another word for energy is power. Energy makes things move ...

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

PRIMARY ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMME

GRADE FOUR WORKSHEET-TERM 3

SUBJECT: SCIENCE

WEEK 1: LESSON 1

TOPIC: ENERGY-ENERGY, FORMS OF ENERGY AND ITS USES

Name: _____________________________________ Date: _____________________________

FACTS / TIPS:

DEFINITION:

Energy is the ability to do work; another word for

energy is power. Energy makes things move. It

makes machines work. Energy also makes living

things grow.

Sources of Energy

Humans use energy from many different sources.

They utilize the power of wind, water, and

sunlight.

Plants and animals provide energy in the

form of food.

People also burn oil and natural gas for

energy.

Wind Energy

Hydropower (Water Energy)

Solar Energy (from the sun)

Fossil Fuel (from Oil) Cooking gas (Natural gas)

Food (Energy from plants and animals)

ON YOUR OWN:

1. Define the term “Energy.”

_______________________________________________________________

2. Energy makes things ___________________________.

3. It makes _____________________ work and _____________________

grow.

4. Two sources of energy are __________________________ and

__________________________.

5. The sun provides us with _______________________ energy while

plants and animals provide us with energy in the form of

____________________.

6. One example of a natural gas is __________________________.

HOMEWORK

1. Name the different forms of energy.




SUBJECT: SCIENCE

WEEK 1: LESSON 2

TOPIC: ENERGY-ENERGY, FORMS OF ENERGY AND ITS USES

Name: _____________________________________ Date: _____________________________

FACTS / TIPS:

Forms of Energy

Energy exists in two basic forms.

They are:

1. Kinetic Energy - the energy of a moving object, e.g., a moving

car

2. Potential Energy - energy that is stored in an object or substance,

e.g., energy stored in food

The different types of energy include:

1. Heat Energy / Thermal Energy, e.g., cooking

2. Light Energy, e.g., sun, light bulbs

3. Electrical Energy, e.g., Lightning, power lines (electrical wires)

4. Chemical Energy, e.g., food, fuel, striking a match

Diagram showing the types of energy

ON YOUR OWN:

1. Energy exists in ________________ basic forms.

2. Energy that is stored up in an object or substance is known as

________________________________.

3. One example of an object that has the energy mentioned above

is ______________________________________.

4. The energy of a moving object is known as

___________________________________________________.

5. One example of an object/substance that has the energy

mentioned above is ___________________________.

Match the following

Types of Energy Examples

6. Chemical Energy lightning

7. Light Energy a hot cup of coffee

8. Heat Energy battery

9. Electrical Energy lighted bulbs

HOMEWORK

EXPERIMENT – HOW ENERGY WORKS.

CHEMICAL ENERGY IS CONVERTED TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Materials needed:

1. lemon

2. piece of copper wire

3. nail

4. sandpaper

Procedure

1. Use a small sheet of sandpaper to even out the edges of both

the steel and copper wires.

2. Rub the whole lemon gently between your hands, then insert the

copper wire and nail.

3. Place the copper wire and nail as close together as possible, but

do not allow then to touch each other.

4. Have an adult wet his/her finger (or tongue) and place it on the

tip of the wire and nail at the same time. He/ She will feel a small

tingle once his/her finger touches the wires.

N.B

The lemon contains chemical energy that converts into electrical

energy when you add the copper wire and nail to it.




SUBJECT: SCIENCE

LESSON REVIEW WEEK 1

TOPIC: ENERGY

Name: _____________________________________ Date: _____________________________

Read the questions carefully, then insert the correct answers.

1. Define the term “Energy.”

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Match the following

Sources of Energy Examples

2. Water Food

3. Sunlight Hydropower

4. Plants and animals Solar

5. Energy that is stored up in an object or substance is known as

______________________ while the energy of a moving object is

known as _______________________________________.

6. Thermal Energy is also known as ___________________________.

Name an/a object/substance that provides us with:

7. Chemical Energy _________________________

8. Heat Energy _________________________

9. Electrical Energy _________________________

10. Light Energy _________________________




SUBJECT: SCIENCE

WEEK 2: LESSON 1

TOPIC: ENERGY-HEAT ENERGY

Name: _____________________________________ Date: _____________________________

FACTS/ TIPS:

Heat energy is also called thermal energy.

Heat energy is the energy an object has because of the movement of

its molecules. Heat can be transferred from one object to another

object. We get heat primarily from the sun.

Sources of heat energy:

1. Sun

2. Fire (flame) – candle, kerosene lamp, stoves

3. Friction–rubbing your hands together, rubbing sticks/rocks

together

4. Electrical devices- irons and light bulbs

5. Our bodies-contain heat energy that can make someone else

warm when you hug them.

ON YOUR OWN:

1. Define the term “heat energy.”

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

2. Another name for heat energy is _______________________________

Write TRUE OR FALSE for questions 3 to 5.

3. The primary source of heat energy is from electrical devices.

__________________

4. Rubbing two surfaces together is an example of friction.

______________________

5. Heat can be transferred from one object to another.

_________________________

Sun Flame-Stove

Friction -Rubbing hands together Electrical Devices Hugging

HOMEWORK

Look around in your home, try to identify other sources of heat and list

them.

_________________

_________________

________________

________________

EXPERIMENT– FRICTION

PROCEDURE 1

1. Rub your hands together, first slowly, then faster.

2. Record your observations.

PROCEDURE 2

1. Rub your hands on different surfaces.

2. Record your observations (which surface makes your hands feel

hotter.)




SUBJECT: SCIENCE

WEEK 2: LESSON 2


Name: _____________________________________ Date: _____________________________

FACTS / TIPS:

Care must be taken when using heat to prevent burns, fires and any

other form of damage.

Precautionary measures when using sources of

heat energy.

1. Never use wet materials to hold hot objects.

The water will absorb the heat right through

the material and burn you.

2. Be extra careful when removing lids and

stirring heated liquids. Steam can escape and

will burn you.

3. Warn others that you have a heated object if you are moving with

it.

4. Wear protective clothing, e.g., gloves, apron, mittens etc.

5. Unplug electrical devices when not in use because they can

overheat and cause a fire.

6. Keep flames away from clothing.

ON YOUR OWN:

1. Why must precaution be taken when using heat?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. List three precautionary measures that must be taken to avoid

harming yourself when using heat.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Ms. Jones was injured because she used a wet mitten to remove a

pot of boiling water from her stove. Why was Ms. Jones injured even

though she used a mitten?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Why should we unplug electrical devices when not in use?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. If clothing is kept next to flames, what is most likely to happen?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

HOMEWORK

Carry out the experiment with the assistance of an adult.

EXPERIMENT - ASSESSING SOURCES BASED ON THE AMOUNT OF HEAT

GIVEN OFF.

Materials needed

1. a lighted bulb

2. a lit candle

Procedure

1. Place your hand close to a lighted bulb (ensure that you do not

touch the bulb. Slowly move your hands away from the bulb.

2. Measure how far away from the heat you must go before you stop

feeling it with your hands.

3. Record your observation.

4. Place your hand close to the lit candle (ensure that you do not

touch the candle. Slowly move your hands away from the candle.

5. Measure how far away from the heat, you must go before you stop

feeling it with your hands.


7. Compare the two observations made.



GRADE FOUR WORKSHEET

SUBJECT: SCIENCE



Name: _____________________________________ Date: _____________________________


1. Define the term “heat energy.”

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. The primary source of heat energy is the __________________________.

3. Name two other sources of heat energy.

__________________________

__________________________

4. List one precautionary measure that must be taken when using heat.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. ____________________ can be transferred from one object to another.

6. Care must be taken when using heat so as to _____________________,

____________________ and ___________________________.

7. Mr. Thomas wants to take a pan of chicken out of his oven. Two

protective clothing Mr. Thomas must wear

are____________________________ and ____________________________.

8. Mr. Thomas informed his family members that he was carrying a hot

pan. Why did Mr. Thomas do this?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

In the box provided:

9. Draw a picture of Mr. Thomas in his protective clothing mentioned in

question 7.

10. Label the clothing



GRADE FOUR WORKSHEET -TERM 3

SUBJECT: SCIENCE

WEEK 3: LESSON 1

TOPIC: ENERGY-USES OF HEAT

Name: _____________________________________ Date: _____________________________

FACTS / TIPS:

Uses of heat

Heat is very important in our daily life.

Heat helps us to do things such as:

Cooking

Drying clothes

Ironing

Keeping our bodies warm.

The sun's heat keeps living things and the environment warm.

Plants use heat from the sun to help make food.

Heat is also used to make electricity.

The heat has many usages in industries such as; making and

processing food and manufacturing items like glass, paper, plastic

etc.

Pictures showing the uses of heat

ON YOUR OWN:

Answer the questions

1. __________________________ is very important to our daily lives.

For questions 2 to 4, write TRUE OR FALSE

2. Heat helps us to cook our food. ____________________________

3. Plants do not depend on heat to make their own food.

___________________

4. Heat is used to make electricity. _____________________

5. In the box below, draw a picture to show one of the uses of heat.

HOMEWORK

List FOUR other uses of heat.

1. _____________________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________________________

4. _____________________________________________________________



GRADE FOUR WORKSHEET - TERM 3

SUBJECT: SCIENCE

WEEK 2: LESSON 2


Name: _____________________________________ Date: _____________________________

FACTS/ TIPS: Conserve means to save.

Conserving electricity.

1. The sun’s energy is a readily available source of heat, and it's the

cheapest.

2. We can use the sun to dry our clothes instead of using a dryer.

3. We can open our doors and windows to get fresh air rather than

using fans and air conditioning units.

4. We can dry your hair naturally or by using a towel instead of

using a blow dryer etc.

5. Don't leave your fridge door open. The longer it's open, the more

energy it takes to get it back to its correct temperature.

6. If you're using a washing machine to wash your clothes, wash full

loads.

7. Use manual tools in the kitchen, e.g., whisking can be done by

hand.

8. Unplug electrical devices when not in use, e.g., iron, electric

kettle, toaster etc.

ON YOUR OWN:

1. Define the term "conservation."

______________________________________________________________

2. List three ways we can conserve electricity.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

3. The most readily and cheapest available source of heat is the

____________________________.

DIAGRAM SHOWING HOW ELECTRICITY IS CONSERVED.

4. Design a poster on the conservation of heat.

HOMEWORK

Use the poster you designed earlier to educate your family members

on the conservation of heat.




SUBJECT: SCIENCE



Name: _____________________________________ Date: _____________________________


1. List two uses of heat.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. The most readily and cheapest available source of heat is the

_________________________________.

3. Another name for heat energy is ____________________________.

4. Plants use ___________________ from the __________________ to

make food.

5. Define the term “conservation”.

_________________________________________________________

6. One way we can conserve heat energy is by

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Write TRUE OR FALSE.

7. We can conserve heat by using an electrical mixer to mix cake

batter. ____________________________________

8. Heat is used to manufacture plastic. __________________________

9. Mrs. Singh saves heat by leaving her iron plugged in when not in

use. _____________________

10. The sun’s heat keeps living things and the environment warm.

__________________________________________________



GRADE FOUR WORKSHEET - TERM 3

SUBJECT: SCIENCE

WEEK 4: LESSON 1

TOPIC: ENERGY-HOW HEAT TRAVELS

Name: _____________________________________ Date: _____________________________

FACTS / TIPS:

Heat moves when objects have different temperatures. It always

moves in the same direction: from hot to cold.

E.g., if you touch a hot stove, you feel the heat moving into your body.

There are three different ways that heat can move. They are:

1. Conduction – heat travels through solids by conduction, e.g. when

a spoon is placed in hot water.

2. Convection- Heat travels through liquids and gases by convection,

e.g. the air above a candle flame feels warm because hot air has

moved upward from around the flame.

3. Radiation-Heat travels across space by radiation, e.g. the heat

which travels from the sun to the earth and heat felt by someone

standing a distance away from a hot stove. Microwaves heat your

food using radiation, too.

Picture showing how heat travels.

ON YOUR OWN:

1. Heat transfers from an area of ____________temperature to an area

of ________________ temperature.

2. There are ________________ different ways that heat can move.

3. Two ways heat can move are _______________________ and

________________________________.

4. In your own words, explain any one of the ways mentioned above.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

5. One example of radiation is

_________________________________________________________________

6. Which of the following is the best example of conduction?

a) A light bulb warming a lampshade.

b) An egg cooking in a frying pan.

c) Water boiling in a pot.

d) Gases circulating in the atmosphere.

HOMEWORK

EXPERIMENTS – HOW HEAT TRAVELS:

Note: The experiments must be done with the assistance of an adult.

Experiment 1: CONDUCTION

Materials needed

1. A hot cup of coffee.

Procedure

2. Hold the cup of coffee for a few minutes.


Note:

You will be able to feel the warmth transferring to your cool hands. This

demonstration shows heat conduction. When we touch the hot cup,

the heat flows from the hotter object (cup) to the colder one (our

hands).

Experiment 2: CONVECTION

Materials needed

1. clear container or jar

2. water

3. freezer

4. coffee mug or another container that can withstand heat

5. food colouring

6. spoon

7. dropper

Procedure

1. Fill the clear jar halfway with cold water.

2. Place the jar in the freezer for 15 minutes. You don’t want the

water to freeze.

3. Fill the coffee mug about ¼ full with hot water.

4. Add 10 drops of food colouring to the hot water and stir.

5. Remove the jar from the freezer and set it on the table. Wait until

the water is calm

6. Fill the dropper with hot coloured water.

7. Lower the tip of the dropper until it is near the bottom of the clear

jar.

8. Carefully release two drops of hot coloured water onto the cold

water. Observe what happens, looking at the side and top of

the jar.

9. Add ten more drops, two drops at a time, observing what

happens between each.

10. Once you have added all the hot coloured liquid drops,

observe

the jar for an additional five minutes.


Experiment 3: RADIATION

Materials needed

1. a black shirt

2. a white shirt

Procedure

1. Spread both shirts on a level surface in the sunlight.

2. After 15 to 20 minutes, feel the shirts.





SUBJECT: SCIENCE

WEEK 4: LESSON 2

TOPIC: ENERGY-CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

Name: _____________________________________ Date: _____________________________

FACTS/ TIPS:

Conductors of heat are materials that

allow heat to pass through them easily.

Examples:

Aluminium

Iron

Copper

Insulators of heat are materials that do not

allow heat to pass through them easily.

Examples

Wood

Plastic

Styrofoam

ON YOUR OWN:

1. Differentiate between “conductors and

insulators.”

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

2. Complete the table below. Write the names under the correct

column.

Conductors Insulators

HOMEWORK

Identify other conductors and insulators of heat found in your home

and list them.


This Photo by Unknown Author

http://frayedattheedges.blogspot.co.uk/2006/08/free-fast-easy-flat-mitten-knitting.html

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

http://pngimg.com/download/17012

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/

https://freepngimg.com/png/51401-copper-wire-image-free-clipart-hd

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/




SUBJECT: SCIENCE



Name: _____________________________________ Date: _____________________________


1. What is the difference between conduction and convection?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

2. Define the term “radiation.”

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

3. A metal spoon that gets warm when used to stir hot soup is an

example of _______________.

a) conduction

b) convection

c) radiation

d) none of the above

4. Which of the following is NOT an example of an insulator in the

kitchen? _______________

a) An oven mitt b) Pots and pan c) A wooden spoon

d) Plastic measuring cup

5. Which of the following surfaces best absorbs radiation from the

sun?

a) black b) white c) yellow d) red

6. What kind of heat transfer is occurring when the sun warms the

sand? _____________________

7. In heat transfer, heat always flows from the _____________________

substance to the ________________________ substance.

8. What heat transfer happens when you burn your finger by

touching a fire? ______________________________

9. How many kinds of heat transfer are there? ___________________

10. When you use a microwave, what is the main way that heat is

transferred? ____________________________________

11. A chair is placed several feet away from a fireplace. The

fireplace has a glass screen. The side of the chair facing the

fireplace gets warm because of ____________________________.

12. Heat moves when objects have different _____________________.




SUBJECT: SCIENCE

WEEK 5: LESSON 1

TOPIC: ENERGY-SIMPLE ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

Name: _____________________________________ Date: _____________________________

FACTS/ TIPS:

Electricity is a form of energy. It is the flow of tiny particles called

electrons and protons. It is the energy you get when electrons flow

from place to place.

A circuit is a closed path that allows electricity to flow from one point

to another. Electricity only flows in a complete circuit; thus, any gaps

would prevent its flow.

Parts of a simple circuit and their functions.

Battery- In a circuit, the electricity is provided by a battery.

Wires - The wire allows the electricity to pass through which is

used by light bulbs, radios, televisions, irons and other electrical

appliances.

Switch-open and close gaps in a circuit-They also control the

flow of electricity.

Bulb- The function of a light bulb in an electric circuit is that it

turns electrical energy into light.

Diagram showing a simple circuit

ON YOUR OWN:

1. Draw the parts of a simple circuit.

2. Two parts of a circuit are____________________________________.

3. List two forms of energy.

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

4. What is a circuit?

____________________________________________________________

5. Electricity is the flow of tiny particles called __________________ and

____________________________.

HOMEWORK

MAKING A SIMPLE CIRCUIT (Under the supervision of an adult)

Materials Needed

1. battery

2. small bulb

3. 2 coated/insulated wires

4. electrical tape

5. 6" x 6" plyboard

6. glue gun

Procedure

1. Using the glue gun, paste the battery, laying it

down to one end of the plyboard.

2. Strip about 2 inches of insulating material off both

ends of each wire.

3. Attach one end of the wire to the negative or

smooth end of the battery, using a small piece of

electrical tape to keep the metal wire touching

the battery

4. Attach the other piece of wire to the positive end

of the battery.

5. Using the insulation tape, tape the wires on the

plyboard to keep them intact.

6. Attach the end of each wire to the bulb, use

insulation tape to keep it in place.




SUBJECT: SCIENCE

WEEK 5: LESSON 2


Name: _____________________________________ Date: _____________________________

FACTS / TIPS: A person who installs or fixes wires and switches so that

lights and outlets work correctly is called an electrician.

Ways we can safely handle electrical equipment and deal with

electricity.

We must protect ourselves when handling electrical devices or

dealing with electricity. Electricity has the power to cause burns,

shocks and even death. Our body is made up of approximately 70%

water, and water is a conductor of electricity.

1. Do not overload electrical outlets.

2. Replace or repair damaged power cords.

3. Let an Electrician take care of all electrical work.

4. Never touch electrical appliances with wet hands.

5. Don't operate electrical appliances in or near

water.

6. Immediately turn off and disconnect any sparking

appliance.

7. Unplug small kitchen and household appliances

when they aren't in use.

8. Never fly kites near power lines.

https://wiki.kidzsearch.com/wiki/Wire

ON YOUR OWN:

1. A person who fixes the wires and switches so that lights and outlets

work the right way is called an ____________________

2. What should we do when an appliance starts to spark?

_______________________________________________________________

3. Why should we observe safety rules when dealing with electricity or

electrical appliances?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. ________________________________ is a conductor of electricity.

5. Two ways by which we can handle electrical equipment or deal

with electricity safely are:

1______________________________________________________________

2______________________________________________________________

HOMEWORK

List THREE other ways we can safely handle electrical equipment.

1 _____________________________________________________________

2 ______________________________________________________________________________

3 ______________________________________________________________________________

https://wiki.kidzsearch.com/wiki/Wire




SUBJECT: SCIENCE



Name: _____________________________________ Date: _____________________________


1. __________________________ is a form of energy that is made up of

tiny particles called electrons and protons.

2. A ________________________ is a closed path that allows electricity to

flow from one point to another.

3. In your own words, explain what would happen in there's a gap in a

circuit.

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

4. Name two parts of a simple circuit.

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

5. In a circuit, the electricity is provided by a

_________________________.

6. A ________________________ opens and closes gaps in a circuit. They

also control the flow of electricity in a circuit.

7. Name two equipment that will use electricity.

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

8. Define the term "electrician."

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

9. State two ways we can safely handle electrical equipment or deal

with electricity.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

10. Label the circuit below.




SUBJECT: SCIENCE

WEEK 6: LESSON 1

TOPIC: ENERGY-ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

Name: _____________________________________ Date: _____________________________

FACTS / TIPS:

Substances that allow electricity to flow through them are called

conductors.

Examples of good conductors of electricity

1. Copper

2. Steel

3. Iron

4. Graphite

5. Water

ON YOUR OWN:

1. Conductors are materials that_____________________.

a) allow heat to pass through c) allow cold to pass-through

b) stop heat from passing through d) stop cold from passing through

2. Give three examples of good conductors of electricity.

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

3. Which of these could be used to complete an electrical circuit?

a) a piece of grave b) rubber c) crayon d) pair of scissors

4. Which is NOT an example of a conductor in the kitchen?

a) metal spoons b) pots and pans c) wooden spoon

d) steel cups

HOMEWORK

List five conductors of electricity.

1 ___________________________

2 ___________________________

3 ___________________________

4 __________________________

5 __________________________

Paste pictures of the conductors listed above in your book.




SUBJECT: SCIENCE

WEEK 6: LESSON 2


Name: _____________________________________ Date: _____________________________

FACTS/ TIPS:

Substances that do not allow electricity to pass through them are

called insulators or non-conductors.

Examples of insulators of electricity:

1. Rubber

2. Plastic

3. Wood.

ON YOUR OWN:

1. Define the term “insulator.”

______________________________________________________________

2. Another word of insulator is ___________________________________.

3. List three examples of insulators

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

Which of the following is NOT an example of an insulator in the

kitchen?

a) rubber gloves b) pots and pans c) wooden spoon

d) sanitary cup

4. What is the difference between a conductor and an insulator?

___________________________________________________________

a) An insulator allows electricity to flow through it easily, and a

conductor does not.

b) A conductor allows electricity to flow through it easily, and an

insulator does not.

c) An insulator is magnetic, and a conductor is not.

d) Both conductors and insulators are magnetic.

5. Put a tick next to the items you think will be good

conductors.

lemon $10 coin nail

eraser soap marble

paper clip fork crayon

HOMEWORK

Test each object listed in the activity above using the circuit that you

made in the previous lesson.

Make a gap in the circuit, connect the wires to each of the items listed

above and observe which allows the bulb to

light.

Record your observation.

N.B. For best results, cut the lemon in half.




SUBJECT: SCIENCE



Name: _____________________________________ Date: _____________________________


1. Substances that allow electricity to pass through them are called

____________________.

2. Substances that do not allow electricity to pass through them are

called ___________________________________.

3. Why are electrical plugs made of plastic? __________________

a) Plastic is stronger than all other materials.

b) Plastic is a good electrical conductor.

c) Plastic protects people from electric shocks.

d) Only plastic can be made into the right shape.

4. Another name for insulator is ________________________.

5. Which is NOT an example of an insulator in the kitchen?

a) rubber gloves b) pots and pans c) plastic cups

d) wooden spoons

6.

(i)Mr. Persaud’s pet parrot flew onto one of the power lines outside

his yard. What should Mr. Persaud use to take the bird down from

the power line?

a) a metal ladder b) a wet stick c) a copper

pole d) a dry stick

(ii) Give a reason for your answer to the question above.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Insert the words under the correct category to complete the table.

Paper clip, sponge, eraser, water, dry piece of wood, graphite, plastic,

iron, nail


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