressure.E) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial

pressures of the gases in the mixture.

22) Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the 22)A) PCO2 of the blood.B) PO2 of the alveoli.C) thickness of the respiratory membrane.D) solubility of oxygen in plasma.E) PN2 of the alveoli.

23) The chloride shift occurs in order to 23)A) transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma.B) force oxygen out of the blood and into tissues.C) produce salt for the cytosol of blood cells.D) pump hydrochloric acid out of gastric cells.E) produce carbonic acid.

24) When does oxyhemoglobin form during respiration? 24)A) when the chloride shift occursB) during external respirationC) during internal respirationD) immediately after carbon dioxide enters the bloodE) during pulmonary ventilation

25) About 70% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood 25)A) as bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.B) combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin.C) as carbonic acid in the red blood cells.D) as dissolved CO2 in the blood plasma.E) as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma.

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26) Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is 26)A) bound to hemoglobin.B) in ionic form as solute in the plasma.C) bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide.D) dissolved in plasma.E) carried by white blood cells.

27) Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin toperipheral tissues?

27)

A) increased tissue PO2B) decreased amounts of DPGC) decreased pHD) decreased temperatureE) All of the answers are correct.

28) The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade is 28)A) less than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees

centigrade.B) equal to the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees

centigrade.C) equal to the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 20 degrees

centigrade.D) greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43

degrees centigrade.E) None of the answers is correct.

29) The most important chemical regulator of respiration is 29)A) hemoglobin.B) oxygen.C) bicarbonate ion.D) sodium ion.E) carbon dioxide.

30) The Hering-Breuer reflex 30)A) is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing.B) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes.C) protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation.D) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO2 changes.E) functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure.

31) Damage to the phrenic nerves would 31)A) increase respiratory rate.B) result in greater pressure differences between the lungs and the outside air.C) increase the tidal volume.D) have little effect on ventilation.E) force reliance on costal breathing.

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32) When the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of 32)A) partial pressure difference.B) exhalation.C) gravity.D) elastic rebound.E) accessory muscle contraction.

33) The ________ of the lungs is an indication of their expandability, how easily the lungs expand andcontract.

33)

A) intrapulmonary pressureB) volumeC) ventilationD) cellular respirationE) compliance

34) The urinary system does all of the following except 34)A) contributing to stabilizing blood pH.B) regulating blood volume.C) regulating plasma concentrations of electrolytes.D) eliminating organic waste products.E) excreting excess albumin molecules.

35) How is the kidney involved with normal bone ossification and development? 35)A) The kidney produces calcitriol.B) Osteoblasts migrate from the kidney into the bone.C) Injury to bone triggers a response in the kidney, which makes more rennin hormone.D) Growth hormone is produced by the kidneys.E) Growth factors from the kidney direct the growth the epiphyseal cartilage plate in the bone.

36) Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the 36)A) efferent arteriole.B) vasa recta.C) interlobular arteriole.D) afferent arteriole.E) renal vein.

37) What is the proper order for the structures of the renal corpuscle through which a substance duringfiltration?1. filtration slit (slit pore)2. capsular space3. dense layer4. capillary endothelium

37)

A) 4, 3, 2, 1 B) 4, 3, 1, 2 C) 4, 1, 2, 3 D) 2, 4, 3, 1 E) 3, 1, 4, 2

38) The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the 38)A) afferent arteriole.B) renal corpuscle.C) nephron loop (loop of Henle).D) juxtaglomerular complex.E) filtration membrane.

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39) The filtration of plasma takes place in the 39)A) nephron loop (loop of Henle).B) distal convoluted tubule.C) papillary duct.D) ureter.E) renal corpuscle.

40) The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is 40)A) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.B) secretion of acids and ammonia.C) secretion of drugs.D) adjusting the urine pH.E) filtration.

41) The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. In what order does bloodpass through these vessels?1. afferent arteriole2. arcuate artery3. interlobar artery4. renal artery5. glomerulus6. cortical radiate artery7. efferent arteriole8. peritubular capillary

41)

A) 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8B) 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8C) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8D) 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8E) 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8

42) Which of the following components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla? 42)A) glomerulusB) distal convoluted tubuleC) proximal convoluted tubuleD) collecting ductsE) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

43) The process of filtration is driven mainly by 43)A) blood osmotic pressure.B) solvent drag.C) active transport.D) renal pumping.E) blood hydrostatic pressure.

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44) Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. From the listbelow, what are these three main pressures?1. blood hydrostatic pressure2. capsular hydrostatic pressure3. capsular colloid osmotic pressure4. blood colloid osmotic pressure5. urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure

44)

A) 2, 4, and 5 are correct.B) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.C) 2, 3, and 4 are correct.D) 3, 4, and 5 are correct.E) 1, 2, and 4 are correct.

45) Measurement of the functions of a nephron reveals a glomerular capillary pressure of 69 mm Hg,and a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the colloid osmotic pressure is30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the netfiltration pressure in this case?

45)

A) 24 mm HgB) 69 mm HgC) 30 mm HgD) 99 mm HgE) 84 mm Hg

46) Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by 46)A) protein in the filtrate.B) blood pressure.C) filtrate in the capsular space.D) presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma.E) constriction of the efferent arteriole.

47) The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves 47)A) aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells.B) a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts.C) the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the neurohypophysis.D) an increase in facultative water reabsorption.E) All of the answers are correct.

48) Antidiuretic hormone 48)A) is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood.B) is secreted by the anterior pituitary.C) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.D) release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid.E) causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine.

49) A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to 49)A) increased urinary loss of sodium.B) less secretion of aldosterone.C) reduction of blood pressure.D) decreased sodium reabsorption.E) All of the answers are correct.

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50) In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce 50)A) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.B) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions.C) a larger volume of urine.D) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions.E) urine with less glucose.

Figure 26-2 The Nephron

Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:

51) What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "1"? 51)A) filtrationB) excretionC) reabsorptionD) micturitionE) secretion

52) Where does countercurrent multiplication occur? 52)A) 6 B) 5 C) 3 D) 2 E) 4

53) Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur? 53)A) 4 B) 6 C) 2 D) 3 E) 5

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54) Which area is sensitive to the hormone ADH? 54)A) 5 and 6 B) 3 C) 1 D) 4 E) 4, 5, and 6

55) Where does secretion mostly occur? 55)A) 1 B) 4 C) 3 D) 2 E) 5

56) Which area is sensitive to aldosterone? 56)A) 4 B) 1 C) 5 D) 2 E) 3

57) During the micturition reflex, 57)A) the external sphincter is consciously relaxed.B) stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord.C) the internal sphincter is subconsciously relaxed.D) parasympathetic motor neurons that control the detrusor muscle become active.E) All of the answers are correct.

58) The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the 58)A) net filtration pressure.B) plasma volume.C) glomerular filtration rate.D) kidney filtrate volume.E) colloid pressure.

59) Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found only within 59)A) the cells of the body.B) blood vessels.C) the cerebrospinal fluid.D) lymph.E) the interstitial space.

60) Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called 60)A) electrons.B) osmoregulators.C) buffers.D) electrolytes.E) nonelectrolytes.

61) Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism? 61)A) ADHB) aldosteroneC) BNPD) epinephrineE) ANP

62) The extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of the 62)A) cerebrospinal fluid.B) interstitial fluid.C) plasma.D) lymph.E) All of the answers are correct.

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63) The principal cation in intracellular fluid is 63)A) potassium.B) magnesium.C) chloride.D) calcium.E) sodium.

64) Which of the following will stimulate thirst? 64)A) drying the mucosa of the mouth and pharynxB) an increase in the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid within the hypothalamusC) stimulation of osmoreceptorsD) angiotensin II acting on the hypothalamusE) All of the answers are correct.

65) Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassiumsecretion?

65)

A) ADHB) BNPC) aldosteroneD) epinephrineE) ANP

66) Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood? 66)A) PTHB) ADHC) ANPD) angiotensin IIE) epinephrine

67) Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume? 67)A) ADHB) PTHC) acetylcholineD) aldosteroneE) natriuretic peptides

68) The release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to 68)A) conserve sodium ions.B) conserve sodium ions and decrease ECF.C) decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions.D) decrease ECF.E) excrete sodium ions.

69) Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by 69)A) causing the release of ADH.B) stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium.C) stimulating thirst.D) triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone.E) All of the answers are correct.

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70) When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained, 70)A) the osmolarity of the ECF falls.B) there is an increase in the volume of the ICF.C) aldosterone is secreted.D) both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute.E) osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.

71) Antidiuretic hormone 71)A) is produced by the hypothalamus.B) stimulates water intake.C) stimulates water conservation by the kidneys.D) is released from the posterior pituitary gland.E) All of the answers are correct.

72) A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ________ from his body. 72)A) bicarbonate ionB) hydrogen ionC) waterD) sodiumE) All of the answers are correct.

73) Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone 73)A) ADH.B) parathyroid hormone.C) cortisol.D) aldosterone.E) calcitonin.

74) Secretion of potassium into the urine is 74)A) increased by ADH.B) associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.C) an indication of dehydration.D) minimal because the human diet includes very little potassium.E) All of the answers are correct.

75) The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by 75)A) aldosterone.B) glucocorticoids.C) ADH.D) atrial natriuretic peptides.E) parathormone.

76) A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ionis called a(n)

76)

A) alkali.B) electrolyte.C) buffer.D) compensation.E) acid.

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77) Hypoventilation leads to 77)A) respiratory alkalosis. B) metabolic acidosis.C) metabolic alkalosis. D) respiratory acidosis.

78) In response to respiratory alkalosis, the 78)A) kidneys conserve bicarbonate.B) tidal volume increases.C) respiratory rate increases.D) kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.E) kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions.

79) Prolonged vomiting can result in 79)A) metabolic acidosis. B) respiratory acidosis.C) respiratory alkalosis. D) metabolic alkalosis.

80) A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of 80)A) chronic metabolic acidosis. B) acute respiratory acidosis.C) chronic respiratory alkalosis. D) chronic respiratory acidosis.

81) A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop 81)A) respiratory acidosis. B) metabolic alkalosis.C) respiratory alkalosis. D) metabolic acidosis.

82) A patient that is hyperventilating is at risk for 82)A) metabolic acidosis. B) metabolic alkalosis.C) respiratory alkalosis. D) respiratory acidosis.

83) A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to settle an upsetstomach risks

83)

A) respiratory acidosis. B) metabolic acidosis.C) metabolic alkalosis. D) respiratory alkalosis.

84) When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys 84)A) excrete fewer bicarbonate ions.B) secrete more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions.C) secrete more hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions.D) excrete more hydrogen ions.E) excrete more bicarbonate ions.

85) The normal pH range for ECF is 85)A) 6.8 to 7.2.B) 7 to 7.5.C) 6.5 to 7.5.D) 7.35 to 7.45.E) 7.5 to 8.0.

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