ANALYTICAL STUDY OF DIFFERENT MARKET SAMPLES ...

i

“A PHARMACO - ANALYTICAL STUDY OF

DIFFERENT MARKET SAMPLES OF DEVADARU”

Dissertation submitted to the

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of AYURVEDA VACHASPATHI

(Doctor of Medicine) In

DRAVYAGUNA VIGNANA

By Dr. VINEETH DEVASSIA., B.A.M.S

Under the Guidance of

Dr. VIJAYALAXMI P.B., M.D.(Ayu.).

Reader

DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN DRAVYAGUNA VIGNANA

K.V.G. AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL, AMBATE ADKA

SULLIA -574327, D.K., KARNATAKA

2018

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to thank my greatest teacher of all: God. I Thank God for

the wisdom and perseverance that he has bestowed upon me during this dissertation, and indeed,

throughout my life.

This thesis would have remained a dream had it not been for my Wonderful Parents

Mr. Devassia .E.T and Mrs. Sossamma.E.T who provided me the best education, and have been

with me in every walk of my life. I am very much happy to dedicate this work to my beloved Parents,

Sister Amrutha Devassia and Eramangalath Family whose prayers and support made me to complete

this job successfully.

It is beyond the reach of any language to express my sincere gratitude to

Late Dr. Kurunji Venkatramana Gowda, Founder President and Dr. K.V.Chidananda, President,

A.O.L.E.®Sullia, for giving me the golden opportunity to study in this institution.

I extend my gratefulness to the honourable Principal Dr. N.S.Shetter, for his great concern

and valuable advises

I extend my deep hearted gratitude to Dr.Leeladhara D.V ,Administrator, K.V.G. Ayurveda

Medical College & Hospital ,Sullia for his constant encouragement and support.

It is a great pleasure for me to express my gratitude with profound respect to my guide Dr.

Vijayalaxmi P.B for her indefatigable guidance. I offer my sincere thanks for her scholarly guidance in

carrying out this research work.

I express my deepest gratitude to my revered teacher Dr.Rajashekhara N. Professor &

H.O.D, Department Of Dravyaguna Vijnana, K.V.G.A.M.C, Sullia who has guided me throughout

my research work. I offer my sincere thanks for his scholarly guidance in carrying out this research

work.

ix

ABBREVIATIONS

Chi. - Chikitsa sthana

Utt - Uttarasthana

Kalpa - Kalpa sthana

Su - Suthra sthana

Shari - Shareera sthana

Khi - Kilasthana

Madya. kh - Madyama Khanda

Utt. kh - Uttara khanda

D.NI - Dhanwanthari Nighantu

M .P.NI - Madanapala Nighantu

SO.NI - Shodhala Nighantu

B.NI - Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

R.NI - Raja Nighantu

SH.NI - Shaligrama Nighantu

Ni.A - Nighantu Adarsha

MH.NI - Mahaushdh Nighantu

K.NI - Kaiyadeva Nighantu

x

P.NI - Priya Nighantu

DG-PLH - Dravyaguna Vijnana by Prakash L Hegde

DG - GP - Dravyaguna Vijnana by Gyanendra Pandey

DG – JLN - Dravyaguna Vijnana by J.L.N Shastry

DB - Database

S1 - Sample 1

S2 - Sample 2

S3 - Sample 3

S4 - Sample 4

Sample G (SG) - Genuine sample

TLC - Thin Layer Chromatography

HPTLC - High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography

Rf - Retention factor

+ - Present

- - Absent

xiv

LIST OF TABLES

Table no. TITLE Page No.

1 Table showing references in Charaka samhitha. 7

2 Table showing references in Susrutha samhitha. 8

3 Table showing references in Ashtanga Sangraha. 9

4 Table showing references in Ashtanga Hridaya. 10

5 Table showing references in Kashyapa Samhita. 11

6 Table showing references in Harita Samhita. 12

7 Table showing references in Chakradutta. 13

8 Table showing references in Bhela Samhita. 14

9 Table showing references in Vangasena Samhita. 14

10 Table showing references in Bhavaprakasha. 15

11 Table showing references in Gada Nigraha. 16

12 Table showing references in Rajamarthanda. 17

13 Table showing the synonyms of Devadaru according to

different acharyas.

25

14 Table showing the classification of Devadaru according to

different acharyas.

27

15 Table showing the Taxonomical classification of Cedrus

deodara (Roxb)Loud.

29

16 Table showing Chemical Constituents of Cedrus deodara

(Roxb)Loud. .

33

17 Table showing Parts used according to different texts . 36

xv

18 Table showing different Forms of dosages in texts. 36

19 Table showing Rasapanchaka of Devadaru according to

different acharyas .

37

20 Table showing Panchabhoutikatwa of the drug. 37

21 Table showing doshagnata of Devadaru according to

diffrent acharyas.

38

22 Table showing Karma of Devadaru according to different

acharyas.

38

23 Table showing Rogagntata of Devadaru. 39

24 Table showing important yogas in Bhaishajya ratnavali. 41

25 Table showing important yogas in Sharangadhara

Samhita.

42

26 Table showing important yogas in Yogatarangini. 43

27 Table showing important yogas in Yogaratnakara. 44

28 Table showing properties of Devadaru taila in classics . 47

29 Table showing Macroscopic features of different

samples.

66

30 Table showing comparative organoleptic characters of

different samples.

66

31 Table showing comparative physico-chemical analysis of

different samples.

73

32 Table showing physical characters of aqueous extraction

of different samples.

74

33 Table showing physical characters of alcoholic extraction 74

xvi


34 Table showing physical characters of petroleum benzene

extraction of different samples.

75

35 Table showing physical characters of acetone extraction


75

36 Table showing physical characters of chloroform

extraction of different samples.

75

37 Table showing phytochemical analysis of aqueous extract


76

38 Table showing phytochemical analysis of alchoholic

extract of different samples.

77

39 Table showing phytochemical analysis of petroleum

benzene extract of different samples.

78

40 Table showing phytochemical analysis of acetone extract


79

41 Table showing phytochemical analysis of chloroform

extract of different samples.

80

42 Table showing the results of the tests for Inorganic

constituents in different samples.

81

43 Table showing HPTLC results of alcoholic extracts of

different samples @254nm.

82

44 Table showing HPTLC results of alcoholic extracts of

different samples @366nm.

86

xvii

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPH

Sl.No. Title Page No.

1 Photograph of Fruit of Cedrus deodara (Roxb)Loud. 31

2 Photograph of Leaves of Cedrus deodara (Roxb)Loud. 31

3 Photograph of whole tree of Cedrus deodara (Roxb)Loud. 32

4 Field visit Photographs of Cedrus deodara (Roxb)Loud. At

Himachal Pradesh.

32

5 Photographs of Karnataka market Sample and powder. 67

6 Photographs of West bengal market Sample and powder. 67

7 Photographs of Himachal Pradesh market Sample and powder. 68

8 Photographs of Maharashtra market Sample and powder. 68

9 Photographs of Genuine Sample and powder. 69

10 Photographs of powder microscopy of Sample 1. 69




14 Photographs of powder microscopy of Sample G. 72

15 Photograph of HPTLC plate views of Devadaru

Samples @254nm.

91

16 Photograph of HPTLC plate views of Devadaru

Samples @366nm.

91

17 Photograph of Derivatized HPTLC plate views of Devadaru

Samples at white light.

92

xviii

LIST OF GRAPH

GRAPH NO. TITLE PAGE NO

1 Rf values of a) Sample 1

b) Sample 2

c) Sample 3

d) Sample 4

e) Sample G @254nm

92

2 Rf values of a) Sample 1

b) Sample 2

c) Sample 3

d) Sample 4

e) Sample G @366nm

93

xi

ABSTRACT

Ayurveda the system of medicine gives a total approach to health , healing and

longevity. Primitive man observed and appreciated the great diversity of plants available

to him.

It was again during last 100 years of Aline rule that the social and economic

condition in India changed that the process of urbanization began and growth of forest

neglected. It was during this period that the Ayurvedic physician took to cities and lost

their contact with forest and drug sources. It was during this period the crude drug

supplying agencies came up and commercial manufacturer of Ayurvedic medicines on

mass scale in factories started. These were the inevitable consequences of the socio-

economic changes in the country. The new economic set up was such that the Ayurvedic

practitioner could no longer process and prepare his own medicines but had to depend

on the big pharmaceutical houses.

Objectives

• To procure the different market samples of Devadaru and genuine

sample from natural habitat.

• To compare the market samples with genuine sample by

pharmacognostic and Phyto-chemical parameters.

Materials and methods

• Collection of Devadaru [cedrus deodara (Roxb)Loud]. Heart wood

from natural habitat and procurement of different market samples of

Devadaru.

• Pharmacognostic study of market and genuine samples.

xii

• Market samples are collected from the different parts of india viz.

Karnataka, West Bengal , Himachal Pradesh and Maharashtra for the

present study.

• Aqueous and alcoholic extraction of all the samples were carried out.

• Physico-chemical and phyto-chemical study of Market and Genuine

sample was done.

• Qualitative analysis by H.P.T.L.C of alcohol extract was carried out

for all samples

• For the H.P.T.L.C work TLC chamber, silica gel G precoated plate,

UV chamber , automotive sample applicator and H.P.T.L.C scanner are

used.

Result

After the pharmacognostic and analytical study none of the market

sample values are not upto the genuine sample values.

Keywords: Pharmacognostical, analytical, Karnataka, West bengal, Himachal

Pradesh, Maharashtra.

Introduction

A Pharmaco - Analytical Study of Different Market Samples of Devadaru 1

1. INTRODUCTION

Ayurveda, is the most sacred and Honoured by those proficient in the Vedas as it

is beneficial to mankind in respect of both the worlds1. Ayurveda is referred as Indian

medicine as it deep rooted with Indian vision and Sanskrit. Great ayurvedic and Sanskrit

scholars of ancient India have selected genuine, safe and time tested herbs that were

growing in their flora which have been keenly documented as many Sanskrit text with

the help of Namaroopa Vijnana2. The use of plants as medicine is older than recorded

history. It was an integral part of the development of modern civilization. Primitive man

observed and appreciated the great diversity of plants available to him.

In pre historic age, man started to use plants around him in various ways as diet

and drug. Later on when the concepts were developed their possible mode of action was

studied and their properties were defined scientifically. The object of this scientific

knowledge was again to enable physician to make judicious use in a more effective way.

According to Charaka, the physician is distinguished by the knowledge of their judicious

use in various disorders in order to alleviate human suffering. He adds that a plant even if

well identified creates havoc if not used properly.

योगाद प वषं ती णमु तम ंभेषजं भवेत ्|

भेषजं चा प दयुु तं ती ण ंस प यते वषम ्|| (च.स.ू१/१२६)

‘The proper use makes a good remedy even out of poison while a good medicinal plants

acts as poison if used Improperly3.

In present days the demand of Ayurvedic formulations is increasing on large

scale, so Ayurvedic physicians are largely dependent on market, both for raw drugs as

well as formulations. This is because of the acute shortage of crude drug materials these

days. Indiscriminate use of adulterants in place of genuine drug in the herbal markets is

Introduction


becoming rampet. Adulteration in market samples is one of the greatest drawbacks in

promotion of herbal products.

Devadaru [Cedrus deodara (Roxb)Loud.] is a common drug and being used for

many ayurvedic formulations, eg: Bhadradharvyadhi kashayam4 Rasnapanchakam

kashayam5 Rasna dashamoolam kashayam5 and it is also used in Peenasa, Vibandha ,

Hikka, Shotha6. Acharya Susrutha mentioned it as Dushtavrana shodhaka, Krimihara,

Kushtahara7 and Vata shamaka7.

Devadaru is an important plant belongs to Coniferae family found in the North-

western Himalayas at altitude of 1200-3000 meter. In Sanskrit, the Himalayan Cedar and

Deodhar Trees go by the name of Devadaru ( देवदा ) - Deva (देव) meaning God, and

Daru (दा ) meaning wood. Devadaru- 'The Wood/Tree of the Gods"8.

It is a large evergreen tree grown in Himalayan range, 85m in height, with

rough, black, furrowed bark and spreading branches9. The Heart wood of Devadaru is

light yellowish brown and it has strong penetrating odour. On injury, stem exudes

resin10.

Instead of Devadaru [Cedrus deodara (Roxb)Loud.] species like Pinus

roxburghii, Pinus longifolia are available in the market11. The drug may become

ineffective if adulterated or substituted, though these plants belong to same family yet

they differ considerably in pharmacological activity. To curb such malpractices it is

necessary to compare the quality of genuine and market raw materials on the basis of

pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation.

Thus the present study is intended to find which is the reliable source of

Devadaru by comparing the values with Genuine sample based on the

Pharmacognostical and analytical study.

Introduction


OUTLINE OF PROPOSED DISSERTATION WORK:

The present study is undertaken and presented in the following chapters.

1) Introduction: This chapter deals with brief description about Ayurveda, and plan

of present study.

2) Objectives: This chapter points out the aims and objectives of the study with

hypothesis.

3) Review of literature:

a. Drug Review: The detail description about drug for a clear cut drug

identity both classical and modern drug review was done.

4) Methodology: Given in 2 sections.

a) Pharamacognostical study: In this chapter macroscopic and microscopic

study of heart wood of Devadaru is described.

b) Analytical study: As a step towards standardization of the drug. It was

subjected to physico-chemical analysis and phyto-chemical analysis.

5) Observation and Result: Results of the research work are enlisted in this

chapter.

6) Discussion: The observation made during analytical study are discussed to arrive

at proper conclusions. Probable mode of action of the drug and further scope of the

study elucidated here.

7) Conclusion: Finally the essence of this dissertation is enlightened.

8) Summary: Precise form of the dissertation.

Objectives


2. OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of the present study are as follows –

1. Pharmacognostical study of all the samples collected from market.

2. To compare the genuine sample of DEVADARU [Cedrus deodara (Roxb)Loud.]

with different market samples on the basis of pharmacognostic and phytochemical

study.

3. Analytical study of the collected samples.

4. To compile and compare the data generated during the study to find out whether

there is any significant differences exist in pharmacognostical and phytochemical

profiles of different market samples.

Review of Literature


3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

3.1. DRUG REVIEW-DEVADARU

Botanical name : Cedrus deodara (Roxb) Loud.

Family : Coniferae.

देवदा - देवानां दा | तेषां य वात 12 |

The nirukti of word Devadaru signifies, the tree which is favourite for Deva (Gods).

VEDIC AND HISTORICAL REVIEW13

Devadaru is a well known plant; the reference regarding this drug could be traced

out in Vedas.

• Devadaru Pathra has been explained in Atharvaveda.

• Mentioned as peethadaru in kataka samhita and paanineeya gana.

• Devadaru specialy mentioned under the name KASAMBU in

Hiranyakeshisrouthasuthra.

• Devadaru used as a lepana dravya in vishnudharma suthra.

• Devadaru mentioned under vanoushdha varga in Amarakosha14.

It is in use since vedic period in temples and in making incense even said that by

sitting under its shade many diseases cures especially asthma. The Himalayan Cedar is

called Devadaru / Devataru (Tree of the Gods). The Deodar tree forest were the favourite

living places of ancient Indian sages who were devoted to Hindu God Shiva (As in

Atharva veda it is described by the name Bhadra. In Kalpasutra by the name Daru. It is

also described in Shaunik Atharveda Samhita, Paraskar grahsutra, Kaushik sutra,

Patanjal mahabhapya. In Ramayan, Mahabharat also there are hymns on it.15



INTRODUCTION TO THE DRUG:

Devadaru {Cedrus deodara (Roxb)Loud.} is a species in the family Coniferae.

Charaka described under Sthanya shodhanadhi gana and Anuvasanopaka varga 16 while

susruta mentioned it as Vatashamaka, Dushtavrana Shodhaka ,Krimihara, Kushtahara

and specialy described under Vachadi gana. Devadaru is a very well known plant widely

available in all parts of India. As an ornamental tree there are few trees in the world that

can compare with deodar even when the most beautiful of those of its own family are

taken into account. Natural deodar forests occur from the outer Himalayas where the full

strength of monsoon is felt, through the intermediate ranges and valleys to the inner

arid.They are found on all the important geological formations and on hill slopes varying

from moderate valleys. The best growth is attained on deep fairly porous, fertile soils and

in cool situations with an annual rainfall of 40-70in. Considerable part of which comes as

winter snow17.

References regarding the drug Devadaru is available in ayurvedic classics.

According to the available references, Devadaru plays a significant role in the treatment

of many diseases. We do come across Devadaru in Brihatrayi texts. From this it is clear

that Devadaru is known during the ancient period itself.

SAMHITA PERIOD:-

1.CHARAKA SAMHITA18

Acharya Charaka quoted Devadaru at various places.The references are compiled

below. Acharya charaka mentioned Devadaru under Stanya shodhanadi gana and

Anuvasanopaka varga. He mentioned devadaru in management of many disease, some of

the important references are:



Table No. 1. Showing references of Devadaru in Charaka samhita:

SL.NO REFERENCES TO CONTEXT SLOKA NO.

1 Content of Mustadi churna in kusta chikitsa Chi.7/65.Pg-337

2 One of the Kashaya dravya in sannipatika jwara

chikitsa

Chi.3/210.Pg-180

3 Content of Madwasava in kushta and kilasa

chikitsa

Chi.7/73.Pg-339

4 Content of Kalyanaka ghrita in Unmada chikitsa Chi.9/35.Pg-424

5 Content of Lasunadi ghrita in Unmada chikitsa Chi.9/54.Pg-430

6 Content of kshara gutika in shyavathu chikitsa Chi.12/43.Pg-498

7 Content of Patolamulaadi kashaya Chi.12/53.Pg-501

8 Content of Hriveradi ghrita Chi.14/230.Pg-628

9 Content of Dashamooladya ghrita Chi.15/82.Pg-36

10 Content of Punarnava mandura Chi.16/93.Pg-105

11 Content of Mandura vatakam Chi.16/102.Pg-107

12 Content of Vyoshadya ghrita Chi.16/119.Pg-111

13 Content of Trayushnadya ghrita Chi.18/39.Pg-167

14 Content of Padmakadi lehya Chi.18/174.Pg-197

15 Content of Mahamayura ghrita Chi.26/167.Pg-519

16 Content of Devadarvadi taila Chi.26/223.Pg-532

17 Content of Kshara taila Chi.26/226.Pg-532

18 Content of Mahanila taila Chi.26/269.Pg-542

19 Content of Kushtadya taila Chi.27/43.Pg-12

20 Content of Bala taila Chi.28/150.Pg-62



21 Content of Mulakadya taila Chi.28/168.Pg-65

22 Content of Tagaradi lepam Chi.29/150.Pg-125

23 Content of Saindhavadi taila Chi.30/58½.Pg-145

24 Content of Guduchyadi taila Chi.30/60.Pg-145

25 Content of Mulaka taila Chi.28/172.Pg-66

2. SUSRUTHA SAMHITA19

Susrutha mentioned Devadaru taila and its property under Taila varga. He

mentioned Devadaru in management of any diseases. Some of the important references

are compiled below.

Table No.2. Showing references of Devadaru in Susrutha Samhita:


1 Content of Nila taila Chi.9/31.Pg-110

2 Content of Bala taila Chi.15/31.Pg-155

3 Content of Panchagavya ghrita Utt.39/242.Pg-210

4 One of the content of Amathisara oushadayoga Utt.40/35.Pg-229

5 Content of Siddharthaka ghrita Utt.61/31.Pg-407

6 Content of Kalyanaka ghrita Utt.62/22.Pg-413

7 Content of Gandha taila Chi.3/58.Pg-53

8 Content of Varunakadi ghrita Chi.7/14.Pg-88

9 One of the content of Kushtaharayoga Chi.9/47.Pg-112

10 One of the content of Vataja Upadamsha

lepanayoga

Chi.19/28.Pg-186

11 Content of Shatyadi taila Chi.27/8.Pg-347



12 Content of Chitrakadi taila Chi.27/16.Pg-348

13 Content of Bhutikadi taila Chi.27/19.Pg-348

14 Content of Sampakadi basti Chi.28/43.Pg-371

15 Content of Dashamooladi basti Chi.28/64.Pg-374

16 Content of Tarkshya agada Kalpa.5/65.Pg-460

17 Content of Kalyanaka ghrita Kalpa.6/8.Pg-465

18 Content of Mahasugandi agada Kalpa.6/14.Pg-466

19 Content of Slipada chikitsa lepanayoga Chi.19/58.Pg-190

3. ASHTANGA SANGRAHA20,21

Acharya Vagbhata mentioned Devadaru under Niruhopayogi, Sirovirechanopayogi,

Vatashamaka, Kaphashamaka, Stanyashodhaka, Katuskandha20.

He mentioned Devadaru in management of many diseases, some of the important

references are:

Table No.3. Showing references of Devadaru in Ashtanga sangraha:


1 Content of Anu taila Su.29/9.Pg-426

2 Content of Sannipata Jwara chikitsa

kashayayoga

Chi.1/63.Pg-546

3 Mentioned under Vata Jwara nashakayoga Chi.1/65.Pg-546

4 Content of Paatadi ghrita Chi.10/125.Pg-771

5 Content of Baladi ghrita Chi.10/126.Pg-772

6 Content of Dashamooladi ghrita Chi.12/15.Pg-807

7 Content of Dhanwantharam ghrita Chi.14/39.Pg-844



8 Content of Mustadi louha Chi.14/50.Pg-848

9 Content of Khadiradi louha Chi.21/40.Pg-945

10 Content of Mahavajra taila Chi.21/110.Pg-962

11 Content of Sahacharadi taila Chi.23/106.Pg-1004

12 Content of Erandadi niruha basti Kalpa.4/7.Pg-1084

13 Content of Keshaatakadi basti kalpa Kalpa.4/17.Pg-1086

14 Content of Mahakshara Chi.10/169.Pg-779

15 Content of pippalyadi taila for anuvasana basti Chi.10/180.Pg-781

16 Content of Doshahara basti Kalpa.5/7.Pg-1095

4. ASHTANGA HRIDAYAM 22,23

Acharya Vagbhata mentioned Devadaru under Niruha and Vatagna gana. He

mentioned Devadaru in management of many diseases, some of the important references

are:

Table No.4. Showing references of Devadaru in Ashtanga Hridayam:


1 Content of Anu taila Su.20/37.Pg-246

2 Content of Bala taila Shari.2/48.Pg-363

3 Content of Sannipatika Jwara chikitsa yoga Chi.1/65.Pg-562

4 Content of Patoladi churna Chi.10/35.Pg-699

5 Content of Dhanwantharam ghrita Chi.12/19.Pg-717

6 Content of Bharangiyadi churna Chi.14/121.Pg-744

7 Content of Devadarvadi lepa Chi.15/48.Pg-751



8 Content of Mandura vataka Chi.16/16.Pg-764

9 Content of Vyoshadi ghrita Chi.16/36.Pg-766

10 Content of Patoladi kashaya Chi.17/32.Pg-774

11 Content of Amruthadi churna Chi.17/40.Pg-775

12 Content of Lakshadi churna Chi.19/41.Pg-788

13 Content of Nimbadi ghrita Chi.21/59.Pg-811

14 Content of Sahacharadi kashaya Chi.21/56.Pg-811

15 Content of Sahacharadi taila Chi.21/71.Pg-813

16 Content of Erandamuladi kalpa Kalpa.4/7.Pg-850

17 Content of Keshathakadi kalpa Kalpa.4/17.Pg-851

18 Content of Sringyadi ghrita Utt.2/51.Pg-894

19 Content of Lakshadi taila Utt.2/55.Pg-894

20 Content of Bhutarava ghrita Utt.5/19.Pg-915

21 Content of Bhadrasryadi taila Utt.30/22.Pg-1108

22 Content of Kalyanaka ghrita Utt.6/26.Pg-924

5. KASHYAPA SAMHITA 24


refrences are:

Table No.5. Showing references Devadaru in Kashyapa Samhita:

SL.NO REFERENCES TO CONTEXT SLOKA. NO

1 One of the content of Lehana yoga Su.18/41.Pg-8

2 Content of Ksheera shodhaka yoga Su.18/6.Pg-10

3 One of the content of Lehana yoga for urdhwa vata Chi.2/11.Pg-164



4 Content of Mahaabhayarishta Chi.7/18.Pg-187

5 Mentioned under Shamana dravya Khi.2/57.Pg-446

6 One of the content of Raktha gulma chikitsayoga Khi.9/88.Pg-550

7 Content of Vatika Jwara chikitsayoga Khi.10/30Pg-557

8 Content of Shyavathu chikitsa kashaya yoga Khi.17/71.Pg-646

9 Content of Shyavathu chikitsa lepana yoga Khi.17/75.Pg-646

10 Content of Shoola chikitsa basti yoga Khi.18/46.Pg-653

11 Content of Sannipata Jwara chikitsa kashaya yoga Khi.19/49.Pg-662.

6. HARITA SAMHITA 25


references are:

Table No.6. Showing references of Devadaru in Harita Samhita tritiya sthana:


1 Content of Mustadi kashaya 2/120.Pg-211

2 Content of Bhunimbadi kashaya 2/125.Pg-212

3 Content of Brihatasanadi kashaya 2/126.Pg-212

4 Content of Vatsakadi kashaya 3/16.Pg-231

5 Content of Brihatdhigu churna 7/33.Pg-266

6 Content of Dharvadi kashaya 7/56.Pg-269

7 Content of Manduka vati 8 /19.Pg-275

8 Content of Drakshavaleha 18/34.Pg-355



7.CHAKRADUTTA 26


references are:

Table No.7. Showing references of Devadaru in Chakradutta:


1 Content of Rasnadi kashaya 1/71.Pg-11

2 Content of Nimbadi kashaya 1/104.Pg-16

3 Content of Kalingadi churna 3/48.Pg-53

4 Content of Vidangadi kashaya 3/64.Pg-55

5 Content of Pippalyadya taila 5/107.Pg-83

6 Content of Punarnava mandura 8/42.Pg-111

7 Content of Moorvadya ghrita 8/54.Pg-112

8 Content of Vyoshadya ghrita 8/56.Pg-112

9 Content of Chandanadya taila 10/87.Pg-133

10 Content of Kolaadi lepa 22/85.Pg-193.

11 Content of Mahabala taila 22/105.Pg-196

12 Content of Narayana taila 22/123.Pg-197

13 Content of Amruthadya ghrita 22/128Pg-228

14 Content of Kushtadya taila 24/13.Pg-225

15 Content of Rasnapanchakam kashayam 25/7.Pg-228

16 Content of Rasnasaptakam kashayam 25/8.Pg-228

17 Content of Yogaraja gulggulu 25/27.Pg-230

18 Content of Dhanwanthara ghrita 35/31.Pg-304

19 Content of Punarnavashtaka kashaya 37/52.Pg-319

20 Content of Shatapushpadya ghrita 40/31.Pg-341

21 Content of Saptavimshatika gulggulu 45/13.Pg-378

22 Content of Kshara taila 57/18.Pg-471



8. BHELA SAMHITA 27


references are:

Table No.8. Showing references of Devadaru in Bhela samhita:


1 Content of Kshara agada Chi.5/40.Pg-325

2 Content of Drakshadi churna Chi.6/57.Pg-336

3 Content of Karanjaadisekalepa Chi.14/8.Pg-385

4 Content of Dashamooladi taila Chi.14/11.Pg-385

5 Content of Changeri ghrita Chi.16/43.Pg-401

6 Content of Trayushnadi churna Chi.20/29.Pg-428

7 Content of Rasna taila Chi.24/27.Pg-451

9.VANGASENA SAMHITA 28


references are:

Table No.9. Showing references of Devadaru in Vangasena Samhita:


1 Content of Kalyana ghrita Jwaradikara CH:43/614.Pg-47

2 Content of Lakshadi taila Jwaradikara CH:43/634.Pg-48

3 Content of Manjishtadya ghrita JwaradikaraCH:56/768.Pg-58

4 Content of Mahabilva taila AthisaraadikaraCH:76/223.Pg-80

5 Content of Dhwipanchamooladi ghrita Grahani roga adikaraCH:89/39.Pg-92

6 Content of Devadarvyadi ghrita Panduroga adikaraCH:155/37.Pg-158



7 Content of Chandanadi taila Panduroga adikara188/128.Pg-188

8 Content of Bhringaraja taila Kasaadikara /66.Pg-199

9 Content of Bhrihat agastyahareetaki Kasaadikara/184.Pg-208

10 Content of Erandadi gulggulu Vata vyadi adikara/217.Pg-275

11 Content of Sahacharadi taila Vata vyadi adikara/259.Pg-278

12 Content of Mahakalyanaka taila Vata vyadi adikara/276.Pg-279

13 Content of Mahanarayana taila Vata vyadi adikara/306.Pg-281

10. BHAVAPRAKASHA 29

Acharya Bhavamishra mentioned Devadaru under Karpooradi varga29. He

mentioned Devadaru in management of many diseases, some of the important

references are:

Table No.10 Showing references of Devadaru in Bhavaprakasa:


1 Content of Sudarshana churna Madya.kh.1/128.Pg-19

2 Content of Lakshadi taila Madya.kh.1/149.Pg-21

3 Content of Mahalakshadi taila Madya.kh.1/154.Pg-22

4 Content of Bilva taila Madya.kh.2/113.Pg-138

5 Content of Brihat agnimukha churna Madya.kh.6/47.Pg-183

6 Content of Punarnavadi mandura Madya.kh.8/30.Pg-206

7 Content of Mandura vataka Madya.kh.8/50.Pg-208

8 Content of Prasarani taila Madya.kh.24/35.Pg-319

9 Content of Rasnasaptaka kashaya Madya.kh.24/144 .Pg-333

10 Content of Mahabala taila Madya.kh.24/172.Pg-337



11 Content of Ajamodadi churna Madya.kh.26/91.Pg-377

12 Content of Yogaraja gulggulu. Madya.kh.26/97.Pg-377

13 Content of Triphala gulggulu. Madya.kh.29/213.Pg-413

14 Content of Phalatrikadi kashaya Madya.kh.38/59.Pg-492

15 Content of Dhanwantharam ghrita Madya.kh.38/93.Pg-496

16 Content of Gandha taila Madya.kh.48/38.Pg-573

17 Content of Laghu manjishtadi kashaya Madya.kh.54/99.Pg-612

18 Content of Brihat manjishtadi kashaya Madya.kh.54/104.Pg-613

19 Content of Laghu marichadi taila Madya.kh.54/107.Pg-613

20 Content of Mahachandanadi taila Utt.kh.1/51..Pg-832

11. GADA NIGRAHA30


references are:

Table No.11. Showing references of Devadaru in Gada Nigraha:


1 Content of Manjishtadya ghrita 1/1.Pg-4

2 Content of Dhanwantharam ghrita 1/95.Pg-18

3 Content of Kandakari ghrita 1/190.Pg-31

4 Content of Trayushnadya ghrita 1/194.Pg-32

5 Content of Gulggulu panchathikta ghrita 1/262.Pg-42

6 Content of Visheamrutham ghrita 1/287.Pg-46

7 Content of Katukadya ghrita 1/341.Pg-54



8 Content of Kalyanaka ghrita 1/363.Pg-57

9 Content of Mahathikthaka ghrita 1/407.Pg-63

10 Content of Brihatmasha taila 2/150.Pg-92

11 Content of Khadiradya taila 2/253.Pg-107

12 Content of Shirishadya taila 2/285.Pg-110

13 Content of Gandha taila 2/424.Pg-131

14 Content of Karpooradya taila 2/470.Pg-137

15 Content of Dhwipanchamooladya taila 2/489.Pg-140

16 Content of Ajamodadya churna 3/21.Pg-152

17 Content of Kirata thikthadya churna 3/400.Pg-212

18 Content of Kirata thikthadi louham 3/422.Pg-215

19 Content of Mandur vataka 4/53.Pg-227

20 Content of Sarshapadya gutika 4/259.Pg-258

21 Content of Punarnava mandur 4/282.Pg-261

22 Content of Kumaryasava 5/3.Pg-346

12 .RAJAMARTHANDA31


references are:

Table No.12. Showing references of Devadaru in Rajamarthanda:


1 Devadaru taila used for karnashoola 2/1.Pg-9

2 Devadaru churna used for Pakshmashata 3/6.Pg-15

3 Devadaru Phala taila used for Nasya 5/12.Pg-21



NIGHANTU PERIOD:-

The era of nighantu is very much important for the systematic study of drugs.

Some of the nighantus explained about Devadaru.

Dhanwantari Nighantu (10th century A.D)32

Dhanwantari Nighantu explains Devadaru under GUDUCHYADI VARGA and also

mentions about different paryayas, its rasa, doshaghnata and rogaghnata.

Madanapala Nighantu (13th century A.D)33

Madanapala Nighantu mentions Devadaru under ABHYADI VARGA and also

explains about the paryayas, rasa, guna, doshaghnata and rogaghnata.

Shodhala Nighantu (13th century A.D)34

Shodhala Nighantu grouped this drug under GUDUCHYADI VARGA.This

nighantu explains about the different paryayas.

Kaiyadeva Nighantu (15th century A.D)35

Kaiyadeva Nighantu mentions this drug under OSHADHI VARGA. Kaiyadeva

Nighantu explains about the different synonyms, its rasa, guna, veerya, vipaka,

doshaghnata and its rogaghnata.

Bhavaprakasa Nighantu (16th Century A.D)36

Bhavamisra mentions this drug under KARPOORADI VARGA explains about the

paryayas, gunas , rasa,vipaka,doshaghnata,rogaghnata.

Raja Nighantu (17th century A.D)37

Raja Nighantu mentions this drug under CHANDANADI VARGA explains about

different paryayas,guna, rasa,mathra, veerya, doshaghnata and rogaghnata.Specialy

mentions two types of devadaru called SNIGHDADARU AND KASHTADARU.

and its properties.



Shaligrama Nighantu Bhooshanam (19th century A.D)38

Shaligrama Nighantu mentions this drug under KARPOORADI VARGA.It also

explains about the paryayas, rasa, guna, vipaka and types of devadaru.

DEVADARU TAILA mentions under taila varga .

Priya Nighantu39

Priya Nighantu mentions this drug under HARITAKYADI VARGA.It also explains

about the prayayas, rasa, guna, doshaghnata and rogaghnata.

Mahaushadh Nighantu40

Mahaushadh Nighantu mentions this drug under CHANDANADI VARGA. It also

explains about the rasa, gunas, vipaka and rogaghnata.

MODERN PERIOD

Modern period is the period just after nighantu period. Devadaru is explained in most

of the modern books and as follows.

Nighantu adarsha : (20th century A.D)41

It is explained under DEVADARVYADI VARGA.Explains about the nirukti,

paryayas.

Dravyaguna Vignana : By Dr.P.V.Sharma42

Mentions under vedanasthapana. Explains about morphology,external and internal

administration,formulations, utpatti sthana.

DravyagunaVijnana : By Dr. Gynanendra Pandey43

He has explained in detail the vernacular names, morphology, chemical composition,

pharmacodynamics, properties and action, therapeutic uses, part used, dosage of the

drug.

Dravyaguna Vijnana : By Dr. J.L.N. Shastry44

Detailed description about its morphology,chemical constituents, classical

categorization, properties, useful parts,yogas,dosage and research works.



Dravyaguna Vijanana : By D.S. Lucas45

Describes vernacular names,utpatti sthana,chemical composition, habitat, habit, parts

used, guna, doshakarma, rogaghnakarma, roganivaraka karma and dosage of the

drug.

Ayurvedic Thesaurus or Paryaya Kosa(Herbs and Diseases) :

By Kanchiv Lochan46

Description regarding its synonyms.

Database on Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda : By K.V Billore, M.B .

Yelne,T.J Dennis ,B.G.Chaudhari47

Detailed description about the vernacular names, rasa panchaka, pharmacognosy,

chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, formulations, therapeutic uses,

substitutes and adulterants.

Indian Medicinal Plants : By Vaidyaratnam P.S.Varrier48

Description regarding its distribution, parts used, properties and uses.

A Handbook of Medicinal plants a complete source book : By Narayan das

prajapati, S.S .Purohit, Arun. K. Sharma and Tarun Kumar.49

Description about its vernacular names, habitat, propagation, parts used,

chemical constituents and uses of the drug is mentioned.

Classical Uses of Medicinal Plants : By P.V. Sharma50

Therapeutic uses of the drug which is classically mentioned is described.

Indian Medicinal Plants : By Kirtikar K.R. and B.D. Basu51

Detailed description regarding the morphology, uses and vernacular names is

available in the text.

A handbook of Dravyaguna : By Prof.J.K Ojha52



Explains about its morphology, habitat, Chemical constituents, part used, dose,

therapeutic uses and preperations.

Agro’s Dictionary of Medicinal Plants : By Narayana Das Prajapati and Dr

.Kumar U.53

Describes vernacular names of the drug and its uses.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India54

Describes in details the vernacular names, macroscopic and microscopic description,

identity, purity and strength, TLC, chemical constituents, properties and actions,

important formulations, therapeutic uses and dosage of the stem of the drug.

Aromatic and Medicinal Plants : By Dr.Shiva.M.P,Dr.Alok lehri,Ms Alka

shiva55

Explains about its origin and history, habit, morphology, distribution, propagation,

active principle, physico-chemical properties, uses, marketing and trade.

Indian Materia Medica : By K.M. Nadkarni56

Describes vernacular names, habitat, properties, constituents, part used and uses.

Medicinal plants of India : By K.M. Nadkarni57

Describes vernacular names, habitat, properties and uses of the drug.

Medicinal Plants of Himalaya : By Dr.Gyanendra Pandey58

Detailed discription about its morphology, medicinal and therapeutic utility,physico-

chemical properties and uses of deodar oil and availability and growth of ceder

trees.

A dictionary of medicinal plants : By A.S Sandhu and A.P Singh59

Mentions about habitat, part used, main constituents and medicinal uses.



Supplement to Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants : By

R.N.Chopra,K.Chopra,B.S. Varma60.

Brief discription about tree.

Indian Plants And Drugs : By K.M.Nadkarni61

Description about its vernacular names, habitat, Properties and uses.

Text Book Of Dravya guna : By Dr. Nishteswar. K.62

Description about its Chief character, synonyms, guna, indication, therapeutic uses,

part used, specific formulations and research studies.

Medicinal Properties of Plants: Antifungal,Antibacterial And Antiviral

Activities : By A.B Ray, B.K Sarma,U. P Singh63

Mentions about fungitoxicity of cedrus deodara oil.

Medicinal Plants Of India-An Encyclopaedia : By Dr.Ravindra Sharma64

Description about morphology, distribution, therapeutic uses.

Wealth of India65

Description about vernacular names, distribution, morphology, chemical constituents

are available.

Ayurvedic Pharmacology And Therapeutic uses Of Medicinal Plants

(Dravyaguna vignyan) : By Vaidya Vishnu Mahadev gogte66

Mentions about guna, kula, botanical description, habitat, external and internal uses,

important formulations etc.

Medicinal Flora Of Garhwal Himalayas : By Dr. M .R .Uniyal67

Mentions about its vernacular names, habit, distribution and medicinal uses.

A Lexion of Medicinal Plants in India : By P. Sensarma , D. C Pal, D.N Guha

Bakshi68



Mentions about its vernacular names, distribution, traditional use, modern use,

phytography, phenology , ecology and cultivation.

Healing Herbs of Himalaya69

Mentions about its distribution, dosages, uses, formulations and contraindications.

Report on secreening of single herbal drug extracts for potential anticancer

activity70

Describes about macroscopic, microscopic, powder microscopy, standardization of

cedrus and TLC of cedrus deodara (hydroalcoholic extract).

Dravyaguna Hastamalaka : By Banavarilal Misra71

Describes distribution, morphology, guna-karma, therapeutic uses, parts used and

dosage of the drug.

Ayurvedokta Oushadha Niruktamala : By Dr. J. L. N. Sastry72

Describes about etymological derivations of different paryayas of Devadaru.

Gunaratnamala of Sri Bhavamisra : By Dr. Kailash Pati Pandey and Dr. Anugrah

Narain Singh, Foreworded by Prof P. V. Sharma73

Describes about property and it is mentioned under Sugandha karpooradi vargha.

Vopadeva’s Hridayadipika Nighantu and Siddhamantra of Vaidya acharya

Kesava : By Prof P. V.Sharma74

In Siddhamanthra Devadaru is mentioned under Kaphavataghna varga and In

Hridaya dipika nigantu it is mentioned under chatushpada varga.

Abhidhanaratnamala (Sadrasanighantu) : Edited by Prof. P.V .Sharma75

Mentioned under Katu dravya skanda.

Studies on medicinal plants & drugs in Saraswatinighantu : By Dr.S.D. Kamat76

Describes its synonyms and it is mentioned under chandanadi varga.

Madhava – dravyagunah (Bhavaswabhavavadah) : By Dr. P. V.Sharma77



Mentioned under Vividoushadivarga and Taila varga.

Amarakosa of Amarasimha : By Pt. Haragovinda Sastri14

Mentioned under Vanoushadha varga.

SYNONYMS WITH NIRUKTI72

In the olden days, the prevailing system of description of a medicinal plant was

through various synonyms that were indicative of its physical characters, properties,

actions, habitat, therapeutic uses, specific natural characteristics etc.

Hence, the knowledge of synonyms of the drugs plays an important role in identifying a

plant botanically in the present era.

NIRUKTI

१) क लम ं– कल त ड त लघु वात | कल वे य डनयाः |

Its branches and leaves will be flutering in air because of their light weight.

२) दा – दारय त वब धा द रोगान ्इ त |

provides relief from constipation.

३) देवदा – देवानां दा इ त | दा णां वा देव इ त |

It is Considered as the tree of heavens or It is treated as god among the trees.

४) ु कलमः - ौ क धे कलमं नयासोअ य इ त |

Its Stem Contains some resin or gum.

५ ) पा रभ कः - प र न ठा ा तं भ म अ य प रभ ः |

The one whose prosperty at its extreme limit.

६) पीतदा – पीतं च तत दा च इ त |

Its wood is yellow in colour.



७) पीत ु- पीत चासौ ु चे त | पीयते च ुषाआयमं इ त |

Its stem is yellow coloured or It is pleasant for sight.

८ ) पू तका ठं - पूतेः पावन य का ठं इ त | पू त उ ग धं वा |

It is related to sanctity. or It possess strong odour.

९) भ दा – भ ं दा इ त |

This wood is considered as the best among all.

१०) श पादपः – श य( इ य) पादपः ( वृ ः) इ त |

It is a favourite tree for Lord Indra.

११) सरुदा - सरु य ं दा |

It is a devine tree.

SYNONYMS

Table No.13. Showing the Synonyms of Devadaru according to different acharyas:

Synonyms D.NI M.P.NI SO.NI B.NI R.NI SH.NI Ni .A MH.NI K.NI

Devadaru + + + + + + + + +

Daru + _ _ + _ _ + _ +

Surahwam + + + _ _ + _ _ +

Kilim + _ + _ _ _ + + +

Snehavidham + _ + _ _ _ _ _ _

Mahadaru + _ + _ _ _ _ _ _

Bhadradaru + + + _ + + + + +

Indradaru + _ + + _ _ _ + _

Devakashtam + _ _ _ + + _ + +



Bhadrakashtam + + _ _ + _ _ _ +

Puthikashtam + _ + _ + _ + _ _

Sudaru + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Suradaru + _ _ _ + + _ _ _

Indravriksha + _ + _ _ _ _ _ _

Amaradaru + _ _ _ + _ _ _ _

Suradruma _ + _ _ _ _ _ _ +

Snehavriksha _ + _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Krimilam _ + _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Shakradaru _ + _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Darubhadrum _ _ _ + _ _ _ _ _

Masthadaru _ _ _ + _ _ _ + _

Dhrukilim _ _ _ + _ + + + _

Surabhuruha _ _ _ + _ _ _ + _

Dharukam _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ _

Snigdhadaru _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ _

Shivadaru _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ _

Shaambavam _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ _

Bhutahari _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ _

Bhavadaru _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ _

Rudravat _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ _

Sukashtakam _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ _

Asnigdhadaru _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ _

Kashtadaru _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ _

Pithadru _ _ _ _ _ + + _ _

Bhadravat _ _ _ _ _ + _ _ _



Shatrapadapaha _ _ _ _ _ _ + _ _

Paribhadrakaha _ _ _ _ _ _ + _ _

Peethadaru _ _ _ _ _ _ + _ _

Shakadru _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ +

Sudaruka _ _ + _ _ _ _ _ _

CLASSIFICATIONS:-

Classification means the grouping of drugs having similar characteristic features,

properties and actions. In most of the Nighantus, the groups named according to their

first drug belonging to that group like Guduchyadi Varga, Haritakyadi Varga etc.

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO CLASSICS

Table No.14. Showing the classifications of Devadaru according to different

acharyas32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,41

SL.NO REFERENCES CLASSIFICATIONS

1 Dhanwantari nighantu Guduchyadi varga

2 Madanapala nighantu Abhyadi varga

3 Shodhala nighantu Guduchyadi varga

4 Kaiyadeva nighantu Oshadi varga

5 Bhavaprakasha nighantu Karpooradi varga

6 Raja nighantu Chandanadi varga

7 Saligrama nighantu Karpooradi varga

8 Priya nighantu Haritakyadi varga

9 Nighantu adarsha Devadarvadi varga



VERNACULAR NAMES51,65

INDIAN LANGUAGES

1) Bengali : Debdaru, Devdar.

2) Gujarati : Devdar.

3) Hindi : Dedwar.

4) Kannada : Bhadradam, Devadaru.

5) Malayalam : Devataram.

6) Marati : Devadam,Dewadar.

7) Sanskrit : Devadaru , Mastadaru.

8) Tamil : Devadaram,Devadari,Devaduni.

9 ) Telugu : Devadari ,Devadaruva.

10) Kashmir : Dadar,Dair,Deodar.

11) Kumaun : Dewdar.

12) NorthWest Himalayas : Diar,Kelu.

13) Punjab : Dada,Dewdar,Kalain,Keli.

14) Urdu : Deodara.

FOREIGN LANGUAGES:-

1).English : Deodar, Himalayan cedar.

2) French : Deodar.

3) Afghanistan : Imanza, Nakhtar.

4) Arabic : Sanobarulhind, Shajratuddevadar.

5) Persian : Darakhtedevdar, Deodar ,Nashtar.

6) Tibet : Giam.



BOTANICAL IDENTITY

Botanical Name : Cedrus deodara (Roxb)Loud.

Family Name : Coniferae.

Table No.15. Showing Taxonomical classification of Cedrus deodara (Roxb) Loud.

DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT51

Trans-indus, North –West Himalaya, eastwards to kumaon, 3,500 - 12000 ft.

MORPHOLOGY

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF FAMILY CONIFERAE51.

Members of this family are trees or shrubs, usually resinous,mostly evergreen .

Leaf - Usually needle-like or scale like, rarely with a broad blade;stipules 0.

Flowers – Monoecious or dioecious, perianth 0. Male flowers in deciduous catkins

consisting of stamens which are usually scale- like and bear 2-6, rarely more 1- celled

pollen sacs on the lower surface. Female flowers in cones, consisting of scale- like

Kingdom Plantae

Division Pinophyta

Class Pinospida

Subclass Monochlamydae

Series Calyciflorae

Order Pinales

Family Coniferae

Subfamily Abietoideae

Genus Cedrus

Species Deodara



open carpels which are flat or peltate and bear either directly or on a special subsidiary

scale(placental scale) 1-2 many ovules or the female cone reduced to a single ovuliferous

scale or to a single ovule.

Fruit – usually a woody cone sometimes berry - like or formed from the ovule alone in

which case the outer coat usually becomes fleshy.

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF genus Cedrus51

Large trees, evergreen. Leaves triquetrous, in dense clusters, acicular, jointed near the

base. Cone of pinus, but scales deciduous, leaving a columnar axis.

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF Cedrus deodara (Roxb) Loud51

A large evergreen tree , branches not whorled, the leading shoot and tips of the branches

usually drooping.

Bark - Dark , sometimes almost black, usually very rough on old stems, sometimes only

slightly furrowed.

Shoots - Dimorphic, long – shoots with the needles solitary and arranged spirally, and

dwarf– shoots with the needles arranged in dense whorls.

Leaves - 2.5 – 3.8cm long, needle like, triquetrous, sharp pointed.

Flowers - Usually monoecious, but some trees or branches habitually bear flowers of

one sex. Male catkins solitary at the ends of the branchlets, cylindric, 4.3cm.long;

stamen with 2 oblong polen – sacs, the connective produced as a flattened, ovate, obtuse,

upturned appendage with an irregularly crenulate margin. Female flowers in cones which

are solitary at the ends of the branchlets;scales double, the placental scale large, the

carpellary small. The placental scale bearing near the base 2 reversed ovules.Cone erect,

10 - 12.5 by 7.5 - 10 cm., formed of the imbricating, thin, woody, placental scales

which break away when ripe leaving a stout woody axis.

Seed - 7.5 - 15 mm.long pale brown, wing longer than seed.



Photograph No 1. Fruit of Cedrus deodara (Roxb)Loud.

Photograph No 2. Leaves of Cedrus deodara (Roxb)Loud.



Photograph No 3. Whole tree of Cedrus deodara (Roxb)Loud.

Photographs No.4. Field Visit at Himachal Pradesh.



PHYTOCHEMISTRY

Under this heading, we have to consider all the constituents of a drug.The action of

the drug depends upon its constituents65

Table No.16. Showing Chemical constituents of Cedrus deodara (Roxb)Loud.

Wood Leaves Pollen grains Seeds Cedar wood oil Bark

Cedrin Cedrinoside Dihydrodehydico niferyl alcohol Cedrusinin Lariciresinol

Dehydroabieticacid

l- Alfa and beta- pinenes Borneol Myrcene

15-hydroxyabie tic acid 15-hydroxydehy droabietic acid Dehydroabietic acid

Terpenoid

Alfa-and–beta-himachalenes Himachalol Allohimachalol Longiborneol

Deodarin Taxifolin 8-c-methylque Rcetin Quercetin



Himachalol Allohimachalol Himadarol Centdarol Isocentdarol Dewarene Dewarol Dewardiol Dewrenol Taxifolin Cedeodarin Dihydromyricetin Isolariciresinol Taxifolin 3 glucoside Isopimaric acid Himasecolone Limonene 8 carboxylic acid Gernoic acid

Caryophyllene Limonene Humulene Terpinolene Camphene p-cymene alfa-terpenyl acetate alfa muurolene 3 glucosides of Kaempferol, Isorhamnetin, Syringetin Polyprenols

15-methoxyabietic acid. Naringenin Beta-sitosterol Stigmasterol Campesterol d – pinitol Palmitic acid Stearic acid Malonic acid

Atlantone p- methylaceto phenone Deodarone Butyric acid Caproic acid

Sitosterol



Structures of chemical compounds:-

Figure.1 .Himachalol

Figure.2.Taxifolin

Figure.3.Cedrin



PARTS USED-

Table No.17. Showing Parts used according to various texts:

Part used Ni.A41 DG- PLH10 DG- GP43 DG-JLN44 DB47

Heart wood + + + + +

Oil + _ + + +

Leaf _ _ _ + +

Bark _ _ _ + +

Resin _ _ _ + +

POSOLOGY

The word Posology is derived from the greek word “posos” which means how much and

logos means science.That means it is a branch of medical science,which deals with doses

or quantity of drug, which when administered produce required pharmacological actions.

Table No.18. Showing Different Forms of Dosages in Texts:

Form DG – JLN44 DG – PLH10

Oil 20 – 40 drops 20- 40 drops

Decoction 50 - 100ml _

Churna _ 1 – 3 gm

PROPERTIES:

RASAPANCHAKA

A drug acts by its potency, which implies all the qualities of drugs by which they

act,viz Guna,Rasa,Vipaka,Veerya and Prabhava. A drug performs certain local and

general actions by its Rasa and Guna and certain specific therapeutic actions by its

Vipaka and Veerya.



Table No.19.Showing the Rasa Panchaka of Devadaru according to different

acharyas:

RASA PANCHAKA

D.N

I 32

M.P

.NI33

3323

R.N

I 37

K.N

I 35

B.N

I36

MH

.NI40

NI.A

41

SH.N

i38

P.N

I 39

RASA Tikta + + + + + + + + +

Katu _ + _ + _ _ _ _ _

GUNA Laghu _ + _ + + + _ + +

Snigdha + + + + + + + + _

VIRYA Ushna + + + + + + + + +

VIPAKA Katu _ _ _ + + + _ + _

PANCHABHOUTIKA CONSTITUTION

According to their Rasa Panchaka Devadaru has the following Pancha Bhautika

composition.

Table No.20. Showing Panchabhoutika constitution of the drug

RASA PANCHAKA PANCHA MAHABHOOTA

RASA

Thikta Jala + Prithvi

Katu Vayu + Agni

GUNA

Laghu Agni + Vayu+akasha

Snigdha Jala

VIRYA

Ushna Agni

VIPAKA

Katu Vayu + Agni



DOSHAGHNATA

Showing the Doshaghnata of Devadaru according to different acharyas

Table No.21. Showing Doshaghnata of the drug according to different acharyas:

DOSHAGHNATA D.NI32 M.P

.NI33

R.NI37 K.NI35 B.NI36 NI.A41 P.NI39 MH.NI40

Vatahara + + + + + + + +

Kaphahara + + + + _ + + _

KARMA

Table No.22. Showing Karma of Devadaru according to different acharyas:

Karma D.

NI32

M.P.

NI33

MH.

NI40

K.

NI35

B.

NI36

R.

NI37

SH.

NI38

NI.

A41

P.

NI39

Shothaghna _ + + + + _ + _ +

Kandughna _ + + + + _ + _ _

Amadoshahara + _ _ _ _ + + + _

Vibhandhahara + _ + + + + + + _

Aadhmanahara + + + + + _ + + _

Bhootadoshahara _ _ _ _ _ + + _ _

Raktadoshahara _ _ + + _ _ _ _ _

Malastambhahara _ _ _ _ _ _ + _ _



ROGAGHNATA

Table No.23. Showing Rogaghnata of Devadaru according to different acharyas:

ROGAS D.NI32 M.P.NI33 MH.NI40 K.NI35 B.NI36 R.NI37 SH.NI38 NI.A41 P.NI39

Prameha + _ + + + + + + +

Jwara _ + + + + + + _ _

Hikka _ + + + + _ + _ _

Kasa _ _ + + + _ + _ _

Shwasa _ _ _ + _ _ + _ _

Peenasa _ _ + + + _ + _ _

Thanthra _ _ + _ + _ + _ _

Arshas _ _ _ _ _ + + _ _

Vatavyadi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ +

PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATION47

Deodar forests are found on all geological formations such as granite, gneiss,

mica, shale, limestone, and on hill slopes as well as on level ground in the valleys. The

best growth is attained on deep, fairly porous fertile soil and in cool situations. Artificial

regeneration is by direct sowing or by transplanting deodar seedlings from nursery. Best

results are obtained if the sowing and planting are carried out in the open and in

moderately hot and dry places in cool, damp areas. Planting should be done on shady

side of bushes, rocks or dumps of grass.Seeds are sown in November or in December and

allowed to pass winter and germinate in the following spring. A thorough preparation of

soil by hoeing to a depth of several centimeters is necessary. About 22 to 30 kg of seed

per hectare is required for broadcast sowing. Seed beds should consist of light, porous

soil to which a mixture of leaf mould and wood ash may be added.Seeds should be sown



at 10mm depth in lines 10-15 cm apart. For each bed of 2 m x 1 m in size, about 100 gm

of seed is needed. Germination takes about 2 weeks to start. Weeding should be done at

regular intervals. Seedling are pricked to encourage fibrous root development. Deodar is

susceptible to fungal diseases likes root rot caused by Fomes roseus and Heterobasidion

annosum and bark and trunk rot by Peniophora luna .Trenching of affected trees,

isolating and burning them, found to be the only preventive method. Cerosote and

urea(20%) are some of the preventive measures.

FLOWERING AND FRUITING

Flowering during autumn, September and October; and cones ripen during the

autumn or onwards October and November,of the following year.

SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERANTS47

Pinus species such as Pinus excels wall and Pinus longifolia roxb.are used as

substitute to deodar in garhwal region.

THERAPEUTIC USES50

Devadaru has been known and valued as a medicine from olden days. It has been

used in the management of various diseases in the following two forms.

1. Bahya prayoga

2. Abhyanthara prayoga

1. Bahya prayoga:

• External application of Devadaru and vishala is used for galaganda.

• Local application of the paste of Devadaru and citraka is efficacious in case

of slipada.

• Dipika taila prepared of Devadaru, kushta and sarala should be used in case

of karnashoola.

• Devadarvadi lepa in case of udara roga.

• Srivestaka,sarjarasa, Heartwood of Devadaru and sarala is used for dhupana

in case of vrana.



2 Abhyanthara prayoga:

• The oil extracted from the burnt wood of Devadaru added with trikatu and

yavaksara is used for kasa.

• Milk boiled with Devadaru , punarnava and sunti or citraka , trikatu is used

for shotha.

• Decoction of Devadaru is useful in fever.

• Intake of Devadaru oil mixed with ghee with the diet of Sali rice with milk

alleviates kusta.

• Devadaru along with mustard oil alleviates shlipada.

• Devadaru mixed with sunti gives relief to those suffering from vatavyadi.

ECONOMIC USES47

• Cedar wood oil is exported to western countries. About 4.365 tonnes of

cedar wood oil worth 22.098 Lakhs were imported(2001-2002).

• Retail market price-cedar oil-Rs.400/- per Kg; Cedar leaf oil - Rs3300/-per

Kg; Deodar lakdi (wood chips) - Rs.20/-per Kg(2003).

• Deodar is one of the most important and valuable timbers of North india.

It is the strongest of Indian coniferous woods and about as strong as teak.

YOGAS

BHAISHAJYA RATNAVALI78

Table No.24. Showing yogas of Devadaru in Bhaishajya Ratnavali:

YOGAS Indication Reference

Nagaradi kvatha Jwara 5/70. Pg -111

Satapushpadi kvatha Jwara 5/89.Pg-118

Darvi kvatha Jwara 5/357.Pg -198



Bilva taila Grahani 8/575.Pg- 567

Chandraprabha gutika Arshas 9/222.Pg- 615

Vishaladi churna Pandu 12/24.Pg- 714

Panchamritha louha mandur Pandu 12/53.Pg-720

Vajra vataka Pandu 12/59.Pg- 721

Murvadya ghrita Pandu 12/136.Pg-735

Vyosadya ghrita Pandu 12/138.Pg-735

Nimbadi churna Vatarakta 27/30.Pg-244(vol-2)

Kushtadya tailam Urustambam 28/24.Pg-281

Rasnasaptakam kvatha Amavata 29/25.Pg-289

Devadarvadi churna Amavata 29/53.Pg-295

Abhayadi kvatha Shotha 42/11.Pg-641

SHARANGADHARA SAMHITA79

Table No.25. Showing yogas of Devadaru in Sharangadhara Samhita:

Yogas Indication Reference

Kantakaryadi kvatha Jwara Madya.kh.2/27.Pg-137

Katphaladi kvatha Jwara, hikka, kasa. Madya.kh.2/43.Pg-139

Devadarvadi kvatha Jwara, kampa, kasa. Madya.kh.2/47.Pg-140

Patoladi kvatha Vishama jwara Madya.kh.2/53.Pg-141

Punarnavadi kvatha Shotha Madya.kh.2/118.Pg-150

Laghu manjishtadi kvatha Vatarakta Madya.kh.2/136.Pg-153

Lavanatritrayadi churna Arshas, gulma Madya.kh.6/102.Pg-186

Ajamodadi churna Tuni, pratituni, amavata Madya.kh.6/115.Pg-187



Marichadi taila Kusta,shvitra Madya.kh.9/149.Pg-238

Kshara taila Karna nada,badiryam Madya.kh.9/175.Pg-243

Vajtri taila Sarva kusta Madya.kh.9/186.Pg-244

Dattura taila Apasmara, pakshagata Madya.kh.9/202.Pg-247

Devadarvadi arishta Vata roga, grahani Madya.kh.10/55.Pg-258

Khadirarishta Sarva kusta, gulma Madya.kh.10/62.Pg-258

Dashamoolarishta Vatavyadi, pandu Madya.kh.10/83.Pg-261

YOGATARANGINI80

Table No. 26. Showing yogas of Devadaru in Yogatarangini:


Darvyadi kvatha Tritiyaka jwara 20/113.Pg-146

Chandanadi taila Kshaya,raktapitta 27/37.Pg-211

Kalyanaka ghrita Pumsatvaprasadana 38/12.Pg-239

Karanjadi prayoga Apasmara,unmada 39/4.Pg-241.

Rasnadi gulggulu Bhagandaram 40/88.Pg-251

Brihatmarichadi taila Kusta,vrana 41/26.Pg-260

Simhanada gulggulu Ashmari, amavata 42/11.Pg-264

Chandraprabha vati Prameha,arshas 51/12.Pg-294

Dhanwantaram ghrita Gulma,hikka 51/22.Pg-296

Kshara taila Karna roga 70/3.Pg-370

Devadarvadi kvatha Suthika roga 75/53.Pg-407



YOGARATNAKARA81

Table No. 27. Showing yogas of Devadaru in Yogaratnakara:


Bharngyadi kashaya Jwara 2/200.Pg-234

Siddharthadi pralepa Jwara 2/260-261.Pg-242

Srngyadi kashaya Jwara 2/300. Pg-248

Suratarvadi kashaya Jwara 2/325.Pg-252

Pathyadi kashaya Jwara 2/364.Pg-258

Sudarshana churna Jwara 2/438.Pg-268

Hriberadi ghrita Arshas 5/118.Pg-346

Lakshmivilas taila Rajayakshma 11/153.Pg-429

Maharasnadi kashaya 2 Vatavyadi 25/185.Pg-597

Mahavisagarbha taila Vatavyadi 25/253.Pg-604

PREVIOUS WORK DONE82,83

1) Nazeer P.S; A pharmaceutical study on Devadaru tailam with w.s.r to its

analgesic effects in vatarakta Govt. Ayurveda medical college, Trivandrum 1998.

2) Jyotsna kumara.T. Analysis of katu skanda dravyas, Devadaru and sarshapa and

their pharmacotherapeutic effect in amavata. Govt Ayurveda college , Hyderabad

2008.

3) Ramachandra rao- A preliminary clinical study of the effect of Devadaru yoga in

shleepada.Govt Ayurvedic collage Hydrabad.

4) Krishnamoorthy –Clinical study of Devadaru compound in Thamaka

shwasa.Govt Ayurvedic collage Ahamedabad , Jamnagar.



RESEARCH REVIEW84

• Tandon, S.K:Singh ,R;Gupta,S.:Chandra,S & Lal,J(1989), Subactue dermal

toxicity study of Cedrus deodara wood essential oil,Indian

Vet.J.,Vol.66(11),PP.1088.

• Tiwari, A.K.;Srinivas,P.V.; Kumar,S.P & Rao,J.M(2001),Free radical

scavenging active components from Cedrus deodara,J.Agric.Food

Chem.,Vol.49(10),PP.4642-4645.

• Singh ,D &Agarwal, S.K(1988), Himachalol and beta –

himachalene:Insecticidal principles of Himalayan cedar oil,J.Chem.Exol.,Vol.

14(4),PP.1145-1151.

• Singh, D & Rao, S.M (1985), Toxicity of cedarwood oil against pulse beetle,

Callosobruchus chinensis Linn., Indian perfumer,Vol.29(3-4),PP.201- 203.

• Singh, D & Rao, S.M (1986), Effect of cedarwood oil in reproduction of

Dysdercus Koenigii(F.), Curr.Sci., Soil. Vol.55 (8), PP.422-423.

• Shinde, U.A.: Phadke,A.S.; Nair A.M.; Mungantiwar, A.A; Dikshit, V.J &

Saraf, M.N(1999) .Studies on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of

Cedrus deodara (Roxb) Loud. wood oil, J. Ethnopharmacol., Vol .65, PP.21-

27.


Saraf, M.N(1999) , Mast cell stabilizing and lepoxygenase inhibitory

activity of Cedrus deodara (Roxb) Loud.wood oil, J. Exp. Biol., Vol. 37, PP.

258-561.


Saraf, M.N(1999.Preliminary studies on the immunomodulatory activity of

Cedrus deodara wood oil, Fitoterapia, Vol.70(4), PP. 333-339.



• Rao,I.G. & Singh, D.K (2001), Combinations of Azadirachta indica and

Cedrus deodara oil with piperonyl butoxide, MGK-264 and Embelia ribes

against Lymnaea acuminate, Chemosphere, Vol.44(8), PP.1691-1695.

• Pant, G.B.; et al(2000),Climatic response of Cedrus deodara tree- ring

parameters from two sites in Western Himalaya, Canadian J . For. Res.,

Vol.30,PP.1127-1135.

• Mall, H.V.; Asthna ,A.; Dubey, N.K & Dixit, S.N (1985), Toxicity of cedar

wood oil against some dermatophytes, Indian Drugs, Vol .22(6),PP.296-298.

• Nigam, M.C.; Ahmad, A. & Misra, L.N.(1990), Composition of the essential

oil of Cedrus deodara,Indian Perfumer,Vol.34(4), PP.278-281.

• Kar, K et al (1975), Spasmolytic constituents of Cedrus deodara(Roxb)

Loud; Pharmacological , evaluation of himachalol, J.Pharm.Sci., Vol.64(2),

PP.258- 262.

• Khan, N. & Naheed, S.( 1988), Chemical investigation of Cedrus deodara

stem bark. Isolation and structure of branched chain fatty acid ethyl ester, J.

Chem.Soc.Pak., Vol(1),PP.63-65.

• Khan, N. & Naheed, S.( 1990), Chemical investigation of Cedrus deodara

stem bark. Isolation and identification of some sesquiterpene hydrocarbons,

J. Chem.Soc. Pak., Vol.12(4),PP. 282-284.

• Khanduri, V.P & Sharma, C.M.(2002),Pollen production, microsporangium

dehiscence and pollen flow in Himalayan cedar (Cedrus deodara Roxb. ex

D. Don), Ann.Bot .(Lond.),Vol.89(5),PP.587-593.

• Bhan,P.; Pande, B.S; Soman, R.; Damodaran, N.P & Dev, S. (1984), Insect

juvenile hormone mimics: sesquiterpene acids having JH activity from the

wood of Cedrus deodara Loud, Tetrahedron, Vol.40,PP. 2961-2965.



• Chandra, S.; Sambasivarao, K.; Raviprakash, V.; Lal, J . & Sabir , M.

(1978), Vascular permeability- increasing action of Cedrus deodara wood oil

,Indian Vet. J., Vol.55(12), PP.963-965.

• Tandan, S.K.; Gupta, S. & Lal, J. (1998), Pharmacodynamic effects of

Cedrus deodara wood essential oil, Indian J. Pharm. Sci., Vol.60(1), PP.20-

23.

• Dimri, U. & Sharma, M.C (2004), Effect of sarcoptic mange and its control

with oil of Cedrus deodara ,Pongamia glabra, Jatropha curcas and benzyl

benzoate, both with and without ascorbic acid on growing sheep:

epidemiology; assessment of clinical, haematological,cell-mediated humoral

immune responses and pathology, J. Vet. Med. A. Physiol .Pathol. Clin.

Med., Vol.51(2), PP.71-78.

Devadaru taila

Table No. 28. properties of Devadaru taila in classics:

Rasapanchaka Karma Rogagnata Doshagnata

Susrutha

Samhita

Thikta,katu,kashaya Dushtavrana

Shodhaka

Krimi,

kusta hara

Kapha vata

shamaka

Kaiyadeva

Nigantu

Katu,thikta,kashaya Dushtavrana

Vishodhana

Krimi,

kusta hara

Anilaharam

Shaligram

Nigantu

Katu,thikta,kashaya Vranashudhikaram

Krimi,

kusta

haram

Vata haram

Nigantu

Adarsha

Thikshnam,laghu,

Snigdha,thikta,ushna

Materials and Methods


4. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was designed under two headings.

Pharmacognostic study including macroscopic and microscopic study.

Analytical study.

4.1 PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY

Materials

Drug – Cedrus deodara (Roxb)Loud.

PLANT IDENTIFICATION:-

The plant Devadaru [Cedrus deodara (Roxb)Loud]. is identified on the basis of its –

a. Synonyms given in classics of Ayurveda.

b. Morphology and family characters of the plant.

AUTHENTICATION:-

Genuine sample is procured from Van bhawan, Jammu Kashmir after proper

identification.

COLLECTION:-

Literary data is collected from the library of K.V.G ayurvedic Medical College

and hospital, Sullia and Internet.

Collection of the samples from markets of Himachal pradesh, Maharashtra,

Karnataka and West bengal was done.

These samples were coded as

Sample S1 – Karnataka

Sample S2 – West bengal

Sample S3 – Himachal pradesh

Sample S4 – Maharashtra

Sample G – Geniune Sample



PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDY

The word pharmacognosy is formed by combination of ‘Pharmakon’which means

drug and ‘gignosco’ which means ‘to acquire knowledge’.Therefore ,pharmacognosy can

be defined as a branch of bioscience that deals with the knowledge and authentication of

medical and related products of crude or primary type obtaining from both plants and

animals in detailed form.

The original and basic approach towards pharmacognosy includes study of

Morphological system, study of cell structure and organization and study of tissue

systems, which still hold a key in identification of the correct species of the plant.

It includes both macroscopic and microscopic study of samples.

a. Organoleptic study

The macroscopic characters of the drug were observed for colour, size, shape,

odour, taste, texture.

b. Microscopic study

Microscopic study of the drug was carried out in the Department of

Dravyaguna, KVG AMC, Sullia.

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

POWDER MICROSCOPY:-

Dry and powdered the material so as to get about one gram of powder. A very

small quantity of the powder is taken in a glass slide . Add one or two drops of Saffranin

in to the slide and spread powder using a needle or glass rod. Keep the slide for about

two minutes. Mount the material in Glycerin. Three to five such slides can be prepared

for understanding the characters clearly. Observe the slides through suitable objective of

the microscope.Transfer the images to computer using the camera attached to the

microscope.



4.2 ANALYTICAL STUDY

Materials

Hand lenses were used for the detection of foreign matter.

For quantitative extraction (Aqueous, Acetone, Alcoholic, Chloroform and

Peroleum ether) of all samples, water bath, conical flasks etc. are used.

Total ash, acid insoluble ash, and moisture content, are determined by using silica

crucible, oven, desiccator, electronic balance & muffle furnace.

All chemicals and reagents used were of A.R. grade for the qualitative analysis of

extracts.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDY

Methodology

In physical methods quantitative standards like total ash, acid insoluble ash,

water- soluble ash, moisture content, extractives, foreign matter and pH are determined.

These are determined by following procedures.

DETERMINATION OF ASH VALUE OF CRUDE DRUG:

Procedure:

• Weigh & ignite the flat thin porcelain dish or stared silica gel.

• Weigh about 2 to 3 gms of the powdered drug into dish /crucible.

• Support the dish on pipe-clay triangle placed on a ring of retort stand.

• Spread the drug in an even layer &ignite it by gradually increasing the heat to

500 to 600oC till vapours almost cease to be evolved until all the carbon is

burnt off.

• Cool it in the desiccators.

• Weigh the dish & calculate the percentage of total ash with reference to the air-

dried sample of the crude drug85.



Calculation:

Weight of empty dish = x gm.

Weight of the drug taken = y gm.

Weight of dish + ash (after complete incineration) = z gm.

Weight of the ash = (z-x) gm.

Y gm of drug gives (z-x) gm of ash.

Therefore, 100gm of crude gives 100 (z-x) gm of ash.

Total ash value of the sample = 100(z-x)%

Y

DETERMINATION OF ACID INSOLUBLE ASH VALUE

Procedure:

Proceed as per the steps mentioned in the procedure for determination of total ash

value of crude drug. Then

Using 25 ml of dil. HCl, wash the ash from the dish used for total ash into a

100 ml beaker.

Place wire gauze over a bunsen burner & boil for 5 minute.

Filter through an ashless filter paper; wash the residue twice with hot water.

Ignite the crucible in the flame, cool & weigh.

Put the filter paper & residue together into the crucible, heat gently until

vapours cease and then more strongly until all carbon has been removed.

Cool in a desiccator.

Weigh the residue and calculate acid insoluble ash of the crude drug with

reference to the air-dried sample of the crude drug86.

Calculation: Similar to previous experiment

Y



Weight of residue (acid insoluble ash) = a gm.

Y gm of air dried drug gives =a gm of acid insoluble ash.

Therefore 100gm of the air dried drug gives - 100 x a of acid insoluble ash

Acid insoluble ash value of the sample - 100 x a %

WATER SOLUBLE ASH

Materials:

Total ash, digital balance, muffle furnace, desiccator, ash less filter paper,

electric burner, funnel, silica crucible.

Procedure:

• To the total ash obtained, 25ml of water was added and boiled for 5 minutes.

• It was filtered through an ash less filter paper to separate the insoluble matter.

• The residue along with the filter paper was taken in a pre-heated, weighed silica

dish.

• Transformed to muffle furnace and ignited for 15 minutes at the temperature not

exceeding 450°C.

• The dish was cooled in a desiccator & weighed again.

• Heating was continued till constant weight of the dish was obtained.

• The weight of the insoluble matter from the weight of the ash was substracted.

• The percentage of water soluble ash with reference to the air dried drug was

calculated87.

Y

Y



DETERMINATION OF WATER SOLUBLE EXTRACTIVE

Procedure:

• Weigh about 5 gm of the powdered drug in a beaker and transfer it to a dry 250

ml Iodine flask.

• Fill a 100 ml graduated cylinder to the required mark with the solvent (water +

chloroform). Washout the weighing bottle and pour the washings together with

the remainder of the solvent into the conical flask.

• Cork (stopper) the flask and set aside for 24 hrs shaking frequently (maceration).

• Filter it into a 50 ml Cylinder. When sufficient filtrate has been collected, transfer

25 ml of the filtrate to a weighed 25 ml beaker as used for the ash value

determination.

• Evaporated to dryness on water bath and complete the drying in an oven at 100OC

for about 10 –15 mins.

• Cool in dessicator and weigh.

• Calculate the percentage w/w of extractive with reference to the air- dried drug.88

DETERMINATION OF ALCOHOL SOLUBLE EXTRACTIVE

Procedure:

• Weigh about 5 gm of the powdered drug in a beaker and transfer it to a dry 250

ml Iodine flask.

• Fill a 100 ml graduate cylinder to the required mark with the solvent (90%

alcohol). Washout the weighing bottle and pour the washing, together with the

remainder of the solvent into the conical flask.

• Cork (stopper) the flask and set aside for 24 hrs shaking frequently (maceration).



• Filter into a 50 ml Cylinder. When sufficient filtrate has been collected, transfer

25 ml of the filtrate to a weighed 25 ml beaker as used for the ash value

determination.

• Evaporated to dryness on water bath and complete the drying in an oven at 100OC

for about 10 –15 mins.

• Cool in dessicator and weigh.

• Calculate the percentage w/w of extractive with reference to the air-dried drug89.

The same procedure was repeated for petroleum ether extractive value.

DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT

Materials:

Powdered drug, digital balance, porcelain dish, desiccator, hot air oven.

Procedure:

• Accurately weighed 5g of the coarsely powdered drug was taken in a dried,

weighed porcelain dish.

• Dish was kept in hot air oven at 105oC for five hours.

• Dish was taken out, cooled in a desiccator and weighed.

• Drug was weighed at each one hour interval.

• Drying was continued till constant weight was obtained.

• Percentage of moisture content (loss on drying) with reference to the air dried

drug was calculated90.

DETERMINATION OF FOREIGN MATTER

Materials required – Drug, digital balance, Hand lens.

Procedure:

• 100gm of crude drug was taken and spread into thin layer.



• It is examined for the presence of foreign matter like mud, leaves etc. with the

help of hand lens.

• The foreign matters were separated & the drugs were weighed again.

Percentage of foreign matter was calculated91.

DETERMINATION OF pH

The pH value of an aqueous liquid may be defined as the common logarithm of

the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in gram per litre for

qualitative indication of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

Procedure: The pH of a given solution can be measured with the help of an

apparatus called pH meter, consists of a voltmeter connected with two electrodes.

a. A standard electrode of known potential.

b. A special electrode enclosed in a glass membrane that allows migration of H+

ions.

The glass case contains a reference solution of dilute hydro chloric acid. The two

electrodes are dipped in the solution to be tested. If this solution has a different pH from

the solution in the probe, an electrical potential results. Thus the potential between the

standard electrode and the glass electrode varies with the pH of the solution under test.

This potential is recorded by an inbuilt potentiometer of the pH meter. The potentiometer

reading is automatically converted electrically to a direct reading of the pH of the

unknown solution92.

DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PERCENTAGE OF VOLATILE OIL

Apparatus:

1. A round bottom boiling flask.

2. A special steelhead contains

a) Condenser.



b) Receiver.

c) Return tube.

Procedure:

10 to 20 gram of powdered drug was taken with 250 to 300 ml of water in

distillation flask added along with a few pieces of porcelain.

Apparatus was arranged properly for the extraction.

By closing the side tubes main tube was filled with water through a pipette.

Bunsen burner was used to heat the flask.

Flask should be lifted from the furnace and shaken properly in frequent intervals

till the liquid boils steadily.

Boiling was continued up to the maximum collection of oil.

Flame was adjusted properly to allow the sample for cooling.

After the complete draining of liquid in condenser volume of the oil was

measured93.

EXTRACTION:-

Methanol Extraction:-

Extraction of Heart wood of Devadaru {Cedrus deodara (Roxb)Loud.} is carried

out according to the A.P.I procedures.

Ingredients: - a) Powdered drug – 5 gm.

b) Methanol– 100 ml.

Procedure:-

(i) About 5 gm of the powdered drug is weighed in a beaker and transferred it to a dry

250 ml Iodine flask.

(ii) 100 ml graduated cylinder is filled to the required mark with the solvent, 90%

alcohol.



(iii) The flask is stoppered and set aside for 24 hours shaking with frequently at the

interval of 6 hours (maceration).

(iv) Filter into a 50 ml cylinder after sufficient filtrate has collected; transfer 25 ml of

the filtrate to a weighed 25 ml beaker.

(v) Evaporated to dryness on water bath and complete the drying in an oven at 1000C

for about 10 –15 minutes.

(vi) Cooled in desiccators and stored in glass bottle use for HPTLC.

Aqueous Extraction (Water extract):-

Ingredients - Powdered drug 5 gm.

- Water (95 ml).

Procedure:-

(vii) About 5 gm of the powdered drug is weighed in a beaker and transferred it to a dry

250 ml Iodine flask.

(viii) 100 ml graduated cylinder is filled to the required mark with the Methanol and add

in iodine flask.

(ix) The flask is stoppered and set aside for 24 hours shaking with frequently at the

interval of 6 hours (maceration).

(x) Filter into a 50 ml cylinder after sufficient filtrate has collected; transfer 25 ml of

the filtrate to a weighed 25 ml beaker.

(xi) Evaporated to dryness on water bath and complete the drying in an oven at 1000C

for about 10 –15 minutes.

(xii) Cooled in desiccators and stored in glass bottle use for HPTLC.



ALKALOID ESTIMATION:

5gm of the sample was weighed into a 250ml beaker and 200ml of 10% acetic

acid in ethanol was added and covered and allowed to stand for 4hrs. This was filtered

and the extract was concentrated on water bath to one quarter of the original volume.

Conc. ammonium hydroxide was added drop wise to the ext. until ppt. was complete94.

PRELIMINARY PHYTO-CHEMICAL SCREENING

Procedures:

Preliminary phytochemical tests: are used to detect the presence of various

organic functional groups, which is the indicative of type of phytochemicals present in

the plant. These tests indicate the presence of different class of constituents present in the

extract. Tests were performed as per the methodology mentioned by Harborne JB, 1973

(Phytochemical Methods. Jackman H. (Ed.), London, p. 70.)95

The following tests have been carried out for Acetone, Petroleum ether,

Chloroform, Alcoholic and Aqueous extracts.

Tests for alkaloids

Dragendroff’s test: To a few mg of extract dissolved in alcohol, a few drops of acetic

acid and Dragendroff’s reagent were added and shaken well. An orange red precipitate

formed indicates the presence of alkaloids.

Wagners’s test: To a few mg of extract dissolved in acetic acid, a few drops of

Wagner’s reagent was added. A reddish brown precipitate formed indicates the presence

of alkaloids.

Mayer’s test: To a few mg of extract dissolved in acetic acid, a few drops of Mayer’s

reagent was added. A dull white precipitate formed indicates the presence of alkaloids.

Hager’s test: To a few mg of extract dissolved in acetic acid, 3 ml of Hager’s reagent

was added, the formation of yellow precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids.



Tests for carbohydrates

Molisch’s test: To the extract, 1 ml of α-naphthol solution and conc. sulphuric acid were

added along the sides of test tube. Violet colour formed at the junction of the two

liquids indicates the presence of carbohydrates.

Fehling’s test: A few mg of extract was mixed with equal quantities of Fehling’s

solution A and B. The mixture was warmed on a water bath. The formation of a brick red

precipitate indicates the presence of carbohydrates.

Benedict’s test: To 5 ml of Benedict’s reagent, a few mg of extract was added, and

boiled for two minutes and cooled. Formation of a red precipitate indicates the presence

of carbohydrates.

Anthrone-sulphuric acid test: A few mg of the extract was mixed with equal quantity

of anthrone and treated with two drops of conc. sulphuric acid. It was then heated gently

on a water bath. Dark green colour formed indicates the presence of sugar/glycoside.

Test for steroids

Libermann-Burchard test: To the extract dissolved in chloroform, 1 ml of acetic acid

and 1 ml of acetic anhydride were added, then heated on a water bath and cooled. Few

drops of conc. Sulphuric acid was added along the sides of the test tube. Appearance of

bluish green colour indicates the presence of steroids.

Salkowski test: The extract was dissolved in chloroform and equal volume of conc.

Sulphuric acid was added. Formation of bluish red to cherry red colour in chloroform

layer and green fluorescence in the acid layer indicates the presence of steroids.



Test for saponins: To a few mg of extract, distilled water was added and shaken. Stable

froth formation indicates the presence of saponins.

Test for tannins: To the extract, a few drops of dilute solution of ferric chloride was

added, formation of dark blue colour shows the presence of tannins.

Test for flavonoids

a) Shinoda’s test: To the extract in alcohol, a few magnesium turnings and few

drops of conc. hydrochloric acid were added and heated on a water bath. Formation

of red to pink colour indicates the presence of flavonoids.

b) To small quantity of residue, add lead acetate solution.Yellow colored precipitate

is formed.

Test for phenol

To the extract in alcohol, added two drops of alcoholic ferric chloride. Formation

of blue to blue black indicates the presence of phenol.

Test for coumarins

To the extract in alcohol, a few drops of 2 N sodium hydroxide solution was

added. Dark yellow colour formation indicates the presence of coumarins.

Test for triterpenoids

The extract was warmed with tin bits and few drops of thionyl chloride. Formation

of pink colour indicates the presence of triterpenoids.



Test for carboxylic acid

Extract dissolved in water is treated with sodium bicarbonate. Brisk effervescence

indicates the presence of carboxylic acid.

Test for aminoacids

a) Test for cysteine: To 5ml. T.S. add few drops of 40% NaOH and 10% lead

acetate solution.Boil.Black ppt . of lead sulphate is formed.

Test for proteins

a) Xanthoprotein test: Mix 3ml. T.S. with 1 ml.conH2SO4. White ppt is formed.

Boil. Precipitate turns yellow. Add NH4OH, ppt turns orange.

b) Biuret test: To 3ml. T.S add 4% NaOH and few drops of 1% CuSO4 solution.

Violet or pink color appears.

Test for Fats and oils

a) Solubility test: Filter paper gets permanently stained with oils.

b) Saponification test: Evaporate extract to get 10ml. oil. To oil add 25ml.10%

NaOH. Boil in boiling water bath for 30 min .cool.Add excess Na2SO4 solution

.Soap forms and rise to the top.Filter.To filterate add H2SO4 .Evaporate. Collect

residue, it contains glycerol. Dissolve residue in ethanol.With ethanolic solution,

perform following test.

i) To ethanolic solution, add few drops of CuSO4 and NaOH solutions.

Clear blue solution is observed.



Test for cardiac Glycosides

a) Keller-Killiani test: To 2ml .extract,add glacial acetic acid one drop

5% FeCl3 and conc. H2SO4. Reddish brown color appears at junction

of the two liquid layers and upper layer appears bluish green.

Test for non- reducing polysaccharides(starch)

a) Iodine test: Mix 3ml.test solution and few drops of dilute Iodine

solution.Blue color appears, it disappears on boiling and reappears on

cooling.

b) Tannic acid test for starch: With 20% tannic acid , test solution

give ppt.

TESTS FOR INORGANIC ELEMENTS

Prepare the ash of drug material.Add 50% HCL or 50% HNO3 to ash.Keep for

1hr.filter and with filtrate perform the following tests96.

1. Tests for Calcium: To 5ml filtrate, add solution of ammonium carbonate gives white

ppt.Which is insoluble in ammonium chloride solution.

2. Tests for Magnesium: To 5ml filtrate, add solution of ammonium carbonate gives

white ppt. But not with ammonium chloride solution.

3. Tests for Sulphate: To 5ml filtrate,add few drops of lead acetate reagent gives white

ppt., soluble in NaOH.

4. Tests for Carbonate:

a) With dilute acid liberates CO2.



5. Tests for Iron: To 5ml test solution add few drops of 5% ammonium thiocynate

.Solution turns blood red.

6. Test for chloride: To 5ml test solution ,add 3 to 5ml lead acetate solution.White

precipitate soluble in hot water is observed.

THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY (TLC)

TLC plates- pre coated silica gel on aluminium plates was used.The extracts were

dissolved in respective solvents and filtered thoroughly to get clear solution.The plates

were spotted using TLC applicator (Linomat),placed in the TLC chamber containing

suitable solvent systems and allowed to elute.When the mobile phase reached ¾ th of the

plate,the plate was taken out,dried and observed under UV chamber at 254 um and 366

um wavelength.Then sprayed with suitable reagents to detect the spots.The Rf value of

the spots were calculated.

Materials:

Plant extracts, Pre-coated TLC plates, Capillary tubes,TLC chambers, hot air oven,

solvents, methanolic sulphuric acid reagent.

Procedure:

• The TLC chamber was thoroughly cleaned and dried.

• Solvent system ie, Toluene : Ethylacetate and Chloroform:Toluene was poured in

to the chamber and lid was closed.

• The chamber was kept undisturbed for about an hour for saturation.

• The TLC plates were prepared with silica gel(1:2) were kept in hot air oven for 15

minutes at a temperature not exceeding 1000c to make it devoid of moisture.

• The alcoholic extract was dissolved in alcohol.



• The plates were spotted with the help of capillary tubes, 2cm away from the base.

A distance of 1cm was maintained between each spot.

• The spotted plate was gently immersed in the TLC chamber containing the

saturated solvent system in such a way that the solvent had linear contact with

plate.

• The solvent was allowed to rise up to the required distance.

• Plate was taken out the solvent from (distance travelled by the solvent) was

immediately marked with a pencil line.

• Plates were visualized under UV and Rf values were noted and then the plates were

sprayed with suitable detecting agents and dried in hot air oven for few minutes and

the spots were observed.

The Rf values of the spots were calculated by using the formula,

Rf = Distance travelled by the solute

Distance travelled by the solvent

HIGH PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY

1g of powder was extracted with 10 ml of alcohol. 5, 10µl of the above extract

was applied on a pre-coated silica gel F254 on aluminum plates to a band width of 8 mm

using Linomat 5 TLC applicator. The plate was developed in Toluene: Ethyl acetate 7: 1.

The developed plates were visualized in UV 254, 366, under white light and then

derivatised with vanillin sulphuric acid and scanned under UV 254 and 366 nm. Rf,

colour of the spots and densitometric scan were recorded.



The important steps involved are:

1. Sample preparation

2. Selection of chromatographic layers.

3. Plates

4. Pre washing

5. Conditioning

6. Sample application

7. Pre conditioning

8. Mobile phase

9. Chromatographic development

10. Detection of spots

11. Scanning and documentation

These are the general procedures explained according to W.H.O standards.

Observations & Results


5. OBSERVATIONS & RESULTS

Organoleptic study

Table No.29. Comparative macroscopic features of different market samples of

Devadaru:

Characters Karnataka

S1

West bengal

S2

Himachal

Pradesh S3

Maharashtra

S4

Sample G

Physical

appearance

Small piece

of Heart

wood

Chips of

Heart wood

Powdery in

nature

Piece of

Heart wood

Long woody piece

Colour Yellowish

brown

Yellowish

brown

Yellowish

brown

Yellowish

Brown

Pale brown

Odour Distinct Aromatic Distinct Aromatic Pleasant aromatic

Taste Bitter Bitter Bitter Bitter Bitter

Fracture Short &

Irregular

Short &

Irregular

Powdery in

Nature

Short &

Irregular

Short & Irregular

Table No. 30. Comparative Organoleptic Characters of different market samples of

Powders of Devadaru:

Characters Karnataka

S1

West

Bengal S2

Himachal

Pradesh S3

Maharashtra

S4

Sample-G

Nature Fine Powder Fine

Powder

Fine Powder Fine Powder Fine

Powder and

softy

Colour Yellowish

brown

Yellowish

brown

Yellowish

brown

Yellowish

brown

Pale brown

Odour Distinct Aromatic Distinct Aromatic Pleasant

aromatic

Taste Bitter Bitter Bitter Bitter Bitter



Table shows comparative organoleptic characters of different market samples of

Devadaru powder. The texture (nature) of all the samples are similar on touch perception

except sampleG. The colour of all the samples are Yellowish brown and pale brown.

Two samples having distinct smell and two of them are aromatic. Genuine sample is

pleasantly aromatic.

Photographs No.5. KARNATAKA MARKET SAMPLE AND POWDER

Photographs No.6. WEST BENGAL MARKET SAMPLE AND POWDER



Photographs No.7. HIMACHAL PRADESH MARKET SAMPLE AND POWDER

Photographs No.8. MAHARASHTRA MARKET SAMPLE AND POWDER



Photograph No.9. GENUINE SAMPLE AND POWDER

POWDER MICROSCOPY

Photographs No.10. SAMPLE 1 (Karnataka)

A B

C D



A & B: Fragments of pitted fibers .

C & D: Fragments of bordered pitted tracheids.

Photographs No.11. SAMPLE 2 (West Bengal)

A B

C

A & B: Fragments of fibers with lumen.

C: Fragment of bordered pitted tracheids.

Photographs No.12. SAMPLE 3 (Himachal Pradesh)

A B



C

A: Fragments of fiber.

B: Bordered pitted tracheid.

C: Fragments of RLS view of heart wood.

Photographs No. 13. SAMPLE 4 (Maharashtra)

A B

C D

A & D: Fragments of tracheids with bordered pits.



B: Fragments of medullary ray cells crossing the tracheids and fibers.

C: Fragments of fibers.

Photographs No.14. SAMPLE G (Genuine sample)

A B

C D

A, B & C: Fragments of fibers and tracheids.

D: Fragments of medullary ray cells crossing the tracheids and fibers.

E F



G

E, F & G: Fragments of tracheids with bordered pits.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENGTH

Table No. 31. Comparative physicochemical analysis of different market samples of

Devadaru:

PARAMETER KARNATAKA

S1

West

Bengal

S2

HIMACHAL

PRADESH

S3

Maharashtra

S4

Sample G

Total ash value 1.25 Traces Traces Traces Traces

Acid insoluble

ash

Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces

Alcohol soluble

extractive

6.40 10.85 3.68 23.78 19.96

Water soluble

extractive

3.24 4.45 7.85 4.74 4.33

Moisture

content

5.83 6.88 7.09 5.26 10.78

Foreign matter Nill Nill Nill Nill Nill

ph 4.4 4.2 4.6 4.4 3.2

Volatile oil Present Present Present Present Present



OBSERVATION:

Physicochemical analysis of different market samples of Devadaru heart wood

contains absence of foreign matter in all Samples.

The above parameters are necessary for the standardization of the drugs.

Table No.32. Physical characters of Aqueous extraction of different market samples

of Devadaru:

Characters Colour Consistency

Sample 1 Light yellow Powdery & sticky




Sample G Dark yellow Powdery & sticky

Table No.33. Physical characters of Alcohol extraction of different market samples

of Devadaru:









Table No.34. Physical characters of Petroleum Benzene extraction of different

market samples of Devadaru:







Table No.35. Physical characters of Acetone extraction of different market samples

of Devadaru:







Table No.36. Physical characters of Chloroform extraction of different market

samples of Devadaru:









PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DEVADARU

Table No.37. Phytochemical analysis of Aqueous extract of different market


Parameters

Tests S1 S2 S3 S4 Sample

G

Reducing sugar Benedicts test +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve

Non reducing

Polysaccharides

Iodine -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Tannic acid -ve +ve -ve -ve -ve

Steroid Salkowski reaction -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Tannins Ferric chloride Test -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Glycosides Keller-Killiani test -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Amino acids Test for Cysteine -ve Trace -ve -ve -ve

Proteins Xanthoprotein test -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Biuret test -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Fat and oils Solubility(filter paper

staining)

Less Less Less Less Moderate

Saponification +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve

Flavonoids -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Alkaloids Wagners test +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve



Table No.38. Phytochemical analysis of Alcohol extract of different market samples

of Devadaru:

Parameters Tests S1 S2 S3 S4 Sample

G

Reducing sugar Benedict test +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve

Non reducing

Polysaccharidess

Iodine test -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Tannic acid

test

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Steroid Salkowski

reaction

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Tannins Ferric

chloride Test

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Glycosides Keller-

Killiani test

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Amino acids Test for

Cysteine

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Proteins Xanthoprotein

test

-ve -ve -ve -ve Trace


Fat and oils Solubility

test( Filter

paper

staining)

Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Highly

Saponification

test

+ve +ve +ve +ve +ve

Flavonoids -ve -ve -ve -ve +ve




Table No.39. Phytochemical analysis of Petroleum Benzene extract of different

market samples of Devadaru:


G

Reducing sugar Benedict test -ve +ve +ve -ve +ve

Non reducing

Polysaccharidess


Tannic acid

test

+ve +ve +ve +ve +ve

Steroid Salkowski

reaction

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Tannins Ferric

chloride test

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Glycosides Keller-killiani

test

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve


Cysteine

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve


test

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve


Fat and oils Solubility test

(Filter paper

staining)


Saponification

test

+Ve +ve +ve +ve +ve

Flavonoids -ve +ve +ve +ve +ve

Alkaloids Wagners test -ve -ve -ve -ve +ve



Table No.40. Phytochemical analysis of Acetone extract of different market samples

of Devadaru:


G


Non reducing

Polysaccharidess


Tannic acid

test

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Steroid Salkowski

reaction

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Tannins Ferric

chloride test

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Glycosides Keller-

Killiani test

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve


Cysteine

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve


test

-ve -ve -ve -ve Trace


Fat and oils Solubility test

(Filter paper

staining)


Saponification

test

+ve +ve +ve +ve +ve

Flavonoids Trace -ve Trace -ve +ve




Table No.41. Phytochemical analysis of Chloroform extract of different market



G


Non reducing

Polysaccharidess


Tannic acid

test

+ve +ve +ve +ve +ve

Steroid Salkowski

reaction

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Tannins Ferric

chloride test

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Glycosides Keller-

Killiani test

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Amino acid Test for

Cysteine

+ve -ve -ve -ve -ve


test

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve


Fats and oils Solubility

test(Filter

paper

staining)


Saponification

test

+ve +ve +ve +ve +ve

Flavonoids +ve +ve +ve +ve Trace

Alkaloids Wagners test -ve +ve -ve +ve +ve



Tables shows the Phyto Chemical Analysis of the market Samples in different

extracts.There is less phytochemicals are separated in aqueous extract as compared to the

alcoholic extract. Reducing sugar ,fat and oils ,alkaloids ,flavonoids are traced in a

significant Amount in the samples.Benzene extract has a trace amount of tannic acid.

Geniune sample Shows a peak level of fat and oils, flavonoids and alkaloids.

INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS

Table No.42. Showing the results of the tests for Inorganic constituents:

Constituents S1 S2 S3 S4 Sample G

Calcium -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Magnesium -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Iron +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve

Sulphate -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Chloride -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

Carbonate -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

HIGH PERFOMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY

Stationary phase : Merk,1.05554.0007, TLC Silica gel 60 F254,20x10cm

Aluminium Sheet

Mobile phase : Toluene : Ethyl acetate: Formic acid:Methanol (14:10:2:1)

Detection : @254nm and @ 366 nm

Sample solution : 1gm each sample are weighed, extracted with 10ml Methanol

separatel and spotted as 15microlitre.

Development : CAMAG 20x10cm Twin trough chamber

HPTLC Instrumentation : CAMAG Linomat 5, CAMAG TLC Scanner 3, CAMAG

Reprostar 3.

Derivatization : 10% sulphuric acid reagent.



Table No. 43. Showing HPTLC results of alcoholic extracts of different samples.

At 254:

Visualised

Under

Karnataka

S1

West Bengal

S2

Himachal

Pradesh S3

Maharashtra

S4

Sample

G

At254nm

10 spots are

found at the Rf of

0.11,0.16,0.26,

0.31,0.44,0.48

0.55,0.60,0.68

0.73.

7 spots are

found at the

Rf of

0.30,0.39,0.47

0.54,0.66,0.72

0.96

14 spots are

found at the

Rf of

0.09,0.15,

0.24,0.29

0.35,0.40

0.46,0.50,

0.54,0.58

0.61,0.66

0.75,0.89

6 spots are

found

at the Rf

of

0.29,0.33

0.43,0.46

0.54,0.71

10 spots

are

found at

the

Rf of

0.10,0.29,

0.37,0.41

0.48,0.51

0.57,0.63

0.68,0.76

Observation:

In Alcoholol extract at 254nm

• S2 & S3 are having same component at Rf 0.66 and Rf 0.54.

• S1 & sample G are having same component at Rf 0.68 and Rf 0.48

• S3 & S4 are having same component at Rf 0.29,0.46,0.54

• S3 & Sample G are having same component at Rf 0.29

• S4& Sample G are having same component at Rf 0.29

• S2 & S4 are having same component at Rf 0.54



Rf VALUE & % OF AREA OF DEVADARU SAMPLE COLLECTED FROM

KARNATAKA AT 254nm

PEAK

NO

Rf

VALUE

AREA

(AU) % AREA(AU)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0.11

0.16

0.26

0.31

0.44

0.48

0.55

0.60

0.68

0.73

1350.3

395.8

651.5

901.6

2948.3

1999.9

1099.0

3003.5

331.3

15870.3

4.73

1.39

2.28

3.16

10.33

7.00

3.85

10.52

1.16

55.58

TOTAL PEAK NO – 10

TOTAL AREA – 28551.5 (AU)


WEST BENGAL AT 254nm

PEAK

NO Rf VALUE

AREA

(AU) % AREA(AU)

1

2

3

0.30

0.39

0.47

2765.7

708.7

6829.4

6.24

1.60

15.41



4

5

6

7

0.54

0.66

0.72

0.96

8191.6

2297.1

23482.7

41.0

18.48

5.19

52.99

0.09




HIMACHAL PRADESH AT 254nm



PEAK

NO Rf VALUE

AREA

(AU)

%

AREA(AU)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

0.09

0.15

0.24

0.29

0.35

0.40

0.46

0.50

0.54

0.58

0.61

0.66

0.75

0.89

176.2

648.4

4161.4

784.1

745.6

2211.8

543.7

499.5

786.1

344.0

1234.3

973.0

22973.4

213.2

0.49

1.79

11.45

2.16

2.05

6.09

1.50

1.38

2.17

0.95

3.40

2.68

63.30

0.59




MAHARASHTRA AT 254nm

PEAK

NO Rf VALUE

AREA

(AU)

%

AREA(AU)

1

2

3

4

5

6

0.29

0.33

0.43

0.46

0.54

0.71

1875.9

195.2

1756.9

1000.2

6646.3

36239.7

3.93

0.41

3.68

2.10

13.93

75.95



Rf VALUE & % OF AREA OF DEVADARU GENIUNE SAMPLE AT 254nm

PEAK

NO Rf VALUE

AREA

(AU)

%

AREA(AU)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0.10

0.29

0.37

0.41

0.48

0.51

0.57

0.63

0.68

0.76

162.1

4983.7

1265.8

1694.5

140.5

119.9

542.6

1467.2

725.7

16401.8

0.59

18.12

4.60

6.16

0.51

0.44

1.97

5.33

2.64

59.64





Table No. 44. Showing HPTLC results of alcoholic extracts of different samples.

At 366nm:

Visualised

under

Karnataka

S1

West bengal

S2

Himachal

Pradesh

S3

Maharashtra

S4

Sample G

At366nm

10 spots are

found at the

Rf of

0.11,0.16,0.25

0.28,0.40,0.44

0.53,0.59,0.67

0.77

8 spots are

found at the

Rf of

0.23,0.28,0.39

0.45,0.53,0.59

0.66,0.74

13 spots

are

found at

the

Rf of

0.06,0.16

0.20,0.24

0.30,0.35

0.39,0.42

0.47,0.54

0.62,0.66

0.75

7 spots are

found at the

Rf of

0.15,0.25,0.38

0.42,0.53,0.62

0.68

11 spots are

found at the

Rf of

0.10,0.18,0.26

0.36,0.41,0.48

0.52,0.57,0.63

0.67,0.75

OBSERVATION:

In Alcoholol extract at 366nm

• S1 & S2 are having same component at Rf 0.28,0.53,0.59

• S1 & S3 are having same component at Rf 0.16

• S1 & S4 are having same component at Rf 0.25, 0.53




• S2 & S3 are having same component at Rf 0.39,0.66

• S2 & S4 are having same component at Rf 0. 53

• S3 & S4 are having same component at Rf 0.42,0.62



KARNATAKA AT 366nm

PEAK

NO Rf VALUE

AREA

(AU)

%

AREA(AU)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0.11

0.16

0.25

0.28

0.40

0.44

0.53

0.59

0.67

0.77

3318.2

747.1

244.7

402.4

1217.3

646.3

3763.8

226.5

647.1

999.0

27.17

6.12

2.00

3.30

9.97

5.29

30.82

1.85

5.30

8.18






WEST BENGAL AT 366nm

PEAK

NO Rf VALUE

AREA

(AU) % AREA(AU)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0.23

0.28

0.39

0.45

0.53

0.59

0.66

0.74

262.5

321.7

594.0

859.2

4586.3

153.2

2788.6

2023.9

2.27

2.78

5.12

7.41

39.57

1.33

24.06

17.46


TOTAL AREA –11589.4 (AU)


HIMACHAL PRADESH AT 366nm

PEAK

NO Rf VALUE

AREA

(AU)

%

AREA(AU)

1

2

3

4

5

0.06

0.16

0.20

0.24

0.30

151.2

120.3

1144.9

751.9

101.9

1.04

0.83

7.86

5.16

0.70



6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

0.35

0.39

0.42

0.47

0.54

0.62

0.66

0.75

626.0

104.0

374.4

247.1

6527.3

210.5

219.0

3379.7

4.30

0.71

2.57

1.70

44.84

1.45

1.50

27.34




MAHARASHTRA AT 366nm

PEAK

NO Rf VALUE

AREA

(AU)

%

AREA(AU)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0.15

0.25

0.38

0.42

0.53

0.62

0.68

69.3

956.8

839.7

157.2

6727.2

2216.4

2096.5

0.53

7.32

6.43

1.20

51.50

16.97

16.05





Rf VALUE & % OF AREA OF DEVADARU GENIUNE SAMPLE AT 366nm

PEAK

NO Rf VALUE

AREA

(AU)

%

AREA(AU)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

0.10

0.18

0.26

0.36

0.41

0.48

0.52

0.57

0.63

0.67

0.75

424.4

412.9

653.9

768.9

1391.3

238.3

319.7

225.4

109.8

531.2

9564.8

2.90

2.82

4.47

5.25

9.50

1.63

2.18

1.54

0.75

3.63

65.33


TOTAL AREA –14640.6 (AU)



Photograph No.15.

TLC PLATE VIEWS OF DEVADARU SAMPLES AT 254nm

Photograph No.16.

TLC PLATE VIEWS OF DEVADARU SAMPLES AT 366nm



Photograph No.17.

DERIVATIZED TLC PLATE VIEWS OF DEVADARU SAMPLES AT WHITE

LIGHT

Graph No: 1

OVERVIEW GRAPH OF DEVADARU SAMPLES AT 254nm



Graph No: 2

OVERVIEW GRAPH OF DEVADARU SAMPLES AT 366nm

Discussion


6. DISCUSSION

According to ancient research methodology before establishing any theory, the

findings should be subjected to critical thinking and analysis. The research work is to

be undertaken to draw some conclusions from the findings and results. Upanayana

(Discussion) is the prior step to Nigamana (Conclusion). Discussion is a process of re-

examining oneself. To decipher the findings and to evaluate the results which may or

may not be consistent with the theories put forth by previous research discussion is

essential. It forms the base for conclusion.In spite of detailed classical study and

experimentation in various ways, a theory is accepted only after proper reasoning of the

observation. It can either support the hypothesis or it can help in amendment or

revolutionize the concept totally.

Increased urbanization, destruction of natural habitat and over harvesting of

medicinal plants to the point of diminishing returns have led to insufficiency of raw

materials. Substitutes , adulterants are used in the formulations that do not give the

desired results. Hence Evaluation of market samples is the dire necessity to know the

genuinity of a drug.

Hence the present research work “A PHARMACO - ANALYTICAL

STUDY OF DIFFERENT MARKET SAMPLES OF DEVADARU” is a sincere

effort in this direction. Discussion is carried out under following points.

• Drug review

• Pharmacognostical study

• Physicochemical study

• Phytochemical study

• HPTLC

Discussion


Devadaru is a commonly and popularly used drug in many formulations from the

time of Vedas to till date.As per classical literature available in Ayurveda, it is evident

that drug Devadaru is having much significant and importance being extensively used

for its various benefits and it has been screened for many pharmacological activities.

Acharya Susrutha mentioned it as Dushtavrana shodhaka, krimihara, kushtahara7

and vata shamaka7. and it is also used in Peenasa, Vibandha , Hikka, Shotha.

Most of the references mentioned the properties of Devadaru as Tikta, katu and

kashaya rasa. Laghu and snigdha guna, Ushna veerya, Katu vipaka. It is having

Vatakapha shamaka property and mainly indicated in vatavikara , vibandha , shotha ,

vedanayukta vikara, tantrahara, prameha, kandu and hikkaswasahara.

Different synonyms described in the literature explain the morphological

structures of the tree. Devadaru the name itself means it is very auspicious tree and it

regarded as best among trees. The synonyms like Peethadaru , Puthikashtam ,

Dhrukilim, Bhdradaru etc., gives characteristic features of wood, it means wood has

yellow colour and pleasant but strong odour .

Collection of Samples:

Proper collection and storage should be done by the marketing agencies to avoid

the loss of chemical constituents from the collected samples. Gradual hike in the trade

price may compel the marketers to store the drugs for long period to get the high price

that will decrease the efficacy and desired result from the collected medicinal drugs.

In the present study, four different market samples are collected from different

parts of India, such as Karnataka, West bengal, Himachal Pradesh and Maharashtra and

the original sample was collected personally from Van bhawan Jammu & Kashmir after

proper identification. After the collection of devadaru it should pack in polythene bags

to avoid the loss of oil content and weight. Devadaru is mainly found in high altitude

Discussion


areas .In API, standards of heart wood are given, so all the market samples are compared

with genuine sample All the five samples are tested by the modern procedures like

Macroscopic study, Microscopic study, Physicochemical tests, Phytochemical tests and

Chromatographic study. Each study is discussed below.

Macroscopic characters

S1, S2 and S4 are obtained in the form of small pieces of heart wood while S3 is

obtained in powdery form and the genuine sample as long woody pieces. While

considering the colour all the sample has yellowish brown color except sample G which

has pale brown colour. In the case of odour S1 and S3 does not have any distinct odour

while S2 and S4 are aromatic in nature and that of sample G produces pleasant aroma.

All the sample has bitter taste. Short and irregular fractures is shown by S1, S2, S4 and

by the sample G. Since the sample3 is obtained in powdered form this parameter cannot

apply.

Powder microscopic characters

All the five samples showed same powder characteristics. Fragments of pitted

fibers, tracheids, medullary ray cells etc. are present. Among the five samples, four

samples showed same characters in the fragments of bordered pitted tracheids. But the

tracheids of genuine sample possess particular projections on the walls of bordered pits,

which is the prominent difference from others. This prominent feature is equitable to

Cedrus deodara (Roxb)Loud. And conforms API.

Organoleptic characters

The texture of all the samples are similar on touch perception except sample G.

Sample G is soft in touch while others are rough. All the sample has yellowish brown

color, except sample G which has pale brown colour. In the case of odour, S1 and S3

Discussion


does not have any distinct odour while S2 and S4 are aromatic in nature and that of

sample G produces pleasant aroma. All the sample has bitter taste.

Physico-chemical analysis

Foreign matter was nil in the genuine sample, because the sample was collected

from the field personally. Foreign matter was nil in S1, S2, S3 and S4 substances like

pieces of wood and stones were seen. It shows the adulteration of drug to increase the

weight.

Moisture content

The percentage of moisture content depends on collection and storage of the

samples. As in present study the sample G shows maximum amount of moisture

(10.78%) because of its volatile compounds. While market samples show less moisture

than genuine sample.

pH value

All the market samples shows pH of 4.4, 4.2, 4.6, 4.4 respectively for S1, S2, S3

and S4. Genuine sample shows pH 3.2. Hence genuine sample is more acidic than the

market samples.

Total ash value

Total ash is designed to measure the total amount of material produced after

complete incineration. It includes oxidation of component in the product. The sample S1

is having ash value 1.25% ,rest of them has only trace.

Extractive values

Alcohol soluble extractive values:

Alcohol soluble extractive value of Sample G is 19.96% and that of S4 is 23.78%

while none of the other sample’s value reach upto them. So we cannot compare them.

Discussion


Water soluble extractive values

Water soluble extractive value of sampleG is 4.33% . Rest of the samples show

different values upto 7.85%.

Petroleum ether extract values

All sample have different extract values which shows the presence of large

amount of fixed oils and lipids. S4 shows highest value (23.78%), while the genuine

sample shows 19.96%. Other samples shows values less than that of the genuine sample.

Preliminary phytochemical test

It is done with all five extractions there is less phytochemicals are separated in

aquaeous extract as compared to the alcoholic extract. Reducing sugar, alkaloids , fats

and oils are traced in significant amount in all 5 samples. Traces of flavanoids can be

seen in some samples.

Inorganic constituents

Only Iron is present in all samples.

Qualitative analysis by H.P.T.L.C

HPTLC study shows the numbers of phytochemicals are present in respective

samples. HPTLC is superior as compared to TLC. Qualitative HPTLC visualizes all

phytochemical present in the drug.

High performance thin layer chromatography:

At 254nm

• In alcoholic extract of Sample G and S1 (Karnataka), 10 components are separated,

in that two same components are observed at Rf value 0.68 and 0.48

• In sample G and S3 (Himachal Pradesh), 10 and 14 components are separated

respectively, in that one same component is observed at Rf value 0.29

Discussion


• In sample G and S4 (Maharashtra), 10 and 6 components are separated respectively,

in that one same component is observed at Rf value 0.29

At 366nm

• In alcoholic extract of sample G and S1 (Karnataka), 11 and 10 components are

separated respectively, in that one same component is observed at Rf value 0.67

• Sample G and S3 (Himachal Pradesh), 11 and 13 components are separated

respectively, in that one same component is observed at Rf value 0.75

The above findings shows that the market samples of Devadaru does not show

much similarities with that of genuine sample.

Discussion


SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY :

Availability of genuine source of the drug Devadaru has to be traced out and its

detailed pharmacognostic and physico-chemical study has to be conducted. Further

studies is required on pinus trees to rule out, whether it has the same efficacy as that of

Devadaru [cedrus deodara (Roxb)Loud]. in pharma industry.

Conclusion


7. CONCLUSION

Devadaru is found in Vedas, Nigantus and it has been used in various medicines

preparations.

The medicinal properties of the tree had been known in India and other countries

for thousands of years.

In classics wide range of therapeutic utility of Devadaru has been mentioned and

it is mainly indicated in Vata vikaras, swasa, kasa, jwara etc.

Devadaru has Tikta, Katu, Kashaya rasa, Snigdha laghu guna, ushna veerya and

Katu vipaka.

The scientific study of medicinal herbs and the systematic upliftment of our

science ayurveda is the prime necessity in the present highly advanced scientific

era. ‘Preserve the ancient and serve the modern’ should be our objective.

Foreign matter was observed nil in all the samples. Unwanted substances like

pieces of wood, stones, dust were seen.

Authentication and standardization are the prerequisite criteria when we look for

raw materials for herbal formulation.

The results of physico-chemical analysis of market samples shows variation

among themselves and with that of genuine sample.

Reducing sugar, fat and oils, alkaloids and flavanoids are present in various

amount in all the samples.

All HPTLC results of market samples compared with genuine. Among the market

samples, only one or two components are same to that of the genuine sample.

From the results of pharmacognostic and analytical study of four market samples

of Devadaru, we can not grade the market samples with that of genuine.

Conclusion


While comparing the results of physico-chemical parameters of genuine sample

with that of API, the obtained values are upto the limits. In genuine sample the

components at Rf values (at 366nm) 0.10, 0.18, 0.52, 0.67 and 0.75 are also

reported in API.

Market samples may or may not give an average quality upto the genuine drug.

But in the case of Devadaru we cannot assure the quality of market samples. The

market samples available in the name of Devadaru does not show much similarity

with the genuine drug. Eventhough it is used in all important formulations, we

are not getting the quality raw drug in major markets of India and it is very

important to note that none of the Ayurvedic classical texts mention any

substitute for the drug Devadaru. Hence this affects the ayurvedic industry.

Summary


8. SUMMARY

Ayurveda is an ancient Science, which deals about maintenance of the health of a

healthy person , and deals with disease of a diseased person.

The whole study can be summarized as follows:

• The tree Devadaru{Cedrus deodara (Roxb)Loud.} is a popular drug in Ayurveda

and it is found in Vedas, and Samhitas, It has been used in various medicinal

preperations.

• It is observed that many of the medicinal plants are adulterated and substituted

since they are not available in sufficient quantity to meet the demand; Devadaru

is a drug , which is adulterated with Pine varieties. Hence the study is taken to

get an idea regarding the availability of the Devadaru in the market.

• Initially four market sample were collected from different markets and one

genuine sample is collected from the natural habitat.

• All samples were subjected for Pharmacognostic and phyto-chemical tests like

1. Macroscopy and Microscopy.

2. Powder microscopy.

3. Physico-chemical analysis.

4. Alcohol and Aqueous Extraction of all the four samples.

5. Qualitative analysis by H.P.T.L.C.

In this study four market samples are collected from different parts of India , such

as Karnataka , West Bengal , Himachal pradesh and Maharashtra , the study has been

done in different steps. In this work , the obtained results are compared with Genuine

sample values to evaluate the quality of the different market samples.

Summary


While comparing the pharmacognostical and analytical values of different market

samples with genuine sample, none of the market sample has got an accurate value upto

the genuine sample.

From the throughout study it has been concluded that,

• One should understand whether the drug is the genuine one or adulterated or

substituted, with the help of pharmacognostical and physico-chemical analysis to

give a good quality of medicine and well being of society.

• Every raw drug should be collected timely and with proper collective procedures

mentioned in Ayurvedic classics.

• To give a good quality medicine to the society and qualitative raw drugs to the

pharmacy the pharmacognostical and analytical study for its quality is necessary

to avoid adulteration and sub standardization.

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CONSENT FORM

NOT APPLICABLE FOR THIS STUDY

Ref: KVGAMCH/IAEC/01-2017 Date:01.12.2017

To,

Dr. Vineeth Devassia

PG Scholars

KVG AMC&H, Sullia

Respected Sir,

Sub : Institutional Ethical Committee Approval.

Ref: “ A Pharmaco – Analytical study of Different Market Samples of

Devadaru.”

-----

At the Institutional Ethical committee meeting of held on 23.11.2017 at

KVG Ayurveda Medical College & hospital, Ambate Adka, Sullia – 574 327, the

above mentioned document was examined and discussed. After due consideration

the IEC Committee carried to approve the aforementioned study. I t is to be noted

that neither you nor any other member associated with the study of the decision

making committee. You are selected to inform any change in the protocol of the

study before implementation and submit periodic progress report annually and on

completion of the project.

I hope you will consider the request & do the favorable to us.

Thanking you,

PERFORMA


MASTER CHART


Annexure


10 .ANNEXURE

1

Vaidyaratnam P.S. Varier’s ARYA VAIDYA SALA, KOTTAKKAL

Head Office: Kottakkal-676 503, Malappuram Dt., Kerala State, India

Tel: 0483-280 8391, Fax: 0483-274 2572 E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected]

Web site: www.aryavaidyasala.com

HPTLC ANALYSIS OF DEVADARU SAMPLES

A. SAMPLE DETAILS

01. Sample 1 - Collected from Mysore 02. Sample 2 - Collected from Kolkata 03. Sample 3 - Collected from Himachal 04. Sample 4 - Collected from Pune 05. Sample 5 - Geniune Sample

B. TEST SOLUTION 1g each of above samples are weighed, extracted with 10ml Methanol seperately, and spotted as 15 microlitre.

C. STATIONARY PHASE Merk, 1.05554.0007, TLC Silica gel 60 F254, 20x10 cm Aluminium sheet.

D. MOBILE PHASE

Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid: Methanol (14:10:2:1) E. DEVELOPMENT

CAMAG 20 x 10 cm Twin trough chamber. F. HPTLC INSTRUMENTATION CAMAG Linomat 5, CAMAG TLC Scanner 3, CAMAG Reprostar 3. G. DERIVATIZATION 10 % sulphuric acid reagent.

2

ARYA VAIDYA SALA, KOTTAKKAL (CONTINUATION SHEET) H. RESULTS 01. OVERVIEW GRAPH OF DEVADARU SAMPLES AT 254nm

3

ARYA VAIDYA SALA, KOTTAKKAL (CONTINUATION SHEET) 02. OVERVIEW GRAPH OF DEVADARU SAMPLES AT 366nm

4

ARYA VAIDYA SALA, KOTTAKKAL (CONTINUATION SHEET)

03. TLC PLATE VIEWS OF DEVADARU SAMPLES AT 254nm

5

ARYA VAIDYA SALA, KOTTAKKAL (CONTINUATION SHEET) 04. TLC PLATE VIEWS OF DEVADARU SAMPLES AT 366nm

6

ARYA VAIDYA SALA, KOTTAKKAL (CONTINUATION SHEET) 05. DERIVATIZED TLC PLATE VIEWS OF DEVADARU SAMPLES AT WHITE LIGHT

7


06. DERIVATIZED TLC PLATE VIEWS OF DEVADARU SAMPLES AT 366nm

8


07. Rf VALUE & % OF AREA OF DEVADARU SAMPLE COLLECTED FROM MYSORE AT 254nm

PEAK NO

Rf VALUE

AREA (AU)

% AREA(AU)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0.11 0.16 0.26 0.31 0.44 0.48 0.55 0.60 0.68 0.73

1350.3 395.8 651.5 901.6 2948.3 1999.9 1099.0 3003.5 331.3 15870.3

4.73 1.39 2.28 3.16 10.33 7.00 3.85 10.52 1.16 55.58

TOTAL PEAK NO – 10 TOTAL AREA – 28551.5 (AU)

08.Rf VALUE & % OF AREA OF DEVADARU SAMPLE COLLECTED FROM KOLKATA AT 254nm

PEAK NO

Rf VALUE

AREA (AU)

% AREA(AU)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0.30 0.39 0.47 0.54 0.66 0.72 0.96

2765.7 708.7 6829.4 8191.6 2297.1 23482.7 41.0

6.24 1.60 15.41 18.48 5.19 52.99 0.09


9

ARYA VAIDYA SALA, KOTTAKKAL (CONTINUATION SHEET) 09. Rf VALUE & % OF AREA OF DEVADARU SAMPLE COLLECTED FROM HIMACHAL AT 254nm

PEAK NO

Rf VALUE

AREA (AU)

% AREA(AU)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

0.09 0.15 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.61 0.66 0.75 0.89

176.2 648.4 4161.4 784.1 745.6 2211.8 543.7 499.5 786.1 344.0 1234.3 973.0 22973.4 213.2

0.49 1.79 11.45 2.16 2.05 6.09 1.50 1.38 2.17 0.95 3.40 2.68 63.30 0.59

TOTAL PEAK NO – 14 TOTAL AREA – 36294.7 (AU) 10. Rf VALUE & % OF AREA OF DEVADARU SAMPLE COLLECTED FROM PUNE AT 254nm

PEAK NO

Rf VALUE

AREA (AU)

% AREA(AU)

1 2 3 4 5 6

0.29 0.33 0.43 0.46 0.54 0.71

1875.9 195.2 1756.9 1000.2 6646.3 36239.7

3.93 0.41 3.68 2.10 13.93 75.95



10

ARYA VAIDYA SALA, KOTTAKKAL (CONTINUATION SHEET) 11. Rf VALUE & % OF AREA OF DEVADARU GENIUNE SAMPLE AT 254nm

PEAK NO

Rf VALUE

AREA (AU)

% AREA(AU)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0.10 0.29 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.51 0.57 0.63 0.68 0.76

162.1 4983.7 1265.8 1694.5 140.5 119.9 542.6 1467.2 725.7 16401.8

0.59 18.12 4.60 6.16 0.51 0.44 1.97 5.33 2.64 59.64


11


12. Rf VALUE & % OF AREA OF DEVADARU SAMPLE COLLECTED FROM MYSORE AT 366nm

PEAK NO

Rf VALUE

AREA (AU)

% AREA(AU)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0.11 0.16 0.25 0.28 0.40 0.44 0.53 0.59 0.67 0.77

3318.2 747.1 244.7 402.4 1217.3 646.3 3763.8 226.5 647.1 999.0

27.17 6.12 2.00 3.30 9.97 5.29 30.82 1.85 5.30 8.18


13.Rf VALUE & % OF AREA OF DEVADARU SAMPLE COLLECTED FROM KOLKATA AT 366nm

PEAK NO

Rf VALUE

AREA (AU)

% AREA(AU)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0.23 0.28 0.39 0.45 0.53 0.59 0.66 0.74

262.5 321.7 594.0 859.2 4586.3 153.2 2788.6 2023.9

2.27 2.78 5.12 7.41 39.57 1.33 24.06 17.46

TOTAL PEAK NO – 08 TOTAL AREA –11589.4 (AU)

12

ARYA VAIDYA SALA, KOTTAKKAL (CONTINUATION SHEET) 14. Rf VALUE & % OF AREA OF DEVADARU SAMPLE COLLECTED FROM HIMACHAL AT 366nm

PEAK NO

Rf VALUE

AREA (AU)

% AREA(AU)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

0.06 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.30 0.35 0.39 0.42 0.47 0.54 0.62 0.66 0.75

151.2 120.3 1144.9 751.9 101.9 626.0 104.0 374.4 247.1 6527.3 210.5 219.0 3379.7

1.04 0.83 7.86 5.16 0.70 4.30 0.71 2.57 1.70 44.84 1.45 1.50 27.34

TOTAL PEAK NO – 13 TOTAL AREA – 13958.2 (AU) 15. Rf VALUE & % OF AREA OF DEVADARU SAMPLE COLLECTED FROM PUNE AT 366nm

PEAK NO

Rf VALUE

AREA (AU)

% AREA(AU)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0.15 0.25 0.38 0.42 0.53 0.62 0.68

69.3 956.8 839.7 157.2 6727.2 2216.4 2096.5

0.53 7.32 6.43 1.20 51.50 16.97 16.05



13

ARYA VAIDYA SALA, KOTTAKKAL (CONTINUATION SHEET) 16. Rf VALUE & % OF AREA OF DEVADARU GENIUNE SAMPLE AT 366nm

PEAK NO

Rf VALUE

AREA (AU)

% AREA(AU)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

0.10 0.18 0.26 0.36 0.41 0.48 0.52 0.57 0.63 0.67 0.75

424.4 412.9 653.9 768.9 1391.3 238.3 319.7 225.4 109.8 531.2 9564.8

2.90 2.82 4.47 5.25 9.50 1.63 2.18 1.54 0.75 3.63 65.33

TOTAL PEAK NO – 11 TOTAL AREA –14640.6 (AU)

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